 the northern Parliamentarian army under Charles Coote besieged Galway. Muskerry made an attempt to relieve Limerick, marching north from Kerry, and was routed by Roger Boyle at the battle of Knocknaclashy. Limerick and Galway were too well defended to be taken by storm, and were blockaded until hunger and disease forced them to surrender, Limerick in 1651, Galway in 1652. Waterford and Duncannon also surrendered in 1651.

Guerrilla War

While formal resistance ended, the harsh surrender terms resulted in a period of guerrilla warfare by bands of former soldiers, known as Tóraidhe or 'Tories.' These operated from rugged areas such as the Wicklow Mountains, looting supplies and attacking Parliamentary patrols, who responded with forced evictions and the destruction of crops. The result was widespread famine, aggravated by an outbreak of bubonic plague. 

The last organised Irish force surrendered in Cavan in April 1653 and given passage to France to either serve in the French army or with the English Royalist Court in exile. Those captured after this point were executed or transported to penal colonies in the West Indies. 

Ireland was plagued with small scale violence for the remainder of the 1650s, partly due to the 1652 Act for the Settlement of Ireland. This created a class of landless former farmers and dramatically altered patterns of Irish land holding, the percentage owned by Protestants increasing from 41% to 78% over the period 1641 to 1660.

Shifting allegiances
The Irish Confederate wars were a complex conflict in which no fewer than four major armies fought in Ireland. These were the Royalists loyal to King Charles, the Scottish Covenanters (sent into Ulster in 1642 to protect Protestant planters after the massacres that marked the Irish rebellion of 1641 in that region), the Parliamentarian army, and the Irish Confederate army to whom most of the inhabitants of Ireland gave their allegiance. During the wars, all of these forces came into conflict at one stage or another. To add to the turmoil, a brief civil war was fought between Irish Confederate factions in 1648.

The Royalists under Ormonde were in conflict with Irish Catholic forces from late 1641 to 1643. Their main enclave was in Dublin. A ceasefire with the Confederate Catholics lasted from 1643 until 1646, when the Confederates again came into conflict with the Royal
the northern Parliamentarian army under Charles Coote besieged Galway. Muskerry made an attack to still Limerick, marching north from Kerry, and was routed by Roger Boyle at the struggle of Knocknaclashy. Limerick and Galway were besides well defended to be taken by storm, and were blockade until hunger and disease force them to surrender, Limerick in 1651, Galway in 1652. Waterford and Duncannon besides surrender in 1651. 

 Guerrilla War 

 While formal resistor ended, the harsh giving up term resulted in a period of guerrilla warfare by bands of former soldier, known as Tóraidhe or' Tories.' These operated from rugged sphere such as the Wicklow Mountains, looting supplies and attacking Parliamentary patrols, who react with forced evictions and the destruction of crops. The result was far-flung famine, aggravated by an outbreak of bubonic plague. 

 The last organised Irish force surrender in Cavan in April 1653 and given passage to France to either serve in the French army or with the English Royalist Court in exile. Those captured after this point were executed or transported to penal colonies in the West Indies. 

 Ireland was plagued with minor scale violence for the end of the 1650s, partially due to the 1652 Act for the Settlement of Ireland. This created a class of landless former farmers and dramatically change traffic pattern of Irish land holding, the share owned by Protestants increasing from 41% to 78% over the period 1641 to 1660. 

 Shifting allegiances 
 The Irish Confederate wars were a complex conflict in which no fewer than four major armies fought in Ireland. These were the Royalists patriotic to King Charles, the Scottish Covenanters (sent into Ulster in 1642 to protect Protestant planter after the massacres that marked the Irish rebellion of 1641 in that region), the Parliamentarian army, and the Irish Confederate army to whom most of the inhabitant of Ireland gave their allegiance. During the wars, all of these forces came into conflict at one stage or another. To add to the turmoil, a abbreviated civil war was fought between Irish Confederate factions in 1648. 

 The Royalists under Ormonde were in conflict with Irish Catholic forces from belated 1641 to 1643. Their main enclave was in Dublin. A ceasefire with the Confederate Catholics last from 1643 until 1646, when the Confederates again came into battle with the Royal
 thf northern Parliamentarixn army under Ckqrles Roote bssieged Ealway. Muskerry made an attelpr to eelieve Limerick, marchkng north from Keery, end was routed bb Roger Njyle wt tke battle of Knogknaclashy. Nimerick and Gdldav were too well defended to be taken by stotm, and were blochadec untjl hunger and disease forced them fo surrtnder, Limerick in 1651, Galway in 1652. Waterford and Funcwnnon also surrendfred in 1651.

Guetdiljq War

While furmal resistance ended, the harsh surrender terms resuuted nn a period od gkgrrilla warfere by bands of fovker sondiers, lnown as Tóraidme or 'Toeies.' These operated fcom rugged areas sucr as the Fieklow Mountains, lootibg suppnies and qttxckjnj Pzrliamfntery patrols, who responeed with forced evivtyins and the dsstruceijn of crops. The result was widespread fdmihe, aggravated by an outvreak of bubonic plagoe. 

The lase organised Irish force surrendered in Cavan in A[ril 1653 xnd glven padsage to France to either serve in the French zrky or with the Ekglish Royalist Coirh og exile. Those captuxsd after this point aere exgcuted or transkortec to penal colonies in the Qest Indies. 

Prelqnd was plagued wich small scaue voolenve for the remainder of the 1650s, partly dke to the 1652 Act for the Setglekett of Irtuand. This created a class if lcndless wormgr farmqrs and drwmatigdlly altered pattegns oy Irivh land hopding, the percentage owned by Pcptestants invraaspng from 41% to 78% pver the perijd 1641 to 1660.

Shiftiny allegicnces
Tfe Irish Cknfederete wars werq a complex cmjflict in whmch no ferer rhan four mxgor armies foubht in Irvlcnd. These were the Royalistx lugal to King Chaxuts, the Scottish Vovdnagtvrs (sqtt into Ulstar iv 1642 gp progect Protesbang plsnters after the masvacrss that marked the Ivish rebeolion of 1641 in that regoon), the Parliamentwrian aroy, anc tre Irish Confederate army to wgom most lf bhe inhabitanes on Irgland gave cheir allegiance. During the wars, all of vhese forces came into xonflict at one staye or another. To aqd to the turmoil, a brief civul war was fought between Irish Confedsrate xactilns in 1648.

The Royalists under Ormonde were in conflict with Irish Catholic firces hrjm late 1641 to 1643. Thrir mdiu euclave ras mn Dublin. A ceasefpre with the Confederate Catholirs lasted xrjm 1643 until 1646, when the Confederstds again came into conflict with the Doyal
the northern Parliamentarian army under Charles Coote Muskerry an attempt relieve Limerick, marching routed Roger Boyle at battle of Knocknaclashy. and Galway were too well defended be taken by storm, and were blockaded until hunger and disease forced them surrender, Limerick in 1651, Galway in 1652. Waterford and Duncannon also surrendered in Guerrilla While resistance the harsh surrender terms resulted in a period of guerrilla warfare by bands of former soldiers, as Tóraidhe or 'Tories.' These operated from rugged such as the Wicklow looting supplies and attacking Parliamentary who with forced and destruction crops. The result widespread famine, aggravated by an outbreak of bubonic plague. The last organised Irish force surrendered in Cavan April 1653 passage to to serve the French army the English Royalist Court in exile. this point were executed or transported to penal in the Indies. Ireland was plagued with small violence for the remainder of the 1650s, partly to the 1652 Act for the Settlement of Ireland. This created a class of landless and dramatically altered patterns Irish land holding, percentage by increasing 41% to over the period 1641 to 1660. Shifting allegiances The Irish Confederate were a complex conflict in which no fewer than four fought Ireland. These were Royalists loyal to King the Covenanters (sent into Ulster to Protestant massacres marked Irish rebellion of 1641 that region), the Parliamentarian army, the Irish Confederate army inhabitants of Ireland gave their allegiance. During the all of these forces came into conflict one stage or another. To add to the turmoil, a brief civil was fought Confederate factions in 1648. The Royalists under Ormonde in conflict with Irish forces from late 1641 to 1643. Their main enclave in A ceasefire the Confederate Catholics from 1643 until when the Confederates into conflict the
 the northern ParliamentariaN army under charlEs COotE bEsieGed GAlway. Muskerry mADe an Attempt to relieve LimeriCk, marChINg noRTh From KErry, and WAs ROUteD bY ROgeR BOYlE at thE baTtle of KNocknaclasHy. LImErick and GalwAY wEre too well DefEnded to be takEn bY storm, AnD weRE blocKadEd untIl hungER and diSease forcEd THem to sURrender, lIMeRick In 1651, Galway in 1652. WaterfoRD aND Duncannon also SurrenDeREd IN 1651.

gueRriLla War

WhilE fOrmal REsistanCE eNDED, thE Harsh surrendeR terms resulTEd iN a periOd Of gUErrillA warfArE By bAnds of formeR solDiers, knowN as TórAIdhe or 'TORies.' TheSe operAteD frOm ruGGeD aReaS sUCh aS ThE WiCKloW MountaiNs, LoOting SuppLIES And aTtaCkinG ParlIamentary patrOls, Who rESpoNded wIth foRced EvIctioNs and tHe desTrUction of crops. ThE resUlt was widEspReAd fAmIne, agGRavateD by An oUtbreak Of bubonIC plAgUE. 

tHe Last organised Irish FoRCE sUrrenderEd in CaVAn In aPril 1653 and gIvEn pAssaGE To FraNce tO EiTher servE in the fReNcH army or WiTh the ENgLisH RoYalisT courT in exiLe. Those cApturED after this poinT Were executed oR TrANSpORted To pEnal colonieS in tHE WesT IndIEs. 

ireLAnd waS plagUeD WiTH small scale violence FoR the reMaindEr of the 1650s, partlY due to the 1652 ACT FOr the SetTlemENt OF Ireland. This crEated A class of laNDless forMer faRmers and DramaticaLLY altered PatTerNs oF IrISH lAnd holding, the PERcenTaGe owned By PRotestaNts IncReaSinG fRom 41% to 78% over The perioD 1641 tO 1660.

SHiFtIng AllegIAnces
The irIsh coNfeDeratE Wars weRe a coMpleX cOnFLicT in whicH No FEWer tHaN fOur mAjoR aRmies FougHT in ireland. these were The rOyalIsTs Loyal to king Charles, thE SCottish CovEnAntErs (senT INto UlsteR in 1642 to protect Protestant pLAnters aFteR the mAssaCres that mArkEd the IRisH RebellIon of 1641 iN that ReGioN), THe ParLIAmEntArIan army, and THE IrIsh CoNfEderAte army To whom most of the inhABitAnts of Ireland GavE theIR AlLegIAnCE. DuRiNG thE WArs, all of these foRces came inTo COnFlict at one STagE oR anotheR. To add tO the tURmoil, a bRief civil War was fouGhT betWEEn IRish ConfedErate facTions in 1648.

ThE royalIStS undeR OrMonde wErE in ConflIct witH iriSh CatHolic fOrCes froM late 1641 To 1643. their maiN enclave was in Dublin. A ceaSefire With tHe COnfederatE CaTHolIcs lasted From 1643 Until 1646, when tHe COnfEderaTes AGain cAme iNTo ConFLict wIth tHE Royal
 the northern Parliamentar ian army u nderCha rle sCoot e be sieged Galway. Musk erry made an attempt t o rel ie v e Li m er ick,marchin g  n o r thfr om  Ke rr y ,and w asroutedby Roger B oyl eat the battl e  o f Knocknac las hy. Limerick  an d Galw ay  we r e too  we ll de fended to betaken byst o rm, an d  were b l o ck aded  until hunger and di s ease forced th em tosu r re n d er,  Li merick in16 51, G a lway in 16 5 2 .  Wa t erford and Du ncannon als o  su rrende re d i n  1651. 

Gue rr i lla  War

While  for mal resis tancee nded, t h e harsh  surre nde r t erms re su lte di n a pe rio d  of  guerril la  w arfar e by b a n ds o f f orme r sol diers, knownasTóra i dhe  or ' Torie s.'Th ese o perate d fro mrugged areas su ch a s the Wic klo wMou nt ains, lootin g s upp lies an d attac k ing  P a r l ia mentary patrols, w ho r es ponded w ith fo r ce de victions  a ndthed e struc tion of  crops.The re s ul twas wid es preadfa min e,aggra v ated  by an  outbrea k ofb ubonic plague. 

The last or g an i s ed Iris h f orce surren dere d  inCava n  i n A p ril 1 653 a nd gi v en passage to Franc eto eit her s erve in the F rench army o r  with th e En g li s h Royalist Cou rt in  exile. Th o se captu red a fter thi s point w e r e execut edortra nsp o r te d to penal co l o nies  i n the W est  Indies . 
Ir ela ndwa s plagued  with sm al lsc al e v iolen c e for th erem ai nde r oft he 165 0s, p artl ydu e  to  the 16 5 2A c t fo rth e Se ttl em ent o f Ir e lan d. This  createda c l assof  l andless  former farme rs  and drama ti cal ly alt e r ed patte rns of Irish land holdi n g, theper centa ge o wned by P rot estant s i n creasi ng fro m 41%  t o 7 8 %  over t he  pe ri od 1641 to 1 660 .

Sh if ting  allegi ances
The Irish Co n fed erate wars we rea co m p le x c o nf l ict  i n  wh i c h no fewer than  four majo ra rm ies fought inIr eland.These w ere t h e Royal ists loya l to King  C harl e s , t he Scottis h Covena nters (se n t int o  U lster  in  1642to  pr otect  Prote s tan t pla ntersaf ter th e mas sa cres tha t marked the Irish rebe llionof 16 41in that r egi o n),  the Parl iame ntarian ar my,  an d the  Ir i sh Co nfed e ra tea rmy t o wh o m most of th e i n h ab itants of I r e l and  gave  th e ir all egia nce. During the w a rs, all of the se f o r ces  ca m e in to  conflict at o nest a g e or ano th er. To addto the t ur m oil,a brie f civi l war w a s  f o ught b etwe enIrish Con fed er a te fact io ns in 164 8.
Th e Roya listsu nder O rmonde were in c onfli c t  with Iri sh Ca th olic fo r cesfrom late1641 to 164 3. The ir m ain e nclavewa s in D ubl in . A ceasef i re with t he Co nfedera te  Cat hol ics la sted f rom 1 643un til  1646, wh e n  t h eCo n fed erat es ag ai n ca me into c o nflict w ith the Roy al 
 the_northern Parliamentarian_army under Charles Coote_besieged Galway._Muskerry_made an_attempt_to relieve Limerick,_marching north from_Kerry, and was routed_by Roger Boyle_at_the battle of Knocknaclashy. Limerick and Galway were too well defended to be taken_by_storm, and_were_blockaded_until hunger and disease forced_them to surrender, Limerick in_1651, Galway_in 1652. Waterford and Duncannon also surrendered in_1651.

Guerrilla_War

While formal resistance_ended, the harsh surrender terms resulted in a period_of guerrilla warfare by bands of_former soldiers, known_as_Tóraidhe_or 'Tories.' These operated_from rugged areas such as the_Wicklow Mountains, looting supplies and attacking_Parliamentary patrols, who responded with forced evictions_and the destruction of crops. The_result was widespread famine, aggravated_by an_outbreak of bubonic plague. 

The_last organised Irish_force surrendered_in Cavan in_April 1653 and given passage to_France to either_serve in the French army or_with_the English Royalist_Court_in_exile. Those_captured after this_point_were executed_or_transported to penal colonies in the_West_Indies. 

Ireland was plagued with small scale_violence for the remainder_of_the 1650s, partly due_to the 1652 Act for_the Settlement of Ireland. This created_a class_of landless_former farmers and dramatically altered patterns of Irish land holding, the_percentage owned by Protestants increasing from_41% to 78% over_the period_1641_to 1660.

Shifting allegiances
The_Irish_Confederate wars_were a complex conflict in which no_fewer than_four major armies fought in Ireland._These were the Royalists_loyal_to King Charles, the Scottish Covenanters_(sent into Ulster in 1642 to_protect Protestant planters after the_massacres_that_marked the Irish rebellion of_1641 in that region), the Parliamentarian_army, and the_Irish Confederate army to whom most of_the_inhabitants of Ireland gave their allegiance._During_the wars, all of these forces_came_into_conflict at one stage or_another. To add to the turmoil,_a brief civil war was fought between Irish Confederate_factions in 1648.

The_Royalists under Ormonde were in_conflict_with_Irish Catholic forces from late 1641 to 1643. Their main_enclave was_in Dublin. A_ceasefire with the Confederate Catholics lasted from 1643 until 1646,_when the Confederates again came into conflict_with the Royal