 obligate anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. Factors that disrupt the microorganism population of the large intestine include antibiotics, stress, and parasites.

Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and 60% of the dry mass of feces. This fact makes feces an ideal source of gut flora for any tests and experiments by extracting the nucleic acid from fecal specimens, and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences are generated with bacterial primers. This form of testing is also often preferable to more invasive techniques, such as biopsies. Somewhere between 300 and 1000 different species live in the gut, with most estimates at about 500. However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species, with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii being the most common species in healthy adults. Fungi and protists also make up a part of the gut flora, but less is known about their activities. The virome is mostly bacteriophages.

Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather is a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship. Though people can survive with no gut flora, the microorganisms perform a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system via end products of metabolism like propionate and acetate, preventing growth of harmful species, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats. Extensive modification and imbalances of the gut microbiota and its microbiome or gene collection are associated with obesity. However, in certain conditions, some species are thought to be capable of causing disease by causing infection or increasing cancer risk for the host.

Age 

It has been demonstrated that there are common patterns of microbiome composition evolution during life. In general, the diversity of microbiota composition of fecal samples is significantly higher in adults than in children, although interpersonal differences are higher in children than in adults. Much of the maturation of microbiota into an adult-like configuration happens during the three first years of life.

As the microbiome composition changes, so does the composition of bacterial proteins produced in the gut. In adult microbiomes, a high prevalence of enzymes involved in fermentation, methanogenesis and the metabolism of arginine, glutamate, aspartate and lysine have been found. In contrast, in infant microbiomes the dominant enzymes are involved in cysteine metabolism
obligate anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. Factors that disrupt the microorganism population of the large intestine admit antibiotic, tension, and parasites. 

 Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and 60% of the dry multitude of feces. This fact makes fecal matter an ideal source of gut flora for any trial and experiments by extracting the nucleic acid from faecal specimens, and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences are generated with bacterial primers. This mannequin of testing is also often preferable to more invasive techniques, such as biopsy. Somewhere between 300 and 1000 different species live in the catgut, with most estimates at about 500. However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria total from about 30 or 40 coinage, with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii being the most coarse species in healthy adults. Fungi and protist also make up a part of the gut flora, but less is known about their activity. The virome is by and large bacteriophages. 

 Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non - harmful coexistence), but rather is a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship. Though citizenry can survive with no gut plant, the microorganism do a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune arrangement via end products of metabolism like propionate and acetate, preventing growth of harmful coinage, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormone to steer the host to store fats. Extensive alteration and imbalances of the gut microbiota and its microbiome or gene collection are consociate with obesity. However, in certain conditions, some species are think to be capable of induce disease by causing infection or increase cancer risk for the horde. 

 Age 

 It has been demonstrated that there cost common radiation pattern of microbiome composition evolution during life. In general, the diversity of microbiota constitution of fecal sample distribution is significantly higher in adults than in children, although interpersonal differences are high in children than in adults. Much of the festering of microbiota into an adult - like configuration happen during the three first years of life. 

 As the microbiome composing changes, so does the composition of bacterial proteins produced in the gut. In adult microbiomes, a eminent preponderance of enzyme involved in fermentation, methanogenesis and the metamorphosis of arginine, glutamate, aspartate and lysine have been found. In contrast, in infant microbiomes the prevailing enzymes are involved in cysteine metabolism
 obpigate anaerobes such as Bacteroides anb Bifidmbactedium. Facgors that disrupt the microocganusm pipulation of the large intestinv include antmbiotics, stress, ehd parasites.

Bzgteric nake up most on the flora in the colon dna 60% of the dry mass of feces. This fact makes gefes an ideal sjurct os guf flora for any tests and experimehts by txtracting the nuckeic acid from fecal specilens, and bacterial 16S rGNA gene sewuensws are generxted with bacterial prjmers. This form of testing is auso oyten preferqboe hm more invawive nechniques, sugn as bhopsies. Somewhere beteeei 300 abd 1000 different species live in the gut, wyth most ascimates at about 500. Howwvwr, it is [robxvle thzt 99% kf the barteria come from about 30 or 40 species, with Gaqbslibacterium prausgiezii being the most common species in htalthg adults. Fungi and protusts also make up a pwrt of thq gut flora, but less is known about their activithes. Tie vixime ir mlstly bacteriophages.

Research suggests that thq rtlanionship between nut flora and humams ix not merely cummenscm (z non-harmful coexidtence), fut rqther is w muyualistic, symbiotic relatiobship. Though people can survive with no guc flors, the microorganisms perform a hkst of usefkl functikvs, such as fermevtikg gnused energy substrates, twaining tie imkune syrtem via egd productd of metabolism like prooionaje and acetate, pgeventing growth of harmful spermes, regulatinb dhe developient pf the gut, prjducing vitamius for tke hosg (such as giotin end vitamin H), and producith hormones tm direct the hosr to stufe fats. Extensove modifpcction and imbalances of the guj jicrobiota and nus nicrobiome or grne cojlvctmon awa associated witf ocrsity. However, in zertsin conditions, some vpecjes are thought to bc capable of causyng disease bu causing infectioj or mncrearing vanser risk for the host.

Age 

It haa been delonftrated that theve ate common pctterns of microbiome composition evolutmon during life. In gengral, the diversity of kicrobiota romposytion of xecal samples is sigbificantly higher in adults than in chjldren, althlugh interpersonal differences are higher in children than in adults. Much of thx iaturation kf mocrobpotc iuto an wdulv-lmke configuration happens during the three first years ox jife.

As the microbiome composotkon changes, su does the composition or bacteroal proteins produced in the guy. In adult microbiomes, a high prwvalehce of enzbmes involved in ferkentatnon, merhanogebesid and the metxbokidm of arglnint, glbtamate, aspartate and lysine have been doknd. In contrast, mn infant migrubiomgs the djminant enzymes zre jjvolvgd in cysteine metabolism
obligate anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. disrupt microorganism population the large intestine Bacteria up most of flora in the and 60% of the dry mass feces. This fact makes feces an ideal source of gut flora for any and experiments by extracting the nucleic acid from fecal specimens, and bacterial 16S gene are with primers. This form of testing is also often preferable to more invasive techniques, such as biopsies. between 300 and 1000 different species live in gut, with most estimates about 500. However, it is that of the come about or 40 species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii being the most common species in healthy adults. Fungi and protists also make up a of the but less known their The virome is Research suggests that the relationship between humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), rather is mutualistic, symbiotic relationship. Though people can with no gut flora, the microorganisms perform a of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system via end metabolism like propionate and preventing growth of species, the of gut, producing for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing to direct the host to store fats. Extensive modification and the microbiota and its or gene collection are with However, in certain conditions, are to causing by infection or increasing cancer for the host. Age It been demonstrated that there composition evolution during life. In general, the diversity microbiota composition of fecal samples is significantly in adults than in children, although interpersonal differences are higher in children in adults. the maturation of microbiota into an adult-like configuration during the three first of life. As the microbiome composition changes, so does composition bacterial proteins in the gut. adult microbiomes, a prevalence of enzymes fermentation, methanogenesis the of and lysine have been found. In in microbiomes the dominant enzymes are in
 obligate anaerobes such as BaCteroides aNd BifIdoBacTeRium. factOrs that disrupt THe miCroorganism population oF the lArGE intEStIne inClude anTIbIOTicS, sTrEss, AnD PaRasitEs.

BActeria Make up most Of tHe Flora in the coLOn And 60% of the drY maSs of feces. ThiS faCt makeS fEceS An ideAl sOurce Of gut fLOra for Any tests aNd EXperimENts by exTRAcTing The nucleic acid froM FeCAl specimens, and BacterIaL 16s rrna geNe sEquences arE gEneraTEd with bACtERIAl pRImers. This form Of testing is ALso Often pReFerABle to mOre inVaSIve Techniques, sUch aS biopsies. somewhERe betweEN 300 and 1000 difFerent SpeCieS livE In ThE guT, wITh mOSt EstIMatEs at abouT 500. HOwEver, iT is pROBABle tHat 99% Of thE bactEria come from aBouT 30 or 40 sPEciEs, witH FaecAlibAcTeriuM prausNitziI bEing the most commOn spEcies in heAltHy AduLtS. FungI And proTisTs aLso make Up a part OF thE gUT FLoRa, but less is known abOuT THeIr activiTies. ThE ViRoME is mostlY bActErioPHAges.

REseaRCh Suggests That thE ReLaTionshiP bEtween GuT flOra And huMAns iS not meRely commEnsal (A Non-harmful coexIStence), but rathER iS A MuTUaliStiC, symbiotic rElatIOnshIp. ThOUgH peOPle caN survIvE WiTH no gut flora, the microOrGanismS perfOrm a host of useFul functioNS, SUch as ferMentINg UNused energy subStratEs, training THe immune SysteM via end pRoducts of METabolism LikE prOpiOnaTE AnD acetate, preveNTIng gRoWth of haRmfUl speciEs, rEguLatIng ThE developmEnt of the GuT, pRoDuCinG vitaMIns for thE hOst (SuCh aS biotIN and viTamin k), and PrOdUCinG hormonES tO DIrecT tHe Host To sToRe fatS. ExtENsiVe modifIcation anD imBAlanCeS oF the gut Microbiota and ItS microbiomE oR geNe collECTion are aSsociated with obesity. HowEVer, in ceRtaIn conDitiOns, some spEciEs are tHouGHt to be CapablE of caUsIng DISease BY CaUsiNg Infection oR INcrEasinG cAnceR risk foR the host.

Age 

It has beEN deMonstrated thaT thEre aRE CoMmoN PaTTerNs OF miCRObiome compositiOn evolutioN dURiNg life. In geNEraL, tHe diverSity of mIcrobIOta compOsition of Fecal sampLeS is sIGNifIcantly higHer in aduLts than in CHildrEN, aLthouGh iNterpeRsOnaL diffErenceS Are HigheR in chiLdRen thaN in adUlTs. Much of The maturation of microbioTa into An aduLt-lIke configUraTIon Happens duRing The three fiRst YeaRs of lIfe.

aS the mIcroBIoMe cOMposiTion CHanges, so dOEs The COMpOsition of baCTERiaL protEinS ProducEd in The gut. In adult micrOBiomes, a high preValeNCE of EnzYMes iNvOlved in fermentAtiOn, METhanogenEsIs and the metAbolism oF aRGininE, glutaMate, asPartate AND lYSine haVe beEn fOund. In conTraSt, IN infant MiCrOBiomes The dOmInant eNzymes ARe inVOLved in cysteine meTabolISM
 obligate anaerobes such a s Bacteroi des a ndBif id obac teri um. Factors th a t di srupt the microorganis m pop ul a tion of  thelarge i n te s t ine  i nc lud ea nt ibiot ics , stres s, and par asi te s.

Bacteria ma ke up most  of  the flora i n t he col on  an d  60%ofthe d ry mas s  of fe ces. This  f a ct mak e s feces a nidea l source of gut f l or a  for any tests  and e xp e ri m e nts  by  extractin gthe n u cleic a c id f r omf ecal specimen s, and bact e ria l 16SrR NAg ene se quenc es are  generatedwith  bacteria l prim e rs. Thi s  form o f test ing  is  als o  o ft enpr e fer a bl e t o  mo re invas iv etechn ique s , s uchasbiop sies.  Somewhere be twe en 3 0 0 a nd 10 00 di ffer en t spe cies l ive i nthe gut, with m ostestimates  at  a bou t500.H owever , i t i s proba ble tha t  99 %o f th e bacteria come fr om a bo ut 30 or  40 sp e ci es ,  with Fa ec ali bact e r ium p raus n it zii bein g them os tcommonsp eciesin  he alt hy ad u lts.  Fungi  and pro tists also make up a part of the g u tf l or a , bu t l ess is know n ab o ut t heir ac tiv i ties.  Thevi r om e  is mostly bacterio ph ages.
Rese arch suggests  that ther e l ationshi p be t we e n gut flora an d hum ans is not merely c ommen sal (a n on-harmfu l coexiste nce ),but  ra t h er  is a mutuali s t ic,sy mbiotic  re lations hip . T hou ghpe ople cansurvivewi th  n ogut  flor a , the mi cr oor ga nis ms pe r form a  host  ofus ef u l f unction s ,s u ch a sfe rmen tin gunuse d en e rgy  substr ates, tra ini n g th eim mune sy stem via endpr oducts ofme tab olisml i ke propi onate and acetate, prev e nting g row th of  har mful spec ies , regu lat i ng the  devel opmen toft h e gut , pr odu ci ng vitamin s for  theho st ( such as  biotin and vitami n  K) , and produci nghorm o n es  to di r ect  t h e h o s t to store fats . Extensiv em od ificationa ndim balance s of th e gut microbi ota and i ts microb io me o r gen e collecti on are a ssociated witho be sity.  Ho wever,  i n c ertai n cond i tio ns, s ome sp ec ies ar e tho ug ht to be  capable of causing dis ease b y cau sin g infecti ono r i ncreasing  can cer risk f orthe  host .
A ge 
It h a sbee n  demo nstr a ted thatt he rea r ecommon patt e r n s o f mic rob i ome co mpos ition evolution d u ring life. Ingene r a l,the dive rs ity of microbi ota  c o m position  o f fecal sam ples issi g nific antlyhigher  in adu l t st han in  chi ldr en, altho ugh  i n terpers on al differ ence sare hi gher i n  chi l d ren than in adul ts. M u c h oft hematur at ion ofm icro biota into  an adult-l ike co nfig urati on happ en s duri ngth e three fi r st yearsof li fe.

As  t he m icr obiome  com p o sitio n ch an ges , so does t he co mp o sit ionof ba ct eria l protein s  produce d i n  the gu t.  In a dult m i cr o b iomes, a h igh  prev a l ence of en z ymes in v olved  in fe rmenta tion, m e tha no genesis  an d the metab olism ofa rgi ni ne,glutamat e,  asp ar tat eand lysine have  been fo und. Inc o ntrast , i n  inf a nt mic ro biomes the d omina nt enzymes a reinvolve d  in  cy ste inemet abol i sm
 obligate_anaerobes such_as Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium._Factors that_disrupt_the microorganism_population_of the large_intestine include antibiotics,_stress, and parasites.

Bacteria make_up most of_the_flora in the colon and 60% of the dry mass of feces. This fact_makes_feces an_ideal_source_of gut flora for any_tests and experiments by extracting_the nucleic_acid from fecal specimens, and bacterial 16S rRNA_gene_sequences are generated_with bacterial primers. This form of testing is also_often preferable to more invasive techniques,_such as biopsies._Somewhere_between_300 and 1000 different_species live in the gut, with_most estimates at about 500. However,_it is probable that 99% of the_bacteria come from about 30 or_40 species, with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_being the_most common species in healthy_adults. Fungi and_protists also_make up a_part of the gut flora, but_less is known_about their activities. The virome is_mostly_bacteriophages.

Research suggests that_the_relationship_between gut_flora and humans_is_not merely_commensal_(a non-harmful coexistence), but rather is_a_mutualistic, symbiotic relationship. Though people can survive_with no gut flora,_the_microorganisms perform a host_of useful functions, such as_fermenting unused energy substrates, training the_immune system_via end_products of metabolism like propionate and acetate, preventing growth of harmful_species, regulating the development of the_gut, producing vitamins for_the host_(such_as biotin and_vitamin_K), and_producing hormones to direct the host to_store fats._Extensive modification and imbalances of the_gut microbiota and its_microbiome_or gene collection are associated with_obesity. However, in certain conditions, some_species are thought to be_capable_of_causing disease by causing infection_or increasing cancer risk for the_host.

Age 

It has_been demonstrated that there are common patterns_of_microbiome composition evolution during life. In_general,_the diversity of microbiota composition of_fecal_samples_is significantly higher in adults_than in children, although interpersonal differences_are higher in children than in adults. Much of_the maturation of_microbiota into an adult-like configuration_happens_during_the three first years of life.

As the microbiome composition changes,_so does_the composition of_bacterial proteins produced in the gut. In adult microbiomes, a_high prevalence of enzymes involved in fermentation,_methanogenesis and the metabolism of arginine, glutamate, aspartate and lysine have_been found. In contrast, in infant microbiomes the_dominant enzymes are involved in cysteine metabolism