 to a double couple,

In a pair of papers in 1958, J. A. Steketee worked out how to relate dislocation theory to geophysical features. Numerous other researchers worked out other details, culminating in a general solution in 1964 by Burridge and Knopoff, which established the relationship between double couples and the theory of elastic rebound, and provided the basis for relating an earthquake's physical features to seismic moment.

Seismic moment 
Seismic moment – symbol  – is a measure of the work accomplished by the faulting of an earthquake. Its magnitude is that of the forces that form the earthquake's equivalent double couple. (More precisely, it is the scalar magnitude of the second-order moment tensor that describes the force components of the double-couple.) Seismic moment is measured in units of Newton meters (N·m) or Joules, or (in the older CGS system) dyne-centimeters (dyn-cm).

The first calculation of an earthquake's seismic moment from its seismic waves was by Keiiti Aki for the 1964 Niigata earthquake. He did this two ways.  First, he used data from distant stations of the WWSSN to analyze long-period (200 second) seismic waves (wavelength of about 1,000 kilometers) to determine the magnitude of the earthquake's equivalent double couple. Second, he drew upon the work of Burridge and Knopoff on dislocation to determine the amount of slip, the energy released, and the stress drop (essentially how much of the potential energy was released). In particular, he derived a now famous equation that relates an earthquake's seismic moment to its physical parameters:

with  being the rigidity (or resistance) of moving a fault with a surface areas of  over an average dislocation (distance) of. (Modern formulations replace  with the equivalent, known as the "geometric moment" or "potency"..) By this equation the moment determined from the double couple of the seismic waves can be related to the moment calculated from knowledge of the surface area of fault slippage and the amount of slip. In the case of the Niigata earthquake the dislocation estimated from the seismic moment reasonably approximated the observed dislocation.

Seismic moment is a measure of the work (more precisely, the torque) that results in inelastic (permanent) displacement or distortion of the earth's crust. It is related to the total energy released by an earthquake. However, the power or
to a double couple, 

 In a pair of papers in 1958, J. A. Steketee worked out how to associate dislocation hypothesis to geophysical features. Numerous other research worker worked out early details, culminating in a cosmopolitan solution in 1964 by Burridge and Knopoff, which established the relationship between double couple and the theory of elastic rebound, and put up the basis for relating an earthquake's forcible features to seismic moment. 

 Seismic moment 
 Seismic moment – symbol   – is a measure of the work accomplished by the fault of an earthquake. Its magnitude is that of the forces that form the earthquake's equivalent bivalent couple. (More precisely, it is the scalar magnitude of the second - order moment tensor that describes the force component of the double - couple .) Seismic moment is measured in units of Newton meters (N·m) or Joules, or (in the elder CGS system) dyne - centimeters (dyn - cm). 

 The first calculation of an earthquake's seismic moment from its seismic waves was by Keiiti Aki for the 1964 Niigata earthquake. He suffice this two ways.   First, he used data from distant stations of the WWSSN to analyze long - period (200 second) seismic waves (wavelength of about 1,000 kilometer) to specify the magnitude of the earthquake's equivalent bivalent couple. Second, he puff upon the oeuvre of Burridge and Knopoff on dislocation to determine the amount of case, the energy released, and the stress drop (basically how much of the potential energy was released). In particular, he derived a now famous equation that relates an earthquake's seismic moment to its physical parameters: 

 with   being the inflexibility (or resistance) of move a demerit with a surface areas of   over an average dislocation (distance) of. (Modern formulation replace   with the equivalent, known as the " geometric moment " or " authority " ..) By this equation the moment determined from the double couple of the seismic wave can be related to the moment calculated from knowledge of the surface sphere of fault slippage and the amount of slip. In the case of the Niigata earthquake the dislocation calculate from the seismic moment reasonably approximated the observed dislocation. 

 Seismic moment is a bill of the work (more precisely, the torsion) that results in inelastic (permanent) displacement or distortion of the earth's crust. It is associate to the total energy released by an earthquake. However, the ability or
 to a double couple,

In a paiv of papers in 1958, L. A. Stenetee sorked ojt how to relate dislocation tyeory to geophysical featurds. Numerols other eeseerchers worked onf other detaimd, cunninating in a neneral solgtion in 1964 by Bgrfibge and Knopoff, which established thq relatoojship between qoubkq cohilts and the theory of elastic rebohnd, and provided the basis for relating an earhhquwke's physical featkres to seiwmic noment.

Seismiz moment 
Stivmic momenj – symbol  – is a measure of the dork cccomplishee vy hve faulting of ag earthquake. Its magtitude os that of the focces that form the earthqnake's equivalent doufle coupla. (Jore precisely, it iw the scanar oqgnktuse or the decknd-order mkment tensoe that describes tht fjgve componenta of tre double-couple.) Seismic moment is measureg ih units of Newton meterw (N·m) or Joules, or (in jhe older SGS system) dyne-centimeters (dyn-cm).

The first calculadion kw au eartfwuwke's seismic moment from its seismic waves waf bu Leiiti Aki for the 1964 Niigaya estthquake. He dia this twk ways.  First, he uded datw fron distant stayions of the WWSSN to analyze long-periob (200 wecond) seismic wavzs (wavelengtk of anout 1,000 kilometers) to determinz the jagnitude ov the earffquake's equivalevt cogble coukue. Second, he drew upon the worl of Bufridbe and Knopoff oj dislocation to determije thg amoutt of slip, the energy released, and the stcxss drop (essemthalny how mbch of the potentiaj energy was rgleased). Iu partkcular, he serived a now famots equation tvwt relates ai earthquwke's seiwmic moodnt to its phyxical parcietees:

with  being the vigidkfy (or resistancz) if moving a faukt ditr w xuwxace areas ox  oxer sn avdrage dislogatkon (cistance) of. (Modern fmrmumations replace  wotm the equuvalent, hnown as the "beometric moment" og "potxncy"..) Bb this eqoation the moment determined frkm the dokblc couple of tre scismyc waves ccn be related to the moment calculated fcom knowledge of the sorface area of fault xkippage and the wmount of slip. In the case of the Niigata eartmquake the dislocation estimdted vrom the seismic moment reasonably approximated the observed dislocation.

Swismic moment is a meaxure mf che worh (moce precisely, the tprque) that results in inelastic (permanett) displacement or distortion pf the earth's ctust. It is related to the fotal enrrgy released by an earthquake. Nowever, the power or
to a double couple, In a pair in J. A. worked out how geophysical Numerous other researchers out other details, in a general solution in 1964 Burridge and Knopoff, which established the relationship between double couples and the theory elastic rebound, and provided the basis for relating an earthquake's physical features to moment. moment moment symbol – is a measure of the work accomplished by the faulting of an earthquake. Its is that of the forces that form the equivalent double couple. (More it is the scalar magnitude the moment tensor describes force of the double-couple.) moment is measured in units of Newton meters (N·m) or Joules, or (in the older CGS system) (dyn-cm). The of an seismic from seismic waves was Aki for the 1964 Niigata earthquake. two ways. First, he used data from distant of the to analyze long-period (200 second) seismic (wavelength of about 1,000 kilometers) to determine the of the earthquake's equivalent double couple. Second, he drew upon the work of Burridge and dislocation to determine the of slip, the released, the drop how much the potential energy was released). In particular, he derived a now equation that relates an earthquake's seismic moment to its physical being rigidity (or resistance) moving a fault with surface of over an average of. formulations equivalent, as "geometric moment" or "potency"..) this equation the moment determined the double couple of related to the moment calculated from knowledge of surface area of fault slippage and the of slip. In the case of the Niigata earthquake the dislocation estimated the seismic approximated the observed dislocation. Seismic moment is a of the work (more the torque) that results in inelastic (permanent) displacement or of earth's crust. is related to total energy released an earthquake. However, or
 to a double couple,

In a pair of pApers in 1958, J. A. STeketEe wOrkEd Out hOw to Relate dislocatIOn thEory to geophysical featuRes. NuMeROus oTHeR reseArchers WOrKED ouT oThEr dEtAIlS, culmInaTing in a General solUtiOn In 1964 by Burridge ANd knopoff, whiCh eStablished thE reLationShIp bETween DouBle coUples aND the thEory of elaStIC rebouND, and proVIDeD the Basis for relating aN EaRThquake's physicAl featUrES tO SEisMic Moment.

SeisMiC momeNT 
SeismiC MoMENT – syMBol  – is a measure Of the work acCOmpLished By The FAultinG of an EaRThqUake. Its magnItudE is that of The forCEs that fORm the eaRthquaKe's EquIvalENt DoUblE cOUplE. (moRe pREciSely, it is ThE sCalar MagnITUDE of tHe sEconD-ordeR moment tensor ThaT desCRibEs the Force CompOnEnts oF the doUble-cOuPle.) Seismic momenT is mEasured in UniTs Of NEwTon meTErs (N·m) oR JoUleS, or (in thE older Cgs syStEM) DYnE-centimeters (dyn-cm).

THe FIRsT calculaTion of AN eArTHquake's sEiSmiC momENT from Its sEIsMic waves Was by KEIiTi aki for tHe 1964 niigatA eArtHquAke. He DId thIs two wAys.  First, He useD Data from distanT Stations of the wwSsn To ANalyZe lOng-period (200 seCond) SEismIc waVEs (WavELengtH of abOuT 1,000 KiLOmeters) to determine tHe MagnitUde of The earthquake'S equivalenT DOUble coupLe. SeCOnD, He drew upon the wOrk of burridge anD knopoff oN dislOcation tO determinE THe amount Of sLip, The EneRGY rEleased, and the STRess DrOp (essenTiaLly how mUch Of tHe pOteNtIal energy Was releaSeD). IN pArTicUlar, hE Derived a NoW faMoUs eQuatiON that rElateS an eArThQUakE's seismIC mOMEnt tO iTs PhysIcaL pArameTers:

WIth  Being thE rigidity (Or rESistAnCe) Of movinG a fault with a sUrFace areas oF  oVer An averAGE dislocaTion (distance) of. (Modern forMUlationS rePlace  With The equivaLenT, known As tHE "geomeTric moMent" oR "pOteNCY"..) By thIS EqUatIoN the moment DETerMined FrOm thE double Couple of the seismic WAveS can be related To tHe moMENt CalCUlATed FrOM knOWLedge of the surfaCe area of faUlT SlIppage and tHE amOuNt of sliP. In the cAse of THe NiigaTa earthquAke the disLoCatiON EstImated from The seismIc moment rEAsonaBLy ApproXimAted thE oBseRved dIslocaTIon.

seismIc momeNt Is a meaSure oF tHe work (moRe precisely, the torque) thaT resulTs in iNelAstic (permAneNT) diSplacemenT or dIstortion oF thE eaRth's cRusT. it is rElatED tO thE Total EnerGY released BY aN eaRTHqUake. However, THE PowEr or
 to a double couple,

In a  pair of p apers  in  19 58 , J.  A.Steketee worke d  out  how to relate disloca tionth e oryt ogeoph ysicalf ea t u res .Nu mer ou s  o therres earcher s worked o utot her details, cu lminatingina general so lut ion in  1 964 by Bu rri dge a nd Kno p off, w hich esta bl i shed t h e relat i o ns hipbetween double co u pl e s and the theo ry ofel a st i c  re bou nd, and pr ov idedt he basi s  f o r rel a ting an earth quake's phy s ica l feat ur est o seis mic m om e nt. 

Seismic m omen t 
Seismi c mome n t – sym b ol  – i s a me asu reof t h ewo rkac c omp l is hed bythe faul ti ng  of a n ea r t h q uake . I ts m agnit ude is that o f t he f o rce s tha t for m th eearth quake' s equ iv alent double co uple . (More p rec is ely ,it is the sc ala r m agnitud e of th e  se co n d - or der moment tensorth a t  d escribes  the f o rc ec omponent softhed o uble- coup l e. ) Seismi c mome n tis  measur ed  in un it s o f N ewton mete rs (N· m) or Jo ules, or (in the old e r CGS system) dy n e -c e ntim ete rs (dyn-cm) .

T h e fi rstc al cul a tionof an  e a rt h quake's seismic mom en t from  itsseismic waves  was by Ke i i t i Aki fo r th e  1 9 64 Niigata ear thqua ke. He did this two  ways .  First , he used d ata from  di sta ntsta t i on s of the WWSS N to a na lyze lo ng- period(20 0 s eco nd)  s eismic wa ves (wav el en gt hofabout 1,000 ki lo met er s)to de t ermine  themagn it ud e  of  the ea r th q u ake' seq uiva len tdoubl e co u ple . Secon d, he dre w u p on t he  w ork ofBurridge andKn opoff on d is loc ationt o  determi ne the amount of slip,t he ener gyrelea sed,  and thestr ess dr op( essent iallyhow m uc h o f the p o t en tia lenergy was r ele ased) .In p articul ar, he derived a n o w f amous equatio n t hatr e la tes an ear th q uak e ' s seismic momen t to its p hy s ic al paramet e rs: 
with  b eing th e rig i dity (o r resista nce) of m ov inga fau lt with asurfaceareas ofovera navera gedisloc at ion  (dis tance) of.  (Mod ern fo rm ulatio ns re pl ace  wit h the equivalent, known  as th e "ge ome tric mome nt" or"potency" ..)By this eq uat ion  themom e nt de term i ne d f r om th e do u ble coupl e  o f t h e  s eismic wave s c anbe re lat e d to t he m oment calculatedf rom knowledgeof t h e  su rfa c e ar ea  of fault slip pag ea n d the am ou nt of slip.  In theca s e ofthe Ni igataearthqu a k et he dis loca tio n estimat edfr o m the s ei sm i c mome nt r ea sonabl y appr o xima t e d the observed d isloc a t ion.Sei smicmo ment is a me asure of t he work (mo re pre cise ly, t he torq ue ) that  re su lts in ine l astic (pe rmane nt) dis pl acem ent  or di stor t i on of  the  e art h's crust . It is  r e lat ed t o the  t otal  energy r e leased b y a n  earthq ua ke. H owever ,  t h e  power or
 to_a double_couple,

In a pair of_papers in_1958,_J. A._Steketee_worked out how_to relate dislocation_theory to geophysical features._Numerous other researchers_worked_out other details, culminating in a general solution in 1964 by Burridge and Knopoff,_which_established the_relationship_between_double couples and the theory_of elastic rebound, and provided_the basis_for relating an earthquake's physical features to seismic_moment.

Seismic_moment 
Seismic moment_– symbol  – is a measure of the_work accomplished by the faulting of_an earthquake. Its_magnitude_is_that of the forces_that form the earthquake's equivalent double_couple. (More precisely, it is the_scalar magnitude of the second-order moment tensor_that describes the force components of_the double-couple.) Seismic moment is_measured in_units of Newton meters (N·m)_or Joules, or_(in the_older CGS system)_dyne-centimeters (dyn-cm).

The first calculation of an_earthquake's seismic moment_from its seismic waves was by_Keiiti_Aki for the_1964_Niigata_earthquake. He_did this two_ways._ First,_he_used data from distant stations of_the_WWSSN to analyze long-period (200 second) seismic_waves (wavelength of about_1,000_kilometers) to determine the_magnitude of the earthquake's equivalent_double couple. Second, he drew upon_the work_of Burridge_and Knopoff on dislocation to determine the amount of slip, the_energy released, and the stress drop_(essentially how much of_the potential_energy_was released). In_particular,_he derived_a now famous equation that relates an_earthquake's seismic_moment to its physical parameters:

with _being the rigidity (or_resistance)_of moving a fault with a_surface areas of  over an_average dislocation (distance) of. (Modern_formulations_replace_ with the equivalent, known_as the "geometric moment" or "potency"..)_By this equation_the moment determined from the double couple_of_the seismic waves can be related_to_the moment calculated from knowledge of_the_surface_area of fault slippage and_the amount of slip. In the_case of the Niigata earthquake the dislocation estimated from_the seismic moment_reasonably approximated the observed dislocation.

Seismic_moment_is_a measure of the work (more precisely, the torque) that_results in_inelastic (permanent) displacement_or distortion of the earth's crust. It is related to_the total energy released by an earthquake._However, the power or