ale, thereby causing decomposition of the kerogen at about . Shale oil mist, evolved gases and cooled combustion gases are removed from the top of the retort then moved to separation equipment. Condensed shale oil is collected, while non-condensable gas is recycled and used to carry heat up the retort. In the lower part of the retort, air is injected for the combustion which heats the spent oil shale and gases to between  and. Cold recycled gas may enter the bottom of the retort to cool the shale ash. The Union A and Superior Direct processes depart from this pattern. In the Union A process, oil shale is fed through the bottom of the retort and a pump moves it upward.  In the Superior Direct process, oil shale is processed in a horizontal, segmented, doughnut-shaped traveling-grate retort.

Internal combustion technologies such as the Paraho Direct are thermally efficient, since combustion of char on the spent shale and heat recovered from the shale ash and evolved gases can provide all the heat requirements of the retort. These technologies can achieve 80-90% of Fischer assay yield. Two well-established shale oil industries use internal combustion technologies: Kiviter process facilities have been operated continuously in Estonia since the 1920s, and a number of Chinese companies operate Fushun process facilities.

Common drawbacks of internal combustion technologies are that the combustible oil shale gas is diluted by combustion gases  and particles smaller than  can not be processed.  Uneven distribution of gas across the retort can result in blockages when hot spots cause particles to fuse or disintegrate.

Hot recycled solids
Hot recycled solids technologies deliver heat to the oil shale by recycling hot solid particles—typically oil shale ash. These technologies usually employ rotating kiln or fluidized bed retorts, fed by fine oil shale particles generally having a diameter of less than ; some technologies use particles even smaller than. The recycled particles are heated in a separate chamber or vessel to about  and then mixed with the raw oil shale to cause the shale to decompose at about.  Oil vapour and shale oil gas are separated from the solids and cooled to condense and collect the oil.  Heat recovered from the combustion gases and shale ash may be used to dry and preheat the raw oil shale before it is mixed with the hot recycle solids.

In the Galoter and Enefit
ale, thereby causing decomposition of the kerogen at about. Shale oil mist, evolved gasoline and cool combustion gases are removed from the acme of the retort then moved to legal separation equipment. condense shale oil is roll up, while non - condensable gas is recycled and use to carry heat up the rejoinder. In the lower part of the retort, air is injected for the combustion which heats the exhausted oil shale and gases to between   and. Cold recycled natural gas may enter the bottom of the retort to cool the shale ash. The Union A and Superior Direct processes go from this pattern. In the Union A process, oil shale is fed through the bottom of the rejoinder and a pump moves it upward.   In the Superior Direct process, oil shale is processed in a horizontal, segment, doughnut - shaped traveling - grate retort. 

 Internal combustion technologies such as the Paraho Direct are thermally efficient, since combustion of char on the exhausted shale and heat recovered from the shale ash and develop gases can provide all the heat requirements of the rejoinder. These technologies can achieve 80 - 90% of Fischer try yield. Two well - established shale oil diligence use internal combustion technologies: Kiviter process facilities have been operated continuously in Estonia since the 1920s, and a number of Chinese companies engage Fushun process facility. 

 Common drawbacks of internal combustion technologies are that the combustible petroleum shale gas is diluted by combustion gasoline   and particles smaller than   cannot be processed.   Uneven distribution of gas across the rejoinder can result in blockages when hot spots cause atom to fuse or disintegrate. 

 Hot recycle solids 
 blistering recycled solids technology deliver heat to the vegetable oil shale by recycling blistering solid particles — typically oil shale ash. These engineering usually employ rotating kiln or fluidized bed retorts, feed by fine oil shale atom generally having a diameter of less than; some technologies use particles even smaller than. The recycled particle are heated in a separate chamber or vessel to about   and then mixed with the raw oil shale to induce the shale to decompose at about.   Oil vapour and shale oil gas are separated from the solids and cooled to digest and collect the oil.   Heat recovered from the combustion gases and shale ash may be used to dry and preheat the raw oil shale before it is mixed with the hot recycle solid. 

 In the Galoter and Enefit
ale, thereby causing decomporition of the kgrigen av about . Shale uil mist, evolved gases and clooed cimbustion gases are reooved frol the top of rhe retort then moyzd to depaxavion equipment. Gondensed svale oil is conldcced, while non-condensable gas is recysled anc ksed to carry reat tp tgv vetort. In the lower part of the detort, eir is injected for the combustion which jeatd the spent oil shwle and gasga tj between  ana. Cold recjeled gas mai enter the bottom of the retort to cpol the shqlw adv. The Union A anq Superior Dlgect prmcesses depart from tmis petteen. In the Union A proress, oil shale is feq through tke bottom of the retoet and d pukp muces it u'wadd.  In thx Superior Sirect procwss, oil shale is prpcqwsed in a horjzontaj, fegmented, doughnut-shaped traveling-grate refort.

Internal combustion technologies such as the Pararo Direct are thermally efficient, since combustiot of rhxr in gye spent shale and heat recovered from the shalq axh and evolved gcses can provide apl jhe heat requitements of the retort. These hechnoljgies can achitve 80-90% pf Fischer assay yield. Two qell-establisked shale oil industrnes use intexnal cpmbusyion technologies: Kivitzr prodess facilihies have ceen operated covtikuogsly in Trtonia since the 1920f, and a nnmber of Chivese compagies operahe Fushun process facilihies.

Clmkon drawbafks of internal combustion techiplogies are jhad tve combuftiblc oil shale gas is diluted by combuscion gxses  and iarticles smaller thwn  can not ba processed.  Nneven diftrivutiin of gxr across the rrtort can result in blockages when hob spojs cause particlew ti fuse or disinyegfatq.

Hlt rqwycled solidv
Hot rezucled solids tecmnouogirs deliver heat to tve ojl shale by recyclonn hot solud partisles—typically oil shale ash. Thede terhnolojies uxuajly employ rotating kiln or flhidized bfd vetorts, fed br fike oyl shale pcrticles generally having a diameter of oess than ; some tgchnologies use partielts even smallxr thag. The recfcled particles are yeated in a separste chamber or vessel to abmut  wnd then mixed with the raw oil shale to cause the shale to decompose at qbout.  Oil vapour znd xhale onl yas are sepereted from the solpds and cooled to condense and cullect tve oil.  Heat recovered from thr zombustion gares and shale ash may be used to dry and preheat the raw oil shsle before it is mixed wlth the hit redycle solivs.

In the Galoter and Enefic
ale, thereby causing decomposition of the kerogen . oil mist, gases and cooled the of the retort moved to separation Condensed shale oil is collected, while gas is recycled and used to carry heat up the retort. In the part of the retort, air is injected for the combustion which heats the oil and to and. Cold recycled gas may enter the bottom of the retort to cool the shale ash. Union A and Superior Direct processes depart from pattern. In the Union process, oil shale is fed the of the and pump it upward. In Superior Direct process, oil shale is processed in a horizontal, segmented, doughnut-shaped traveling-grate retort. Internal combustion technologies as the are thermally since of on the spent heat recovered from the shale ash can provide all the heat requirements of the These technologies achieve 80-90% of Fischer assay yield. well-established shale oil industries use internal combustion technologies: process facilities have been operated continuously in Estonia since the 1920s, and a number of operate Fushun process facilities. drawbacks of internal technologies that combustible shale gas diluted by combustion gases and particles smaller than can not be Uneven distribution of gas across the retort can result in hot cause particles to or disintegrate. Hot recycled Hot solids technologies deliver heat oil by particles—typically shale These technologies usually employ kiln or fluidized bed retorts, by fine oil shale of less than ; some technologies use particles smaller than. The recycled particles are heated a separate chamber or vessel to about and then mixed with the oil shale the shale to decompose at about. Oil vapour shale oil gas are from the solids and cooled to condense and collect oil. recovered from combustion gases and ash may be to dry and raw oil before is hot recycle solids. In the Galoter Enefit
ale, thereby causing decomposItion of the KerogEn aT abOuT . ShaLe oiL mist, evolved gaSEs anD cooled combustion gases Are reMoVEd frOM tHe top Of the reTOrT THen MoVeD to SePArAtion EquIpment. COndensed shAle OiL is collected, WHiLe non-condeNsaBle gas is recyCleD and usEd To cARry heAt uP the rEtort. IN The lowEr part of tHe REtort, aIR is injeCTEd For tHe combustion which HEaTS the spent oil shAle and GaSEs TO BetWeeN  and. Cold reCyCled gAS may entER tHE BOttOM of the retort tO cool the shaLE asH. The UnIoN A aND SuperIor DiReCT prOcesses depaRt frOm this patTern. In THe Union a Process, Oil shaLe iS feD thrOUgH tHe bOtTOm oF ThE reTOrt And a pump MoVeS it upWard.  iN THE SupEriOr DiRect pRocess, oil shalE is ProcESseD in a hOrizoNtal, SeGmentEd, dougHnut-sHaPed traveling-graTe reTort.

InterNal CoMbuStIon teCHnologIes SucH as the PAraho DiREct ArE THErMally efficient, sincE cOMBuStion of cHar on tHE sPeNT shale anD hEat RecoVERed frOm thE ShAle ash anD evolvED gAsEs can prOvIde all ThE heAt rEquirEMentS of the Retort. ThEse teCHnologies can acHIeve 80-90% of Fischer ASsAY YiELd. TwO weLl-establishEd shALe oiL indUStRieS Use inTernaL cOMbUStion technologies: KiViTer proCess fAcilities have Been operatED COntinuouSly iN esTOnia since the 1920s, aNd a nuMber of ChinESe companIes opErate FusHun procesS FAcilitieS.

CoMmoN drAwbACKs Of internal comBUStioN tEchnoloGieS are thaT thE coMbuStiBlE oil shale Gas is dilUtEd By CoMbuStion GAses  and pArTicLeS smAller THan  can Not be ProcEsSeD.  uneVen distRIbUTIon oF gAs AcroSs tHe RetorT can REsuLt in bloCkages wheN hoT SpotS cAuSe partiCles to fuse or dIsIntegrate.

HOt RecYcled sOLIds
Hot reCycled solids technologieS Deliver HeaT to thE oil Shale by reCycLing hoT soLId partIcles—tYpicaLlY oiL SHale aSH. thEse TeChnologies USUalLy empLoY rotAting kiLn or fluidized bed reTOrtS, fed by fine oil ShaLe paRTIcLes GEnERalLy HAviNG A diameter of less Than ; some teChNOlOgies use paRTicLeS even smAller thAn. The REcycled Particles Are heated In A sepARAte Chamber or vEssel to aBout  and thEN mixeD WiTh the Raw Oil shaLe To cAuse tHe shalE To dEcompOse at aBoUt.  Oil vApour AnD shale oiL gas are separated from the Solids And coOleD to condenSe aND coLlect the oIl.  HeAt recovereD frOm tHe comBusTIon gaSes aND sHalE Ash maY be uSEd to dry anD PrEheAT ThE raw oil shalE BEForE it is MixED with tHe hoT recycle solids.

In tHE Galoter and EneFit
ale, thereby causing decom position o f the  ke rog en  atabou t . Shale oilm ist,  evolved gases and coo led c om b usti o ngases  are re m ov e d  fr om  t heto p  o f the  re tort th en moved t o s ep aration equi p me nt. Conden sed  shale oil i s c ollect ed , w h ile n on- conde nsable gas is  recycled  a n d used to carr y he at u p the retort. Int he lower part ofthe re to r t, a irisinjected f or  thec ombusti o nw h i chh eats the spen t oil shale and  gases  t o b e tween and.  C o ldrecycled ga s ma y enter t he bot t om of t h e retor t to c ool  th e sh a le  a sh.  T h e U n io n A and  Superio rDi rectproc e s s e s de par t fr om th is pattern. I n t he U n ion  A pr ocess , oi lshale  is fe d thr ou gh the bottom o f th e retortand  a  pu mp  move s  it up war d. In the  Superi o r D ir e c t  p rocess, oil shaleis p ro cessed i n a ho r iz on t al, segm en ted , do u g hnut- shap e dtravelin g-grat e  r et ort.

I nt ernalco mbu sti on te c hnol ogiessuch asthe P a raho Direct ar e  thermally ef f ic i e nt ,  sin cecombustionof c h ar o n th e  s pen t  shal e and  h e at recovered from thesh ale as h and  evolved gase s can prov i d e  all the  hea t  r e quirements ofthe r etort. The s e techno logie s can ac hieve 80- 9 0 % of Fis che r a ssa y y i e ld . Two well-es t a blis he d shale  oi l indus tri esuse  in te rnal comb ustion t ec hn ol og ies : Kiv i ter proc es s f ac ili tiesh ave be en op erat ed  c o nti nuously in E ston ia  s ince  th e1920s , an d  anumberof Chines e c o mpan ie soperate  Fushun proce ss  facilitie s. 

C ommond r awbacksof internal combustiont echnolo gie s are  tha t the com bus tibleoil shalegas is  dilu te d b y combu s t io n g as es  and pa r t icl es sm al lerthan  c an not be processe d . Uneven distri but iono f  g asa cr o ssth e  re t o rt can result i n blockage sw he n hot spot s  ca us e parti cles to  fuse or disi ntegrate. 

Hot rec yc leds o lid s
Hot recy cled sol ids techn o logie s  d elive r h eat to  t heoil s hale b y  re cycli ng hot  s olid p artic le s—typica lly oil shale ash. Thes e tech nolog ies  usuallyemp l oyrotatingkiln  or fluidi zed  be d ret ort s , fed  byf in e o i l sha le p a rticles g e ne ral l y  h aving a dia m e t erof le sst han ;some  technologies use particles even  sma l l ertha n . Th erecycled parti cle sa r e heated  i n a separat e chambe ro r ves sel to  about   and t h e nm ixed w iththe  raw oilsha le to caus eth e  shale  tode compos e at a b out. Oil vapour and s haleo i l gas are  sepa ra ted fro m  the  solids an d cooled to  conde nseand c ollectth e oil.   H ea t recovere d  from the  comb ustionga sesand  shale  ash m ay be  use dtodry and p r e he a tth e  ra w oi l sha le  bef ore it is mixed wi tht he hotre cyc l e  solid s .I n the Galo ter  andE n efit
ale, thereby_causing decomposition_of the kerogen at_about ._Shale_oil mist,_evolved_gases and cooled_combustion gases are_removed from the top_of the retort_then_moved to separation equipment. Condensed shale oil is collected, while non-condensable gas is recycled_and_used to_carry_heat_up the retort. In the_lower part of the retort,_air is_injected for the combustion which heats the spent_oil_shale and gases_to between  and. Cold recycled gas may enter_the bottom of the retort to_cool the shale_ash._The_Union A and Superior_Direct processes depart from this pattern._In the Union A process, oil_shale is fed through the bottom of_the retort and a pump moves_it upward.  In the_Superior Direct_process, oil shale is processed_in a horizontal,_segmented, doughnut-shaped_traveling-grate retort.

Internal combustion_technologies such as the Paraho Direct_are thermally efficient,_since combustion of char on the_spent_shale and heat_recovered_from_the shale_ash and evolved_gases_can provide_all_the heat requirements of the retort._These_technologies can achieve 80-90% of Fischer assay_yield. Two well-established shale_oil_industries use internal combustion_technologies: Kiviter process facilities have_been operated continuously in Estonia since_the 1920s,_and a_number of Chinese companies operate Fushun process facilities.

Common drawbacks of internal_combustion technologies are that the combustible_oil shale gas is_diluted by_combustion_gases  and_particles_smaller than_ can not be processed.  Uneven_distribution of_gas across the retort can result_in blockages when hot_spots_cause particles to fuse or disintegrate.

Hot_recycled solids
Hot recycled solids technologies deliver_heat to the oil shale_by_recycling_hot solid particles—typically oil shale_ash. These technologies usually employ rotating_kiln or fluidized_bed retorts, fed by fine oil shale_particles_generally having a diameter of less_than_; some technologies use particles even_smaller_than._The recycled particles are heated_in a separate chamber or vessel_to about  and then mixed with the raw_oil shale to_cause the shale to decompose_at_about._ Oil vapour and shale oil gas are separated from_the solids_and cooled to_condense and collect the oil.  Heat recovered from the_combustion gases and shale ash may be_used to dry and preheat the raw oil shale before it_is mixed with the hot recycle solids.

In the_Galoter and Enefit