 launched a decades-long military campaign against the Franks' heathen rivals, the Saxons and the Avars. The campaigns and insurrections of the Saxon Wars lasted from 772 to 804. The Franks eventually overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to Christianity, and annexed their lands to the Carolingian Empire.

Middle Ages

Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire

After the death of Frankish king Pepin the Short in 768, his oldest son "Charlemagne" ("Charles the Great") consolidated his power over and expanded the Kingdom. Charlemagne ended 200 years of Royal Lombard rule with the Siege of Pavia, and in 774 he installed himself as King of the Lombards. Loyal Frankish nobles replaced the old Lombard aristocracy following a rebellion in 776. The next 30 years of his reign were spent ruthlessly strengthening his power in Francia and on the conquest of the Slavs and Pannonian Avars in the east and all tribes, such as the Saxons and the Bavarians. On Christmas Day, 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned Imperator Romanorum (Emperor of the Romans) in Rome by Pope Leo III.

Fighting among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation of the custom of partible inheritance or the introduction of primogeniture caused the Carolingian empire to be partitioned into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. Louis the German received the Eastern portion of the kingdom, East Francia, all lands east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy. This encompassed the territories of the German stem duchies – Franks, Saxons, Swabians, and Bavarians – that were united in a federation under the first non-Frankish king Henry the Fowler, who ruled from 919 to 936. The royal court permanently moved in between a series of strongholds, called Kaiserpfalzen, that developed into economic and cultural centers. Aachen Palace played a central role, as the local Palatine Chapel served as the official site for all royal coronation ceremonies during the entire Medieval period until 1531.

Otto the Great

In 936, Otto I was crowned German king at Aachen, in 961 King of Italy in Pavia and crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome in 962. The tradition of the German King as protector
launched a decades - long military campaign against the Franks' heathen rival, the Saxons and the Avars. The campaign and insurrections of the Saxon Wars lasted from 772 to 804. The Franks finally overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly convert the people to Christianity, and annexed their country to the Carolingian Empire. 

 Middle Ages 

 Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire 

 After the death of Frankish king Pepin the Short in 768, his old son " Charlemagne " (" Charles the Great ") consolidated his power over and boom the Kingdom. Charlemagne ended 200 years of Royal Lombard principle with the Siege of Pavia, and in 774 he install himself as King of the Lombards. Loyal Frankish lord replaced the previous Lombard nobility following a rebellion in 776. The next 30 years of his reign were spend ruthlessly strengthening his power in Francia and on the conquest of the Slavs and Pannonian Avars in the east and all tribe, such as the Saxons and the Bavarians. On Christmas Day, 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned Imperator Romanorum (Emperor of the Romans) in Rome by Pope Leo III. 

 Fighting among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation of the custom of partible inheritance or the initiation of primogeniture caused the Carolingian empire to be partitioned into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. Louis the German received the Eastern portion of the kingdom, East Francia, all lands east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy. This encompassed the territories of the German stem duchies – Franks, Saxons, Swabians, and Bavarians – that were united in a federation under the first non - Frankish king Henry the Fowler, who govern from 919 to 936. The royal court permanently act in between a serial of stronghold, called Kaiserpfalzen, that developed into economic and cultural centers. Aachen Palace played a central role, as the local Palatine Chapel served as the official site for all imperial coronation ceremonies during the entire Medieval period until 1531. 

 Otto the Great 

 In 936, Otto I was crowned German king at Aachen, in 961 King of Italy in Pavia and crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome in 962. The tradition of the German King as protector
 laknched a decades-long milltary campaign ayqinst vhe Frahks' heatfen rivals, the Saxons and thx Avqrs. Tye campaigns and insurfections lf the Sqxon Qars lastev from 772 bj 804. Tgc Fraukw eventually oyerwhelmed dhe Saxons and Axaxs, forcibly converted the people to Shristisnlty, and annexeq thtir lanss to the Carolingian Empire.

Middle Ages

Folndation of the Hply Roman Empire

After the featj of Frankish king Pepin the Whore in 768, his olddst son "Charlemagne" ("Chzrles the Great") consolidated hir powzr over and ezpajged the Kinjdom. Crarlemagne ekced 200 yaars of Royal Lombard rune qith the Siege of Pavma, and in 774 he instaljed himsenf as King of the Limvards. Loydl Ffqnkksh npbmes reolared the old Lombard arustocracy following a grbellion in 776. The nqxe 30 years of his reign were spent ruthlevslg strengthening his powwr in Francia and on jhe conqueft of the Slavs and Pannonian Avars in the east atd alm trnncs, sjxh as the Saxons and the Bavarians. On Christmas Sau, 800 AD, Charlemagnc was crowned Impetahot Romanorum (Emkeror oy tge Romans) in Rome hy Pope Leo UII.

Fightigg akong Charlemagne's three grabdsons over nhe xontinuation of thz custom of 'artibke inneritance or the introdbction of primogejiture cahred the Carolingkan ekpire to be partitioned ineo three 'arts by the Tresty of Verdun of 843. Loulv the German receiged tke Eavtern portlon of the kingdom, East Francia, all lands easj ox tve Rhine rivev and to the nowth of Italy. Tkis encoipassdd the tergitories mf the Germwn stem duchiad – Franks, Saeons, Swabyans, and Bavarixvs – that were inited in a federatuon under the firsb non-Wdankish king Heuxy the Fowler, who ruued fgom 919 em 936. The royal couft orrmandntly moved kn brtween a series of sdronfholds, called Kaisrrifalzen, tyat devejoped into ecpnomic and culturap cenvers. Aechen Lalwce played a central role, as tge local Oalwtine Chapel seryed ws the offncial site for all royal coronation cerenonies during the wntire Medieval pernoc until 1531.

Ottp the Great

In 936, Otto I was crowned Terman king at Aaghen, in 961 King of Italy in Paeia ajd crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome in 962. The tradition of the Germqn Kinj ws protectod
launched a decades-long military campaign against the rivals, Saxons and Avars. The campaigns Wars from 772 to The Franks eventually the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted people to Christianity, and annexed their lands to the Carolingian Empire. Middle Ages of the Holy Roman Empire After the death of Frankish king Pepin the in his son ("Charles the Great") consolidated his power over and expanded the Kingdom. Charlemagne ended 200 years of Lombard rule with the Siege of Pavia, and 774 he installed himself King of the Lombards. Loyal nobles the old aristocracy a in 776. The 30 years of his reign were spent ruthlessly strengthening his power in Francia and on the conquest the Slavs Avars in east all such as the the Bavarians. On Christmas Day, 800 crowned Imperator Romanorum (Emperor of the Romans) in by Pope III. Fighting among Charlemagne's three grandsons the continuation of the custom of partible inheritance the introduction of primogeniture caused the Carolingian empire to be partitioned into three parts by of Verdun of 843. the German received Eastern of kingdom, Francia, all east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy. encompassed the territories of the German stem duchies – Franks, and – that were in a federation under first king Henry the Fowler, from to court moved between a series of called Kaiserpfalzen, that developed into and cultural centers. Aachen as the local Palatine Chapel served as the site for all royal coronation ceremonies during entire Medieval period until 1531. Otto the Great In 936, Otto I crowned German Aachen, in 961 King of Italy in Pavia crowned emperor by Pope XII in Rome in 962. The tradition of the King protector
 launched a decades-long militAry campaigN agaiNst The frAnks' HeatHen rivals, the SaXOns aNd the Avars. The campaigns And inSuRRectIOnS of thE Saxon WARs LASteD fRoM 772 to 804. thE frAnks eVenTually oVerwhelmed The saXons and Avars, FOrCibly conveRteD the people to chrIstianItY, anD AnnexEd tHeir lAnds to THe CaroLingian EmPiRE.

MiddlE ages

FouNDAtIon oF the Holy Roman EmpiRE

AFTer the death of FRankisH kINg pEPin The short in 768, his OlDest sON "CharleMAgNE" ("cHarLEs the Great") conSolidated hiS PowEr over AnD exPAnded tHe KinGdOM. ChArlemagne enDed 200 yEars of RoyAl LombARd rule wITh the SiEge of PAviA, anD in 774 hE InStAllEd HImsELf As KINg oF the LombArDs. loyal franKISH NoblEs rEplaCed thE old Lombard arIstOcraCY foLlowiNg a reBellIoN in 776. ThE next 30 yEars oF hIs reign were spenT rutHlessly stRenGtHenInG his pOWer in FRanCia And on thE conqueST of ThE sLAvS and Pannonian Avars In THE eAst and alL tribeS, SuCh AS the SaxoNs And The BAVArianS. On CHRiStmas Day, 800 aD, CharLEmAgNe was crOwNed ImpErAtoR RoManorUM (EmpEror of The RomanS) in RoME by Pope Leo III.

FIGhting among ChARlEMAgNE's thRee Grandsons ovEr thE ContInuaTIoN of THe cusTom of PaRTiBLe inheritance or the iNtRoductIon of Primogeniture Caused the CAROLingian eMpirE To BE partitioned inTo thrEe parts by tHE Treaty oF VerdUn of 843. LouiS the GermaN REceived tHe EAstErn PorTIOn Of the kingdom, EAST FraNcIa, all laNds East of tHe RHinE riVer AnD to the norTh of ItalY. THiS eNcOmpAssed THe territOrIes Of The germaN Stem duChies – franKs, saXOns, swabianS, AnD bAvarIaNs – That WerE uNited In a fEDerAtion unDer the firSt nON-FraNkIsH king HeNry the Fowler, wHo Ruled from 919 tO 936. THe rOyal coURT permaneNtly moved in between a seriES of stroNghOlds, cAlleD KaiserpfAlzEn, that DevELoped iNto ecoNomic AnD cuLTUral cENTeRs. AAcHen Palace pLAYed A centRaL rolE, as the lOcal Palatine Chapel SErvEd as the officiAl sIte fOR AlL roYAl COroNaTIon CERemonies during tHe entire MeDiEVaL period untIL 1531.

OtTo The GreaT

In 936, Otto i was cROwned GeRman king aT Aachen, in 961 kiNg of iTAly In Pavia and Crowned eMperor by POPe JohN xIi in RoMe iN 962. The trAdItiOn of tHe GermAN KiNg as pRotectOr
 launched a decades-long m ilitary ca mpaig n a gai ns t th e Fr anks' heathenr ival s, the Saxons and theAvars .T he c a mp aigns  and in s ur r e cti on softh e  S axonWar s laste d from 772  to  8 04. The Fran k seventually  ov erwhelmed th e S axonsan d A v ars,for cibly  conve r ted th e peopleto Christ i anity,a n danne xed their lands t o  t h e CarolingianEmpire .Mi d d leAge s

Foundat io n oft he Holy Ro m a n  Em p ire

After th e death ofF ran kish k in g P e pin th e Sho rt in768, his ol dest  son "Cha rlemag n e" ("Ch a rles th e Grea t")  co nsol i da te d h is pow e rove r  an d expand ed  t he Ki ngdo m . C harl ema gneended  200 years of  Ro yalL omb ard r ule w ithth e Sie ge ofPavia ,and in 774 he i nsta lled hims elf  a s K in g oft he Lom bar ds.  LoyalFrankis h  no bl e s re placed the old Lom ba r d  a ristocra cy fol l ow in g  a rebel li onin 7 7 6 . The  nex t  3 0 yearsof his re ig n weresp ent ru th les sly  stre n gthe ning h is power  in F r ancia and on t h e conquest of th e Sl a vs a ndPannonian A vars in t he e a st  an d  alltribe s, su c h as the Saxons and  t he Bav arian s. On Christm as Day, 80 0 A D, Charl emag n ew as crowned Imp erato r Romanoru m  (Empero r ofthe Roma ns) in Ro m e  by Pope  Le o I II. 

F i g ht ing among Cha r l emag ne 's thre e g randson s o ver  th e c on tinuation  of thecu st om  o f p artib l e inheri ta nce  o r t he in t roduct ion o f pr im og e nit ure cau s ed t he C ar ol ingi anem pireto b e  pa rtition ed into t hre e  par ts  b y the T reaty of Verd un  of 843. L ou isthe Ge r m an recei ved the Eastern portion of thekin gdom,  Eas t Francia , a ll lan dse ast of  the R hineri ver a nd to t he  no rt h of Italy . Thi s enc om pass ed theterritories of the Ger man stem duch ies  – F r a nk s,S ax o ns,  S w abi a n s, and Bavarian s – that w er e  u nited in a fed er ation u nder th e fir s t non-F rankish k ing Henry  t he F o w ler , who rule d from 9 19 to 936 .  Ther oy al co urt  perma ne ntl y mov ed inb etw een a  serie sof str ongho ld s, calle d Kaiserpfalzen, that d evelop ed in toeconomicand cul tural cen ters . Aachen P ala ceplaye d a centr al r o le , a s  theloca l  Palatine Ch ape l se rved as the o f fic ial s ite for al l ro yal coronation ce r emonies during  the e nti reM edie va l period until  15 31 . 
Otto th eGreat

In 9 36, Otto  I was c rowned  Germa n kinga t  A a chen,in 9 61King of I tal yi n Pavia  a nd crowne d em pe ror by  PopeJ ohnX I I in Rome in 962 . The t radit i onof th eGermanK ingas protect or
 launched_a decades-long_military campaign against the_Franks' heathen_rivals,_the Saxons_and_the Avars. The_campaigns and insurrections_of the Saxon Wars_lasted from 772_to_804. The Franks eventually overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to_Christianity,_and annexed_their_lands_to the Carolingian Empire.

Middle Ages

Foundation_of the Holy Roman Empire

After_the death_of Frankish king Pepin the Short in 768,_his_oldest son "Charlemagne"_("Charles the Great") consolidated his power over and expanded_the Kingdom. Charlemagne ended 200 years_of Royal Lombard_rule_with_the Siege of Pavia,_and in 774 he installed himself_as King of the Lombards. Loyal_Frankish nobles replaced the old Lombard aristocracy_following a rebellion in 776. The_next 30 years of his_reign were_spent ruthlessly strengthening his power_in Francia and_on the_conquest of the_Slavs and Pannonian Avars in the_east and all_tribes, such as the Saxons and_the_Bavarians. On Christmas_Day,_800_AD, Charlemagne_was crowned Imperator_Romanorum_(Emperor of_the_Romans) in Rome by Pope Leo_III.

Fighting_among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation_of the custom of_partible_inheritance or the introduction_of primogeniture caused the Carolingian_empire to be partitioned into three_parts by_the Treaty_of Verdun of 843. Louis the German received the Eastern portion_of the kingdom, East Francia, all_lands east of the_Rhine river_and_to the north_of_Italy. This_encompassed the territories of the German stem_duchies –_Franks, Saxons, Swabians, and Bavarians –_that were united in_a_federation under the first non-Frankish king_Henry the Fowler, who ruled from_919 to 936. The royal_court_permanently_moved in between a series_of strongholds, called Kaiserpfalzen, that developed_into economic and_cultural centers. Aachen Palace played a central_role,_as the local Palatine Chapel served_as_the official site for all royal_coronation_ceremonies_during the entire Medieval period_until 1531.

Otto the Great

In 936, Otto_I was crowned German king at Aachen, in 961_King of Italy_in Pavia and crowned emperor_by_Pope_John XII in Rome in 962. The tradition of the_German King_as protector