 model proposed by Yorke, considered the development of kingdoms and writing down of the oral law-codes to be linked to a progression towards leaders providing mund and receiving recognition. These leaders who developed in the sixth century, were able to seize the initiative and to establish a position of power for themselves and their successors. Anglo-Saxon leaders, unable to tax and coerce followers instead extracted surplus by raiding and collecting food renders and 'prestige goods'. The later sixth century saw the end of a 'prestige goods' economy, as evidenced by the decline of accompanied burial, and the appearance of the first princely graves and high-status settlements. These centres of trade and production reflect the increased socio-political stratification and wider territorial authority which allowed seventh-century elites to extract and redistribute surpluses with far greater effectiveness than their sixth-century predecessors would have found possible. Anglo-Saxon society, in short, looked very different in 600 than it did a hundred years earlier.

By 600, the establishment of the first Anglo-Saxon 'emporia' was in prospect. There seem to have been over thirty of such units, many of which were certainly controlled by kings, in the parts of Britain which the Anglo-Saxons controlled. Bede's use of the term imperium has been seen as significant in defining the status and powers of the bretwaldas, in fact it is a word Bede used regularly as an alternative to regnum; scholars believe this just meant the collection of tribute. Oswiu's extension of overlordship over the Picts and Scots is expressed in terms of making them tributary. Military overlordship could bring great short-term success and wealth, but the system had its disadvantages. Many of the overlords enjoyed their powers for a relatively short period. Foundations had to be carefully laid to turn a tribute-paying under-kingdom into a permanent acquisition, such as Bernician absorption of Deira. The smaller kingdoms did not disappear without trace once they were incorporated into larger polities; on the contrary their territorial integrity was preserved when they became ealdormanries or, depending on size, parts of ealdormanries within their new kingdoms. An obvious example of this tendency for later boundaries to preserve earlier arrangements is Sussex; the county boundary is essentially the same as that of the West Saxon shire and the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. The Witan, also called Witenagemot, was the council of
model proposed by Yorke, considered the development of kingdom and write down of the oral law - code to be connect to a progression towards leaders put up mund and receive recognition. These leadership who developed in the sixth century, were able to grab the initiative and to establish a place of might for themselves and their successors. Anglo - Saxon drawing card, unable to tax and coerce followers alternatively extracted surplus by raiding and collect food renders and' prestige goods'. The later sixth century see the end of a' prestige goods' economy, as evidenced by the decline of accompanied burial, and the appearance of the inaugural princely graves and high - status settlements. These centres of trade and production reflect the increased socio - political stratification and wider territorial authority which allowed seventh - century elites to extract and redistribute surpluses with far greater potency than their sixth - hundred predecessors would have found possible. Anglo - Saxon club, in short, looked very different in 600 than it suffice a hundred years earlier. 

 By 600, the establishment of the first Anglo - Saxon' emporia' was in view. There seem to have been over thirty of such units, many of which were certainly controlled by kings, in the parts of Britain which the Anglo - Saxons control. Bede's use of the term imperium has been seen equally significant in define the condition and might of the bretwaldas, in fact it is a word Bede used regularly as an alternative to regnum; scholar believe this just meant the solicitation of tribute. Oswiu's reference of overlordship over the Picts and Scots is expressed in terms of take them tributary. Military overlordship could lend great short - condition success and wealth, but the arrangement had its disadvantage. Many of the overlords enjoyed their baron for a relatively short period. Foundations had to be cautiously laid to turn a tribute - pay under - kingdom into a permanent acquisition, such as Bernician absorption of Deira. The smaller kingdoms did not disappear without touch once they were incorporated into larger civil order; on the contrary their territorial integrity was preserved when they became ealdormanries or, depending on size, parts of ealdormanries within their new kingdom. An obvious example of this tendency for later boundaries to preserve earlier arrangements is Sussex; the county limit is essentially the same as that of the West Saxon shire and the Anglo - Saxon kingdom. The Witan, also called Witenagemot, was the council of
 mofel proposed by Yorke, coksidered the devglipment of kihgdoms avd writing down of the oral paq-codew to be linked to a prugression towards leavers providing mnhd and vzceivjkg reeojnition. These lgaders who daveloped in tha rirth century, were able to seize the igitiatife and to establysh s posjniin of power for themselves ans their successors. Amglo-Saxon leaders, unable tl tad and coerce folloaers insteae exeeacted surpljs by raidpug and collgcting food renders and 'prestige goodx'. The latet aidjh century sew the end of a 'prcxtige coods' evonomy, as evidcnced by the decline of accom'anied burial, and thg appearanwe of the first pribcwly gtaves and yigf-stztns aettlelenvs. These cehtres of trqde and production tesoect the incrsased fosio-political stratification and wider ttrritkrial authority which aolowed seventh-century elites tj extract and redistribute surpluses with far gredter xfwecuiycnesr tjan their sixth-century predecessors would havq fpukd possible. Anglj-Saxon socirtj, og short, lookea very dirferent in 600 than ih did a hundeed years earkier.

By 600, the establishment od the first Cngoo-Saxon 'emporia' wad in prospeet. Thete seek to have been over thixty of such units, many of sfich were certaivly cmntrolled by kings, in the [arts of Uritann which the Anglo-Faxons conhrollcg. Bede's use of the term ikperium had been seen as significant in dxhining the ststgs dnd powexs of bhe bretwaldas, yn fact it is c word Bzde usdd regularmy as ai alternativq to regnum; swjolars beliete this jtst neanr the cuulection of trobute. Oswpu'f exrension of overlorvshik kver the Picts cud Scots is exprexsea ig nerks mf making tham tfibjyary. Oilitary ovcrlurdsnip could bring gread shkrt-term success anc realth, bot the syftem had its cisadvantages. Many of tie oveclords entoyed their powers for a relatjvely shogt ieriod. Foundaeionw had to be earefully laid to turn a tribute-paying uider-kingdom into a permqnent acquisition, soch as Bernicien absjrption ox Deira. The smaller jingdoms did not cisappear without trade onca thej were incorporated into larger polities; on the contrary their territoriao intejryty was preaervrd whvn chev becamq eapvormanries or, depvnding on size, parts of ealdormairies withhn their new kingdoms. An obviois example of tfis tendency for later bkundariex to preserve earlier arrangememts is Sussex; the county boundart is sssentpzluy the same as thay of tke Wesr Saxon shive and the Anguo-Ssxln kingdol. Tht Wican, also called Witenagemot, was tye coubcll of
model proposed by Yorke, considered the development and down of oral law-codes to towards providing mund and recognition. These leaders developed in the sixth century, were to seize the initiative and to establish a position of power for themselves their successors. Anglo-Saxon leaders, unable to tax and coerce followers instead extracted surplus raiding collecting renders 'prestige goods'. The later sixth century saw the end of a 'prestige goods' economy, as evidenced the decline of accompanied burial, and the appearance the first princely graves high-status settlements. These centres of and reflect the socio-political and territorial authority which seventh-century elites to extract and redistribute surpluses with far greater effectiveness than their sixth-century predecessors would have possible. Anglo-Saxon short, looked different 600 it did a earlier. By 600, the establishment of 'emporia' was in prospect. There seem to have over thirty such units, many of which were controlled by kings, in the parts of Britain the Anglo-Saxons controlled. Bede's use of the term imperium has been seen as significant in status and powers of bretwaldas, in fact is word used as an to regnum; scholars believe this just meant the collection of tribute. extension of overlordship over the Picts and Scots is expressed of them tributary. Military could bring great short-term and but the system had Many the powers a short period. Foundations had be carefully laid to turn tribute-paying under-kingdom into a absorption of Deira. The smaller kingdoms did not without trace once they were incorporated into polities; on the contrary their territorial integrity was preserved when they became or, depending parts of ealdormanries within their new kingdoms. An example of this tendency later boundaries to preserve earlier arrangements is Sussex; the boundary essentially the as that of West Saxon shire the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. also called was council
 model proposed by Yorke, consiDered the deVelopMenT of KiNgdoMs anD writing down of THe orAl law-codes to be linked to A progReSSion TOwArds lEaders pROvIDIng MuNd And ReCEiVing rEcoGnition. these leadeRs wHo Developed in tHE sIxth centurY, weRe able to seizE thE initiAtIve ANd to eStaBlish A positIOn of poWer for theMsELves anD Their suCCEsSors. anglo-Saxon leaders, UNaBLe to tax and coerCe follOwERs INSteAd eXtracted suRpLus by RAiding aND cOLLEctINg food renders And 'prestige GOodS'. The laTeR siXTh centUry saW tHE enD of a 'prestigE gooDs' economy, As evidENced by tHE declinE of accOmpAniEd buRIaL, aNd tHe APpeARaNce OF thE first prInCeLy graVes aND HIGh-stAtuS setTlemeNts. These centrEs oF traDE anD prodUctioN refLeCt the IncreaSed soCiO-political stratIficAtion and wIdeR tErrItOrial AUthoriTy wHicH alloweD seventH-CenTuRY ELiTes to extract and redIsTRIbUte surplUses wiTH fAr GReater efFeCtiVeneSS Than tHeir SIxTh-centurY predeCEsSoRs would HaVe founD pOssIblE. AnglO-saxoN socieTy, in shorT, lookED very different IN 600 than it did a huNDrED YeARs eaRliEr.

By 600, the estaBlisHMent Of thE FiRst aNglo-SAxon 'eMpORiA' Was in prospect. There sEeM to havE been Over thirty of sUch units, maNY OF which weRe ceRTaINly controlled bY kingS, in the partS Of BritaiN whicH the AnglO-Saxons coNTRolled. BeDe's Use Of tHe tERM iMperium has beeN SEen aS sIgnificAnt In definIng The StaTus AnD powers of The bretwAlDaS, iN fAct It is a WOrd Bede uSeD reGuLarLy as aN AlternAtive To reGnUm; SChoLars belIEvE THis jUsT mEant The CoLlectIon oF TriBute. OswIu's extensIon OF oveRlOrDship ovEr the Picts and scOts is expreSsEd iN terms OF Making thEm tributary. Military overLOrdship CouLd briNg grEat short-tErm SuccesS anD Wealth, But the SysteM hAd iTS DisadVANtAgeS. MAny of the ovERLorDs enjOyEd thEir poweRs for a relatively shORt pEriod. FoundatiOns Had tO BE cAreFUlLY laId TO tuRN A tribute-paying uNder-kingdoM iNTo A permanent ACquIsItion, suCh as BerNiciaN AbsorptIon of DeirA. The smallEr KingDOMs dId not disapPear withOut trace oNCe theY WeRe incOrpOrated InTo lArger PolitiES; on The coNtrary ThEir terRitorIaL integriTy was preserved when they bEcame eAldorManRies or, depEndINg oN size, partS of eAldormanriEs wIthIn theIr nEW kingDoms. aN oBviOUs exaMple OF this tendENcY foR LAtEr boundarieS TO PreServe EarLIer arrAngeMents is Sussex; the cOUnty boundary is EsseNTIalLy tHE samE aS that of the West saxOn SHIre and thE ANglo-Saxon kiNgdom. The wiTAn, alsO calleD WitenAgemot, wAS ThE CounciL of
 model proposed by Yorke,considered  thedev elo pm entof k ingdoms and wr i ting  down of the oral law- codes  t o  bel in ked t o a pro g re s s ion  t ow ard sl ea derspro vidingmund and r ece iv ing recognit i on . These le ade rs who devel ope d in t he  si x th ce ntu ry, w ere ab l e to s eize thein i tiativ e  and to e st abli sh a position ofp ow e r for themselv es and  t h ei r suc ces sors. Angl o- Saxon leaders ,  u n a b let o tax and coe rce followe r s i nstead  e xtr a cted s urplu sb y r aiding andcoll ecting fo od ren d ers and 'presti ge goo ds' . T he l a te rsix th cen t ur y s a w t he end o fa'pres tige g o o ds'eco nomy , asevidenced bythe  dec l ine  of a ccomp anie dburia l, and  theap pearance of the  fir st prince lygr ave sand h i gh-sta tus  se ttlemen ts. The s e c en t r e sof trade and produ ct i o nreflectthe in c re as e d socio- po lit ical s trati fica t io n and wi der te r ri to rial au th oritywh ich  al lowed seve nth-ce ntury el itest o extract andr edistribute s u rp l u se s  wit h f ar greatereffe c tive ness th ant heirsixth -c e nt u ry predecessors wou ld  havefound  possible. An glo-Saxons o c iety, in  sho r t, looked very di ffere nt in 600t han it d id ahundredyears ear l i er.

By600 , t heest a b li shment of the f irst  A nglo-Sa xon  'empor ia'  wa s i n p ro spect. Th ere seem  t oha ve  be en ov e r thirty  o f s uc h u nits, many o f whi ch w er ec ert ainly c o nt r o lled  b yking s,in  thepart s  of  Britai n which t heA nglo -S ax ons con trolled. Bede 's  use of th eter m impe r i um has b een seen as significant in defi nin g the  sta tus and p owe rs ofthe bretwa ldas,in fa ct  it i s a w o r dBed eused regul a r lyas an  a lter nativeto regnum; scholar s  be lieve this ju stmean t th e c o ll e cti on oft r ibute. Oswiu'sextensionof ov erlordship ove rthe Pic ts andScots is expr essed interms ofma king t hem  tributary . Milita ry overlo r dship co uld b rin g grea tsho rt-te rm suc c ess  andwealth ,but th e sys te m had it s disadvantages. Many o f theoverl ord s enjoyed  th e irpowers fo r arelatively  sh ort  peri od. Found atio n shad to be  car e fully lai d  t o t u r na tribute-p a y i ngunder -ki n gdom i ntoa permanent acqui s ition, such as  Ber n i cia n a b sorp ti on of Deira. T hesm a l ler king do ms did notdisappea rw ithou t trac e once  they w e r ei ncorpo rate d i nto large r p ol i ties; o nth e  contr aryth eir te rritor i al i n t egrity was prese rvedw h en th e y b ecame  e aldorma n ries  or, depen ding on siz e, par ts o f eal dormanr ie s with inth eir new ki n gdoms. An  obvi ous exa mp le o f t his te nden c y  forlate rbou ndaries t o pr e se rv e  ea rlie r arr an geme nts is Su s sex; the  co u nty bou nd ary i s esse n ti a l ly the sam e a s tha t of the Wes t  Sax o ns hireand th e Angl o-Saxon kin gd om. The  Wi t a n, also c alled Wit e nag em ot,was theco unci lof
 model_proposed by_Yorke, considered the development_of kingdoms_and_writing down_of_the oral law-codes_to be linked_to a progression towards_leaders providing mund_and_receiving recognition. These leaders who developed in the sixth century, were able to seize_the_initiative and_to_establish_a position of power for_themselves and their successors. Anglo-Saxon_leaders, unable_to tax and coerce followers instead extracted surplus_by_raiding and collecting_food renders and 'prestige goods'. The later sixth century_saw the end of a 'prestige_goods' economy, as_evidenced_by_the decline of accompanied_burial, and the appearance of the_first princely graves and high-status settlements._These centres of trade and production reflect_the increased socio-political stratification and wider_territorial authority which allowed seventh-century_elites to_extract and redistribute surpluses with_far greater effectiveness_than their_sixth-century predecessors would_have found possible. Anglo-Saxon society, in_short, looked very_different in 600 than it did_a_hundred years earlier.

By_600,_the_establishment of_the first Anglo-Saxon_'emporia'_was in_prospect._There seem to have been over_thirty_of such units, many of which were_certainly controlled by kings,_in_the parts of Britain_which the Anglo-Saxons controlled. Bede's_use of the term imperium has_been seen_as significant_in defining the status and powers of the bretwaldas, in fact_it is a word Bede used_regularly as an alternative_to regnum;_scholars_believe this just_meant_the collection_of tribute. Oswiu's extension of overlordship over_the Picts_and Scots is expressed in terms_of making them tributary._Military_overlordship could bring great short-term success_and wealth, but the system had_its disadvantages. Many of the_overlords_enjoyed_their powers for a relatively_short period. Foundations had to be_carefully laid to_turn a tribute-paying under-kingdom into a permanent_acquisition,_such as Bernician absorption of Deira._The_smaller kingdoms did not disappear without_trace_once_they were incorporated into larger_polities; on the contrary their territorial_integrity was preserved when they became ealdormanries or, depending_on size, parts_of ealdormanries within their new_kingdoms._An_obvious example of this tendency for later boundaries to preserve_earlier arrangements_is Sussex; the_county boundary is essentially the same as that of the_West Saxon shire and the Anglo-Saxon kingdom._The Witan, also called Witenagemot, was the council of