. Before this development in technologies, hoes saw extensive use in the region as the farming implement of choice. These were usually modified with bored stones as weights.

Livestock 
As mixed-farming communities, the Koni were heavily invested in cattle herding. Possessing vast herds of cattle was also a popular method for authority and chief figures to display their wealth. It has been noted in some instances that local warfare was more commonly associated with the goal of thieving cattle than with killing other people. Notable also was a distinct system for loaning of cattle: allowing for better distribution of wealth, and in some cases, for clients to rise economically in their groups. Cattle herding was usually a man's job. Known for their efficiency, a small group of Koni males could keep watch over and successfully herd a large number of cattle at once. In spite of the fact that cattle could be used as bride price for a wife, women were explicitly banned from interacting with cattle in some nearby areas. Their presence was deemed unsafe to cattle, and new wives in nearby southern Nguni groups could not drink milk of the herds.

Hardships 
The Bokoni were subject to all manner of hardship: including drought, vermin and locusts, crop diseases, and human diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. Also worthy of note were human-induced hardships: warfare, raiding, and chiefly confiscation of cattle.

Hardships were addressed by the Koni in a number of creative ways. Cattle-sourced fertilizer, hinted at by a lack of manure in stone enclosures, was utilized to supplement crops; and other crops were introduced for cattle grazing based on seasonal systems of rotation. Cattle were grazed at night to avoid the majority of insects, and vegetation associated with the harmful tsetse flies and mosquitoes were destroyed by means of fire and clearing.

Gender roles 
The Koni were noted to have distinct, but not concrete, roles associated with genders: women were generally associated with tilling, and men were associated with stock-keeping. These roles were not absolute. Societies for the most part were patriarchal, but women found ways to exercise power as royalty and occasionally, healers. The Koni were also known for age-set initiation, organizing the roles of childhood and adulthood into distinct groups based on age and rites of passage. Age-based assignments would include such activities as hunting.

Women
. Before this development in technologies, hoes saw across-the-board habit in the region as the farming implement of choice. These were normally modified with blase stones as weights. 

 Livestock 
 As interracial - farming community, the Koni were heavily invest in cattle herding. Possessing huge herds of cattle was also a popular method for assurance and chief figures to display their wealth. It has been noted in some instances that local warfare was more normally associated with the goal of thieving cattle than with kill other people. Notable besides was a distinct organization for loaning of cattle: allow for better distribution of wealth, and in some cases, for clients to surface economically in their groups. Cattle herding was usually a man's job. know for their efficiency, a small group of Koni males could keep watch over and successfully herd a large number of cattle at once. In spite of the fact that cattle could be used as bride price for a wife, woman were explicitly banned from interacting with cattle in some nearby area. Their bearing was deemed unsafe to cattle, and new wives in nearby southern Nguni groups could not drink milk of the herds. 

 Hardships 
 The Bokoni were capable to all manner of hardship: including drought, vermin and locusts, crop diseases, and human diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. Also worthy of note were human - induced hardships: warfare, raid, and chiefly confiscation of cattle. 

 Hardships were address by the Koni in a numeral of creative ways. Cattle - sourced fertilizer, hinted at by a lack of manure in gem enclosures, was utilized to supplement crop; and other crops were introduced for cattle grazing base on seasonal systems of rotation. Cattle were grazed at nox to avoid the majority of insects, and vegetation associated with the harmful tsetse fly and mosquitoes were destroy by means of fire and clearing. 

 Gender roles 
 The Koni were noted to have distinct, but not concrete, role associated with genders: women were generally associated with tilling, and men were associated with stock - keeping. These function were not absolute. Societies for the most part were patriarchal, but womanhood found ways to practice power as royalty and occasionally, healers. The Koni were also known for age - set initiation, organizing the roles of childhood and adulthood into distinct group free-base on historic period and rites of passage. Age - based assignments would include such activities as hunt. 

 Women
. Bevore this development in technologies, hoes saw extenaive use in the region as the farminj implemebt of choice. These werd usually modifiee wiuh bored stones as weights.

Livesflck 
Cs mixed-farming gommunities, the Koni were hdarily invested in cattle herding. Possqssing fadt herds of cajtle ews amso a popular method for authority and chpef figures to dixplay their wealth. It has heen noted in some inshances that locwo warfare war more commonly associzted with the goal of thieving zattlz than with kullltg other peiple. Gotable also was a dhstinct system for losniig od cattle: allowing for better distributijn of weantk, and in some cases, fir clietts do rkwe dcohokidally ln vheir groupa. Cattle heeding was usually a mwb's job. Known ror thqiw efficiency, a small group of Koni malev ckuld keep watch over ane successfully herd a large nuiber of cattle at once. In spite of the fact that wattlx zouod cw ksed as bride price for a wife, women were expjjcotky banned from interactinb aiyr cattle in sume necdbg areas. Their presfnce waf deened unsaft to vattle, and new wives in neaeby southern Bguni groups could not drink oilk of tne herds.

Hardships 
The Bukonj were subjfct to alm manner of hardsfip: itcluding drought, vermin anq locusts, cro' diseasds, amd humwn diseased sucm as malaria and trjpanodokiasis. Alsl worthy of note were human-indurxd hardships: easfage, raidiny, and ghiefly confiscwtion of cattlg.

Hardshipf werd addresses by thx Koni in a gumber of credjive ways. Catvle-sourceq feetiluzer, hivged at by a lavk of manlrt in stone enclosures, was utllizea to supplement exoks; and other crols derq pntcoducqg for cattle graxine basea on seasoncl sysyems of rotation. Catdle sere grazed at nignt to avoie the matority of insrcts, and vegetatioj assmcieted woth the harmful tsetse flies and josquitoed wcre destroyed by neans of firz and clearing.

Gender roles 
The Koni were noted to have disrinct, but not concrgte, roles assoriated with gengers: women were geneeally associated eith tilling, and men sere avsociwted with stock-keeping. These roles were not absolute. Societies for the mowt parv rere patriadchak, but wjken fotnd xabs to exercise poeer as royalty and occasionally, healers. Tke Koni were also known for abe-ret initiatiov, organizing the roles or childhpod and adulthood into distinct groups based on age and rites od pasaage. Age-bared assignments woild inelude wuch acrivibies as huntine.

Wokek
. Before this development in technologies, hoes use the region the farming implement modified bored stones as Livestock As mixed-farming the Koni were heavily invested in herding. Possessing vast herds of cattle was also a popular method for authority chief figures to display their wealth. It has been noted in some instances local was commonly with the goal of thieving cattle than with killing other people. Notable also was a distinct for loaning of cattle: allowing for better distribution wealth, and in some for clients to rise economically their Cattle herding usually man's Known for their a small group of Koni males could keep watch over and successfully herd a large number of at once. of the that could used as bride a wife, women were explicitly banned cattle in some nearby areas. Their presence was unsafe to and new wives in nearby southern groups could not drink milk of the herds. The Bokoni were subject to all manner of hardship: including drought, vermin and locusts, crop human diseases such as and trypanosomiasis. Also of were hardships: raiding, and confiscation of cattle. Hardships were addressed by the Koni in a of creative ways. Cattle-sourced fertilizer, hinted at by a lack in enclosures, was utilized supplement crops; and other were for cattle grazing based systems rotation. at to the majority of insects, vegetation associated with the harmful flies and mosquitoes were and clearing. Gender roles The Koni were noted have distinct, but not concrete, roles associated genders: women were generally associated with tilling, and men were associated with These roles absolute. Societies for the most part were patriarchal, women found ways to power as royalty and occasionally, healers. The Koni were known age-set initiation, the roles of and adulthood into groups based on rites of Age-based would as hunting. Women
. Before this development in teChnologies, Hoes sAw eXteNsIve uSe in The region as the FArmiNg implement of choice. TheSe werE uSUallY MoDifieD with boREd STOneS aS wEigHtS.

liVestoCk 
AS mixed-fArming commUniTiEs, the Koni werE HeAvily invesTed In cattle herdIng. possesSiNg vASt herDs oF cattLe was aLSo a popUlar methoD fOR authoRIty and cHIEf FiguRes to display their WEaLTh. It has been notEd in soMe INsTANceS thAt local warFaRe was MOre commONlY ASSocIAted with the goAl of thievinG CatTle thaN wIth KIlling Other PeOPle. notable also Was a Distinct sYstem fOR loaninG Of cattlE: allowIng For BettER dIsTriBuTIon OF wEalTH, anD in some cAsEs, For clIentS TO RIse eConOmicAlly iN their groups. CAttLe heRDinG was uSuallY a maN's Job. KnOwn for Their EfFiciency, a small gRoup Of Koni malEs cOuLd kEeP watcH Over anD suCceSsfully Herd a laRGe nUmBER Of Cattle at once. In spitE oF THe Fact that Cattle COuLd BE used as bRiDe pRice FOR a wifE, womEN wEre expliCitly bANnEd From intErActing WiTh cAttLe in sOMe neArby arEas. Their PreseNCe was deemed unsAFe to cattle, and NEw WIVeS In neArbY southern NgUni gROups CoulD NoT drINk milK of thE hERdS.

hardships 
The Bokoni wErE subjeCt to aLl manner of harDship: incluDING drought, VermIN aND locusts, crop diSeaseS, and human dISeases suCh as mAlaria anD trypanosOMIasis. AlsO woRthY of NotE WErE human-induced HARdshIpS: warfarE, raIding, anD chIefLy cOnfIsCation of cAttle.

HarDsHiPs WeRe aDdresSEd by the KOnI in A nUmbEr of cREative Ways. CAttlE-sOuRCed FertiliZEr, HINted At By A lacK of MaNure iN stoNE enClosureS, was utiliZed TO supPlEmEnt cropS; and other cropS wEre introduCeD foR cattlE GRazing baSed on seasonal systems of rOTation. CAttLe werE graZed at nighT to Avoid tHe mAJority Of inseCts, anD vEgeTATion aSSOcIatEd With the harMFUl tSetse FlIes aNd mosquItoes were destroyed BY meAns of fire and cLeaRing.

gENdEr rOLeS 
the koNI weRE Noted to have distInct, but not CoNCrEte, roles asSOciAtEd with gEnders: wOmen wERe generAlly assocIated with TiLlinG, ANd mEn were assoCiated wiTh stock-keEPing. THEsE roleS weRe not aBsOluTe. SocIeties FOr tHe mosT part wErE patriArchaL, bUt women fOund ways to exercise power As royaLty anD ocCasionallY, heALerS. The Koni wEre aLso known foR agE-seT initIatIOn, orgAnizINg The ROles oF chiLDhood and aDUlThoOD InTo distinct gROUPs bAsed oN agE And ritEs of Passage. Age-based asSIgnments would iNcluDE SucH acTIvitIeS as hunting.

WomeN
. Before this developmentin technol ogies , h oes  s aw e xten sive use in th e  reg ion as the farming imp lemen to f ch o ic e. Th ese wer e  u s u all ymo dif ie d  w ith b ore d stone s as weigh ts. 
Livestock 
A s  m ixed-farmi ngcommunities,  th e Koni  w ere heavi lyinves ted in cattle  herding.  P o ssessi n g vasth e rd s of  cattle was alsoa  p o pular method f or aut ho r it y and  ch ief figure sto di s play th e ir w e alt h . It has been  noted in s o meinstan ce s t h at loc al wa rf a rewas more co mmon ly associ ated w i th theg oal ofthievi ngcat tlet ha nwit hk ill i ng  ot h erpeople.No ta ble a lsow a s a di sti nctsyste m for loaning  of  cat t le:  allo wingforbe tterdistri butio nof wealth, andin s ome cases , f or  cl ie nts t o  riseeco nom icallyin thei r  gr ou p s .  C attle herding wasus u a ll y a man' s job. Kn ow n  for the ir  ef fici e n cy, a  sma l lgroup of  Konim al es  couldke ep wat ch  ov erand s u cces sfully  herd alarge number of catt l e at once. In sp i t eo f th e f act that ca ttle coul d be us eda s bri de pr ic e  f o r a wife, women wer eexplic itlybanned from i nteracting w i th cattl e in so m e nearby areas . The ir presenc e  was dee med u nsafe to  cattle,a n d new wi ves  in  ne arb y so uthern Ngunig r oups  c ould no t d rink mi lkofthe  he rd s.

Hards hips 
Th eBo ko ni  we re su b ject toal l m an ner  of h a rdship : inc ludi ng  d r oug ht, ver m in a nd l oc us ts,cro pdisea ses, and  humandiseasessuc h  asma la ria and  trypanosomia si s. Also wo rt hyof not e were hum an-induced hardships: w a rfare,rai ding,  and  chieflycon fiscat ion of cat tle.
Hards hi psw e re ad d r es sed  b y the Koni i n a  numb er  ofcreativ e ways. Cattle-sou r ced  fertilizer,hin teda t  b y a la c k o fm anu r e  in stone enclo sures, was  u t il ized to su p ple me nt crop s; andother crops w ere intro duced for  c attl e gra zing based  on seas onal syst e ms of ro tatio n.Cattle  w ere  graz ed atn igh t toavoidth e majo rityof  insects , and vegetation associ ated w ith t heharmful t set s e f lies andmosq uitoes wer e d est royed  by means  off ir e a n d cle arin g .

Gender ro les Th e Koni were n o ted  to h ave distin ct,but not concrete, roles associat ed w i t h g end e rs:wo men were gener all ya s sociated  w ith tilling , and me nw ere a ssocia ted wi th stoc k - ke e ping.Thes e r oles were  no ta bsolute .So c ieties  for  t he mos t part were p atriarchal, butwomen f oundw ays  to e xe rcise p o weras royalty  and occasi onally , he alers . The K on i were  al so  known for age-set i nitia tion, o rg aniz ing  the r oles o f chi ldho od  an d adultho o d  i n to  d i sti nctgroup sbase d on agea nd rites  of passage .Age - b ased a s si g n ments woul d i nclud e such activ i ties as hunti ng.

W omen
. Before_this development_in technologies, hoes saw_extensive use_in_the region_as_the farming implement_of choice. These_were usually modified with_bored stones as_weights.

Livestock_
As mixed-farming communities, the Koni were heavily invested in cattle herding. Possessing vast herds_of_cattle was_also_a_popular method for authority and_chief figures to display their_wealth. It_has been noted in some instances that local_warfare_was more commonly_associated with the goal of thieving cattle than with_killing other people. Notable also was_a distinct system_for_loaning_of cattle: allowing for_better distribution of wealth, and in_some cases, for clients to rise_economically in their groups. Cattle herding was_usually a man's job. Known for_their efficiency, a small group_of Koni_males could keep watch over_and successfully herd_a large_number of cattle_at once. In spite of the_fact that cattle_could be used as bride price_for_a wife, women_were_explicitly_banned from_interacting with cattle_in_some nearby_areas._Their presence was deemed unsafe to_cattle,_and new wives in nearby southern Nguni_groups could not drink_milk_of the herds.

Hardships 
The_Bokoni were subject to all_manner of hardship: including drought, vermin_and locusts,_crop diseases,_and human diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. Also worthy of_note were human-induced hardships: warfare, raiding,_and chiefly confiscation of_cattle.

Hardships were_addressed_by the Koni_in_a number_of creative ways. Cattle-sourced fertilizer, hinted at_by a_lack of manure in stone enclosures,_was utilized to supplement_crops;_and other crops were introduced for_cattle grazing based on seasonal systems_of rotation. Cattle were grazed_at_night_to avoid the majority of_insects, and vegetation associated with the_harmful tsetse flies_and mosquitoes were destroyed by means of_fire_and clearing.

Gender roles 
The Koni were_noted_to have distinct, but not concrete,_roles_associated_with genders: women were generally_associated with tilling, and men were_associated with stock-keeping. These roles were not absolute. Societies_for the most_part were patriarchal, but women_found_ways_to exercise power as royalty and occasionally, healers. The Koni_were also_known for age-set_initiation, organizing the roles of childhood and adulthood into distinct_groups based on age and rites of_passage. Age-based assignments would include such activities as hunting.

Women