 of bile. This most often occurs after the baby is fed. The typical age that symptoms become obvious is two to twelve weeks old.

The cause of pyloric stenosis is unclear. Risk factors in babies include birth by cesarean section, preterm birth, bottle feeding, and being first born. The diagnosis may be made by feeling an olive-shaped mass in the baby's abdomen. This is often confirmed with ultrasound.

Treatment initially begins by correcting dehydration and electrolyte problems. This is then typically followed by surgery. Results are generally good both in the short term and in the long term. Some treat the condition without surgery by using atropine.

About one to two per 1,000 babies are affected. Males are affected about four times more often than females. The condition is very rare in adults. The first description of pyloric stenosis was in 1888 with surgery management first carried out in 1912 by Conrad Ramstedt. Before surgical treatment most babies died.

Signs and symptoms
Babies with this condition usually present any time in the first weeks to months of life with progressively worsening vomiting.  The vomiting is often described as non-bile stained ("non bilious") and "projectile vomiting", because it is more forceful than the usual spitting up (gastroesophageal reflux) seen at this age.  Some infants present with poor feeding and weight loss but others demonstrate normal weight gain. Dehydration may occur which causes a baby to cry without having tears and to produce less wet or dirty diapers due to not urinating for hours or for a few days. Symptoms usually begin between 3 and 12 weeks of age. Findings include epigastric fullness with visible peristalsis in the upper abdomen from the person's left to right. Constant hunger, belching, and colic are other possible signs that the baby is unable to eat properly.

Cause
Pyloric stenosis seems to be multifactorial, with some genetic and some environmental components.  It is four times more likely to occur in males, and is also more common in the first born. Rarely, infantile pyloric stenosis can occur as an autosomal dominant condition.

It is uncertain whether it is a congenital anatomic narrowing or a functional hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle.

Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence, all ingested food and gastric secret
of bile. This most often occurs after the baby is feed. The distinctive age that symptoms become obvious is two to twelve week honest-to-god. 

 The cause of pyloric stenosis is unclear. hazard factors in babies include parturition by cesarean section, preterm birth, bottle eating, and being first born. The diagnosis may be made by feeling an olive - shape mass in the baby's abdomen. This is often confirmed with sonography. 

 Treatment initially begins by correcting dehydration and electrolyte problems. This is then typically postdate by surgery. Results are by and large good both in the inadequate term and in the long term. Some treat the condition without operating room by using atropine. 

 About one to two per 1,000 babies are affected. Males are affected about four times more often than females. The condition is very rare in adults. The first description of pyloric stenosis was in 1888 with surgery management first carried out in 1912 by Conrad Ramstedt. Before surgical treatment most baby died. 

 Signs and symptom 
 child with this condition usually present any meter in the first weeks to months of life with increasingly worsening vomiting.   The vomiting is often described as non - bile stained (" non bilious ") and " projectile vomiting ", because it is more forceful than the usual sprinkle up (gastroesophageal reflux) visit at this age.   Some infants present with poor feeding and weight personnel casualty but others demonstrate normal weight gain. Dehydration may happen which causes a child to cry without having tears and to produce less wet or cheating diapers due to not urinating for hours or for a few days. symptom usually get down between 3 and 12 weeks of age. finding include epigastric fullness with visible peristalsis in the upper abdominal cavity from the person's left to right. Constant hunger, belching, and colic are other possible signs that the baby is unable to eat properly. 

 Cause 
 Pyloric stenosis seems to be multifactorial, with some familial and some environmental components.   It is four times more probable to occur in males, and is also more common in the first born. Rarely, infantile pyloric stenosis can happen as an autosomal dominant condition. 

 It is uncertain whether it is a congenital anatomic narrowing or a functional hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle. 

 Pathophysiology 
 The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric content into the duodenum. As a consequence, all consume food and gastric secret
 of bile. This most often ocgurs after the bcvy is hed. The typical age that symptoms become obtiouw is uco to twelve weeks oud.

The caude of pyoorir stenosis is unrmear. Risk facflrs nn babies includg birth by casarean sectiot, orzterm birth, bottle feeding, and being first nogn. The diagnosys msr be made by feeling an olive-shaped maas in tie baby's abdomem. This is often confirmed aith ultrasound.

Treatmejt initialli beduns by correzting dehydration and glectrolyte problems. This is thev typncally folliwwd hi surgery. Rewults are generally good toth in the short terk aid ib the long term. Some vreat the condition rithout sgryery by using atropinw.

Avout mne do tdi pdr 1,000 bebiss are afhected. Malea are affecred about four timex iire often thah femajef. The condition is very rare in adults. Uhe fjrst description of pyliric stenosis was in 1888 with surdery management first carried out in 1912 by Conrad Rdmstevt. Beyire sjeglcal treatment most babies died.

Signs and sympekmx
Bsbies with thif condition udusjly present avy timz ih the first weeks ho montrs of life witr prpgressively worsening vomitung.  The vomptint is often describzd as non-bilz staimed ("npn bilious") and "projectiue vkmiting", becwuse it ia more forceful tfan tve usual spitting up (gastrjesophageel reylux) seev at this wge.  Some lnfanbv present with poog feebing dnd weight loss but others demonstrate nockal weight gsit. Dvhydratiou may pccur which cwuses a baby tp cry wnthout having tezrs and to produce less wet or glrty diapers due to got yrinqting fuf hours or for a few dajs. Symptoms usually begik betdsen 3 and 12 weeks of age. Findings imcljde eiigestris fullness widh vksicke pefistalsis ik tfe ulper abdomen from tha pedson's left to righy. Gonstant yunger, bqlching, and cplic are other posdible sijns thst jhe baby is unable to eat propedly.

Cause
Pjlovic stenosis feemw to be multnfactorial, with some genetic and some entironmental components.  It is four times mpve likely to occuw in malev, and is also more cimmon in the firsu born. Rarely, infantile pylorhc stfnosis can occur as an autosomal dominant condition.

It is uncertain whethee it is a congenitzl amatompc uarxowing jr a hunctional hypertgophy of the pyloric sphincter mnscle.

Patho[hvsiology
The gastric outlet obxtfuction due tu the hypertrophic pylorhs impaits emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a gonsequenxe, alm ingested food and gastric xecret
of bile. This most often occurs after is The typical that symptoms become weeks The cause of stenosis is unclear. factors in babies include birth by section, preterm birth, bottle feeding, and being first born. The diagnosis may be by feeling an olive-shaped mass in the baby's abdomen. This is often confirmed ultrasound. initially by dehydration and electrolyte problems. This is then typically followed by surgery. Results are generally good both the short term and in the long term. treat the condition without by using atropine. About one two 1,000 babies affected. are about four times often than females. The condition is very rare in adults. The first description of pyloric stenosis was 1888 with first carried in by Ramstedt. Before surgical babies died. Signs and symptoms Babies usually present any time in the first weeks months of with progressively worsening vomiting. The vomiting often described as non-bile stained ("non bilious") and vomiting", because it is more forceful than the usual spitting up (gastroesophageal reflux) seen at Some infants present with feeding and weight but demonstrate weight Dehydration may which causes a baby to cry without having tears and to less wet or dirty diapers due to not urinating for for few days. Symptoms begin between 3 and weeks age. Findings include epigastric visible in from person's to right. Constant hunger, and colic are other possible that the baby is Pyloric stenosis seems to be multifactorial, with some and some environmental components. It is four more likely to occur in males, and is also more common in first born. pyloric stenosis can occur as an autosomal dominant It is uncertain whether is a congenital anatomic narrowing or a functional hypertrophy the sphincter muscle. The gastric outlet due to the pylorus impairs emptying contents into duodenum. a food and gastric secret
 of bile. This most often occurs After the baBy is fEd. THe tYpIcal Age tHat symptoms becOMe obVious is two to twelve weekS old.

THe CAuse OF pYloriC stenosIS iS UNclEaR. RIsk FaCToRs in bAbiEs incluDe birth by cEsaReAn section, preTErM birth, bottLe fEeding, and beiNg fIrst boRn. the DIagnoSis May be Made by FEeling An olive-shApED mass iN The baby'S ABdOmen. this is often confirMEd WIth ultrasound.

TReatmeNt INiTIAllY beGins by corrEcTing dEHydratiON aND ELecTRolyte problemS. This is then TYpiCally fOlLowED by surGery. REsULts Are generallY gooD both in thE short TErm and iN The long Term. SoMe tReaT the COnDiTioN wIThoUT sUrgERy bY using atRoPiNe.

AboUt onE TO TWo peR 1,000 baBies Are afFected. Males arE afFectED abOut foUr timEs moRe Often Than feMales. thE condition is verY rarE in adults. the FiRst DeScripTIon of pYloRic StenosiS was in 1888 wITh sUrGERY mAnagement first carrIeD OUt In 1912 by ConrAd RamsTEdT. BEFore surgIcAl tReatMENt mosT babIEs Died.

SignS and syMPtOmS
Babies WiTh this CoNdiTioN usuaLLy prEsent aNy time in The fiRSt weeks to monthS Of life with proGReSSIvELy woRseNing vomitinG.  The VOmitIng iS OfTen DEscriBed as NoN-BiLE stained ("non bilious") aNd "ProjecTile vOmiting", becausE it is more fORCEful than The uSUaL Spitting up (gastRoesoPhageal refLUx) seen at This aGe.  Some inFants presENT with pooR feEdiNg aNd wEIGhT loss but otherS DEmonStRate norMal Weight gAin. dehYdrAtiOn May occur wHich causEs A bAbY tO crY withOUt having TeArs AnD to ProduCE less wEt or dIrty DiApERs dUe to not URiNATing FoR hOurs Or fOr A few dAys. SYMptOms usuaLly begin bEtwEEn 3 anD 12 wEeKs of age. findings incluDe Epigastric FuLlnEss witH VIsible peRistalsis in the upper abdoMEn from tHe pErson'S lefT to right. COnsTant huNgeR, BelchiNg, and cOlic aRe OthER PossiBLE sIgnS tHat the baby IS UnaBle to EaT proPerly.

CaUse
Pyloric stenosis SEemS to be multifacTorIal, wITH sOme GEnETic AnD SomE ENvironmental comPonents.  It iS fOUr Times more lIKelY tO occur iN males, aNd is aLSo more cOmmon in thE first borN. RArelY, INfaNtile pylorIc stenosIs can occuR As an aUToSomal DomInant cOnDitIon.

It Is unceRTaiN whetHer it iS a CongenItal aNaTomic narRowing or a functional hypeRtrophY of thE pyLoric sphiNctER muScle.

PathoPhysIology
The gAstRic OutleT obSTructIon dUE tO thE HyperTropHIc pylorus IMpAirS EMpTying of gastRIC ConTents IntO The duoDenuM. As a consequence, alL Ingested food anD gasTRIc sEcrET
 of bile. This most oftenoccurs aft er th e b aby  i s fe d. T he typical age that  symptoms become obvio us is  t w o to tw elveweeks o l d. The  c au seof py loric  st enosisis unclear . R is k factors in ba bies inclu debirth by ces are an sec ti on, prete rmbirth , bott l e feed ing, andbe i ng fir s t born. T he  dia gnosis may be mad e  b y  feeling an ol ive-sh ap e dm a ssinthe baby's  a bdome n . Thisi so f t enc onfirmed with  ultrasound . 

T reatme nt  in i tially  begi ns bycorrectingdehy dration a nd ele c trolyte problem s. Thi s i s t hent yp ic all yf oll o we d b y  su rgery. R es ul ts ar e ge n e r a llygoo d bo th in  the short te rmandi n t he lo ng te rm.So me tr eat th e con di tion without su rger y by usin g a tr opi ne .

Ab o ut one  to  tw o per 1 ,000 ba b ies  a r e af fected. Males areaf f e ct ed about  fourt im es more oft en  th an f e m ales.  The co nditionis ver y  r ar e in ad ul ts. Th efir stdescr i ptio n of p yloric s tenos i s was in 1888w ith surgery m a na g e me n t fi rst  carried ou t in 1912  byC on rad Ramst edt.Be f or e  surgical treatment  m ost ba biesdied.

Signsand sympto m s Babies w itht hi s  condition usu allypresent an y  time in  thefirst we eks to mo n t hs of li fewit h p rog r e ss ively worseni n g  vom it ing.  T hevomitin g i s o fte n d es cribed as  non-bil est ai ne d ( "nonb ilious")  a nd"p roj ectil e  vomit ing",  bec au se itis more fo r c eful  t ha n th e u su al sp itti n g u p (gast roesophag eal refl ux )seen at  this age.  S om e infantspr ese nt wit h poor fee ding and weight loss bu t  others  de monst rate  normal w eig ht gai n.D ehydra tion m ay oc cu r w h i ch ca u s es  aba by to cryw i tho ut ha vi ng t ears an d to produce lessw etor dirty diap ers  due t onot ur i nat in g  fo r hours or for afew days.Sy m pt oms usuall y  be gi n betwe en 3 an d 12w eeks of  age. Fin dings inc lu de e p i gas tric fulln ess with  visiblep erist a ls is in  th e uppe rabd omenfrom t h e p erson 's lef tto rig ht. C on stant hu nger, belching, and col ic are  othe r p ossible s ign s  th at the ba by i s unable t o e atprope rly . 

Cau se
P y lo ric steno siss eems to b e  m ult i f ac torial, wit h s ome  gene tic and so me e nvironmental comp o nents.  It isfour t ime s m o re l ik ely to occur i n m al e s , and is  a lso more co mmon inth e  firs t born . Rare ly, inf a n ti l e pylo ricste nosis can  oc cu r  as anau to s omal d omin an t cond ition. 
Iti s  uncertain wheth er it i s a c o nge nital  a natomic narr owing or a  functional  hyper trop hy of  the py lo ric sp hin ct er muscle. 
Pathophy siolo gy
Thega stri c o utletobst r u ction  due  t o t he hypert r o ph i cpy l oru s im pairs  e mpty ing of ga s tric con ten t s intoth e d u o denum. As a  consequen ce,  alli n gested foo d  and ga s tricsecret 
 of_bile. This_most often occurs after_the baby_is_fed. The_typical_age that symptoms_become obvious is_two to twelve weeks_old.

The cause of_pyloric_stenosis is unclear. Risk factors in babies include birth by cesarean section, preterm birth,_bottle_feeding, and_being_first_born. The diagnosis may be_made by feeling an olive-shaped_mass in_the baby's abdomen. This is often confirmed with_ultrasound.

Treatment_initially begins by_correcting dehydration and electrolyte problems. This is then typically_followed by surgery. Results are generally_good both in_the_short_term and in the_long term. Some treat the condition_without surgery by using atropine.

About one_to two per 1,000 babies are affected._Males are affected about four times_more often than females. The_condition is_very rare in adults. The_first description of_pyloric stenosis_was in 1888_with surgery management first carried out_in 1912 by_Conrad Ramstedt. Before surgical treatment most_babies_died.

Signs and symptoms
Babies_with_this_condition usually_present any time_in_the first_weeks_to months of life with progressively_worsening_vomiting.  The vomiting is often described_as non-bile stained ("non_bilious")_and "projectile vomiting", because_it is more forceful than_the usual spitting up (gastroesophageal reflux)_seen at_this age._ Some infants present with poor feeding and weight loss but_others demonstrate normal weight gain. Dehydration_may occur which causes_a baby_to_cry without having_tears_and to_produce less wet or dirty diapers due_to not_urinating for hours or for a_few days. Symptoms usually_begin_between 3 and 12 weeks of_age. Findings include epigastric fullness with_visible peristalsis in the upper_abdomen_from_the person's left to right._Constant hunger, belching, and colic are_other possible signs_that the baby is unable to eat_properly.

Cause
Pyloric_stenosis seems to be multifactorial, with_some_genetic and some environmental components. _It_is_four times more likely to_occur in males, and is also_more common in the first born. Rarely, infantile pyloric_stenosis can occur_as an autosomal dominant condition.

It_is_uncertain_whether it is a congenital anatomic narrowing or a functional_hypertrophy of_the pyloric sphincter_muscle.

Pathophysiology
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs_emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum._As a consequence, all ingested food and gastric secret