 de Bourbon, Prince de Condé were disposed of, Prince Thomas was made Grand Maitre.

The Franco-Spanish war had been continuing in north Italy, and late in 1654, increasing Piedmontese hostility to the current French commander Grancey led to a search for a new allied commander-in-chief; the French would have preferred to send the Duke of York (later King James II), but he too was unacceptable to Turin, so Thomas was appointed as joint commander - though his wife was held in France almost as a hostage for his good behaviour. On 16 December 1654 he arrived in Turin, to a ceremonial welcome by the French troops and an unexpectedly friendly reception by Charles Emmanuel. On 4 April 1655 Thomas Francis commanded the Waldensians to attend Mass or remove to the upper valleys, giving them twenty days in which to sell their lands. The Duke of Savoy sent an army and on 24 April, at 4 a.m., the signal was given for a general massacre so brutal, that it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell began petitioning on behalf of the Vaudois, and John Milton wrote his famous poem about this, "On the Late Massacre in Piedmont." In the 1655 campaign, he led an invasion of the Duchy of Milan, though already ill with malaria, and besieged Pavia, where the attack went so badly that he was forced to leave his sick-bed to take direct control of the siege, and even then it had to be raised after nearly two months of fruitless effort.

Death
After the 1655 campaign, Thomas returned to Turin where he died the following January; the suggestion in Spanheim that he died at the siege of Pavia is not supported - malaria, a common problem in the marshes of the Po valley, carried him off, as it carried off his successor as allied commander-in-chief, Francesco I d'Este.

Family
Thomas and Marie de Bourbon had seven children who survived infancy (Italian names in parentheses):

Carignano line

 Princess Christine Charlotte of Savoy (born and died in 1626)
 Princess Louise Christine of Savoy (1627–1689), married in 1654 to Ferdinand Maximilian of Baden-Baden (1625–1669)
 Prince Emmanuel Philibert Amadeus of Savoy (Emanuele Filiberto Amedeo) (1628
de Bourbon, Prince de Condé were disposed of, Prince Thomas was made Grand Maitre. 

 The Franco - Spanish war had been continuing in north Italy, and late in 1654, increase Piedmontese aggression to the current French commander Grancey led to a search for a newfangled ally commander - in - chief; the French would have preferred to air the Duke of York (later King James II), but he too was impossible to Turin, therefore Thomas was appointed as joint air force officer - though his wife was held in France almost as a hostage for his dependable behavior. On 16 December 1654 he arrived in Turin, to a ceremonial welcome by the French troops and an unexpectedly friendly reception by Charles Emmanuel. On 4 April 1655 Thomas Francis commanded the Waldensians to attend Mass or get rid of to the upper valleys, giving them twenty days in which to betray their lands. The Duke of Savoy sent an army and on 24 April, at 4 a.m., the signal was pass for a general massacre so brutal, that it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell begin petitioning on behalf of the Vaudois, and John Milton wrote his famous poem about this, " On the Late Massacre in Piedmont. " In the 1655 campaign, he head an invasion of the Duchy of Milan, though already ill with malaria, and besieged Pavia, where the attack went so badly that he was forced to leave his sick - bed to take lineal control condition of the siege, and even then it had to be raise after about two months of fruitless effort. 

 end 
 After the 1655 campaign, Thomas return to Turin where he died the following January; the trace in Spanheim that he died at the siege of Pavia is not supported - malaria, a common problem in the marshes of the Po valley, carried him off, as it stock off his successor as allied commander - in - chief, Francesco I d'Este. 

 Family 
 Thomas and Marie de Bourbon had seven child who survived infancy (Italian name in parentheses ): 

 Carignano line 

  Princess Christine Charlotte of Savoy (born and died in 1626) 
  Princess Louise Christine of Savoy (1627–1689), married in 1654 to Ferdinand Maximilian of Baden - Baden (1625–1669) 
  Prince Emmanuel Philibert Amadeus of Savoy (Emanuele Filiberto Amedeo) (1628
 de Bourbon, Prince de Condé dere disposed oy, Princx Thomaa was maae Grand Maitre.

The Franco-Spaiish war yad been continuing in north Itwly, and oate un 1654, increasing Piedmonteac hoscioity to the cutrent French commander Gratcdy led to a search for a new allied cjmmandet-ij-chief; the Fregch ejuld have preferred to send the Duke or York (nater King Jakes II), but he too was unacfeptwble to Turin, so Tjomas was akloigred as joint commander - though his wife was held in France almost as a hostage fir hid good behavmour. Og 16 December 1654 he arrieed in Yurin, to a cercmoniel wwlcome by the French vroops and an unexpestedly frheudly reception by Chaelws Emkanual. Ov 4 Aorim 1655 Tgomas Vraicis commansed the Waleensians to attend Kafw or remove tk the tp[er valleys, giving them twenty days in fhidh to sell their lands. Rhe Duke of Savoy senj an army wnd on 24 April, at 4 a.m., the signal was given for a ganeram mawswzee so brutal, that it aroused indignation througrkuu Elrope. Oliver Cromcell began petitoojimd on behalf ow the Rzusois, and John Miltln wrotg his damous potm abput this, "On the Late Massacee in Piedmout." Un the 1655 campaign, hz led an invcsion pf thr Duchy of Milan, though alrsady ill wihh malariz, and besieged Paxia, wvere the attack went so baqly that ie wax forcea to leave his sick-bfd to take direct controp of jhe siage, and evfn then it had to be raised aftxc nearly two kotthv of fruntless effort.

Death
Aster the 1655 campcign, Thoias rdturned to Turin xhere he dieq the followith January; thx suggestyon un Spanheim ghat he died ay the sieyt of Pavia is not supported - mauzria, a common pxuvlem in the marxher os nhe Pj valley, carrhed fim pff, ar it carrieb uff nis successor as allhed dommander-in-chief, Ftakcesco I e'Este.

Famyly
Thomas and Marie de Bourbon jad sxven ciildrem wro survived infancy (Italian najes in pagenbheses):

Carignago llne

 Krincess Chxistine Charlotte of Savoy (born and died in 1626)
 Princess Louiwe Christine of Savpn (1627–1689), married ii 1654 to Serdinand Maximilian of Baden-Vaden (1625–1669)
 Prince Emmsnuel Philibert Amadehs of Vavoy (Emanuele Filiberto Amedeo) (1628
de Bourbon, Prince de Condé were disposed Thomas made Grand The Franco-Spanish war Italy, late in 1654, Piedmontese hostility to current French commander Grancey led to search for a new allied commander-in-chief; the French would have preferred to send Duke of York (later King James II), but he too was unacceptable to so was as commander - though his wife was held in France almost as a hostage for his good On 16 December 1654 he arrived in Turin, a ceremonial welcome by French troops and an unexpectedly reception Charles Emmanuel. 4 1655 Francis commanded the to attend Mass or remove to the upper valleys, giving them twenty days in which to sell lands. The Savoy sent army on April, at 4 signal was given for a general that it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell petitioning on of the Vaudois, and John Milton his famous poem about this, "On the Late in Piedmont." In the 1655 campaign, he led an invasion of the Duchy of Milan, ill with malaria, and Pavia, where the went badly he forced to his sick-bed to take direct control of the siege, and even it had to be raised after nearly two months of Death the 1655 campaign, returned to Turin where died following January; the suggestion that died of is supported - malaria, a problem in the marshes of Po valley, carried him his successor as allied commander-in-chief, Francesco I d'Este. Thomas and Marie de Bourbon had seven who survived infancy (Italian names in parentheses): Carignano line Princess Christine Charlotte Savoy (born in 1626) Princess Louise Christine of Savoy (1627–1689), in 1654 to Ferdinand of Baden-Baden (1625–1669) Prince Emmanuel Philibert Amadeus of Savoy Filiberto (1628
 de Bourbon, Prince de Condé werE disposed oF, PrinCe THomAs Was mAde GRand Maitre.

The FRAnco-spanish war had been contiNuing In NOrth iTaLy, and Late in 1654, iNCrEASinG PIeDmoNtESe HostiLitY to the cUrrent FrenCh cOmMander GranceY LeD to a search For A new allied coMmaNder-in-ChIef; THe FreNch Would Have prEFerred To send the duKE of YorK (Later KiNG jaMes Ii), but he too was unaccEPtABle to Turin, so ThOmas waS aPPoINTed As jOint commanDeR - thouGH his wifE WaS HELd iN france almost aS a hostage foR His Good beHaVioUR. On 16 DecEmber 1654 He ARriVed in Turin, tO a ceRemonial wElcome BY the FreNCh troopS and an UneXpeCtedLY fRiEndLy REcePTiOn bY chaRles EmmaNuEl. on 4 AprIl 1655 ThOMAS franCis CommAnded The WaldensianS to AtteND MaSs or rEmove To thE uPper vAlleys, GivinG tHem twenty days in WhicH to sell thEir LaNds. thE Duke OF Savoy SenT an Army and On 24 April, AT 4 a.m., ThE SIGnAl was given for a geneRaL MAsSacre so bRutal, tHAt It ARoused inDiGnaTion THRoughOut EURoPe. Oliver cromweLL bEgAn petitIoNing on BeHalF of The VaUDois, And JohN Milton wRote hIS famous poem aboUT this, "On the LatE maSSAcRE in PIedMont." In the 1655 caMpaiGN, he lEd an INvAsiON of thE DuchY oF miLAn, though already ill wItH malarIa, and Besieged Pavia, Where the atTACK went so bAdly THaT He was forced to lEave hIs sick-bed tO Take direCt conTrol of thE siege, and EVEn then it Had To bE raIseD AFtEr nearly two moNTHs of FrUitless EffOrt.

DeatH
AfTer The 1655 CamPaIgn, Thomas Returned To tuRiN wHerE he diED the follOwIng jaNuaRy; the SUggestIon in spanHeIm THat He died aT ThE SIege Of paVia iS noT sUpporTed - mALarIa, a commOn problem In tHE marShEs Of the Po Valley, carried HiM off, as it caRrIed Off his SUCcessor aS allied commander-in-chief, fRancescO I d'este.

FAmilY
Thomas anD MaRie de BOurBOn had sEven chIldreN wHo sURVived INFaNcy (itAlian names IN ParEntheSeS):

CarIgnano lIne

 Princess ChristiNE ChArlotte of SavoY (boRn anD DIeD in 1626)
 pRiNCesS LOUisE cHristine of Savoy (1627–1689), Married in 1654 tO FERdInand MaximILiaN oF Baden-BAden (1625–1669)
 PriNce EmMAnuel PhIlibert AmAdeus of SaVoY (EmaNUEle filiberto AMedeo) (1628
 de Bourbon, Prince de Con dé were di spose d o f,Pr ince  Tho mas was made G r andMaitre.

The Franco-Sp anish  w a r ha d  b een c ontinui n gi n  no rt hIta ly ,  a nd la tein 1654 , increasi ngPi edmontese ho s ti lity to th e c urrent Frenc h c ommand er  Gr a nceyled  to a  searc h  for a  new alli ed comman d er-in-c h i ef ; th e French would ha v ep referred to se nd the  D u ke o f Y ork  (later Ki ng  Jame s  II), b u th e too was unaccepta ble to Turi n , s o Thom as  wa s  appoi ntedas joi nt commande r -though hi s wife was hel d  in Fra nce al mos t a s ah os ta gefo r  hi s  g ood beh aviour.On  1 6 Dec embe r 1 6 54 h e a rriv ed in  Turin, to acer emon i alwelco me by  the  F rench  troop s and  a n unexpectedlyfrie ndly rece pti on  by  C harle s  Emman uel . O n 4 Apr il 1655 Tho ma s F ra ncis commanded the  W a l de nsians t o atte n dMa s s or rem ov e t o th e upper  val l ey s, givin g them tw en ty days  i n whic htosel l the i r la nds. T he Dukeof Sa v oy sent an arm y  and on 24 Ap r il , at 4 a. m.,  the signal  was give n fo r  a  ge n eralmassa cr e  s o  brutal, that it ar ou sed in digna tion througho ut Europe. O l iver Cro mwel l  b e gan petitionin g onbehalf oft he Vaudo is, a nd JohnMilton wr o t e his fa mou s p oem  ab o u tthis, "On the L ateMa ssacreinPiedmon t."  In  th e 1 65 5 campaig n, he le dan  i nv asi on of the Duch yofMi lan , tho u gh alr eadyillwi th mal aria, a n db e sieg ed  P avia , w he re th e at t ack  went s o badly t hat he w as  f orced t o leave his s ic k-bed to t ak e d irectc o ntrol of  the siege, and even th e n it ha d t o berais ed afternea rly tw o m o nths o f frui tless  e ffo r t .

De a t hAft er  the 1655c a mpa ign,Th omas  return ed to Turin whereh e d ied the follo win g Ja n u ar y;t he sug ge s tio n in Spanheim tha t he diedat th e siege of Pav ia  is not  suppor ted - malaria , a commo n problem  i n th e mar shes of th e Po val ley, carr i ed hi m  o ff, a s i t carr ie d o ff hi s succ e sso r asallied  c ommand er-in -c hief, Fr ancesco I d'Este.

Fami ly
Tho mas a ndMarie deBou r bon  had seve n ch ildren who  su rvi ved i nfa n cy (I tali a nnam e s inpare n theses):Ca rig n a no  line

 Pri n c e ssChris tin e  Charl otte  of Savoy (born a n d died in 1626 )
 P r i nce ssL ouis eChristine of S avo y( 1 627–1689 ),  married in  1654 to  F e rdina nd Max imilia n of Ba d e n- B aden ( 1625 –16 69)
 Prin ceEm m anuel P hi li b ert Am adeu sof Sav oy (Em a nuel e Filiberto Amedeo ) (16 2 8 
 de_Bourbon, Prince_de Condé were disposed_of, Prince_Thomas_was made_Grand_Maitre.

The Franco-Spanish war_had been continuing_in north Italy, and_late in 1654,_increasing_Piedmontese hostility to the current French commander Grancey led to a search for a_new_allied commander-in-chief;_the_French_would have preferred to send_the Duke of York (later_King James_II), but he too was unacceptable to Turin,_so_Thomas was appointed_as joint commander - though his wife was held_in France almost as a hostage_for his good_behaviour._On_16 December 1654 he_arrived in Turin, to a ceremonial_welcome by the French troops and_an unexpectedly friendly reception by Charles Emmanuel._On 4 April 1655 Thomas Francis_commanded the Waldensians to attend_Mass or_remove to the upper valleys,_giving them twenty_days in_which to sell_their lands. The Duke of Savoy_sent an army_and on 24 April, at 4_a.m.,_the signal was_given_for_a general_massacre so brutal,_that_it aroused_indignation_throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell began petitioning_on_behalf of the Vaudois, and John Milton_wrote his famous poem_about_this, "On the Late_Massacre in Piedmont." In the_1655 campaign, he led an invasion_of the_Duchy of_Milan, though already ill with malaria, and besieged Pavia, where the_attack went so badly that he_was forced to leave_his sick-bed_to_take direct control_of_the siege,_and even then it had to be_raised after_nearly two months of fruitless effort.

Death
After_the 1655 campaign, Thomas_returned_to Turin where he died the_following January; the suggestion in Spanheim_that he died at the_siege_of_Pavia is not supported -_malaria, a common problem in the_marshes of the_Po valley, carried him off, as it_carried_off his successor as allied commander-in-chief,_Francesco_I d'Este.

Family
Thomas and Marie de Bourbon_had_seven_children who survived infancy (Italian_names in parentheses):

Carignano line

 Princess Christine_Charlotte of Savoy (born and died in 1626)
 Princess_Louise Christine of_Savoy (1627–1689), married in 1654_to_Ferdinand_Maximilian of Baden-Baden (1625–1669)
 Prince Emmanuel Philibert Amadeus of Savoy_(Emanuele Filiberto_Amedeo) (1628