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The Tall Man is a mystery-horror thriller film that was directed by Pascal Laugier (Martyrs), it released in 2012. The film is set in a small former mining town where poverty is rife and children are disappearing on a regular basis. The abductions are blamed on a local legend called “The Tall Man.” Jessica Biel plays a widowed nurse whose child is abducted, leading her on a desperate chase to recover him.
Julia lives in a small town in Washington called Cold Rock. She is the town’s local nurse, widowed by her husband, who was the town’s doctor. Cold Rock was formerly a prosperous mining town, but has become poverty-stricken. There is little work, the school has been closed and the town is virtually vanished from the map.
Julia returns to her large home on the outskirts of Cold Rock, which she shares with her son David and his nanny. She eats dinner, puts David to bed, and falls asleep on a couch. Julia awakes to a noise downstairs, followed by a loud radio sermon. She finds the nanny bound and gagged, then rushes to her son’s bedroom, finding him gone. Suddenly, Julia spots a cloaked figure fleeing from her house. She pursues the mysterious person and does everything she can to save her son but inevitably fails.
Soon after, there is a massive twist in the tale that changes everything. Check out The Tall Man to find out what happens.
On the surface, The Tall Man sounds like a generic horror thriller that will have little to no innovative qualities. However, that is entirely intentional. Just when you think you have an idea of where it may all be headed, it’s completely turned upside down. There really isn’t anything better than a film that takes you by complete surprise. It’s something that can be very hard to execute but The Tall Man succeeds, it succeeds big time. It’s the type of twist that you just won’t see coming. This dark tale drags you in so many different directions, it’s impressively unpredictable.
The performances are high quality across the board. The only negative aspect could be seen as a big one for some people and that is how plausible it all is. Whether or not you think something like this could actually happen in the real world is open for discussion. Also, many people will be offended by the notion that what takes place in the movie could ever been seen in a positive light.
In terms of actual horror, The Tall Man is surprisingly lacking. The film almost intentionally presents itself as a horror movie only to purposely shift gear just to throw you off. I can’t and don’t want to say much more, it’s best to see it for yourself. What I can say is that The Tall Man delivers a thought-provoking experience that will incite a fascinating debate surrounding the premise of the film, the harsh truth of the world we live in and the functionality of society as a whole.
Overall, The Tall Man is a great film with an original premise. It presents you with a disturbing dilemma, one that you won’t forget quickly.
The Tall Man
The Final Score - 8.5/10
User Review( votes) | <urn:uuid:52c8ae74-8f56-4f94-ab35-53b1a0388bb3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gbhbl.com/horror-movie-review-the-tall-man-2012/ | 2023-10-04T21:01:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.962955 | 695 |
Integrity is one of the core values here at Gracie Barra and directly contributes to keeping our legacy alive. It means that we have a commitment to our traditions and an appreciation for the contributions of past generations when developing Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. In Martial Arts, to act with integrity is to act with respect, honour, and honesty. We have always worked to preserve the art of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and the respect we have had for our traditions continuously in Gracie Barra has brought us all together as a team throughout the years.
Our first core value of “Brotherhood” is an English translation of the genderless Portuguese word “Irmandade” which includes and welcomes everyone. It first started being used in Gracie Barra in the 1990s, where GB athletes developed a sense of comradery and mutual support which went way beyond just doing the sport. They were proud to say that Gracie Barra is not just a team, it is a family. This led to the motto of “Organised like a team, fighting like a family” from the Portuguese translation “Organizados Como Um Time, Lutando Como Uma Família”.
When someone is part of a Gracie Barra school, they feel a sense of belonging and cooperation. They are part of our globally connected Jiu-Jitsu family who are all working together to better each other. Our team works together at every level, from our beginners who are working with their training partners to get better every session, to our competitors who work towards their collective training goals to prepare for competition. Our staff look to each other for advice and are always working hard as a team to provide the best experience for our students and training partners!
Gracie Barra’s mission is to teach Jiu-Jitsu for everyone. This means that we want to positively impact as many people’s lives as possible through Jiu-Jitsu. We are always looking for ways to improve and develop ourselves to ensure that we are making Jiu-Jitsu as accessible as possible.
For our students, embracing the core value of development means they have a commitment to continuously improving their lives through Jiu-Jitsu! No matter how good at BJJ you are, there is always something that can be improved on, physically, technically, and mentally. Your continuous improvement in all of these areas helps you to become the best version of yourself, and we are with you every step of the way!
We also believe in having a growth mindset rather than a fixed mindset. When you have a fixed mindset, you think that results just come from being talented and having natural abilities. This results in a struggle when there are obstacles to overcome. When you have a growth mindset, you believe that even the most basic of your abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. You may make mistakes, but rather than complaining about them and regretting what you did wrong, we encourage our students to learn from them. This is an example of having a growth mindset and it is important when considering Gracie Barra’s core value of development.
There will always be days where you don’t feel like training and days where you just can’t get the techniques right. These are the days it’s the most important to keep showing up, no matter what. Having discipline in Jiu-Jitsu is important and it helps us to build healthy routines and develop a non-quitting attitude. When you show up even on the days you don’t want to, you become resilient to the frustrations of adversities and distractions that might make you skip a session.
This kind of discipline doesn’t come naturally, you have to work hard to get into your routine. From this, you’ll develop discipline in other aspects of your life.
You’ll want to maintain healthy practices outside of Jiu-Jitsu so that you feel better during training, things like a good diet and exercises. When developing self-discipline, it is important to start off identifying your main goals and priorities. Maybe there is a technique you’ve been wanting to get right or you want to get into the GB2 programme. You can then plan a routine for yourself that will help you move forward, in Jiu-Jitsu it can be as simple as picking 2 classes a week you can get to and making sure you go to those classes even on the days you don’t really feel like training. You’ll never regret going to a class afterwards.
Finally, it is important to follow up with yourself and make sure that you are following the plan you set out for yourself. If you feel yourself starting to drift, remind yourself of the goals that you set and the routine you told yourself you were going to stick to to achieve them to help you get back on track. By doing this, you can develop great self-discipline and eventually won’t have to think about it.
Legacy and Tradition
Our values of Legacy and Tradition come back to our core value of Integrity. We want to honour our traditions while encouraging growth and innovation in our sport. Our instructors will always make an effort to pass on the most important lessons they have learnt from their Professors. We also respect Jiu-Jitsu traditions by following our training etiquette which includes actions such as bowing, wearing a clean and neat uniform, and referring to Black Belt instructors as “Professor”.
We want to make sure that we are not only teaching techniques, but also the history of Jiu-Jitsu and Gracie Barra to help our students understand their lineage and the vital role they play in keeping the legacy alive.
When talking about loyalty, it is not just to a person. You can be loyal to the principles that you believe in. Gracie Barra’s goal is to bring Jiu-Jitsu to everyone and to make people’s lives better through Jiu-Jitsu. To believe in our same goals and principles is to be loyal to our team, and when you are loyal you stop thinking about only yourself. You can’t be selfish when we are all working together to achieve the same goal, helping everyone who walks into a Gracie Barra academy to feel welcome and get started on becoming the best version of themselves.
We can show our loyalty to Gracie Barra through many ways, but one is with our uniforms. Everyone who trains in a Gracie Barra school is required to wear a full, clean GB uniform. Everyone from the Black Belt Professors to the Tiny Champions on their first day, we are all united by the Red Shield on our uniforms. The Red Shield is one of the most recognised symbols in BJJ today and the recognition has come from decades of hard work and excellence of our students, athletes, instructors, teaching programs, and community work.
In our academies we are also loyal to each other. This has most recently been seen during the pandemic where we all went straight to online training right away when lockdowns were announced. We were committed to keep providing Jiu-Jitsu throughout this time and experienced a great sense of loyalty and community from everyone who stuck with us and joined in along the way! We are not just a Jiu-Jitsu team, but also a family, and our loyalty to helping each other to be better every day keeps us strong. | <urn:uuid:2f7b5eaf-4519-4374-94da-d63d32238945> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gbnottingham.com/gracie-barras-values/ | 2023-10-04T20:56:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.97085 | 1,535 |
What are sinuses?
The sinuses are small, air-filled spaces inside the cheekbones and forehead. They make some mucus which drains into the nose through small channels. They are useful for giving quality to the voice.
What is sinusitis?
Sinusitis means inflammation of a sinus. Most bouts of sinusitis are caused by an infection.
Acute sinusitis means that the infection develops quickly (over a few days) and lasts a short time. Many cases of acute sinusitis last a week or so but it is not unusual for it to last more than two weeks. Sometimes it lasts longer.
Severe acute sinusitis is uncommon. Most people only ever have one or two bouts of acute sinusitis in their lives. However, some people have repeated (recurring) bouts of acute sinusitis.
Chronic sinusitis means that a sinusitis becomes persistent and lasts for longer than 12 weeks. Chronic sinusitis is uncommon.
How do you get acute sinusitis?
After a cold or the flu
In most people, acute sinusitis develops after a cold or flu-like illness. Colds and flu are caused by germs called viruses which may spread to the sinuses. The infection usually remains viral before clearing, causing a viral sinus infection. In a small number of cases, germs are called bacteria to add on to an infection that started with a virus. This can cause a bacterial sinus infection which can make the infection worse and last longer.
Spread from a dental infection
In some cases, the infection spreads to a cheekbone (maxillary) sinus from an infected tooth.
Other risk factors for sinus infection
In some people, one or more factors are present that may cause the sinuses to be more prone to infection. These include:
- Nasal allergy (allergic rhinitis).
- Other causes of a blockage to the sinus drainage channels, such as:
- Growths (nasal polyps).
- Objects pushed into the nose (especially in children, such as peas or plastic beads).
- Facial injury or surgery.
- Certain congenital abnormalities in children. (‘Congenital’ means they are born with these abnormalities).
- Cystic fibrosis
- A poor immune system
- Inflammatory disorders
- Rare tumors of the nose.
- Previous injuries to the nose or cheeks.
- Medical procedures such as ventilation or the insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach (nasogastric tube).
What are the symptoms of acute sinusitis?
Symptoms that commonly occur include:
- Pain and tenderness over the infected sinus. The pain is often throbbing and worse when you bend your head forward. Chewing may be painful.
- Nasal symptoms. You may have either:
- A blocked nose.Both sides of your nose usually feel blocked. Your sense of smell may also go for a while.
- A runny nose.If the discharge is greeny/yellow, it is more likely that you have a germ (bacterial) infection in your sinuses. The green/yellow colour is due to infected mucus and pus. A runny nose may dry up if the sinus drainage channels become blocked with thick mucus. If this happens, pain and tenderness over the infected sinus may become worse.
- A high temperature (fever).This may develop and you may feel generally unwell.
Other symptoms that may occur include:
- Bad breath
- A feeling of pressure or fullness in the ears
- Ear discomfort
- Mouth breathing
- Feeding difficulty
- Nasal speech
How is acute sinusitis diagnosed?
Your doctor can usually diagnose acute sinusitis from listening to your typical symptoms. They may also check to see if you have a temperature or if you have tenderness over your sinuses. They may examine your nose, as often the lining of the nose is swollen in acute sinusitis. Investigations are not usually needed to diagnose acute sinusitis. Occasionally, blood tests, X-rays or scans are advised if the diagnosis is not clear.
What are the treatments for sinusitis?
Are antibiotics needed?
Not usually. Most cases of acute sinusitis are due to an infection with a germ called a virus. Like with colds, the immune system usually clears the virus and symptoms generally go within a couple of weeks.
Antibiotics are sometimes useful for severe sinusitis. If your symptoms are severe or if you are very unwell.
Treatment to relieve symptoms
Some treatments may help to relieve symptoms whilst waiting for your immune system to clear the infection. These include pain medicines.
Decongestants are sometimes used for few days, if they are used for long, they may cause a worse rebound congestion in the nose.
- Keeping hydrated can be helpful, so have plenty of drinks.
- Warm face packs held over the sinuses may help to ease pain.
- Saline nasal drops may help to relieve congestion and blockage in the nose.
Note:See a doctor if symptoms become severe or do not ease within a week. (However, as mentioned, it is common to take 2-3 weeks for symptoms to go completely.) The sort of symptoms you should tell a doctor about include:
- Severe pain and/or swelling at the front of your head.
- Swelling around the eye.
- Swelling of the face.
- Bloodstained discharge coming from the nose.
You should also see a doctor if you have recurring bouts of sinusitis, as this may indicate an underlying problem.
Are there any complications from acute sinusitis?
Chronic sinusitis can sometimes develop from an acute sinusitis. This is the most common complication. Chronic sinusitis causes similar symptoms to acute sinusitis but lasts longer. | <urn:uuid:9f41c073-81c5-4d1a-b55d-2da81f219429> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gerties.org/conditions/sinusitis/ | 2023-10-04T20:59:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.926773 | 1,273 |
Is it time to recognize the colour?
The following colours in French Bulldogs fall under FCI-standard colours: brindle, pied and fawn, and any variation thereof. In recent years breeding for the so-called unrecognized colors, that are not called for by the standard, has grown explosively. Independent for personal taste one has to recognize that there are French Bulldog breeders who breed these colors that keep high standards for the breed type and health.
Even if some colour might be the result of an outcross many generations before, (which for the health of the breed would not be a disadvantage) these crosses are now so far back in pedigrees that most lines can be considered ‘purebred’ again.
The only colors that might have relevance to health are the colors obtained through the dilute gene and Merle.
The dilute gene, also called Blue, can bring serious skin issues in Dobermann und Pinscher breeds. This is why dilute is forbidden in those breeds. Other breeds, like the Weimaraner und the Great Dane, are free from those issues (called CDA-Colour Dilution Alopecia) and the colour is described and wanted in the breed standard.
In French Bulldogs any clear proof of the possibility to CDA has not been provided so far, There are rumors here and there of known cases, but we are not yet aware of any scientifically proven case. Therefore we can assume that CDA is not (yet?) a topic of relevance in French Bulldogs.
What does that mean for breeding?
Up until now we have forbidden diluted dogs (d/d) of being bred. Only breeding with carriers (D/d) to clear (D/D) dogs. In such breeding there will also be carriers, statistically. The whole litter would be DNA-tested and the results will be added on the pedigree.
In order to increase the genetic variety we recently have allowed that the mating with diluted dogs (d/d) to clear (D/D) dogs. There will be only carriers (D/d) in these litters who would not fall ill from presumed CDA under any circumstances. The big fear has always been that when these carrier animals fall in the ‘wrong’ hands they can be bred for diluted offsping. However, there is still no evidence yet provided for any occurrence of CDA within the breed.
Furthermore with several other diseases that can be detected by genetic testing there is the same risk of misuse of the dogs. For example Degenerative Myelopathy, likewise to skeletal diseases and many more.
What to do? Be stubborn about the standard colors and throw away generations of excellent evaluated dogs? Or give breeders their own responsibility and the opportunity to use new breeding lines?
We have decided to continue to decline dilute and merle dogs. In some cases D/D and d/d combinations are accepted and dilution status will be noted in the pedigree of the puppies. | <urn:uuid:6be7b2a9-d66a-4931-86f3-8946f76c076d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gesunde-bulldoggen.com/blue-bulldogs/ | 2023-10-04T19:40:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.949107 | 620 |
HQE Building: an innovative environmental standard
At a time when the environmental impact of each of our actions is at the heart of all our decisions, real estate developers are increasingly seeking to construct green buildings. There are numerous standards in the building sector, including the “HQE” High Environmental Quality standard. This applies to all types of buildings: detached homes, offices and other non-residential buildings. But what exactly does this standard imply?
HQE building: an environmental standard
An HQE building is a construction that is certified as being of a High Environmental Quality. This means it has been built in line with specifications which aim to minimise its environmental impact. The certification is based on French regulations and relevant applicable standards. It offers a high level of clarity and transparency for developers, owners and tenants.
Certification is granted directly by the private HQE association. Accreditation takes into account the environmental impact of the building, its use and its maintenance.
HQE certification and its objectives
HQE certification is based on the assessment of the building’s performance in respect of 14 criteria including:
- The building’s seamless integration into its immediate surroundings
- Energy and water management
- Acoustic and hygrothermal comfort, air quality
- Ease of upkeep and maintenance
Integrating an HQE approach into your construction projects offers numerous advantages:
- Improvement of residents’ living comfort
- Reduction in energy consumption resulting in lower energy and water bills
- Lower greenhouse gas emissions
- Tax advantages in certain cases
HQE and Gesys
Gesys’ managers and employees have always been committed to favouring sustainable construction projects. We advise and support our clients in:
- Their energy performance diagnoses
- Their thermal calculations and simulations
- The design of buildings in line with HQE, THPE, BBC standards
- The installation of wind energy or geothermal solutions as well as solar heating systems
If you would like any more information, don’t hesitate to contact us! | <urn:uuid:3821ca12-2fe3-470c-907c-5bfedbcf58d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gesys-ing.com/en/hqe-building-an-innovative-environmental-standard/ | 2023-10-04T19:53:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.944174 | 415 |
The Champlain Housing Trust announced today that it is launching a technical assistance program to support community-based housing nonprofits achieve their goals and strengthen their operations. The new program, called TA\CHT, will be led by outgoing CEO and longtime housing leader and practitioner Brenda Torpy.
The services will focus primarily on the needs of Community Land Trusts both in Vermont and across the nation as a response to the country’s housing crisis and need for community-based solutions. Services range from start up support for new organizations or programs, to supporting staff and board leaders, and fundraising assistance.
The program is set to launch in January. For an overview of the services: | <urn:uuid:3137949b-cc43-4b1c-a119-af47a27eb335> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.getahome.org/cht-to-launch-technical-assistance-program/ | 2023-10-04T18:51:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.966626 | 136 |
Transitioning from paper to digital information is a good way to go paperless, but also to be able to access your files from anywhere in the world and share them with other people. Here are the few steps you should be taking if you’re considering going paperless as well as a few tips to organise the digital information so you can find it when you need it.
Step 1: Subscribe to electronic statements and invoices
Banks, credit card companies, frequent flyer programs as well as phone, mobile phone, internet, and utility companies typically offer an electronic option for statements and invoices. Choose to receive an email to inform you when your statement or bill is available for viewing and download.
Download the file onto your computer so that it is easily accessible when you need it. Skip this step only if you are clear on how long you will be able to retrieve this information on their site and if it is in line with the duration you retain such documents. For example, if you need to keep your bank statements for 5 years, but your bank only grants you access to them for two years, you are better off downloading them.
Most of the user manuals for domestic appliances, electronic devices, etc. are now available online. Check the manufacturer’s website when you buy a new item. Download the user manual on your computer if it is available and get rid of the paper version.
Step 2: Scan NEW papers that enter your life and that you need to keep for future reference
Invest in a scanner or multi-purpose printer, or download an application on your phone, to scan any new papers that you need to keep for future reference such as medical reports, school report cards, etc. File them onto your computer and let go of the original wherever possible.
Similarly, scan the name cards you are given, or manually input the contact details into your contact database. Alternatively, ask yourself whether you could just connect with the person on a social media platform such as LinkedIn or Facebook based on the nature of your relationship. Then get rid of the card.
Step 3: Deal with your backlog
Tackle your existing paper files only after the first 2 steps, once you are comfortable you have a good system in place for the new incoming papers.
Digitising paper can be a long and tedious process so make sure the papers you are planning to digitise are worth keeping. Even if they are, you may want to hang onto the paper version until you would typically get rid of them instead of spending time digitising them.
With all that’s said, keeping a digital version of important records and documents, such as your identity card, passport, birth certificate, marriage certificate, driving license, bank account, and credit card numbers, etc, can prove very useful in case of loss or if you have to frequently share the information. Obviously, you need to keep the paper version of these documents.
Step 4: Set up a robust filing system
Going paperless does not mean you should compromise on your filing system. In fact, you might need to be even more vigilant as you are very likely to maintain a paper filing system in parallel as it is impossible to completely get rid of all paper.
File the information by category e.g., Finance, Health, Education, Work, etc., and sub-category where needed e.g., Finance into bank accounts, credit card accounts, investments, etc.
Use a consistent filing structure across your paper and digital filing systems to make it easier to find the information you need. Having a master index summarising your filing system structure and files as well as whether the information is kept in a hard or soft copy can also help.
Establish a clear naming convention so that the file name is self-explanatory. Take the time to rename the files you download based on your naming convention. I like to start my filenames with the date in a YYYYMMDD format so that the files are sorted chronologically which saves me a lot of time when I do my annual decluttering exercise as I’m able to discard the 12 oldest months very easily.
Store or copy your files on the cloud so you can access them from anywhere. This is particularly handy when you travel and need to access important information. I was once asked for additional documents for a visa application that had not been communicated to me before I showed up for the appointment at the embassy. I was able to retrieve them from the cloud on my phone and email them to the embassy on the spot. This saved our all family a trip back to the embassy and the stress of having to get another appointment on time before our trip.
Step 5: Maintain your filing system
Even though digital files are less visible than paper files, it should not exempt you from doing a regular purge so that files do not accumulate, making it easier for you to find the information you need.
It is critical you back up your files regularly, maybe once a month, or at least once a quarter. You can use an external drive for this. Allocate a time in your schedule for this task so that you don’t forget and put your system at risk.
Now if despite those tips you find technology to be too cumbersome or too stressful for you, I’d recommend you stick to a paper version.
If you want to learn more about how to go paperless, register your interest for the next intake of my course on how to tame your paper clutter at home.
DON’T MISS MY BLOG POSTS AND SPEAKING ENGAGEMENTS! SUBSCRIBE TO MY NEWSLETTER NOW! | <urn:uuid:0e8ba878-7f94-4f6f-88e8-d15e8a07cd0c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.getorganisedandbeyond.com/going-paperless/ | 2023-10-04T21:02:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.946132 | 1,193 |
Should You Share An Internet Connection With Your Neighbor?
Sharing an Internet connection with other household members or even neighbors is easier than ever. All you need is a solid wireless router with enough reach to give all parties lag- and trouble-free access to the Internet. All you need for that is to set up a wireless router in a location that is ideal for everyone, share the access key and you are good to go. You can add wireless repeaters and other hardware to the mix if you need to cover a wider area.
There are however issues that you may want to consider before going all in on the idea. There is first the issue of ownership and all the responsibilities that come with it.
The subscriber is basically responsible for all activities. Your neighbors' kids downloading music from the Internet, illegal activities such as fraud or spam, or even hacking or computer sabotage. Law enforcement, lawyers and the ISP will be knocking at the subscribers' door first, or even worse, smash it wide open in the night. And while that's without doubt a horror scenario, I'd personally would not want to experience it first hand.
Other issues may come up. Since you are sharing bandwidth, you may experience downloading, streaming or even connectivity issues on the Internet. While you may be able to upgrade your line for a fee, you may still experience less than optimal situations especially in the evening or on weekends.
You also have to consider the possibility that your neighbors move away, and when they do, they are likely unwilling to pay whatever you have agreed on for the monthly broadband plan. This could mean that you would overpay for an expensive plan that you do not need anymore.
Another aspect to consider is the availability of the Internet connection itself. Imagine your Internet connection going down on a day where you are not at home. Your neighbors cannot call your ISP to get the issue resolved, and they probably cannot get into your house either to reset the modem. This may not be a problem if you are back in the evening, but what if it happens while you are on vacation?
You are also sharing a local network with your neighbors, which can make it a lot easier for them to hack into your computer. And while that is again something that is not likely to happen, it is still a possibility.
Depending on your Internet Service Provider's terms of service it may be forbidden to share the connection with another household or person. Abuse can lead to termination of service, fees and even legal action in court.
Would I share my Internet connection? I certainly would with my family, and a few close friends. I'd still have a bad feeling during that time.
Do you share your Internet with someone else? If so, why?Advertisement | <urn:uuid:7e004571-27ef-424a-bc4c-cc1cde59bd51> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ghacks.net/2012/01/19/should-you-share-an-internet-connection-with-your-neighbor/ | 2023-10-04T19:03:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.966991 | 555 |
Mozilla might offer Freemium services in the future
Mozilla is best known for the Firefox web browser but also for its active stance on privacy, net neutrality and openness.
Mozilla products are available free of charge at the moment. Firefox is available for free for desktop and mobile systems, the email client Thunderbird, which was a Mozilla product until recently, is available for free, accounts are free on Mozilla sites, and there is no product to my best of knowledge that Mozilla offers that is not free.
Mozilla CEO Chris Beard revealed in an interview with Cnet that the organization might start offering Freemium services in the near future. He said when asked about Mozilla Membership, an idea to get users of Mozilla more involved with the organization:
There's another side as we start to look at products that we could potentially offer. Some of them start to look like services, exploring the freemium models. There'd be a free level always, but also some premium services offering.
The whole idea seems to be in an early stage and it is quite possible that it won't come to fruition after careful examination. When asked what kind of services Mozilla was considering, Beard answered that the organization was exploring that. This is all the information that is available at this point in time.
Here is a list of potential options that Mozilla has. Note that these are ideas that I came up with:
- Add optional services to the Firefox web browser. This could be a VPN to improve user privacy for instance.
- Add optional services to the Mozilla website. For instance, a web-based email service that is secure and without advertisement.
- Create new products and make them available in a basic free version, and an extended paid version. This could be new applications for Android or iOS, maybe a standalone VPN client.
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Book on the Etiquette of Marriage
Being the Second Book of the Section on Customs in the Book
The Revival of the Religious Sciences
Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali
IN THE NAME OF GOD, THE MERCIFUL AND COMPASSIONATE
Praise be to God the marvels of Whose creation are not subject to the arrows of accident, for minds do not reflect on the beginnings of such wonders except in awe and bewilderment, and the favor of Whose graces continue to be bestowed upon all creatures, for they [graces] come in succession upon them [creatures] whether or not they [creatures] wish to receive them [graces]. One of His marvelous favors is creating human beings out of water [Qur’an 21:30],’ causing them to be related by lineage and marriage, and subjecting creatures to desire through which He drove them to tillage (ḥirathah)2 and thereby forcibly preserved their descendants. Then He glorified the matter of lineage, ascribed to it great importance, forbade on its account illegitimacy and strongly denounced it through restrictions and reprimands, making the commission thereof an outlandish crime and a serious matter, and encouraging marriage through desire and command.
Glory be to Him who decreed death to His creatures and humbled them thereby through destruction and annihilation, then placed seeds’ in the soil of the wombs and raised there from creatures, forcibly to defeat death, calling attention to the fact that the seas of Providence flood the worlds with benefit as well as harm, prosperity as well as evil, difficulty as well as facility, and concealment as well as revelation. Prayer and peace be upon Muhammad who was sent with warning” and good tidings, and upon his household and his companions-prayer that knows neither bounds nor confinement, and may He grant him much peace.
Accordingly, marriage is an aid in [the fulfillment of] religion, an insult to devils, a strong fortress against the enemy of God, and a cause of increase through which the master of prophets outshines the rest of the prophets. How worthy it is, therefore, that its causes be examined and its sunna and etiquette be learned, its aims and ends be explained, and its chapters and sections be clearly specified.
The major guidelines in the Book on the Etiquette of Marriage may be revealed in three chapters: The first chapter deals with the advantages and disadvantages of marriage; the second chapter deals with the etiquette to be observed in the marriage contract and between the two contracting parties; and the third chapter deals with the etiquette of cohabitation after marriage and until dissolution.
Disadvantages of Marriage
Be it known that the ulema’ have disagreed over the virtue of marriage: Some stressed it to the point of claiming that it is preferable to seclusion for the worship of God. Others have admitted its virtue but subordinated it to seclusion for the worship of God, regardless of how much the soul yearns for marriage to a degree that disturbs one’s state [of mind] and causes him to succumb to temptation. Others have said: It is preferable to abstain from marriage in this our age; but formerly it was a preferable virtue whereby the means of earning a livelihood was not illicit and the character of women was not censurable.’ The truth about it cannot be revealed except by first presenting what has been transmitted in the akhbar3 and the dthar’ regarding encouragement and discouragement of marriage, and by explaining its benefits and shortcomings, thereby elucidating the virtues or disadvantages of marriage as pertains to everyone who has or has not been spared its calamities.
[Qur’anic Verses on Marriage]
Among the Qur’anic verses: God has said, “And marry such of you” [24:32]; this is a command. He also said, “Place not difficulties in the way of their marrying their husbands” [2:232].5 This prevented abstinence and enjoined against it. God has said in describing and praising messengers: “And, indeed, We sent Messengers before thee, and We gave them wives and children” [13:38 (ʿAli)]. Thus he said this in the context of praise and in pointing out excellence. He also praised his saints for requesting it in supplication saying: “And those who say, ‘Our Lord, grant us of our wives and children the delight of our eyes, and make us a model for the righteous.” It is said of the prophets that God has not mentioned in His book any but those who have families. Thus it was said that [St.] John” married but did not cohabit. It is said that he did that to gain virtue and honor, thereby upholding the sunna. Others said that it was to avert the eye. As for Jesus,* he will marry should he come down to earth and will have children.
[Traditions of the Prophet]
As for the akhbar, we have his [the Prophet’s] sayings: “Marriage is of my sunna; whoever refrains from my sunna refrains from me”; and he* also said: “Marriage is of my sunna; whoever likes my fiṭrah (natural disposition),’ let him follow my sunna.”8
He* also said: “Marry and multiply for I will boast about you over other nations on the day of resurrection, even about the least among you.”9
And he* also said, “Whoever refrains from my sunna, he is not of me, and marriage is part of my sunna; whoever loves me, let him follow my sunna.”10
And he* also said, “Whoever refrains from getting married for fear of having a family, is not of us.”“ This is perhaps a reprimand [directed] against abstinence and not a reason for abstinence.
He* also said, “Whoever has the means, let him get married,”12 for it will avert the eyes” and assure more relief and virtuousness; and who does not, “let him fast for fasting to him is [a form of] castration (wija’).”14 This indicates that the reason for the encouragement of marriage is fear that the eye might become corrupted,” as well as relief.” W ija’ is a form of castration of the male [organs] so that his manhood is removed; it [the term] is used metaphorically for sexual impotence during the fast.
And he* also said, “If someone whose religion and trustworthiness you approve should come to you, then get him married;
if you do not, you will cause discord on earth and great corruption.”“ This also explains encouragement [to marry] out of fear of corruption.
He* also said, “Whoever marries or gives in marriage, for the sake of God, deserves the friendship (wilaya)18 of God.”19 And he* also said, “Whoever marries safeguards half of his faith; let him fear God for the second half.”“ This is also an indication that its virtue is in safeguarding against disobedience, and fortifying against corruption. For the corrupting factor in a man’s religion lies for the most part both in his sexual organs (farj)21 and stomach;22 he can satisfy one of them by marriage.
He* also said, “All acts by the son of Adam shall cease except the third: a righteous son making invocation for him,” etc.23 He cannot attain this except through marriage.
As for the athar,ʿUmar24 has said, “Nothing should prevent marriage except incapacity or adultery (fujur).”25 He thus asserted that religion does not prohibit marriage, and he limited its prevention to two disparate factors.
[Traditions of the Companions]
Ibn ʿAbbās*26 said, “The asceticism of an ascetic is not complete until he marries.” It is possible that he considered marriage an act of devotion which renders asceticism perfect; but it seems that he meant to say thereby that the heart would not be safe from being overcome by desire except through marriage, and that asceticism is not perfect without emptying (faragh)27 the heart [of all preoccupations]. For that reason he would gather his young bondsmen (ghilman), ‘Akramah and Kurayb28 and others reaching adulthood, and would say, “If you wish to get married, I will get you married; for when a slave commits adultery, he removes faith from his heart.”
Ibn Masud*” used to say, “Were there but ten days left of my life, I would be inclined to get married so as not to meet God a celibate.”
Two of Mu’adh Ibn Jabal’s*30 wives died from the plague, and he, too, was afflicted with the plague; so he said, “Get me married, for I would not like to meet God a celibate.” And this coming from both of them indicates that they considered marriage a virtue rather than a defense against the excessiveness of desire.
ʿUmar* used to marry frequently and would say, “I only marry for the sake of having offspring.”
One31 of the companions attached himself to the Messenger* of God serving him and staying with him in case he needed to have something done; so the Prophet* said to him, “Won’t you get married?” He answered, “0 Messenger of God, I am a poor man possessing nothing and would be compelled to abandon your service.” The Prophet said nothing, then repeated [the question], and he [the companion] repeated the answer. Then the companion reflected and said, “By God, the Messenger* of God knows better than I what is best for me in my earthly life and in my hereafter and what draws me near to God, and if he should tell me a third time, I will do it.” and he [the Prophet] told him a third time: “Won’t you get married?” The companion said: “0 Messenger of God, get me married.” He [the Prophet] said, “Go to such a family32 and say that the Messenger* of God commands you to give your daughter in marriage to me.” He [the companion] said, “O Messenger* of God I have nothing.” So he [the Prophet] said to his companions, “Gather for your brother the weight of a date-pit in gold,” and they did. Thus they took him to those people and got him married; so he said to [them], “Make a feast”; and they obtained for him from the companions a ewe for the feast.”33 This repetition indicates a virtue in marriage itself. It is possible that he [the Prophet] recognized in him [the companion] a need for marriage.
It has been related that a certain devotee in olden times excelled his contemporaries in devotion. The goodness of his devotion was brought up to the Prophet of his time. His reply was, “It is so,” although he had forsaken somewhat the tradition [of worship]. It grieved the worshiper to hear that, so he asked the Prophet about it, and the Prophet said, “Have you forsaken marriage?” And he said, “I don’t consider it forbidden, but I am poor and a burden to people.”34 The Prophet said, “I will give you my daughter in marriage,” and he* gave him his daughter in marriage.
Bishr b. al-Harith35 said, “Ahmad b. Hanbal36 was preferred over me on three accounts: for seeking what is lawful for himself and others, while I seek it for myself only; for his ability to get married in contrast to my inability; and for being appointed an imam for the common people.”
It is said that Ahmad* married the second day following the death of the mother of his son, CAbdullah, and said, “I detest spending the night as a celibate.” As for Bishr, when it was said to him, “People have been talking about you because you have refrained from marriage, saying, ‘He has forsaken the sunna,”, he replied, “Tell them that religious duties preoccupy him, leaving no time for the sunna.” He was blamed on another occasion, so he replied, “Nothing keeps me from marrying except the words of the Almighty [Qur’an 2:228 (ʿAlī)]: ‘And they (the women) have rights similar to those (of men) over them in equity.’“ That was mentioned to Ahmad, who declared, “And where is the like of Bishr?” His position is likened unto the point
of a spearhead (haad al-sinan).37
In spite of that, it has been related that he was seen in a dream and was asked, “What has God done to you?” He replied, “My stages (manazili) in Paradise have been elevated and I was placed close to the stations (maqamāt)38 of the prophets in rank, but I have not attained the stages of those with families.” And in one account he told me, “I would not have wanted you to encounter” me as a celibate”; so we asked him, “What did Abu Nasr al-Tammar do?” He said, “He was placed seventy steps (darajah) above me.” We asked, “For what reason? We used to see you above him.” He replied, “Because of his patience with his daughters and dependents.”
Sufyan b. ‘Ayyinah said, “Having numerous wives is not [indicative of love] of the world because ʿAlī* was the most ascetic of the companions of the Prophet* and yet he had four wives and seventeen concubines.” Thus marriage is an ancient sunna and one of the traits of the prophets.
A man said to Ibrahim b. Adham,*40 “Blessed art thou, for thou hast dedicated thyself to worship through celibacy.”“ He replied, “Indeed your concern for dependents is preferable to all that which I now enjoy.” He [the man] replied, “And what prevents you from marriage?” He said, “I have no need for a woman. I do not wish to misrepresent myself to a woman.”
It has been said, “A married man is preferred over the celibate in the same way that the mujahid42 is preferred over the non-mujahid; and one bow (rakcah)43 [in worship] of the married man is preferable to seventy bows of one who is celibate.”
[Sufi Views on Marriage/
As for what has been related concerning the disadvantages of marriage, the Prophet* said, “The best of all people outside the two hundred44 is a man light of back who has neither wife nor child.”45 The Prophet* also said, “There will come a time upon people when a man’s destruction shall be at the hands of his wife, his parents, and his children; they shall taunt him for poverty and demand of him beyond his means. He will enter paths wherein he will lose his religion and perish.”“
And there is a khabar, according to which, “One of the two sources of comfortable living is having fewer children, while one of the two sources of poverty is having many of them.”47
Abu Sulayman al-Darani48 was asked about marriage, and he said, “To abstain is better than to endure them [women], and to endure them is better than to suffer hellfire.” He also said, “The single man will find in the pleasures of work and in the emptiness (faragh) of the heart that which the family man cannot find.” He once said, “I have not seen any of our companions who married and was able to retain firmly his first rank (martabah).”49 He also said, “He who seeks the following three is inclined toward the world: he who seeks a living, or who marries a woman, or who transcribes a hadith.”50
Hasan* [al-Basri] has said, “When God wishes the servant well, he does not preoccupy him with a family or with possessions.” Ibn Abu al-Hawwari51 once said, “A group exchanged views over this hadith and came to the conclusion that it did not mean that a man [in this case] could not have both, but that he could have both and they would not preoccupy him.” This is a reference to the saying of Abu Sulayman al-Darani, “Whatever diverts you from God-whether wife, possession, or children -is a curse upon you.”
In general, none has been quoted as discouraging marriage unconditionally. As for encouragement to marriage, it has been related both unconditionally and conditionally. Let us, therefore, remove the veil from this subject by delineating the advantages and disadvantages thereof.
[ADVANTAGES OF MARRIAGE]
There are five advantages to marriage: procreation, satisfying sexual desire, ordering the household, providing companionship, and disciplining the self in striving to sustain them.
The first advantage-that is, procreation-is the prime cause, and on its account marriage was instituted. The aim is to sustain lineage so that the world would not want for humankind. As for sexual desire, it was created as an ingrained urge: like an overseer unto the male. In the male it is, as it were, an overseer to produce the sperm; in the female it serves to facilitate cultivations so as to produce children out of coitus.” It is like luring the bird by spreading about the seed which it likes in order to lead it to the net.
The eternal powers of the Almighty were not incapable of creating beings from the beginning without tilling (ḥirāthah) or coupling. But wisdom decreed the ordering of causes and effects together with the lack of need to demonstrate the power of God to complete the wonders of creation and to fulfill what the Divine Will decreed beforehand; thereby the Word was fulfilled as decreed by the pen [Qur’an 96:4].
To bring forth a child” is a four-faceted intimacy which is the original reason for encouraging it even after being safeguarded against excessive desire, so that no one wants to meet God as a celibate. The first: to conform to the love of God by seeking to produce the child in order to perpetuate mankind. The second: to earn the love of the Prophet* of God by increasing those in whom he can be glorified.” The third: to seek the blessing of the righteous child’s invocation after him.55 The fourth: to seek intercession 56 through the death of the young child should he precede his [father’s] death.
As for the first facet: It is the most delicate of all the facets, the most removed from the understanding of the common folk, and the most meritorious as well as the strongest in the eyes of those with keen insight into the wonders of the Almighty’s creation and into the course of His wisdom. It may be illustrated thus: if the master should give seed and cultivating tools to his slave, and prepare for him the soil to cultivate; if the servant is able to cultivate; if he [the master] should appoint someone to supervise him [the servant]; and if he [the servant], nevertheless, is lazy or does not use the ploughing instruments and neglects the seed until it rots, and he rids himself of the supervisor through some trickery, then he [the servant] would deserve contempt and reprimand from his lord.
God Almighty has created the pair; He has created the male organ and the two ovaries, as well as the sperm in the sheath; He has prepared for it [the sperm] in the ovaries, arteries and ducts, and created the womb as a depository for the sperm; He has endowed both the male and the female with desire. These deeds and instruments bear eloquent testimony to the design of their creator and declare their purpose unto those imbued with wisdom. This would be the case [even] if the Creator had not revealed the design through His Prophet* in the statement “Marry and multiply”; how [much more] if He had openly declared the matter and revealed the secret! Everyone who refrains from marriage neglects tilling, wastes away the seed, does not use the prepared instruments which God has created, and is a violator of the aim of nature as well as the wisdom implied in the evidences of creation foreordained upon these organs by divine writ, unexpressed in letters or voices-writ which can be read by every [person] who has divine insight to understand the intricacies of everlasting wisdom. For that reason, divine legislation exceedingly made the killing of children and the burying [of girls] alive57 an abomination, for they [such acts] were forbidden for the fulfillment of existence. To this alluded the one who said, “coitus interruptus (‘azl) is one of the two burials.”“
The one who marries is seeking to complete what God has desired, and the one who abstains, wastes away what God de
tests to have wasted. Because of God’s desire that mankind should survive, He made feeding [the hungry] a decree, encouraged it, and referred to it by the term “loan” when He said, “Who is it that will lend unto Allah a goodly loan?” [Qur’an 2:245].59
Should you say: your statement, that sustenance of the species and of self is desirable, on the assumption that their passing away is detestable to God, which is the difference between life and death, not to mention the will of God Almighty, it being known that all is by the will of God and that God is not in need of creation, then what can the distinction be with Him between their life, or survival (bags chum), and their extinction (fana-’uhum)? Know then that this word is a truth from which an untruth was sought, for what we have mentioned does not invalidate the relation of all things-good and bad, beneficial and detrimental-to the will of God. Love and abomination (karah-iyah) contradict each other but they do not oppose the will [of God]; for many a desired aim is hated and many a detested aim is loved; acts of defiance are detestable and they, in spite of being hated, are desired; acts of obedience are desired and they, along with being desired, are loved and pleasing. As for apostasy and evil, we cannot say that they are pleasing and loved but, nevertheless, they are desired. For the Lord has said, “And He is not pleased with ingratitude in His servants.”“
How then could the extinction of man, or the hatred thereof, with respect to the love for God, be the same as his subsistence? For the Almighty has said, “I have never hesitated over anything as I hesitate in taking the soul of my Muslim servant. He detests death and I detest harming him, but there is no escape for him from death.”“ His saying, “There is no escape from death for him” is a reference to predetermination and to the decree stated in His words, “We have ordained death for all of you” [Qur’an 56:60]; and in His saying, “Who hath created life and death.”“ There is no contradiction between the Almighty’s words, “We have ordained death for all of you,” and His saying “and I detest harming him.”
However, elucidating the truth therein requires defining the meaning of will, love, and hatred; it also requires revealing their essences, because preliminary to understanding them are matters which suit the desire of created beings, their love and their hatred. How preposterous! For between the traits of Almighty God and those of created beings, there is as much distance as between His beloved essence and theirs. The essence of creations is substance and form, while that of God is hallowed beyond theirs; and just as that which is not essence and form cannot be the same as that which is essence and form, likewise His traits are not the same as the traits of creation. These facts lie within the realm of that which could be disclosed. Beyond them lies the mystery of divine decree, the disclosure of which has been prohibited. So let us stop short of mentioning it and let us confine ourselves to that about which we have been told concerning the difference between undertaking and refraining from marriage. For one of the two would cause the loss of lineage, perpetuating its existence from Adam,* generation upon generation, thus ending with him [Adam]. Therefore, he who refrains from marriage cuts off continuous being from himself [back] to Adam* and dies childless with no descendants.
If, however, the inducement to marriage is simply warding off desire, Mu’adh would not have said when he contracted the plague, “Get me married, I will not meet my Lord celibate.” Should you say, “But Mu’adh could not expect to have children at that time, so why was he interested in it [marriage]?” I would reply, “Children result from coitus,63 which is a consequence of desire.” That is a matter which does not fall in the realm of choice; what is dependent upon the servant’s choice is providing the motivation for desire. That is expected in any event. Thus, whoever contracts [marriage], fulfills his obligation and what is incumbent upon him. The rest is beyond his choice. For that reason marriage is desirable also for the impotent; for the urges of desire are veiled and cannot be seen. Even the eunuch who cannot be expected to have an offspring still desires it, in the same manner that a bald man desires to have the blade pass over his head in emulation of others and in keeping with the precedent of the righteous progenitors, and in the same manner that trotting (al-ramal) [while performing the circuit around the Kaaba] and cloaking (al-idtiba ‘) oneself over the left shoulder during the pilgrimage today are desirable.” The purpose at first was to indicate [physical] endurance to the infidels. The emulation65 of those who manifested endurance has become a religious duty for those who succeeded them.
This desire is weak when’ compared to the desire of one who is capable of tilling. Perhaps it is even weaker when compared with the undesirability of impairing the woman [that is, not using her] with regard to the gratification of desire, for this is not free of danger. Such an interpretation explains the great disapproval [by the righteous] of eschewing marriage in spite of languid sexual desire.
The second facet: striving to attain the love of the Messenger* of God and to please him by increasing that which he can boast of, inasmuch as Messenger of God has openly declared it. Concern for procreation is indicated by what has been related concerning ‘Umar*: that he used to marry often and used to say, “I marry for [the sake of producing] children.” It was related in the akhbar that the Prophet* said regarding the deprecation of the barren woman, “A straw mat in the corner of the house is preferable to a barren woman.”66 He also said, “The best of your women are the affectionate childbearers.”67 He also said, “A black childbearer is better than a beauty that cannot give birth.”68 This indicates that seeking children has been considered a greater virtue in marriage than satisfying the demands of sexual desire, seeing that a beautiful woman is more suitable for fortification [against desire], in averting the eye, and curtailing desire.
The third facet: that he should be survived by a righteous child who would invoke blessings upon him, as related in one khabar that all the works of the son of Adam will cease except for three, and he mentioned [among them] a righteous child, and in another that “invocations are offered to the dead on platters of light.” The saying that “the son might not be virtuous,” would not make any difference for he is a believer. Virtue predominates in the offspring of religious parents, particularly if it is resolved to bring him up in and direct him along the path of virtue. By and large, the invocation of the believer for his parents is beneficial be he pious or wicked. He [the believer] is rewarded for his invocations and good deeds, for he has earned them, and he is not rebuked for his ill deeds; for the sin of a sinner is not superimposed upon another. For that reason the Almighty declared, “We cause their progenies to join them, and We deprive them of naught of their (life’s) work” [Qur’an 52:21]; that is, we do not take away from their deeds and we make their children an addition to their good deeds.
The fourth facet: that the child should die before him [the parent] and thus he has an intercessor. It has been related concerning the Prophet* of God that he said, [The child drags his parents into heaven.” 69 In some akhbar, it is related that “the child takes him [the parent] by the garment the same [way] as I now take you by the garment.”“ He* also said, “the progeny is told to enter paradise, but he stands at the gate of paradise in rage and anger saying, ‘I will not enter paradise except in the company of my parents.’ Then it is said, ‘Let his parents enter paradise with him.’ “ 71
In another tradition, it is stated that “the children gather at the place of resurrection when created beings are brought to judgement, and it will be said to the angels, ‘Take these [the children] to paradise,’ but they will stand at the gate of paradise and it will be said to them, ‘Welcome to the progeny of the Muslims. Enter! There is no reckoning for you.’ They will say, ‘Where are our fathers and mothers?’ The keepers will reply, ‘Your fathers and mothers are not like you, for they have committed sins and ill deeds and they are now rendering account and are making amends for them.’ He [the Prophet] said, ‘They shout and scream in unison at the gates of paradise.’ The Lord Almighty who knows more about them says, ‘What is this noise?’ They [the keepers] will reply, ‘Lord, the children of the Muslims say “We shall not enter paradise except in the company of our parents.” Almighty God will say, ‘Go through the crowds, take the parents by their hands, and lead them into paradise.’ “72 The Prophet* said, “Whoever has lost two of his children will be shielded from the fire.”73 He* also said, “Whoever has lost three that did not attain puberty, God will make him enter paradise by virtue of His mercy for the children’s sake.” The Prophet was asked, “0 Messenger of God, what about two?” And he replied, “Even two.”74
It is related that marriage was propounded to one of the righteous men, but he hesitated for a while. The Prophet said, “One day he [the righteous man] awoke from his sleep and said, ‘Get me married, get me married!’ So they got him married. He was asked concerning that matter, to which he replied: ‘God may grant me a child, and then receive him unto Himself; thus he would serve as a prelude for my afterlife.’ Then he said, ‘I saw in a dream that resurrection had come to pass and myself among the created beings there. I was suffering from mortal thirst; the other created beings were also suffering from intense thirst and distress. While we were in that state, behold a group of children75filtered through the crowds covered with veils of light, carrying silver pitchers and golden goblets in their hands and offering drink to one [person] then to another; they filtered through the crowd yet bypassed most of the people. I stretched out my hand to one of them and said, “Give me water to drink, for I am extremely thirsty.” But he [the child] replied, “You do not have a child amongst us; we only offer our fathers water to drink.” So I said, “And who are you?” They replied, “We are the deceased infant children of the Muslims.” “‘76 One of the meanings incorporated in his statement, which is mentioned in the Almighty’s saying, “so go to your tilth as ye will, and prepare beforehand for your souls” [Qur’an 2:223], is children for the hereafter. Thus it has become clear from these four facets that the greatest virtue of marriage lies in its being the means of having children
[Satisfying Sexual Desire]
The second advantage: fortification against the devil, curbing lust, warding off the excesses of desire, averting the eye, and safeguarding relief. To this the Prophet* referred when he declared, “He who marries fortifies half of his religion, so let him fear God for the second half.” To this he also referred when he stated, “You are enjoined to establish homes. He who cannot do it should fast, for fasting is a [form] of castration.” Most of what we have quoted from the athar and the akhbar points to this interpretation; and this purpose is inferior to the former one because desire is a charge to produce children. Marriage is sufficient for bringing this about, a reason for causing it to be, and a safeguard against the evil of it becoming dominant. One who obeys his master in order to please him is not like one who obeys in order to be freed from a heavy obligation. Sexual desire and children are foreordained and between them exists a tie. It is not appropriate to say that the aim is pleasure and the child is a necessary result, just as elimination is a necessary result of eating, not an aim in itself. Rather, the child is the aim by instinct and decree, and sexual desire is merely an inducement thereto. I cannot conceive of any purpose for sexual desire except procreation. The pleasure which accompanies it -pleasure which would be unrivaled were it to last-is a harbinger of the promised pleasures in paradise. For to encourage pleasure which one cannot enjoy is pointless. Thus were an impotent male encouraged to seek enjoyment of coitus, or were a young boy encouraged to seek rule and power, encouragement would be to no avail. One virtue of the world’s pleasures is that people wish to see them [pleasures] continue in paradise; thus they are an inducement to the worship of God.
Behold the wisdom, the mercy, and the divine fulfillment (al-ta’biyah al-ilahiyah):77 how two lives, one external (zahirah) and one internal (batinah), were fused together by one desire.” The exoteric life is the perpetuation of the individual through the preservation of his lineage, which is a form of the perpetuation of existence. The esoteric life is the life in the hereafter, “so if this pleasure, diminished by the speedy passage of time, activates the desire for [attaining] pleasure by becoming everlasting, then it encourages the kind of worship which leads to it [pleasure].” Consequently the servant [of God] benefits by becoming so desirous of it and gains the ability to persist in that which leads him to the blissfulness of paradise.
There is not an atom in the body of man, internal or external in the Kingdom of Heaven and Earth, within which one would not discover a measure of wisdom and wonder that baffles the mind. Nevertheless, it can be revealed only to a pure heart in proportion to its purity and to the extent that it resists the world’s pleasures, its enticements, and its snares. Thus, marriage for the sake of curbing excessive desire is important in religion to all who do not suffer from impotence-these happen to constitute the majority of created beings. For if sexual desire prevails and encounters no resistance from the force of piety, it will lead to the commission of an abomination (fahishah).
To this the Prophet* referred when conveying the word of the Almighty, “If ye do riot so, there will be confusion in the land, and great corruption.”“ If it [sexual desire] is bridled with the bridle of piety, and the purpose [of marriage] is to curtail the limbs [of the body] (jawarih)80from responding to desire, then marriage would avert the eye and preserve relief by guarding the heart as well as the mind against temptation. For that is not a matter of one’s choice, rather the self will continue to entice him and tempt him to have coitus, and the tempting devil will not abandon him most of the time. That could occur during prayer; thus he may envision such details of coitus which, were he to confess them to the lowliest of creatures, they would blush. Yet God knows [the secrets of] his heart because the heart is to God as the tongue is to man. For the chief preoccupation of the novice (murid)81 who wants to pursue the path of the hereafter is his heart.” [Moreover], persistence in fasting does not eliminate the element of temptation as pertains to most people, unless it is coupled with weakness of the body and disturbance of the temperament. For that reason Ibn ‘Abbas* declared, “The asceticism of the ascetics cannot be complete without marriage.”83 This is a universal ordeal from which few can be delivered.
Qatadah84 said, in interpreting the words of the Almighty, “Impose not on us that which we have not the strength to bear”:86 that is, lust. It is said that ‘Akramah88 and Mujahid87 interpreted the Almighty’s words “for man was created weak” [Qur’an 4:28] by saying, “He cannot refrain from women.” Fayyad b. Najih said that “When the male experiences an erection, he loses two-thirds of his mind”; others say “He loses a third of his religion.” One of the rare interpretations rendered by Ibn ‘Abbas* of the verse “From the evil of the darkness when it is intense” [Qur’an 113:3]88 is to the male erection, which is an overpowering catastrophe should it rage, as no mind or religion can resist it; for, although it can become an impetus for the two lives as was mentioned earlier, it is the devil’s strongest instrument against the sons of Adam. To this he* referred in these words: “Among those who are deficient in intelligence and religion, I have never seen any who are more successful than you [women] in prevailing over those [men] of intelligence.”89 And that is because of the rage of desire. The Prophet said in his invocation, “0 God! I seek refuge in Thee from the evils of my hearing, my seeing, my heart, and the evils of my semen.”“ He also said, “I ask you to purify my heart and safeguard my genitals”;” so how can there be laxity for others wherefrom the Messenger* of God seeks refuge.
A righteous man used to marry frequently; he never had less than two or three [women]. Some Sufis criticized him, to which he replied, “Has any of you presented himself before God or stood (waqafa) before Him92 and experienced sexual desire?” They replied, “This thing occurs frequently.” He retorted, “Were I to accept throughout my life such a state as you have experienced once, I would not have married; but never did a distracting thought occur to me which I did not carry through, thereby relieving and enabling myself to return to my work. And for forty years, no transgression has befallen me.” Some people criticized the status of the Sufis, to which a man of religion replied, “What is it you blame them for?” He [one of the people] replied, “They eat a lot.” To this he retorted, “And you, also, if you hungered as they do, would eat as they do.” He [one of the people] said, “They marry often.” To which he replied, “If you should safeguard your eye and genitals as they do, you, too, would marry as they do.” Junayd used to say, “I am as much in need of coitus as I am of food, so the wife is definitely nourishment and a means for the purification of the heart.”
For that reason the Messenger* of God commanded that everyone who sees a woman and is attracted to her should have intercourse with his wife,93 for that would ward off temptation from his soul.”‘ Jabir* related that the Prophet* of God saw a woman, so he had intercourse with Zaynab [his wife], fulfilled his desire, and departed. The Prophet* declared: “When a woman approaches, she approaches in the image of the devil; so should a man see a woman who appeals to him, let him approach his wife because she has what that woman has.”95
The Prophet* said, “Do not have intercourse with a woman whose husband is absent96 because the devil flows through your veins as does the blood.” So we said, “And your veins?” He replied, “And mine; but God has fortified me against it and therefore I am safe.”“‘ Sufyan b. ‘Ayyinah said, “‘safe’ means delivered from it [temptation]. That is its meaning because the devil does not deliver.”
It was also related that the son of Umar*, one of the ascetics among the companions, also of the ulema among them, used to break the fast by coitus before eating. It is probable that he had intercourse before the evening prayer, after which he would perform absolution and pray, all for the purpose of emptying the heart to enable it to concentrate on the worship of God and to remove from it the implements of the devil. It has been related that he [son of ‘Umar] had coitus with three of his concubines during the month of Ramadan before the last evening prayer.
Ibn ‘Abbas has declared, “The best of this nation is mostly women”;98 and since sexual desire was a predominant force in the temperament of the Arabs, the frequency of marriage among their righteous men was more common.
It was for the purpose of freeing the heart that marriage with the bondmaid was permitted when there was fear of hardship, even though it results in enslaving the son,99 which is a kind of attrition; such marriage is forbidden to anyone who can obtain a free woman. However, the enslaving of a son is preferable to destroying the faith, for enslavement affects temporarily the life of the child, while committing an abomination results in losing the hereafter; in comparison to one of its days the longest life is insignificant.”‘
It has been related that one day some people departed from a gathering with Ibn ‘Abbas, except for one young man who did not leave. Ibn ‘Abbas asked him, “Do you have something to ask?” He said, “Yes, I wish to ask you a question, but I was ashamed [to ask] in front of the people. Now I stand in awe out of respect for you.” “An alim101 takes the place of the father,” said Ibn ‘Abbas, “so what you would have divulged to your father, disclose to me.” He said, “I am a young man with no wife. On occasion I have feared distress for myself, and thus sought relief in masturbation. Is there an act of transgression in it?” So Ibn ‘Abbas turned away from him, then said, “How disgusting! Marrying a bondmaid is better than that, yet it is better than committing fornication.”
This is an indication that a youthful bachelor is torn among three evils: The least of these is marrying a bondmaid, which would lead to enslavement of the offspring; worse than that is masturbation; and the most abominable of the three is fornication. Ibn ‘Abbas did not permit the commission of either because both [the first two] are forewarned against and should be resorted to only to prevent committing a greater evil, in the same manner as one would eat carrion to avoid self-destruction. Preponderance over the lesser of two evils cannot be construed as unrestricted permissiveness or as absolute virtue; cutting off a malignant arm is not a good act even though it is permissible when death is impending. Therefore marriage is meritorious in this respect, but this does not apply to all [people], only to most. Many a person’s desire cools off on account of old age, illness, or the like, and therefore this factor would not apply to him; and what has already been mentioned concerning procreation remains intact. This is general except in the case of the eunuch, which is rare.
It is preferable for a person with temperament so overcome by desire that one woman cannot curb it to have more than one woman, up to four. For God will grant him love and mercy, and will appease his heart by them [women]; if not, replacing them is recommended. Seven nights after the death of Fatimah,* ʿAlī* got married. It is said that al-Hasan, the son of ʿAlī, was a great lover having married more than two hundred women. Perhaps he would marry four at a time, and perhaps he would divorce four at a time replacing them with others. The Prophet* said to al-Hasan, “You resemble me in appearance and in character.”‘ He* also said, “Hasan takes after me and Husayn takes after ʿAlī.”‘ It was said that his indulgence in marriage is one of the characteristics in which he resembled the Messenger* of
God as well as al-Mughirah Ibn Shu’bah who married eighty women.”“ Among the companions were those who had three and four [wives] while those who had two cannot be counted.
No matter how well known the inducement, the cure should be in proportion to the ailment; for the aim is tranquilizing one’s self, and therefore this must be taken into consideration in deciding how many wives one should have.
The third advantage: comfort and relaxation for the soul through companionship; seeing and dallying comfort the heart and strengthen it for the performance of the obligatory rituals. For the self grows weary and has the tendency to shun work because that is contrary to its nature. If compelled to adhere to what disagrees with its nature, it becomes recalcitrant and defiant. If it finds an outlet for itself periodically, it becomes stronger and more energetic. The companionship of women provides relaxation which relieves distress and soothes the heart. It is incumbent upon the pious to acquire such comfort by permissible means. For that reason Almighty God declared, “that he might take rest in her” [Qur’an 7:189] and ʿAlī said, “Relax the heart an hour, for if it is compelled it is blinded.” A khabar states, “A wise man should divide his time three ways: one for meditating, one for self-examination, and one for eating and drinking. In this [latter] time, there is help for the other period.”“‘ The same is stated in another expression: “The wise man is desirous106 only of three things: provisioning himself for a return journey (ma’ad),107 seeking a livelihood (marammah),or [seeking] pleasure in something not forbidden.”“‘ The Prophet* states, “For every desire (iradah)109 there is a shirrah (eagerness), and for each shirrah there is a fitrah (natural disposition). 10 He whose fitrah leads to my sunna is guided.” I” Shirrah is the striving and the enduring which come about in the beginning when exercising the will, while fitrah means stopping for rest. Abu al-Darda’ used to say, “I find relaxation for myself with a little diversion (lahu), thereby gaining strength to walk in uprightness thereafter.”
In some akhbar pertaining to the Prophet,* he said, “I complained to Gabriel* of my inability to have coitus, and he suggested [I eat] harisah.”“‘ If this be true, it can be interpreted only as a preparation for relaxation and cannot be interpreted to imply warding off desire; for it is rather a kindling of desire, and whoever is deprived of sexual desire is denied most of this intimacy.
The Prophet* also said, “Three things of your world have been made desirable to me: perfume (Sib), women, and my delight (qurrat al-’ayni) in prayer.”“‘ This, too, is a benefit that cannot be denied by one who has experienced the weariness of thoughts and remembrances (dhikr)114and different types of work, which lie outside the two previously mentioned benefits. Indeed, it extends even to the eunuch and to the one who has no sexual desire. As a matter of fact, this advantage renders marriage meritorious if it is concluded with such an intent, but rare are those who marry for this end.
As for the aim of having an offspring as well as that of warding off desire and the like, they are prevalent. Besides, many a person finds pleasure in looking at flowing water, greenery, and the like and is not in need of relieving himself by conversing and dallying with women. Thus this [aim] varies with circumstances and individuals; so let it be taken into consideration.
[Ordering the Household]
The fourth advantage: being free from the concerns of household duties, as well as of preoccupation with cooking, sweeping, making beds, cleaning utensils, and means for obtaining support. If a human being had no desire (shahwah) for coitus, it would still be difficult for him to live in his house alone; because if he were saddled with all the work of attending the house, he would waste most of his time and have very little of it left for learning and working.
The virtuous woman who takes care of the house abets religiousness in this manner, and any disturbance of these preoccupations would perturb the heart and impede life. For that reason Abu Sulayman al-Darani’ declared, “The virtuous wife is not of this world, for she liberates you for the hereafter. Her contribu
tion to freeing [the man] is by both taking care of the house and by satisfying sexual desire.” Muhammad b. Ka’b al-Qarazi said in interpreting God’s words, “0 Lord! Give unto us in the world that which is good” [Qur’an 2:201]; he meant a virtuous woman. The Prophet said, “Let each among you have a grateful heart; a tongue which invokes [the name of God]; and a faithful, virtuous wife who assists you toward the hereafter.”“‘ Behold how he has equated her with invocation and thanksgiving.”‘ In a commentary regarding the Almighty’s word, it is stated: “him verily We shall quicken with good life” [Qur’an 16:97]; he meant a virtuous wife.
‘Umar b. al-Khattab* used to say, “Next to faith in God, the best gift which has been given to man is a virtuous woman. There are some women that are priceless and others that are yokes from whom one cannot be redeemed”; by priceless is meant that she [woman] cannot be replaced by any other gift.
The Prophet* also said, “I was preferred over Adam by two gifts: His wife abetted him into transgression, while my wives urge me in obedience; his devil was a blasphemer and my devil [is] a Muslim”‘ who only enjoins to good.”“‘ Thus he [the Prophet] considered her helping him towards obedience as a virtue. This, also, is one of the virtues to which the righteous [men] aim, except that it is pertinent to some individuals who have no legal guardian or manager. It does not call for two wives, [since] plurality may render life miserable and disrupt the affairs of the home.
The aim of such an advantage is the expansion of kinfolk [through the wife] as well as gaining strength by virtue of interfamily relations. This is one of the things that is needed in warding off evil and seeking tranquility. For that reason it was said, “Abased is the one who has no protector; but he who finds someone who repels evil from him, his state is secured and his heart is freed for worship.” For abasement disturbs the heart while strength in numbers wards off abasement.
[Disciplining the Self]
The fifth advantage: disciplining the self”‘ and training it to be mindful, faithful, loyal, and respectful of the rights of the ahl (wives),12O tolerating their manners, enduring harm from them, striving to reform them, guiding them to the path of religion, striving toward making lawful gains for their sake, and undertaking the upbringing of their children. All these are deeds of great merit, for they are an exercise in compliance [with God’s injunction] and trust and loyalty; the wives and the offspring being the protected ones, and the virtue of guardianship is great. Those who avoid these responsibilities do so for fear of being unable to do justice by them, otherwise the Prophet* would not have said, “One day of just guardianship is more preferable than seventy years of worship.” Then he said, “Indeed, every one of you is a shepherd, and every one of you is responsible for his flock.”“‘
The one who is preoccupied with reforming himself and others is not the same as the one who is preoccupied with reforming himself only; nor is the one who endures harm like the one who seeks pleasure and comfort for himself. Bearing the burden of wives and of offspring is equivalent to jihad for the sake of God. For that reason Bishr said, “Ahmad Ibn Hanbal was preferred over me on three counts, one of them being the fact that he sought what was lawful for himself and for others.”“‘ The Prophet* also said, “Whatever a man spends on his wife is a sadaqah,123 and a man will be compensated for the morsel of food he offers his wife.”124
Someone told one of the ulema, “The Lord has granted me a share of every deed!” and he mentioned the hajj (pilgrimage), jihad, and the like. So he replied to him, “Where do you stand as concerns the deeds of the substitutions (ibdal)?”125 He asked: “And what are those?” To which he retorted, “Lawful gain and spending on dependents.”
Ibn al-Mubarak said while with his companions during a battle, “Do you know of anything better than what we are doing?” They said, “We know of none.” He answered, “I do.” They asked, “What is it?” He said, “A virtuous man.” He continued, “A virtuous man rose during the night and beheld his sleeping children uncovered, and so he covered them with his garment. His deed is more virtuous than what we are doing.”
The Prophet* said, “He whose prayer is good, and whose children are many and whose possessions are few, and who does not neglect (yaghtub) the Muslims will be with me in paradise like these two women.”“‘ In another hadith it is said, “The Lord loves the poor, virtuous father of children.”““‘ Another hadith related, “If the sins of the believer become many, God preoccupies him with the burden of children [in order] to make restitution for them [the sins].” 128
One of the forefathers said, “There are offenses that cannot be atoned for except through family burdens.” A tradition relates that the Prophet* said, “There are certain sins that cannot be atoned for except by the burden of seeking a livelihood.” 129 He also said, “Whoever has three daughters whom he supports and to whom he is kind until the Lord renders them independent of him, God will most certainly make paradise his reward -unless he commits a deed for which he cannot be forgiven.”“‘ Ibn ‘Abbas would say whenever he referred to this hadith, “By God, this is one of the strangest (gharib)131 and most misleading articles of the hadith.”
It has been related that a devout person used to provide well for his wife until she died. It was suggested to him that he remarry after her death, but he refrained and said, “Solitude is more soothing to my heart and allows me to concentrate better on my meditations.” He continued: “I saw in a dream, a week following her death, the gates of heaven open, and men descending and marching in succession through the air. Every time one descended, he looked at me and told the one behind him, ‘This is the unfortunate one.’ The other would reply, ‘Yes!’ I refrained from asking them out of awe until the last one, who was a child, passed by me. I asked him: ‘Say, who is the unfortunate one to whom you are referring?’ He replied, ‘You.’ And I asked, ‘Why so?’ He replied, ‘We used to exalt your deeds among those who have striven for the sake of God; but a week ago we were commanded to record your deed with those who have been inimical, and we do not know what you are guilty of.’ “ So he said to his brethren, “Get me married, get me married.” After that, he was not without two or three [wives].
It is related in one of the akhbar of the prophets* that a group entered upon Jonah, the prophet, and he* was hospitable to them. He [Jonah] would enter and leave his house and be mistreated by his wife, yet remain silent. They were astonished, but he said, “Don’t be; for I have beseeched Almighty God saying, ‘Hasten upon me in this life whatever punishment thou hast prepared for me in the hereafter’; so He said, ‘Your punishment is the daughter of so and so whom you should marry.’ So I married her and am enduring from her what you see.”
Such endurance is a form of self-discipline, an appeasement of anger, and an improvement of character. A person who secludes himself or who associates himself with someone of a refined character does not reflect on the evils of his inner self, nor are his hidden faults revealed. It is, therefore, the duty of one who walks the path of the hereafter to tempt himself by being exposed to the like of such agitations, and to become accustomed to enduring them so that his character should be set straight, his soul should be calm, and he should be purified of the base qualities hidden within him.
Enduring the burden of dependents, which is a form of exercise and struggle to provide for them and sustain them, is an act of worship in itself. However, only one of two types of men benefits from it: either a man who seeks striving, exercising, and character training because he is at the beginning of the Path and is therefore not unlikely to consider this a manner of striving by which his soul is exercised; or, a worshipper who does not pursue virtue through the path of the esoteric (sayr bil-batin), mental activity, and the experiences of the heart, but whose [virtuous] deeds are physical,132 such as prayer, performing the pilgrimage, and the like. His working to gain lawfully for his wives and children, maintaining them and bringing them up properly, is better for him than acts of worship which are imposed upon his body and whose benefits do not extend to others.
As for the man whose character is well formed either. through inherent traits or through a previous effort, if he wants to succeed in obtaining an inner life and an intellectual and spiritual activity in the domain of religious and mystical sciences, then he should not marry for that reason because he has no need for exercise.”‘ As for worship in the form of providing for dependents, seeking knowledge is better than that because it [seeking knowledge], too, is a form of work, but its benefits are more numerous and more encompassing than the benefit of providing for dependents. These then are the advantages of marriage, which in religion are decreed to be virtuous.
[DISADVANTAGES OF MARRIAGE]
[Inability to Seek Lawful Gain]
The disadvantages of marriage are three: one-the strongest-is the inability to seek gain lawfully.”“ For that is not available to every person, especially nowadays, because of social instability and because marriage encourages the amplification of attempts to provide [for dependents] through unlawful means. In it [marriage] is, thus, a man’s destruction and the destruction of his family; a bachelor is safeguarded therefrom. As for a married man, he is most often driven into the paths of evil by following the whims of his wife and selling his hereafter for this world.
There is a khabar which states that “the servant (ʿabd) is made to stand before the scales with good deeds that resemble mountains in weight.”‘ He then is questioned concerning the care and support of his family, the source of his wealth and how he spent it, until such reckoning absorbs all his good deeds, thus not one good deed remains to his account; whereupon the angels cry out: ‘Behold, here is the man whose dependents consume his good deeds in the world and is today mortgaged by his
Is is said that those first to cling to man on the day of resurrection will be his wife and children who will cause him to stand in the presence of Almighty God and then say, “0 Lord! Give us our just due from him, for he taught us not what we were ignorant of, feeding us by unlawful means and we did not know it.” He [God] will punish him for their sake. One of the forefathers said, “When God wills evil to a servant, He sets upon him fangs in this world to devour him”; meaning dependents.
The Prophet said, “No one will meet God with a greater offense than one who ignores [the needs of] his dependents.”“‘ This is a general calamity from which few are delivered, excepting one with possessions that are inherited or gained lawfully, which he uses to redeem138himself and his family, provided he is content not to seek more. Such a person will be delivered from this calamity as will be a craftsman who is able to gain lawfully through permissible means, such as gathering firewood, hunting, or engaging in a craft that is not dependent upon rulers, and thereby is able to deal with virtuous people; also, the one who manifests blamelessness and most of whose possessions are lawfully gained [will be delivered by God].
Ibn Salim said when asked about marriage: “It [marriage] is more desirable in this time of ours for someone who is overcome by lust: like the male donkey who sees a female donkey and can neither be dissuaded from her by beating nor can he control himself; should he control himself, it is preferable to leave him alone.”
[Failure to Uphold Wives’ Rights]
The second disadvantage: the failure to uphold their [wives’] rights, to tolerate their manners, or to endure harm from them. This is less prevalent than the previous [disadvantage], inasmuch as it is easier to overcome the latter than the former. Improving one’s manners with women and upholding their rights are easier than seeking lawful gain. There is also danger in this because he [the husband] is a shepherd and is responsible for his flock. The Prophet* said, “It is sin (ithm) enough for a man to destroy those for whom he provides.” 139
It has been related that one who deserts his family is like a runaway slave in that his prayer and his fasting are not acceptable until he returns to them. Whoever fails to uphold his wives’ rights, even though he might be present, is like a fugitive. The Lord has said, “Ward off from yourselves and your families a [hell]Fire” [Qur’an 66:6]. He commanded us to safeguard them from the Fire as we would safeguard ourselves.
A person might fail to uphold his own right, and were he to get married this obligation would be compounded, and to his self another person be added. Self is an impellent to evil; if self is increased, the incitement to evil usually increases. For that reason, a certain man declined to get married and said, “I am afflicted with my [own] self; how can I add another self to it?” 140 As has been said, “The mouse hole would not be large enough to contain it [the mouse] if a broom was tied to its tail.”
Ibrahim Ibn Adham*141 also declined [to get married] by saying, “I will not attach a woman unto me, nor do I have need for women; that is to say, I am unable to care for them, protect them, and provide for them since I lack the means.” Likewise Bishr declined saying, “I am prevented from marriage by the Almighty’s words, ‘And they (women) have rights similar to those (of men).’ 1114’ He used to say, “Were I to care for a chicken, I would fear becoming a butcher on the bridge.”“‘
Sufyan b. ʿAyyinah* was seen at the gate of the sultan and was told: “This is not your place!” He replied, “Have you seen a man with a family who is more successful?” Sufyan used to say, “I yearn for celibacy, the key, 114 and a place of dwelling which the wind can penetrate and where no commotion or shouting [exists].”
This [the second disadvantage] is, too, a common evil though less prevalent than the first-from which only an intelligent, wise man can be delivered: A man possessing good character and insight into the ways of women, is tolerant of their tongues, is not driven by their desires, is careful to fulfill his obligations towards them, can overlook their mistakes, and is cognizant of their manners. Most people are given to impudence, boorishness, irascibility, frivolity, bad manners, and injustice while seeking full justice. Inevitably, such men through marriage become more corrupt in this respect. Hence celibacy is safer for them.
[Distractions from God]
The third disadvantage-which is less [of an evil] than the first and the second-[lies in the possibility] that the wife and the offspring could distract him from Almighty God, luring him to pursue the world and indulge in providing a comfortable life for his children through gathering wealth and hoarding it for them, and enticing him to seek exaltation and multiplication through them. Whatever distracts [one’s attention] from God-whether wife, wealth, or offspring-brings misfortune upon the possessor. I do not imply by this that it would lead to forbidden deeds, for that [whatever leads to forbidden deeds] has already been listed under the first and second disadvantages, but rather that it would entice him to indulge in the enjoyment of what is permissible, leading into excesses in dallying, flirting, and excessive enjoyment of them [women]. From marriage arise various types of such distractions that engross the heart; thus night and day would pass and the person would not have time to think about the hereafter or prepare for it. For that reason Ibrahim Ibn Adham* said, “No good can come out of one who becomes accustomed to the thighs of women.” Abu Sulayman* said, “Whoever marries attaches himself to the world.” That is to say, he is lured to depend on the world.
This is the sum total of disadvantages and advantages. To judge that a person is absolutely better off [by] being married or single falls short of taking into consideration all these matters. Rather, such advantages and disadvantages can be considered a precept and a criterion against which the novice should measure himself. If the disadvantages [of marriage] are nonexistent in his case and the benefits are all present, that is, if he has lawfully gained possessions, good character, and earnest pursuit of religion, marriage would not distract him from God; if he [the novice] is, nevertheless, a young man in need of appeasing his sexual desire, if he is a bachelor in need of someone to take care of his house, and if he needs fortification through family associations, then marriage is unquestionably better for him even though its [primary] aim is to produce offspring. If the advantages are refuted and the disadvantages are brought together, being celibate is preferable for him; but if the two are equal, which is most likely, it is necessary to weigh on just scales the extent to which the advantages contribute to the promotion of his religion and the extent to which the disadvantages detract from it. If it appears that one group outweighs the other, it should be acted upon. For the most obvious advantages are procreation and appeasing desire, while the most obvious disadvantages are the need for unlawful gain and distraction from
God. Let us assume that these matters are comparable in importance: We would then conclude that if a man is not troubled by sexual desire, if the benefit of his marriage lies in the endeavor to obtain an offspring, and if the evils of his marriage lie in the necessity to gain unlawfully and to be distracted from God then celibacy is preferable. There is no advantage in whatever distracts one from God or in earning unlawful gain.
The matter of offspring cannot compensate for the absence of these two considerations, [because] marriage for the purpose of obtaining an offspring is illusory and this constitutes a consummate deficiency in religion. To preserve his own life and to, guard it from destruction is more important than seeking to produce an offspring; that is a gain, and religion is an investment. For in the corruption of religion lies the loss of the hereafter and the dissipation of the investment. Such a benefit cannot counteract either of those two disadvantages. However, if to the matter of the offspring is added the need to appease desire, which results from one’s yearning for marriage, then one might consider marriage. If the reins of righteousness are not strengthened in his mind, and if he fears committing fornication, then marriage is preferable for him because he is hesitant between committing fornication and attaining unlawful gain; earning unlawful gain is the lesser of the two disadvantages. If he trusts himself not to commit fornication, and is unable at the same time to avert the eye from what is unlawful, then abstaining from marriage is preferable. For, to look [lustfully] is unlawful and to earn gain in an improper way is unlawful. Seeking gain takes place continually and in it lies his [ultimate] ruin and the ruin of his family, while looking takes place occasionally and this pertains to him [and does not involve his relations] and passes away quickly. Looking constitutes adultery by the eyes but, if not rectified by relief, is easier to forgive than eating forbidden fruit, unless it is feared that looking should end in the defiance of relief, thus entailing the threat of affliction.
If this be the case, then we are confronted with the third situation: that is, to have the strength to avert the eyes but not to ward off thoughts distracting the heart; here it is preferable to abstain from marriage because the [evil] deeds of the heart are easier to forgive. Emptying the heart for the sake of worship is desirable; [besides] the act of worship is precluded by unlawful gain, consuming it [gain], and feeding it to others. Thus it is necessary to weigh these disadvantages against the advantages and to judge accordingly. Whoever becomes aware of this will not find it difficult to comprehend what we have transmitted from the righteous forefathers, namely encouragement of marriage in certain situations and in others discouragement therefrom inasmuch as this is dependent upon circumstances.
If you should ask, “Which is better for someone who is safeguarded from the disadvantages [of marriage], seclusion for the worship of God or marriage?” I would reply: Combine the two, because marriage is a contract and does not preclude seclusion for the worship of God; rather, it pertains to the need for lawful gain. If he is able to earn lawful gain, then marriage is also better, because it is feasible for him during the night and the rest [that is, the unoccupied portion] of the day to be in seclusion for worship; persistence in worship without relaxation is not feasible. If it be assumed that earning a livelihood preoccupies his whole time to the extent that he has none left other than that prescribed-sleeping, eating, and performing the necessaries and if he is one of those who do not pursue the hereafter except through the supererogatory prayer, pilgrimage, or similar physical activities, then marriage is better for him. For earning lawful gain, supporting a family, seeking to obtain offspring, and tolerating the manners of women constitute forms of worship whose merits do not fall short of supererogatory acts of worship. If he should worship by means of knowledge, meditation, and the path of esotericism, and should lawful gain complicate that, then abstaining from marriage is preferable.
Should you ask, “Why then did Jesus* abstain from marriage in spite of its virtue? And if it is preferable to free oneself for the worship of God, why then did our Prophet* take on numerous wives?” Know ye, then, that it is preferable to combine the two in the case of one who is able, whose desire is strong, and whose ambition is high, because no preoccupation can distract him from God.
Our Messenger* armed himself with strength and combined the virtue of worship and that of marriage. In spite of his nine women, 14’ he still dedicated himself to God. For him, the satisfaction of the sexual need was not an obstacle. At the same time, those who are preoccupied with worldly needs are not constrained in their affairs by the fulfilling of natural needs; outwardly, they perform that which is necessary, but their hearts are preoccupied with solitude not unmindful of their important duties. The Messenger* of God, because of his elevated status, was not deterred by the dictates of this world from the presence of the heart with God. He used to receive revelation (wahy) while he was in his wife’s bed.”‘ If this is true in the case of someone else, it is not inconceivable that irrigation canals can be altered by what cannot alter the mighty ocean; in other words, one cannot compare others unto him [that is, the Prophet].”‘ As for Jesus,* he armed himself with resolutions and not strength; he took precautions, for perhaps his state was such that preoccupation with a family could have affected it, or made it difficult to seek lawful gain, or made marriage and seclusion for worship irreconcilable. Thus he preferred to devote himself to worship. For they [prophets] are more aware [than others] of the secrets of their states, of the precepts of their times regarding virtuous gain, of the manners of women, of the calamities of marriage upon the marrier, and of the benefits he [that is, the marrier] has therein. No matter how different the circumstances are, in some cases it is preferable to marry and in others to abstain. We should deem the deeds of the prophets as preferable in all cases -and God knows best.
As Concerns Marriage: Conditions
of the Woman and Stipulations
of the Marriage Contract
As for the marriage contract (ʿaqd), it has four conditions that facilitate its establishment and dissolution:
- Permission of the guardian; if not, then [that of] the ruler.’
- Consent of the woman if she is a nonvirgin adult (thayyib bough) or a virgin adult given away in marriage by someone other than her father or grandfather.
- The presence of two witnesses openly known for fairness. If both enjoy a blameless record, then the establishment of the contract is decreed.
- A declaration (ijab) and a related acceptance (qabul) encompassing the term “marry,” “give in marriage,” or some similar term, pronounced by two individuals charged with the responsibility, neither of whom is a woman; but [they] could include the husband, the guardian [of the woman], or the representative [of either party].
[ETIQUETTE OF MARRIAGE]
Concerning the etiquette of marriage: The engagement should be arranged with a guardian, not during the legally prescribed waiting period (ʿiddah) of the woman, but rather after its termination if the woman is observing such a period, and provided that she is not already engaged to another, since an engagement while another is pending is forbidden.’ Proper etiquette requires an engagement [period] prior to marriage, and associating the expression of praise [to God] with the declaration and the acceptance; thus the one giving the woman in marriage says, “Praise be to God and blessings upon the Messenger of God. I give you my daughter, so and so, in marriage”; and the husband replies, “Praise be to God and blessings upon the Messenger of God. I accept her in marriage upon this dowry (ṣadāq).” Let the dowry be fixed and small. It is also desirable to pronounce the words “Praise be to God” before the engagement. Its etiquette includes that the affairs of the husband be revealed to the wife; if she is a virgin, this is more appropriate and more conducive to congeniality between them. For that reason it is desirable that he should look at her before marriage, as it is more likely to lead to enrichment of their relationship.
Its etiquette also calls for the presence of a group of righteous people in addition to the two witnesses who are required to establish the validity [of the contract]. The etiquette also specifies that the intent of marriage should be upholding the sunna, averting the eye, bearing children, and the rest of the aforementioned advantages; thus the purpose of marriage will not be merely for pleasure and enjoyment, which would render such an act a worldly endeavor. This does not preclude such intentions, for many a virtue coincides with passion. ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al- ‘Aziz*3declared: “If virtue coincides with passion, it is like ‘butter with dates’ “ (al-zubadu bil-nirstydn).’ It is not impossible that one should be motivated by his desires and the dictates of religion simultaneously. It is desirable that the marriage be contracted in the mosque and during the month of Shawwal.5 ‘A’ishah*8 said, “The Prophet* married me in Shawwal, and consumated the marriage in Shawwal.”‘
[REQUISITE QUALITIES FOR THE WOMAN]
A woman given in marriage is either one who is taken as a lawful wife, or one who is taken for enjoyment and the attainment of certain purposes.
[Legal Disabilities to or Restrictions on Marriage]
The first type: The woman taken as a lawful wife should be free from that which would prohibit her marriage. There are nineteen restrictions.’
- That she be married to another.
- That she be in a legally prescribed waiting period [which precedes marriage] to another [person], regardless of whether that period is due to [the husband’s] death, to divorce, to suspicion [of adultery], or is being cleared from suspicion aroused by [her] owner [that is, being a concubine-slave of the owner].
- That she be an apostate for having uttered an expression of unbelief.
- That she be a Magian.9
- That she be an idolator or freethinker (zindiq) who follows neither a prophet nor a book. Women in this category include those who follow the doctrine of libertinism-marrying them is not lawful; also [included in this category is] every female subscribing to a false doctrine whose believer is deemed an infidel.
- [If] she is a follower of a revealed religion (kitabiyah)10 which she adopted after conversion or after the Prophet’s mission [as Messenger of God], and who furthermore is not a descendant from the Children of Israel, unless both conditions apply, marrying her is not permissible; but if she lacks genealogy only, then [among the jurisprudents] there is no consensus.
- That she be a slave and the marrier a free man who is capable of marrying a free woman or who fears committing fornication (ʿanat).”
- That she be totally or partially a slave of the marrier.
- That she be related to the [man] either by descent from his progenitors (used) or collaterals (fusel), or of the collaterals of his first progenitors, or from the first collateral of every progenitor after a progenitor. By usul, I mean mothers and grandmothers; and by his fusel, [male] children and grandchildren; and by fusel awwal fusul, brothers and their children; and by awwal fall from every asl [singular of usul] after it, the progenitor of maternal and paternal aunts, not their children.
- That she be unlawful [for marriage] through nursing;12 and among those prohibited by reason of nursing are the relations prohibited in terms of the used and fusul discussed above.
However, those forbidden are the ones who have been nursed five times, not the ones nursed fewer times.
- That she be forbidden because of marriage ties; that is, (a) if the marrier were already married to her daughter or granddaughter,13 or (b) if he previously possessed them [as slaves either] by direct contract or semicontract, or (c) if he had had sexual relations with them in a quasi-contract [common marriage], or (d) had sexual intercourse with her mother or one of her grandmothers in a marital contract or quasi-contract; for the mere contract of marriage with a woman renders her maternal female ascendants unlawful. Her collateral relatives are forbidden only on account of coitus, or if his [the marrier’s] father or son had married her before.
- That the woman be the fifth, 14 that is, that the marrier already has four [wives] acquired either by marriage or by virtue of [the fact that at least one of his wives is in] the state of the legally prescribed waiting period pending remarriage (‘iddat alraj’ah) to him. But if her divorce is final and she is in another prescribed waiting period (‘iddat baynunah),15 then marrying the fifth is not unlawful.
- That the marries be married to her sister, her maternal aunt, or her paternal aunt; that is, through marriage he would bring both of them together [as wives]. Marriage is not permissible between a related pair if one is male and the other a female, and thus they cannot be brought together [in marriage].
- That she be divorced three times by the marrier and thus be unlawful to him unless another husband [muhallil] has sexual intercourse with her in a lawful marriage.”
- That the marrier has exchanged curses with her; in this case, after the oath of condemnation, se is or ever unlawful to him.
- That she be in a state of ritual consecration of the major (hajj) or lesser (‘umra) pilgrimage, or that the husband be in the same state; marriage then cannot take place until the completion of the period of sanctification.
- That she should be a deflowered young woman;18 marrying her is then not permissible until she has reached puberty.
- That she be an orphan, in which case marrying her is not permissible until she reaches the age of puberty.
- That she be one of the widowed wives of the Messenger* of God or one with whom he has mated, for they are regarded as mothers of the believers; that [restriction] is not applicable in our [al-Ghazali’s] time. These are the prohibitive hindrances.
[QUALITIES CONDUCIVE TO A HAPPY CONJUGAL LIFE]
There are eight qualities which render a conjugal life happy and which must be sought in the woman in order to assure the perpetuity of the marriage: piety, good character, beauty, a small dowry, ability to bear children, virginity, [good] lineage, and she should not be a close relative.
That she should be virtuous and religious is the most fundamental requisite, and to that end [special] care must be taken. For, if her religious principles are too weak to give her the strength to be virtuous and constant,19 she will humiliate her husband, disgrace him among people, trouble his heart with jealousy, and thereby render his life miserable. Should he succumb to passion and jealousy, he would remain in trial and tribulation. Should he, on the other hand, follow the path of permissiveness, he would be apathetic toward his religion and honor and would be guilty of lacking zeal and pride. Also, if she is beautiful but corrupt, she will be the cause of greater tribulation; for then it becomes difficult for the husband to separate from her: Thus he is neither able to renounce her nor to endure her. His position is like that of one who came to the Prophet* and said, “0 Messenger of God, I have a wife who cannot turn back a touching hand.” The Prophet said, “Divorce her”; to which he replied, “I love her.” The Prophet responded, “Then, keep her.”“ The Prophet commanded him to hold onto her, for if he divorces her he would yearn for her and become corrupt like her. Seeing that the man’s heart was in anguish, he [the Prophet] considered it preferable for him to continue his marriage and thus safeguard himself against corruption. If her faith be corrupted in squandering his possessions or in some other respect, he will remain in misery. [However,] if he remains silent and does not denounce [her deeds], he becomes a partaker of her transgression and a violator of the Almighty’s command: “Ward off from yourselves and your families a Fire.” If he, on the other hand, denies and disputes [her ways],, he will be miserable throughout his life.
For that reason, the Messenger* of God took pains in encouraging people to adhere to the faith saying, “A woman may be married either for her possessions, her beauty, her reputation, or her religion; for if you do marry other than a religious woman, may your hands be rubbed with dirt [taribat yadak].”21 Another hadith states: “He who marries a woman for her possessions and beauty loses both her beauty and her possessions; [but] he who marries her for the sake of her faith will be blessed by God with her possessions and her beauty.”22 The Prophet* also said, “A woman should not be married [only] for her beauty, because her beauty may destroy her; neither for her wealth, as this may make her tyrannical; [rather] marry the woman for her religious faith.”23 He emphatically recommended religious faith, because such a woman would bolster up the [husband’s] faith. If she is not pious, she will be an element of distraction and of trouble in her husband’s religion.
Good character is the second quality. It is an important requisite in the search for emptying the heart” and in the pursuit of favorable surroundings for religion. For if she is vicious, ill-tongued, ill-mannered, and ungrateful, more harm than good will come from her. Toleration of a woman’s tongue would try the saints. An Arab said, “Do not marry one of the following six types of women: an ‘annanah [hypochondriac], a mannanah [up-braider], a hannanah [yearner], a hiddaqah [coveter], a barraqah (narcissist], or a shaddaqah [prattler]. The ‘annanah is one who excessively moans, complains, and [always] wraps her head.
Marrying a constantly ill [woman] or one who feigns illness is of no avail. The mannanah is one who is constantly needling her husband by saying, “I did such and such for you.” The hannanah is one who yearns after a previous husband or after her offspring from some other husband. This, too, is among the things to be avoided. The hiddaqah isone who looks at everything, covets it, and forces her husband to buy it. The barraqah can be one of two: (a) one who spends the whole day fixing her face or making it up and beautifying it in order to give it a lustre, or (b) one who becomes angry at mealtime, thus eating only by herself and singling out her share from everything. A Yemeni expression which is appropriately used for a woman, or a child, who is not satisfied with the food given to her [or him], is Baraqat al-mar ‘atu wa baraqa’l-sabiyyu al-ta’ama, that is, to become angry at mealtime. Al-shaddaqah is one who prattles a great deal; in this context the Prophet* said, “Almighty God detests the loudmouthed prattler. “25
It is related that the Azdi traveler,” during his journey, met Elias* [the prophet] who ordered him to get married and discouraged him from celibacy. He then said, “Don’t marry any of the following four types: a mukhlali’ah [divorce-minded], a mubariyah [boaster], an ‘ahirah [harlot], or a nashiz [conceited].” Al-mukhlali’ah is one who asks for the divorce (khul’) every hour for no reason;27 al-mubariyah is one who boasts of the superiority of another and is proud of her worldly advantages, and al’ahirah is a loose woman who is known to have lovers and intimate companions. To her the Almighty referred when He said, “nor of loose conduct” [Qur’an 4:25]. Al-nashiz is one who adopts a haughty attitude toward her husband in deed and word: the word nashaz28 designates that which is elevated above the ground.
ʿAlī* used to say, “The worst characteristics of men constitute the best characteristics of women; namely, stinginess, pride, and cowardice. For if the woman is stingy, she will preserve her own and her husband’s possessions; if she is proud, she will refrain from addressing loose and improper words to everyone; and if she is cowardly, she will dread everything and will therefore not go out of her house and will avoid compromising situations for fear of her husband. These accounts indicate the sum total of the good qualities sought in marriage.
The third, beauty of face, is desired because through it fortification is attained. For [a man’s] natural disposition is generally not contented with an ugly woman, [even] when good character and physical beauty are often inseparable. What we have transmitted is encouragement to look for a pious woman and not marry one for her beauty, which does not discourage the cherishing of beauty, but rather discourages marrying a woman for her beauty alone [while she be] corrupt in religion. Beauty, per se, oftentimes makes marriage desirable and detracts from the importance of religion. Indicative of the regard given to beauty is the fact that closeness and love are often realized through it. For that reason the Shari’ah cats enjoined the safeguarding of the means to intimacy, and seeing [the woman] before marriage was deemed desirable.
The Prophet said, “If God should incline the heart of one of you toward a woman, let him look at her, for it will bring them closer together.”“ That is to say, it will cause them to be closer to each other like the closeness of the epidermis to the endodermis, which is the inner skin [as opposed to] the epidermis [which] is the outer skin. He mentions that only to stress the degree of closeness. The Prophet* said, “There is something in the eyes of the Ansar;31 therefore, if one of you wishes to marry one of their women, let him look at them.”32 It was said [in effect] that those women were “blear-eyed.” It was also said, “small-eyed.”
Some God-fearing men would not marry off their daughters until they are seen as a precaution against delusion. AlA’mash33 said, “Every marriage occurring without looking ends in worry and sadness.” It is obvious that looking does not reveal character, religion, or wealth; rather, it distinguishes beauty from ugliness.
It was related that during the time of ‘Umar* a man got married. The man had colored his hair and the dyestuff had faded. The woman’s family complained to ‘Umar saying, “We thought he was a young man.” ‘Umar beat him excessively and
said, “You have deceived the people.” It is related that Bilal and Suhayb came to a bedouin household and asked to marry their daughters. They were asked: “Who are you?” Bilal said, “I am Bilal and this is my brother, Suhayb. We were misguided, but God has directed us; we were enslaved, but God freed us; we were dependent [on others], but God has made us independent; if you should give us wives, then thanks be to God; and if you should turn us away, then praise be to God.” They [the household] answered, “Rather, you will marry, and thanks be to God.” Suhayb said to Bilal,34 “Would that you had mentioned our association and dealings with the Messenger* of God.” He replied, “Be quiet. I spoke the truth and the truth will get you married.”
One may be deceived both in beauty and in character; therefore it is desirable to avoid deception in beauty by looking, and [deception] in character by description and inquiry. It is desirable that this precede marriage. A description of her character and beauty should not be sought from any but one who is keen, who is truthful, who is well versed in the apparent and the hidden [qualities], who is not predisposed toward her lest he should praise her too much, and who does not envy her lest he should not praise her enough. In stating the basis for marriage and in describing the would-be wives, the natural disposition leans toward exaggeration and excessiveness. Few are the ones who are truthful and are inclined to modesty; rather, deception and enticement often predominate. Caution, therefore, is important for one who would guard himself against longing for a woman other than his wife.
As for the man whose purpose in having a wife is mere observation of the sunna, bearing children, or caring for the house, should he renounce beauty, he would draw nearer to asceticism; because seeking beauty, in short, is a wordly interest even though in the case of some individuals [it] may be an aid to religion.
Abu Sulayman al-Darani said, “Indifference (zuhd) [to worldly interests may be] in anything, even in women.” Thus a man [might] marry an old woman because he has preferred to renounce worldly delights. Malik b. Dinar*35 used to say, “Many a man among you would refrain from marrying an orphan, whose feeding and clothing would cost little and who would be easily satisfied, thus gaining merit [before God]. Rather, he would marry the daughter of so and so-meaning prominent people-who would make many demands of him saying, ‘Clothe me with such and such.’“ Ahmad b. Hanbal preferred a one-eyed [woman] over her sister who was beautiful. For he asked: “Who is the better behaved of the two?” He was told: “The one-eyed.” He replied: “Give her to me in marriage.” Such is the constant endeavor of one who does not seek [mere] sensual pleasures. If someone cannot secure his faith without a source of pleasure, then let him seek beauty because enjoyment of what is lawful strengthens faith.
It has been said that if a woman is beautiful, of good character, with black eyes and hair, large eyes, white complexion, loves her husband, and has an eye to no other man, she is in the image of the houris [hawar].36 For Almighty God has ascribed to the women of paradise this description in the verse, “the good and beautiful” [Qur’an 60:70] (by “good” He meant “those enjoying good manners”); in the verse “of modest gaze” [37:48]; and in the verse “lovers (‘urub), friends” [56:37]. (By “lovers,” He means someone who is in love with her husband and desirous of seducing him so as to complete her pleasure. By al-hawar, He meant whiteness; al-hawra’ is a woman with intense whiteness of the sclera, profound blackness of the eyes matching the profound blackness of the hair, and big, wide[-set] eyes.)
The Prophet* said, “The best of your women is one who pleases her husband when he looks at her, who obeys him when he commands her, and guards his memory and his possessions when he is absent.”37 Her husband will be delighted to look at her if she loves him.
The fourth quality is that her dowry should be small. The Messenger* of God declared that “The best women are those whose faces are the most beautiful and whose dowries are the smallest.”38 He enjoined against excessiveness in dowries.” The Messenger* of God married one of his wives for a dowry
of ten dirhams40 and household furnishings that consisted of a hand mill, a jug, a pillow made of skin stuffed with palm fibers,” and a stone (‘iliyy);42 in the case of another, he feasted with two measures43 of barley;” and for another, with two measures of dates and two of mush (sawiq).45
‘Umar* [also] used to enjoin against excessive dowries and used to say, “In getting married and in marrying of his daughters, the Messenger* of God never spent more than 400 dirhams.”“ If paying excessive dowries for women were a virtue, the Messenger* of God would have been the first to do so. One of the companions of the Messenger* of God was married for a date-pit of gold equal to five dirhams .47 Sa’aid b. al-Musayyab married his daughter to Abu Hurayrah* for two dirhams. He then took her personally to him by night, let her in through the door, then departed. Seven days later, he came back and greeted her. Even if he [Sa’id] had married for ten dirhams to be different from the rest of the ulema, there would be nothing wrong with his act.
A khabar states that “a woman’s blessing is in marrying and in bearing children quickly, ‘14’ and “in the reasonableness of her dowry. 114’ He also said, “The most blessed among them are the ones with the smallest dowries.”50
Just as it is undesirable for the woman’s dowry to be excessive, it is undesirable for the man to ask about the possessions of the woman. Marriage should never be motivated by avidity for wealth. Al-Thawri51 said, “Should one marry and ask ‘What does the woman possess?’ know ye that he is a thief; and should a person give them a present, it should not be with the purpose of forcing them to reciprocate with more; likewise, should they give him a present, the expectation of receiving more [than they gave] is immoral. Exchanging gifts is desirable, and results in friendship.” The Prophet* said, “If you exchange gifts, you will love each other.”52 As pertains to seeking more, it is included in the words of the Almighty: “And show not favor, seeking worldly gain” [Qur’an 74:6], that is to say, give [not] in order to receive more; also in the Almighty’s words: “That which ye give in usury in order that it may increase on (other) people’s property” [30:39], for usurious interest is the increase, and that [giving a gift] is an attempt to increase the principal, though it is not usurious. All such attempts are detested and are regarded as heretical in marriage. For they resemble trading and gambling, and their aim corrupts marriage.
The fifth quality is that the woman be able to bear children. Should she be known to be barren, then one should avoid marrying her. The Prophet* said, “Marry the loving child-bearer”;53 if she has no husband and her affairs are not known, the decision should be based on her health and her youth for, given these two qualities, she will most likely be capable of bearing children.
The sixth quality is that she should be a virgin. The Prophet* said to Jabir, who had married an unwed deflowered woman, “Would that she were a virgin so you could daily with her and she with you.”54 Virginity has three advantages:
(a) First, the virgin will love the husband and feel close to him, which will favorably influence their conjugal attachment. The Prophet* said, “Marry the loving (woman)”; for the natural disposition is to be attached to the first mate with whom one has had intimate relations. On the other hand, a woman who has experienced men and life may not be satisfied with some of the qualities that differ from those she is accustomed to, and may, therefore, loathe the husband.
(b) Second, it engenders a greater measure of his love for her, as it is a man’s nature to be somewhat repelled by a woman who has been touched by another husband; that would contradict [a man’s] nature regardless of what might be said [to the contrary]. Certain natures find it more repulsive than others.
(c) Third, the virgin does not yearn after the first husband, because, in general, the surest55 love is that which is engendered with the first loved one.
The seventh quality is that the wife should be of good lineage, that is to say, she should come from a religious and righteous background, because she will bring up her daughters and sons. If she is not well bred, she will not be able to raise her children well. For that reason the Prophet* said, “Beware of the green dung (khadra’ al-diman).”56 It was asked, “What is the green dung?” He said, “The beautiful woman with an evil origin.”57 The Prophet* said, “Exercise care in choosing [wives] for your sperm, for a hereditary quality is wont to return.”“
[Not a Close Relative]
The eighth quality is that she should not be a close relative, as that would lessen desire. The Prophet* said, “Don’t marry close relatives for then the child is born scrawny”;59 that is to say, weak; such is the weakening effect it [marrying close relatives] has on desire. For desire is excited by the deep emotions which result from sight and touch; emotions are strengthened by whatever is unfamiliar and new. On the other hand, what is familiar and seen continuously renders the faculties incapable of fully appreciating it [desire], being affected by it, or becoming aroused through it. These are the qualities desired in women.
[INQUIRY INTO THE HUSBAND’S CHARACTER]
It is incumbent upon the guardian also to examine the qualities of the husband and to look after his daughter so as not to give her in marriage to one who is ugly, ill-mannered, weak in faith, negligent in upholding her rights, or unequal to her in descent. The Prophet* has said, “Marriage is enslavement; let one, therefore, be careful in whose hands he places his daughter.”“ Exercising caution on her behalf is important, because she becomes a slave by the marriage and cannot be freed from it, while the husband is able to obtain divorce at all times. Whoever gives his daughter in marriage to a person who is unjust, licentious, heretical, or an inebriate commits a crime against his religion and exposes himself to the wrath of God for having severed his parental tie by having made a bad choice. A man said to al-Hasan,61 “A number of suitors have asked for my daughter’s hand in marriage; to whom should I give her?” He replied, “To the one who fears God; because if he loves her, he will be kind to her; and if he hates her, he will not wrong her.” The Prophet* said, “Whoever gives his daughter in marriage to a licentious man has betrayed her womb.”
Etiquette of Cohabitation,
What Should Take Place
During the Marriage, and the
Obligations of Husband and Wife
FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER
Etiquette of Cohabitation
[OBLIGATIONS INCUMBENT UPON THE HUSBAND]
As for the husband, he is obligated to observe moderation and good manners in twelve matters: feasting, cohabitation, dallying, exercising authority, jealousy, support, teaching, apportionment, politeness at times of discord, intimate relations, producing children, and separation through divorce.
The first etiquette is feasting, and that is desirable. Anas* said, “The Prophet* of God saw a trace of paleness in the face of ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Awf* and said ‘What is this?’ To which he replied, ‘I married a woman for a date-pit of gold.’ The Prophet replied, ‘May God bless her for you. Have a feast, even with a sheep.” The Prophet of God feasted for Safiyyah2 with dates and sawiq. “‘ The Prophet* said, “The food of the first day is an obligation; of the second, a sunna; and of the third, a [cause for good] reputation; he who spreads the news is made known by God.’ Only Ziyad b. ‘Abdullah mentions it as being gharib.5
It is desirable to congratulate him [the husband]; thus one who enters [the house of] the husband should say, “May God bless you and yours and bring you together in prosperity.”‘ Abu Hurayrah* recounted that the Prophet* made it a command.
The publicizing of marriage is desirable. The Prophet said, “The separator of the lawful and unlawful [in marriage] is the tambourine and the voice.”‘ He also said, “Make known this marriage, perform it in the mosques, and celebrate it with the beating of tambourines.”‘ It is related that al-Rubayyi’, the daughter of Mu’awwidh, said, “The Prophet* came and entered upon me the morning that my marriage was consummated. He sat on my bed while some of our young girls were beating their tambourines for us and lamenting those of my forefathers who had been killed, until one of them said, ‘and among us there is a prophet who knows what the morrow holds,’ to which he replied, ‘Don’t say this and say only what you were saying before.’ “9
The second etiquette: good conduct with them [wives] and tolerating offense from them out of pity for their mental deficiencies. Almighty God declared, “But consort with them in kindness” [Qur’an 4:19]. He also said in upholding their rights, “And they have taken a strong pledge from you” [4:21]. He [God] also said, “And what your right hands (possess)” [4:36 (ʿAlī)].10 Some say that [the verse] refers to women.
The last commandments that the Prophet* left were three, which he continued to utter until he stammered and his words became incomprehensible. He kept saying: “Pray, pray!” Do not impose upon your slaves that which you could not support. Fear God; fear God as concerns your women for they are like putty in your hands, that is, captives. You have taken them as a trust from God, and intimate relations with them was made lawful through the word of God.”“
The Prophet* also said, “If a man is tolerant of his wife’s bad manners, God will grant him the same recompense that He granted Job for his affliction; whoever tolerates the bad manners of her husband, will be granted by God the same recompense13 that was granted to Asiyah the wife of Pharaoh.”“ Know ye that good conduct with her does not mean not harming her, but rather enduring harm from her and forbearance in the face of her fickleness and anger in emulation of the Prophet*; for his wives used to talk back to him, and on occasion one would leave him for the whole night.”
‘Umar’s wife talked back to him and he said to her, “Do you talk back to me, 0 foolish woman?” And she said, “The wives
of the Prophet talk back to him and he is better than you.’“ To which ‘Umar retorted, “How inappropriate of Hafsah” to talk back to him!” Then he said to Hafsah, “Don’t be deceived [by the conduct] of the daughter [‘A’ishah] of Ibn Abi Quhafah [sic], for she is the dearest of the Prophet’s wives; and he warned her against talking back.”“
It was also related that one wife hit the Prophet* in the chest, so her mother scolded her. The Prophet* said, “Leave her alone; they [wives] do worse than that.”“ He and ‘A’ishah got into an argument to the point that Abu Bakr was called upon to arbitrate, and the Prophet took him as a witness. So the Prophet* said to her, “Are you going to talk, or shall l?” She replied, “You talk, but say only the truth.” Abu Bakr struck her until her mouth bled, and said to her, “0 enemy of yourself, does he utter anything but the truth?” So she took refuge with the Prophet* and sat behind him. The Prophet* then told him, “you were not called for this, nor did we desire this of you.”20 She told him once in anger, “And you are the one who claims to be the Prophet of God!” So the Prophet* smiled and bore that out of forbearance and kindness.” He used to say to her, “I know when you are angry and when you are pleased.” To which she replied, “And how do you know it?” He said, “When you are pleased, you say ‘No, by the God of Muhammad’; and when you are angry you say, ‘No, by the God of Abraham.’ “ She said, “You are right; I leave your name out.”22 It is said that the first love that took place in Islam was the love of the Prophet* for ‘A’ishah* 23 He used to say to her, “I am to you like Abu Zar’ vis-ـ-vis Umm Zar’; however, I won’t divorce you.”24 He used to say to his wives, “Don’t talk ill of ‘A’ishah to me for, by God, I have not received revelation under the cover of any of you but [rather under] hers.”25 Anas* used to say that the Prophet* was the kindest of all people toward women and children.”‘
[Toleration of Wives]
The third: Dalliance, jesting, and playfulness add to the toleration of offense; for these delight the hearts of women. The Prophet* used to joke with them and lower himself to the level of their minds in deeds and manners, to the extent that it was related that he* used to race ‘A’ishah; she won once and he won several times, so he* said, “Now we’re even.”27 In a khabar it is related that he* was one of the merriest with his wives.28 ‘A’ishah [once] said, “I heard the voices of some Ethiopians and others playing on the day of ‘Ashura’. 28 The Prophet* asked me, ‘Do you wish to see them play?’ I said, ‘Yes.’ He sent after them and they came. The Messenger* of God stood between the two doors, placed his palm on the door and extended his arm; I leaned with my chin against his arm. They began to play, and I looked on. The Prophet* kept saying, ‘That’s enough (hasbuki)’; and I would say, ‘Be quiet,’ twice or three times. Then he said, ‘‘A’ishah, that’s enough!’ So I said, ‘Yes.’ He pointed to them and they departed.”30
The Prophet* of God said, “the most perfect of believers in faith are those who are the finest in manners and most gentle toward their wives.”“ He said, “The best among you are the most charitable toward their wives, and I am the best among you toward my wives.”“ In spite of his harshness, ‘Umar* said, “It is necessary that a man be like a child in his family;33 but if they seek what he possesses, he should be found a man.”“‘ Luqman* said, “A wise man should be like a child in his family, and when he is in public, he should be found a man.” In a commentary on the related khabar, [it is stated that] “God detests the ja’zari al jawwaz”;35 that is, one who is harsh toward his family and who is arrogant. The same explanation has been offered for the term ‘utul used by Almighty God [Qur’an 68:13]: for it has been said that ‘utul designates one who has a harsh tongue and who is cruel toward his family.
The Prophet* said to Jabir, “Would that she were a virgin, so you could dally with her and she with you.”“
The Fourth: not so to indulge in dalliance, good manners, and conformity in following her whims that he would corrupt her manners and lose respect altogether in her eyes. Rather, he should observe moderation, never abandon dignity and seriousness no matter how much evil he sees, nor open the door to abetting abomination; rather, whenever he sees an act which violates divine legislation and manliness (muru’ah),37 he should
become resentful and angry. Al-Hasan said, “Verily whoever obeys the whims of his wife will be cast by God into the Fire.” ‘Umar said, “Disagree with your wives, because disagreement with them is a blessing.” It was also said, “Consult them, then disagree with them.”
The Prophet* said, “Miserable is he who is a slave to his wife.”38 He said so because if the husband obeys her whims, he becomes her slave and thereby miserable; for God made him possessor over the woman but if he makes her possessor of himself, he reverses the order of things, overturns the matter, and obeys Satan when he said, “and surely I will command them and they will change Allah’s creation” [Qur’an 4:119]. It is a man’s right to be followed, not to be a follower. God has appointed men as trustees over women, and has called the husband “master”; and the Lord has said, “and they met her lord and master at the door” [Qur’an 12:25]. For if the master is transformed into a slave, then he has exchanged God’s grace for thanklessness.” The woman’s behavior depends on you: If you slacken her reins a little, she will run off for a long distance; should you loosen
the harness a span (fitr),40 she will take a cubit (dhira’);41 but if
you restrain her and treat her firmly where firmness is called for, you will be her master.
Al-Shafi’i* said, “There are three who will insult you if you honor them: the woman, the servant, and the Nabataean.”42 He was referring to pure kindness and not harshness mixed with compliance, or coarseness with gentleness.
Arab women used to teach their daughters [how] to test their husbands. One would say to her daughter, “Test your husband before taking a step and before showing boldness toward him. Remove the edge of his spear; should he remain quiet, hack bones with his sword; and if he should still be quiet, then put the saddle on his back and ride him, for he is your donkey.” At any rate, it is with justice that the heavens and the earth are upheld; whatever exceeds its limits turns into its opposite.
For that reason it is necessary to follow the path of moderation both in disagreement and in agreement, and to follow the truth in it all, so as to be safe from their [women’s] evil; because their scheming is great,43 their evil is widespread; their predominant characteristics are bad manners and weak minds, and this cannot be set straight except through a certain amount of kindness mixed with diplomacy. The Prophet* said, “A virtuous woman amongst women is like an a’sam among a hundred crows”;44 an a’sam is a [rare] white-footed crow.
In the will of Luqman to his son [it is stated]: “My son, beware of the evil woman, for she will age you before your time; and beware of the evils of women, as they do not encourage good deeds; and be very careful of the better ones among them.” The Prophet* said, “Beware of the three causes of poverty,”45 and among them he listed the “evil woman” for she is the one who ages a man before his time. In other words, “If you come to her, she will curse you; and if you are away from her, she will be unfaithful to you.” The Prophet* said concerning the best of women, “If [only] you were the companions of Joseph”;48 that is, turning Abu Bakr away from prayer indicates that, on your part, you have ignored the truth and turned to pleasure. Almighty God said when they [women] revealed the secret of the Prophet,*47“If you two turn in repentance to Him, your hearts are indeed so inclined” [Qur’an 66:4 (ʿAlī)];48 that is, so disposed. He [God] said that about the best of the Prophet’s* wives.” The Prophet* said, “No people dominated by a woman can succeed.”“ ‘Umar scolded his wife when she talked back to him saying, “You are no more than a toy in a corner of the house; if we have need of you [we take you], otherwise, you sit as you are.”
Thus there is evil and weakness in them [women]; while diplomacy and harshness are a cure for evil, consolation and mercy are the cure for weakness. The skillful doctor is one who can estimate the amount of cure needed for the ailment; so let the man first know her character through experience, then let him deal with her in a manner that will set her straight in accordance with her state.
The fifth: moderation in jealousy; which means that one should not overlook preliminaries whose consequences may be undesirable, and should not go to extremes in misjudging, in acting adversely, or in spying upon concealed matters.
The Prophet* of God enjoined against seeking out the faults of women51-that is, against unexpectedly coming upon women. When the Prophet* returned from a journey, he said before entering [the city of] Medina, “Don’t come upon your wives at night.” Two men disagreed with him and went ahead [of the rest], and each saw in his home what he detested.” In a famous khabar [it is stated]: “A woman is like a rib: if you [attempt to] straighten it, you break it; leave it alone and enjoy it in spite of its crookedness.”“ This refers to rectifying her character.
The Prophet* said, “There is a type of jealousy which God detests, and that is the unjustifiable jealousy of a man over his wife when there is no justification [for suspicion]”54 because that suspicion we have decreed against. Certain [types of] suspicion are sinful. ʿAlī* said, “Do not indulge excessively in showing jealousy over your wife lest she be accused of evil behavior because of you.”
However, jealousy in its proper place is both necessary and commendable. The Prophet* said: “Almighty God experiences jealousy, and the believer experiences jealousy as well; Almighty God’s jealousy stems from the believer’s perpetration of what God has enjoined against.”55The Prophet* said, “Do you marvel at the jealousy of Sa’d?56 By God, I am more jealous than he, and God is more jealous than L”57 Because of Almighty God’s jealousy, He has prohibited abominations, whether manifest or hidden. Forgiveness is dearer to none than to God; for that reason He has sent warners and preachers. And praise is dearer to none than to God; for that reason He has promised Paradise.
The Messenger* of God said, “I saw on the night [Mi’raj] [that] I was taken through Paradise (laylata usriya bi fi al-jannah) a mansion and a maid in its courtyard; I inquired, ‘To whom does this mansion belong?’ and I was told, ‘To ‘Umar.’ I wanted to look at her, but I remembered, 0 ‘Umar, your jealousy.” ‘Umar wept and said, “Would I be jealous because of you, 0 Messenger of God?”58
Al-Hasan used to say, “Do you call upon your wives to jostle uncouth men in the market places? May God curse those who are not jealous.”
The Prophet* said, “God favors certain types of jealousy and detests others; He favors certain types of pride and detests others. As for the jealousy which God loves, it is jealousy which results from just suspicion; and the jealousy that God detests is that which results from unfounded [suspicion]. The pride which God favors is that which a man has in battle and in the face of difficulties; and the pride that God detests is pride in falsehood.”59 The Prophet* said, “I am indeed a jealous man and none is free from jealousy save one whose heart is degenerate.” The only way to avoid jealousy is by having no man enter upon her and by preventing her from going into the marketplaces.”
The Prophet* asked his daughter Fatimah,* “What is best for a woman?” She replied, “That she should see no man, and that no man should see her.” So he hugged her and said they were “descendants one of another” [Qur’an 3:33].81 Thus he was pleased with her answer.
The companions of the Prophet* used to close peepholes and perforations in the wall to prevent women from looking at men. Mu’adh [b. Jabal] saw his wife looking through a peephole, and he struck her; he also saw her giving an apple to his male slave from which she had eaten, and he struck her again.
‘Umar* said, “Strip the women of their [beautiful] clothes and they will stay in their rooms.” He said so because they [women] do not desire to go out in worn clothes. He also said, “Accustom your women to ‘No!’“
The Prophet* permitted women to go to the mosques;62 the appropriate thing now, however, is to prevent them [from doing so], except for the old [ones]. Indeed such [prevention] was deemed proper during the days of the companions; ‘A’ishah* declared, “If the Prophet only knew of the misdeeds that women would bring about after his time, he would have prevented them from going out.”“ When the son of ‘Umar quoted the words of the Prophet,* “Do not prevent the bondwomen of God from going to the mosques of God,” one of his sons replied, “Yes, by God, we will prevent them.” So he struck him and was irate with him, saying, “You hear me say that the Prophet of God said, ‘Do not prevent [them],’ and you say, ‘Yes [we will]?’ ““The
dared to disagree because he knew that times had changed, and the father was angry with him for openly expressing disagreement without giving the reason. The Prophet* also permitted them [women] to go out especially during feasts;65 but they could not go out without the approval of their husbands.
Nowadays, it is permissible for a chaste woman to go out with the permission of her husband; however, remaining [at home] is safer.” She should not go out except for an important purpose; going out for the sake of looking [about] and for unimportant matters detracts from virtue and may lead to corruption., If she goes out, she must avoid looking at men. We are not saying that the man’s face is shameful for her to look at as is the woman’s face for him. Rather, it is for her like the face of the beardless boy which a man should be prevented from seeing when sight may result in evil; when evil is not likely to result, sight should not be prevented. For men throughout the ages have had unveiled faces while women go out veiled; if their faces were shameful for women to look at, men would have been commanded to be veiled or prevented from going out except for a necessary purpose.
[Support of the Woman]
The sixth: moderation in spending. One should not be stingy toward them nor should he be extravagant; rather he should be moderate. The Almighty said, “and eat and drink but exceed not the bounds” [Qur’an 7:31 (ʿAlī)]. He also said, “And let not thy hand be chained to thy neck nor open it with a complete opening” [17:29].87 The Messenger* of God said, “The most favored among you is the one who is most generous toward his wife.”“ The Prophet* also said, “A dinar spent for the sake of God, a dinar spent for ransoming a slave, a dinar offered [as charity] to a poor man, and a dinar spent on your wife -the one that earns you the greatest reward is the one spent on
It was related that ʿAlī* had four wives and that he used to buy every four days a dirham’s worth of meat for each. Al-Hasan* said, “Some men spent plenty, but when it came to furnishings and clothes they were tight.” Ibn Sirin* said, “It is desirable that a man prepare faludhajah (pastry) every week for his wife; for even though sweet foods are not among the necessary things, to completely omit them is a stingy practice.”
It is desirable that he should order her to offer as charity whatever food remains [after the meal] and whatever would spoil if kept. This is the least thing to do as far as charity is concerned. The wife has the right to do this as circumstances dictate without specific permission from the husband.
He should not keep to himself, to the exclusion of his family, a delectable food. Not feeding them of it would incite malice and render it difficult to have a harmonious relationship. If he decides to withhold it [from them], let him eat in seclusion so that his family does not know about it; nor should he describe to them food which he does not intend to give them.
When he eats, let the whole family sit at his table; for Sufyan* [al-Thawri] said,, “We have been told that God and His angels invoke prayers on the members of the household who eat together.”
The most important thing for the husband to observe in spending is to feed the family from what is gained lawfully and not to pursue evil endeavors for their sake, as that constitutes a crime against them rather than upholding their rights. We have already mentioned the pertinent akhabar when talking about the disadvantages of marriage.
[Instruction Concerning Menstruation]
The seventh: that the married man should know enough about the matter of menstruation to enable him to take necessary precautions; he also should teach his wife the rules of prayer: which prayers should be performed during menstruation and which should not. He has been commanded to safeguard her against the [hell]Fire according to the words of the Almighty, “Ward off from yourselves and your families a Fire” [Qur’an 66:6].
It is incumbent upon the husband to teach her the proper beliefs of the followers of the sunna, to remove from her heart
every innovation should she lend an ear to it, and to make her fear God should she be lax in matters of religion.
The husband should also teach her the precepts governing menstruation and irregular menstrual flow, and the taking of precautionary measures.” The information on menstruation is lengthy, but what a woman must be taught concerning menstruation are the prayers she should perform.” If the blood stops shortly before the sunset (maghrib) by [the end of] one prostration, then it is incumbent upon her to perform the noon (zuhr) and the afternoon (‘asr) prayers; if it stops before morning by [the end of] one rak’ah then she should perform the maghrib and ‘isha . 72 This is the least that the women ought to observe.
If the husband is diligent in teaching her, she will not have to go out and ask the ulema about it. If the husband’s knowledge does not encompass such matters, and if he should ask on her behalf, conveying to her the information from the mufti, then there is no need for her to go out. Otherwise, she has the right to go out and ask; in fact, she is obligated to do so, and the husband would be in defiance should he prevent her. No matter how much she learns about her obligations, she should not go out to attend a dhikr73 nor to receive instruction in superfluous knowledge without the consent of her husband.
Whenever a woman neglects one of the obligations imposed upon her by menstruation and irregular menstrual flow, and the husband does not teach her [concerning these matters], he, too, becomes her partner in sin.
[Equality Among Wives]
The eighth: If he has several wives, then he should deal equitably with them and not favor one over the other; should he go on a journey and desire to have one [of his wives] accompany him, he should cast lots (aqra’) among them,74 for such was the practice of the Messenger*. If he cheats a woman of her night, he should make up for it, for making up for it is a duty upon him. For that reason it becomes necessary for him to learn the rules of apportionment which would take a long time to explain here. The Messenger* of God said, “Whosoever has two wives and favors one over the other-that is to say, does not deal equitably between them-he comes to the Day of judgment bent to one
He should be equitable in giving and in cohabiting at night. As concerns love and intimate relations, these do not come under the rubric of choice. Almighty God has declared, “Ye will not be able to deal equally between (your) wives, however much ye wish (to do so)” [Qur’an 4:129]; that is to say, you cannot deal equally with regard to the desires of the heart and the preferences of the soul from which stems inequality in intimate relations. The Messenger* used to be equitable to his wives in giving and cohabiting at night saying, “0 Lord, this is the limit of my ability within my means, I have no access to that which You possess and I do not have,”“ by which he meant love. He loved ‘A’ishah* most,77 and the rest of his wives knew that. During his [last] illness, he was carried every day and every night in order to spend a night with each one of his wives. He would say, “Where am I supposed to be tomorrow?” So one of his wives saw through his question and said, “He is asking for the day with ‘A’ishah.” So they [his wives] said, “0 Messenger of God, we permit you to stay at ‘A’ishah’s house, because it is difficult for you to be carried every night.” He replied, “Are you agreeable to that?” They replied, “Yes,” so he said, “Take me then to ‘A’ishah’s house.”78
Whenever one wife grants her night to another with the husband’s consent, the second wife gains the right to that night. The Prophet* used to allot time among his wives. He wanted to divorce Sawdah, the daughter of Zam’ah, when she became old, so she granted her night to ‘A’ishah and asked him to keep her in order that she [Sawdah] might remain in the circle of his wives. He left her and did not apportion for her; rather, he apportioned two nights for ‘A’ishah and one night each for the rest of his wives .1179
On account of his* fair justice and virility, whenever he. desired one of his wives whose turn was not due and had intercourse with her, he would then visit during the same day or night the rest of his wives. It has been related that ‘A’ishah* said the Messenger* of God visited all of his wives in one night.80 Anas also related that he* visited all nine wives in one morning.”
[Insubordination of the Wife]
The ninth: as pertains to discord (nushuz)82 and whatever dissension takes place between them that cannot be reconciled. If it should ensue from both sides or from the husband, and the wife wants to dominate the husband, and if it is not possible for him to set her straight, then two arbitrators should be called representing each of the two families [husband’s and wife’s] to look into the matter and to reconcile them. “If they desire amendment [reconciliation], Allah will make them of one mind”[Qur’an 4:35]. ‘Umar sent an arbitrator to a couple, but he returned without succeeding in reconciling them; whereupon he [‘Umar] beat him saying, “Almighty God says, ‘If they desire amendment [reconciliation], Allah will make them of one mind.’ “ So the man returned and with [good] intention[s] and gentleness toward them, he reconciled them.
However, if the discord is the woman’s fault, it is the husband’s right to chastise and induce her forcibly to obey, since men are guardians over women. Likewise, should she be remiss in performing her prayers, it is his right to force her to perform them. However, he should chastise her gradually: That is to say, first he should preach, then warn, then threaten; should he not succeed, he should turn his back to her in bed, sleep in another bed, or avoid her-while still remaining in the house-from one night up to three. Should all of this fail, then he should beat her but not excessively, that is, to the point that he would inflict only pain but without breaking a bone or causing her to bleed. He should not strike her face for that is forbidden.
The Messenger* of God was asked, “What rights can a woman claim from a man?” He replied, “To feed her when he eats, to clothe her when he is clothed, [but] not to be insolent or beat her excessively. He is to avoid her only in cohabitation [that is, desert her bed].”83 He can be angry with her and avoid her over matters of religion up to ten or twenty [days], or up to a month; the Prophet* did so to Zaynab when he sent her a present and she returned it to him. The wife at whose house he was staying said to him, “She has insulted you by returning your presents,84 that is to say, she has humiliated and belittled you.” The Prophet* replied, “You [wives] are too despicable in the sight of God to insult me!” Whereupon he became angry with all of them for a month, then returned to them.
(Etiquette of Intimate Relations]
The tenth: on the etiquette of intimate relations. It is desirable that it should commence in the name of God and with the [following] recitation: Say, “He is God, the One and Only” [Qur’an 112:1]; then he should glorify (takbir) and exalt (tahlil)85 His name saying, “In the name of God, Most High, Most Great; 0 God, cause it to be a good progeny if you cause it to issue forth from my loins.” The Prophet* said, “If one of you say when he comes upon his wife, ‘0 God, avert the devil from me and avert the devil from what You have granted us.’ Then should a child result, the devil shall not hurt him.”86
When you near ejaculation, say to yourself without moving your lips: “Praise be to God Who has created humans out of fluid, and made thereof relatives and in-laws, for thy Lord is omnipotent.”“ One of the men of hadith used to raise his voice in praise to the extent that the members of the household could hear his voice. Then he would turn away from the qiblah, and would not face the qiblah during coitus out of deference for the qiblah.88 He should also cover himself and his wife with a garment. The Messenger* of God used to cover his head and lower his voice, saying to the woman, “Remain quiet.”“ A khabar says, “If one of you should have intimate relations with his wife, you should not denude yourselves completely like two onagers,”90 that is, two donkeys.
Let him proceed with gentle words and kisses. The Prophet* said, “Let none of you come upon his wife like an animal, and let there be an emissary between them.” He was asked, “What is this emissary, 0 Messenger of God?” He said, “The kiss and [sweet] words.”“ He* also said, “There are three qualities which are considered deficiencies in a man: one, that he should meet someone whose acquaintance he wishes to make but parts from him before learning his name and lineage; second, that he should be treated kindly and reject the kindness’ done unto him; and third, that he should approach his concubine or wife and have sexual contact with her before exchanging tender
words and caresses, consequently, he sleeps with her and fulfills his needs before she fulfills hers.”“
Intimate relations are undesirable during three nights of the month: the first, the last, and the middle. It is said that the devil is present during copulation on these nights, and it is also said that the devils copulate during these nights. It was related that ʿAlī, Mu’awiyah, and Abu Hurayrah also frowned upon it [during those nights]. Certain ulema recommended intimate relations on Friday and the night before it [Thursday] in fulfillment of one of the two interpretations of the Prophet’s* words, “May God bless the one who purifies and performs the ablution, etc.”“
Once the husband has attained his fulfillment, let him tarry until his wife also attains hers. Her orgasm (inzal)94may be delayed, thus exciting her desire; to withdraw quickly is harmful to the woman. Difference in the nature of [their] reaching a climax causes discord whenever the husband ejaculates first. Congruence in attaining a climax is more gratifying to her because the man is not preoccupied with his own pleasure, but rather with hers; for it is likely that the woman might be shy.
It is desirable that he should have intimate relations with her once every four nights; that is more just, for the [maximum] number of wives is four which justifies this span. It is true that intimate relations should be more or less frequent in accordance to her need to remain chaste, for to satisfy her is his duty. If seeking intimate relations [by the woman] is not established, it causes the same difficulty in the same demand and the fulfillment thereof.
He should not approach her during menstruation, immediately after it, or before major ablution (ghusl), for that is forbidden according to the decree of the Book.” It has been said that it would engender leprosy in the offspring. The husband is entitled to enjoy all parts of her body during menstruation but not to have sodomy; intercourse during menstruation is forbidden (haram) because it is harmful, and sodomy will cause permanent harm; for that reason it [sodomy] is more strongly prohibited than intimate relations during menstruation.” The words of the Almighty state, “so go to your tilth as ye will” [Qur’an 2:223]; that is, “any time you please.” He may achieve emission by her hand and can enjoy what is concealed by the loincloth (izar) short of coitus. The woman should cover herself with a loincloth from her groin to [a point just] above the knee during the state of menstruation. This is one of the rules of etiquette. He may partake of meals with the woman during her period of menstruation; he may also sleep beside her, etc.97 He should not avoid her.
If the husband wishes to have intimate relations with one after having had coitus with another, then he should wash his genitals first. If he has nocturnal emission, then he should not have intercourse before washing his genitals or urinating. Sexual intercourse is frowned upon at the beginning of the night for he should not sleep in an impure state. Should he seek sleep or food, then let him perform first the limited ablution (wudu’), for that is a recommended practice of the sunna. The son of Umar related, “I said to the Prophet,* ‘Should any of us sleep in a state of major ritual impurity (junub)?’98 And he replied, ‘Yes, if he has performed the limited ablution (wudu’).’ “99 However, a dispensation was given in this regard: ‘A’ishah* said, “The Prophet* used to sleep in a state of major ritual impurity having
not touched water.”100
Whenever he returns to his bed, he should wipe the covers or shake them, for he does not know what might have taken place thereon during his absence. He should not shave, trim his fingernails, sharpen the blade [with which he shaves], cause blood to flow, or reveal any part of him while in a state of major ritual impurity; for all parts of his body would be restored to him in the hereafter, and he would thus return to a state of major ritual impurity. It is said that every hair will demand an account for the infraction it committed.
Other etiquettes include refraining from coitus (‘azl) and not ejaculating except in the place of tilling, which is the womb, for there is not a soul whose existence God has decreed but that will exist.”‘ To that effect were the words of the Messenger* of God. As pertains to coitus interruptus, the ulema have split into four groups over whether it is permissible or reprehensible:102 (a) There are those who consider it unconditionally permissible under all circumstances; (b) there are those who forbid it in all circumstances; (c) there are those who say it is permissible with her consent; evidently those proponents consider the harm [caused to the woman], which is forbidden rather than coitus interruptus itself; (d) there are those who say it is permissible with the bondmaid but not with the free woman.
As far as we are concerned, it is permissible. As to a reprehensible act, it applies to cases where unlawfulness is disregarded, where uprightness is ignored or where virtue is abandoned. It [coitus interruptus] is reprehensible according to the third stipulation; in other words, it involves abandonment of a virtue, as it is said: It is reprehensible for someone in the mosque to sit without being preoccupied with dhikr or prayer; and it is reprehensible for someone residing in Mecca not to perform the pilgrimage every year; this reprehensibility applies to the abandonment of what should take precedence and is more convenient, nothing more. This is firmly established in what we have explained concerning the virtue of [having] offspring, and in what has been related concerning the Prophet*: “A man has intimate relations with his wife, and is thus decreed for him the reward of a male offspring who fights for the cause of God and is killed [martyred]. “‘0’ He said so because if such a son is born to him, he would receive the reward of being the cause for his [son’s] existence, even though Almighty God is his creator, his sustainer,104 and the one who strengthens him for jihad. His part in causing [the child] to exist is the act of coitus at the time of ejaculating in the uterus. We have stated that there is no reprehensibility in terms of prohibition and purification, for upholding prohibition is possible only by text105 or by analogy with a text; there is no text without a basis for analogy. Rather, we have here a basis for analogy-namely, abstaining from marriage altogether, abstaining from intimate relations after marriage, or avoiding emission after penetration; all such abstentions are more preferable, but they do not constitute acts of unlawfulness or disagreement. For the progeny is formed by the sperm being deposited in the uterus, which comes from four causes: marriage, then copulation, then patience until emission takes place after intercourse, then waiting until the sperm is implanted in the uterus. Some of these causes are more closely related than others. [Thus] abstaining from the fourth is like abstaining from the third; likewise, the third is similar to the second, and the second is like the first. All that is not the same as abortion or the burying of girls alive (wad).’
These two things, in effect, constitute a crime against an already existing person; and that also has stages: The first stage of existence is that the sperm should lodge in the uterus, merge with the fluid of the woman, and become thus receptive to life; to interfere with this process constitutes a crime. If it develops into an embryo and becomes attached [a fetus], then the crime becomes more serious. If the spirit is breathed into it and the -created being takes form, then the crime [of abortion] becomes more serious still. The crime is most serious after the fetus is born alive [then buried if it is a girl]. We have said that the initial stage of existence is the planting of the sperm in the uterus, not emission from the urethra; for the offspring is not produced by the sperm of the male alone but from the agglutination of the mates, either from both his and her fluid or from his fluid and the blood of menses, and that the blood plays, in relation to it, the same role as milk to its coagulator; the sperm from the man is necessary in coagulating the blood of the menses as the thickening agent (rawbah) is for milk since through it the coagulator gels. However that might be, a woman’s fluid is a fundamental element in coagulation.
The two fluids are likened unto an offer and related acceptance which result in the consummation of a contract. Whoever makes an offer and goes back on it before it is accepted has breached the contract by rendering it null and void. Whenever an offer and related acceptance take place, rescission becomes a nullification, an annulment, and a severance. As no child can issue forth from a sperm in the vertebra, likewise [a child would not be created] after the expulsion [of the sperm] from the urethra unless it mixes with the fluid or the blood of the woman. This is, therefore, a clear analogy.”‘
Should you say: “But coitus interruptus is not reprehensible on account of opposing the existence of a child, it is likely to be reprehensible on account of the motive behind it; for it cannot be motivated except by a corrupt intention which is blemished by concealed polytheism.” I would answer that the motivations for coitus interruptus are five:
The first pertains to concubines who serve to preserve property from the destruction entailed by the right to manumission; the purpose of maintaining property by avoiding manumission and heading off its causes is not prohibited.
The second, preserving the beauty of the woman and her portliness in order to maintain enjoyment, and protect her life against the danger of childbirth (talq); and this, too, is not prohibited.
The third, fear of excessive hardship on account of numerous offspring, and guarding against the excessive pursuit of gain and against the need for resorting to evil means. This, too, is not prohibited, because encountering fewer hardships is an aid to religion [faith]. Without doubt, perfection and virtue ensue from dependence on and faith in God’s guaranty which is expressed in His words, “No creature is there crawling on the earth, but its provision rests on God” [Qur’an 2:6 (Arberry, vol. 1:239)]. Falling short of the apex of perfection, and abandoning what is preferable is not a criminal act. However, we cannot say that taking consequences into account as well as preserving possessions and hoarding them are prohibited, even though they are contrary to dependence [on God].
The fourth, fear of having female children because of the stigma involved in getting them married, as was the custom of the Arabs in burying their female progeny (fi qatlihim al-’inath). This would be an evil intention if marriage or coitus are to be abandoned on its account; a person would be guilty of the intention but not of abstinence from marriage and coitus; so likewise in coitus interruptus. Corruption engendered by belief in disgrace (ma’arrah) is stronger in the sunna of the Prophet*. Such would be comparable to the circumstance of a woman who avoids marriage out of disdain for having to lie under a man and thus attempts to emulate them. Undesirability [in this case] is not due to abstinence from marriage per se.
The fifth, that the woman might abstain from having children on account of arrogance, excessive cleanliness, fear of labor pains, childbirth, and nursing. Such was the custom of the Kharijite108 women in their excessive use of water to the point that they used to perform the prayers during the days of menses and would not enter the bathroom except naked [because] of their excessive cleanliness. This too is an innovation which contradicts the sunna and manifests a corrupt intent. One among them sought permission to see ‘A’ishah* when she came to Basra, but she [‘A’ishah] did not grant it. Thus it is the intent and not the prevention of having children which is corrupt.
If you should say that the Prophet* said, “Whoever abandons marriage for fear of having dependents is not one of us in the least,”109 I would say that coitus interruptus is like abstinence from marriage. By “he is not one of us” is meant that he does not concur with our sunna and our Path: Our sunna is the pursuit of the more preferable deed. Should you point out the fact that the Prophet* said regarding coitus interruptus, “That constitutes a secret form of burying children alive” and [also] recited, “and when the girl-child that was buried alive is asked,”“‘ which is reported in the Sahih [of Muslim], we would reply [that] in the Sahih are also authentic reports… concerning the lawfulness [of coitus interruptus]. His expression “secret form of burying children alive” is like unto his words “secret polytheism,” and that is an act which constitutes undesirability but not unlawfulness.
If you should point out the fact that Ibn ‘Abbas said, “Coitus interruptus constitutes the lesser degree of burying children alive, as conception is prevented (al-mamnu’ wujuduhu bihi) by coitus interruptus (al-maw ‘udat al-sughrah),”112then we would reply, “He is equating the prevention of existence to cutting it off and that is a weak form of analogy.” For that reason ʿAlī* denounced this act upon hearing this saying, “A child is not buried alive until after the seventh, or seven phases have been completed,” and he recited the Qur’anic verse pertaining to the stages of creation [23:12-14]: “Verily We created man from a product of wet earth; then placed him as a drop (of seed) in a safe lodging,” up to “and then produced it as another creation”;”‘ that is to say, we breathed a spirit into him. Then he recited the Almighty’s words in [another] verse [81:8]: “And when the girl-child that was buried alive is asked.” If you examine what we have already stated concerning analogy and point of view, you will perceive the difference between the method of ʿAlī* and that of Ibn ‘Abbas* in seeking hidden meanings and pursuing knowledge.
It appears that the Sahihayn [of Bukhari and Muslim] concur in relating what Ibn Jabir had said, “We used to have coitus interruptus in the days of the Prophet* while the Koran was being revealed.”“‘ In another transmittal: “We used to have coitus interruptus; the Prophet* heard about it, but he did not enjoin us against it.”“‘ There is also a report that Jabir had said: “A man came to the Prophet* and said, ‘I have a bondmaid who is our servant and who brings us water [to drink] during the date-picking season. I do have intimate relations with her, but I am undesirous that she should conceive.’ He* replied, ‘Have coitus interruptus if you wish; for she shall receive what has been destined for her.’ The man was absent for some time, then he came back to him [the Prophet] and said, ‘The bondwoman is pregnant.’ He replied, ‘I told you that she will receive what has been destined for her.”““ All this can be found in the Sahihayn [of Bukhari and Muslim].
[Etiquette Concerning Having Children]
The eleventh: There are five points concerning the etiquette of having children.
(a) The first, that one should not be overjoyed with the birth of a male child, nor should he be excessively dejected over the birth of a female child, for he does not know in which of the two his blessings lie. Many a man who has a son wishes he did not have him, or wishes that he were a girl. The girls give more tranquility and [divine] remuneration, which are greater.
The Prophet* said, “If a man brings up his daughter well, nourishes her well, and shares with her the gifts which God has bestowed upon him, she will bring him fortune and will facilitate his passage from Hell to Heaven.”“‘ Ibn ‘Abbas related that the Messenger* of God said, “If a man has two daughters and treats them well as long as they remain with him, they will cause him to enter Paradise.”“‘ Anas said in quoting the Messenger* of God, “If a man has two daughters or two sisters and he treats them well for as long as they remain with him, he and I will be in Paradise like these two [women].”“‘ Anas also related that the Messenger* of God declared, “If a man goes to one of the marketplaces of the Muslims, buys something, carries it back to his home, and gives it to the females and not to the males, God will look upon him [with favor], and whomever God looks upon [with favor] He will not torment.”“‘ Anas also related that the Messenger* of God said, “When a man brings an extraordinary present [turfah] from the market to his family, it is like bringing them a charitable gift (sadaqah) which he places among them. Let him give the females before the males, for whoever brings joy to a female is like crying out of fear of God, and he who cries out of fear of God will be safeguarded by God from the Fire.”“‘ Abu Hurayrah related that the Prophet* said, “Whoever has three daughters or sisters and tolerates their hardships and ordeals, God will bring him into Paradise for having shown mercy toward them.” A man asked, “How about one?” And he said, “Even one.” 122
(b) The second etiquette is that he should chant the prayer (adhan) in the ear of the offspring. 123 Rafi’ related the words of his father: “I saw the Prophet* chanting the adhan in the ear of al-Hasan [his grandson] when Fatimah* gave birth to him.” 124 It was related that the Prophet* said, “When a man has a child and chants the adhan in his right ear and the second call (iqama) in his left ear, he repels epilepsy (umm al-sibyan) from him.”“‘ It is desirable that the first words he is taught to speak when he learns to talk be “there is no God but Allah (la ilaha illa Allah)” so that these words may constitute his first utterance. Circumcision on the seventh day is prescribed in a.
(c) The third etiquette is that he should be given a good name, for that is the child’s right. The Prophet* said, “Should you give a name, let the word ‘abd (fa ‘abbidu) be part of it. 117
He* said, “The names most endearing to God are ‘Abdullah and ‘Abd al-Rahman.” He also said, “Give them my name but not my surname (kunya).128 The ulema said, “That was applicable to his*. lifetime”; for he was surnamed ‘Abd al-Qasim. Now it is acceptable [to call children by the Prophet’s surname]. True, a person should not be called by both the Prophet’s name and his surname; for the Prophet said, “Do not give both my name and my surname together.” 121 It was said that this, too, was applicable to his lifetime. One person took the name Abu ‘Isa, so the Prophet* said, “Isa has no father”;130 thus such a name is not desirable.
The miscarried fetus (al-siqt) must be given a name. ‘Abu al-Rahman b. Yazid b. Mu’awiyah said, “I learned that the miscarried fetus will cry out after its father on the Day of Judgment saying, ‘You have destroyed me and left me without a name.’ ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-’Aziz said, ‘How so, when he might not know whether he is a male or a female?’“ Abd al-Rahman replied, “There are names that might apply to both, like Hamzah, ‘Amarah, Talhah, and ‘Utbah.”
The Prophet* said, “You will be called on the Day of Judgment by your names and the names of your fathers; so let your names be good.”“‘ Whoever has an undesirable name, it is preferable that it should be changed; the Messenger* of God changed the name al-’As to ‘Abdullah.132 Zaynab’s name was Barrah; the Prophet* said, “She purifies her soul,” so he called her Zaynab. 133 There has been an injunction against the use of the names Aflah (be lucky), Yasir (well-being), Nafi’ (useful), and Barakah (blessing)134 for the question is frequently asked, “Is Barakah there?” The answer would be “No.”
(d) The fourth is a sacrifice (‘aqiqah): for the male, two sheep; and for the female, one sheep.”‘ But one can be happy with one [sacrifice] be it for male or female.”‘ ‘A’ishah recounted that the Messenger* of God ordered that in the case of a lad (ghulam), two complementary sheep should be sacrificed and in the case of a girl (jariyah), one sheep.”‘ It has been related that one sheep was sacrificed.”‘ This makes it permissible to sacrifice only one. The Prophet* said, “For every male, there must be a sacrifice; therefore, shed blood on his behalf and thus remove harm from him.”“‘
It is part of the sunna that the weight in gold or silver of the child’s hair [cut on the seventh day] be offered to charity. There is a khabar to that effect, namely, that “the Prophet* ordered Fatimah* on the seventh day of the birth of Husayn to shave his head and to give the weight of his hair in silver to charity.”‘ ‘A’ishah said: “None of the bones of the sacrifice should be broken for the newborn.”
(3) The fifth is to put in his mouth a masticated date or some other sweet. It was related of Asma’,* the daughter of Abu Bakr,* that she said, “I gave birth to ‘Abdullah b. al-Zubayr in a tunic; then I brought him to the Messenger* of God and placed the child on his lap. The Prophet called for a date, chewed it, then spat it into the child’s mouth.”“‘ Thus the first thing that entered his stomach was the saliva of the Messenger* of God. Then he chewed a date and rubbed it on his [the child’s] palate (hannakuhu), invoked God’s blessing upon him, and gave him his blessings. He was the very first child born in Islam,142 so they rejoiced over him, for they had been told that the Jews had bewitched them so that they would not be able to have children.
The twelfth: concerning divorce. Let it be known that it is permissible; but of all permissible things, it is the most detestable to Almighty God. It is permissible only if it involves no harm ensuing from deception; and whenever he divorces her, he brings harm upon her. It is not permissible to bring harm to another unless a crime is committed on her part or out of necessity on his part. Almighty God said, “If they obey you, seek not a way against them” [Qur’an 4:34]; that is to say, do not find an excuse for separation.
If his father should loathe her, then he should divorce her. Ibn ‘Umar* said, “I had a woman I loved, but my father used to loathe her and command me to divorce her, so I consulted the Messenger* of God and he told me, ‘0 son of ‘Umar, divorce your wife.’ “13 This indicates that the father’s rights take priority, but he must be like ‘Umar, a father who does not loathe her for an unjust cause.
Whenever she offends her husband or utters foul language against his family, she is guilty; likewise [she is guilty] whenever she is ill-mannered or corrupt in her religion. Ibn Mas’ud com
mented on the words of Almighty God, “nor let them go forth unless they commit open immorality” [Qur’an 65:1], saying: “Whenever she utters foul language against his family or inflicts harm upon her husband, she has committed a grave act.” This comment was made concerning behavior during the prescribed waiting period; nevertheless, it underscores what we mean.
If offense should come from the husband, then she can be redeemed through the payment of a compensation (khul’) [divestiture].”‘ It is undesirable for the man to take from her more than he has given [as a dowry], for that would constitute injustice against her, unfairness toward her, and a trade [in making profit] on the dowry. Almighty God said, “there is no blame on either of them if she gives something for her freedom” [Qur’an 2:229 (ʿAlī)]; thus returning what she has taken, or less, is appropriate in redeeming herself.
Should she seek divorce for no just reason, she is a sinner. The Prophet* said, “Whichever woman asks her husband to divorce her for no cause will not breathe the aura of Paradise”;”‘ in other words, Paradise becomes forbidden to her. In still another expression, the Prophet* said, “Women who seek divorce for a compensation are hypocrites.”“‘
The husband should observe four matters in divorce: one, that he divorce her during her state of [menstrual] purity (tuhr), provided he has not had coitus with her. Divorce during menstruation or during a state of purity in which they had coitus, even though it does occur, is an unlawful innovation, as it lengthens the periods of her waiting (‘iddah).”‘ If he should do so, he should take her back. The son of ‘Umar divorced his wife during menstruation, so the Prophet* told ‘Umar, “Command him to take her back until she is purified, menstruates, and is purified [again]; after that, he can choose either to divorce or keep her. Such is the period of waiting which God has ordained for divorcing women.”““ He commanded him to wait after taking her back (‘iddat al-raj’ah) for two states of purity, lest the intent of taking her back should be divorce only.
The second, that he should restrict himself to one divorce utterance and not pronounce all three at once because the one utterance after a legal period of waiting indicates the intent, and he can benefit from retracting it should remorse develop during the period of waiting in which he can renew the marriage if he wishes after this period. If he pronounces all three divorce utterances [at once], he might regret it and be compelled to have a muhallil marry her and then wait awhile. To contract a muhallil is a denounced act for which the husband would be the cause; besides, his heart [under the circumstances] would be at the mercy of someone else’s wife [that is, the wife of the muhallil], and at the mercy of the divorce which he [the muhallil] grants. In addition, this would cause the wife to become disenchanted with him; all these are the fruits of al jams (uttering a threefold divorce). Uttering one divorce is sufficient in indicating the intent without danger. I do not mean to say that uttering a threefold divorce is unlawful; rather, it is undesirable for the aforementioned reasons, and by undesirability I mean disregard for himself.
The third, that he should be kind in offering a pretext to divorce her without stern censure and belittlement. He should soothe her heart by way of gratification with a present and cure the wounds inflicted by separation. Almighty God has said, “yet make provision for them” [Qur’an 2:236 (Arberry, vol. 1:62)]; and this is a duty whenever it is the case that a dowry had not been specified in the original marriage [contract].
Al-Hasan b. ʿAlī was an unbridled divorcer and marrier. One day he sent one of his companions to divorce two women among his wives and said, “Tell them to prepare for the legal period of waiting.” He ordered him to give each one of them 10,000 dirhams. He did; and when he [the companion] returned to him, he [al-Hasan] asked him, “What did they do?” he replied, “One of them lowered her head and thus remained, but the other cried and wailed and I heard her say, ‘These are very small provisions from a parting loved one.’“ Al-Hasan bowed his head and invoked blessings on her saying, “Were I to take back a woman after separating from her, I would take her back.”
One day al-Hasan went to visit ‘Abd al-Rahman b. al-Harith b. Hisham,149 who was the faqih (jurist) of Medina and its chief, who had no equal in Medina, and whom ‘A’ishah used as an example when she said, “Had I not already traversed this course
of mine,150 I would have preferred to have sixteen males from the Messenger* of God like ‘Abd al-Rahman b. al-Harith b. Hisham.” Al-Hasan went to see ‘Abd al-Rahman in his house. [‘Abd al-Rahman] honored him and told him to sit in his place saying, “Would that you had sent for me; I would have come to you.” Al-Hasan replied, “The need is ours.” He [‘Abd al-Rahman] asked, “What is it?” He told him, “I have come seeking your daughter in marriage.” ‘Abd al-Rahman lowered his head, then raised it and said, “By God, there is no one walking upon this earth who is dearer to me than you; but you know that my daughter is flesh of my flesh: what offends her offends me, and what pleases her, pleases me. You are an unbridled divorcer: I fear that you would divorce her. Should you do that, I fear also that my heart would turn away from loving you, and I would be unhappy should my heart be turned away from you, because you are a part of the Messenger’s flesh. If you promise not to divorce her, I will give her to you in marriage.” Al-Hasan was silent, then he arose and left. One of his household heard him saying while walking, “‘Abd al-Rahman wanted to make his daughter a rope around my neck.”
ʿAlī* used to be impatient with his [al-Hasan’s] numerous divorces and would apologize on his behalf from the pulpit saying in his sermon (khutbah),151 “Hasan is very prone to divorce, so do not give him [your daughters] in marriage.” A man from Hamadan rose and said, “0 prince of the faithful, we will give him our daughters in marriage to his heart’s satisfaction. If he so wishes he can keep them, and if he so desires he can let them go.” That pleased ʿAlī and he said, “Were I a gatekeeper of Paradise, I would tell Hamadan to enter in peace.” This is merely an indication that if a man, out of embarrassment, speaks ill of someone dear to him, whether wife or child, it is not necessary that one should agree with him since such an agreement would be undesirable. Rather, it is a rule of etiquette to disagree to the best of one’s ability, for that is more pleasing to his heart and in accord with his hidden thought.
The aim of all of this is to show that divorce is permissible. God has promised riches in both separation and in marriage saying, “And marry such of you as are solitary and the pious of your slaves and maidservants. If they be poor, Allah will enrich them of His bounty” [Qur’an 24:32]; and also saying, “But if they separate, Allah will compensate each out of His abundance” [4:1301.
The fourth, that he should never reveal her secret [private affairs] while divorced or married. Concerning the revealing of women’s secrets, an authentic khabar transmits great threat.’ 52 It is related that a virtuous man wanted to divorce his wife and he was asked, “What grievance have you against her?” And he replied, “A wise man does not reveal the secrets of his wife.” After divorcing her he was asked, “Why did you divorce her?” And he replied “The affairs of someone else’s wife are not my concern.” This indicates the husband’s obligation.
SECOND PART OF THIS CHAPTER
Examination of the Husband’s Rights
The authoritative statement in this context is that marriage constitutes a form of enslavement; thus she is his slave, and she should obey the husband absolutely in everything he demands of her provided such demands do not constitute an act of disobedience. There are many akhbar that magnify the rights of the husband.
The Prophet* said, “If a woman dies while her husband is satisfied with her, she will enter Paradise.”“‘ A man went on a journey and enjoined his wife against descending from the high ground [where they lived] to the low ground where her father lived. He became ill, so the wife sent for the Messenger* of God, asking permission to descend to her father. The Prophet* replied, “Obey your husband.” Her father died, and again she sought his [the Prophet’s] counsel and he said, “Obey your husband.” When her father was buried, the Messenger* of God sent word to her that God has forgiven her father by virtue of her obedience to her husband.”“ The Prophet* said, “If a woman performs her five [daily] prayers, fasts during the month [of Ramadan], preserves her chastity, and obeys her husband, she will enter the Paradise of her Lord.”“‘ He included obedience to the husband in the basic principles of Islam. The Mes
senger* of God described women as: “Child-bearers, mothers, nursers who are compassionate toward their children, and those who pray will enter Paradise, provided that they do not commit wrongs against their husbands.”“‘
The Prophet* said, “I looked into Hell and found most of the occupants to be women,” and we asked him, “Why, 0 Messenger* of God?” He replied, “Because they curse a lot and enrage their mates”;157 by this he meant the husband with whom they consort. In another khabar [the Prophet said], “I looked into Paradise and the minority of its inhabitants were women. So I asked, ‘Where are the women?’ And I was told, ‘They are preoccupied with two red things:158 gold, and saffron,’ “159 meaning jewelry and dyestuff for clothes.
According to ‘A’ishah*: “A young girl came to the Prophet* and said, ‘0 Messenger of God, I am a betrothed girl but I detest marriage. What are the husband’s rights from the woman?’ He replied, ‘Were he covered with pus from the tip of his head to the soles of his feet, and were she to lick him, she would not compensate him enough.’ Whereupon she said, ‘Should I then not get married?’ He said, ‘Do, for it is good.’ “160
Ibn ‘Abbas said, “A woman from Khath’am came to the Messenger* of God and said, ‘I have no husband and I wish to get married: What is the husband’s right?’ and he said, ‘The rights of the husband incumbent upon a wife are that if he should desire her and seek to have her while she is on the back of a camel, she should not deny him his wish. It is his right that she should not give [away] anything from his household except with his permission; should she do this, the burden is hers and the compensation is his. It is also his right that she should not observe a voluntary fast except with his permission; should she do it, she will suffer hunger and thirst and her fasting will not be acceptable [to God]. If she leaves her house without his permission, the angels will curse her until she returns to his house or repents.’““‘ The Prophet* said, “Were I to command someone to prostrate himself before another, I would command the wife to prostrate herself before her husband on account of the magnitude of her obligation to him.”“‘ The Prophet* also said, “A woman is nearest to the face of God when she is in the inner sanctum of her house; performing the prayer in the court-yard of her house is better than praying in the mosque, and praying in her house is better than praying in her courtyard, and praying in her bedchamber (makhda’) is better than praying [elsewhere] in her house.”“‘ The alcove is a quarter within the house; it is a place of shielding. For that reason the Prophet* said, “A woman is deficient; if she goes out, she will please the devil.”“‘ He also said, “A woman has ten deficient qualities; if she marries, the husband covers one of those qualities, and if she dies, the grave covers all ten.”“‘
[EXPOSITION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE HUSBAND]
Thus the husband’s rights toward the wife are many, but most important are two: the first is safeguarding and sheltering; the other is to be spared unnecessary demands and the need for having to provide them if they are unlawful. This was the custom of women with the forefathers. When a man went out of his home, his wife or daughter would say to him, “Beware of unlawful gain; we would endure hunger and harm rather than Fire [hellfire]. One of the predecessors was about to go on a journey of which his neighbors disapproved. They said to his wife, “Why do you let him go when he has not left you any provisions?” She said, “Since the day I knew my husband, he has been a consumer and not a provider; but I do have a Lord who provides. The consumer goes, but the Provider remains.”
Rabi’ah [of Syria], the daughter of Isma’il, asked Ahmad b. Abu al-Hawwari166 to marry her. He declined because he was preoccupied with worship and said to her, “My preoccupations are not inclined toward women, because I am too preoccupied with myself.” She replied, “I am more preoccupied with myself than you are, and I have no [physical] desire. However, I have inherited much wealth from my husband and I wish you would spend it on your spiritual brothers, and that through you I should come to know the righteous ones, thus finding a path to God, may He be glorified and honored.” He replied, “Wait until I seek permission of my master.” So he returned to find Abu Sulayman al-Darani, who used to enjoin against his getting married and [who had] said, “None of our companions ever got married without being changed.” But when he heard her words,
he said, “Marry her, for she is a friend of God. Hers are the words of the righteous.” Al-Hawwari said, “I married her; and there was in our house a container made of plaster which had become worn out through use by those who hastily washed their hands and left after meals, not to mention those who had washed with potash.” He also said, “I married three wives in addition, but she used to give me the best to eat and used to perfume me. She would say to me, ‘Go with energy and strength to your wives.’ “ Thus Rabi’ah of Syria was likened unto Rabi’ah al-’Adawyiah of Basra.”‘
Among the obligations of the woman is that she should not squander his [her husband’s] possessions, but rather take great care of them. The Messenger* of God said, “It is not lawful for her to feed anyone from his house without his permission, except from food that would spoil if kept. Should she feed [others] with his blessing, then she would earn the same kind of reward he earns; but if she should feed [them] without his permission, then he would earn the reward and she would bear the bur
It is the obligation of the parents to train her in the etiquette of cohabitation with her husband. It is related of Asma’, the daughter of Kharijah al-Fazzari, that she said to her daughter when the latter got married, “You have left a nest in which you grew up and proceeded to a bed which you know not and a mate with whom you have not associated; be an earth for him, and he will be your sky; be a resting place for him, and he will be your pillar; be his bondmaid, and he will be your slave; do not make excessive demands, for he will then desert you; do not become too distant from him, for he will then forget you; should he draw near, then draw close to him; should he become distant, stay away from him. Shield his nose, his hearing and his eye169 so he will smell nothing from you but that which is sweet, hear nothing but that which is good, and look at nothing but that which is beautiful.”
A man said to his wife [in rhyme]:
Seek forgiveness from me, and you will
cam my constant affection;
Speak not when I am angry;
Do not beat me once as you would beat
the tambourine, for you do not know what the unknown may hold in store;
Do not complain excessively, for it will cause love to depart and turn my heart away from you;
I have seen love in the heart and harm; if the two should meet, love would soon disappear.
[ETIQUETTE FOR THE WOMAN]
Without going into lengthy details, a summary of what constitutes etiquette for the woman is the following: She should remain in the inner sanctum of her house and tend to her spinning; she should not enter and exit excessively; she should speak infrequently with her neighbors and visit them only when the situation requires it; she should safeguard her husband in his absence and in his presence; 170 she should seek his pleasure in all affairs and refrain from betraying him through herself or his possessions; she should not leave his home without his permission: if she goes out with his permission, she should conceal herself in worn-out clothes”‘ and choose the less-frequented places rather than the main avenues and market places, being careful that no stranger hear her voice or recognize her personally; she should not approach friends of her husband while going about her business, but feign ignorance of those who might recognize her or whom she might recognize; her primary concern should be caring for her own affairs, tending to her house, performing her prayers, and fasting; should a friend of her husband knock at the door when he [the husband] is not present, she should not ask questions or engage in conversation, so as to maintain her self-respect and her husband’s; she should be content with the means that God has provided her husband; she should place his rights before hers and before the rights of his relatives; she should always observe the rules of personal hygiene, and be ready at all times for him to enjoy her whenever he wishes; she should be affectionate toward her children, zealous to protect them, refraining from uttering profane words against them and from talking back to her husband.
The Prophet* said, “I and a haggard woman like these two will be in Paradise: a widowed woman who dedicated herself to her daughters until they attained the age of puberty, or [one who
has] died.”““ The Prophet* also said, “God has forbidden all the descendants of Adam to enter Paradise before me; but I look and behold on my right a woman [who] has preceded me to the gate of Paradise; so I ask, ‘Why does she precede me?’ And the answer comes, ‘0 Muhammad, this was a fine, beautiful woman who had orphans. She was patient until they attained their present state, so God was pleased with her for that.’ “19
Other etiquettes governing the woman include the following: that she should not boast to her husband of her beauty, neither should she belittle her husband for his ugliness. It was related that al-Asma’i t”I said, “I went to the desert and, behold, I saw a woman with a most beautiful face married toa man with the ugliest [face]; so I said to her, ‘Woman, are you satisfied to be married to such a man?’ She said, ‘Be quiet! You have uttered ill words; perhaps he has earned high merits with his Lord and thus I became his reward; or perhaps I have offended my Creator and he thus became my punishment. Should I not then accept what God has seen fit for me?’ Thus did she silence me.”
Al-Asma’i also related, “I saw a woman in the desert who was wearing a red garment and carrying a rosary; so I said to her, ‘What a discrepancy between the two!’ She replied [in rhyme]: ‘Part of me belongs to God and I shall not squander it; the other part belongs to folly and idleness.’ I learned that she was a virtuous woman who had a husband for whom she adorns herself.
Another decorum of the woman is to be virtuous, and melancholy in the absence of her husband, and to return to her sprightliness and happiness in his presence. She should never harm her husband in any way. Mu’adh b. Jabal related: “The Messenger* of God said, ‘Whenever a woman hurts her husband in this world, his houri wife says: “Do not harm him, may God reproach you! For he is a stranger in your house who will soon depart from you to join us.”““
Her marital obligations include: that she should not mourn over the death of the husband longer than four months and ten days during which time she should avoid perfume and adornment. Zaynab, the daughter of Abi Salamah, said: “I went to visit Umm Habibah, the wife of the Prophet,* when her father Abu Sufyan b. Harb died. She asked for perfume containing a yellow tinge (khaluq) or something like it. She anointed a female slave with it, then touched both cheeks and said, ‘By God, I have no need for perfume; however, I did hear the Messenger* of God say, “It is not lawful for a woman who believes in God and the Day of Judgment to mourn more than three days over the dead unless he be a husband, in which case she should mourn for four months and ten days.”“‘
The woman should remain in the house of her marriage until the end of the legally prescribed waiting period, and must not move to her family or leave the house except out of necessity.
Another etiquette is that she should perform every service of which she is capable at home. It was related that Asma’,’r’ the daughter of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq,* said: “Zubayr19 married me when he had on earth neither possessions nor slaves nor anything besides his horse and a [water-carrying] camel (nadih). I used to feed his horse, give him his provisions, look after him, grind date-stones for his camel, feed him, bring water, string beads to hang on his neck, and knead dough. I used to transport ground date-stones on my head a distance of more than twothirds of a parasang1T9until Abu Bakr sent me a slave girl, and I was then contented with looking after the horse. It was like being freed.”‘ The Messenger* of God came upon me one day with his companions while I was carrying date-stones on my head,’“‘ and he* said “Akh, akh” to make his she-camel kneel so as to carry me behind him. I was embarrassed to proceed with men and remembered the jealousy of al-Zubayr, for indeed he was the most jealous of men. The Messenger* of God noticed that I was embarrassed; so I came to al-Zubayr and told him what had happened. He said, “By God, it is more painful for me to see you carry ground date-stones on your head than to ride with him.”
THE BOOK OF MARRIAGE ENDS HERE WITH PRAISE AND
THANKS TO GOD
MAY HIS BLESSINGS BE UPON EVERY PURE SERVANT
As in the text, all references to the Qur’an are from Pickthall’s The Glorious Koran unless otherwise noted.
Part II. BOOK ON THE ETIQUETTE OF MARRIAGE AL-GHAZALI’S INTRODUCTION
- See al-Bukhari, Sahih, 7:9.
- “Tillage,” frequently used by al-Ghazali, is interpreted by Watt to mean “a development of the primitive metaphor which compares sexual intercourse with the sowing of seed, and speaks of children as the fruit of the womb” (Companion to the Qu’rān, 41).
- The Halabi edition indicated bil-nutaf. It is difficult to ascertain the meaning with the preposition as an antecedent.
- I translated al-indhār from the Azhariyah edition as a “warning,” while the Halabi edition indicates bil-indhdr, “with warning.”
Chapter 1. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MARRIAGE
- In Arabic: ʿulamaʾ (sing. ʿālim, literally “learned man”). They are the scholars who are learned in Islamic law, beliefs and dogmas (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 650).
- It is possible that al-Ghazali is idealizing the past here as no other source has been found to substantiate his remarks. Von Grunebaum reinforces this belief when he states, “The Muslim hates change. The best Islam was in the beginning…. By clinging to the ways of the forebears, by upholding and reliving the tradition of the ancients, by eschewing innovation, the standing of his betters who preceded him would be preserved one instant longer” (Medieval Islam, 240).
- Akhbār (sing. khabar, literally “news, report”) is applied to traditions traced back, not to the Prophet, but to other authorities such as his companions, well-known jurists, imams, etc.
- Athār (sing. athar, literally “trace”) is applied to traditions relating the deeds and utterances of Muhammad and his companions.
- Watt states that this injunction is “usually taken to mean that the relatives should not oppose remarriage to the former husband, but might refer to opposition by the former husband to another husband” (Companion to the Qur’dn, 42).
- Hereafter, invocations after saints, prophets, companions and those who have passed away will be deleted; an asterisk will indicate the deletions. The invocation after a saint or a prophet is, “May the prayer and peace of God be upon him”; after companions, “God be satisfied with him”; and others, “May God have mercy upon him.”
- See discussion in note 110, this chapter. Actually, “whoever likes my religion which I practice.”
- This hadith was related by Abu Yadla in his Musnad with an introduction and conclusion from the hadith of Ibn Abbas on the authority of Hasan (‘ʿIraqī).
- This hadith was related by Abu Bakr Ibn Murdawayyah in his commentary from the hadith of Ibn ‘Umar without his including “even if you should fall.” His transmission is weak, and this addition was also mentioned by al-Bayhaqi through his knowledge of al-Shafiti who he claimed had informed him of it (ʿIraqī).
- First part conforms with the hadith of Anas: “Whoever refrains from my sunna, -he is not of me”; and the rest was preceded by hadith (ʿIraqī). See also cAbd al-Bagi, Lulu’ wa al-Marjdn, 3:100.
- Abu Manṣūr al-Daylami related this hadith in his Musnad al-Firdaws from Abi Saʿid’s hadith in a weak transmission and in the Musnad of al-Darami and in the Mu’jam of al-Baghawi and in the Marāsil as related from the sayings of Abu Najih, “whoever is able to marry and does not marry, he is not of us,” and Abu Najih dissented in his friendship (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Majah related this hadith from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh in a weak (ḍaʿīf) transmission (ʿIraqī).
- Reference is to lustfulness.
- This hadith is agreed upon by the sayings taken from the hadith of Ibn Masud (ʿIraqī). See also ʿAbd al-Baqī, Lulu’ wa al-Marjān, 3:99; and al-Bukhari, Sahih, 7:3. The term used here, wijd’un, literally means “bruising of the veins of the testicles until they break, so that it is like gelding” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 292).
- Arousal of sensuous desire through eyeing the opposite sex.
- Implies satisfaction of sexual urges.
- al-Tirmidhi made this transmittal known from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (‘ʿIraqī).
- In Sufi lexicography, the term is also used to signify sainthood or “friendship of God” (Jabre, Le Lexique de Ghazali, 278).
- Ahmad related this hadith in a weak transmission from the hadith of Mu’adh Anas (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn al Jawzi related this hadith in the “11al from the hadith, of Anas in a weak transmission (ʿIraqī).
- Implies desire for sex. According to Ibn Manztir the term applies to sexual organs of both male and female (Lisdn al-Arab, 3:166). Hans Wehr mentions only “vulva” under farj (Dictionary, 702).
- Implies desire for food.
- Muslim relates this hadith from Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- Umar b. al-Khattab, second ʿAlīph, is one of the greatest figures of early Islam and founder of the Arab empire. The West has given him the epithet of “St. Paul of Islam.” He is also referred to as amir al-mu’minin, in a sense renewing the theocratic regime of the time of the Prophet; it ceased with Umar, but the transmission of prophetic powers was revived later by the Shi’a. He was the father-in-law of the Prophet, who married his daughter, Haflah. He died 23/644 (Encyclopaedia of Islam, supplement, new ed., s.v. “athar”).
- Fujdr also means to act immorally, sin, live licentiously, lead a dissolute life, indulge in debauchery” (Wehr, Dictionary, 697).
- Ibn Abbas ‘Abd al-Muttalib, died 68/687, was a companion and an uncle of the Prophet (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. ‘Abbas’; see also Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 932).
- Fardgh, emptying the heart, is a Sufi tenet. It means that by ridding himself of selfish desires, man is able to receive God’s graces and become tranquil (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 2382).
- Abu ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Abd Allah Akramah, a slave of berber origin attached to the governor of al-Balrah, became an authority on the Koran and hadith. He died in 107-8/725-26 (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 75, 82, 1012).
Muhammad b. al’Ala’ b. Kurayb al-Hamdani Abu Kurayb, from alKufah, was an authority on hadith. AI-Tabari, a jurist of his age, acquired knowledge of the hadith from him. He died in 244/858 (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 563, 1033).
- Ibn Mas’dd, who died in 32-33/653-54, was a companion of the Prophet and was one of the first converts. He is a traditionist and an authority on the Koran and the sunna. To him is attributed 848 traditions, which are collected in Musnad Ahmad (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. “al-Mas’tidi”).
- Mu’adh Ibn Jabal Ibn Aws was appointed by the Prophet as judge of al-Yaman, and helped to collect revelations of the Koran. He died about 18/639 (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 62, 1045).
- Bard is translated “one” rather than “some”; the referent is singular (Wehr, Dictionary, 67).
- The term used, baniyy, stands for a descendant or a member of a family, clan or tribe.
- Ahmad related this hadith from Rabi’ah al-Aslami in a lengthy narration. The transmission is of fair authority (hasan) (ʿIraqī).
- Reference is to early ascetics who did not marry, but felt if they did, a wife would distract them from their devotion to the One; consequently, their material needs were the bare essentials. Al-Suhrawardi reiterates this in his commentary in the margins of the Azhariyah edition (ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif, 78).
- Bishr b. al-Harith, or Abu Nasr Bishr b. al-afi, was born near Merv ca. 150/767 and died in Baghdad in 227/841. Bishr,* who studied traditions in Baghdad, abandoned formal learning for the “life of a mendicant, destitute, starving and barefoot,” hence the name “al-Haft.” He was admired and respected by Ahmad b. Hanbal and ʿAlīph al-Ma’mun (Farid al-Din ‘Attar, Muslim Saints and Mystics, 80).
- Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Hanbal, known as Ibn Hanbal, died at Baghdad in 241/855. He was an adherent to the Ahl al-Hadith, or the old traditional views. Where possible, he “derives every law from traditional sources. This compels him to be very indulgent to the hadith and sometimes to admit very feeble traditions as the basis of his decision.” He was a founder of one of the the four madhdhib (juridical rites) in Islam, the Hanbali school. He did not establish a fiqh (jurisprudence) system of his own but did answer pupils’ questions pertaining specifically to legal matters. His son, cAbdullah, collected the traditions and lectures in the Musnad (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. “hadith”).
- That is, he was in an unenviable position.
- Al-Qushayri uses martabah and maqām in the same context. He discusses twenty stations along the mystic’s path, the first of which is repentance (tawbah), (Risdlah, 253-408; see also Hujwiri, Kashf al-Maḥjūb, 294; and Arberry, Sufum, 75-79).
- Talqāni (you encounter me) was translated instead of yalqāni (he encounters me), as in the Azhariyah edition, to agree with the subject.
- Ibrahim Ibn Adham, or Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Adham, was born in Balkh of pure Arab descent-a prince who renounced his kingdom somewhat after the fashion of the Buddha. His conversion is a classic in Sufi legend. He left his kingdom and family to become an itinerant dervish, living an ascetic life, then gathered a following. He died ca. 165/782 in Syria (Farid al-Din ‘Attar, Muslim Saints and Mystics, 62).
- Farid al-Din ‘At tar maintains that Ibn Adham was married (Muslim Saints and Mystics, 68).
- Mujahid is one who “fought against unbelievers and the like in the way of God, that is, in the cause of religion” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 473).
- Rak’ah literally means “a bending of the torso from an upright position, followed by two prostrations [in Muslim prayer rituals]” (Wehr, Dictionary, 358).
- Reference is probably to the Arabicized Muslim whereby the “Arabic civilization becomes Muslim civilization, and it is the spontaneous collaboration of the best minds of all the Empire’s nationalities that accounts for the stupendous rise of this civilization in those two hundred years, from 750 to 950, so breathlessly crowded of human accomplishment” (Von Grunebaum, Medieval Islam, 201).
- Abu Yacla relates this hadith from Hadhifah, and al-Khitibi in al’Uzlah from his own hadith and the hadith of Abd Amimah; both weak transmittals (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Khitabi related this hadith in al-ʿUzlah from the hadith of Ibn Masʿūd who was guided by al-Bayhaqi in al-Zahti, who was guided by the hadith of Abu Hurayrah; all weak transmittals (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Qada’i related this hadith in the Musnad of al-Shihab [followed by other references and transmittals]; both transmittal lines are weak (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Sulayman al-Darani, a mystic of the ninth century, died in Syria in 215/830. To him is attributed the first delineations of the doctrine of maqdmdt (stations) of the Sufi path Jami, Nafahdt al-Uns, 39).
- See al-Suhrawardi,’Awdrif alMa’drif 76.
- A1-Ghazali is apparently voicing his discontent toward the writers of hadith in emulation of Muhammad, who said to those writing hadith, “Do you not know that nothing but the writing of books besides the book of God led astray the peoples that were before you?” (Guillaume, Traditions of Islam, 16).
- Abu al-Hasan Ahmad b. al-Hawwari was from Damascus, and was a scholar and a mystic. He died in 230-31/844-45 (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 456, 1002).
- In the Halabi edition yussabbib is used to imply that producing children is the primary aim of coitus; in the Azhariyah edition bisabab is used when a child is the accidental result of coitus.
- The term used is walad, which connotes a male or female offspring.
- That is, increase the ranks of the faithful (Muslims).
- That is, after the father has passed away.
- Although the verse, Qur’an 2:48 (ʿAlī), rules out intercession in Islam, many Muslims believe in it: “And fear the day when no soul shall serve as a substitute for another soul at all, nor shall intercession be accepted for it; nor shall ransom be taken from it; nor shall they be helped.”
- This is a reference to the reports that in the Jahiliyah (pre-Islam) period Arabs buried their daughters alive. W. R. Smith asserts that the reason for this was twofold: fear by the parents that they could not provide for all their offspring and fear that their daughters might be taken captive and thus bring disgrace on their kin (Kinship and Marriage, 291-96; see also Fyzee, Muhammadan Law, 5).
- Al-Ghazali expounds further on this subject from a slightly different position in chapter 3. In the hadith, there are transmittals both allowing and disapproving coitus interruptus. See Wensinck, Handbook, 112.
- Watt explains “lend” as “contributing to God’s causes” (Companion to the Quran, 43).
- His use of such terms as farad’ and bagel’ maybe conscious allusions to Sufi significations since both constitute final states in the Sufi’s search for communion with God; fand’ is the annihilation or passing away of the self, but is not equivalent to the cessation of the individual consciousness as in Nirvana; and bag&’ is the “subsistence or remaining” in God (Jabre, Le Lexique de Ghazali, 265; see also Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjrlb, 243; and Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. ‘fand”‘)
- The hadith states that “God says.” It is related by al-Bukhari from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah that Mukhlid al-Qatawani is the only one who quoted it (ʿIraqī).
- The complete verse is: “Who hath created life and death that He may try you” (Qur’an 67:2).
- The Azhariyah edition adds: wa yahsul al-wigd’-that is, “and coitus results as a consequence of desire.”
- Al-ramal (trotting) and al-idtibāʿ (cloaking) are performed in imitation of the Prophet and his companions who did these things so that the people of Mecca might know that there was strength in them (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 1159).
- The text is al-iftidd’ (ransom, sacrifice, redeem), but al-igtidd’ of the Azhariyah edition was translated to mean “emulation.”
- Abū Umar al-Tawqani indicates this hadith in his book Maʿāshirat alAhlayn, basing it on the transmittal of ‘Umar b. al-Khattab, but this cannot be supported or justified (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bayhaqi reveals this hadith from the hadith of Ibn Abi cAdiyah al-Sadafi as genuine (sahih) and based on Said b. Yasar as the ultimate source (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Habban relates it in his Ḍuʿafāʾ (book of weak transmittals) as related by Bahaz b. Hakim, who quoted his father, who quoted his grandfather; weak transmittals (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Majah relates the hadith from ʿAlī and says “miscarried fetus” rather than “child’ ; weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Muslim relates the hadith from Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Habban first related this hadith in the Ḍuʿafāʾ from the transmittals of Bahaz b. Hakim, who related it from his father, who related it from his grandfather: It is not genuine. However, al-Nisa’i related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah in a good (jayyid) transmittal. He states that “it was said to them to enter paradise; they would say, ‘Not until our parents enter,’ then it would be said, ‘Enter paradise, you and your parents”‘ (ʿIraqī).
- The hadith in its entirety does not have a reliable source (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bazzar and al-Tabarani related the hadith from Zuhayr b. Abi cAlqamah; and by Muslim from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bukhari relates the hadith from Anas without mentioning “even two”; Ahmad related this addition from the hadith of Mu’adh which is agreed upon (muttafaq ʿalayhi) (ʿIraqī).
- The word is wildān (sing. walīd), that is, “newborn children, young infants’ ; a child who dies in early infancy, or who is prematurely born, is in paradise (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 2966).
- Lane quotes this whole hadith from Nuzhat al-Mutaammil (Arabian Society, 197-98).
- In the Azhariyah edition, it is al-taghbiyah which would be translated as “divine concealment.”
- The Sufis are referred to as those who are knowledgeable in the esoteric, hidden or inner meanings (Jabre, Le Lexique de Ghazali, 39).
- The line before Qur’an 8:73, which lends meaning to the quotation, is: “And those who disbelieve are protectors one of another-If ye do not so….
- The term literally means “the members, or limbs, of a man, with which things are gained or earned, or with which one works” (Lane, ArabicEnglish Lexicon, 405).
- Al-Ghazali uses murid, which is a Sufi term for a novice or disciple of a murshid or teacher of a Sufi order who is on the Path to attain the knowledge of the One (al-Qushayri, Risālah, 731, 746-50; see also Palacios, La Espiritualidad de Algazel, 4:90).
- The concept of the heart and its purification is a main tenet of the Sufis in attaining their goal (al-Qushayri, Risālah, 566).
- al-Suhrawardi, ‘Awārif al-Ma ʿārif 84).
- Possibly cIragi Qatadah (d. 117/735), one of the companions of the Prophet and a transmitter of hadith (Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 2:23; see also a reference to him as a transmitter in Ibn Kathir’s Tafsir al-Qurʾān, 491).
- Watt refers to this verse (Qur’an 2:286) as “charges … to its capacity”; that is, “requires of no one more than he is able to perform” (Companion to the Qur’an, 45).
- See note 28, this chapter, for identity of ʿAkramah.
- This is possibly Abti al-Hajjaj Mujahid b. Jabr, of Mecca, who lived from 21/642 to 104/722 and was a disciple of Ibn Abbas and an authority for reading and commentary on the Koran (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrut, 1061).
- “Darkness: sometimes said to mean an eclipse of the moon,” as interpreted by Watt (Companion to the Quran, 333).
- Muslim relates the hadith from Ibn Umar, which is confirmed by the hadith of Abi Said. However, Muslim was unable to affirm its utterance (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bayhaqi related it in the Invocations (al-Du’awdl) from the hadith of Umm Salamah in a transmission which contained weaknesses (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith; as set forth in the Invocations (ʿIraqī).
- Literally, the text states that he “became stationary between His hands” (Wehr, Dictionary, 1091-92).
- Ahmad related it from the hadith of Abi Kabshah al-ʿAmmari-its chain of authority is reliable (jayyid) (dlragi).
- This is also related by Ibn Hanbal, Musnad, 3:348, 395.
- This is the hadith of jabir. It was related by Muslim and al-Tirmidhi -it is of fair authority (ʿIraqī).
- Al-mughayyibāl (absentee) was translated because of the context, rather than al-maghabāt (outcome, consequence), in the Azhariyah edition.
- Al-Tirmidhi related it from the hadith of Jabir; it is authentic (gharib) (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of Ibn Abbas. It was stated by the Prophet and related by al-Bukhari (‘ʿIraqī).
- A son born of a concubine automatically becomes a slave as was the custom in the pre-Islamic period. On the other hand, a distinction was made also between the sons of a foreign woman and those of a freeborn tribeswoman (W. R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage, 89).
- See 2 Peter 3:8: “But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day.”
- The Arabic term ʿālim (literally, “a learned man”; a scholar knowledgeable in Islamic beliefs) is not used as frequently as the plural form ʿulamāʾ (ulema).
- Hadith. It was so stated to Hasan b. ʿAlī. This utterance was said to Jafar b. Abi Talib and agreed upon by the hadith of al-Barra’. However, Hasan also resembled the Prophet … which is agreed upon in the hadith of Jahifah; al-Tirmidhi corrected it. Ibn Habban relates it from the hadith of Anas who said, “No one resembles the Prophet more than Hasan” (ʿIraqī).
- Ahmad related it from the hadith of al-Miqdad b. Macadyakrab in a chain of authority which is considered reliable (ʿIraqī).
- Mughirah Ibn Shu’bah, a companion and martyr, died ca. 48 or 51/668-671. He holds in tradition a record for marriages and divorces which varies: 300, 700, 1,000. Among the public offices he held was the governorship of Ktifa. His slave, Abu Lu’lu’ah, assassinated ʿAlīph Umar (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. “al-Mughira b. Shu’ba’“).
- Ibn Habban related it from the hadith of Abi Dharr in a lengthy tradition from the scriptures of Abraham (‘ʿIraqī).
- The Azhariyah rendition of tdmifan (desirous) was used, and not zd’inan (journeying) which appears in the Halabi edition.
- This is in reference to the verse, “Take thou provisions from the present world, i.e., make thou provision in it, for the world to come” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 1267).
- Same transmittal and narration as in note 105, this chapter.
- In a Sufi context, irddah connotes a willful determination to undertake the rigors of the Path, that is, to have the “desire” to seek nothing but what God desires (Arberry, Sufism, 77).
- A similar tradition with a different connotation and spelling (fatrah) given by Lane states, “Verily there is an eagerness [shirrah] for this Kur-an: then men have a weariness [fatrah] of it” (Arabic-English Lexicon, 1525; see also jabre, who refers to it as a “natural disposition” that exists in the heart to know God [Le Lexique de Ghazali, 222-23]).
- Ahmad and al-Tabarani related it from the hadith of Abdallah b. Umar; and al-Tirmidhi related something similar from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah. The tradition is genuine (sahih) (ʿIraqī).
- This is related by Ibn’Adiyy, Ibn Abbas, al-ʿAqili, Ibn Habban, and al-Azadi; all weak transmittals (ʿIraqī). Harisah is a dish of cooked meat and bulgur (al Jahiz, Le Livre des avares de Gahiz, 310).
- Al-Nisa’i and al-Hakim related it from the hadith of Anas in a good transmittal. However, al-ʿAaqili weakened it (ʿIraqī).
- Literally, dhikr means “mentioning Allah,” enjoined upon Muslims in the Koran; or in a Sufi context, “the glorifying of Allah with certain fixed phrases, repeated in a ritual order, either aloud or in the mind, with peculiar breathings and physical movements” (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. “dhikr”; see also al-Qushayri, Risālah, 464-71).
- Al-Tirmidhi related it and improved it; it was also related by Ibn Mijah; there is a break in the chain of authority (ʿIraqī).
- The terms he uses here are dhikr (remembrances) and shukr (thanksgiving), both mystic terms (al-Qushayri, Risālah, 383-89; see also note 114).
- Possible reference to his wives as a unit. His devil is not as was defined earlier-i.e., when a woman approaches, she approaches in the form of a devil-but is used here in a metaphorical sense. In this instance, she abetted his fulfillment of Muslim obligations, hence equating the two devil Muslims.
- Al-Khatib related it in the history [of Baghdad] from the hadith of Ibn ‘Umar. This was also related by Muslim from the hadith of Ibn Masud (ʿIraqī).
- There are three suras (Qur’an 22:53, Qur’an 75:2, and Qur’an 89:27-30) that deal with the physical, moral, and spiritual levels of “self.” Al-Ghazali comments on the first two. See also Jabre, Le Lexique de Ghazali, 263-65.
- AN connotes “wives” here since all the verbs in the sentence are in the feminine plural and, therefore, do not have the general meaning of “family, relative,” etc.
- AI-Tabarani and al-Bayhaqi related it from the hadith of Ibn Abbas; it was preceded by the words “sixty years.” It is agreed upon by the hadith of Ibn ʿUmar (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Ghazali fails here to give the other two counts.
- In Islamic law, ṣadāqah is a legally prescribed alms tax (Wehr, Dictionary, 509).
- Agreed upon from the hadith of Ibn Masud and others in which fi [literally, “mouth”] is included (ʿIraqī). The Azhariyah edition gives yarfa1uha ila f i imra atihi, while the translated text excludes fr. Another interpretation could be to “offer it to the mouth” of his wife.
- This refers to “The Substitutes, or Lieutenants, that is, certain righteous persons, of whom the world is never destitute; when one dies, God substituting another in his place.” According to some, the assertion refers to seventy men, while according to others, to seven (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 168).
- Abu Yadla relates it from the hadith of Abi Said al-Khudari in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī). The “two women” he refers to are not identified.
- Ibn Majah relates it from the hadith of dUmran b. Husayn. The transmittal is weak (ʿIraqī).
- Ahmad relates it from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh. However, he stated bil-huzn [in sadness, grief] while Layth b. Abi Salim does not agree (ʿIraqī). As was expressed in the beginning of the fifth advantage, through tolerance and exercise of just protection of the family and children, a man can gain “salvation,” or atone for his sins.
- Al-Tabarani relates it in al-Awsaṭ and Abu Nudaym [al-Isfahani] in Ḥulyat [al-AwliyāʾJ and al-Khaṭīb in al-Talkhis which resembles the hadith of Abu Hurayrah. The transmittal is weak (ḍaʿīf (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Khara’iti relates it in Makārim al-Akhlāq in a weak transmission but differs from the relater, Ibn Abbas. This hadith is also related by Abi Da’ud and al-Tirmidhi who have worthy transmitters, but there is still controversy over its transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- See gharib in the Glossary.
- The text uses jawāriḥ to imply extraneous or physical acts. See note 80, this chapter.
- That is, because he has sufficiently subdued his passions.
- This contradicts his statement in the Conclusions (this chapter), wherein he states it as a condition and not as an absolute: “. . . to earn gain in an improper way is unlawful. Seeking gain takes place continually and in it lies his [ultimate] ruin and the ruin of his family.”
- The scales are those on which the deeds will be weighed on the day of judgment (see Qur’an 4:59, Qur’an 5:9 [ʿAlī]).
- ʿIraqī stated that he could not find a basis for the origin of this hadith.
- The author of the Firdaws mentioned it from the hadith of Abi Sa’id. However, the son of Abti ManIyr could not find it in his Musnad (ʿIraqī).
- Yafa (redeem) instead of baqa (remain) was translated from the Azhariyah edition.
- Abu Da’tid and al-Nisa’i related it by stating “whom he abandons,” rather than “for whom he provides.” Muslim had still a third version (ʿIraqī).
- The author of the statement apparently is referring to the emptying of the heart, a station on the path of union with God which is an arduous process. Hence the novice can barely take care of himself much less be occupied with and care for another being. See also note 143, this chapter.
- See note 40, this chapter.
- Watt translated it (Qur’an 2:228) as: “Women have such honourable rights as obligations.” Literally, he states that women “ ‘have rights similar to their duties according to what is honourable (or reputable) or customary.’ This is sometimes said to mean that both parties should keep the way open for reconciliation” (Companion to the Quran, 41).
- That is, he is afraid even to raise a chicken lest he leave it on the road and become a butcher. Al-Suhrawardi restates this and the need for a Sufi to be preoccupied with his own needs (ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif 78).
- Meaning a master over his place of abode.
- Al-Bukhari related it from the hadith of Anas who also related “they are eleven” (ʿIraqī). One tradition states that the Prophet had nine wives, among whom were ʿĀʾisha, daughter of Abu Bakr; Hafla, daughter of Umar; Umm Habiba, daughter of Abu Sufyan; Umm Salama, daughter of Abu Umayya b. al-Mughira; Sauda, daughter of Zamca b. Qays; Zaynab, daughter of Huyay b. Akhtab” (see al-Bukhari, Ṣaḥīḥ, 7:4, and cAbd al-Bagi, Lulu, 1:74). Another tradition states that he married thirteen women, among whom is Khadija (daughter of Khuwaylid) who was his first wife (Guillaume, Life of Muhammad, 792). Ibn al-Jawzi refers to fourteen wives (Talbis Iblis, 330).
- Al-Bukhari related it from the hadith of Anas which also contains the statement that the Prophet received revelations while he was in the bed of tA’ishah and not the others (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Abbas has a similar allegory: “L’eau, c’est la science; et les. ruisseaux, les coeurs” (Massignon, Les Origins du lexique technique, 139-40).
Chapter 2. AS CONCERNS -MARRIAGE: CONDITIONS OF THE WOMAN AND STIPULATIONS OF THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT
- The text has “sultan,” but the term actually implies ultimate authority holder.
- This hadith is from Ibn Umar who states: “Does not engage his brother’s fiancee until the engaged man leaves her, or permission is taken for him” (ʿIraqī). See also al-Shafiʿī, Risālah, 307.
- He is referred to as Umar II, who ruled from A.D. 717 to 720. He was renowned for his piety and asceticism and was considered the only pious member of the Umayyad ʿAlīphate (Hitti, History of the Arabs, 219-22).
- The term al-zubadu bil-nirsiydn is used here to describe an ideal combination; it is misspelled in the Halabi edition, where tirsiydn (shield, disk of the sun) is given.
- Name of the tenth month of the Muslim year.
- The Prophet contracted the marriage to ʿĀʾishāh when she was seven and lived with her in Medina when she was nine or ten. She was the only virgin that he married. Her father, Abu Bakr, married her to him (Guillaume, Life of Muhammad, 792).
- Muslim related it from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh (ʿIraqī).
- This list is al-Ghazali’s compilation of divergent views. However, for an elaboration of these views and practices observed by the four juridical rites-Hanafi, Hanbali, Shafici, Maliki-as well as Sunni versus Shici concepts, see Hughes, who expounds upon nine prohibitions (Dictionary of Islam, 31418), and Fyzee (Muhammadan Law, 92-96, 106-8).
- Muhammad decreed that Muslims cannot marry a Magian except under certain circumstances. Magians were a religious sect in Persia that was reformed by Zoroaster in the sixth century before Christ (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 310).
- The term kilābiyah refers to a female of the Ahl al-Kitab (or those who possess an inspired Book, i.e., Jews, Christians, or Sabeans) (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 280). According to the Shiites, the term can also extend to Samaritans, Sabeans, and Zoroastrians (Fyzee, Muhammadan Law, 94).
- The Azhariyah edition states, “does not fear fornication.”
- When two unrelated people are nursed by the same woman, they are considered to be blood brothers or sisters (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 314).
- The Halabi edition indicates “grandmother.” However, the Azhariyah word was translated here meaning “granddaughter.”
- For a further explanation, see al-Shafiʿī, Risālah, 205-6.
- ʿIddat bayntinah is final divorce whereby the woman cannot remarry the husband, contrary to ʿiddat al-rafah, whereby she can (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 285-86, 1040).
- The concept of ḥall (literally, “untying” or “resolving”) is that after a man divorces his wife, she has to become the wife of another man, the muhallil, before he can remarry her; muhallil literally means one who “unties or resolves” the problem, making her lawful to remarry her husband (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 619-20).
- Li’’an is the oath of condemnation; it can also be, in Islamic law, a “sworn allegation of adultery committed by either husband or wife” (Wehr, Dictionary, 870).
- Al-Ghazali uses the term thayyiban saghirah for “deflowered young woman.”
- Literally, the term farjihd means “to safeguard her sexual organ.” See chapter 1, note 21.
- This hadith was related by Abu Da’rid and al-Nisa’i, which was related from the hadith of Ibn Abbas. Al-Nisa’i stated that this hadith was not agreed upon, while Ahmad stated it was of weak authority (munkar). Also al Jawzi mentioned it in Al-Mawducdt (ʿIraqī).
- Agreed upon; from the hadith of Abti Hurayrah (ʿIraqī). Taribat yaddh is a form of imprecation meaning, “May thine arm, or thy hands, cleave to the dust, or earth, by reason of poverty” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 300).
- Al-Tabarani related this hadith in ad Awsat from the hadith of Anas. Another version of this hadith was related by Ibn Habban in al-Dtfafa’ (a collection of weak transmittals) (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Majah related it from the hadith of Abdallah b. ‘Umar in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- See chapter 1, note 27.
- Al-Tirmidhi related and refined this transmittal from the hadith of Jabir stating that God said, “I detest and shall keep away on the Day of Resurrection the prattler, the braggart, and the long-winded.” This transmittal was also related and refined by al-Tirmidhi and Abd Da’tid from the hadith of cAbdallah b. Umar (ʿIraqī).
- Sāʾiḥ, the term used here, denotes an itinerant dervish as well.
- In Islamic law, a compensation (khutah) must be paid by the wife when a divorce is sought by her (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 274). This law is laid down in Qur’an 2:229: “And if ye fear that they may not be able to keep the limits of Allah, in that case it is no sin for either of them if the woman ransom herself.”
- Nashaz is the noun derived from the same root as ndshiz. In Islamic law, nushuz means “violation of marital duties on the part of either husband or wife, specifically, recalcitrance of the woman toward her husband, and brutal treatment of the wife by the husband” (Wehr, Dictionary, 966).
- Sharica is the Muslim law derived from the Koran, the hadith, and the processes of jurisprudence (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 923).
- Ibn Majah related this hadith in a weak transmittal from the hadith of b. Maslamah. It was also related by al-Tirmidhi and al-Nisa’i with slight variations.
- The Ansar, or Medinans, were followers of Muhammad and early converts who granted him refuge after the Hegira (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 16).
- Muslim related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Bakr Sulayman a1-Aʿmash, a traditionist, died in Rufa in 148/765. He received traditions from al-Zuhri and Malik b. Anas. He was also a great admirer of ʿAlī (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. “al-Aʿmash”).
- The words “to Bilal” were left out of this text, but they do occur in previous editions. Bilal, an Abyssinian Negro who was freed by the Prophet, became the first muezzin in Islam. Muhammad honored and distinguished him as the “first fruits of Abyssinia” (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 42).
- Malik b. Dinar al-Simi, who died at the age of ninety in 131/748 at Basra, is mentioned as a reliable traditionist, transmitting from such authorities as Malik b. Anas and Ibn Sirin. He was the son of a Persian slave from Sujistan (or Kabul) who became a disciple of Hasan of Basra (a mystic) (Hujwiri, Kashf al-Maḥjūb, 89; Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 1037).
- A houri is a white-skinned, black-eyed woman who is referred to as a virgin of paradise, or a nymph of the Islamic paradise. Al-hawar and the Arabic word for houri (sing. ,hur; pl. hdriyah) are derived from the same root. See Qur’an 55:56-78 for a complete description of the women of paradise.
- Al-Nisa’i related this hadith from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah in a genuine transmittal. Ahmad and Abu DA’fd related this hadith from Ibn Abbas in a genuine transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Related by Ibn Habban from the hadith of Ibn Abbas. This was also related by ʿĀʾishāh and by Abu Umar al-Tawgani in the book Maʾāshirat al-Ahlayn who enhanced it (ʿIraqī).
- It was related by the transmitters of the sunna and extending to ‘Umar; al-Tirmidhi enhanced it (ʿIraqī).
- “Dirham” may be used for money or for a silver coin (Ibn alNadim, Fihrist, 910).
- Related by Abu Da’ud al-Tayalsi and al-Bazzar from the hadith of Anas; by al-Tabarani in al-Awsat from the hadith of Abi Sac id; and by Ahmad from the hadith of ʿAlī; and by al-Hakim who made its transmittal reliable (ʿIraqī).
- dIliyy comes from the term cilliyan and is translated here to mean a “stone, sometimes placed upon two other stones, upon which is put to dry the preparation of curd; also used for other purposes” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 2146). It is difficult to ascertain any other referent here. The word was deleted from the Azhariyah edition..
- Mudd, a dry measure. “It is a quarter of a sac; the sd’ being five pints and one third; such was the mudd of the Prophet” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 2697).
- Al-Bukhari related this hadith from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh (ʿIraqī).
- Related by al-Arbacah from the hadith of Anas and also by Muslim (ʿIraqī). Sawiq is a kind of mush made of wheat or barley. It can also be made with sugar and dates (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 1472).
- Related by al-Arbacah from the hadith of Umar. Al-Tirmidhi stated that it was genuine and of fair authority (hasan sahih) (ʿIraqī).
- This is from the hadith of Anas stating that cAbd al-Rahman b. cAwf got married for five dirhams. It was related by al-Bayhaqi (ʿIraqī).
- Compare what al-Ghazali states here with his statement on page 158 in Counsel for Kings.
- Ahmad and al-Bayhaqi related it from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh. Its chain of authority is reliable (ʿIraqī).
- This is related by Abu Umar al-Tawqani from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh and by Ahmad and al-Bayhaqi. Its transmission is reliable (ʿIraqī).
- Sufyan al-Thawri, or Abu cAbd Allah Sufyan Ibn Said alThawri, was claimed by the Sufis as a saint. He was an ascetic who founded a school of jurisprudence which survived for about two centuries. However, he opposed the authorities and was compelled to go into hiding in Mecca. He was born in Kufa in 97/715 and died at Basra in 161/778 (Farid al-Din Attar, Muslim Saints and Mystics, 129).
- This is related by al-Bukhari in the book al-A dab al-Mufrad and by al-Bayhaqi from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah in a reliable chain of authority (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Da’dd and al-Nisa’i related it from the hadith of Mucqal b. Yasar. Its chain of authority is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- This transmittal is agreed upon from the hadith of Jabir (ʿIraqī).
- The Azhariyah edition uses the comparative form aakad (surest) while the Halabi edition uses akad (to assure, convince).
- This was related in a tradition as follows: “Avoid ye the beautiful woman that is of ‘bad origin’; she is thus likened to the herbage that grows in the diman (dung), that appears to be in a flourishing condition, but is unwholesome as food, and of stinking origin” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 916).
- Al-Daraqutni related this hadith in al-Afrād and stated that al-Waqidi repeated it but made it weak (ʿIraqī).
- Al-cirqu nazz&un means “the radical, or ancestral, or hereditary, quality is wont to return to its usual possessor; or it may mean, is wont to draw” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 916).
- Ibn al-Salah stated that he could find no basis for this hadith (ʿIraqī).
- Related by Abu ‘Umar al-Tawgani in Macdsharat al-Ahlayn. This is supported by the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh and Asma’, daughters of Abu Bakr. The transmittal is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- Grandson of the Prophet, ʿAlī’s son.
Chapter 3. ETIQUETTE OF COHABITATION, WHAT SHOULD TAKE PLACE DURING THE MARRIAGE, AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF HUSBAND AND WIFE
- This is from the hadith of Anas-agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- Muhammad consummated his marriage with Safiyyah b. Huyayy, who was a captive and was married without a dowry, on his return from Khaibar (Stern, Marriage in Early Islam, 86).
- This was related from the hadith of Anas by the four transmitters of hadith (ʿIraqī). See chapter 2, note 45, for description of sawiq.
- This hadith is attributed to al-Tirmidhi who related it from the hadith of Ibn Mascad, and who made the transmission weak.
- Gharib means “authentic, but resting on the authority of only one companion” (Guillaume, Traditions of Islam, 181).
- Hadith of AbU Hurayrah as related by Abu Da’ud and al-Tirmidhi; Ibn Majah perfected and introduced it in the Invocations (ʿIraqī).
- It was related and enhanced by al-Tirmidhi, and by Ibn Majah from the hadith of Muhammad b. Hatib (ʿIraqī). The term saws (voice) is used to imply singing.
- This was related by al-Tirmidhi from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh; however, al-Bayhaqi enhanced it and made it weak (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith of al-Rubayyic, daughter of Mucawwidh, as was related by al-Bukhari with a slight change (ʿIraqī).
- ʿAlī interprets it to mean “anything that has no civil rights. It includes captives or slaves, people in your power” (Holy Quran, 191, n.553).
- Book 15 of al-Ghazali’s Iḥyāʾ deals with prayer.
- Al-Nisa’i brought it forth in al-Kubrā, and Ibn Majah from the hadith of Umm Salamah. The Prophet never ceased to stress “prayers and what your right hand (possesses).” In reference to the care of women, he stressed this in the last pilgrimage which was related by Muslim from the hadith of Jabir al-Tawil (ʿIraqī).
- This refers to “a recompense, or reward, from God to a man, for righteous conduct” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 24).
- cIragi could not find any basis for this hadith. However, see Qur’an 28:9 in support of this statement.
- This is related from the hadith of ‘Umar as stated in the hadith of al-Tawil-agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- The earlier hadith did not contain “0 foolish woman,” and “he is better than you” (ʿIraqī).
- Haf;ah was the daughter of ʿAlīph ‘Umar and the second wife of the Prophet (Guillaume, Life of Muhammad, 792).
- See Qur’an 66:1-3. Abu Bakr was ʿĀʾishāh’s father.
- No basis can be found for this transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Tirani transmitted it in al-Awsat as did al-Khatib in al-Tarikh. Both transmittals are weak and come from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Yada brought it forth in his Musnad and Abu al-Shaykh in Kitab al-Amthdl from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh, which was also transmitted by Ibn Ishaq (ʿIraqī).
- Related from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh-agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- This was first related by the two shaykhs from the hadith of Umar and Ibn al cAs; then Ibn al Jawzi shaped it and related it in al-Mawducdt from the hadith of Anas; … however, his love for Khadija is well known and documented in the hadith (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh-agreed upon without exception. It was related with the addition by al-Zubayr b. Bakkar–and al-Khatib (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bukhari related it from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith Anas. However, Muslim related, “I have never seen anyone kinder than the Prophet with women,” but ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz and al-Baghawi added “and children” (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Da’tid and al-Nisa’i related it in al-Kubrd, and Ibn Majah from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh-the transmittal is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Hasan b. Sufyan related it in his Musnad from the hadith of Anas without his saying “with his wives”; it was also related by al-Bazzar and alTabarani in al-Saghir and al-Awsat by stating “with his children,” which was supported by Ibn Lahicah (ʿIraqī).
- ‘Ashird’ is the name of the voluntary fast day. It is held the tenth day of Muharram on the anniversary of Husayn’s martyrdom at Karbala (60 A.H.). It is a day of mourning sacred to the Shicites (Wehr, Dictionary, 614).
- The hadith is agreed upon with few exceptions; “a holy day” rather than the day of cAshurd’ was mentioned; while al-Nisa’i stated in his Kubrd that ʿĀʾishāh said, “Don’t rush,” rather than, “Be quiet”; and that the Prophet said, “0 she-ass!” The chain of authority is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- It is a trustworthy transmittal (thiqah) which is related by the two shaykhs: al-Tirmidhi and al-Nisa’i (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Tirmidhi brought it forth and authenticated it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah without saying, “and I am the best among you toward my wives”; and from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh, “people” was replaced by “wives” (clragi). Note, however, that “wife” is one of many meanings of the word ahl (Wehr, Dictionary, 33).
- Ahl is translated here to mean “family.”
- “Found a man,” that is, act like a man or be firm.
- Abu Bakr b. Lal related it in Makārim al-Akhlāq from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah in a weak transmittal. It is also stated in the two Sahihs from the hadith of Jariyah b. Wahab al-Khazad and Abu Da’tid (ʿIraqī).
- Agreed upon from the hadith of Zahir (ʿIraqī).
- Muni ah also means “abstinence from things unlawful, or in chastity of manners, and the having some art or trade” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 2702).
- No basis was found for this statement. However, al-Bukhari related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah as, “Miserable is he who is a servant of the dinar and the dirham” (ʿIraqī).
- Compare Qur’an 14:34.
- A fir is the “space between the end of the thumb and the end of the index finger when extended” (Wehr, Dictionary, 694).
- A cubit in Iraq and Syria is 0.68m, in Egypt it is 0.58m (Wehr, Dictionary, 309).
- The Nabataeans were a tribal group who lived in Arabia as early as the seventh century B.c. During the Muslim period, the Arabs called those inhabitants of Syria and Iraq who were neither shepherds nor soldiers, “Nabataeans”-a term used in “a contemptuous tone to the Aramaic-speaking peasants” (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. “Nabataeans”).
- For further details, see Qur’an 12:28-31.
- Al-Tabarani related it from the hadith of Abi Imamah in a weak transmittal; and Ahmad from the hadith of Umar and b. al-’As. However, al-Nisa’i related in his Kubrd that the Prophet stated: “If among all the crows, there is a white-footed crow with a red beak, then no woman shall enter Paradise except one like this crow.” This transmittal is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Mans ur al-Daylami related it in the Musnad al-Firdaws from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah in a weak transmittal. However…. a slight transmittal … states the “three poverties, one of which is: ‘If you come to her, she will hurt you, and if you are away from her, she will be unfaithful to you.”‘ This was related by al-Tabarani from the hadith of Fadalah b. cUbayd as of fair authority (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of ‘A’ishah-agreed upon (ʿIraqī). It is interesting to note here that all the good transmittals concerning women were transmitted by women, especially by ʿĀʾishāh.
- See Qur’an 66:3.
- The translation given by Watt is, “If you two [Hafsah and ʿĀʾishāh] repent to God”; that is, “If you repent, good and well” (Companion to the Qur’dn, 271).
- This is agreed upon from the hadith of ‘Umar, and the two women are ʿĀʾishāh and Hafsah (ʿIraqī).
- AI-Bakhari related it from the hadith of Abi Bakrah (ʿIraqī).
- This is related by al-Tabarani in al-Awsat from the hadith of Jabir. Muslim states that the Prophet “forbade the man to enter upon his wife at night for he betrays them or seeks their faults.” However, al-Bukhari does not mention the prohibition of entering at night (ʿIraqī).
- Ahmad related it from the hadith of Ibn ‘Umar. The transmittal is reliable (ʿIraqī).
- Agreed upon from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī). See alBukhari, Sahih, 7:33-34. Ibn Hanbal quotes Abu Hurayrah differently: “Women were created from a rib which was not straightened at creation; if you straighten it …” (Musnad, 2:497).
- Abu Da’tid, al-Nisa’i, and Ibn Habban related it from the hadith of Jabir b. ʿAtiq (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of Abu Hurayrah; al-Bukhari deleted “and the believer is jealous.” This is agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- Possibly refers to Sacd, who was in love with Asma’. He was the subject of poetry and perhaps was himself a poet. There is a book entitled Sacd and Asmd’ whose traditions are transmitted among the “Names of the Passionate Lovers during the Pre-Islamic Period, and the Period of Islam” (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 710, 1086).
- From the hadith of al-Mughirah b. Shaʿbah-agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of Jabir who deleted “The night I was taken through Paradise” and “maid”-agreed upon; he mentioned “maid” in another transmittal from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah-also agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- Abu DY’ud, al-Nisa’i, and Ibn Habban related it from the hadith of Jabir b. ʿAtik, but it was also related in four other hadiths (ʿIraqī).
- The first part of the statement was related first, while the second part was related by Abu ‘Umar al-Tawgani in the book, Mu’asharat al-Ahlayn, from the narrative of Abdullah b. Muhammad; and it appears that Abdullah b. al-Hanafiyah is the transmitter (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bazzar and al-Daraqutni related it in al-Afrdd from the hadith of ʿAlī. The transmittal is weak (ʿIraqī).
- This is agreed upon from the hadith of Ibn Umar, who stated, “The women were permitted to go to the mosques at night” (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh-agreed upon. However, al-Bukhari related instead, “he would have prevented them from the mosques” (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith of Ibn Umar which is agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of Umm cAtayyah-agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- Literally, that it is “safe” to “sit” or remain at home.
- Watt translates “keep not thy hand chained” as meaning “do not be niggardly” (Companion to the Qur’dn, 135).
- From the hadith of ‘A’ishah-brought forth and made genuine (sahhah) by al-Tirmidhi (ʿIraqī).
- Muslim related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī). AlTirmidhi states it differently in a genuine hadith: “The dinar which earns you the greatest reward is the one spent on your wife, your riding animal (dhabbaḥ) and your companions in the way of God” (Sunan, 6:193).
- Precepts as spelled out in codes based on the Shari’a.
- Book 2 of the Iḥyāʾ deals further with menstruation and prayer.
- Reference is to the time element, because more than one rah’ah is usually involved; hence she could not fully perform these rak”ahs within the prescribed period. For further details see Book 2 of the Iḥyāʾ:
- Presumably this is a reference to a Sufi ritual. See chapter 1, note 114.
- From the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh-agreed upon (ʿIraqī). A preferable translation, found in Lane, is that “he ordered, or commanded, them to cast, or draw lots, or to practice sortilege [among themselves]” (Arabic-English Lexicon, 2987).
- This was related by the authors of the Sunan and Ibn Habban, from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah [with slight variations] by Abu Da’ud, Ibn Habban, and al-Tirmidhi stating, “He does not deal equitably between them” (ʿIraqī).
- Habban and the authors of the Sunan related it from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of Umar and b. al-cAg-agreed upon-who related that when the Prophet was asked, “Whom do you love the most among your women?” he replied, “ʿĀʾishāh” (ʿIraqī).
- This hadith was related by Ibn Sa’d in al-Tabaqdt, and by al-Bukhari from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh, and in the Sahihayn [of Bukhari and Muslim] (ʿIraqī). rAbd al-Bagi stated that the Prophet remained with ʿĀʾishāh until his death (Lu’lu’ 3:185).
- Abu D5’6 d related it from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh; also related by al-Tabarani, al-Bukhari, and al-Bayhaqi with slight variations (ʿIraqī).
- This was related from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh (ʿIraqī).
- This is from the hadith of Anas. Ibn ʿAdī related it in al-Kāmil. This was related by al-Bukhari who also stated that the Prophet had nine wives (ʿIraqī). See chapter 1, note 145.
- See chapter 2, note 28.
- Abu D5’ud and al-Nisa’i related it in al-Kubrd and Ibn Majah from a narration of Mu’awiyah Ibn Haydah-the transmittal is good and reliable (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn al Jawzi related it in al-Wafd’ without any support. This was also mentioned in the Sahihayn [of Bukhari and Muslim] from the hadith of ‘Umar as well as in a story from the hadith of Jabir (ʿIraqī).
- Reference is made to the utterance of the formula, Id ildha illa Allah (There is no God but Allah).
- From the hadith of Ibn Abbas-agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- This latter phrase, “and made thereof relatives and in-laws, for thy Lord is omnipotent,” did not occur in the Azhariyah edition (ʿIraqī). The Koran’s version (25:54) is: “And He it is Who hath created man from water, and hath appointed for him kindred by blood and kindred by marriage; for thy Lord is ever Powerful.”
- Qiblah is the direction to which Muslims turn in praying (toward the Kaaba) or a prayer niche which is a recess in a mosque indicating the direction of the Kaaba (Wehr, Dictionary, 740).
- Al-Khatib related it from the hadith of Umm Salamah in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Majah first related it from the hadith of cAtabah b. cAbd in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Man~rir al-Daylami related it in the Musnad al-Firdaws from the hadith of Anas-it is of weak authority (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Mangur al-Daylami related it from a much shortened hadith, and this is some of the hadith with which he agrees (ʿIraqī).
- This hadith was forwarded in the fifth chapter of the book of prayer (ʿIraqī).
- Arabic has one term, inzāl, which is here translated as “orgasm,” “climax,” “ejaculation,” or “emission,” since it would be difficult to use one English term for the referent.
- See the complete reference in Qur’an 2:222.
- Everything that can happen to man, everything that he can do, falls into five categories in Islam: lard, sunna, mubāh, makruh, and ardm. “Fard is that which is commanded, that which is unavoidable in order to’ find favour in the eyes of God, as giving of alms. Sunna is doing good, meritorious acts in the sight of God. But it is not a sin to omit such acts…. Mubdh are the deeds which are indifferent to both God and man. Their number is not large and they bring neither reward nor punishment. Makruh is the evil, but not the forbidden. One can commit it without fear of God’s punishment. But the pious will omit it. Hardm … is sin, express violations of God’s commands. Whoever commits hardm may be sure of God’s punishment” (Essad, Mohammed, 35556).
- See al-Tirmidhi, Sunan, 1:159-62.
- Junub, translated here as major ritual impurity, signifies a man “under the obligation of performing a total ablution, by reason of sexual intercourse and discharge of the semen” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 466).
- From the hadith of Ibn Umar as the one who posed the question -agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of ‘A’ishah, as related by Abu Da’ud, al-Tirmidhi, and Ibn Majah (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of Abi Sacid-agreed upon (ʿIraqī). See also al=Tirmidhi, Sunan, 4:103.
- cIragi found no basis for the following hadith. However, al-Ghazali’s deductions are correct as he summarized existing views on coitus interruptus. See al-Tirmidhi, Sunan, 4:102-5.
- No basis was found for this hadith (ʿIraqī).
- In the Azhariyah edition, literally muhyihi, or “keeping him alive,” was translated rather than muhibbihi (his attachment, affection) of the Halabi edition.
- Reference is made here to an evidence or a proof made manifest by a text of the Koran or of the sunna used as an authority in an argument for proof of an assertion.
- Wad refers to a daughter buried alive. “It was customary for a man in the time of paganism, when a daughter was born to him, to bury her alive when her mother brought her forth, from fear of reproach and want: but this is forbidden in the Koran, XVII, XXXIII; and some of them used to bury their children alive in times of famine; the tribe of Kindeh used to bury their daughters alive” (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 2913; see also W. R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage, 153-55, 291-96).
- The views of al-Ghazali on the matter of coitus interruptus appear to be ambivalent, tending toward a contradiction of the view expounded in chapter 1 on the advantages of marriage.
- The Khawarij (sing. Kharijite), or seceders, constitute the earliest religiopolitical sect in Islam. Once supporters of ʿAlī, they became his deadly opponents (Hitti, History of the Arabs, 246-47).
- This hadith was previously introduced at the beginning of the chapter on marriage (al-nihdh) (ʿIraqī). See chapter 1, note 11.
- Muslim related it from the hadith of Jadhdhamah, daughter of Wahab (ʿIraqī).
I 11. There are numerous transmittals regarding the disclosed averting of conception by coitus interruptus: Muslim from the hadith of Abi Said, al-Nisa’i from the hadith of Abi Sarma, the two shaykhs from the hadith of Jabir, and al-Nisa’i from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- Although this “resembles that of burying a child alive, and is done with the same motive,” the words also refer to coitus interruptus (Lane, ArabicEnglish Lexicon, 2913).
- Watt elucidates this point by saying, “a new creature” (Companion to the Qur’an, 158).
- See al-Bukhari, Sahih, 7:42-43.
- From the hadith of Jabir-which is agreed upon-in the Sahihayn [of Bukhari and Muslim]. However, the clause “but he did not enjoin us against it” is unique to Muslim (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith ofJabir. AI-Mulnaf mentioned that it was in the Sahihayn [of Bukhari and Muslim], which is not true; only Muslim related it (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Tabarani first related it in al-Kabir and al-Khara’iti in Maharim al-AkhMq from the hadith of Ibn Masud. The transmittal is weak (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith of Ibn Abbas. It was related by Ibn Majah and al-Hakim. The transmittal is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith of Anas; al-Khara’iti related it in Makarim Akhlāq in a weak transmittal (‘ʿIraqī).
- Hadith of Anas, which was related by al-Khara’iti in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith Abu Hurayrah as related by al-Khara’iti and al-Hakim, but it did not say “or sisters.” The transmittal is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- Adhdhana (noun ddhdn) is “to call to prayer.” It is customary in Islam that a newborn baby should first hear the call to prayer, which always begins with allahu ahbar (God is the Greatest).
- Hadith Abi Rafi’. Ahmad, Abu Da’ud, and al-Tirmidhi related it and made it genuine. However, the transmittal of Ibn al-Qattan is weak (ʿIraqī).
- Related by Abu Ya’la al-Mawsili, Ibn al-Sinn in al-Yawn wa-Layla and al-Bayhaqi in al-Sha’b al-Imdn from the hadith of al-Husayn b. ʿAlī in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Tabarani related it in al-Saghir from the hadith of f abir in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī). Circumcision among the Jews, a practice dating from the time of Abraham, generally takes place on the eighth day (Genesis 14:10-12). In Islam, circumcision is founded upon the customs of the Prophet, as it is not once alluded to in the Koran. Circumcision is “recommended to be performed upon a boy between the ages of seven and twelve, but it is lawful to circumcise a child seven days after his birth” (Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, 57). Lane stated that circumcision on the seventh day is not approved, and that it is generally performed at the age of five or six (Arabian Society, 192).
- Al-Tabarani related this transmittal from the hadith of ‘Abd alMalik b. Abi Zuhayr, who in turn related it from his father, Mu’adh. Its transmittal is genuine; al-Bayhaqi related it from the hadith of ‘A’ishah (ʿIraqī). The word ‘abd refers to one of God’s qualities; the literal meaning is “servant of.”
- From the hadith ofJabir which is agreed upon when beginning with the verb lurammd [is named] rather than sammd [name, command] (ʿIraqī).
- Ahmad and Ibn Habban related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah; also related by Abu Da’ud and al-Tirmidhi; and by Ibn Habban from the hadith of Jabir: “Whoever gives my first name, should not give my surname; and whoever gives my surname, should not give my first name.” The transmittal is genuine (‘ʿIraqī).
- Abu Umar al-Tawgani related it in Muʾasharat al-Ahlayn from the hadith of Ibn Umar in a weak transmittal; and Abu D5’tid related that Umar pointed out a child named Abu ‘Isa; and Mughirah b. Sha’bah disapproved of using the name Abu ‘Isa and stated that the Messenger of God said, “Name after me”-its transmittal is genuine (ʿIraqī).
- Abu Da’ud related it from the hadith of Abi al-Darda’. Al-Nawawi said that its transmittal is reliable, and al-Bayhaqi said that its transmittal was incomplete (mursal) (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bayhaqi related it from the hadith of Abdullah b. al-Harith b. Jiz’ al-Zubaydi. The transmittal is genuine (ʿIraqī). (See also ‘Abd al-Bagi, Lu’lu’, 2:60.)
- From the hadith of Abu Hurayrah, which is agreed upon (ʿIraqī). 134. Muslim related it from the hadith of Samrah b. Jandab. This was also related from the hadith ofJabir (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Hanbal regards this sacrifice on the seventh day as absolutely obligatory: “If a father sacrifice not for his son, and he [the son] die, that son will not intercede for him on the day of judgment” (Lane, Arabian Society, 191). However, the founders of the other three principal rites regard it in different and less important lights. It is obvious here that al-Ghazali is resorting to the practices at the time of the Prophet. These practices not only include the animal sacrifice on the seventh day, but circumcision and shaving the hair of the child and giving its weight in silver or gold to the poor as well. According to Lane, these religious ceremonies can be performed not only on the seventh day, but on multiples of seven-fourteenth, twenty-first, twenty-eighth, or thirty-fifth-after the birth of the child as well (Ibid. See also al-Bukhari, Ṣaḥīḥ, 7:108-10; and al-Tirmidhi, Sunan, 5:237-40).
- This appears in the Azhariyah edition and completes the thought.
- Hadith of ʿĀʾishāh, which was brought forth and made genuine (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Tirmidhi related it from the hadith of ʿAlī, stating that its transmittal is not uninterrupted, while al-Hakim made it uninterrupted (muttasil). Abu D5’ud related it from the hadith of Ibn Abbas, except that he said “a ram” [rather than a sheep] (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Bukhari related it from the hadith of Salman b. ʿAmir al-Dabbi (ʿIraqī). (See al-Bukhari, Sahih, 7:109.)
- Al-Hakim [al-Tirmidhi] related and clarified it from the hadith of ʿAlī; al-Tirmidhi’s transmittal is cut off, up to the word Hasan, while its transmittal is not uninterrupted (ʿIraqī). Al-Tirmidhi stated that Hasan’s hair weighed a dirham or so (Sunan, 5:234).
- Hadith Asma’, which is agreed upon (ʿIraqī). (See also ʿAbd al-Baqī, Lu’lu; 2:62.)
- ʿAbd al-Baqi notes that the hadith ends here, excluding the rest of the phrase. He also explains “Islam” as meaning “Medina” (Lu’lu’, 2:82). (See also al-Bukhari, Sahih, 7:108.)
- Hadith Ibn Umar. It was related by the companions of the Sunan. AI-Tirmidhi stated that it was genuine and of fair authority (ʿIraqī).
- This occurs in exceptional cases as explained by ʿAlī: “If there is any fear that in safeguarding her economic rights, her very freedom of person may suffer, the husband refusing the dissolution of marriage, and perhaps treating her with cruelty, then … it is permissible to give some material consideration to the husband, but the need and equity of this should be submitted to the judgment of impartial judges, i.e., properly constituted courts. A divorce of this kind is called Out” (Holy Quran 91, n.258; cf. W. R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage, 122).
- This tradition with the additional words, “and Paradise will be forbidden unto her,” was related by Abu Da’ud and al-Tirmidhi, who made it better; and by Ibn Majah and Ibn Habban from the hadith of Thawban (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Nisa’i related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah, and al-Tabarani related it from the hadith of ʿAqba b. ʿAmir in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- There are two concepts here: having had coitus with her automatically nullifies the ʿiddah; and the lengthening of the ʿiddah stems from the necessity to make sure that she has not conceived (see “Divorce” in the Introduction).
- From the hadith of Ibn ‘Umar, which is agreed upon (ʿIraqī). (See also cAbd al-Bagi, Lulu, 2:125.)
- He died in 43/663 and was one of the people who “helped to transcribe the official canon” of the Koran (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 48, 377).
- Past the time of childbearing from the Prophet.
- A khutbah may encompass exhortation or admonition, recited by a khaṭib (orator) from the pulpit during the noon service of the congregational mosque on Friday, and generally delivered in rhyming prose (Lane, ArabicEnglish Lexicon, 763).
- Muslim related it from the hadith of Abu Said, reiterating the words of the Prophet: “The greatest betrayal in the opinion of God on the Day of Judgment is for the man to reveal [everything] to the woman and vice versa, then reveal her secret” (ʿIraqī).
- AI-Tirmidhi first related it, but the transmittal is authentic of fair authority (hasan gharib); Ibn Majah related it from the hadith of Umm Salamah (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Tabarani first related it in al-Awsat from the hadith of Anas, excluding “by virtue……….. The transmittal is weak (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Habban related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- This hadith was first related by Ibn Majah and al-Hakim, who made it genuine from the hadith of Abi Aniamah, excluding “nursers.” This is related by al-Tabarani in al-Saghir (ʿIraqī).
- From the hadith of Ibn Abbas, which is agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- Ahmad related it from the hadith of Abu Amamah in a weak transmittal, stating “silk” instead of “saffron”; and Muslim from the hadith of’Izzat al-Ashja’iya-its transmittal is also weak (ʿIraqī). Al-ahmardn means flesh-meat and wine, which are said to destroy men; it also refers to gold and saffron, which are said to destroy women, that is, the love of ornaments and perfumes, also called al-asjardn [two yellow things] (Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 642).
- Hadith ʿĀʾishāh; al-Hakim [al-Tirmidhi] first related it and made genuine its transmittal from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith ʿĀʾishāh; al-Hakim [al-Tirmidhi] first related it and made genuine its transmittal from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith Ibn Abbas. Al-Bayhaqi first related it in a shortened version, and related it in toto from the hadith of Ibn Umar, but it is weak (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Tirmidhi and Ibn Habban related it from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah. Also related by Abu Dawad from the hadith of Qays b. Sacd, by Ibn Majah from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh, and by Ibn Habban from the hadith of Ibn Abi Awfa (ʿIraqī).
- Ibn Habban related only the first part of the hadith of Ibn Masud; the latter part was related (abridged) by Abu Dawd from his own hadith without mentioning “inner sanctum of the house.” Al-Bayhaqi related it from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh: “It is better to pray in the house than in the mosque”-its transmittal is of fair authority; and by Ibn Habban from the hadith of Umm Hamid (ʿIraqī).
- It is related by al-Tirmidhi as genuine, and by Ibn Habban from the hadith of Ibn Masud (ʿIraqī).
- This was related by al-Hafiz Abu Bakr Muhammad b. Umar al-JiCabi in the Tārikh al-Tālibin from the hadith of ʿAlī in a weak transmittal; and by al-Tabarani in al-Saghir from the hadith of Ibn Abbas (ʿIraqī).
- See chapter 1, note 51.
- Rābiʿah al-ʿAdawiyah, orphaned at an early age, was sold into slavery as a child. She later settled in Basra where she was well known as a saint and a preacher and where she was highly esteemed by her pious contemporaries. To her is attributed the theme of divine love in Islamic mysticism. She was a celibate; is often confused with Rabicah of Syria who was married. She is entombed near Jerusalem. Her death date is given variously as 135/752 and 185/801 (cf. Farid al-Din ʿAttar, Muslim Saints and Mystics, 39-51, and M. Smith, Rābiʿa the Mystic, 5-6, 45, 140-43).
- Abu Da’wd al-Tayalsi and al-Bayhaqi related it from the hadith of Ibn Umar; it was also related by Abu Da’ud from the hadith of Satd; and by Muslim from the hadith of ʿĀʾishāh; al-Daraqutni made it genuine in his al-ʿIlal All had slight variations in their transmittals (ʿIraqī).
- That is, cater to his senses.
- The word “presence” is missing in this text but appears in the Azhariyah edition.
- So as not to attract attention. She should not satisfy her own vanity, but be humble and meek.
- Related by Abu Dawud from the hadith of Abi Malik al-Ashjaci in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- Al-Khara’iti related it in Makdrim al-Akhlāq from the hadith of Abu Hurayrah in a weak transmittal (ʿIraqī).
- This is possibly ʿAbd al-Malik b. Qurayb al-A1maci, who was the famous philologist and grammarian at the court of Harun al Rashid. He studied the language of the Arabs of the desert, which is considered to be a “pure” model for linguistics. He died in Basra in 213/828 (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 963).
- Hadith Mu’adh which was related by al-Tirmidhi, who said it was authentic and of fair authority; it was related by Ibn Majah (ʿIraqī).
- Hadith Umm Habibah, agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- Asma’ was the daughter of Kutayla, Abu Bakr’s first wife. She was the elder half-sister of ʿĀʾishāh and one of the early converts to Islam in Mecca. She was married to al-Zubayr b. al-cAwwam, and their son, ʿAbdullah, was “reputedly the first child born in the Muslim community” at Medina. She died in Mecca in 73/693 (Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., s.v. “Asmāʾ).
- Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwam, cousin and companion of the Prophet, was killed at the Battle of the Camel in 36/656. He was a member of the council to choose the third ʿAlīph. He was also referred to as al-Hawāri, a term that refers to the earliest missionaries of Islam. There were twelve Hawaris, “who are said to have been appointed naqibs of the Medinans” by Muhammad (or by those present) as “surety for their people just as the apostles were sureties for clsa b. Maryam” (Ibn al-Nadim, Fihrist, 292-93, 1133).
- A parasang is a Persian measure of length, anciently of about thirty stadia (2.8 to 4.2 miles).
- Hadith of Asmāʾ, agreed upon (ʿIraqī).
- The Azhariyah edition indicates that she came upon the Prophet.
Glossary of Selected Arabic Terms
This glossary encompasses only terms used herein that have acquired a technical usage. It mirrors existing standardized definitions as well as adjustments introduced in this work. The terms regarding hadith are used as employed by Guillaume, The Traditions of Islam. Other major helpful sources have been Farah, Islam Beliefs and Observances; Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law; Ibn al-Nadim, The Fihrist of al-Nadim; Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon; and Jabre, Essai sur le lexique de Ghazali.
ʿabd Servant of God or slave; used in proper names in combination with Allah
Ahal-Kitab People of the Book; in the Koran (5:68-69) the name is used for Christians, Jews, and Sabeans
akhbār (sing. khabar) News, reports; the term is applied to traditions traced back, not to the Prophet, but to other authorities such as his companions, well-known jurists, and imams alim See ulema
ʿanat Fornication or committing a sin
ʿaqd Marriage contract; formalization of the marriage vows
ʿaqīqah Sacrifice; a sheep or goat slaughtered as a sacrifice on the seventh day after the birth of a child
Aʾqraʿ To cast or draw lots, or practice sortilege among women
ʿAshura’ Name of a voluntary fast day, the tenth day of Muharram
ʿaṣr Period,’ of sunset, time of one of the ritual prayers
āthār (sing. athar) Traces; applied to traditions relating the deeds and utterances of Muhammad and his companions
baqāʾ Subsistence in God; an ultimate Sufi state
bāṭin Internal, hidden or inner meaning; esoteric
ḍaʿīf Not fulfilling the required conditions for transmittal
dhikr Remembrance or recollection of God; an exercise by Sufis to induce ecstasy
fanā Annihilation, or passing away of oneself in God; the mystical union of the soul with God
faqīh Islamic jurist or jurisprudent
farāgh Emptying or purifying the heart; a Sufi tenet
farḍ Canonically imposed duty or obligation of faith
fiqh The corpus of Islamic jurisprudence
fiṭrah Natural disposition of the heart to know God
gharīb Authentic, but resting on the authority of only one companion
ghusl Major or full ablution ceremony involving the entire body;see also wudu’
ḥadīth Traditions of the Prophet; collection of sayings and precedents of the Prophet, handed down by his associates and followers
ḥajj A canonically prescribed pilgrimage to Mecca
harām Canonically forbidden; a sin
ḥasan Of fair authority, with a slight fault; approved form of transmittal
ḥasan gharīb Authentic, of fair authority
ḥasan ṣaḥīḥ Genuine, of fair authority
ḥayḍ Menstruation; important in connection with determining the time of conception and responsibility for fatherhood, as well as significant for ritual purification
ḥikmah Exercise of judicial authority, a rule, a decree; an edict or a prescript
ḥirāthah Tilth; intercourse for the purpose of having offspring
hulūl Ecstasy; union with God through mystical practices
ibddl Substitution (when certain righteous people die, God substitutes others for them)
ʿiddah Legally prescribed waiting period of a woman before remarriage
ʿiddat baynūnah Legally prescribed waiting period for final divorce; woman cannot remarry her husband
ʿiddat al-rayʿah Legally prescribed waiting period pending remarriage with one’s divorced wife
Iḍṭibāʿ Cloaking oneself over the left shoulder during the pilgrimage to Mecca
ijmāʿ Consensus; interpretation of the law according to the
opinions of the leading jurists
ʿilal Defects, causes
imam Used here for leading religious personalities; it also has a number of other significations
iqamah Call to prayer repeated at the beginning of the prayer ritual
irādah Desire; the aspiration to do only God’s will; in a Sufi context, a willful determination to undertake the rigors of the Path
ʿishāʾ Evening meal and time of the fourth ritual prayer
isnād Literally means “leaning upon”; the chain of authority.
which precedes and introduces the text of hadith
izār Seamless white cloth wrapped around loins to knee level by the pilgrim performing the hajj
jamʿ Uttering a threefold divorce
jayyid Good, reliable form of transmittal
jihad Striving on behalf of the faith; Holy War of the Muslims against the infidels
junub Major ritual impurity; signifies a man under obligation of performing a total ablution, by reason of sexual intercourse and discharge of the semen
Kaaba The shrine at Mecca sacred to the Muslims kardhiyah Abomination or reprehensible
kasaba To earn; Qur’anic usage connotes the performance of an act for which one merits reward or punishment on the Day of judgment
khabar See akhbār
khulʿ Divorce requested by the wife, who must pay a compensation (khulʾah)
khutbah An exhortation or admonition recited, generally in rhyming prose, during the noon service of the mosque on Friday by an orator (khaṭīb)
kitābīyah See Ahl al-Kitāb
liʿān Oath of condemnation; in Islamic Law, can also be a sworn allegation of adultery committed by either husband or wife
maʿād Return journey; the ultimate state of existence in theworld to come
madhhab (plur. madhāhib) Juridical rite to which a Sunni Muslim may adhere
maghrib Sunset; time of one of the ritual prayers
mahr A dowry or a nuptial gift given to the bride in a contract of marriage
makruh A reprehensible or an evil act, but not a forbidden one manzil (plur. mandzil) Stages; a Sufi tenet
maqāmāt (sing. maqām) The stations of the faith; a Sufi tenet maʿrifah Knowledge, learning; the knowledge of Allah, the experience of ecstasy, and the gnosis of the mystics
martabah A Sufi rank or station
maʿruf Weak tradition, yet known because it is confirmed by another
mawʾūdah: al-mawʾūdat al-sughrah Coitus interruptus; significance similar to that of burying a girl child alive
Miʿraj Muhammad’s nocturnal journey to the Seventh Heaven
Mubāḥ Permissible; a deed neither recommended nor prohibited
mubham Obscure; a tradition derived from a person about whom nothing is known save his name
mufti The legal authority in Islam who gives expert decisions by which the courts are guided
muḥallil A man who marries a divorced (three pronouncements of formula) woman on condition that he divorce her after consummation of the marriage so she may lawfully remarry her former husband
mukhtaliʿāh Women who incite, urge, or induce their husbands to divorce them for a gift or a compensation (khulʿah) without any injurious conduct from the latter
mukhtalif A tradition which apparently contradicts another, but which can be reconciled to it
munkar A tradition of weak authority contradicted by a weaker one
munqaṭiʿ An isndd from which a name has disappeared
murīd A novice, a disciple of a murshid (teacher of a Sufi order)
mursal A text without isnad, or one with an incomplete isnād
murūʾah Manliness; a pre-Islamic Arab concept which comprises all knightly virtues and the ideal of manhood
musnad Authorities by whom a hadith is passed down
mutʿa The contracting of temporary marriage; legalized by the Shiʿi law
mutttafaq ʿalayhi A tradition that is agreed upon and received by Bukhari and Muslim
muttaṣil A tradition with an uninterrupted isnad
nafaqah In Islamic Law, it signifies adequate support for a wife or expenditure
nafs Self, soul, ego
naqīb A surety for the people, leader
nasikh Abrogating; refers to the chain of authority and is used by Muslim theologians in reference to a verse or sentence of the Koran which cancels or abrogates a previous one qiblah The south, or the direction to be faced in prayer rak’ah Bow, prostration; a bending of the torso from an upright
position, followed by two prostrations with each standing for a full prayer cycle
ramal Trotting while performing the circuit around the Kaaba
Razzāq Provider; one of the ninety-nine attributes of God
ṣadāqah Voluntary, nonstatutory alms rendered for the sake of acquiring merit with God; in Islamic Law, legally prescribed alms tax (sadaq)
ṣaḥḥah Transmittal made genuine
ṣaḥīḥ Genuine; fulfilling all conditions
Sharīʾa The Muslim law derived from the Koran, the hadith, and the processes of jurisprudence
shirk Polytheism; associating other deities or “partners” with Allah
shukr Thankfulness; it is one of the stations of the mystic
siqṭ Miscarried fetus
sunna (plur. sunan) The theory and practice of conventional Muslims, based on the Koran and the hadith
taʿbiyah ilāhīyah Divine fulfillment
tahlīl Exaltation (of God)
takbir To glorify, praise, to exclaim “allahu akhbdr”
ṭalāq Divorce; three “I divorce thee” utterances either at sepa
rate intervals or at one time for finalization
tawbah Repentance; the first station on the Sufi path
thayyib A woman who is deflowered or married; a divorcee or
thiqah A trustworthy transmittal
ṭuhr The days of a woman’s state of purity from the menstrual discharge
ulema (sing. alim) Scholars who are knowledgeable in Islamic beliefs and dogmas
ʿumrah Lesser pilgrimage to Mecca
ustad (sing. ad) Ascendants, fundamentals; also meaning roots, origins, principles
ʿutul One who has a harsh tongue and who is cruel toward his family
walīy Legal guardian; also refers to the believer as “friend of God”
witr A form of prayer, in which an odd number of prostrations is performed, after the night prayer
wuḍūʾ Limited ablution for or preparatory to prayer; see also ghusl
zindīq Freethinker; in the ninth and tenth centuries, the term was applied as a rule to the partisans of Zoroastrians and Manichaeans who were feared as rebels
zuhd Asceticism; a way of life which included renunciation of worldly things, fasting, prayer, studying the Koran, and similar religious observances and practices
ẓuhr Noon; time for the third daily prayer incumbent upon Muslims | <urn:uuid:27a7bb31-7411-4e04-aef3-5d946f748869> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ghazali.org/rrs-bk12-mfarh/ | 2023-10-04T19:12:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.96902 | 66,605 |
(...continued from the previous page)|
Especially one night I was home alone and the dogs were on the couch with me sleeping. I was playing on my phone watching a movie while my son was in his bouncie. All of a sudden it started to rock all by itself without him twitching or even budging.
Every once in a while I'll still feel like someone's watching me, and the dogs will start freaking out, but nothing like before with the doors and everything. Just hope after my second baby nothing
starts up again and I can put my son back in that room at night time.|
Submitted by Chelsey
Categories: phone, toys, baby, store, dogs
It was many years ago me and a friend were driving down on shady Lane and we getting ready to cross the small bridge in front of us that leads to the highway. The time was dusk time and cars had their lights on.
As we were heading towards the bridge some cars were coming our way and just as they were about to pass us there was this cloud of dust that passed in front of the cars coming towards us, and was coming our direction and inside that cloud of dust was the figure of a person passing in front of the cars as if walking across the bridge.
Me and my friend looked at each other and asked at the same time if the other had seen that too. It was an interresting experience. Another time after this was after I moved into a trailer in Evergreen I had only been there a short time and me and a friend of mine were sitting in my living room talking and my roommate was over at her house talking with her husband while we were sitting on the couch talking we heard my back door open and close so we figured my roommate was coming back.
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Submit a ghost sighting for Kalispell, Montana:
If this is a comment on an existing sighting please use the link named ''comment on this'' at the end of that sighting.
NEARBY GHOST PICTURES
Other haunted towns near Kalispell, Montana:
Somers, Montana, 7 miles away
Whitefish, Montana, 10 miles away
Columbia Falls, Montana, 10 miles away
Lakeside, Montana, 10 miles away
Hungry Horse, Montana, 18 miles away
Pablo, Montana, 30 miles away
Polson, Montana, 26 miles away
Bigfork, Montana, 27 miles away
Ronan, Montana, 33 miles away
Charlo, Montana, 39 miles away | <urn:uuid:2474eb70-3055-41dc-9a90-b33a40bf9dc9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ghostsofamerica.com/5/Montana_Kalispell_ghost_sightings6.html | 2023-10-04T20:14:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.982395 | 553 |
MY HOUSE ON ELBA
Viticcio, Island of Elba, 1978
House-as-self, but also as nature and the physical surroundings have wanted it to be. Like so many of the conceptual works realized previously, Pettena’s first “real” work of architecture, begun at this time but still in progress, is conditioned by its relationship with the physical context, the material and the working of space. The stones used, for example, are those of the retaining walls of the ancient and now abandoned rows of vines, or pebbles from the beach onto which the plot of land faces. And then the fences and canopies of canes, as well as all the little details and ideas of architecture that already existed in that context and have only found a manual expression in the organization of the small rituals of living. Pettena points out that “the important thing was to be there, spending time there and understanding what were the rules that nature or the preexistences already dictated.” So it was the relationship with the context, the sea and the Mediterranean maquis, that suggested how to proceed: everything that becomes conceptual structuring is at bottom a memory, a distant memory of distributive strategies of use of the “place.” Thus the house coincides in reality with the entire property, while the construction is just the block of services: the whole plot of land is specialized according to functions of use that do not have a traditional distributive structuring.
Over the years the house has undergone several transformations. A friend who lived in it recently described it as “a village”: in fact the house has progressively been defined as a sequence of spaces connected by routes, just like in a village. So it goes on growing almost like a primitive village, through intentions, successive organizations of spaces that define one another and are linked together. | <urn:uuid:6d3de69b-3a07-42de-b813-3e2c1adb4fb9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.giannipettena.it/italiano/opere-1/arch-my-house-on-elba-1978-12/ | 2023-10-04T19:43:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.963233 | 388 |
The Apartment and Rates
The Apartment Sleeps 4
Rates are for the apartment per night based on 2 persons sharing. The minimum booking is for 1 week, (7 nights). We are open to negotiation for longer term bookings of more than 21 nights, please do contact us with your requirements. Additional guests are charged at £25 per person per night. The Both Worlds complex is divided into two apartment areas. Our apartment is in the 'Retirement' side therefore it is not suitable for children. All guests must be at least 50 years or over. Please see our Terms and Conditions for full booking terms.
October to April excluding Christmas/New Year
May to September
Spacious fully Air Conditioned double bedroom
There is plenty of storage and, for those who prefer not to have the air conditioning on at night, a ceiling fan
The Lounge with SofaBed
Comfortable Modern Air Conditioned Lounge
Includes Smart satellite TV, DVD player, iphone/ipod charger/player/radio. The luxury leather sofa bed could not be simpler to use, just fold it out and you're ready for bed.
The Dining Area
Overlooking the beach
Enjoy your breakfast while watching a glorious sunrise. The views, peace and fresh air are amazing, just what you need for a relaxing holiday.
Compact but fully equipped
Includes all you would expect in a modern kitchen; oven, hob, microwave, fridge, extractor fan. There are plenty of utensils and kitchenware so if you want to whip up a romantic dinner everything is to hand.
Relatively spacious shower room
Includes heated towel rail, shaver point, large handbasin and illuminated makeup mirror. We have just upgraded the shower fittings, tray and door. | <urn:uuid:dfc6a2ad-4314-40f2-9137-a07c736771d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gibraltarbeachapartment.com/datesnrates | 2023-10-04T19:14:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.935358 | 401 |
Yep, we know you forgot. How? Because you’re reading this!
Well it’s not too late – you can get Dad a gift card. And it doesn’t have to be mailed; it can be e-mailed.
Amazon.com is a great place to get a gift card just because of the sheer amount of choice that Dad has to choose from. And you can also customize the design that he gets.
PS> Happy Father’s Day to all the dads out there! | <urn:uuid:13ba77b3-e119-4985-8436-34021cab1476> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gizmosforgeeks.com/tags/gift-cards | 2023-10-04T19:26:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.908091 | 109 |
Italian contractor Webuild, formerly known as Salini Impregilo, has won two transport contracts worth €2.3bn as part of two joint ventures.
One is a €1.1bn rail line that will run 23km from the southern end of the Brenner Base Tunnel between Fortezza and Ponte Gardena in northern Italy.
The project, developed by state-owned Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, aims to increase the capacity of the Verona-Fortezza section of the Munich-Verona line by 400%, and to increase the speed and performance on the route by adding underground interconnections.
Webuild owns 51% of this project, with Swiss construction firm Implenia holding the rest.
Also in northern Italy, a consortium led by Webuild and its Astaldi subsidiary has won a €1.3bn contract to add 33km to the Pedemontana-Lombarda highway. Webuild owns 70% of this project with contractor Pizzarotti holding the remainder.
Construction on the B2 highway section includes building 13km of road linking Lentate sul Seveso and Cesano Maderno; work on the C project involves a 20km connection between Cesano Maderno and Milan’s A51 eastern beltway.
This scheme is due to be completed before the 2026 Winter Olympics which will be held in Cortina and Milan.
Image: Cesano Maderno station (Arbalete/CC BY-SA 3.0) | <urn:uuid:8ea2b205-6f95-48a4-a1e4-b7f485cc21c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/webuild-wins-italian-road-and-rails-schemes-worth/ | 2023-10-04T19:11:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.940644 | 315 |
Wi-Fi networks have been misunderstood by much of the IT community since their inception. Even the reasons for this misunderstanding are kind of hard to understand. The result has been that myths about 802.11 (better known as Wi-Fi) networks have grown almost as fast as the technology itself. In this web seminar, we'll examine 11 common Wi-Fi myths and explore ways to use correct information to make your networks scalable, secure and satisfying for your users.
- Myth #1: If you leave your Wi-Fi adapter turned on, someone could easily hijack your notebook and take control of your computer.
- Myth #2: Even with 802.11i, you still need a VPN to provide enterprise-class security for a wireless network.
- Myth #3: Captive Portals are an effective way to prevent unauthorized users from accessing a network via Wi-Fi.
- Myth #4: Disabling the SSID broadcast will hide your wireless network from wardrivers and hackers.
- Myth #5: You need a wireless IDS to prevent rogue access points.
- Myth #6: A wireless IDS is unnecessary if other rogue AP prevention measures are in place.
- Myth #7: Assigning low Wi-Fi data rates is a good way to make sure that every station gets equal bandwidth.
- Myth #8: If channels 1, 6, and 11 are already being used, it's best to choose another channel somewhere in the middle.
- Myth #9: When an 802.11b station connects to an 802.11g network, the entire network is reduced to 802.11b speeds.
- Myth #10: If you need more Wi-Fi coverage, replace the antenna on your access point with one that has a higher gain.
- Myth #11: You can point two antennas in different directions to get more area covered with one access point.
- Question & Answer Session
Who Should Watch and Why?
- Administrators: network, systems, infrastructure, security, and LAN/WLANs
- Support professionals: technical assistance and field support
- Designers: network, systems, and infrastructure
- Developers: wireless software and hardware products
- Consultants and integrators: IT and security
- Decision makers: infrastructure managers, IT managers, security directors, chief security officers, and chief technology officers | <urn:uuid:29b990b0-5d0c-4268-ba5e-72b1488cbd24> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.globalknowledge.com/us-en/resources/resource-library/recorded-webinar/eleven-myths-about-80211-wi-fi-networks/ | 2023-10-04T19:37:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.907261 | 490 |
Giving away resources? Collecting experiences? Sitting in the dust? What is mission about? Particularly short trips from Australia?
A short while ago we had a long discussion at GMP about ‘Short Term Mission Trips’, as they were called. Some of us were uneasy about the name because it could suggest that:
- Mission is a short-term endeavor.
- That the Australians on the trip would do the mission to those they met.
With our emphasis at GMP on partnership, the suggestion of an uneven relationship just didn’t fit. Eventually we came up with ‘Partner Visits’. The emphasis here was that the team going was visiting a church or project where there were people who had equal standing with the team. Indeed, they were a group that the visitors were already in partnership with across the sea, even before the visit began, because they had been already talking and praying together. They were visiting people who they were in partnership with on God’s mission, the long-term project of reconciling all things to God in Jesus.
Maybe we were over sensitive about semantics – but better sensitive than sloppy.
As I travel to visit our partners I often see the impact of the way communities have been treated badly by visitors in the past. Visitors who did not see them as equals, visitors who took their land or other resources, drew country borders across their tribal boundaries and insisted that their way of doing things was superior. Sometimes the work of development is undoing the impact of these visits (many of which were not short term!). As we have said often in these articles, our helping must always begin, and major on, a relationship of respect – where we may come to help and contribute, but also expect to learn and gain in the process, trusting that our partner will do the same. That is a partnership.
If we go on a Partnership Visit we go expecting to deepen the relationship that we have in the gospel. We go expecting to meet someone who is seeking to follow Jesus just like we are, and who we can encourage and be encouraged by. We go to share the resources that God has given us and to learn new things. We go to help out with whatever part of God’s mission our friends are involved in at the moment. This is not a ‘short-term’ mission. God has been working on it since creation! Our role is not so much doing the mission, as joining our partners and God in God’s mission.
As Australians we have a bucket-load of cash and resources that we should be sharing with those in need and there are many new experiences amongst our partners that we can be enriched by, but these things need to stem from a posture of partnership, where we sit beside our neighbours in the dust together. | <urn:uuid:6d82642d-09a9-4794-8deb-7a96c61b8678> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gmp.org.au/news/2018-news/visiting-friends-and-doing-mission-at-the-same-tim | 2023-10-04T19:26:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.986719 | 576 |
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Fill up this 1-sec form to get a call from our student counsellors. We will hear you out, answer your queries, analyze what you need, and offer you solutions and best deals. | <urn:uuid:edeba1c9-23de-45a8-83ac-f6dde95a9f17> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.goassignmenthelp.com/uml-assignment-help/ | 2023-10-04T18:47:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.932392 | 439 |
Please help our hardworking Gymnasts attend the Virginia USAG Competition in May!These girls aged 7-18 dedicate their lives to gymnastics and commit to train up to 24 hours per week. These talented young girls sacrifice many things most children take for granted. They regularly miss family trips and birthday parties because they are 100% committed to their sport. To have this level of commitment at such a young age is rare and each and every girl deserves this fantastic opportunity.Unlike some sports, Gymnastics does not have the "˜big sponsors' who are able to plough large sums of money into the further development of the talent. All money comes from the girls fundraising efforts! Competition on the state level creates an incredible opportunity for developing talents to experience gymnastics, helping to motivate and hone their skills.This trip comes at a high cost so we are aiming to raise $3000 to cover the competition for each child - entry fees, transportation & hotel accommodations for each child and their coaches. All donations, no matter how small, will be a step towards making these girls dreams come true.The girls have been having a great season and we are so proud of all of them! We would appreciate any amount that you are able to pledge toward their trip! Let's all come together to help these amazing girls reach their goal! Thank you in advance for your support! | <urn:uuid:570b8bb8-accd-49b7-86bb-2af4a4a63c2f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gofundme.com/f/NVGA-GirlsTeam | 2023-10-04T21:20:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.96034 | 274 |
Every day you can watch the plastic being washed ashore along the East coast of Sal, Cabo Verde. So many fishing nets, too. Every day, empty plastic bottles, containers, bags, straws are picked up by the wind and spread everywhere in Santa Maria, over the whole island, along the beaches but the worst: into the sea!
While there is not much we can do here as individuals to stop the ocean from delivering plastic to our doorsteps, we are fully capable of tackling the plastic we see every day! And we are 100% willing to raise awareness among residents of this beautiful island by involving them in our actions.
We from Sal A Pente Fino organise annual beach clean ups to clean the entire island of Sal. In January 2021, we organised and launched the first edition of "Sal A Pente Fino": With 733 helpers in 40 groups, we collected trash from North to South of the island: We collected 39 tons of plastic! The second edition took place on September 18th 2021 with 553 participants in 39 zones we collected 46 tons of garbage!
In order to keep these intense logistical efforts up, we need financial aids: Transportation to very far away places, thousands of bin bags, community events and more cannot be done from nothing.
We need your help!
This is your part in tackling what we humans do to nature! Help us make this island clean again and move towards a sustainable way of living.
This is only the start of a long journey ahead of us - we are determined to tackle the plastic problem for good! If you are interested in what else we have planned, leave a comment. | <urn:uuid:1d9b470b-2f2f-446c-9011-68ee2a660bff> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gofundme.com/f/sal-a-pente-fino-cabo-verde-plastic-campaign?utm_campaign=p_cf+share-flow-1&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=customer | 2023-10-04T20:28:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.943647 | 336 |
By Angela M. Ward, Attorney
Parents with dependents have particular concerns when creating Last Wills and Testaments. They must assign a guardian, think about their child’s future expenses, and format inheritances to ensure the child gets the financial support they need when they need it.
Additionally, some parents want to create financial contingency plans in case they pass before their child reaches age eighteen. Other parents want to provide ongoing care for a special needs child or dependent.
For these parents, Trust Funds, Special Needs Trusts, and Minor Trusts offer practical advantages like protecting assets and controlling when and how assets are distributed. While many people assume that Trusts and Trust Funds are primarily utilized by the wealthy, they can be effective legal tools for parents at any income level.
Trust Funds as Estate Planning Tools
Sometimes parents want to ensure their children get their inheritances at the right time and that the funds are used in specific ways. In these cases, Trust Funds offer an Estate Planning tool that ensures assets are distributed according to the deceased’s wishes, on a schedule, and even contingent on activities or achievements.
Trust Funds can manage the distribution of all kinds of assets, including the proceeds from the sale of a home or vehicle, retirement savings such as 401(k)s and pensions, life insurance policies, and even personal property such as furniture, artwork, or heirlooms.
Trust Funds set rules for how and when assets are inherited. For example, if a person wants to ensure a child has the funds to cover college expenses, they might stipulate that certain funds can only be used for education. Other parents want to withhold some benefits until a child is old enough to manage them responsibly. In these cases, they might distribute certain assets or amounts at set intervals, such as at age eighteen, twenty-five, or thirty.
Trust Funds are one of the most flexible Estate Planning tools, allowing grantors to include a range of assets in a fund and distribute those assets in particular ways, at intervals, with conditions attached.
Minor Trusts are similar to Trust Funds. Parents primarily use them to protect a beneficiary’s financial interests until they become adults. This type of Trust can hold and distribute property or assets to minors under eighteen, safeguarding the funds from mismanagement by the children, their family, or their guardians.
Minor Trusts usually include guidelines for guardians. For example, they may approve funds for the use of food, clothing, and education but restrict spending on vehicles or vacations. These legal tools are designed to prohibit guardians from spending the child’s inheritance in unintended ways.
Because a Minor Trust is created to protect a child’s interest, it’s essential to specify the terms, including acceptable uses of the funds, a percentage to compensate the guardian for their duties, and the process for requesting funds from the Trust in exceptional circumstances.
Special Needs Trusts
Families with special needs dependents face unique challenges. If both of the parents pass, that dependent may need a guardian who can provide lifelong care. Additionally, parents may want to ensure that federal aid, such as Supplemental Security Income and Medicaid benefits, continues.
In these situations, creating a Special Needs Trust allows caregivers to hold bequests and assets in the Trust, allowing a trustee to spend the money on the dependent’s behalf. However, since the inheritance goes to a Trust instead of an individual, it is not considered income and will not jeopardize state or federal benefits contingent on a limited income.
Trust and Estate Planning Attorneys
A solid Estate Plan is vital to protect your assets and ensure your dependents are cared for when you are no longer around. One crucial element of Estate Planning is setting up a Trust. The Law Offices of Going and Plank in downtown Lancaster have extensive experience creating, reviewing, revising, and administering Wills, Trusts, and estates. Contact us today to talk about your Will, Trust, and Estate needs.
Want to learn more about Wills, Trusts, and Estate Planning? Check out these articles. | <urn:uuid:e444ba3d-8593-4130-b37d-7ae7d4be873b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.goingandplank.com/trusts-for-family-estate-planning/ | 2023-10-04T20:51:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.939451 | 839 |
SwifDoo PDF Review – Most Powerful Free PDF Software 2023
SwifDoo is a perfectly integrated all-purpose PDF software that allows streaming various functionality. Now, you have access to create, compress, merge, sign, and convert in just a click. Provides a great user experience no matter what you require to perform, whether it be typos correction, removing content, crop images, or inserting links, pages, or images as well. Such a fast, accessible PDF software, i.e. easy to use just like MS Word or Office.
SwifDoo is the top-rated audience choice and secures an esteemed position with its fast-friendly features. Suitable for beginners and professionals too. Multi-device responsiveness enables smooth functioning on Windows, Android, and IOS too.
Table Of Content
- Core Features
- Additional Features of this free pdf tool that
- Reasons for Opting SwifDoo (PDF Software)
- Pricing and Customer Support
- SwifDoo PDF Hardware and System Requirements
Create PDF Files
Swifdoo provides you highly customizable pdf creator for free, and You can easily create a pdf and maintain the pdf layout, fonts and formatting. And these pdf are highly responsive and compatible with any device like Android mobile, Windows laptop or Mac.
- Let users modify the PDF text’s style, colour, and font.
- Integrated with OCR feature assist in recognizing the text easily.
- Allow crop PDF pages either manually by selecting or custom margin.
- Add image and link to PDF files while adjusting the transparency.
- You can add market or use a calligraphy pen on your pdf to hide or wipe our sensitive information like pass, email id, logo or any kind of branding which you don’t want to disclose.
- Add your own custom watermark on pdf or you can choose by default set format from the library. You can also upload your own website logo and blur on background.
- Enable users to convert PDF into MS Office documents, including Word, Excel, and Powerpoint.
- Let users convert PDF to various image formats such as JPG, PNG, BMP, and TIF.
- Allow accommodating multiple files to form a batch and execute conversion at once.
- Here, PDF to CAD files also can be converted.
- Enable compressing files into smaller sizes without messing up the file’s quality.
- Compress PDF files focuses only on statistical redundancy and won’t let you lose any data available thereon.
- Such compressed files boost the transfer speed.
- Compressed files capture a little more storage than the original one.
PDF Merger and Splitter
- Provides accessibility of merging and splitting the PDF files simply in a few clicks.
- Let users merge different PDF files in one and also enable adding pages to it.
- Allow users to split the PDF file into multiple PDF files to reduce the confusion.
- It is a Free E-signature software which lets users configure the electronic signature in three different styles.
- Add E-signature as image uploading, the next option is for typing the registered signature, and the last alternative is for handwritten signature with the mouse.
Additional Features of this free pdf tool that we thought to discuss in the SwifDoo PDF review
- Comprising a variety of annotating tools, let you highlight, shape, note, and stamp in the PDF document that remains visible everywhere.
- Let users start a conversation between reviewers and recipients. Enable replying to others’ annotations and select the criteria of your status reply.
- Allow users to create and add multiple stamps to PDF that will indicate the status of such files.
- Provide protection to your confidential files.
- User passwords will restrict access to the reserved files, and permission passwords will confine users from accessing features like annotating, editing, and printing.
Reasons for Opting SwifDoo (PDF Software)
- It saves a lot of time converting PDF documents to MS Office files and vice versa.
- Quickly accessible PDF document.
- It takes a little space, up to 10 MB and provides a faster download.
- We are availing robust password protection with a two-layer and an electronic signature.
Pricing and Customer Support
This feature-enriched PDF Software comes with different pricing plans such as Monthly Subscription, Annual Subscription, and Perpetual License.
The Monthly Subscription allows one end-device per plan that will access all SwifDoo PDF features for one month. Enable switching unlimited devices with a free update and tech support. – $8/1st month
The Annual Subscription allows two end devices per plan along with accessing swifDoo PDF features. Here you also get unlimited device switches per plan and free upgrade and tech support advantage – $41.4/1st Year.
The Perpetual License poses a little more beneficial as it contains lifetime validity. Enable two end devices per plan with all SwifDoo PDF features. Unlimited device switches, free upgrade, and premium tech support. – $119/Perpetual
It is encrypted with advanced SSL that provides confidential and financial data privacy. SwifDoo promises excellent customer support managed by the well-respondent team that contacts via email within one day. And also offer a money-back guarantee within 30 days if you are unhappy with the product.
SwifDoo PDF Hardware and System Requirements
- It works perfectly on Windows 10, 8, 11 XP and Windows 7 and supports 32 & 64-bit machines.
- You have a minimum requirement of a 1 GHz processor
- Software needs only 150MB hard disk size
- And for smooth function of pdf tool, we need 1 GB RAM.
Negative Point of SwifDoo PDF
- Software Is in Initial Stage of Development So we don’t recommend buying this tool if you are looking SwifDoo PDF alternative then you should buy Adobe Acrobat Reader.
- Support team don’t respond to email after Purchase.
- Highly unstable with Crashing Issue on many version of Windows
Before startS writing this SwifDoo PDF review, we installed it on our windows and found Swifdoo has developed a mind-blowing Free PDF Software to merge, create, edit, compress, sign and convert pdf tools. In our SwifDoo PDF review we don’t recommend spending money on unstable buggy software. | <urn:uuid:7cf1eb01-5bb7-41f8-b41f-b8eeefee6b1c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gomahamaya.com/swifdoo-pdf-review/ | 2023-10-04T19:39:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.84974 | 1,377 |
What happens when you take a social risk?
Simple truth, we’re all wired for a certain level of human interaction. Some of us cannot get enough of other people. We’ll walk up to anyone, introduce ourselves, enter conversations and engage with just about anyone, even total strangers. It’s a bit like each new human is a gift box and you just cannot wait to unwrap it. There is no fear, only excitement.
Others, though (and that’d be me), take a more cautious and sometimes even a more fearful approach to moving into social scenarios. We take our time, we wait to be invited, we contribute only once we feel completely at ease and confident what we share will land well. This “social conservatism” can serve you well. It can keep you safe from rejection or confrontation. But, it can also be a huge disservice. It can isolate you and remove you from stunning opportunities for connection, growth and adventure
This is what we’re talking about on today’s Good Life Project Riff, along with a simple story about a moment where taking a social risk changed everything.
+++THIS WEEK’S PODCAST IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY+++
Today’s episode is sponsored by Camp GLP, the ultimate summer-camp for entrepreneurs, makers and world-shakers! | <urn:uuid:cef6cdb6-6071-41b4-a0d5-85b3ae36fcad> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.goodlifeproject.com/podcast/social-risk/ | 2023-10-04T20:24:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.908882 | 286 |
Marine Big Five Set / 5 Figures
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South African Marine Big Five Set (5 Wooden Figures)
Our wooden South African marine big five set consists of 5 wooden figures that are lovingly handcrafted from solid wood.
- Smooth and splinter free. For the wood used click here.
- We use child-safe paints and a child-safe finish (Danish oil)
- Rounded, splinter free edges
- Semi-transparent stains complement the natural wood grain
The following pieces are included in the Pacific Ocean Set:
- Southern right whale
- Great white shark
- Brown fur seal
- African penguin
- Bottlenose dolphin
Sizing: The largest figure in this set is the southern right whale at 27x8cm, and the smallest is the penguin at 5x6cm. For individual animal sizing please refer to the individual product pages.
For more information about our wooden figures please read our care guide.
|Dimensions||26 × 23 × 6 cm| | <urn:uuid:52bb328b-c1fb-4238-b491-f67d0d3266e8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.goodshepherdtoys.com/product/marine-big-five-set-5-figures/ | 2023-10-04T20:13:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.846904 | 237 |
How many years do most gorillas live for?
Gorillas living in the wild on average live to see a couple of decades but for the time that we have known the gorillas, we have never heard of any one of them living to make a century. Gorillas begin to age at the age of 35 years with some of them losing teeth while others attain reduced mobility. If the aging gorilla is the alpha silverback, the group might think about electing a new leader for the family. But on average gorilla begin to bid farewell to life between 40 and 50 years although we have heard a few cases of gorillas reaching the age of fifty five (55) years.
Something interesting about the gorillas is that when a member in the family begins to show signs of old age, they will communally assist him in mobility and will offer him a bit more time to enjoy is meals because chewing is often difficult with less teeth in the mouth. | <urn:uuid:63c4b9e6-8af4-4417-9c98-2a3765d00cfe> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gorillasafaris-tours.com/gorilla-facts/how-many-years-do-most-gorillas-live-for/ | 2023-10-04T19:57:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.977951 | 191 |
What is Call Barging?
Call Barging is a phone feature that allows you to join in on an existing phone call, usually to assist in answering questions, clearing up information, or closing a sale. In barge mode, both the customer and the agent can hear you, creating a three-way conversation. Barge is one of three possible call-monitoring modes (see Spy and Whisper for the other two).
Speak to an expert, get more information.
The GoTo brand offers the most validated and trusted software products in the communications and collaboration space. Find out what GoTo can do for you. | <urn:uuid:df8ff584-b47a-4e19-b848-c6057f92a53d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.goto.com/resources/glossary/barge-aka-call-barge-queue-call-barge | 2023-10-04T18:49:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.9149 | 134 |
Are You An Angel Or A Devil?
This quiz is just a quiz. If you don't get the result you want, please don't be upset. It's just a quiz. Please keep that in mind when you take this quiz.
Thank you for choosing to take this quiz. Again. Please keep in mind that this is just a quiz. Please don't be upset if you don't get the result you want. Other than that, happy quiz taking! | <urn:uuid:32b6be28-a67a-416e-a1b2-56a12af3ee9b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gotoquiz.com/are_you_an_angel_or_a_devil_7 | 2023-10-04T21:05:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.944379 | 95 |
The National Merit Scholarship program is headed by the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC). The sponsors include Colleges and universities, Corporate and business organizations, The National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) itself. The University awarded $144 million to undergraduate students in 2016-17, and approximately 45% of undergraduates received a Northwestern University Scholarship.
Eligibility Criteria/ Scholarship Guidelines
To be examined for a Northwestern University sponsored National Merit Scholarship, students must be National Merit Finalists, list Northwestern University as his/her first choice school by the NMSC published deadline and must not be preferred by another sponsor.
Students cannot secure more than one type of National Merit award. Students designated for any corporate National Merit award or a direct NMSC award will not be examined for a Northwestern University sponsored National Merit award. Students must meet all National Merit deadlines in order to be considered for the scholarship. Students must be enrolled full-time to hold National Merit eligibility. | <urn:uuid:5ceba0ea-9442-4c4e-8c26-4efd5993adf3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gotouniversity.com/offers/universities-and-colleges/scholarship/global/northwestern-university/northwestern-university-national-merit-scholarship | 2023-10-04T18:58:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.93678 | 205 |
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UK Visas and Immigration guidance for staff which tells criminal investigators in Immigration Enforcement Criminal and Financial Investigation (CFI) teams about section 55 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 and how it affects immigration officers.
We are aware this publication may have accessibility issues. We are reviewing it so that we can fix these. | <urn:uuid:038f80c8-dc1c-42b7-9522-5006b532d961> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/powers-of-an-immigration-officer | 2023-10-04T20:56:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.872004 | 147 |
Georgia-Pacific Cedar Spectrum Round Cut Siding
Features & Benefits
- The unique look of Cedar Spectrum Round Cut Siding is created using a proprietary process to replicate the look of fish-scale style siding.
- The realistic grain is embossed on all edges for a true wood look.
- High quality UV protectants keep the finish looking like freshly painted wood.
- Backed by a Limited Lifetime Transferable Warranty for your peace of mind.
- Georgia-Pacific Vinyl Siding is made from the highest quality raw materials
- Patented, proprietary technology delivers superior durability and performance
- Products go through a rigorous 35-point checklist to make sure that they meet exacting quality standards
- Once manufactured, our products are tested by an accredited, third-party quality control agency to ensure that they meet or exceed the industry standard under ASTM D7254 for performance | <urn:uuid:1b8cdc46-28c1-4808-9426-0ae2ba3643fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gpvinylsiding.com/siding/georgia-pacific-vinyl-siding/georgia-pacific-cedar-spectrum-round-cut-siding/ | 2023-10-04T20:40:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.910283 | 180 |
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Saint Saturnin les Apt, FRANCE
Located between fields and valleys, this charming property is ideal for organising holidays with friends or family, and events (wedding, baptism, communion, wedding anniversary, etc.)
Recently converted 16th chateau with large heated pool and tennis court, located in the countryside close to Eygalieres in South of France.... a perfect rental for a family or friends holiday or a celebration.
Isle sur la Sorgue - Provence, FRANCE
In a wooded park of 2 hectares and on the edge of the river Sorgue, this property with lots of character will enchant you as soon as you arrive, a real haven of tranquility, grandeur, and voluptuousness.
Murs - Provence, FRANCE
Magnificent Farmhouse with swimming pool, acres of unspoilt farmland with olive trees and lavender fields. Incredible views over the Luberon Valley. A perfect place for a calm and reinvigorating holiday with family and friends.
Bonnieux - Provence, FRANCE
Wonderfully converted, this manor house, located in the countryside close to Bonnieux and in the middle of vineyards, has charm and originality with its feature dating from the 14th century. A perfect place for a holiday.
Maussane-les-Alpilles - Provence, FRANCE
Luxuriously converted 15th century manor house with pool, located on the outskirts of Maussane-les-Alpilles, close to St Remy-de-Provence. This luxury villa rental is particularly suited for a private holiday and for golf lovers.
Ménerbes - Provence, FRANCE
Luxury bastide with large swimming pool and grounds, located in the countryside close to the village of Menerbes in Provence. You will appreciate this villa rental for its views of the Luberon hills and its high quality settings.
Joucas - Provence, FRANCE
Luxurious villa with heated pool, owned by an exclusive 5-star hotel, located on the outskirts of the pretty village of Joucas. A perfect luxury villa rental, enjoying the best of both worlds... .
Maussane les Alpilles, FRANCE
Located in an exceptional setting, off the « route de Destet » which joins Maussane les Alpilles to Eygalières, and in breathtaking nature, this beautifully restored farmhouse will immediately enchant you with its views of the surrounding countryside. | <urn:uuid:9a524487-3829-42c6-a63d-a6df787d99d9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.grandpropertiescollection.com/properties?events=121 | 2023-10-04T20:16:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.916525 | 548 |
Recipe for Greek Style Apricot Ice Cream
Comments Off on Recipe for Greek Style Apricot Ice Cream
Apricots grow in abundance throughout mainland Greece and also the islands. When they’re in season, dishes like this homemade apricot ice cream are commonly prepared.
Greek Style Apricot Ice Cream (Verikoka Pagota Aromatika Recipe Ingredients:
- 2 pounds ripe apricots
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1/2 cup Greek honey
- 3 eggs, separated
- 2/3 cup heavy cream
- 2 tablespoons Greek brandy, Samos liqueur, or other apricot liqueur
How to Make Greek Style Apricot Ice Cream:
Bring a large pot of water to a boil over medium high heat. When the water boils, drop the apricots in. Let them cook for about 15 seconds and then drain them into a colander. Save the cooking liquid.
Run cold water over the apricots so they can stop cooking. Peel the apricots using a paring knife and remove the pits.
Place the apricot flesh in a food processor and pulse until smooth. Pulse in the vanilla and the honey. If you think the mixture needs to be thinned out a bit (it should be the texture of heavy cream) pulse in some of the cooking liquid.
Remove 1 cup of the puree and place it in a glass bowl. Cover the bowl and place it in the refrigerator.
Whisk the egg egg yolks together until they become pale. Slowly whisk in the remaining apricot puree.
Place the mixture into a heavy saucepan and set the heat to low. Stir constantly so the mixture doesn’t stick. Cook for about five minutes. Slowly add the heavy cream and keep stirring until a thick, custard texture forms.
Transfer the custard mixture to an ice cream machine and follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Whisk the egg whites until stiff peaks form. When the ice cream mixture is almost frozen, fold in the egg white and puree mixture.
Stir the liqueur into the cold puree. Stir into the ice cream mixture. Let the ice cream mixture freeze all the way through before serving.
This post was written by Greek Boston | <urn:uuid:3bcd9cc8-d272-4dba-8bd7-ad42c7dbfdb8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.greekboston.com/food/apricot-ice-cream-recipe/ | 2023-10-04T20:02:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.874761 | 474 |
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Mouse Point and Click Horror Game
Defend the city from a ninja invasion!
Just point and click to try to get the milk and cookies!
A classic card game
Sort of like a screen saver. | <urn:uuid:7fedcc26-98c5-4bb3-af02-229db010e95b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.greenfoot.org/tags/point?sort_by=weighted_popularity | 2023-10-04T20:53:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.803559 | 61 |
Dr Paula Sanchez, who is running for Socialist Alliance in the NSW Senate, called on the public to back the nurses’ strike on February 15.
“Nurses and midwives have been the backbone of caring for the sick and dying during this pandemic, and they are burnt out,” Sanchez, a lecturer at the School of Nursing and Midwifery at the Western Sydney University, told Green Left.
NSW Nurse and Midwives branches have overwhelmingly endorsed the strike which is demanding safe nurse-to-patient ratios; a fair pay rise above 2.5% and a COVID-19 allowance; and to withdraw an amendment to the Workers’ Compensation Act that would force workers to prove they contracted COVID-19 at work.
“The system is in crisis, because the government has not allocated the funds to ensure it works well. For years, nurses have been demanding the NSW government increase staffing to address chronic problems. They had to work through the pandemic with these chronic problems and now they are saying ‘enough is enough’.
“Nurses are the health professionals the government needs to listen to. We cannot support a profits-before-lives approach – which is Dominic Perrottet’s mantra.”
Sanchez has more than 20 years of clinical nursing, 17 years of teaching and 10 years of research work. Her doctorate work relates to making oral health accessible to people with heart disease. She strongly believes in universal health care and that a good quality public health system must be accessible to all.
[Find out more about the Socialist Alliance here.] | <urn:uuid:2be3071a-91c2-4b59-ace8-86e1a9b16ede> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/socialist-candidate-calls-support-nsw-nurses-strike | 2023-10-04T19:48:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.968825 | 332 |
Right-wing candidate Juan Manuel Santos won the second round of the Colombian presidential elections on June 20. This re-affirms Colombia’s position as the US’s chief proxy in the region, playing a similar role to that of Israel in the Middle East.
Santos won 69% of the run-off election against Green Party presidential candidate and former Bogota mayor Antanas Mockus. However, IPS said on June 21 that, with just 45% of registered voters taking part in the poll, Santos won with a mere 30% of potential votes.
The left-wing Alternative Democratic Pole (PDA) won 1.3 million votes (9%) in the first round. However, IPS said Mockus refused to negotiate for PDA support, and the PDA refused to call for a vote for either candidate in the run-off.
Allies of Santos will also control 80% of the Congress.
Colombia is a deeply unequal society. Less than 1% of Colombians own more than half of the Andean nation’s fertile farmland. Other statistical indicators paint a similar picture of a grossly unequal society.
A quarter of Colombia’s 44 million people live on less than US$1 a day in a country possessing abundant natural resources.
Little has changed since the era of Spanish colonialism — the new imperial master in Washington has worked to ensure it. Little wonder that faith in the ballot box has collapsed and voter turnouts are regularly below 50%.
Santos’ win was hailed by the corporate media — the June 22 Australian called it a “ringing endorsement” of “US-backed security policies”. But his victory was the manipulated outcome of a nominally democratic electoral process. It occurred against a backdrop of decades of systematic repression against all forms of opposition to the power of the oligarchy.
Colombia, which receives the world’s third-largest share of US military aid, is waging a decades-long terror campaign against its impoverished people.
In 1948, US president Harry Truman’s administration declared war on Latin American “communism” at the 9th Pan-American Conference in the Colombian capital of Bogota. The event coincided with the mysterious assassination of the populist land-reforming presidential candidate Jorge Gaitan.
Since then, the Colombian state has done Washington’s bidding by responding to internal dissent with exceptional violence.
Whether or not the CIA was involved in Gaitan’s murder, the US took advantage of the ensuing unrest to lend unconditional financial, military and propaganda support to the traditional conservative interests contesting for control of the state against more liberal sectors.
The conservatives came from the white elite, openly admired Franco’s fascist dictatorship in Spain and subscribed to a Colombian racist ideology known as “hispanidad”.
With US backing, the campaign of targeted murder was applied with indiscriminate vigour. It resulted in the collapse of “legitimate” liberal opposition and the rise of left-wing guerrilla groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN).
In response, the Colombian military created paramilitary organisations such as the United Self Defence Forces of Colombia(AUC) to carry out large-scale atrocities against civilian targets deemed sympathetic to the rebels.
Foreign corporations worked closely with the paramilitaries, who massacred peasants and indigenous groups by the tens of thousands, clearing huge swathes of Colombian territory for resource extraction and agribusiness activity.
The US has sent military advisers to fight alongside the Colombian military and conducted aerial fumigation campaigns against peasant populations in regions where resistance was strongest.
The “war on drugs” has provided the pretext for this chemical warfare.
Santos’ has played a key role in the repression, serving as outgoing President Alvaro Uribe’s defence minister. Santos prosecution of the war on the FARC extended to bombing Ecuadorian territory in 2008, bringing the region close to war.
Santos also presided over attacks on trade unionists, radical clergy, dissident journalists, peasants, peace activists, indigenous groups and Afro-Colombians. He cynically pointed to a lower civilian death rate (which still numbers in the thousands annually) during his time in office as a sign of progress.
The Santos family are a powerful and wealthy dynasty in Colombia. Juan Manuel Santos, now 58, was educated in elite Colombian and overseas institutions.
He is committed to expanding the network of US military bases in Colombia, partly to threaten the social gains won by the Venezuelan revolution next door.
He is also committed to increasing the scale and scope of multinationals’ exploitation of Colombia’s resources.
“Santos won’t change the rules of the game”, the chief economist of an elite Bogota brokerage told Bloomberg on June 21. “This win is a positive signal for investors who have their sights on Colombia.”
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in Bogata on the eve of Santos’ win: “Colombia is a valued partner and we hope to be able to deepen and amplify our alliance.”
Mockus’ campaign was smothered from the outset by the hostility of corporate media (such as the daily newspaper El Tiempo, majority owned from the early 1900s until 2007 by the Santos family).
That a candidate who promised to support Ecuador’s bid to extradite Uribe still managed to garner a fifth of the national vote, combined with the 1.3 million votes for the PDA, is a testament to the desire of many in Colombia to seek an alternative to endless repression.
Two decades may have passed since the official end of the Cold War, but Washington’s anti-democratic crusade is still raging in Latin America. Self-perpetuating oligarchies allied to the multinational corporate “investment community” are trying to contain the rise of popular social movements seeking a more equitable division of land and resources.
Washington’s strategy for a region with the most inequitable income disparities in the world is containment of democratic socialist movements today, with the aim of rolling them back tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:3bd690a1-b4dd-4906-ae32-d625a2f29a09> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/49457 | 2023-10-04T20:45:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.947034 | 1,286 |
There are a ton of pros to cheerleading squads that other athletics only you should not delight in. I guess that goes without the need of stating, specifically in superior-college, but I would submit to you that the same applies for these in higher education – enable me describe and give you a real existence instance listed here if I may well.
About the many years, I’ve participated and planned a lot of car or truck wash fundraisers. It begun in Superior University as I was the president of a lot of clubs on campus and Senior Class President also. 1 factor we often necessary much more of in our golf equipment and businesses was cash – there was hardly ever plenty of for our unquenchable thirst for grandiose events. In individuals days I experienced a enterprise washing cars, boats and aircraft, cell car washing and we applied the equipment to thoroughly clean cars and trucks at these fundraisers. Sooner or later, we got actually very good at arranging them and building a decent amount of revenue.
Nevertheless, we could under no circumstances make as considerably as the cheerleading squad for evident factors. To start with, they could out market us 3:1 in pre-sale vehicle clean fundraising tickets and during the working day of the function they’d pull autos off the street in droves with a simple indicator “Cheerleader Car or truck Clean” and a few of ladies on the corner in bathing satisfies. Hey, that’s just not honest, but which is everyday living. Certainly, a definite advantage without a doubt. Useless to say, if you are a cheerleader mum or dad or scholar advisor and your squad needs revenue – a fundraiser of this type is fairly easy to maintain and very apropos for the summer months.
The other working day, I was speaking to a mother at Starbucks who experienced a daughter who created the cheerleading squad in high faculty for the following calendar 12 months. Her sister was a cheerleader a number of decades back again at that exact faculty and the mom remembered how expensive it was for cheerleader camp, competitions, uniforms, and journey expenditures, and the mom truly failed to want to go via that one particular again, nor did she want to be assigned obligation at “yet another damn bake sale” I assume were her correct words and phrases. I explained the car or truck wash fundraising approach and how they could do pre-sale tickets, and use a busy corner to host the endeavor.
She did keep in mind executing at the very least one particular fundraiser of that form a handful of several years back again and imagined it was entertaining, but said she remembered obtaining sunburn, and I stated with suitable arranging no one particular has to get burned and her daughter’s squad could make the cash they so desperately wanted. Please look at all this and feel on it. | <urn:uuid:a1f07349-e56d-4858-8362-3b861e2b9df5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.greyblocker24.com/2022/08/16/cheerleader-groups-always-do-properly-with-a-vehicle-wash-fundraiser/ | 2023-10-04T19:16:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.973833 | 579 |
Your Choice. Your Mix
Your Grohe Bathroom
Choose your bathroom that perfectly matches in form and function.
More than ever, the home is the center of life, a safe haven where people can forget the world around them.
Are you seeking for a new center of life? Or are you searching for an integrated bathroom concept that goes hand in hand with personal needs and individual style?
Then find the curated GROHE bathroom concept here. With Perfect Match, we offer product combinations that fit 100% in form and function. The faucet design matches the ceramic shape, the form of the shower system and even the accessories are complementing the harmony. All from a single source. It has never been easier to create a dream bathroom.
“In recent times, we have been spending more time at home. As a result, home is increasingly becoming an extension of who we are. Overall well-being is coming into focus and bath rituals are now more than ever considered an essential retreat.”
Gudy Herder, international trend consultant at Eclectic Trends.
PERFECT MATCH: GROHE Plus – Slick Minimalist Styling
GROHE Plus is a design that takes its inspiration from the arc, a shape that offers both strength and lightness. By merging the curves of a circle and the crisp, clean lines of a cube, GROHE Plus creates an exciting, architectural silhouette, making it possible to combine the faucet with both, round and square shapes.
PERFECT MATCH: GROHE Essence – Organic Elegance
Thanks to its gently organic forms, its slender profiles and natural lines GROHE Essence bathrooms create a calming scheme that is timeless in its elegance. Perfect for those who understand the bathroom as a place of relaxation and contemplation.
PERFECT MATCH: GROHE Eurocube – Contemporary Cubist Style
For lovers of cutting-edge, clean design, looking for a truly distinctive look for their bathroom, GROHE developped the Eurocube collection. Combined with the strong, minimalist lines of the GROHE Cube Ceramic, it creates a cool and contemporary bathroom atmosphere.
PERFECT MATCH: GROHE Lineare - Sensual Minimalism
Experience Lineare, which is the perfet match for round and square designs. The cosmopolitan aesthetic of Lineare is minimal yet highly inviting. In keeping with the concept of minimalism, Lineare has been reduced to only the necessary elements to achieve the thinnest possible appearance. Within thin proportions and pure compositions of both round and square forms, Lineare offers ultimate flexibility when it comes to bathroom design choices. | <urn:uuid:f57dc51a-6136-44dc-aecf-2b036b9e48bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.grohe-mena.com/en_cy/for-your-bathroom/perfect-match/showrooms/ | 2023-10-04T20:35:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.918509 | 548 |
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Behind the Brand
Hey you, thanks for stopping by! I'm so glad you’re here! My names Courtney. I'm a mama to 4 littles; Isabella, Amelia and twins Leo and Tate, the inspiration behind my small shop. None of this would be possible without my husband Beau's support and assistance everyday.
I design every graphic piece you see in our shop. Each item is printed with love in our home in Niagara, Ontario, Canada and shipped to individuals around the world!
I also carefully choose our curated fashion pieces to provide a one-stop shop for all your apparel needs.
Your support in any capacity means the world to my family and I! | <urn:uuid:95d16a2d-3eef-4923-a639-f351d21945d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.groveandco.ca/ | 2023-10-04T18:47:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.940721 | 169 |
2004 | Case No. OB23 | Length 3 pgs.
The director of personnel for a small technical research and development facility calls you in as a consultant. Five years earlier he had forced an affirmative action hire of a woman biophysicist who had not worked out well and was resented by the rest of the professional staff, all white males. Now, because of compliance pressure, he is considering an application from a woman biochemist, but the professional staff is resisting.
This material is available for download by current Stanford GSB students, faculty, and staff, as well as Stanford GSB alumni. For inquires, contact the Case Writing Office.
Available for Purchase | <urn:uuid:f12980ba-056e-4f81-86c7-7df5ea2fe9b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/karen-jones | 2023-10-04T20:47:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.968254 | 142 |
Not a bad skin - New shirt v22 for GTA Vice City. Make your game more interesting by downloading this beautiful skin for it! No bugs and bugs. Enjoy the download.
- Model of excellent quality;
-Excellent quality textures;
- Movable skeleton;
- Movable hands;
- There are no bugs;
- Looks good in the game world.
You can download free modification New shirt v22 for GTA Vice City by clicking on the links below, and you can install it in the game both with the help of an automatic installer and manually.
|Skin type||Humans and humanoids| | <urn:uuid:1bbf6fd6-b3bc-4f83-bcad-5c35d30ed93e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gtaall.com/gta-vice-city/skins/196743-new-shirt-v22.html | 2023-10-04T21:02:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.836933 | 151 |
Ibanez RG321MH is an RG series electric guitar which features a hard-tail bridge with strings through body.Buy it second handed and you will get an amazing guitar for it’s price. Playability is super, the neck is straight, quick and strong thanks to the 3-piece building technology by Ibanez.The guitar has a mahogany body and two humbucker pickups. The bridge and the neck construction varies depending the model year.
Delivers what it promises. The acoustic sound is good, thanks to the strings-through-body build.However the pickups aren’t that great when it comes to sound, but they are playable. Buy a pair of Seymour Duncans or DiMarzio pickups and you’ll be satisfied for a long time.
The guitar is built in Indonesia(Expect 2004 models, which are made in Korea), and it isn’t flawless. However the neck is straight and jumbo frets don’t seem to wear off very quickly.Electronics are still working but you may want to change the potentiometers since they tend to make a noise after a year of use. | <urn:uuid:5e9065a6-b506-4030-aed8-bb094c020725> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.guitarstuff.net/review/electric-guitars/ibanez-rg321mh | 2023-10-04T20:00:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.962271 | 240 |
MOON CAFE (Ken’s Kitchen)
KINGSWAY EAST VANCOUVER
HONG KONG STYLE
Moon Cafe is OPEN on Kingsway in Vancouver! This restaurant was called Ken’s Kitchen for many years but the business now has a new owner, new name, and new look. They specialize in Hong Kong Style Cantonese cuisine, with All Day Dim Sum! DEBIT ACCEPTED!
Moon Cafe has the same chefs and servers from Ken’s Kitchen. They’ve worked here for many years. The restaurant is open 9AM – 9PM and has family style dining. The Chef Specialties are apparently favorites of long time customers.
Breakfast is served 9AM – 11AM ONLY
Choose a main, a side, and a drink.
Breakfast Combos Page 1 $7.99 – $13.99
Breakfast Combos Page 2 $7.50-$14.99
Lunch Combo Menu $18.99-$21.99
Choose 2 or 3 Items.
Includes Soup, Rice or Spaghetti, Hot Drinks, Cold Drink +$1
Sirloin, Rib Eye, Salmon, Lamb, Ox Tongue +$3
All Day Dim Sum $5.95 – $8.50
Breakfast Menu Combo D+E $7.99
Chicken Omelet and Toast with Hot Yuenyeung (Milk Tea Coffee)
Shui Mai $6.95
Breakfast Menu Combo A+B+E $11.99
Ham and Eggs with Garlic toast
Beef Brisket Rice Noodle Soup
Hot Yuenyeung (Milk Tea Coffee)
Clean modern bathroom at Moon Cafe!
$$ FAIR PRICE. AFFORDABLE. Some menu items like the Lunch Combo are more expensive than BT Cafe, and i-Cafe.
GOOD! Food was hot and cooked upon order. Breakfast portion size similar to other restaurants. Dim Sum portion was small compared to a restaurant like Western Lake.
GOOD! Friendly! One of the servers named Cora works in the morning. The servers and cooks have been working here for more than 10 years!
Overall, SATISFIED. Moon Cafe is a good place to satisfy your dim sum and HK style cravings with large menu, free parking, and they take DEBIT.
DEBIT ACCEPTED! YES DEBIT!
1097 Kingsway, Vancouver, BC V5V 3C7 | <urn:uuid:935c56e8-b50a-4104-b96e-40a6443a5eb1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gutom.ca/2021/01/moon-cafe-authentic-hong-kong-style-restaurant-kingsway-formerly-kens-kitchen-vancouver-food-and-travel-guide-gutom-ca.html | 2023-10-04T19:04:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.88026 | 554 |
Greg Dyer is from Upstate New York where he was raised on a dairy farm and learned that hard work and dedication are important to success. He used this work ethic and joined the US Air Force where he became a Staff Sergeant and Security Forces instructor and was stationed in Alaska and Arkansas. After service, he became a bodyguard for the famous Rockefeller family where he provided security on premise and for business and social engagements.
In 1990, Greg utilized his passion and expertise in woodworking and established Dyer Construction Company where he focused on new building, remodeling, custom cabinets and millwork for commercial and residential clients.
His move to North Carolina in 2011, lead him to become a Realtor and join the Coldwell Banker HPW Falls office, where he worked with the #1 Team in North America. There he polished his skills in the resale and new construction market for both Buyers and Sellers. Now working with the Julie Wright Realty Group and Land Company, he has the ability to bring his skills to his customer on a more personal level.
Wendy Dyer moved from Rochester, NY to Wake Forest, NC in 2002, and understands how stressful moving your family can be and does her best to make sure that this process is as stress-free as possible.
Wendy has been in real estate for just about 30 years. From working in attorney’s offices as a closing coordinator to title companies to lenders (processing and underwriting) to real estate companies as staff (handling closings and working as an office manager) to obtaining her license, she understands every side of the transaction.
Wendy now joins forces with Greg to provide their customers with a total real estate experience. They make Wake Forest their home but have a vast knowledge of the surrounding area. When not handling their real estate business they work on the family farm, head to the beach and have started kayaking. | <urn:uuid:d8965d0f-c162-4b88-a514-122af001fef4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gwdyer.com/about.aspx | 2023-10-04T20:38:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.979995 | 393 |
Reliability, Responsibility, Rapidity: Genesis core codes of Hadron.
Business integrity, impartiality, corporate obligations and service delivery rapidity are our primary values.
Hadron accepts inevitability of technology evolution in rules of universe. We embrace evolutionary change, promoting implementation creative ideas, progressive momentum and constantly thrive. We take pride in improved quality of our works.
No discrimination at gender, physical appearance, race, language, religion and other human values on wherever Hadron’s presence. Never share posts, declarations or ideas that including specific community events such as national, political, religious contents.
Responsible to the nature and humanity. Growth strategy within sharing, helping and sustainable expansion approach, without being only profit-oriented.
Our codes, principles and plans do not contain supernatural, metaphysical, mythical, fortuity or randomness components. This is one of the reasons why our corporate name is on scientific basis.
“Respect first” for sustainable business. Respects to humanity, to environment, to partner or competing parties as well as business means achievement of common purpose that total quality assurance.
Promoting positive, energetic, optimistic environment to our teams and stakeholders. Strong dynamism of business. The matter is stand up and run again.
- Providing advanced services on products and projects,
- Minimize supply chain risks and future costs,
- Creating a smart-sustained data feeding
Hadron goals value-added outputs to customers in global supply chains by inspection, assessment, audit, consultancy, analyzing and research services. Hadron integrates to vendors, manufacturers and contractors to help buyer customers, review their options and make well-evaluated decisions.
Hadron is dedicated
- to improve product quality awareness for the sustainable energy consumption,
- to build the most dynamic and tech-driven data network for global supply chains,
- to develop global business reliability for planet Earth sustainability.
Hadron’s vision empowered by environment sustainability and future of humankind. In Industry 4.0 and beyond, Hadron defined itself as a visionary of optimizing the current and future uses of energy. In this context, direct funding support as donation to non-profit organizations that conducting energy education, nature conservation, scientific research studies are establishment philosophies of Hadron. | <urn:uuid:4143e331-0637-4928-b733-4e769e108d6a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hadronis.com/corporate/introduction/ | 2023-10-04T19:05:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.884892 | 510 |
Free US shipping on orders of $50 or more.
January 03, 2017
Our cases were reviewed on Canadian Woodworking & Home Improvement (www.canadianwoodworking.com). It is a great read, and reviews a few other cases as well. Of course, we think ours is the best obviously but you should give it a read and see how our full-grain leather case compares to some real tough phone cases known for their durability such as the OtterBox brand.
Also, this is a review written from the perspective of someone who is working in a dirty and physical environment most of the time so they really need a phone case that protects from all the drops, scuffs and dust flying around all of the time. Interest piqued? Then check out their review here.
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August 14, 2020
We are back at full capacity and staying safe! We appreciate your continued support!
April 26, 2019
Looking for a way to carry two phones? Our double phone case allows you to keep both phones together, or separate them as needed. We hand make each two phone case to order from full-grain Italian leather, with openings for all ports and sensors. | <urn:uuid:4e0a65d4-ecfc-4bd0-baa2-41dc900145ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.handandhide.com/blogs/leathercraft/canadian-woodworking-review | 2023-10-04T20:21:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.968421 | 249 |
A large 19th Century hand blown green glass carboy, with hand applied neck ring and original cloth covered wooden bung.
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Please fill in the information below | <urn:uuid:4e44ee21-be9a-4c5b-9fc4-5f51d33bc335> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.handofgloryantiques.com/en-GB/ceramics-glass/antique-hand-blown-green-glass-carboy/prod_10355 | 2023-10-04T20:27:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.823696 | 80 |
French Cabernet Franc is a red wine grape variety that’s most notably grown in the Loire Valley and Bordeaux regions of France. In the Loire Valley, it’s the primary grape behind the red wines of Chinon and Bourgueil. In Bordeaux, it’s often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Cabernet Franc wines are typically medium-bodied, with high acidity and moderate tannins. They are known for their aromas and flavours of red fruit like raspberry and red currant, often with notes of bell pepper, violet, and graphite. If you enjoy red wines that are fresh, versatile, and have a hint of herbaceous character, wines made from or featuring French Cabernet Franc could be a great choice for you. | <urn:uuid:d116c69b-bb58-4294-bb10-d768bd507166> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.handpickedwinebox.com/product-category/wine/attribute-country-french-wine-spirits/attribute-grape-cabernet-franc/ | 2023-10-04T19:27:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.956531 | 227 |
Overhead-cable-powered trucks have been underestimated
Germany’s first pilot projects with overhead-cable-powered trucks were harshly criticized. But a new study has stepped into the breach for the technology, which looks like a promising option for protecting the environment in the field of freight transport.16 Mar 2020 David Schahinian
The German Federal Ministry for the Environment supported the construction and operation of three test routes, each of which is only a few kilometers long, in Hesse, Schleswig-Holstein and Baden-Württemberg. However, their implementation is yet to take off... The test route in Baden-Württemberg isn’t finished yet, and in Hesse there was only one single truck available for the tests.
This led to criticism of the entire project, which has been partially refuted in a study from the Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences and other research partners. According to the study, one third of all long-haul freight transport could take place using overhead cables with a route network of 4,000 km. This would result in an annual reduction in direct greenhouse gas emissions of up to 12 million tons of CO2 in long-haul freight transport. Even when considering the emissions from electricity generation, the environmental benefits remain. According to the study’s authors, trucks powered by overhead cable show the highest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in freight transport, alongside battery-powered trucks. The researchers also identified 17 routes that are particularly recommended for the construction of an overhead cable network.
Interested in news about exhibitors, top offers and trends in the industry?
Your web browser is outdated. Update your browser for more security, speed and optimal presentation of this page.Update Browser | <urn:uuid:92790132-9126-4a9d-8c48-c62683fdc83e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hannovermesse.de/en/news/news-articles/overhead-cable-powered-trucks-have-been-underestimated | 2023-10-04T20:12:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.947851 | 368 |
Our specific objectives
- to improve the harmonization of results from clinical laboratory measurement procedures for measurands (analytes) that do not have reference measurement procedures
- to provide a resource center for information on global activities to harmonize and standardize clinical laboratory measurement procedures
Operating Procedures for the International Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results describe the program. The governing body is a Council made up of organizations from around the world that contribute financially to support the administration of the program. A Harmonization Oversight Group (HOG) is responsible to manage the harmonization activities.
Interested stakeholders may become Stakeholder Members of the consortium to support and contribute to the harmonization activities.
The IFCC is the secretariat for administration of the program. | <urn:uuid:a62257e7-b64d-4782-81bc-980bf5176759> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.harmonization.net/ | 2023-10-04T20:17:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.877584 | 158 |
Richard Holton, our first Nice Guy president, eased out of the womb on December 24, 1921, giving doctors plenty of time to go enjoy their Christmas. His first word was a smile. The warmest of five children, Richard quickly gained a reputation as a kindness prodigy. While other toddlers struggled to form full sentences, Richard was able to say things like, “How was your day?” and truly care about the answer.
Despite his résumé’s focus on other people’s accomplishments, Richard was admitted to college with a scholarship as generous as he was. He entered school excited to learn, but professors soon asked him to skip class. It was hard to teach over all that applause. Richard majored in Compliments and graduated top study-buddy in his class. He won a national debate championship after agreeing to disagree with his opponents. Senior year, he was elected homecoming king, homecoming queen, and dean.
His last name was officially changed to Nice Guy after a census taker was blown away by his patience. Out of humility, Richard insisted that his name be changed back to Holton. When his court appeal was denied, Nice Guy graciously accepted the result.
After making his local congressman blush to death, Richard became Representative Nice Guy. Voters elected him unanimously, undeterred by his youth and stated disinterest in the position. By the end of his first day on Capitol Hill, all politicians belonged to one party. He took the second day off to donate organs.
In November 1955, he gave his famed speech, “You All Seem Wonderful, But I Would Like to Retire, Please.” The American people knew it was time for President Nice Guy. He refused to run a dirty campaign or any campaign at all. He became the first candidate to openly endorse his opponent. By mid-July, they called off the election and gave Nice Guy the White House. The sitting president was thrilled; Nice Guy personally helped him move out.
The defining move of his presidency was remembering everyone’s birthday. Not wanting to hog the spotlight, he resigned after three weeks. President Nice Guy’s reverence for foreign nations was reflected in his decision to move to one. But the voters were wise to his kind tricks, and they elected him to 14 more terms via write-in ballot. He died at the age of Young at Heart while attempting to tunnel out of the White House. | <urn:uuid:6e4a474a-17f6-4655-b536-e2b0f49ba99e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.harvardlampoon.com/read/works/48/ | 2023-10-04T20:57:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.992254 | 502 |
ABOUT "Myth of the West"
The American West 1867. Pioneers, outlaws & bandits pushed their way westward in search of land, gold and silver. You and your gang just entered the Cheyenne Saloon to have a drink when the door slams shut behind you. This is the infamous Wild Bunch's territory and they don't take kindly to strangers. You have only 1 hour to escape the saloon before the Wild Bunch returns.
Suitable for all guests and families (HALLOWEEN FUN)
PHOTOS & VIDEOS
Myth of the West VIDEOS
MAP & DIRECTIONS
218 E 25th Street, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82001 | <urn:uuid:d51c5da9-798f-45a5-b580-6295fbd6a869> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hauntworld.com/epic-escape-game-cheyenne-myth-of-the-west | 2023-10-04T19:29:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.895635 | 148 |
The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa William S. Richardson School of Law received a high grade for its practical training that includes clinics, options for externships and opportunities to be part of moot court teams competing against top law schools across the country.
In the spring 2020 issue of preLaw magazine, the UH law school earned a B+ rating for its practical training offerings, including its requirement of 60 hours of pro bono service from each student before graduation.
“Our school is proud to provide a wide array of clinics in which students have the opportunity to work with real clients alongside faculty and local attorneys,” said UH School of Law Dean Avi Soifer. “They learn to face and help people with real life problems, even before they become lawyers.”
The UH law school’s Refugee and Immigration Law Clinic has been especially active this year while working with migrant families, many of whom live on Hawaiʻi Island and are seeking asylum. Under the direction of Clinic Director John Egan, UH law students offer free legal assistance to families who often speak little or no English. The migrants are often fleeing terrible violence in their home countries such as Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala.
The clinic program was bolstered in 2019 with a new building that provides space for client visits, as well as for clinic law students to work.
While the refugee and immigration clinic has been especially active, it is only one of a dozen clinics offered at the UH law school that provide the experiences that law students often say are the most rewarding of their law school years.
For more see the UH law school website.
–By Beverly Creamer | <urn:uuid:82e5246c-b267-4336-9124-99c18987a998> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2020/06/02/law-school-practical-training-ranking/ | 2023-10-04T19:40:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.975068 | 346 |
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Entire Agreement. Except for any agreement in respect of Content, this is the entire agreement between you and HCLA relating to your access and use of the Site and the Content herein. If any term or provision of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, it shall be severed and the remaining provisions shall remain in full force without being invalidated in any way. | <urn:uuid:9182c268-2705-459c-a6ba-c5010ab522b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hcla.ca/terms-of-use/ | 2023-10-04T18:53:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.934147 | 1,521 |
General Skydive Headcornprovide facilities daily regardless of weather to permit you the opportunity to make skydives/parachute descents. These include, but are not limited to, Instructors, Equipment, Packers, Riggers, Office Staff, Jumpmasters, Bus Drivers, Booking Services and Ground staff. (We do not provide the flight which must be purchased separately from the operators of the aircraft Headcorn Parachute Club Ltd)
Bookings Once a booking has been made the following terms will apply:
All monies paid to confirm a booking (including vouchers) will be lost in the event of complete cancellation These charges apply for any reason including non-attendance (unless the weather is unsuitable and we have emailed you to suggest rebooking), changes due to injury or illness, being over our weight restriction or not having the correct medical documentation.
£100 per person is payable for a change of date without 1 weeks notice. £50 per person is payable for a change of date with more than 1 week but less than 2 weeks notice. £20 per person is payable for a change of date with more than 2 weeks but less than 4 weeks notice. A refund will be made for a cancellation within seven days of purchase. Deferred jumps are valid for six months (from the date of the orginal booking) after which they will be subject to additional charges. Reasons for deferrals include, bad weather preventing the jump from taking place on the booked date, a request by you to defer it and unforeseen circumstances such as the club facilities not being available due to circumstances beyond our control such as a pandemic. If any of the above charges have been incurred a new date will only be confirmed on payment of the fee.
For weekday bookings only a £20 per person charge applies for rescheduling to a weekend date.
Gift Vouchers All gift vouchers are non-refundable (unless cancelled within seven working days of purchase) and must be redeemed within their validity period of six months. After this time they will be deemed to have been used. In exceptional and unforeseen circumstances gift vouchers may be subject to a small surcharge when used within their validity period. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to ensure that the recipient complies with our restrictions.
Weather If weather prevents your Tandem Skydive from taking place on your booked date, you must return and make your jump within six months. (of your original booked date). After this time you will incur additional costs and after one year the full fee will be applicable. If you have taken advantage of the discounted weekday price and book to return at a weekend or on a bank holiday, the full fee is applicable. If weather prevents your AFF jump from taking place, you must return within two months to make your jump. After this time you will incur additional costs, and after six months the full fee will be applicable.
Weight Restrictions For safety reasons our general weight limit fully clothed is 86kg (13½ stone). A lower weight limit of 80kg (12st 9lbs) applies to someone who is 1.57m (5’ 2”) or shorter. However, if you are 1.72m (5' 7") or taller; our absolute limit is 92kg (14½ stone).
You may be weighed during registration. We reserve the right to refuse your jump if you exceed these limits. The cancellation charges set out in the booking terms above will apply to anyone exceeding these limits on the day of the training or jump.
Health Restrictions Everyone will be required to sign a smart waiver prior to them attending the centre. This will include a self declaration of fitness form. Anyone unable to sign one because of a medical condition may still be able to jump by seeking qualified medical advice from a doctor who will assess their risk. Please view the forms.
AFF Medical Failure to sign a self-declaration or produce a signed medical one on the day means the cancellation charges set out in the booking terms above will apply.
Age Restrictions There is no upper age limit for Tandem Skydives
The upper age limit for the Accelerated Free Fall training is 54 years of age. The lower age limit for all types of jumping is 16. Anyone aged 16 or 17 must have parental consent via the smart waiver, that is emailed prior to the jump.
General Exclusions For tandem jumping you must be able to walk unaided, climb a short ladder and lift your knees to hip level when suspended in a harness. For solo jumping you must have a good level of mental and physical fitness Jumps may be refused to anyone, either temporarily or permanently, that we do not consider fit or suitable for parachuting. This includes not being able to fit into the harness due to body shape. Your jump will be refused if you are under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs.
Rules and Regulations All parachuting and Skydiving at Headcorn Airfield takes place under the auspices of Skydive Headcorn Ltd who are affiliated to the British Skydiving. All aircraft used for parachuting and skydiving at Headcorn Airfield are operated by Headcorn Parachute Club Ltd All participants agree to abide by the rules of Skydive Headcorn, the British Skydivingand Headcorn Airfield.
www.headcorn.com is a website jointly funded by Skydive (Headcorn) Ltd andHeadcorn Parachute Club Ltd with the aim of promoting the facilities for the sport of skydiving that are available to the public at Headcorn Airfield, Headcorn, Kent TN27 9HX | <urn:uuid:96818424-7ea0-4a3b-aeb2-1a6e5a859fcb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.headcorn.com/terms---conditions.html | 2023-10-04T20:46:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.937516 | 1,150 |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not usual joint disease. Since it is associated with the abnormality of the body immune system, the effect of the disease can be systemic. In other words, it can lead to problems or complications that have nothing to do with the joints. For instance, it can affect the skin, too – how and why?
All arthritis forms could cause serious complications if left untreated. But in RA, the complications of the disease can be more significant!
Though RA primarily affects the joints, but it can affects other parts of the body, too.
For instances, if it is poorly controlled, the inflammatory process of the disease can also affect heart, lungs, eyes, bones, blood vessels, and nerves. In other words, it is not only about joint disease because it can affect the overall health of patient.
Shortness of breath and coughing in people with RA may signal serious problems such as lung disease and heart problems. These symptoms are commonly attributed to a condition called atherosclerosis, narrowing and hardening arteries.
According to one study, those with RA tend to die from cardiovascular diseases. The risk to have a heart attack can be about 2-3 times higher than those without RA. See more the link between RA and heart problems in here!
A study in 2010 published in the journal Arthritis and Rheumatism found that the risk of lung disease in people with RA is higher than general population. See in-depth information about how RA can increase the risk of lung disease in this section!
For instance a condition called interstitial lung disease, inflammation and scarring in the lungs, is pretty common in those who suffer from RA. The risk to develop this lung disorder is about 7.7 percent in those with RA.
RA is systemic condition, since again it can affect the entire body if left untreated or poorly controlled. Another common complication is eye disease particularly such as dry eye syndrome.
The poorly controlled of RA inflammatory process can make the cornea and the whites of eyes become inflamed. Even in severe case, the problem may lead to blindness. Explore more the link between RA and eye diseases in this post!
Low blood cells count
These may include low counts of white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets (colorless cells of the blood). While RA itself may have a direct contribution to cause low blood cells count, but many times the cause is the use of some medications for RA.
For instance, anemia is pretty common in those with this arthritis. And some medications that are prescribed to help treat RA have potential side effect to cause anemia – see more in here!
The risk of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis attacks bones, causing bone fractures. And the inflammatory process associated with RA and some medications for the disease can carry the risk of osteoporosis, too!
There are some possible reasons of why RA can predispose the sufferers to osteoporosis. For more detailed information about this issue, see here!
RA can affect nerves
There is also a chance for the disease to cause nerve damage. In those with RA, the warning signs of nerve damage may include balance issues or/and neck pain.
Poorly-controlled inflammation of RA can affect the spinal cord (especially the cervical spine, the upper part of the spinal cord). The joints deterioration in the neck also will put pressure on the spine nerves, causing irritation.
RA is primarily a disorder of the joints, that’s why it belongs to group of diseases what we call as arthritis. But again, it is not only about joint disease. The disease itself and some medications to treat it can lead to some skin problems.
In general, RA can affect the skin when the RA inflammation has affected the small blood vessels that supply blood to the skin.
One of common skin problems associated with RA is rheumatoid nodules. About 20 percent of sufferers experience this complication.
Typically, the nodules grow under the skin surrounding the joints or bones such as finger, elbow, and ankle. They range in size, from the size of a pea to as big as a ball for ping pong. The prognosis and outlook for them to go away can vary, too – see more in here!
In a few cases, the presence of rheumatoid nodules in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may signal a condition called rheumatoid vasculitis, an inflammation of medium & small-sized blood vessels.
Rheumatoid vasculitis affects about 1 out of 100 sufferers with RA. And arteries (blood vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen and nutrients from the heart to cells of the body) are the most commonly affected. | <urn:uuid:cae75ff3-5ce0-4282-9b74-70048a5ebfca> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthclop.com/how-does-rheumatoid-arthritis-affect-skin/ | 2023-10-04T20:20:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.93263 | 991 |
Great opportunity for a new or experienced Vascular Surgeon!
Advocate Health has an exceptional opportunity for a dynamic vascular surgeon to join the vascular team at Condell Medical Center in Libertyville, Illinois.
Education, training and/or experience required:
What Advocate Aurora Offers:
About Libertyville, Illinois
The Village of Libertyville is located in south central Lake County, approximately 37 miles from Chicago and seven miles west of Lake Michigan. The Village is an established residential community and has traditionally served as a major market and service center for central Lake County. The population of the Village has more than doubled since 1960, as the Village has shared in the economic growth of the Chicago metropolitan area. An ongoing effort to restore and preserve historic Libertyville contributes to the traditional home town atmosphere in the Village.
Step back in time while you stroll along historic downtown Libertyville. Your visit along Main Street will take you to fantastic antique shops, boutiques, gift stores, gourmet food & wine shops, taverns and restaurants. When not shopping or dining, take advantage of Libertyville’s 500 acres of parkland featuring lakes, athletic fields, ice skating, flower gardens, picnic areas, and more. Additionally, the Libertyville Sports Complex offers year-round programs in athletics, dance, fitness, and camps.
Libertyville is home to Advocate Condell Medical Center, providing high-quality care to residents in the north suburbs for more than 85 years. Condell Medical Center is the largest health care provider and only Level I trauma center in Lake County, Illinois. Condell Medical Center is a non-profit, acute care hospital offering a full spectrum of medical services. This includes everything from obstetrics, radiology services and rehabilitation to open heart surgery, neurosurgery and oncology. In addition, Condell Medical Center is accredited by DNV.
Contact InformationShow Contact Details
Date Posted: 9/30/23
Job Id: 2658509 | <urn:uuid:a971fdc8-7001-43cd-9f4d-e6cea34afe0c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthecareers.com/job/vascular-surgeon/2658509 | 2023-10-04T19:40:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.921307 | 414 |
If long wait times at your doctor’s office are of concern to you, walk-in clinics are an easy and effective solution. It’s often that primary care physicians have much longer wait times for appointments, often days or weeks in advance. Their office hours don’t always make it easy to fit an appointment into your schedule. But the fact remains that you need to be examined by a physician or medical professional to address concerns you have about your health. This makes Health Express walk-in clinics an easy choice for people in Holbrook & Randolph.
Come into one of our walk-in care centers, and you’ll get professional diagnosis and treatment from a board-certified physician whose immediate concern involves your medical needs. Our physicians are ready to meet with you to help get you on your way to feeling better.
Walk-In Clinic Services For Busy People
Health Express is here to give you medical and health advice and services. Some walk-in services we offer include:
- Walk-in medical care performed by a certified professional
- Health services that meet your needs and budget
- Board-certified ER doctors at the ready
- Quick, yet thorough service – with low wait times
- Over four decades of ER experience in one location
- We accept most insurance plans and also have an affordable self pay option
We treat many medical conditions. If you want more info about the ways we can treat your issue(s), call Health Express, and we’ll do our best to answers your questions.
A Walk-in Clinic For Your Medical Needs and Your Busy Life
At Health Express there’s no need to schedule an appointment and you can always check into our walk-in clinics online for faster service. If you have a non-emergency condition, but you still want to be seen quickly, visit Health Express in Raynham, serving the Holbrook and Randolph, MA area.
Check in is easy and can be done online. We have several exam rooms, an X-Ray department, and an on-site lab so you will receive high quality medical care from an ER trained doctor that is both fast and convenient. | <urn:uuid:25106d20-73a5-492a-9280-c4d4d174a644> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthexpressraynham.com/walk-in-clinic-holbrook-randolph/ | 2023-10-04T20:00:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.959176 | 447 |
Despite being intelligent beings, we humans have lost touch with the foundations for how we naturally thrive and as a result we can continue to have success in our professional and personal lives, but avoiding the downside costs of success, like burnout.
Just like bees, our human ancestors evolved to know instinctively what to do every second of every day.
And let’s face it, we are really sophisticated biocomputers.
The problem is we’ve both got out of balance with how our evolutionary history has programmed us to live life. In other words with health, vitality, and without chronic disease.
Bees are under attack from their environment – from environmental toxins (like neonicotinoids and other pesticides commonplace in intensive farming methods), habitat loss, extremes of climate, and disease .
And just as the environment for bees is changing, in a short scintilla of time within human evolution, we have altered the environment in which humans thrive.
The environment in which we thrive, or burnout
So what do I mean by the environment?
Well, it’s everything around us, all the choices we make every day about diet, behaviours and lifestyle. They determine whether or not we create the conditions to thrive with success and avoid burnout:
- the food we eat – or more usually, the food-like products
- the air we breathe and the water we drink
- our over-use of digital devices
- the chronic stress we fail to manage, like when our colleagues press our buttons
- our over-reliance on prescription and over-the-counter medicines that tap into our “magic-pill” mindset
- the cosmetics and personal care products we use
- our sedentary lifestyle that comes from hours spent sitting a desk or on a comfy sofa watching TV
- over-reliance on products and services that prioritise convenience over nourishment
What’s changed? Hint: it’s not the formula for your success
For 66,000 generations, we humans primarily ate meat and fish, and moved in sync with the rhythms of day and night.
We had close knit communities and our main stresses were surviving against our natural predators and worrying about where our next meal might be coming from.
Of course, our daily lives have evolved since then.
For example, instead of being chased by a lion, nowadays we worry about whether our stakeholders are expecting us to perform more with less.
We are alert in bed and instead of falling asleep, we ruminate over and over about meeting the next work deadline or giving an important presentation.
How do you wake up in the morning feeling good?
So how can you weather life’s ups and downs so that your success feels authentic, and that you also think, look and feel good.
Well, it’s by looking at your mental and physical health and wellbeing from an unconventional perspective.
Success is built on a solid foundation so that you can thrive!
It sounds obvious, doesn’t it?
We have great tools and minds to help scenario plan at work to tackle difficult business problems.
But as humans we find it difficult to change ourselves, even if it’s obvious to us that change will bring about positive outcomes, including ones related to your health and wellbeing.
Your doctor tells you that you have to lose weight.
Your partner tells you that you should put away your phone more.
When someone tells us to do something, we more often that not seek to do the opposite! It’s totally natural.
As much as we humans are social creatures, we want to preserve our self-autonomy.
And we’re also more inclined more towards the quick fix. We favour a mindset that thinks that if something goes wrong with me, there’ll be a pill for it.
If I have a headache, I’ll pop a paracetamol / ibuprofen.
Conventional Medicine usually resorts to prescribing a drug, or swallowing a tablet you bought from the pharmacy. Yet, this approach is not great for dealing with the chronic diseases that are regular features in our modern, industrialised world.
Chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, autoimmunity, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hypertension, and heart disease. And even brain degenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia.
An unconventional approach to treat chronic diseases
If you are in an accident, and you need to be put back together, Conventional Medicine can truly be life saving.
When it comes to chronic diseases, however, Conventional Medicine tends to diagnose what’s wrong long after a health issue has taken root.
And often the treatment is almost entirely focused on suppressing symptoms, usually with drugs that have powerful, long-term, negative side effects.
So I invite you to think unconventionally!
For example, if you get a headache, have you paused to ask why you have a headache?
Taking a paracetamol will relieve your symptoms, however it won’t deal with WHY you have a headache in the first place.
Your foundation for success: avoid burnout by getting to your root cause
The Functional Medicine approach , on the other hand, takes a leaf out of the philosophy of Chinese medicine and takes a different perspective.
It looks at the root cause of the problem, and eliminates symptoms by addressing that root cause.
It is an evidence-based field of health care that views the body as an interconnected whole, and recognises the importance of these connections in health and disease.
Functional Medicine practitioners are like gardeners.
They help establish a strong foundation. In other words, they cultivate a healthy soil so that pests and weeds cannot flourish.
In the human body, those pests and weeds are the chronic diseases we are too familiar with in our modern world.
If you add that to an ancestral health approach that minimises the genetic mismatch between the environment you were designed to live in and the environment that you find yourself in now, it helps steer you towards a balance that we humans were designed for.
So what are the key components of that environment that create a strong foundation for you to be healthy and thrive?
By cultivating a strong foundation in all those areas, you’re minimising the likelihood that a Conventional Medicine practitioner needs to come along and spray some weedkiller.
An unconventional approach doesn’t meant that it’s ineffective. It just means it’s not what most people do.
Where can you start?
You too can create your own foundation for success, and to thrive without burnout.
It’s simple to create a strong foundation.
Eat foods we were designed to eat, and hydrate well.
Move frequently, be playful, spend time outdoors in the sunshine.
Minimise your exposure to environmental toxins.
Get good quality sleep, consistently.
Manage your stress and time spent with technology.
Do you notice that there’s no prescription or over-the-counter drugs involved in this template? Are some of those areas obvious, or are they new to you?
What this template does is to create a strong foundation for good health by:
- minimising inflammation in your body – one of the key causes for disease
- creating the conditions for good gut health so you can operate in the way they were designed to
Over to you!
If you’re reading this and thinking, “yes, it’s all logical”, I offer you two questions for you to consider.
How much of this Functional Medicine and ancestral health approach are you incorporating in your daily life?
What will it take for you to have success without the burnout?
I encourage you to explore and experiment, and to think unconventionally!
You can read more about my journey to success without burnout. I hope it inspires a desire in you to explore your own journey.
And, if you need a partner to help you to close the gap so that how you thrive feels authentic to you, come and work with me.
I am confident that the very reasons for your existing success are the foundation for you to thrive and avoid burnout as well.
Be wise, be healthy and be well! | <urn:uuid:7e039caf-37bd-48fc-96d7-a3d6dd340c62> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthforsuccess.com/success-without-the-burnout/ | 2023-10-04T20:59:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.942344 | 1,740 |
Politicians can do really good things, we should remember.
And one of the glories of a well-functioning Parliamentary select committee is that it can cut through the ordure-ordure of party-political partisan middle-aged shoutiness, and produce really useful reports on what is happening.
The health select committee has just produced its report on commissioning. You will already know that it is pretty critical: chair Stephen Dorrell, a former health secretary, has scarcely concealed his surprise at the liberation theology of the new regime in charge of the DH.
It is more than pretty critical. It is seriously critical of the development and strategy of SOS Lansley’s health policy.
Dorrell’s statement for the report launch points out that while ”the NHS has met the financial cost of a commissioning system, (it) has repeatedly failed to take full advantage of the opportunities which commissioning should create to improve the quality and value of the services provided”.
The report’s conclusions are stark:
- “The NHS needs to make unprecedented efficiency gains if it is to meet rising demand for healthcare against the background of budgets which are broadly stable in real terms (the Nicholson Challenge)
- More effective commissioning is key to the delivery of this requirement for unprecedented efficiency gains
- The White Paper proposal to abolish Primary Care Trusts and transfer commissioning responsibility to GP-led consortia was not foreshadowed in the Coalition Programme and came as a surprise to most observers
- This "surprise" approach created uncertainty among commissioners and therefore increased the risks and costs associated with delivery of the Nicholson Challenge
- The pace of events since publication of the White Paper has required a pragmatic management response ahead of Parliamentary consideration of the proposals
- The Committee intends to follow through its report with further work on the detailed proposals for commissioning in the Government’s forthcoming Health Bill”
Its recommendations focus around democratic legitimacy in the new system; engaging all clinicians in commissioning; permitting integrated solutions where that is best value; managing handover points effectively; realising benefits; and reconciling conflicts of interest.
All are smart observations – and have challenged the NHS in the rare periods of well-funded organisational stability. At a time of utter upheaval while needing to save £5 billion a year for each of the next four financial years, they look fairly challenging.
The report also fingers the uncomfortable dynamic between SOS Lansley and Sir David Nicholson as regards the scale of the change: “The Secretary of State has tended to emphasise continuity with the policies of the previous government, playing down the extent to which he plans to change the structures of the NHS. When he gave evidence to the Committee in July 2010, he said ‘Chairman, you will know that over this last more than six years I have talked to thousands of people in the National Health Service, clinicians who say, "We do not want another big upheaval." […] For the great overwhelming majority of clinicians in the National Health Service this is not an upheaval, it is an empowerment. There are organisational changes that flow from it—I do not deny that—but they would have had to have happened anyway.’
“In November 2010 he told us ‘This is not a nuclear device going off from the point of view of most of the staff working in the NHS […] much of this is evolution. Seen from the perspective of GP practices, this is more to do with empowering them than changing the terrain around them […] we are in a position where, frankly, what we need to do is to keep the best of many of the processes that were set in train [by the previous government], whether it is patient choice, practice-based commissioning, the introduction of the tariff or greater autonomy for providers through foundation trust status. I didn't invent any of those things. What I am doing—I make no apology for it, because I regard it as absolutely essential—is ensuring these things are done in a consistent and coherent fashion, not done piecemeal.’
“Sir David Nicholson, however, has appeared to interpret the government's proposals differently. He told us ‘The scale of the change is enormous—beyond anything that anybody from the public or private sector has witnessed, really’.
“In December 2010 he adopted the same approach when he told NHS finance officers that he had consulted change management experts from around the world and no one could come up with a scale of change like the one we are embarking on at the moment. Someone said to me 'it is the only change management system you can actually see from space' — it is that large’.”
The report gets more damning when it states, in carefully Parliamentary language, “At a time when the primacy of the Nicholson Challenge should have focused the minds of NHS senior management on the need to secure unprecedented efficiency gains, we have been presented with evidence of widespread uncertainty about the Government's intentions. In addition to its inevitable effect on management morale, the Committee believes this will have had the effect of blunting the ability of the NHS to respond to the Nicholson Challenge.
“In the Committee's view the policy described in the White Paper introduces significant institutional upheaval into the NHS, without significantly changing its policy objectives. The Committee broadly shares the policy objectives so it therefore welcomes the fact that these are substantially unchanged. It does not believe however that the approach adopted by the Government represents the most efficient way of delivering those objectives.
“Like most observers, the Committee was surprised by the change of approach between the Coalition Programme and the White Paper. The White Paper proposes a disruptive reorganisation of the institutional structure of the NHS which was subject to little prior discussion and not foreshadowed in the Coalition Programme.”
“A successful "surprise" strategy requires clarity and planning, but the Committee does not think that the White Paper reflected these qualities. There appears to have been insufficient detail about methods and structures during the transitional phase. The failure to plan for the transition is a particular concern in the current financial context. The Nicholson Challenge was already a high-risk strategy and the White Paper increased the level of risk considerably without setting out a credible plan for mitigating that risk.”
Of PCT clustering and pathfinder consortia, the report states, “Changes have taken place in the management structures of the NHS in advance of Parliament having the opportunity to debate and approve them. We think this is unsatisfactory”.
Parliament-watchers will know that “unsatisfactory” is pretty strong language.
At para 116, the report makes a significant intervention: “When responsibility for NHS commissioning passes from commissioning consortia to PCTs, patients who exercise their right to choose their GP practice away from their normal area of residence will also have chosen a commissioner. This will need to be reflected in the funding formula for consortia. While many people will avail themselves of the choice of GP practice, many people will not be able to exercise this choice either because of where they live or because they are too unwell or infirm to access primary care services that are further away. Even if a funding formula was developed which reflected the narrow concerns around resource levels there remains a concern that this development could lead to the creation of 'sink' practices which reinforced a culture of disadvantage and exclusion within a community. In the light of these concerns, we recommend that the Shadow NHS Commissioning Board publishes its proposed funding formulae for consortia as a matter of urgency.”
SOS Lansley comes in for further sharp criticism on the subject of accountability arrangements: “the Secretary of State for Health said only that these decisions would be for consortia to take themselves – ‘We are not proposing that we should prescribe in detail how the commissioning consortia conduct their own activities internally. We are requiring them to be transparent. For example, they will have to publish a constitution, and act in response to it.
“The Committee does not find the current stance on patient and public engagement in commissioning persuasive. The National Health Service uses taxpayers' resources to deliver a service in which a high proportion of citizens take a close interest both as taxpayers and actual or potential patients. While the Department may be right to point out that there is no special virtue in uniformity of structure, the Committee regards the principle that there should be greater accountability by commissioners for their commissioning decisions as important. We therefore intend to review the arrangements for local accountability proposed in the Bill.”
PAC report ’PFI in housing and hospitals’
PFI is, as you well know, an acronym for pure financial illiteracy.
There have only ever been two good arguments in PFI’s favour.
Firstly, the realpolitik of TINA (there is no alternative), as with economic boom and bust abolished (ahem), then placing infrastructure on a credit card would be fine as credit would never become hard to get (ahem). Secondly, that it prevented the NHS from being able to skimp on facilities maintenance and management.
The bad arguments were the various assertions that PFI represented value for money.
It didn’t. No meaningful risk was ever transferred; most deals were naïve to the possibility of refinancing when interest rates fell; all deals allowed consortia to change unreasonable sums for minor works. The public sector comparator data was easy to game (and to re-game if the data suggested PFI was not best) – and thus easily entering the realm of fiction.
Oh, and HM Treasury had to bale out PFI projects when banks stopped lending to refinance.
Transferred risk? Hardly.
The PAC report is not a whit less damning: “As with previous Reports, we again found no clear and explicit justification and evaluation for the use of PFI in terms of its value for money. However, we accept that the then Government gave the Departments no realistic alternatives to PFI as the procurement route to use for these capital programmes.
“Our other concerns are central government's failure to use the market leverage that comes from overseeing multiple contracts, and the lack of robust central data to support effective programme management.
“Whilst PFI has delivered many new hospitals and homes which might otherwise not have been delivered, there is no clear evidence of whether PFI is any better or worse value for money than other procurement routes. There were instances where PFI may have been used where there was no evidence that it was the best procurement route.”
It adds, “On hospitals, most are receiving the services expected at the point contracts were signed and are generally being well managed. There are, however, wide and unexplained variations in the cost of hospital support services, such as cleaning, catering and portering.
“There are important developments in the PFI market which affect the profitability of these contracts and we are concerned that government is missing a trick in failing to secure the appropriate financial advantages for the taxpayer. Specialist financial institutions have been bundling projects together. This gives them the prospect of greatly enhancing the value of their interests in the projects through economies of scale. We are very concerned that the Department of Health has not approached the major investors and contractors to negotiate a share in these efficiency gains and economies of scale.”
The report also finds that “the Department of Health does not know whether services provided more cheaply in some locations are better value for money, or alternatively poor quality, or reflect inconsistencies in the way costs are recorded.
“It seems that the central team in the Department of Health is already under-resourced and unable to secure proper value for money from these contracts. It would be a false economy to have weak central teams that are unable to implement our recommendations, all of which are aimed at delivering better value for money in the long term. The issues facing housing and hospitals will also be relevant to other PFI programmes.”
The report concludes that
- “There is no clear evidence to conclude whether PFI has been demonstrably better or worse value for money for housing and hospitals than other procurement options
- The Department of Health, in failing to negotiate with investment funds centrally, is not using its own buying power to leverage gains for the taxpayer.
- The Departments do not routinely collate sufficient accurate data on the costs and performance of their PFI contracts. Monitoring and improving value for money depends on local projects having access to good quality information from across the programmes. Both Departments should define minimum data requirements and then take responsibility for ensuring that information collected from and distributed to local projects is complete, accurate and consistent. The Department of Health and the Foundation Trust regulator Monitor should embed these data requirements in Foundation Trusts' terms of authorisation so that they are mandatory.
- There are no mechanisms built into generic PFI contracts to test the continued value for money of maintenance work during the contract period. The requirement for buildings being maintained to high standards over the life of the contract is supposed to be a key benefit of PFI. Yet around 20% of hospital Trusts were not satisfied with the maintenance service. Unlike services such as catering and cleaning, maintenance is not subject to a value for money review during the contract period, so contractors do not face the threat of losing the contract if they are uncompetitive. The Treasury, in consultation with departments, should identify how value for money tests and incentives to improve maintenance could be built into the life of PFI contracts.”
Politicians can do really good things, we should remember. | <urn:uuid:bda56f3a-3756-4cda-ade6-13d965c13197> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthpolicyinsight.com/editors-blog-tuesday-18-january-2011--damning-pfi-and-commissioning-reports-out/ | 2023-10-04T19:04:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.962722 | 2,790 |
With winter comes cold and flu season. As a parent, it’s important to do everything you can to keep your kids healthy during this time of year. From teaching them the importance of washing their hands to making sure they’re getting enough Vitamin D, there are several things you can do to help your kids stay healthy this winter.
Here are 10 tips for keeping your kids healthy this winter:
Teach them to wash their hands properly
One of the best ways to prevent the spread of illness is to make sure everyone in the family is washing their hands regularly and thoroughly. Make sure your kids are washing their hands properly. Make sure they’re using soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds. It’s also important to teach them to wash their hands after sneezing or coughing, playing with pets, and eating. You should also encourage them to use hand sanitizer when they’re not able to wash their hand.
Eat healthy foods
A balanced diet is important for everyone, but it’s especially important for kids. Eating healthy foods helps their bodies develop properly and strengthens their immune systems. Make sure your kids are eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
You can also add some warmth to meals by using herbs and spices like ginger, cinnamon, cloves, and garlic. Just be careful not to add too much spice if your kids are sensitive to it.
Teach them proper sneezing and coughing etiquette
In addition to washing their hands, it’s important that your kids know how to sneeze and cough properly. They should always cover their mouth and nose with a tissue or their sleeve when sneezing or coughing. And throw the tissue away immediately after use.
Use a saline nasal spray several times a day
Rinsing your nostrils with a saline nasal spray several times per day can help thin out mucus and reduce congestion. This is especially helpful for kids who have trouble blowing their noses properly. Look for a saline nasal spray that contains xylitol as this can help reduce the risk of sinus infections.
Give them Vitamin D daily during the winter months
Vitamin D is essential for maintaining strong bones and a healthy immune system. Since we don’t get as much sun exposure in the winter months, it’s important to give our kids a daily dose of Vitamin D (in the form of a supplement or food) during this time of year. Good sources of Vitamin D include fatty fish, mushrooms, dairy products, and fortified foods like cereals and orange juice.
Give them warm tea with honey and lemon
Warm tea with honey and lemon can soothe a sore throat and calm a cough. It’s also packed with antioxidants that can help boost immunity against sicknesses like the common cold or flu.
Ensure their healthy sleep
Sleep is vital for good health, and that’s especially true for kids. Make sure your kids are getting enough sleep by setting a bedtime that allows them to get at least 8 hours of sleep each night. Once you’ve set a bedtime, stick to it as much as possible so that their bodies get used to a regular sleep schedule.
Limit Sugar Intake
It’s no secret that sugary foods can lead to weight gain and cavities, but did you know that they can also weaken the immune system? So, limiting your kids’ sugar intake this winter (and all year round) is important. Opt for healthier snacks like fruits and vegetables instead of cookies and candy, and make sure they’re only drinking water or low-fat milk with meals. You should also limit your juice intake since most juices are high in sugar as well.
When it’s cold outside, make sure your kids are bundled up. That means dressing in layers, wearing a hat and scarf, and wearing warm socks and boots. It’s also a good idea to stay indoors as much as possible when it’s cold outside.
Are crucial vaccinations up-to-date? Check with the doctor yearly or before traveling outside of the country during the colder months ahead! Vaccines work best when given early enough. Certain vaccines require a series over weeks or even months, so don’t wait until you or your child gets sick! Consult school vaccination requirements too; many schools will not allow attendance without updated records.
By following these tips, you can help keep your kids healthy all winter long. From washing their hands regularly to getting enough sleep to eating warm foods, there are plenty of ways you can help stay away from colds and other illnesses this season. So be proactive about your family’s health this winter and ensure everyone stays healthy all season long! | <urn:uuid:b32c9a6f-83f5-4cea-84db-67a7834b8572> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthtimess.com/tips-for-keeping-your-kids-healthy-this-winter/ | 2023-10-04T21:07:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.963963 | 984 |
10% OFF! This item qualifies for an instant discount when added to cart. Can't be combined with other promotions.
|Guaranteed Analysis per Soft Chew (3.5 g)|
|(All values are minimum quantities unless otherwise stated.)|
|Crude Fiber (max)||8.00%|
|*Total (viable) Microbials Count
*B. subtilis BCM 1
*B. subtilis BCM 2
*B. licheniformis BCM 1
*B. licheniformis BCM 2
*B. pumulis BCM 1
|1 Billion CFU**|
|*Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)||200 mg|
* Not recognized as an essential nutrient by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles.
** CFU Colony Forming Units
Contains a source of live (viable) naturally occurring microorganisms.
Molasses, Glycerin, Macrogol, Vegetable Oil, Vegetable Starch, Vegetable Fiber, Chicken Liver, Brewer's Yeast, Sugar (Can Sugar), Fish Oil, Dicalcium Phosphate, Magnesium Stearate, Natural Vitamin E, and Rosemary Extract.
But, he doesn't like them. I have to crush the chews and hide them in food. I think I will try the capsules.
 Use Proflora to re-balance the microflora population in your dog's GI tract. Contains 6 strains of live (viable) microorganisms and 1 billion CFUs per serving.Use Proflora to Support:Healthy DigestionNutrient AbsorbtionImmune SystemNormal Bowel FunctionSkin and Coat HealthRebalance Beneficial Bacteria
There are many ways the balance of good verses bad bacteria in the GI tract can become imbalanced, diet, stress, medications, and especially antibiotics are just a few of the ways. Having an unbalanced intestinal microflora or no microflora in the intestine(after antibiotics) can lead to multiple problems; gas, runny stool, constipation, scooting, difficulty digesting, inability to absorb nutrients, stomach cramps, and can even lead to other problems like low immune system and unhealthy skin and coat, even bad breath. Using the 6 strains of live (viable) beneficial bacteria in Proflora on a daily basis helps repopulate the GI tract with beneficial bacteria and assist in digestion. Proflora comes complete with FOS, a non-digestable prebiotic that acts as food for the probiotics. | <urn:uuid:dc6abbed-0dae-4fd3-8974-c434fca7638a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthypets.com/3-pack-proflora-probiotic-soft-chews-180-count.html | 2023-10-04T20:40:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.800432 | 608 |
Adani Ports cargo volumes jump 17% to 28.64 MMT in April
Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone announced the highlights of operational performance as under:
– Adani Ports handled a cargo volume of 28.64 MMT in April ’22 vs. 24.46 MMT in April ’21, implying a y-o-y growth of 17%.
– The coal volumes bounced back and registered a 23% y-o-y growth
– The agriculture cargo and fertilizer handling at its ports has seen a 350% increase y-o-y.
Last month, the Government of India also announced that the country is likely to see a record wheat export this financial year.
– China’s decision to cap its steel production has provided a boost to India’s steel industry, which is reflected in a 35% y-o-y jump in coking coal volume at the company’s ports.
– Overall, April is the second consecutive month, with cargo volumes crossing a record level of 28 MMT
Source: Capital Market | <urn:uuid:1bec9920-e456-4f74-a1b2-94e458402d12> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/adani-ports-cargo-volumes-jump-17-to-28-64-mmt-in-april/ | 2023-10-04T20:57:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.925986 | 220 |
In this study, we reveal distinct protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent regulation of cardiac fibroblast transdifferentiation and proliferation and suggest that PKC agonists exhibit potential as an antifibrotic treatment.
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological process that contributes to heart failure. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms regulating fibrosis in the heart are not yet fully understood, which hinders the development of new therapies. The PKC family of enzymes have been suggested to play a role in cardiac fibrosis, but the results have been conflicting. The potential of targeting PKC with pharmacological compounds to inhibit pathological fibrosis had not been thoroughly investigated before. Therefore, in this study we wanted to investigate the effect of pharmacological PKC activation and inhibition on cardiac fibroblast transdifferentiation and proliferation, two central processes in fibrosis.
We characterized mouse cardiac fibroblasts on gene, protein, and phenotypic level in response to PKC agonists and inhibitors, and revealed that PKC agonists both inhibit cardiac fibroblast transdifferentiation and decrease cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Moreover, we demonstrated that cardiac fibroblast transdifferentiation and proliferation are regulated via distinct PKC isoform subgroups: classical and novel isoforms, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that pharmacological PKC activation may be a promising strategy to inhibit myocardial fibrosis. | <urn:uuid:228aa0e1-9ff0-4e69-b27b-ec561f78c0b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/regenerative-cardiac-pharmacology/news/new-publication-the-potential-of-targeting-pkc-for-the-inhibition-of-cardiac-fibrosis | 2023-10-04T20:29:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.92313 | 280 |
August 18, 1926 - December 18, 2020
Naomi M. Hartzler, 94, passed away peacefully at 3:15 p.m. on Dec. 18, 2020.
She was born on Aug. 18, 1926 in Allensville.
She is proceded in death by her father Jesse B. Hartzler, and mother Sadie M. (Cutman) Hartzler. She is also preceded in death by her sister, Elizabeth E. King on March 17, 2007.
She is survived by her sister, Lena R. Cashman of Duncansville.
She is survived by four nieces, Vera D. Hanson & husband Carl of Harrisonburg, VA; Vernane Stutzman & husband Dick of Hermitage, TN; Linda Reigh & husband Rich of Duncansville, PA; and Ruth E. Metzler & husband James of McVeytown, PA, and by two nephews, Sanford King & wife Mildred of Belleville and Richard Cashman & wife Susie of Three Springs, PA. Naomi really appreciated her nieces and nephews, their spouses and families. She appreciated the friendship of her “adopted” brother and sister, Ron & Nancy Strickler.
She attended King Country School in Belleville, then finished grade school in Allensville through eighth grade. After graduating she went right to work doing private duty work for a number of homes in the area. Naomi was a nanny/hired girl for the Porter Brown family full time and part time from 1946-1949, which was when she earned her drivers license. In 1948, she worked at the Welsh Mountain Home in New Holland for six weeks. Following that she went to work at the Allensville Garment Factory for 18 years. She then became employed at Valley View Haven in 1968, where she remained until her retirement in 1998, at which time she was then employed part-time.
Since her retirement, Naomi was actively volunteering at Valley View Haven as well as with the Mifflin-Juniata Area Agency on Aging, leading the Peppy Classes for six years. She was a member of Allensville Mennonite Church, a former member of the Hannah’s Helpers Sunday school class, a former member of the Ladies sewing circle, and she was also a Sunday school teacher in the primary department at Otelia Mennonite Church in Mount Union for a number of years. She also attended Valley View Haven Chapel. She enjoyed sending cards to encourage other people.
Her graveside service will be held at 10:00 a.m. Monday, Dec. 21, 2020 at Allensville Mennonite Cemetery with Pastor Sherman Stoltzfus officiating.
In lieu of flowers, should friends desire, memorials may be made to: Allensville Mennonite Church 1156 SR 655, Belleville, PA 17004 or to Valley View Haven, 4702 East Main St., Belleville, PA 17004.
Arrangements are under the care of Henderson Funeral Home, Belleville, PA. Online condolences may be offered at www.hendersonfuneralhomes.net | <urn:uuid:65e2904f-3a19-4d06-bb50-1dd8b0931150> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hendersonfuneralhomes.net/post/naomi-m-hartzler | 2023-10-04T21:36:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.970948 | 655 |
HOW REMODELING YOUR STORAGE ROOM CAN MAXIMIZE STORAGE CAPACITY
Updated: Aug 1
Home renovations are undertaken for various reasons, and one common area that often requires attention is the storage room. If you're tired of dealing with a cluttered and disorganized space, where fitting all your items seems impossible, then renovating your storage room can be the ultimate solution. By updating outdated cabinets, drawers, and layout plans with modern and efficient designs, you can not only enhance the overall aesthetics but also maximize the storage capacity of your storage room. Additionally, if you have an enclosed staircase that hasn't been utilized effectively, tapping into every nook and cranny of the available space can significantly improve the functionality of your storage room. Through a well-planned renovation Say goodbye to clutter and hello to an optimized storage space that can accommodate all your belongings efficiently.
PURGING AND DECLUTTERING
The initial and crucial step in remodeling your storage space is to declutter all your items to maximize storage capacity. Remove items that are no longer necessary, expired, or no longer serve a purpose. Over time, duplicates can accumulate in storerooms. Identify and eliminate these unnecessary duplicates to free up space for essential items. By doing so, you ensure that storage capacity is fully utilized for genuinely needed items, facilitating efficient movement within the area and preventing waste of space on unnecessary obstacles. Get in touch with renovation contractors who can help renovate your room.
APPROPRIATE SPACE PLANNING
Maximizing storage requires careful planning of the store room's design and proportions. You can maximize the location of storage solutions by carefully analyzing the area and using every square inch that is available. This guarantees smooth traffic flow and permits flexibility in the room's layout. Any potential problems can be resolved, and storage capacity can be increased, by remodeling and customizing shelving units, cabinets, and other storage solutions. The final objective is to make sure that everything is arranged and accessible, encouraging a practical and effective storage environment.
There are several ways to improve the storage capacity of a storage room while remodeling it. Here are some ideas to make the most of your space.
Install adjustable and modular Shelving Units
Incorporate cabinets and drawers that provide enclosed storage
Choose versatile options for hanging tools, equipment, or smaller items on walls.
Utilize the ceiling space for overhead storage.
Transparent storage bins and containers allow for easy visibility and organization of items
Rolling carts or mobile shelving units allow for flexibility in rearranging the storage layout.
Make use of underutilized areas such as the space beneath stairs or sloped ceilings.
UTILIZING VERTICAL SPACING
It's crucial to keep in mind that storage objects can vary in size, shape, and condition when remodeling a storage room. As storage requirements change, vertical storage offers flexibility and adaptability. It enables you to alter the space to suit the particular needs of various objects. It is essential to arrange the storage containers and shelves carefully. This improves the storage room's accessibility and overall organization while also creating a more welcoming atmosphere. An organized and aesthetically pleasing storage area encourages a sense of order and makes it easier to traverse and find objects.
For more renovation services Give us a call today to set up your consultation or contact Home and remodeling contractors. | <urn:uuid:9331e9e5-e647-4df2-82bc-289f0cdcd5fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.henrickhomeconstruction.com/post/how-remodeling-your-storage-room-can-maximize-storage-capacity | 2023-10-04T20:37:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.906125 | 700 |
Resisting an Arrest, Summons, or Charge
If you are in the unfortunate circumstance of being arrested or summoned by the court system of New York or New Jersey, it is only natural to want to retreat or resist the arrest. However, resisting an arrest alone can be seen as a criminal offense. If you or someone close to you has received a criminal complaint, summons, or ticket for resisting arrest, contact the criminal defense attorneys at Ellis Law for assistance.
New Jersey Resisting Arrest Law
With regards to Resisting Arrest or Eluding an Officer, NJ Law provides that:
- If an individual intentionally attempts to prevent or actually prevents a law enforcement officer from performing an arrest, that individual is guilty of a disorderly persons offense of resisting arrest. A disorderly persons charge is considered a misdemeanor charge and can be punished with up to six month in jail after being litigated in Municipal Court.
- If an individual intentionally attempts to prevent or actually prevents by flight a law enforcement officer from effecting an arrest, that person is guilty of a Fourth Degree Offense. Any resistance in the form of actual fleeing an officer may be tried as a Fourth Degree Offense. A Fourth Degree Offense is an indictable felony charge and litigated in New Jersey Superior Court. This charge can carry up to 18 months of jail time.
- If an individual threatens or actually uses physical force or violence against another individual or the law officer or if that individual creates a substantial risk of causing physical injury to another individual, that person is guilty of a Third Degree Offense. If physical force or any threat of physical force against the arresting officer is made, the Resisting Arrest charge becomes a Third Degree Offense. A Third Degree Offense is a felony charge punishable with up to 5 years in jail.
Determining Resisting Arrest
As the grade of offense for the charge becomes more serious, the prosecution must establish various elements of proof to determine guilt in a Resisting Arrest charge.
- To prove a disorderly persons offense of resisting arrest, the state must prove that a police officer attempted to make the arrest, that officer had authority to make the arrest under color of law and announced their attention to arrest, that the person accused of resisting the arrest actually attempted to prevent their arrest, and the conduct of the accused was intentional to prevent the arrest.
- If the charge is escalated to a Fourth Degree Resisting Arrest charge, the state must also establish the additional element of flight.
- If the charge is further escalated to a Third Degree Resisting Arrest charge, the prosecutor has the additional responsibility of proving the accused created a substantial risk of physical injury to the police or that the accused threatened to use or actually used physical violence or force against the police.
The attorneys at Ellis Law, will thoroughly examine your Resisting Arrest for any weaknesses in the prosecution. An illegal or unlawful arrest will not necessarily negate a Resisting Arrest Charge. Provided the law enforcement officer was acting lawfully in making the arrest and announces his intention to arrest the individual prior to any act of resistance, it is not a valid defense against a resisting arrest charge to claim the officer was acting unlawfully in making the arrest. However, the Resisting Arrest charge will not stand unless the law enforcement officer had the authority to make the arrest as well as announced his intention to arrest.
Our criminal defense attorneys will aggressively defend your case involving Eluding an Officer or Resisting an Arrest. If you are facing a resisting arrest indictment, ticket of summons, or complaint, call Ellis Law at 888-355-4752 for your free consultation. Or you can reach us online by filling out our contact form. | <urn:uuid:1c7ea662-434a-4fdd-8329-8c83d4b29d2b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.herbertellis.com/new-jersey-criminal-defense-lawyers/resisting-arrest/ | 2023-10-04T18:54:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.950644 | 730 |
Summer is here and so are the vacations. Are you planning on hitting some place nice for a vacation that has the perfect view and the beach side? Well, then this article is perfectly designed for you! You need to know a lot about fashion if you want to look hot sexy and like a perfect Beach babe. You have to make sure that your body is off those claustrophobic clothes and you get comfortable with Beach outfits now. There are many more things related to a beach babe look than just perfecting your body. You need to be ready to look hot, dazzle in your own beauty and definitely start planning for your beach side vacation well in advance. Well, ladies, here we are to give you some awesome tips to achieve Beach babe look, and how to maintain your fashion looks intact for a vacation this summer.
If you want to turn into a big time fashionista, follow our rules to lead you to becoming the next beach babe.
Top Rules to Follow to Look Exotic During Beach Summer Vacation
1Get a suntan
Remember that to get a nice golden brown body, all you need to do is to get some sun rays on your body. Quickly get your headphones and take your moisturizer when you go out. You can very much give yourself an oil bath or moisturizer bath when you lay under the sun. Of course, there is a hidden advantage here. You will easily acquire vitamin D when you lay down, which will indirectly contribute to your feelings. Yes, vitamin D enhances your feelings and keeps you happy. So, go get out in the sun and enjoy.
2Act like an Egyptian
Did you know that back then, women didn’t use any oil, moisturizer or even powder for that matter. They all went natural and that is what you could try too. Try going natural and look yourself. Simple – imbibe olden days method of no makeup and lots of natural products instead. Did you know that a slice of lemon can make a lot of difference to your body? Well, yes it makes sure to remove all the unwanted dead skin and makes your skin glow.
3Buy an amazing swimsuit
Well, Beach body definitely also requires you to own an amazing beach dress or a swimsuit. Make sure you buy something that compliments your body firstly. Ask your mum or your friends for help or suggestion. So, try to pick something comfortable, easy to slip into and something that can give you the sexy hot look. Go swimsuit shopping and check out for different kinds of colors. Don’t go for boring colors like black, red or blue. Try to mix matching the colors or try printed swimsuits. That can make all the difference in the way you look.
4Quality over anything else
Whatever you choose related to beaches or beach vacation, make sure you concentrate on quality more than quantity. It is important for you to invest in good quality because unless you look for that you might end up buying some cheap stuff. You could of course compare prices online, but check out in person for better selection. Remember that your swimsuit needs to be stretchy and spandex quality too. Otherwise, it doesn’t make sense. Yes, you might have to pay a hefty price for this, but who cares. As long as it makes you look hot and sexy, investing in a quality product is never a decision you will regret.
5Go cheap on other swim accessories
You have to be super careful with swimsuit. But you can always buy cheaper accessories that accompany and complete your beach babe look. Shades, hat, wraps and jewelry can be minimal and needn’t be invested upon. You might not even go swimming some days. So, just get dressed and look beautiful. You can always remember to work around your fashion looks. It’s fine to be over prepared and overdressed during beach vacations. This is a one time thing, so don’t go light on your fashion gut.
Yes, it is important for you to try the look you have assembled. Don’t just wait for the vacation to unveil yourself. Wear whatever you want, try the swim suit and walk, sit, lay down and jump. If you are comfortable, then all your efforts are paid off. Even if something is not right, then go ahead and change the way you look or feel. It’s fine to have last minute doubts, changes and alterations. You don’t want to look blah and uncomfortable in a swimsuit on the very day of your vacation. So, do a test trial and ask your people how you look. If everything gives you a green signal, then you are ready to hit the beach!
7Crush your insecurities
Yo, ladies! Firstly, never have any kind of insecurities. Secondly, try not to pay too much heed to your mind voice. Listen to your heart instead. Go with whatever suits you and don’t bother or worry about people. Even if you are a zero size, they are going to say something. So, chuk their opinion and go ahead with confidence. Wear the best of best clothes when you visit the beach, if you aren’t going for swimming. Wear contrasting colors and enjoy!
This is the final stage, where you have to hit the beach and enjoy yourself. Just live your vacation. Play beach volleyball, have a drink and enjoy the view, count the stars and click away as many pictures as you can. Take to the social media and let the world know how much you have been enjoying. | <urn:uuid:4526e01a-fcc3-4803-845c-61b996f06625> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hergamut.in/8-fashion-tips-to-achieve-beach-babe-look/ | 2023-10-04T20:41:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.956162 | 1,160 |
Hettinger, North Dakota has four seasons with beautiful sunrises and sunsets. With affordable housing, low taxes, no personal property tax, and low auto and home insurance rates, Hettinger has a low-cost-of-living. Hettinger has over 130 retail or service-related businesses, six churches of various denominations, and a nationally-acclaimed medical facility.
The Hettinger area promotes a strong, family-oriented lifestyle with friendly, honest people who take great pride in their community. The people of the area are the backbone of the community. Merchants treat you like part of the family, and most call you by your first name. If you are looking for a great community to raise your kids, or if you are ready to retire, you can't find a better place to live!
Love the place you live! | <urn:uuid:aaa5a2d6-eb3e-4ef4-9a19-5663e98a5053> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hettingernd.com/make-hettinger-home | 2023-10-04T19:19:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.959565 | 173 |
User Enhancement Change Request (UECR): Fiscal Intermediary Shared System (FISS) - Automate Inpatient/Skilled Nursing Facility Common Working File (CWF) Alerts Received on the L1001 and L1002 Reports
The purpose of this Change Request (CR) is to implement a Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC) request to automate the CWF L1001 and L1002 alerts. Currently, CWF adjusts or cancels the claim in CWF history and notifies the MAC via a report. The MAC manually adjusts/cancels the claim to match the updated record in CWF history.
Issued by: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Issue Date: May 08, 2023
DISCLAIMER: The contents of this database lack the force and effect of law, except as authorized by law (including Medicare Advantage Rate Announcements and Advance Notices) or as specifically incorporated into a contract. The Department may not cite, use, or rely on any guidance that is not posted on the guidance repository, except to establish historical facts. | <urn:uuid:83f5b001-e8c5-4553-b881-ce4090d7070c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hhs.gov/guidance/document/user-enhancement-change-request-uecr-fiscal-intermediary-shared-system-fiss-automate-0 | 2023-10-04T20:55:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.892399 | 223 |
Bored of playing Sudoku? Bored of playing Mafia games? Bored of playing Adventurous exercises? Why don’t you try car parking games right away? Car parking games are fun, thrilling and daunting. It requires you to think about and in the same time improve your skill in parking your automobile into a fervent parking video slot. The best part basically can actually play it for free without having to spend a single cent.
If definitely want to understand how to win at slot machines, the key thing in order to to learn is money management. While you have already been playing, it is important that invariably where you stand on a financial basis. For this reason I suggest to start playing some free slot game. Several of the larger online casinos such as Casino King provide many free machines for for you to practice. It will then record your contribution and earnings on searching for display which isn’t exactly consist of when you are playing with real extra money.
Slot machines are these days . the top selling of casino games. Every one of the popular slots found in any land-based casino can be seen online, much more being added on a regular basis. Slot Machines come in the majority of varieties with unique wild symbols, scatters bonus rounds and free spins. Most slot machines will have 3 five reels with 1 to 50 pay-lines. Placing maximum bets on all pay-lines of a slot machine will greatly increase the chances of you winning some huge cash or even a jackpot. Video slot games can be obtained from both download and flash versions but aren’t in live dealer activity.
None of this is true when playing live. Conversations go on constantly. Poker is a social game and individuals part of it. There are few hands which often some server is not implementing orders free drinks. There is noise from other tables and, in one poker room I play in, loud clanging of slot online real money machines never ends. All of this commotion tends to disrupt your opinions if totally close one another.
These mobile deals with free gifts are obtainable by the slot online free retailers. Sony ericsson smartphone Vivaz PRO deals with free XBOX 360s are supplied by Vodafone, three, Orange, O2 and T-Mobile. You can win the handset for no charges by getting tied on the top of any one of these networks for a certain length of time during which you need fork out for some monthly rental bills. After the stipulated time period, the phone can be retained. The mobile phone deals with free Xbox live are a profitable venture like all other phone is concerned with gifts.
Also, an important moment to remember: you can play without any strategy and employ poker with regard to ordinary slot machine, to play at random and at the venture.
A better strategy in this is to set a specific quantity for the play. A person used your whole set amount, do not draw a quantity from your pocket or visa or master card again. Play again so when. Setting a time deadline one more an excellent method to avoid bankruptcy. Once your alarm rings, time is up; stop and keep from the machine, also as off of the casino. Playing slots can be really enticing. However, with these tips, a player can getaway from the claws of temptation. | <urn:uuid:2bc90e03-5797-4c8f-be6e-ae37360aa9ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hiddenfromgoogle.com/the-main-reason-online-casinos-are-so-popular/ | 2023-10-04T20:39:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.944494 | 674 |
Let’s celebrate with an intentional focus on healthy food choices.
This year’s theme is “Eat Right, Your Way, Every Day.”
Choose healthy options that please your palette and work with your lifestyle and you’ll be more likely to achieve nutrition goals without feeling deprived.
Likewise, helping residents choose healthy options that please their palettes and work with their lifestyle will help them achieve nutrition goals without feeling deprived.
What are you doing this month to encourage healthy eating choices in your senior living community? Please share your ideas in the comments section; I’d like to hear from you.
National Nutrition Month® is a nutrition education and information campaign sponsored annually by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Learn more at EatRight.org. | <urn:uuid:a00a0c25-5b38-4e60-b977-e679cc9be543> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.higherstandards.org/its-national-nutrition-month | 2023-10-04T19:44:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.935405 | 160 |
Moving to Charlotte– what you need to know
So you’re moving to Charlotte? Well, get excited because there is no shortage of amazing things to see, do and eat in the Queen City! Regardless of what your interests are, you’re in for a fun-filled next chapter of your life!
Where to live in Charlotte
First things first, where to live? Charlotte has a diverse set of neighborhoods and areas of town that can accommodate just about any pace – and stage – of life.
Charlotte is quite the destination for millennials. In fact, Charlotte ranked 11th on SmartAsset’s list detailing where millenials are moving. It’s no surprise as Charlotte has a strong job market, affordable housing and amenities to meet almost any interest.
Charlotte’s housing market attracts both homeowners and renters alike, and popular neighborhoods and areas of town for millennials include the following:
- South End
- West Boulevard
- Myers Park
Charlotte is a wonderful place for young families to flourish, with a diverse mix of local communities to accommodate any family’s style. On top of that, Charlotte has some of the best school systems in the state. The question is, which area is best for you and your family?
Popular neighborhoods and areas for young families include the following:
- Beverly Woods
- Barclays Downs
- Fourth Ward
- Wessex Square
- Quail Hollow
It isn’t just millennials moving to Charlotte. Charlotte is consistently ranked as one of the best places to retire by Forbes. Charlotte has a unique mix of big city offerings and idyllic small-town charm thanks to its suburbs and nearby Lake Norman – a common destination for many retirees.
Empty nesters may want to consider homes in these neighborhoods and communities:
- Trilogy Lake Norman
- Sun City Carolina Lakes
- Carolina Orchards
What to do in Charlotte
The Mint Museum was North Carolina’s first fine arts museum, which has since expanded to two locations in Charlotte with one of the largest art collections in the Southeast. The Mint Museum offers international art and design exhibits, collections, and educational programs to inspire all visitors. To learn more about upcoming exhibits and events, visit https://mintmuseum.org.
Discovery Place Science and Discovery Place Nature
Discovery Place Science and Discovery Place Nature spark imagination through interactive exhibits like Fort Wild, where kids can engage in “outdoor play” such as building forts and exploring wildlife. Beyond exhibits, the museums offer an IMAX theater, labs, classes and camps, live shows, and a variety of events. To learn more about what Discovery Place has to offer, visit https://www.discoveryplace.org.
Levine Museum of the New South
Charlotte’s rich history comes to life at the Levine Museum of the New South. This museum offers exhibits and events to deepen visitors’ knowledge of life in Charlotte and the greater Piedmont region from post-Civil War to the present. To learn more, visit http://www.museumofthenewsouth.org.
Carolina’s Aviation Museum
Located at Charlotte Douglas International Airport, Carolina’s Aviation Museum is home to the US Airways Airbus A320, or better known as the “Miracle on the Hudson.” Through exhibits, events, and summer camps, the museum’s visitors experience the adventure of aviation. To learn more, visit http://www.carolinasaviation.org.
NASCAR Hall of Fame
Located in Uptown Charlotte and situated on five acres, NASCAR Hall of Fame is an interactive entertainment museum celebrating the history of NASCAR. The venue includes hands-on exhibits, artifacts, a 278-person theater, and a Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant. The venue is designed to entertain race fans and non-race fans alike. To learn more, visit https://www.nascarhall.com/.
James Polk Birthplace
Located about 20 minutes outside of Charlotte, nestled in Mecklenburg County, you can find the birthplace of James Polk, the country’s 11th president. The site features a reconstructed log cabin similar to the one James Polk lived in and commemorates significant events that occurred during Polk’s presidency. To learn more about the historical site, visit https://www.jameskpolk.net/visit.html.
Reed Gold Mine
Only a 30-minute drive from downtown Charlotte, Reed Gold Mine is home to the first documented gold found in the United States. The restored underground tunnels and reconstructed stamp mill are available for tour April through October. There also are several hiking trails open all year. To learn more about guided tours and gold panning, visit https://historicsites.nc.gov/all-sites/reed-gold-mine/plan-your-visit.
Historic Latta Plantation
Built around 1800, the Historic Latta Plantation is a 52-acre former cotton plantation full of history. Originally owned by a Scots-Irish immigrant, James Latta, a traveling merchant, the historic site now offers visitors a glimpse into what life in the area was like during the early 1800s. Latta Plantation also is home to regular Civil War reenactments of the Battle of Gettysburg, highlighting the role local soldiers played in the famous battle. To learn more about the plantation’s tours and events, visit https://www.lattaplantation.org.
Theaters and Music Venues, Popular Events
Blumenthal Performing Arts Center
The Blumenthal Performing Arts Center has three different campuses, each with multiple theatres. With performances ranging from Broadway to dance to comedy, it’s safe to say that there’s a show for everyone. The Blumenthal is also home to Opera Carolina, Charlotte Symphony and Charlotte Ballet, all of which perform regularly at the venue. For pricing, locations, and upcoming events, visit http://www.blumenthalarts.org.
Theatre Charlotte is the city’s oldest performing arts organization and has received multiple awards and accolades. The theatre is volunteer-based with community members helping with everything from ushering to acting in lead roles. For pricing, location, and upcoming events, visit http://theatrecharlotte.org.
Children’s Theatre of Charlotte
As one of the top theatre organizations for young people in the United States, the Children’s Theatre of Charlotte holds more shows than any other theatre company in the state. Over 250,000 children and family members get involved with productions each year. The theatre also holds camps and classes for young people to express creativity and build confidence on the stage. For pricing, location, and upcoming events, visit https://www.ctcharlotte.org/Online/.
The Fillmore Charlotte
Located in a historic textile mill, The Fillmore Charlotte embodies the same iconic ambience as the original Fillmore in San Francisco with similar décor including the red oak hardwood floors, chandeliers, and red painted interior. Shows are typically general admission/standing room only. For pricing, location, and upcoming events, visit http://www.fillmorenc.com/.
The Evening Muse
The Evening Muse is located in the NoDa arts district and features original music acts from both local and national talent. The venue offers a wide selection of beer, wine and spirits to enjoy during shows. For upcoming events and location, visit http://www.eveningmuse.com/.
PNC Music Pavilion
The PNC Music Pavilion is an outdoor amphitheater known for hosting the biggest names in music like John Mayer, Brad Paisley and Tim McGraw. The venue offers reserved seating as well as general admission tickets. For pricing, location, and upcoming shows, visit https://www.livenation.com/venues/14471/pnc-music-pavilion.
In the heart of uptown Charlotte, impeccable service and world-class wines are easily found at The Capital Grille. The wine selection includes virtually “every wine-growing region on earth,” all of which will pair perfectly with their immaculate steak and fresh seafood. When looking at “Best of” Charlotte lists, Barrington’s tops many. Opened in 2000, this upscale American restaurant is known for mixing the food and culture of the owner’s hometown, Barrington, Rhode Island, with the southern roots of its location.
Southern style barbeque is the game and Mac’s Speed Shop is the name. Since 2005, Mac’s has been one of the hottest barbeque joints in Charlotte. With its traditional barbequing methods and southern-style sides like mac ‘n’ cheese, collard greens and baked beans, it feels just like home. If you are in the mood to step out of your comfort zone, try Cowfish. The vibrant and fun interior supports the funky vibes where you can grab a burger and a beer or use the interactive computer to build your own sushi roll. If you want a little of both, try out one of Cowfish’s boxes which include both sushi and a burger, or the All-American Bacon Double Cheeseburgooshi roll.
NoDa Brewing Company has a relaxing atmosphere in one of Charlotte’s most popular neighborhoods and includes frequent live music and a draft list that satisfies almost any beer drinker. Curious how they make the beer? You can even take a tour of the production room. Wooden Robot is a lot more than a great name; it’s also a brewery that knows a thing or two about making an outstanding beer. They offer indoor and outdoor seating, as well as various pour sizes. Olde Mecklenburg Brewery has been brewing beer for more than a decade and has one of the area’s best outdoor biergartens. Want to try all of Charlotte’s breweries? The Charlotte Five recently mapped out all of Charlotte’s breweries and listed their recommendations for each spot! If wine is more your speed, Charlotte has an impressive number of wineries such as Cougar Run Winery and Windsor Run Cellars. Charlotte Magazine has a great list of all the region’s wineries, with wine descriptions, directions and hours. Check it out here!
Charlotte Premium Outlets
Charlotte Premium Outlets features 100 upscale stores at outlet prices. Shop at Banana Republic for a nice outfit and then head over to Michael Kors for a watch or handbag and Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5th for the shoes to match. For more information about the outlets, visit http://www.premiumoutlets.com/outlet/charlotte/stores.
With over 150 stores, Southpark Mall has got it all. As one of the largest malls in the Charlotte area, Southpark has everything a shopper could ever want. Stores like Louis Vuitton, Burberry, Apple and Tiffany & Co. provide an upscale feel and are paired with high-end chain restaurants like Cheesecake Factory and Maggiano’s Little Italy. For more information about the mall, visit http://www.simon.com/mall/southpark.
Ballantyne Village is much more than a shopping destination. With over 20 different restaurants, coffee shops and unique stores, it’s also the perfect place for a night out. Ballantyne Village also features exciting activities such as live music, events for the kids, art exhibits and so much more. For more information and a schedule of events, visit http://ballantynevillage.com/.
U.S. National Whitewater Center
If you’re a thrill seeker, look no further than the U.S. National Whitewater Center. Home to the official Olympic Training site, what better place is there to learn how to whitewater raft? With over 700 acres of land to explore, the U.S. National Whitewater Center has plenty of space to kayak, rock climb, canoe, mountain bike and hike. For more information, visit http://usnwc.org/.
Carowinds Amusement Park
If you’re looking for a fun-filled day, buy a ticket to Charlotte’s very own amusement park, Carowinds. With over 30 thrilling rides and attractions, Carowinds will have you smiling all day. Known for its roller coasters like Afterburn, Fury 325 and the Intimidator, these rides live up to their name. Don’t forget about the water park! Carolina Harbor has many rides and slides for the whole family to enjoy. To buy your tickets, visit https://www.carowinds.com/.
Crowders Mountain State Park
A relaxing day on the mountain is the perfect way to spend a day in Charlotte. With over 5,000 acres and many cliffs, Crowders is a popular destination for rock climbers. The park has many trails and two mountain peaks – Crowders Mountain at 1,625 feet and the Pinnacle at 1,705 feet. For more information, visit https://www.ncparks.gov/crowders-mountain-state-park.
Festival In the Park
Filled with food, music, and art, Festival in the Park is a celebration of the arts. The festival hosts 180 artists and almost 1,000 musicians over three days and nights around Freedom Park Lake. For more information, visit http://festivalinthepark.org/.
Carolina Renaissance Festival
Celebrate renaissance times with entertainment including an outdoor theater, circus, arts and crafts fair, jousting tournament and food! This is one of the largest renaissance fairs in the country, nestled in 325 acres just 30 minutes north of Charlotte. For more information, visit https://www.carolina.renfestinfo.com/.
Enjoy NBA games courtside at the Spectrum Center arena, home of the Charlotte Hornets. For more information on game tickets and dates, visit http://www.nba.com/hornets/.
BB&T Ballpark in Uptown is home to the Charlotte Knights, the area’s minor-league baseball team. The team is a Triple-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox. For more information on tickets and the team’s schedule, visit https://www.milb.com/charlotte-knights.
Charlotte is home to the NFL Carolina Panthers. Tailgate and cheer on the Panthers at the Bank of America Stadium located in uptown Charlotte. For more information on game days and the Carolina Panthers, visit http://www.panthers.com/index.html.
Ice hockey fans can watch Charlotte’s minor-league hockey team play at Bojangles Coliseum. The team is an affiliate of the National Hockey League’s Carolina Hurricanes. For more information on tickets and game days, visit http://gocheckers.com/.
Are you excited yet? You should be! Whenever you’re ready to start planning your move to Charlotte, we’re here to help! Visit Hilldrup.com to schedule a free in-home move estimate. | <urn:uuid:05c0068e-bc36-49b0-b18b-ddb79a602f47> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hilldrup.com/help-and-support/moving-guides/city-moving-guides/charlotte-moving-guide/ | 2023-10-04T20:14:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.917548 | 3,279 |
Good Day Friends. This is Ella Kalungi.
Two years ago, my sister and I wanted a ROLEX.
Dad gave us some cash.
Our Aunt escorted us but some metres behind.
In no time, we were at the ROLEX stall.
We ordered for our favourite; 1 chapatti, two eggs and tomatoes Rolex.
When our ROLEX guy was done, he asked for the money.
Ooops, we had lost the cash while running to satisfy our carving.
At this point, our Aunt called Dad.
He wasn’t happy but accepted to get another KAMONEY.
Daddy said; “get the ROLEX GUY’s mobile money number.” Mobile what? I wondered.
But, in 1 minute, the ROLEX guy had the MONEY. He handed us our ROLEX.
Since then; we don’t do cash. We pay with Mobile Money. | <urn:uuid:df6a8572-d835-4a5e-b48d-314cad49f7db> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hipipo.org/2020/04/26/even-our-rolex-guy-accepts-mobile-money-what-about-you/ | 2023-10-04T20:56:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.942789 | 205 |
History Bunker Ltd
World War 1 and World War 2 reproduction military uniforms.
Since 2006 the company and product range has grown rapidly and we now carry over 1000 product lines including WW1 British Army uniforms, WW1 Anzac uniforms, WW1 German uniforms, WW2 Soviet Red Army uniforms, WW2 Italian uniforms, WW2 Japanese uniforms as well as British Napoleonic, Crimean and Victorian uniforms
From our beginnings as an online trading company we have since acquired premises to store our vast array of WW1 and WW2 uniforms as well as being a tailoring and seamstress workshop, military showroom and offices. If you wish to visit us you are more than welcome, but please note we operate and appointment only viewing system so you must contact us beforehand to arrange a date.
Over the years we have supplied our military uniforms to many prestigious organisations and groups, including – Warner Brothers, Paramount Pictures, The BBC, Universal Studios, Band Apart, Channel 4, Buckingham Palace, Chelsea Football Club, The Tower of London, Madame Tussauds, The Royal Armouries, Imperial War Museum, Australian War Memorial, The National Trust and many theatre companies around the globe as well as those on Broadway and Drury Lane
As well as tailoring uniforms for sale we also provide a costume and uniform hire service for film, theatre and tv as well as the individual. We can provide hire uniforms for the Goodwood revival, Haworth 40’s weekend, Pickering war weekend and any other 40’s event. We also provide uniforms and clothing for 1940’s weddings. Should you require something we do not carry as standard then we will do our best to source it for you.
So, please peruse our website, Im sure you will find something of interest and if you have any questions or queries then please do not hesitate to contact me or a member of our team.
Mark Platts BA (Hons) History MA (RS) | <urn:uuid:dd790b7d-1c1e-4c93-b522-c824fdd57e68> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.historybunker.com/ | 2023-10-04T20:52:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.933796 | 397 |
Winchester, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)
Joist Hite and Braddock / Winchester
Joist Hite and Braddock. By this road, then an Indian trail, Joist Hite and his followers came to make the first permanent settlement in this section, 1732. In 1755, General Edward Braddock of the British army, accompanied by George Washington, passed here on his way to defeat and death at Fort Duquesne.
Winchester. At first called Fredericktown, it was founded in 1744, near a Shawnee Indian village, by Colonel James Wood, a native of the English city of Winchester. The town was situated in Lord Fairfax’s proprietary of the Northern Neck. It was chartered in 1752.
Erected 1930 by Conservation & Development Commission. (Marker Number Q 4b.)
Topics and series. This historical marker is listed in these topic lists: Colonial Era • Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers • War, French and Indian. In addition, it is included in the Braddock’s Road and Maj. Gen. Edward Braddock, and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources series lists. A significant historical year for this entry is 1732.
Location. 39° 11.131′ Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Winchester VA 22601, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. George Washington’s Out-Lot (about 800 feet away, measured in a direct line); Address by President Lincoln (approx. ¼ mile away); Pennsylvania (approx. ¼ mile away); 123rd Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry (approx. ¼ mile away); Third Battle of Winchester (approx. ¼ mile away); A National Cemetery System (approx. ¼ mile away); Winchester National Cemetery (approx. 0.3 miles away); 14th New Hampshire Regiment (approx. 0.3 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Winchester.
Regarding Joist Hite and Braddock / Winchester. Old markers never die! This marker was reported as “retired” by several sources. A new marker with the same number was erected in 2003 two miles east on the Berryville Pike (see link).
Related marker. Click here for another marker that is related to this marker. The replacement Jost Hite and Winchester marker
Also see . . . Braddock's March. Website homepage (Submitted on September 17, 2007, by Craig Swain of Leesburg, Virginia.)
Credits. This page was last revised on July 15, 2022. It was originally submitted on September 17, 2007, by Craig Swain of Leesburg, Virginia. This page has been viewed 3,385 times since then and 139 times this year. Last updated on August 6, 2010, by William Richard Harrison of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on September 17, 2007, by Craig Swain of Leesburg, Virginia. 4. submitted on November 11, 2018, by Mike Wintermantel of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. • Kevin W. was the editor who published this page. | <urn:uuid:c4da6cde-49b3-4b3a-98e1-00d6dcc1b284> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=34091 | 2023-10-04T21:15:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.948349 | 674 |
David Montgomery obtained a B.A. in psychology from the University of Virginia in 1969. He then graduated from the University of Georgia School of Law with a Juris Doctor, with honors, in 1972. That same year he was admitted to the Georgia bar and formed the law partnership, Hudson and Montgomery, with Jim Hudson.
Montgomery’s practice has always consisted primarily of trying cases in court. He successfully tried his first criminal case, a week-long trial in the federal court, in 1972, three weeks after becoming a lawyer. He tried his first wrongful death case in 1973, representing the husband and children of a wife and mother who died of a heart attack after a minor traffic accident. That case resulted in what was then a record recovery for the value of a single life in Clarke County, Georgia.
In the first 20 years of his practice he handled both civil and criminal cases. Since 1995, with a few exceptions, he has focused on serious civil cases, either representing the injured and the families of those killed by the negligence of others or handling contested commercial disputes. Whether handling a civil case or defending someone charged with a crime, his entire career has consisted of preparing cases for trial and presenting them in court before judges and juries. Many of the clients he has represented have come to him either because of referrals from jurors who have seen him in court or by referral from other lawyers.
Whatever the type of case, David Montgomery’s approach to the law and the representation of his clients has remained constant over the years. That approach, simply put, is to work tirelessly and honorably to do the very best job possible for those who have entrusted their lives and their legal affairs to him.
David Montgomery has held the AV rating from Martindale-Hubble, the highest rating possible, for more than 25 years. He has been recognized as a Super Lawyer each year since 2004. He has been listed in the directory, Best Lawyers in America.
He is a member of the State Bar of Georgia, the Georgia Trial Lawyers Association, the American Association for Justice, the American Bar Association, the Western Circuit Bar Association, and is a Fellow of the Lawyers Foundation of Georgia.
He is active in his community. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Athens Academy from 1992 to 1997, was a member of the City Council of the City of Lexington for many years and served as Mayor.
He is a licensed pilot, with instrument and multiengine ratings.
- Areas of Practice:
- Personal Injury - Plaintiff
- Bad Faith Insurance
- Products Liability
- Professional Malpractice
- Commercial Litigation
- Bar Admissions:
- Georgia, 1972
- U.S. District Court Middle District of Georgia, 1972
- U.S. District Court Northern District of Georgia, 1984
- U.S. Court of Appeals 5th Circuit, 1972
- U.S. Court of Appeals 11th Circuit, 1981
- U.S. Supreme Court, 1976
- University of Georgia School of Law, Athens, Georgia,
Honors: Cum Laude
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia,
- Representative Cases:
- Cotton States v. Brightman, 276 Ga. 683 (Georgia Supreme Court 2003)
- Tolbert v. Duckworth, 262 Ga. 622 (Georgia Supreme Court 1992)
- Professional Associations and Memberships:
- American Bar Association
- American Association For Justice
- Georgia Trial Lawyers Association
- Past Vice President
- Lawyers Foundation of Georgia
- Western Circuit Bar Association
- President, 1987-1988
- State Bar of Georgia
- Lexington, Georgia
- City Council, 1984-1986, 1988-1994
- Lexington, Georgia
- Mayor, 1994 - 2016
- Athens Academy
- Trustee, 1992-1997
- Pro Bono Activities:
- Chief Justice's Commission on Professionalism
- Georgia State Bar Traffic Court Study Committee
- Phi Kappa Phi | <urn:uuid:c014fe66-adad-49d8-9c98-d9d986675ed2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hmklaw.net/Bio/DavidMontgomery.html | 2023-10-04T19:35:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.955826 | 893 |
WASHTO 2023 Annual Meeting
Building Our Resilient Future Today.
Representing the westernmost state of WASHTO, Hawaii is positioned perfectly to serve as the 2023 host of our annual conference. Scheduled to be held on the pristine tropical grounds of the Hilton Hawaiian Village Waikiki Beach Resort on gorgeous Oahu, this annual gathering of the best and the brightest in transportation is considered one of the most “must attend” events of the year.
Monday, June 5
Tuesday, June 6
- 10 a.m. - 11 a.m.
- Growing the Future Transportation Workforce
- 12:30 p.m. - 1:30 p.m.
- Building and Maintaining Resilient and Lasting Assets
- 3 p.m. - 4 p.m.
- Safety - This is your Life
Wednesday, June 7
- 11 a.m. - 12 p.m.
- Where’s the Workforce?
Chelsea MerrillAssociate Vice President
Erica BlondeRegional Equity and Engagement Practice Manager
Loreana MarciantePrincipal technologist
Michelle DippelWestern U.S. President
Mike PattersonDOT Practice Consultant
Susan MartinovichVice President/DOT National Practice Consultant
Tony KratofilDOT National Practice Consultant | <urn:uuid:0ea9a28a-6bac-448e-980d-41352a5dc71b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hntb.com/events-all/washto-2023-annual-meeting/ | 2023-10-04T19:50:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.800751 | 343 |
Meet Dr. Sodhi
Animal Hospital of Lynnwood
19503 56th Ave W Lynnwood, WA 98036
Call us at 425-771-6300
Animal Wellness and Rehab Center
2115 112th Ave. NE #100 Bellevue, WA 98004
Call us at 425-455-8900
Pet Emergency? Call us right away at 425-455-8900 or 425-771-6300!
Traditional and Holisitic Veterinary Service with a unique Animal Hospital facility which offers a wide range of Veterinary care services for small animals such as dogs, cats, ferrets, chinchillas, rabbits and rodents.
We not only treat animals naturally but also provide education to pet owners about ways to take care of their pets in natural ways.
If you live in Bellevue or Lynnwood or the surrounding area and need a trusted veterinarian to care for your pets – look no further. Dr. Tejinder Sodhi is a licensed WA veterinarian, treating all types of pets. Your pets’ health and wellbeing are very important to us, and we take every possible measure to give your animals the care they deserve.
Animal Wellness and Rehab Center and Animal Hospital of Lynnwood are full service animal hospitals and welcome both emergency treatment cases as well as pet patients in need of routine medical, surgical, and dental care. Dr. Tejinder Sodhi has years of experience treating serious conditions and offering regular pet wellness care. Beyond first rate pet care, we make our clinic comfortable, kid-friendly, and calm, so your pet can relax in the waiting room and look forward to meeting our Bellevue veterinarian.
We are happy to offer a number of resources that enable you to learn about how to take better care of your pets. Please feel free to browse our site, particularly the informational articles. The best veterinary care for animals is ongoing nutrition and problem prevention, so becoming knowledgeable about preventative pet care is essential to the ongoing success of your animal’s health. If you have any questions, call 425-455-8900 or 425-771-6300, or email us and we'll promptly get back to you. Our veterinarian offices are very easy to get to -- and you can find directions on our Contact Us page! We also welcome you to subscribe to our newsletter, which is created especially for Bellevue and Lynnwood pet owners.
We are committed to the health and quality of life of your pet.
Dr. Tejinder Sodhi DVM, CVC
Bellevue Veterinarian | Animal Wellness and Rehab Center | 425-455-8900
2115 112th Ave. NE #100
Bellevue, WA 98006
Lynnwood Veterinarian | Animal Hospital of Lynnwood | 425-771-6300
19503 56th Ave W
Lynnwood, WA 98036 | <urn:uuid:7717853e-7d5e-46f1-94f1-c6c29e16e8a2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.holistic-pet-care.com/ | 2023-10-04T19:57:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.914185 | 589 |
Whether you’re a visitor to Myrtle Beach South Carolina, this is where you live, or you are looking for an affordable town to buy waterfront property, there are many lakes and opportunities for recreational activities here on the Grand Strand. The Myrtle Beach area has been known over the years as an international destination because of its beaches (with 70 golf courses), shopping paradise, and fantastic cuisine of over 1700 restaurants on the grand strand. But what most people don’t realize exists, is a secret hidden gem, just outside these city’s limits, lie beautiful freshwater ponds that border new developments and neighborhoods where homes sell fast due to their proximity to the ocean and beach. If you’re looking to find the best lakes in Myrtle Beach, this guide will help.
Grand Lake at Market Common
Market Common Myrtle Beach is one of the most desired places to live in the Grand Strand. It’s centrally located near the beach and has all the stores and restaurants you need within walking distance. One of the best amenities Market Common offers is Grand Park Lake. The lake is perfect for fishing, paddling, or just enjoying the scenery. The pier at Grand Park Lake is also a great place to fish, with a catch-and-release policy in place. No motorized watercraft are allowed on the lake, but you can bring your kayak or canoe. If you’re looking for a beautiful place to live near the beach, Market Common Myrtle Beach should be at the top of your list!
Broadway at the Beach Lake
Broadway at the beach is one of Myrtle Beach’s most popular attractions. Every year, hundreds of thousands of visitors come to enjoy the outdoors, have some dinner, and shop. Another main attraction is the crazy, starving fish that populate the man-made lake. Insider tip: bring a loaf of day-old stale bread to feed them or you can buy fish food from one of the vending machines. You can not fish or bring your boat, but you can pay to take a crazy spinning speed boat ride around the lake from one of the vendors. If you are looking for something a bit more relaxing, you can just stroll around the lake. Parking is free. Broadway at the beach is a great place to spend a day with family and friends.
Located in the northern section of Myrtle Beach near the Arcadian Shores Golf club off Chestnut Road. Green Lakes is a neighborhood that mostly features single-family homes from 2000 to 4500 square feet. Visitors can find a variety of fish to catch including Catfish, bluegill, and sunfish.
Lake Arrowhead is a great destination for anyone looking to enjoy the quieter side of Myrtle Beach. The lake is located inside of the Kingston Plantation Resort, just a short drive from the main strip. Visitors can find a variety of fish to catch, including crappie, largemouth bass, bluegill, catfish, and sunfish. Lake Arrowhead is also in a great location for exploring the rest of Horry County – it’s just 6.6 miles from North Myrtle Beach and in a very central part of the state. Whether you’re looking to relax by the lake or explore the surrounding area, Lake Arrowhead is a great choice for your next vacation spot.
Dunes Lake is a beautiful, serene spot located in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. This 45-acre lake is home to many different species of fish, including bass and carp. Dunes Lake is also known for its resident alligator, which can occasionally be spotted sunning on the shoreline. The best time to go fishing at Dunes Lake is from 8 AM to 3 PM.
In addition to being a great spot for fishing, Dunes Lake is also scenic and perfect for a leisurely stroll. The Dunes Golf and Beach Club runs along one side of the lake, providing stunning views of the rolling fairways and pristine clubhouse. Even if you’re not a member of the Dunes Golf and Beach Club, you can still enjoy the lake’s natural beauty. So whether you’re looking to catch a big fish or just soak up some rays, Dunes Lake is the perfect place to do it.
Dogwood Lake is a beautiful reservoir located in Surfside, SC, near the Ocean Lakes Family Campground. Dogwood Lake is a great place to fish, with reported catches of largemouth bass and bream. The best times to fish are early in the morning or early in the evening. You can bring a boat to Dogwood Lake, but be aware that the connected ponds are restricted to boats powered by paddles, oars, sails, or electric trolling motors. Whether you’re coming for fishing or just to enjoy the scenery, Dogwood Lake is a great destination for a day trip from Myrtle Beach.
Lewis Lake is a small body of water located in southern Horry County near the city of Surfside Beach. It is best known for being a great spot for fishing, with the 8 AM to 4 PM timeframe being especially productive. Lewis Lake is also notable for being located near Myrtle Beach State Park, which offers hiking trails and fishing opportunities. If you’re looking for a peaceful place to relax and enjoy nature, Lewis Lake is definitely worth a visit!
Lake Busby in Conway South Carolina is a man-made lake that was originally built as a cooling pond for Granger steam electric generating plant which opened in 1966 until Santee Cooper state power company closed it in 2012. The lake is currently closed. After the plant closed, the 160-acre Lake Busby was drained and restored to its former state as a wetland. Today residents enjoy a 2.3-mile bike and walking trail along the old lake shoreline.
Myrtle Beach SC Waterfront Homes for Sale
What is the best lake to live on in SC? It’s more a matter of preference, your budget, and what your needs and wants are. South Carolina has many lakes that are considered the best lakes to live on. Picturesque coves and undisturbed shorelines that run for miles are the stuff of dreams. But some of the most affordable lakes to live on are in golf course communities, or local neighborhoods which give a good chance for a perfect backyard view overlooking the lake, without going broke.
Best Myrtle Beach Lakes to Buy Lakefront Property
You may be wondering how much a lake house costs in Myrtle Beach. No matter what the taste or budget, there is something for every type of buyer. Shoppers will discover properties such as single-family homes for sale, condos, golf properties, as well as open land and vacant lots available. If you’re looking for the best lakefront properties in Myrtle Beach, look no further! With over 200 gorgeous homes to choose from and all types of property available – including new builds on some very exclusive lake sites- this area has something that will suit every buyer’s needs. Take advantage of it today, because waterfront property has always been in demand.
Lakefront Neighborhoods in Myrtle Beach
A Lakefront neighborhood can offer residents a more secluded feel and offer a superior living experience, that comes along with incredible views and plenty of outdoor water sports.
Plantation Lakes – in Carolina Forest features custom homes and residential lots for sale 800 home sites, 170 acres of lakes, and 15 acres of shoreline.
Waterbridge – is a gated community in the Carolina Forest community that offers impressive homes with top-notch amenities.
Berkshire Forest – is a Beautiful Community of single family homes located off of River Oaks Drive, centerpiece is the gorgeous 32-acre Silver Lake.
Indigo Bay – is a gated, master-planned community that is situated around a 50-acre lake.
Ocean Lakes – Family Campground is an oceanfront gated community with 24-hour security. The property is located south of Myrtle Beach.
Brighton Lakes – is a partially custom and track-built home neighborhood with 284 homesites around a 6+ acre lake.
Myrtle Beach SC Deep Waterfront Homes for Sale
There are many waterfront homes for sale that offer stunning views of the Intracoastal waterway. Deepwater homes are especially desirable because many offer quick and easy access to the ocean. Whether you’re looking for a place to fish, boat, or simply enjoy the view, a deep waterfront home is the ultimate fisherman’s paradise. In addition to the amazing scenery, these homes also come with a number of amenities that make life easier. Most have private docks, meaning you won’t have to worry about fighting for a spot at the public marina. And since they’re located on the Intracoastal waterway, you’ll have no problem getting out onto the open ocean.
Best South Carolina Lakes to Buy Lakefront Property
South Carolina is well-known for its beautiful lakes, which offer a wide range of recreational activities and a tranquil setting for relaxing and enjoying the outdoors. If you’re looking for the perfect place to buy lakefront property, here are a few of the best options in the state.
Lake Marion is the largest lake in South Carolina, with over 600 miles of shoreline to explore. The lake is home to a variety of fish, making it a popular spot for fishing and boating. In addition, Lake Marion is surrounded by parks and nature trails, providing plenty of opportunities for hiking, biking, and birdwatching.
Lake Jocassee is another great option for those interested in purchasing a lakefront property. This 7,500-acre lake is known for its clear water and scenic views. It’s also a popular spot for swimming, canoeing, and kayaking. if you’re looking for a quieter lake experience.
Finally, Lake Keowee is another top choice for those seeking to buy a lakefront property in South Carolina. This 18,000-acre lake offers stunning mountain views and plenty of opportunities for recreation, including fishing, boating, and hiking. Lake Keowee is also home to several marinas and public beaches, making it easy to enjoy all that this beautiful lake has to offer. | <urn:uuid:75bca7e4-9f70-424c-be22-6ee885986063> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.homeguidemyrtlebeach.com/blog/top-lakes-in-myrtle-beach/ | 2023-10-04T18:58:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.956166 | 2,135 |
"Kate and Charlotte are amazing designers. She is extremely creative, multi-faceted, and competent. She is so talented in the design and decorating field. Every project she is involved in is a complete success. She is truly very gifted. Kate has an excellent rapport with her clients. She is fair, honest and responsible and I highly recommend Kate for any designing endeavor that she may seek."
- Deborah Philips - Orlando, Florida
"My husband and I recently built a new home in the Orlando area. When I met Kate Clarke and Charlotte Boyles I knew immediately that I had found the right person for the job. I had never worked so closely with a decorator before and they were such a pleasure to work with. They listened to my ideas and was able to create exactly the home we were hoping for. Our home is comfortable and welcoming and they created that atmosphere."
- Gaye Staskiel - Orlando, Florida
"I never tire of hearing my first-time guests rave about the furnishings of my home. It's like the gift that keeps on giving. You have a talent that evades many in your industry. You really understand the concept of filling the space, not just decorating it. When I walked in the first time after your install, it felt like a home, not just a house with lovely furniture. Thank you for making my decorating adventure so much fun and so wonderfully satisfying."
- Cheryl Korba Long - Baldwinsville, New York
"Homes Reimagined was our designer for our 14,000 Square foot home in Montverde, Florida. We are very impressed with their professionalism and their ability to create very individualistic rooms without interrupting the design flow of the home. Their hand for design is impeccable. They have the ability to take seemingly unrelated pieces, chosen by us at random, and bring them together in a classic and beautiful design. I highly recommend their services."
- Robert Dunnabauer - Montverde, Florida | <urn:uuid:5700a2af-8ea0-489c-9e52-de518de9840a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.homesre-imagined.com/clarkeandcodesign-accolades | 2023-10-04T20:26:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.973655 | 413 |
Specialised Relationship Counselling
Double Therapist Session
This specialist service is for those couple that don't want to feel as if the therapist is gender bias and have that feeling of being ganged up on". This service is run by 2 therapist (married couple for 15 years) that use their skills and knowledge to provide the best therapy for their clients. Katie is a fully qualified psychotherapist with a gentle approach to her clients while Benjamin is a fully qualified NLP practitioner and hypnotherapist that has a more direct and solution focussed approaches. This service has proven to be beneficial for both partners. This is suitable for ANY relationship requiring that extra assistance. | <urn:uuid:23a81904-57f1-4bad-9145-e99f2e6bfaa0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hopecentreperth.com/services-7-2 | 2023-10-04T19:51:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.964434 | 139 |
Hostile has been featured in Screen Daily, you can view the article here.
Longlists have been announced for four categories: the Douglas Hickox award for best debut director; best debut screenwriter; breakthrough producer; and the renamed breakthrough performance. Sonita Gale has been longlisted for Hostile for the Douglas Hickox award for best debut director.
The nominations will be announced on 3rd November.
Hostile premieres at Raindance Film Festival on Friday 29th October at Hoxton Curzon. Tickets for the premiere available on the Curzon Website. | <urn:uuid:3952bc99-779e-478b-8935-8be15db45f1a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hostiledocumentary.com/hostile-featured-in-screen-daily-for-bifa-longlists/ | 2023-10-04T20:46:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.936063 | 115 |
After checking off J. Cole, his next top choice will have to come in posthumous fashion, as Morray has professed his desire to work with the late Mo3.
HipHopDX 2021 Rising Star has professed his desire to work with the late Mo3 who was shot and killed on a Dallas interstate last November. Footage has emerged in recent days of the North Carolina native linking up with Mo3s son at his gravesite. The wholesome scene finds Morray posing with the kid and fixing up his chain while calling him the GOAT. A post shared by DJ Akademiks (@akademiks) Morray reportedly will realize his dream of linking up with Mo3 on a record, as clips have surfaced online of the Quicksand rhymer shooting a video for their alleged posthumous collab. The track is slated to land on Mo3s forthcoming Shottaz 4Eva deluxe edition . I really give a lot of credit to him as far as my music because he really let the soulfulness through the gangster, he said of Mo3 in an interview with RealLyfe Productions. When you hear that music, youre like, That n-gga can sing but hell still put one in your ass. I like the fact that he can be both sides. Read more | <urn:uuid:c6428dee-fc60-435a-8108-617c42e03e8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hot21radio.com/news/morray-secures-dream-collab-by-paying-homage-to-mo3 | 2023-10-04T20:41:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.977749 | 271 |
Ace Nigerian musician, Davido and his beautiful wife-to-be Chioma have done the naming ceremony of their first son, David-Junior Ifeanyi Adeleke.
The couple reportedly welcomed their baby boy in London, United Kingdom on Sunday October 20, 2019. The doting new mom shared the first photo of herself after giving birth to her baby boy. In the photo, Chioma also hailed her baby daddy and husband-to-be.
In the photo, the new mom was seen on her hospital bed while Davido was seen sleeping beside her. She captioned her picture, the daddy of the year.
Davido’s relationship with Chioma came to light after she celebrated her 23rd birthday in 2018. The music star went on to release a song titled ‘Assurance’ and gave her a Porsche car valued at N35million.
The couple have since become an item and are planning to get married in 2020. | <urn:uuid:a9a3057a-7eb6-4a99-ba47-40948fb73e0d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hot9jalatest.ng/davido-and-chioma-holds-naming-ceremony-for-their-son-ifeanyi-adeleke/ | 2023-10-04T20:09:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.981011 | 199 |
Nigerian businesswoman and singer Davido’s first baby mama, Sophia Momodu, has taken to social media to gush over herself.
The mother of one took to her Instagram page on Friday to share photos of herself in a flowing print dress.
Sharing the stunning photos, Sophia Momodu revealed that she’s rich and unbothered by anything.
“It’s giving unbothered Rich Aunty,” she captioned the photos.
This comes amid Davido and his third baby mama, Chioma,’s rekindled love affair that has been making headlines lately.
Yesterday, Davido’s son with Chioma Ifeanyi clocked 3 and the pair took to their social media pages to pen a heart-melting note to their son and prayed that he grow to be greater than them.
Meanwhile, Davido’s fourth babymama and mother of his second son, Larissa London, has flared up on social media and threatened to spill the tea about an undisclosed issue tonight.
Her outburst comes barely 24 hours after the singer bought a brand new G-Wagon for his fiancée and mother of his first son, Chioma Rowland.
Larissa took to her Instastory on October 12, to say she has had enough and wants to speak her truth on her Instagram live tonight.
Though, she did not disclose the topic of discussion, some netizens are speculating that she wants to speak about her relationship with Davido who is now head over heels in love with Chioma.
In the now-deleted post, Larissa wrote, “I’ve had enough!!” | <urn:uuid:796802b8-caaa-4fe5-9e52-4fe9e9f98f44> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hot9jalatest.ng/im-not-worried-about-anything-and-am-rich-davidos-baby-mama-sophia-momodu/ | 2023-10-04T21:07:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.978878 | 359 |
Season after season, we make you discover the different faces of Corsica, and for that we make you benefit from our best offers.
To get an experience closer to Corsica, closer to the real Corsica such as you will never know, we have developed for you thematic holidays offers as well as downloadable tours on mobile phones and tablets.
Beyond our experience of Corsican, these stays and these visits are the fruit of a long work that we carried out in collaboration with historians, archaeologists, and specialists of the natural environments which on this occasion transmitted to us their knowledge.
The ramparts of history and marine lion kings
This circuit called "Ramparts of History and the marine Lion King" takes you from the city of Sartène to Roccapina, and invites you to discover... | <urn:uuid:3e1856e9-ffff-48ea-ac67-3ee4961cc103> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hotel-casa-murina.com/en/our-downloadable-visits/ | 2023-10-04T20:12:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.95603 | 164 |
Conference to Feature Speakers from McKinsey & Company, US Department of Treasury, Sprint, Aon Compensation Consulting, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co., Godiva Chocolatier, Gartner, HR Policy Association, Distinguished Executive Search Professionals
New York, January 21, 2010 – The 2010 conference of The Association of Executive Search Consultants (AESC), The New Normal: Navigating the Competitive Landscape, will focus on how businesses are recalibrating their strategic objectives and placing renewed emphasis on securing top talent. The conference will take place on March 3rd at The Metropolitan Club in New York City.
Program session highlights include:
The New Normal: Challenges & Opportunities
Ian Davis, Senior Partner McKinsey & Company
Mr. Davis will discuss how companies are upgrading their senior executive and bench talent in order to be competitive. He will identify sectors and geographies where we can expect to see growth and others which may contract.
Leading in the Fast Track
Dan Schulman, President Prepaid Group, Sprint
Mr. Schulman, former CEO of Virgin Mobile, will share his insights into what it takes for a leader to survive and thrive in a fast-paced environment while navigating a constantly changing market. Dan took Virgin Mobile from concept stage and national launch, through an IPO, to a $1.3 billion business which was later sold to Sprint.
Making Talent a Strategic Priority
Jeffrey McGuiness, President HR Policy Association; Kris Breuer, SVP of Global Human Resources for Godiva Chocolatier, Inc; Peter Fasolo, Chief Talent Officer for Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.; Robin Kranich, SVP of Human Resources, Gartner
Jeff McGuiness will moderate a discussion among three distinguished senior human resource executives about how their companies are making talent a strategic priority.
Executive Compensation: The New Battleground
Robert Jackson, Deputy Special Master, Office of the Special Master for TARP, Executive Compensation, US Department of the Treasury; Peter Browning, Managing Director of Peter C. Browning & Associates Board Advisory Services; Brian Dunn, CEO of Global Compensation for AON Consulting Worldwide
Three noted experts will examine real and proposed changes in executive compensation from the government, Board, and general marketplace perspective.
The Altered Landscape: Opportunities for Search and Leadership Consulting
Peter Felix, President, AESC; Al Delattre, Global Market Managing Director, Technology, Korn/Ferry International; John Kim, Managing Partner, Head of the Global Financial Services Practice, Heidrick & Struggles; Ron Lumbra, Managing Partner, Co-Head of Operations and Co-Head of the Diversity Practice, Russell Reynolds Associates; Hal Reiter, Chairman & CEO, Herbert Mines Associates; Patrick Walsh, Partner, Head of the North American Industrial Practice, Spencer Stuart
Peter Felix will examine with practice leaders how the Technology, Industrial, Financial Services, Retail and Consumer sectors have restructured as we come out of the recession. They will focus on the outlook for growth, talent shortages, impact of globalization, and the expectations for further changes in the New Normal.
Details on sessions and schedule and online registration are available at: http://bit.ly/AESC2010ConfProgram
Who should attend: Senior HR Professionals, Senior Corporate Recruiters, Executive Search Professionals
Special Offer for Senior HR Professionals and Corporate Recruiters: Register via phone to receive the AESC member discounted rate. Call Andrea Falk at 212-398-9556 x245
About the Association of Executive Search Consultants:
The Association of Executive Search Consultants is the worldwide professional association for the retained executive search industry. The AESC’s mission is to promote the highest professional standards in retained executive search consulting, broaden public understanding of the search process, and serve as an advocate for the interests of its member firms. For more information, or to view the AESC Code of Ethics and Professional Practice Guidelines, go to www.aesc.org. The AESC offers BlueSteps, a career management service for senior executives, and CorporateConnect, a service for the HR community offering industry information and access to the AESC membership. | <urn:uuid:d76af616-2aa4-499e-9c03-98d7be7bcb9c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hrvendornews.com/aesc-2010-conference-to-focus-on-the-impact-of-the-changing-economic-order-on-senior-executive-recruitment/ | 2023-10-04T20:21:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.907026 | 861 |
AWC Welcome Day 2023 (online)
Read the news item to see how great it was.
Navigating in a sea of different academic journals can be a daunting task, even for an experienced researcher. More often than not we don’t really consider the potential publication outlets until the paper is written and perhaps presented at conferences. Can it be more effective to select the journal first? In this workshop, I will cover some strategies for journal selection and tips for writing a strong cover letter that helped me. I believe that following certain simple rules can really improve publication chances and make the publication process smoother and less stressful.
Speaker: Evgeny Sedashov, an assistant professor of political science and the academic director of the BA program in Computational Social Sciences at HSE University, received his Ph.D. in political science at the State University of New York at Binghamton in 2019. His research interests include electoral studies, conflict studies, coalition politics, political economy, quantitative political methodology, and Russian politics. Dr. Sedashov has authored papers published in various internationally-recognized academic journals and has received a number of grants, fellowships, and honors, including the Sakip Sabanci International Research Award (2022) and the US Fulbright Fellowship (2013).
Depending on the choice of tools, working with databases of scientific literature and scientometric indicators can become either a boring chore or a fast and efficient process. At the seminar, we will study the main tools for selecting literature, taking into account their quality and search goals. We will consider the main scientometric indicators and features of their interpretation. Participants will explore effective techniques of working with scientific literature for quick submission and resubmission of an article to a selected journal.
Speaker: Konstantin Nefedov, Ph.D., is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Management in HSE St. Petersburg Campus, where he runs a research seminar and supervises research projects at HSE Project Fair. His area of expertise is upgrading in Global Value Chains and Russian outward FDI. He has published in ABS journals and won "That’s interesting" award at AIB CEE conference in 2017. Konstantin also serves as a reviewer in Journal of International Management and International Journal of Emerging Markets.
One cannot turn into a writer overnight. Such a transformation needs a cumulative effect of gaining knowledge and mastering skills, as well as exposure to well-written samples, especially if you want to write research papers regularly. In contemporary “publish or perish” culture, academic writing skills might become pivotal for career growth in academia.
However, university courses do not always pay enough attention to fostering academic writing. We are going to draw up the necessary prerequisites for developing such skills in English through looking at the papers of HSE Physics graduates and postgraduates. The workshop will be beneficial for all researchers who want to feel more confident when planning their publication activities.
Speaker: Idaliia Fedotova, a research fellow at the Institute of Linguistics RAS, formerly a lecturer of the School of Foreign Languages at HSE University. Idalia participates in international conferences and seasonal schools in linguistics, gives talks, and publishes in high-ranking journals. She acted as a facilitator at the AWC Writers’ Retreat. Now she is also leading a writing group at HSE University.
Collaboration and co-authorship are important elements of academic life for many researchers. Modern scientometric research shows that the number of articles written in co-authorship, as well as the number of authors of publications, increases from year to year. The researchers note that articles written in co-authorship are more visible in a global research community and receive more citations. If collaborations are so important, then how to organize joint work with co-authors so that this experience is effective and brings satisfaction to all participants?
At the workshop, the speaker Daria Maltseva will talk about collaboration from two perspectives. As a researcher of scientific interactions, Daria will present a number of modern trends in the field of scientific collaboration, and as the head of a laboratory and co-author of articles in leading journals, she will share her experience of preparing publications with international and Russian colleagues.
Speaker: Daria Maltseva, Head of the International Laboratory for Applied Network Research, HSE University, Ph.D. in sociology. In 2015, she defended her thesis on the topic "Network approach in sociology: Genesis of ideas, current state, and possibilities of application," which was published as a monograph in 2017. In co-authorship with Professor Vladimir Batagelj (University of Ljubljana), she carries out projects in bibliometric network analysis, sociology of science, and scientometrics. In co-authorship with colleagues from the laboratory, she implements projects aimed at studying the Russian scientific community. Daria is the author of publications in international and Russian peer-reviewed journals, including Q1-Q2 journals. In 2021-2023, she received a grant of the Russian Science Foundation for early-career scientists to do research on the topic "Collaboration patterns in the Russian sociological community: the structure of scientific schools and their growth potential." Daria is a frequent participant of leading international and Russian conferences in the field of network analysis.
This workshop is aimed at sharing some writing tips based on my personal writing experience. I will reflect on my strengths and weaknesses of writing research papers in English and analyze what helped me improve my writing skills. I will give some practical advice on how to increase the efficiency of your research outreach as well as tips on how to improve your style and language. In particular, I will focus on the abstract as one of the most important parts of your paper, which directly affects it's impact. We will compare an abstract from one of my early papers before and after it was edited by a professional scientific editor. We will also discuss how to write a good abstract to increase the number of interested readers.
Speaker: Vladimir Shchur, Ph.D., head of the International Laboratory of Statistical and Computational Genomics, HSE University, associate professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics, MIEM, HSE University. He got his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris XI (Paris Sud), Orsay, France. He was a postdoc at the Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK in 2013-2016 and at the University of California, Berkeley, USA in 2016-2019. In June 2023, he defended his doctoral dissertation in applied mathematics at the HSE University. Vladimir is an author of two dozen research papers in English, most of which were published in the Q1 and Q2 journals including Nature Communications, PLOS Genetics, PLOS Computational biology, Molecular Biology and Evolution.
We invite you to explore the exciting fusion of AI (ChatGPT) and human interaction that is bringing vigor to the field of research. At the workshop, we will explore the intriguing prospect of leveraging ChatGPT's power for research. A collaborative voyage with AI awaits, ushering in a new era of integrated research exploration. By the end of the workshop, you will be well-versed in ChatGPT's role in research to smoothly and logically combine AI's powers with human brilliance. Join us on this groundbreaking journey, where AI (ChatGPT) and human intelligence come together to revolutionize and redefine research collaboration, breaking through barriers with innovation and delight. Your research experience will never be the same, but rather more rigorous and interesting!
NB: To actively participate in the workshop, you will need to log in to ChatGPT.
Speaker: Nazir Ahmed Jogezai, Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratory for Educational Innovation Research, Institute of Education, HSE University. He is interested in contributing to AI integration in research and beyond. He loves to be on a voyage of change and innovation by addressing change agency and innovative capital within the context of an organization-individual nexus and the broader ecological parameters of change and innovation.
Ph.D. in political science, an assistant professor of political science and the academic director of the BA program in Computational Social Sciences at HSE University
Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at the Department of Management in HSE St. Petersburg Campus, where he runs a research seminar and supervises research projects at HSE Project Fair
a research fellow at the Institute of Linguistics RAS
Ph.D. in sociology, Head of the International Laboratory for Applied Network Research, HSE University
Ph.D., head of the International Laboratory of Statistical and Computational Genomics, HSE University, associate professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics, MIEM, HSE University.
Postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratory for Educational Innovation Research, Institute of Education, HSE | <urn:uuid:56f054e1-a3db-47f6-8546-114949a46306> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hse.ru/en/news/announcements/852071691.html | 2023-10-04T19:41:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.946742 | 1,823 |
Direct thermal labels are a cost-effective method of creating simple labels in a large quantity. They run on continuous reels and do not utilize a thermal ribbon in the printing process unlike thermal transfer printing. This makes them more environmentally friendly and cheaper as the ribbons used in thermal transfer printing will cost more and are typically comprised from crude oil products.
In the direct thermal printing process a thermal print head will heat specific areas of coated thermal paper. An image is produced when the paper runs over the thermal print head and makes contact with the heated areas resulting in a black color on the paper in those areas. No ink, toner, or ribbon is used in the process; only heat-sensitive materials.
Direct thermal printing costs less to operate than inkjet printing or thermal transfer printing and it reduces waste and shipping weight. However, direct thermal printing is not a good method for printing labels that are built to last and withstand harsh conditions. These types of labels are very sensitive to light, making them likely to fade over a long period of time.
Direct Thermal Linerless Labels
Another option that is growing rapidly in the retail space are direct thermal linerless labels. These are direct thermal blank labels that have no backing paper, hence the term “linerless”. Linerless labels reduce waste and turnover time, making them a growing choice for many manufacturers. We have the ability to supply your business direct thermal linerless labels.
Direct Thermal Printing Applications
- Event Tickets
- Name tags
- Barcodes for different products
- Shipping labels
- And more
Direct Thermal Printing Advantages
- Good scanning properties
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- Ideal for items with a short shelf life
- Simple to operate
- Low maintenance
- Offers batch printing with minimal waste
- Saves time
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- Less physical inventory | <urn:uuid:cb1d1c39-745e-472f-992c-ad5c2a174442> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hublabels.com/markets/blank-labels/direct-thermal-labels/ | 2023-10-04T19:17:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.896228 | 388 |
After winning the “Most Competitive Games of 2016” by Google, IGG, creators of the hit real-time strategy game Lords Mobile (available on iOS and Google Play), is partnering with Boostinsider and its over 100,000 social media influencers to take over the Nasdaq big screen and wish everyone a Happy New Year.
The Nasdaq campaign which runs from December 29 to January 4 kickstarts a big influencer marketing campaign with IGG and Boostinsider to promote the Lords Mobile game. Boostinsider’s famous influencers which include those with as many as 10 million followers will be creatively sharing the game with their audience throughout January 2017.
I interview Heidi Yu, CEO and Co-Founder of Boostinsider, to get her thoughts on why advertise in Time Square and the future of influencer marketing.
Tell us about this partnership with IGG.
IGG is partnering with us by have our best influencers to play their games and share cool things with their fans.
Why run a Nasdaq advertisement?
It is a join venture where we want to say Happy New Year to everyone to the world.
The background story is that we want to promote positive influential spirits and creative thinking. Social media influencers are making amazingly creative content that can impact a brand new audience. In addition, gaming is one of the most creative things ever.
If we’ve learned anything from history it’s that young energy and millennials are changing the world. Boostinsider is a young startup working with successful companies like IGG to use influencers who make cool content to creatively promote the hit Lords Mobile game.
Let's keep the war in the online game only and peace in real life. The people in the photo all have stories: from left to right: Ruthie the yoga instructor and fitness influencer; Madeline, college student influencer; Heidi, the influencer in the startup industry; Dario the singer, music influencer; and Jade, the Jazz dancer.
Everybody is happy and positive about life, and everyone can be influencers to impact people in different ways. The most important is that we all love Lords Mobile, which recently won Google Play's Most Competitive Game of 2016.
We, the young energy are competitive, innovative, creative, fun, and love peace.
How do you see influencer marketing evolving?
It is the future of the advertising. Google Adwords and Facebook ads are getting expensive and are a form of push advertisement.
Influencer marketing is all about pull advertising. Influencers understand their audience and create content that draws and appeals to their base providing a strong impression for the promoted company.
Push advertisement is weak because you are the person saying that you are good.
Pull advertisement is stronger because other people are saying that you are good.
It’s the right combination of earned and paid media since influencers are less likely to promote anything that damages their brand.
It can spread out very fast. For brands, it is cheap and creative. It is a crowd sourcing of creative content building that includes the influencer's endorsement and IP. You have everything right away, thus saving time and money.
At the same time, influencers can also run their online promotion business. They can make money and make more creative things.
But there is a standard. Influencers have to be genuine, only promote the things they really like and believe in. Good influencer are like that, from our experience, they never taken things they don't like just for the money. They know it will bite back and they will lose followers. That's why Boostinsider is establishing a influencer marketing organization to welcome all influencers and influencer agencies to join so together we can create this new industry standard and norm. We don't just take anything for the money.
What's one tip for someone looking to run an influencer marketing campaign?
Run the campaign when your product is really good and stable or no one will take your campaign. Or worst the reviews will magnify what’s wrong with your product.
If you think you are an cool influencer, you can go to apply to join Boostinsider. Also share this article on social media and tag @heidihanyu @boostinsider with #boostinsiderFTW. The most shared post will have the chance win an "I am an influencer" t-shirt courtesy of Boostinsider. | <urn:uuid:3898984e-4256-4e57-9074-430e428102de> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/boostinsider-and-igg-bring-mobile-game-advertising_b_5866bb22e4b014e7c72ee122 | 2023-10-04T20:21:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.949367 | 918 |
Microscope solutions from Hund are suitable for a wide spectrum of applications in medicine, biology and industry. Based on many years of experience, we offer specially configured solutions for the given applications. High image quality and ease of use guarantee reliability in the analysis of microscopic images.
Our microscopes can be configured individually. Please contact our microscope experts.
For a quick overview over the different fields of application and suitable microscope configurations, you may also consult our application matrix. | <urn:uuid:3e448385-13ea-449e-9b52-68047ad6693a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hund.de/en/instruments/microscopes/applications | 2023-10-04T19:41:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.894472 | 95 |
1. Introduction: Teaching in South Africa
South Africa is a country known for its cultural diversity and rich history. The education sector plays a crucial role in shaping the nation’s future by providing quality education to its citizens. As a teacher in South Africa, you have the opportunity to make a positive impact on the lives of students and contribute to the development of the country.
2. Education System in South Africa
Before embarking on your teaching journey, it’s essential to understand the education system in South Africa. The system consists of three main levels: primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Each level has its own unique characteristics and curriculum requirements.
3. Teaching Requirements and Qualifications
To teach in South Africa, you need to meet certain requirements and possess the necessary qualifications. These requirements may vary depending on the type of teaching position and the level of education you wish to teach. Obtaining a teaching qualification recognized by the South African Council for Educators (SACE) is a fundamental step towards becoming a qualified teacher in the country.
4. Types of Teaching Jobs in South Africa
South Africa offers a wide range of teaching jobs across different educational institutions. Whether you prefer teaching in public or private schools, preschools, primary or secondary schools, or even higher education institutions, there are numerous opportunities available for qualified teachers.
5. Finding Teaching Jobs in South Africa
Finding teaching jobs in South Africa requires a proactive approach and utilizing various resources. Networking, online job portals, educational recruitment agencies, and direct applications to schools are some effective methods for discovering teaching vacancies. It’s essential to tailor your application materials and highlight your qualifications and relevant experience to increase your chances of success.
6. Application Process for Teaching Jobs
Once you have identified suitable teaching positions, the application process comes into play. This process may involve submitting a detailed resume, a cover letter, and other supporting documents. It’s crucial to follow the instructions provided by the school or institution and showcase your passion for teaching and commitment to student success. Here is a guide on how to prepare for interviews
7. Work Permits and Visa Requirements
For international teachers planning to work in South Africa, understanding the work permit and visa requirements is vital. The Department of Home Affairs is responsible for issuing work permits and visas. It’s advisable to consult with the nearest South African embassy or consulate in your home country to ensure you meet all the necessary requirements.
8. Salary and Benefits for Teachers
The salary and benefits for teachers in South Africa can vary based on factors such as qualifications, experience, and the type of institution. Public school teachers typically receive a salary based on a government-regulated pay scale, while private schools may have different salary structures. Benefits such as medical aid, pension plans, and professional development opportunities are also offered by many institutions.
9. Living and Cost of Living in South Africa
When considering teaching opportunities in South Africa, it’s essential to assess the cost of living in different regions. Factors such as accommodation, transportation, healthcare, and daily expenses may vary across the country. Researching and planning your budget accordingly will ensure a smooth transition and comfortable living.
10. Teaching Associations and Professional Development
Engaging with teaching associations and participating in professional development opportunities can greatly enhance your teaching career in South Africa. Joining associations relevant to your subject area or teaching level can provide networking opportunities, access to resources, and support from fellow educators. Professional development programs can further enhance your teaching skills and keep you updated with the latest educational practices.
11. Challenges and Rewards of Teaching in South Africa
Teaching in South Africa comes with its unique set of challenges and rewards. From addressing educational inequalities to adapting to cultural diversity, teachers have the opportunity to make a significant difference in the lives of students. Overcoming challenges, witnessing student growth, and contributing to the development of future generations are some of the rewards that make teaching in South Africa a fulfilling experience.
12. Tips for a Successful Teaching Experience
To thrive as a teacher in South Africa, it’s essential to keep certain tips in mind. These include building strong relationships with students and colleagues, embracing cultural diversity, fostering a positive learning environment, and staying up-to-date with educational trends and practices. Additionally, maintaining a work-life balance and seeking support when needed contribute to a successful teaching experience.
13. Cultural Immersion and Experiences
South Africa is a country known for its vibrant cultures and breathtaking landscapes. Engaging in cultural immersion experiences and exploring the country’s natural wonders can provide valuable insights and enrich your teaching journey. Whether it’s visiting historical landmarks, wildlife reserves, or participating in community activities, embracing the local culture adds depth to your experience.
14. Testimonials from Teachers in South Africa
“South Africa provides a truly rewarding teaching experience. The students are enthusiastic, and the cultural diversity adds a unique dimension to the classroom. I have grown both personally and professionally during my time as a teacher here.” – Sarah, English Teacher
“Teaching in South Africa has allowed me to make a real impact on the lives of my students. The sense of community among educators and the support from the school administration have been invaluable.” – Mark, Mathematics Teacher
Teaching in South Africa offers a fulfilling and enriching career path for educators who are passionate about making a difference. With its diverse educational institutions, cultural heritage, and breathtaking landscapes, South Africa provides a unique teaching experience like no other. By following the steps outlined in this guide and leveraging available resources, you can embark on a successful teaching journey in this vibrant nation.
- Q: Are there opportunities for teaching English as a second language in South Africa? A: Yes, there are opportunities to teach English as a second language in South Africa, particularly in language schools and institutions catering to non-native English speakers.
- Q: Do I need to be fluent in a local language to teach in South Africa? A: While proficiency in a local language can be advantageous, it is not always a requirement. English is widely spoken and used as the primary language of instruction in many schools.
- Q: What is the average class size in South African schools? A: Class sizes can vary depending on the institution and location. While some schools may have larger class sizes, efforts are being made to reduce the student-to-teacher ratio in many educational settings.
- Q: Are there opportunities for professional development and career advancement for teachers in South Africa? A: Yes, there are various opportunities for professional development and career advancement, including workshops, conferences, and advanced degree programs. Engaging with teaching associations and seeking out leadership roles can further enhance your career prospects.
- Q: Can I teach in South Africa as an international teacher? A: Yes, international teachers can teach in South Africa. However, it is important to ensure that you meet the work permit and visa requirements set by the Department of Home Affairs. | <urn:uuid:8c8debf3-7875-4d8c-a8c9-874446172abe> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hustleguide24.com/find-teacher-jobs-in-south-africa-your-ultimate-guide-in-2023/ | 2023-10-04T19:44:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.941421 | 1,438 |
Siân Melangell Dafydd
Siân Melangell Dafydd is a fiction writer, poet and translator. Her first novel, Y Trydydd Peth (The Third Thing; 2009), won her the coveted 2009 National Eisteddfod Literature medal. She writes in both Welsh and English and collaborates with artists of other disciplines. She is the co-editor of the literary review, Taliesin and yneuadd.com which nurtures new voices. Her story ‘Hospital Field’ was published in The Best British Short Stories 2014, and her poem, ‘Big Cats’, has been selected for The Best British Poetry 2015. She currently teaches creative writing at the American University of Paris. She is also a yoga teacher. | <urn:uuid:a2a8c7aa-930e-49b5-a6a7-f11ac317818b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hydlitfest.org/blog/speaker/sian-melangell-dafydd/ | 2023-10-04T20:10:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.957858 | 170 |
Be thou Exalted
Be Thou exalted, forever and ever,
God of eternity, Ancient of Days!
Wondrous in majesty, perfect in wisdom,
Glorious in holiness, fearful in praise.
Be Thou exalted by seraphs and angels,
Be Thou exalted with harp and with song;
Saints in their anthems of rapture adore Thee,
Martyrs the loud hallelujahs prolong.
Be Thou exalted, O Son of the Highest!
Gracious Redeemer, our Savior and King!
One with the Father, co-equal in glory,
Here at Thy footstool our homage we bring.
Be Thou exalted, O Spirit eternal!
Dwell in our hearts, keep us holy within;
Lead to Thy home in the life everlasting,
Open its portals and welcome us in. | <urn:uuid:8f9403f2-0885-417e-9126-fd7846c64adf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hymnlyrics.org/lyricsb/be_thou_exalted.html | 2023-10-04T20:45:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.774179 | 190 |
Emily Lapointe, MPH
Emily joined Ibis in 2014 in development and communications. Prior to Ibis, Emily worked in the Harvard School of Public Health Office for External Relations, editing proposals and managing data and reporting for the Institutional Partnerships team. She also worked in the University Planned Giving Office at Harvard University and completed her MPH practicum at Our Bodies, Ourselves. Her final capstone project focused on addressing and preventing sexual violence in the conflict in Syria. Emily holds a Master of Public Health in Health Law, Bioethics & Human Rights from Boston University and a Bachelor of Arts in International Relations and Religion from Mount Holyoke College. | <urn:uuid:98eb7877-a1f2-47df-a10a-d9bd8e929500> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ibisreproductivehealth.org/people/emily-lapointe-mph | 2023-10-04T19:55:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.935145 | 132 |
Scrutiny of one of North America’s largest pulp and paper companies has intensified after its owner dodged an invitation to appear before Canadian lawmakers last week.
The Canadian parliament launched a probe into Paper Excellence in April following the ICIJ-led Deforestation Inc. investigation, which revealed ties between the British Columbia-based company and Asia Pulp & Paper, a Chinese-Indonesian forestry company that has long been accused of deforestation and human rights abuses.
The lawmakers are seeking to clarify the ownership structure of Paper Excellence and asked Jackson Wijaya, who is purportedly its sole owner, to attend a meeting of the Committee on Natural Resources, held last Friday. But Wijaya, a member of Indonesia’s powerful Widjaja family, didn’t show up. Instead, he sent four company executives in his place and a letter.
The committee is now considering whether to issue a parliamentary summons to compel Wijaya to testify by June 20. The summons would only be valid if he enters Canadian territory.
“My concern is to make sure that if he’s touching down in Canada, he’s obligated to show up in Parliament,” member of parliament Charlie Angus, who introduced the motion to issue the summons, told ICIJ partner Halifax Examiner.
The Paper Excellence executives couldn’t answer lawmakers’ questions about the whereabouts of Wijaya, an Indonesian national, only saying he wasn’t present due to “extensive global business commitments.”
Paper Excellence reportedly controls millions of acres of Canadian forest. The company says it is owned solely by Wijaya and that it operates completely independently from the Widjajas’ Asia Pulp & Paper, or APP. But Deforestation Inc. reporters in Canada and France found evidence suggesting Paper Excellence and APP share a deeper relationship than was previously reported.
ICIJ partners interviewed former employees and analyzed shipping and court records and corporate documents spanning 15 years. They also reviewed leaked emails that showed staff worked freely between the two companies.
Amid the parliamentary probe, ICIJ partners in Canada uncovered new documents showing that, as recently as 2017, senior members of Nova Scotia’s government knew Paper Excellence was ultimately controlled by the Chinese-Indonesian conglomerate APP. In response to media inquiries about evidence linking the two companies, Paper Excellence said that the links only existed for a brief period of time during Paper Excellence’s creation. The company owns a shuttered pulp mill in Nova Scotia and sued the province for $450 million it claims to have lost after the mill was closed.
Paper Excellence grew its forestry empire in Canada by buying out big and small pulp and paper companies, some as recently as earlier this year. The committee learned that the Canadian government didn’t conduct benefit analysis to determine if two of the recent mergers — worth more than $5 billion — were in the interests of Canadians.
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“How is it possible the government could say that there wasn’t an obligation to question the net benefit to Canada?” Angus asked following the revelations. “I certainly can’t see there’s any benefit in turning over our forests, our environment to a company that’s a series of shell companies, and they refuse to tell us who owns it.”
Angus told ICIJ partners that the vote on the motion to summons Wijaya is expected soon. The committee’s next meeting is scheduled for Tuesday afternoon. | <urn:uuid:eef02400-4982-4b4e-b212-01561e4eab56> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.icij.org/investigations/deforestation-inc/government-probe-into-canadian-forestry-giant-intensifies-as-companys-owner-evades-public-scrutiny/ | 2023-10-04T20:58:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.962988 | 729 |
It alleged further that Omololu on receiving the application demanded a bribe of N100, 000 for the release of one of the transformers, and had subsequently taken the half payment of N50, 000 from the petitioner.
Infuriated by Omololu’s insistence on collecting the balance ofN50,000 as condition for releasing the second transformer, the petitioner then turned to ICPC which led to his arrest after he fell for the marked N50,000 balance.
Omololu’s schedule of duties as a public officer, include among others: protection of PHCN installations, testing of electrical equipment and preparation of permission letter for release of transformers, none of which required him to demand a fee from customers.
The ICPC said the PHCN boss would be subsequently prosecuted for allegedly contravening section 8 and 10 of the ICPC Act 2000.
It advised members of the public who may be faced with similar situation call the following numbers: 0803120280, 08031230281, 08031230282, 07056990190 and 07056990191 to get through to the anti graft agency. | <urn:uuid:2ff81250-3c72-4bf0-a2d5-e1d20b504691> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.icirnigeria.org/phcn-boss-arrested-for-demanding-n100000-bribe/ | 2023-10-04T20:38:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.96116 | 241 |
This week: Ransomware leads to sensitive military data exposure in the UK, a cyberattack knocks out MGM Resorts, two refreshed campaigns from Powered Services Pro and exploring how to mitigate the danger of social engineering in phishing attacks.
Learn how to spot today’s most dangerous cyberattack & get defensive tips in Phishing 101 GET EBOOK>>
Johnson & Johnson
Johnson & Johnson: Pharmaceutical Company
Risk to Business: 1.676 = Severe
Pharma and medtech conglomerate Johnson & Johnson has experienced a data breach that impacts consumers who use its CarePath platform. IBM, the developer of the platform, notified customers that their data may have been accessed by unauthorized parties after the pharma giant discovered an exploitable flaw. IBM fixed the problem and investigated the incident. That investigation showed that bad actors had snatched data from users who enrolled before July 2023. The stolen data includes a user’s full name, contact information, date of birth, health insurance information, medication information and medical condition information. IBM is offering a free year of credit monitoring to those who may be affected by the incident.
How It Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: Companies need to be prepared for a supply chain or third-party data breach.
Kaseya to the Rescue: Every company needs to be ready for trouble with an incident response plan in place to minimize downtime and speed up recovery. This checklist can help. DOWNLOAD CHECKLIST>>
Sabre: Travel Booking Platform
Risk to Business: 1.832 = Severe
Major travel booking platform Sabre has experienced a data breach caused by a ransomware attack. The Dunghill Leak ransomware group claimed responsibility for the attack. The gang said on its dark web leak site that it had stolen 1.3 terabytes of data, including databases on ticket sales and passenger turnover, employees’ personal data and corporate financial information. The group posted several screenshots as proof of the July 2023 hack. Some included passport images, employee records and tax forms. The incident is under investigation.
How It Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: Companies that hold a wide variety of data like personal data and financial data are very attractive targets.
Kaseya to the Rescue: See how the solutions in Kaseya’s Security Suite help IT professionals minimize risk, avoid cyberattacks and build a cyber-savvy workforce. WATCH THE WEBINAR>>
Freecycle: Consumer Goods Exchange Platform
Risk to Business: 2.873 = Moderate
Freecycle, a nonprofit organization that enables members to exchange reusable items to prevent them from ending up in landfills, has disclosed a data breach that may impact seven million people. The company said that some user data was stolen in the attack including usernames, User IDs, email addresses and passwords. Freecycle said that it became aware of the data breach on August 30, 2023, although its data has been available on the dark web since May 2023.
How It Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: It’s not a good look for organizations to not discover that their data is available on the dark web for months.
Kaseya to the Rescue: What cyberattacks are the most popular this year, and what should you be preparing for in 2024? This webinar tells you everything. WATCH WEBINAR>>
MGM Resorts: Hotel & Casino Operator
Risk to Business: 1.210 = Extreme
MGM Resorts, operator of hotels like the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, has announced that it is experiencing a cyberattack that drastically impedes its business. Major systems are impacted at its hotels and casinos as well as online, including its main website, online reservations, and in-casino services, like ATMs, slot machines and credit card machines. Some guests reported problems with room keys. MGM said that the attack began on September 10, and systems remained down as of September 11.
How It Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: This is a huge, expensive disaster for MGM with this cyberattack not only impacting their hotel business but their casinos too.
Kaseya to the Rescue: Explore how security awareness training helps organizations defend against today’s most dangerous cyber threats in this infographic. DOWNLOAD IT>>
See what the biggest cybersecurity challenges are right now in our Mid-Year Cyber Risk Report 2023. DOWNLOAD IT>>
United Kingdom – Zaun
Zaun: Fencing Manufacturer
Risk to Business: 1.673 = Severe
The LockBit ransomware gang is responsible for an August 2023 ransomware attack on UK fencing company Zaun that may have resulted in sensitive military data becoming exposed. The company, a contractor for The Ministry of Defense, said that the breach occurred through a Windows 7 PC that was running software for one of its manufacturing machines. Zaun says that nothing was encrypted but confirmed that LockBit has stolen some very sensitive data. Reports say that the group accessed information that could help bad actors access HMNB Clyde nuclear submarine base, Porton Down chemical weapons lab and a GCHQ listening post. Detailed drawings of other military sites and high-security prisons were also included among the stolen data. LockBit demanded payment by August 29. When that deadline passed, the gang began publishing data on its dark web leak site.
How it Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: A successful cyberattack or data security incident impacting a government contractor can have major repercussions.
Kaseya to the Rescue: Our eBook How to Build a Security Awareness Training Program helps IT professionals design and implement an effective training program quickly. DOWNLOAD IT>>
Holland – NXP Semiconductors
NXP Semiconductors: Technology Manufacturer
Risk to Business: 2.612 = Moderate
Dutch semiconductor company NXP has informed customers that they may have had their personal information exposed in a data breach. The affected customers appear to have an online NXP account, which provides access to technical content and community support. The exposed data includes customers’ full names, email addresses, postal addresses, business phone numbers, mobile phone numbers, company names, job titles and descriptions and communication preferences. The hack occurred on July 11, 2023, and was discovered by NXP a few days later on July 14. It remains under investigation.
How it Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: Specialized information like job titles can help bad actors conduct more effective spear phishing operations.
Kaseya to the Rescue: Learn more about how our Security Suite can help MSPs protect their clients from expensive and damaging cyberattacks and other information security trouble. GET THE FACT SHEET>>
See the path from a cyberattack to a defensive success with managed SOC in this infographic. GET IT>>
Australia – Dymocks
Risk to Business: 1.802 = Severe
Dymocks, a venerable bookstore chain, has announced that it experienced a data breach that may impact 836k customers. The company discovered the hack after researchers informed it that its customer data had appeared on the dark web on September 6, 2023. The company said that it sees no intrusion of its own systems and contends that the data may have come from a third-party service provider. The exposed data includes a customer’s full name, date of birth, email address, postal address, gender and specialty membership details (gold expiry date, account status, account creation date, card ranking). The company says the incident has been reported to the relevant authorities and it remains under investigation.
How it Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: Companies can still be in for a world of trouble if their data is stolen from one of their service providers.
Kaseya to the Rescue: Follow the path to see how Managed SOC defends businesses from cyberattacks efficiently and effectively without breaking the bank in a handy infographic. GET IT>>
Australia – TissuPath
Exploit: Supply Chain Attack
TissuPath: Pathology Laboratory Chain
Risk to Business: 2.382 = Severe
TissuPath is investigating a data security incident that led to the exposure of sensitive health data going back a decade. The company says that the data was exposed due to one of its storage drives being illegally accessed by compromised user accounts at one of its service providers. TissuPath stressed that its main database and reporting system that stores patient diagnoses was not compromised. Stolen data includes scanned pathology request forms with information such as patient names, dates of birth, contact details, Medicare numbers and private health insurance details. The BlackCat/ALPHV group has claimed responsibility, claiming that it stole 446GB of data which has been published on the dark web.
How it Could Affect Your Customers’ Business: Supply chain risk has been steadily increasing for organizations, and they need take action now to mitigate it.
Kaseya to the Rescue: What are the biggest risks that organizations face right now? Find the answer in our Mid-Year Cyber Risk Report 2023! DOWNLOAD IT>>
1 – 1.5 = Extreme Risk
1.51 – 2.49 = Severe Risk
2.5 – 3 = Moderate Risk
Risk scores for The Week in Breach are calculated using a formula that considers a range of factors for each incident
Explore how AI technology helps businesses mount a strong defense against phishing GET INFOGRAPHIC>>
Two refreshed campaigns from Powered Services Pro
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Businesses can’t ignore the need for compliance. A corporate compliance program is crucial for businesses to meet legal obligations, mitigate risks, uphold ethical standards, protect their reputation and build trust with stakeholders. This campaign helps MSPs educate clients about compliance.
Graphus: Simple, Automated & Affordable Email Security
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How much is data really worth on the dark web? Find out in The IT Professionals Guide to the Dark Web! GET EBOOK>>
The 2023 edition of Phishing 101 is here!
Did you know that 9 in 10 cyberattacks start with phishing? We’ve gathered data about the biggest phishing risks that businesses face today in the new 2023 edition of Phishing 101. This eBook is perfect for sharing with clients. We’ll explore:
- The anatomy of a phishing attack
- Detailed profiles of common types of phishing attacks
- What to do to protect businesses from phishing
Did you miss… our Top Cyberattack Trends of 2023 webinar? WATCH NOW>>
Find out about five of today’s biggest dark web threats to businesses in this infographic. DOWNLOAD IT>>
Social Engineering is the X Factor That Helps Cyberattacks Succeed
The vast majority of cyberattacks are caused by one factor: human beings. In its 2023 Data Breach Investigations Report, Verizon found that the human element is a factor in 74% of total breaches. Human beings are gullible, and bad actors take advantage of that every day. That’s one reason why social engineering is a favored technique of cybercriminals, especially when conducting phishing operations. It’s a huge problem for businesses as well as the IT professionals that keep them safe. The advent of AI in cyberattacks, especially in phishing attacks where it can be incredibly effective, makes mitigating social engineering risk vital. By taking a look at social engineering in cyberattacks and some red flags that indicate its presence, it’s easy to see that every business can quickly take action to reduce its risk of a cybersecurity disaster caused by social engineering.
Excerpted in part from Phishing 101, available now. DOWNLOAD IT>>
Social engineering primer
At the core of a phishing attack, the most expensive digital scam, the cybercriminal’s goal is to gain the trust of their victims to trick them into taking an action that will facilitate the bad actor’s desired result. Social engineering is the X-factor that makes phishing so effective. Savvy cybercriminals will put time and effort into social engineering in order to perpetrate believable frauds that lure targets into a false sense of security.
- Preying on the target’s emotions by stoking fear or anxiety.
- Exploiting natural disasters, wars or emergencies.
- Evoking a false sense of security through nostalgia or brand reputation.
- Creating boring, routine emails that don’t raise suspicion, like a password reset request.
- Simulating messages employees deal with every day, like system notifications.
- Mimicking internally facing corporate emails that staffers will feel compelled to read.
- Raising excitement or greed by promising the target a reward for following directions.
- Imitating a business partner to persuade the victim to disclose proprietary information.
- Posing as tech support to gain access to passwords.
- Sending believable fake invoices and demanding payment from the target.
Phishing practitioners have scammed 92% of organizations across the globe using sophisticated techniques like social engineering, AI, spoofing and fraudulent websites.
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2 cyberattacks made possible by social engineering
Most phishing-based cyberattacks include at least some elements of social engineering. These two varieties serve as good examples of attacks that rely heavily on social engineering to succeed.
Business Email Compromise (BEC)
Business email compromise (BEC) is a type of phishing attack that uses fake emails to request payment from a business. Sometimes, BEC and executive phishing or whaling (detailed below) go hand in hand. Businesses can lose huge sums fast in BEC attacks, which are the second most expensive type of cyber fraud. In fact, there has been a 38% rise in BEC over the last four years.
Getting businesses to transfer money or provide sensitive financial information under false pretenses.
The tricky part of spotting BEC attacks is that they’re carefully crafted to be so believable that they fly right under the radar. They are primarily targeted to ensnare people within an organization who handle matters of payment or can access funds quickly, such as:
- Administrative assistants who routinely process payments for small expenses.
- Clerks who make vendor payments.
- Budget controllers who pay for recurring services.
- Accounting personnel who regularly renew licenses or pay government fees.
- Associates who regularly wire money to other companies.
- Any employee who has access to spend or transfer funds.
How is social engineering a factor?
Social engineering is one of the most important and influential factors in BEC. Many BEC schemes feed on giving the victim a sense of urgency that they’d better fulfill the fraudulent request or something bad will happen and they’ll be in trouble. For example, a clerk may receive a fake email purporting to be from an angry vendor, that says the company owes the vendor money and that the vendor will withhold further shipments until the company’s outstanding balance is paid. The clerk would then feel stressed to take care of the problem quickly (send the money) before a shipment is delayed and they’re on the hot seat for it.
BEC enables cybercriminals to get paid directly and capture financial information, like bank accounts and executive credit card numbers, to facilitate fraud and other financial damage.
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Whaling, sometimes called CEO fraud, is a highly specialized spear phishing attack that is crafted to perfectly imitate a company executive, or alternately, to fool a company executive into thinking that the message is from a trusted source. Whaling is often a precursor to BEC.
To lure an employee into performing an action like giving out a privileged credential, supplying sensitive information or transferring money without asking questions out of a desire to please the boss. Alternately, cybercriminals use this technique to convince executives that they are a trustworthy business associate who is owed money or is privy to proprietary data.
Highly specific lures are crafted using personalized information about the target gathered from publicly available sources, harvested from social media sites and obtained from dark web markets and data dumps. Sometimes the cybercriminals will spoof legitimate messages or leverage a legitimate email account gained through BEC. These lures can include:
- Emails from the recipient’s bank, credit card company or a similar source.
- Invoices from contractors or freelancers.
- Requests for information by colleagues in other branches of the company
- Updates from a software vendor.
- Charitable donation requests.
- Fake political emails from candidates or parties.
- Attachments like brochures or notices from trusted sources like a government agency.
- Spoofed messages from the recipient’s regular service providers, suppliers or other vendors.
How is social engineering a factor in whaling or CEO fraud?
Social engineering works in a whaling or CEO fraud scenario much the same way that it works in BEC with a few differences. Here, the person being targeted isn’t a clerk but someone with power. Often, executives are able to circumvent safeguards that may prevent others from paying an invoice or providing information. Executives are also less likely to have received regular security awareness training, making them more likely to fall for cybercriminal lures.
Whaling and CEO fraud aren’t the most frequently conducted types of phishing because each operation requires extensive research and a high level of skill in crafting and delivery. Bad actors will frequently use brand impersonation in these attacks and usually favor posing as Zoom, Amazon and DHL.
What helps reduce the chance that social engineering works?
Cybersecurity awareness training is critical for avoiding trouble with social engineering. Employees who receive regular security awareness training are 70% less likely to cause a security incident. That wisdom applies to a company’s executives as well. An executive falling for a social engineering trick can do major damage quickly. Everyone should receive regular security awareness training to keep them vigilant and informed about the cyberattacks that they may encounter, including phishing attacks that include social engineering elements.
Of course, the best way of ensuring that an employee doesn’t fall for a social engineering trick in a phishing message is to ensure that they don’t recieve the phishing message at all. Plus, it can be a challenge for even savvy employees to sniff out phishing when bad actors use technology like Chat GPT to write highly believable messages without the usual phishing red flags. AI-driven email security can make smart choices about the legitimacy of messages by reviewing their content, not just checking safe sender lists.
This infographic helps IT professionals get the most out of a security awareness training solution. DOWNLOAD IT>>
Kaseya’s Security Suite Offers IT Professionals the Tools for Security Success
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BullPhish ID — This effective, automated security awareness training and phishing simulation solution provides critical training that improves compliance, prevents employee mistakes and reduces a company’s risk of being hit by a cyberattack.
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Graphus — Automated email security is a cutting-edge solution that puts three layers of AI-powered protection between employees and phishing messages. It works equally well as a standalone email security solution or supercharges your Microsoft 365 and Google Workspace email security.
Kaseya Managed SOC powered by RocketCyber — Our managed cybersecurity detection and response solution is backed by a world-class security operations center that detects malicious and suspicious activity across three critical attack vectors: endpoint, network and cloud.
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Is your password compromised? Find out in seconds!
Book your demo of Dark Web ID, BullPhish ID or Graphus now! | <urn:uuid:1fb8a77c-eb92-4a0d-b680-de9115d46c9b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.idagent.com/blog/the-week-in-breach-news-09-06-23-09-12-23/ | 2023-10-04T19:22:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.919627 | 5,011 |
Minéral et empreint d’agréables notes épicées et fruitées, ce premier cru La Combe d’Orveaux signé par Bruno Clavelier offre une belle complexité. More info
This Chambolle Musigny Premier Cru has considerable depth and a very pleasant mineral quality. Aromas of spice, pomegranate and ripe red fruit define the wine’s impressive aromatic palette. The Combe d’Orveaux climat neighbours the vineyards of Le Musigny which makes it one of the most complex Chambolle premier crus in the appellation.
Domaine Bruno Clavelier has been located in Vosne-Romanée since the end of the 18th century. Formerly a trading house of the same name, managed by another branch of the family, the house sold the wines of the domaine but was was sold in 1991. Bruno Clavelier decided therefore to abandon his career as a rugby player to devote himself to the few remaining plots and to bottle his own wine. He was initially helped by his Burgundy grandfather, Joseph and joined by his wife Valėrie in 2003. Bruno Clavelier subsequently increased his domaine to 6 hectares (with plots acquired in Vosne-Romanée, Corton, Nuits- Saint-Georges and also Chambolle-Musigny) and converted the domaine to organic farming. Some old vineyards of the domaine were planted between 1930 and 1940. Bruno Clavelier produces about fifteen excellent cuvées. It is an exceptional example, and starting to become well-known amongst lovers of great Burgundy wines.
The result of organic production with ve...
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Sell it!Free estimate | <urn:uuid:862fd95e-e21c-41a5-8e60-1244dbe1b142> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.idealwine.com/uk/acheter-vin/B2254862-6636-1-Magnum-Chambolle-Musigny-1er-Cru-La-Combe-dOrveaux-Vieilles-Vignes-Bruno-Clavelier-2009-Red.jsp | 2023-10-04T20:37:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.926218 | 385 |
Gambling Compliance Quotes Jeff Ifrah on Outcome of Calvin Ayre’s US Criminal Case
August 3, 2017
Bodog, ‘Black Friday’ Cases Winding Down With A Whimper
The conclusion of Bodog founder Calvin Ayre’s U.S. criminal case may strengthen the hand of PokerStars founder Isai Scheinberg in
New York, but is not necessarily indicative of a more relaxed stance on offshore gambling at the U.S. Department of Justice, according
to legal experts.
The Bodog founder resolved his five-year-old case before the U.S. District of Maryland last month when a federal judge in Baltimore
accepted a sentence of 12 months of unsupervised probation, based on a single misdemeanor offence of Ayre being an accessory to
Original felony charges of operating an illegal gambling business and money laundering were dismissed.
The eye-catching agreement came just a few weeks after Scott Tom, founder of now-defunct Absolute Poker and Ultimate Bet, also
agreed to plead guilty to the same misdemeanor charge in the separate criminal case brought against him and ten others by federal
prosecutors from the Southern District of New York on online poker’s “Black Friday”, April 15, 2011.
Ayre and Tom were central figures in two of the most high-profile cases in a crackdown by U.S. law enforcement on offshore
gambling that began in the early 2000s and gathered steam over the course of more than a decade.
Yet it now appears those cases are winding down to a timid conclusion, rather than ending with a bang.
“Ayre’s case is interesting in that it does seem to indicate a waning appetite on the part of the government to pursue these older
cases of past wrongdoing,” said Behnam Dayanim, a partner with law firm Paul Hastings, who represented PartyGaming in its nonprosecution
agreement struck with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2009.
It is not altogether unusual for criminal cases to play out this way, according to Dayanim and other attorneys with experience in
For one thing, individual prosecutors leading cases on behalf of the U.S. government are frequently reassigned or move into private
practice — particularly after a change in administration — with their replacements less invested in the older cases they inherit and
perhaps keener to wrap them up and move on.
In addition, internet gambling presents challenges from a jurisdictional perspective.
With countries including Canada, Costa Rica, the UK and the Isle of Man unwilling to extradite individuals charged with gambling
offences, prosecutors can be left with cases that may never be concluded unless the defendants voluntarily agree to travel to the U.S.
to face the charges or negotiate a mutually acceptable resolution from outside the country.
Still, there is a further school of thought that Ayre and Tom being able to avoid felony charges reflects the shifting attitudes towards
online gambling in America.
In court filings seeking a judge’s approval of Ayre’s plea agreement, lawyers acting on the Bodog founder’s behalf said the fact that
online gambling has since been regulated in New Jersey, Nevada and Delaware means the activity “no longer carries the same kind of
opprobrium in the United States that existed at the time of his indictment”.
The same filing also pointed to the separate federal criminal case brought in Oklahoma against various individuals associated with
Panama-based Legendz Sports.
Earlier this year, an Oklahoma federal judge imposed a probationary sentence on Legendz’ founder and CEO Bartice “Luke” King,
rejecting a push by prosecutors for King to be sent to jail after his conviction on charges of illegal gambling and money laundering
“The criminal enforcement landscape has definitely changed significantly over the last decade,” said Barry Boss, a partner at law firm
Cozen O’Connor who served as counsel to Calvin Ayre in Maryland and also represented Full Tilt Poker in its Black Friday civil case
before the Southern District of New York.
I think that the reduced penalties that you are seeing reflect a greater social and moral acceptance of online
gambling,” added Barry Boss, a partner and co-chair of law firm Cozen O’Connor’s criminal defense practice.
The conclusion of Ayre’s case raises inevitable questions as to its significance for Isai Scheinberg, the PokerStars founder and now the
only one of the eleven Black Friday defendants who is yet to resolve his case.
A plea agreement like Ayre’s is not in any way binding on other cases, where the specific circumstances may be different, but they can
still be persuasive.
As such, it is conceivable that lawyers for Scheinberg — should he want to strike a settlement — could attempt to argue that a
misdemeanor plea would be appropriate in light of the similarities with Ayre’s case and the fact that PokerStars offered only online
poker, which it believed to be a game of skill, and not sports betting games that were more clearly prohibited by federal laws.
Unlike Tom’s Absolute Poker, meanwhile, PokerStars was also able to immediately pay back its former U.S. customers after the Black
Friday indictments — with no suggestion that player monies had been misused.
On the other hand, lawyers note that Tom was indicted on narrower charges to begin with than Scheinberg and other Black
Also, the last of those defendants to reach a plea agreement with Manhattan prosecutors — PokerStars’ former head of payments
processing, Paul Tate — did so to felony charges of illegal gambling, even though Tate’s lawyers argued he was neither a founder nor
served in a strategic leadership position at the company.
Scheinberg was reported several years ago to have hired former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey to represent him in the case
before the Southern District of New York.
When contacted by GamblingCompliance, Mukasey, of counsel with law firm Debevoise & Plimpton, declined to comment.
It would be wrong for people in the gaming industry to take comfort from this and think they can dabble in
online sports betting,” said Arlo Devlin-Brown, partner of law firm Covington & Burling and former prosecutor
in the Black Friday poker cases.
More than five years after Ayre’s indictment, it does appear that the Bodog and Black Friday cases represent the high-water mark of
U.S. enforcement actions on internet gambling.
Certainly no case since then has had the impact of those from 2011 or 2012, nor earlier cases brought against payments processor
Neteller by the Southern District of New York in 2007 or BetOnSports in Missouri a year earlier.
Criminal indictments in online gambling cases have typically been tied to related civil actions targeting the assets of offshore
operators, noted Jeff Ifrah, the founding partner of Ifrah Law in Washington, D.C. who has represented individuals in each of the Black
Friday, Maryland and Legendz Sports cases.
The most prominent enforcement actions of recent years also stemmed from a time when offshore gambling operations were
passing significant sums of money through U.S. bank accounts.
That practice — now far less common — made those funds subject to seizure by federal law enforcement, with the filing of criminal
indictments allowing prosecutors to move forward with asset forfeiture.
“If you look at offshore gambling cases, the sentences have historically been probationary or minimal jail time. The issue’s always
been about getting the money, and never about the sentencing,” Ifrah said.
“In terms of the future, I think if the Southern District of New York or another jurisdiction can’t locate significant amounts of money in
the U.S. or abroad then these cases might dry up — unless there’s a consumer protection reason, if there’s money stolen from
players, cheating or players being deceived.”
Nonetheless, offshore sites should not look at the outcome of Calvin Ayre’s case as a sign that they can act with impunity,
said Arlo Devlin-Brown, a former assistant U.S. Attorney at the Southern District of New York who was responsible for the ‘Black
Friday’ poker indictments.
The resolution of Ayre’s case, “very likely reflects the fact-specific circumstances and cleaning up of an old case rather than the future
enforcement policy of the Department of Justice against gaming companies who are acting illegally,” said Devlin-Brown, now a
partner at law firm Covington & Burling.
“It would be wrong for people in the gaming industry to take comfort from this and think they can dabble in online sports
betting; that would be a mistake.”
Dayanim of Paul Hastings also cautioned against assuming Ayre’s case was indicative of a wider trend.
“The Ayre case was resolved by the United States Attorney in Maryland, not in New York, where many of these gambling cases have
been located, and may not reflect the priorities of that or other offices,” Dayanim said.
“Second, it involved long-past conduct and a defendant of substantial means who was largely out of the govern | <urn:uuid:07892209-6a25-4311-83fe-f2cc466d6b17> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ifrahlaw.com/news/gambling-compliance-quotes-jeff-ifrah-outcome-calvin-ayres-us-criminal-case/ | 2023-10-04T19:19:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.952425 | 1,991 |
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