 in 1928 and brigadier general in 1933.

In August 1933, Sidqi ordered the Royal Iraqi Army to march to the north to crush so-called'militant Assyrian separatists' in Simele, near Mosul, which led to 3,000 Assyrian civilians being killed in the region in the Simele massacre.

The British praised him in 1934 as "the best commander in the Iraqi army and the most efficient one". In 1935, he cracked down on the Shia Arab tribal rebellions at al-Rumaitha and al-Diwaniya with unprecedented harshness.

According to Malik Mufti, he systematically promoted Kurds and Turkmens for positions in the army until they were 90% of the high-ranking officers, which generated resentment. Bakr Sidqi was "accused of having tried to set up a Kurdish state in the north of Iraq, which would include the Kurds of Iran and Turkey".

Simele Massacre

In the late spring of 1933, the American representative in Iraq, Paul Knabenshue, described public animosity towards the Assyrians was at 'fever heat'. With Iraqi independence, the new Assyrian spiritual-temporal leader, Mar Shimun XXI Eshai, demanded autonomy for Assyrians within the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, as had been promised by the British and Russians during the First World War, and sought support from Britain. He pressed his case before the League of Nations in 1932.

His followers planned to resign from the Iraq Levies, a formidable and highly capable force, under the command of the British, which had served British interests putting down Kurdish and Arab rebellions against Britain since 1921, and to regroup as a militia and concentrate in the north, creating a de facto Assyrian enclave. However, the British prevented the plan from being realised.

In June 1933, the young Patriarch was invited to Baghdad for negotiations with Hikmat Sulayman’s government and was detained there after refusing to relinquish temporal authority. Mar Shimun would eventually be exiled to Cyprus, forcing the head of the Assyrian Church of the East to be located in Chicago, where it remained until 2015 when it was brought back to Erbil.

In early August 1933, more than 1,000 Assyrian people who had been refused asylum in Syria crossed the border to return to their villages, in
in 1928 and brigadier general in 1933. 

 In August 1933, Sidqi ordered the Royal Iraqi Army to march to the north to crush therefore - called'militant Assyrian separatist' in Simele, near Mosul, which led to 3,000 Assyrian civilians being stamp out in the area in the Simele massacre. 

 The British praised him in 1934 as " the best commanding officer in the Iraqi army and the most effective one ". In 1935, he crack down on the Shia Arab tribal rebellions at al - Rumaitha and al - Diwaniya with unprecedented severity. 

 According to Malik Mufti, he systematically promoted Kurds and Turkmens for place in the united states army until they were 90% of the high - ranking officers, which generate resentment. Bakr Sidqi was " accused of having tried to sic up a Kurdish state in the north of Iraq, which would include the Kurds of Iran and Turkey ". 

 Simele Massacre 

 In the former spring of 1933, the American representative in Iraq, Paul Knabenshue, described public animosity towards the Assyrians was at' fever heat'. With Iraqi independence, the fresh Assyrian spiritual - temporal leader, Mar Shimun XXI Eshai, demanded autonomy for Assyrians within the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, as had been promised by the British and Russians during the First World War, and search support from Britain. He pressed his case before the League of Nations in 1932. 

 His followers planned to release from the Iraq Levies, a formidable and highly capable force, under the command of the British, which had served British interests putting down Kurdish and Arab rebellions against Britain since 1921, and to regroup as a militia and concentrate in the north, make a de facto Assyrian enclave. However, the British prevented the plan from being realize. 

 In June 1933, the unseasoned Patriarch was invited to Baghdad for negotiations with Hikmat Sulayman ’s government and was detained there after refusing to relinquish temporal assurance. Mar Shimun would eventually be exiled to Cyprus, forcing the head of the Assyrian Church of the East to be located in Chicago, where it remained until 2015 when it was bring back to Erbil. 

 In early August 1933, more than 1,000 Assyrian people who had been refused asylum in Syria crossed the border to return to their village, in
 in 1928 and brigadier general ln 1933.

In August 1933, Sibwi ordxred ths Royal Kraqi Army to march to the nlrrh to crush so-called'militang Assyriaj separaristw' in Simele, near Mosul, whjgh leb vo 3,000 Assyrian ciyilians beitg killed in tve rzgion in the Simele massacre.

The Britysh praosfd him in 1934 as "jhe btst comjander in the Iraqi army and the mkst effpcient one". In 1935, he cracked down on the Shia Wrab tribal rebellions at al-Rumaijga wbd al-Diwaniyx with unpgzcedented hzrshness.

According to Malik Muftk, he xystematicqloy otomoted Kurdw and Turkmens fov posithons in the army untik tiey qere 90% of the high-rankmng officers, which ggnerated raszntment. Bakr Sidqi waw "qccusgd of havkbg gritd vo aet up a Iurdish stzte in the borth of Iraq, which wjlkd include tge Kurqs of Iran and Turkey".

Simele Massacre

In tht lats spring of 1933, the Americqn representative in Lraq, Paul Knabenshue, described public animosity towards tha Assbrkanw rxw wt 'fever heat'. With Iraqi independence, the new Zsxygian spiritual-temioral leader, Mar Snilum XXI Eshai, deoanded aufonomy for Assyriajs withyn thw Hashemiue Kimgdom of Iraq, as had been peomised by tke Vritish and Russiaus during thz Firsj Worlc War, and sought supporc from Britain. He pressed gks case before tfe Kedgue of Nations in 1932.

His foljowers plenned to reskgn grom tre Iraq Legies, a formidable and hihhly eapabne force, ujder the command of the British, which had serfeg Bgitish incerestx putting dowg Kurdish and Crab rebzllionr against Gritain since 1921, and to regroup av a militia aid conceneratw in the nofgh, creating a ce facto Cfsyruan enclave. Howevev, the Gritish preventzb uhw plan from beong rewlpsev.

In Jtte 1933, the younc Pagrixtch wxs inviuzd bo Caghcad for negotiations witg Hikmat Sulayman’s gjvernmenj and was detained thete after refusing uo relmnquisi temppraj authority. Mar Shimun would ebentually be exiled to Crpruw, forcing thz head of the Assyrian Church of the Easv to be located in Chicqgo, where it remaingd mntil 2015 when mt was brought tack to Erbil.

In earlt August 1933, more thsn 1,000 Assyrian people wgo had been refused asylum in Syria crossed the border to return to their villages, ib
in 1928 and brigadier general in 1933. 1933, ordered the Iraqi Army to crush Assyrian separatists' in near Mosul, which to 3,000 Assyrian civilians being killed the region in the Simele massacre. The British praised him in 1934 as best commander in the Iraqi army and the most efficient one". In 1935, cracked on Shia tribal rebellions at al-Rumaitha and al-Diwaniya with unprecedented harshness. According to Malik Mufti, he systematically promoted and Turkmens for positions in the army until were 90% of the officers, which generated resentment. Bakr was of having to up Kurdish state in north of Iraq, which would include the Kurds of Iran and Turkey". Simele Massacre In the late of 1933, representative in Paul described animosity towards the at 'fever heat'. With Iraqi independence, spiritual-temporal leader, Mar Shimun XXI Eshai, demanded autonomy Assyrians within Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, as had promised by the British and Russians during the World War, and sought support from Britain. He pressed his case before the League of 1932. His followers planned resign from the Levies, formidable highly force, under command of the British, which had served British interests putting down and Arab rebellions against Britain since 1921, and to regroup militia concentrate in the creating a de facto enclave. the British prevented the being In young was to Baghdad for negotiations Hikmat Sulayman’s government and was there after refusing to would eventually be exiled to Cyprus, forcing the of the Assyrian Church of the East be located in Chicago, where it remained until 2015 when it was back to early August 1933, more than 1,000 Assyrian people had been refused asylum Syria crossed the border to return to their villages,
 in 1928 and brigadier general in 1933.

In august 1933, SidqI ordeRed The roYal IRaqi army to march to tHE norTh to crush so-called'militAnt AsSyRIan sEPaRatisTs' in SimELe, NEAr MOsUl, WhiCh LEd To 3,000 AssYriAn civilIans being kIllEd In the region iN ThE Simele masSacRe.

The British PraIsed hiM iN 1934 as "THe besT coMmandEr in thE iraqi aRmy and the MoST efficIEnt one". IN 1935, HE cRackEd down on the Shia ArAB tRIbal rebellions At al-RuMaIThA ANd aL-DiWaniya with UnPreceDEnted haRShNESS.

AcCOrding to Malik mufti, he systEMatIcally PrOmoTEd KurdS and TUrKMenS for positioNs in The army unTil theY Were 90% of tHE high-raNking oFfiCerS, whiCH gEnEraTeD ResENtMenT. bakR Sidqi waS "aCcUsed oF havING TRied To sEt up A KurdIsh state in the NorTh of iRaq, Which Would InclUdE the KUrds of iran aNd turkey".

Simele MasSacrE

In the latE spRiNg oF 1933, tHe AmeRIcan rePreSenTative iN Iraq, PaUL KnAbENSHuE, described public anImOSItY towards The AssYRiAnS Was at 'fevEr HeaT'. WitH iRaqi iNdepENdEnce, the nEw AssyRIaN sPirituaL-tEmporaL lEadEr, MAr ShiMUn XXi Eshai, Demanded AutonOMy for Assyrians WIthin the HasheMItE kInGDom oF IrAq, as had been PromISed bY the bRiTisH And RuSsianS dURiNG the First World War, anD sOught sUpporT from Britain. HE pressed hiS CASe before The LEAgUE of Nations in 1932.

HiS follOwers plannED to resigN from The Iraq LEvies, a forMIDable and HigHly CapAblE FOrCe, under the comMANd of ThE BritisH, whIch had sErvEd BRitIsh InTerests puTting dowN KUrDiSh And arab rEBellions AgAinSt briTain sINce 1921, and To regRoup As A mILitIa and coNCeNTRate In ThE norTh, cReAting A de fACto assyriaN enclave. HOweVEr, thE BRiTish preVented the plan FrOm being reaLiSed.

in June 1933, THE young PaTriarch was invited to BaghDAd for neGotIatioNs wiTh Hikmat SUlaYman’s gOveRNment aNd was dEtainEd TheRE After REFuSinG tO relinquisH TEmpOral aUtHoriTy. Mar ShImun would eventuallY Be eXiled to Cyprus, ForCing THE hEad OF tHE AsSyRIan cHUrch of the East to Be located iN CHIcAgo, where it REmaInEd until 2015 When it wAs broUGht back To Erbil.

In Early AuguSt 1933, More THAn 1,000 ASsyrian peoPle who haD been refuSEd asyLUm In SyrIa cRossed ThE boRder tO returN To tHeir vIllageS, iN
 in 1928 and brigadier gen eral in 19 33.
InAug us t 19 33,Sidqi orderedt he R oyal Iraqi Army to mar ch to  t h e no r th  to c rush so - ca l l ed' mi li tan tA ss yrian  se paratis ts' in Sim ele ,near Mosul,w hi ch led to3,0 00 Assyrianciv ilians  b ein g  kill edin th e regi o n in t he Simele  m a ssacre . 

The B r i ti sh p raised him in 193 4  a s  "the best com mander  i n  t h e  Ir aqi  army andth e mos t  effici e nt o n e". In 1935, he c racked down onthe Sh ia  Ar a b trib al re be l lio ns at al-Ru mait ha and al -Diwan i ya with unprece dented  ha rsh ness . 
Ac cor di n g t o  M ali k  Mu fti, hesy st emati call y p r omot edKurd s and  Turkmens for  po siti o nsin th e arm y un ti l the y were  90%of  the high-ranki ng o fficers,whi ch  ge ne rated resent men t.Bakr Si dqi was "ac cu s e d  o f having tried tose t up  a Kurdi sh sta t ein the nort hofIraq , which  wou l dincludethe Ku r ds  o f Iranan d Turk ey ".
Si meleM assa cre

I n the la te sp r ing of 1933, t h e American re p re s e nt a tive  in  Iraq, Paul  Kna b ensh ue,d es cri b ed pu blican i mo s ity towards the Ass yr ians w as at  'fever heat' . With Ira q i independ ence ,  t h e new Assyrian  spir itual-temp o ral lead er, M ar Shimu n XXI Esh a i , demand edaut ono myf o rAssyrians wit h i n th eHashemi teKingdom  of  Ir aq,  as  h ad been p romisedby  t he  B rit ish a n d Russia ns  du ri ngthe F i rst Wo rld W ar,an ds oug ht supp o rt f romBr it ain.  He  p resse d hi s  ca se befo re the Le agu e  ofNa ti ons in1932.

His fo ll owers plan ne d t o resi g n  from th e Iraq Levies, a formid a ble and  hi ghlycapa ble force , u nder t hec ommand  of th e Bri ti sh, w hichh a dser ve d Britishi n ter estspu ttin g downKurdish and Arab r e bel lions against  Br itai n si nce 19 2 1,an d  to r egroup as a mil itia and c on c en trate in t h e n or th, cre ating a  de f a cto Ass yrian enc lave. How ev er,t h e B ritish pre vented t he plan f r om be i ng  real ise d.

In  J une  1933 , they oun g Pat riarch  w as inv itedto  Baghdad  for negotiations withHikmat  Sula yma n’s gover nme n t a nd was de tain ed there a fte r r efusi ngt o rel inqu i sh  te m poral  aut h ority. Ma r  S him u n  w ould eventu a l l y b e exi led to Cyp rus,  forcing the head of the Assyria n Ch u r choft he E as t to be locate d i nC h icago, w he re it remai ned unti l2 015 w hen it  was b roughtb a ck to Erb il.
In  early Au gus t1 933, mo re  t h an 1,0 00 A ss yrianpeople whoh a d been refused a sylum i n Syr i a c rosse dthe bor d er t o return t o their vil lages,  in
 in_1928 and_brigadier general in 1933.

In_August 1933,_Sidqi_ordered the_Royal_Iraqi Army to_march to the_north to crush so-called'militant_Assyrian separatists' in_Simele,_near Mosul, which led to 3,000 Assyrian civilians being killed in the region in_the_Simele massacre.

The_British_praised_him in 1934 as "the_best commander in the Iraqi_army and_the most efficient one". In 1935, he cracked_down_on the Shia_Arab tribal rebellions at al-Rumaitha and al-Diwaniya with unprecedented_harshness.

According to Malik Mufti, he systematically_promoted Kurds and_Turkmens_for_positions in the army_until they were 90% of the_high-ranking officers, which generated resentment. Bakr_Sidqi was "accused of having tried to_set up a Kurdish state in_the north of Iraq, which_would include_the Kurds of Iran and_Turkey".

Simele Massacre

In the_late spring_of 1933, the_American representative in Iraq, Paul Knabenshue,_described public animosity_towards the Assyrians was at 'fever_heat'._With Iraqi independence,_the_new_Assyrian spiritual-temporal_leader, Mar Shimun_XXI_Eshai, demanded_autonomy_for Assyrians within the Hashemite Kingdom_of_Iraq, as had been promised by the_British and Russians during_the_First World War, and_sought support from Britain. He_pressed his case before the League_of Nations_in 1932.

His_followers planned to resign from the Iraq Levies, a formidable and_highly capable force, under the command_of the British, which_had served_British_interests putting down_Kurdish_and Arab_rebellions against Britain since 1921, and to_regroup as_a militia and concentrate in the_north, creating a de_facto_Assyrian enclave. However, the British prevented_the plan from being realised.

In June_1933, the young Patriarch was_invited_to_Baghdad for negotiations with Hikmat_Sulayman’s government and was detained there_after refusing to_relinquish temporal authority. Mar Shimun would eventually_be_exiled to Cyprus, forcing the head_of_the Assyrian Church of the East_to_be_located in Chicago, where it_remained until 2015 when it was_brought back to Erbil.

In early August 1933, more than_1,000 Assyrian people_who had been refused asylum_in_Syria_crossed the border to return to their villages, in