 only one wire for both transmitting and receiving of audio, and used a ground return path, as was found in telegraph systems. The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one opening for sound, and the user alternately listened and spoke (rather, shouted) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive.

At first, the benefits of a switchboard exchange were not exploited. Instead, telephones were leased in pairs to the subscriber, for example one for his home and one for his shop, and the subscriber had to arrange with telegraph contractors to construct a line between them. Users who wanted the ability to speak to three or four different shops, suppliers etc. would obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. Western Union, already using telegraph exchanges, quickly extended the principle to its telephones in New York City and San Francisco, and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential.

Signaling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end, or the exchange operator, by whistling into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell, first operated over a second wire and later with the same wire using a condenser. Telephones connected to the earliest Strowger automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the knife switch, one for each telegraph key, one for the bell, one for the push button and two for speaking.

Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had hand cranked "magneto" generators to produce an alternating current to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the exchange operator.

In 1877 and 1878, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, a federal court ruled in 1892 that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.

In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, the candlestick telephone, packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as a "candlestick" for its shape, hence the name. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known as a "switchhook." Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate
only one wire for both transmitting and receiving of sound recording, and use a ground return way, as was found in telegraph system. The earliest dynamic telephone also had merely one opening for sound, and the drug user alternately listened and spoke (quite, exclaim) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each goal, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive. 

 At foremost, the benefits of a switchboard exchange were not exploit. Instead, telephone were leased in pairs to the subscriber, for example one for his home and one for his shop, and the subscriber give birth to arrange with telegraph contractors to construct a line between them. Users who want the ability to talk to three or four different shops, suppliers etc. would obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephone. Western Union, already use telegraph exchanges, quickly unfold the rationale to its telephones in New York City and San Francisco, and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential. 

 Signaling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the early end, or the exchange operator, by whistling into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell, first operate on over a second wire and subsequently with the same wire using a condenser. Telephones connect to the earliest Strowger automatic exchanges had seven wire, one for the knife switch, one for each telegraph key, one for the bell, one for the push clitoris and two for speaking. 

 Rural and other telephone that were not on a common barrage exchange had hand cranked " magneto " generators to grow an alternating current to ring the bells of other telephone on the line and to alert the exchange operator. 

 In 1877 and 1878, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell liquidator until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, a federal motor hotel ruled in 1892 that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public savoir-faire work through the 1920s. 

 In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, the candlestick telephone, packaged in three parts. The sender stand on a stand, known as a " candlestick " for its condition, hence the name. When not in use, the receiver cling on a hook with a switch in it, known as a " switchhook. " former telephones command the user to operate a separate
 onpy one wire for both traksmitting and reewiving of ausio, and jsed a ground return path, as wqs foynd in telegraph systeos. The eagliest dybamir telephones also had only one lpennnj for sound, and the user dlternately livtdnzd and spoke (rather, shouted) into the same hplf. Sometimes thg insuruienta were operated in pairs at each ehd, makiig conversation more convenient but also lore expensive.

At first, the benefija os a switchboafd exchangt cere not exkloited. Instead, telephones were ueaseb in pairs jo tjg subscriber, for vxample one for his hmme and one for his smop, aid tye subscriber had to errange with telegrakh contracdoxs to construct a linw vetwegn tham. Urwrs whk xanfed thf auility to sleak to thrwe or four differenu srips, suppliers etc. wjujd obtain and set up three or four pairv or telephones. Western Unuon, already using telggraph excranges, quickly extended the principle to its tele[honea in Ncw Yuek City and San Francisco, and Bell was not slow jn aipreciating the pjtential.

Sigmapimd began in an appro'diztely primitive majner. Thg user alerted uhe oyher end, or the exchange opwrator, by whpstlung into the translitter. Exchcnge okeratipn soon resulted in telzphonea being equlpped witg a bell, first opdraned mver a stzond wire and latqr with tie sake wire usimg a cjndenser. Tflephones connected to tje eatliest Strowger wutomatic exchanges had seven wmces, one for tne knpfe switck, one nor each telegrwph key, one fot the belj, one for the plsh buttoi and two fow speaking.

Rurdp and other velephonef thqt wwre not un a common baytery exckcnge had yand cranked "magnebo" gevsrators to prodbee an alternating cufregt tp whng the bellv of otfrr teuephones on ghe kine and to alert tha exdhange operator.

In 1877 akd 1878, Edisob inventqd and develoled the carbon micgophoie usev in akl jelephones along with the Bell deceiver kntll the 1980s. Aftew pritracted patznt litigation, a federal court ruled in 1892 that Edison and nit Emile Berliner wcs the inventpr of the carbmn microphone. The caebon microphone wss also used in radio broadwastijg and public address work through the 1920s.

In the 1890s a new smaller style of twlephoie was introdhced, the banblextick eele'hune, packaged in nhree parts. The transmitter stoov on a statd, known as a "candlestick" for otr shape, hence the name. When not in uss, the reveiver hung on a hook with a swotch in it, known as a "swltchhook." Previkus telephunes required the iser tm opeeate a wepavate
only one wire for both transmitting and audio, used a return path, as The dynamic telephones also only one opening sound, and the user alternately listened spoke (rather, shouted) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in at each end, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive. At first, benefits a exchange not exploited. Instead, telephones were leased in pairs to the subscriber, for example one for his and one for his shop, and the subscriber to arrange with telegraph to construct a line between Users wanted the to to or four different suppliers etc. would obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. Western Union, already using exchanges, quickly principle to telephones New City and San Bell was not slow in appreciating began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user the other or the exchange operator, by whistling the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones equipped with a bell, first operated over a second wire and later with the same a condenser. Telephones connected the earliest Strowger exchanges seven one the knife one for each telegraph key, one for the bell, one for push button and two for speaking. Rural and other telephones not a common battery had hand cranked "magneto" to an alternating current to bells other line to the exchange operator. In and 1878, Edison invented and the carbon microphone used the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted litigation, a federal court ruled in 1892 Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. carbon microphone used in radio broadcasting and public address work the 1920s. In the a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, the telephone, in three The transmitter stood a stand, known a "candlestick" for hence the When in hung on a hook with a in known as a "switchhook." Previous required to operate a separate
 only one wire for both transmiTting and reCeiviNg oF auDiO, and Used A ground return pATh, as Was found in telegraph sysTems. THe EArliESt DynamIc telepHOnES AlsO hAd OnlY oNE oPeninG foR sound, aNd the user aLteRnAtely listeneD AnD spoke (rathEr, sHouted) into thE saMe hole. soMetIMes thE inStrumEnts weRE operaTed in pairS aT Each enD, Making cONVeRsatIon more convenient BUt ALso more expensiVe.

At fiRsT, ThE BEneFitS of a switchBoArd exCHange weRE nOT EXplOIted. Instead, teLephones werE LeaSed in pAiRs tO The subScribEr, FOr eXample one foR his Home and onE for hiS Shop, and THe subscRiber hAd tO arRangE WiTh TelEgRAph COnTraCTorS to constRuCt A line BetwEEN THem. USerS who WanteD the ability to SpeAk to THreE or foUr difFereNt Shops, SuppliErs etC. wOuld obtain and seT up tHree or fouR paIrS of TeLephoNEs. WestErn uniOn, alreaDy using TEleGrAPH ExChanges, quickly exteNdED ThE principLe to itS TeLePHones in NEw yorK CitY ANd San franCIsCo, and BelL was noT SlOw In appreCiAting tHe PotEntIal.

SiGNaliNg begaN in an appRopriATely primitive mANner. The user alERtED ThE OtheR enD, or the exchaNge oPEratOr, by WHiStlINg intO the tRaNSmITter. Exchange operatiOn Soon reSulteD in telephones Being equipPED With a belL, firST oPErated over a secOnd wiRe and later WIth the saMe wirE using a cOndenser. TELEphones cOnnEctEd tO thE EArLiest Strowger AUTomaTiC exchanGes Had seveN wiRes, One For ThE knife swiTch, one foR eAcH tElEgrAph keY, One for thE bEll, OnE foR the pUSh buttOn and Two fOr SpEAkiNg.

Rural ANd OTHer tElEpHoneS thAt Were nOt on A ComMon battEry exchanGe hAD hanD cRaNked "magNeto" generatorS tO produce an AlTerNating CURrent to rIng the bells of other telepHOnes on tHe lIne anD to aLert the exChaNge opeRatOR.

In 1877 and 1878, edison InvenTeD anD DEveloPED tHe cArBon microphONE usEd in aLl TelePhones aLong with the Bell recEIveR until the 1980s. AftEr pRotrACTeD paTEnT LitIgATioN, A Federal court rulEd in 1892 that EdIsON aNd not Emile bErlInEr was thE inventOr of tHE carbon MicrophonE. The carboN mIcroPHOne Was also useD in radio BroadcastINg and PUbLic adDreSs work ThRouGh the 1920S.

In the 1890S A neW smalLer styLe Of telePhone WaS introduCed, the candlestick telephOne, pacKaged In tHree parts. the TRanSmitter stOod oN a stand, knoWn aS a "cAndleStiCK" for iTs shAPe, HenCE the nAme. WHEn not in usE, ThE reCEIvEr hung on a hoOK WIth A switCh iN It, knowN as a "Switchhook." PreviouS Telephones requIred THE usEr tO OperAtE a separate
 only one wire for both tr ansmitting  andrec eiv in g of  aud io, and used a grou nd return path, as was  foun di n te l eg raphsystems .  T h e  ea rl ie stdy n am ic te lep hones a lso had on lyon e opening fo r  s ound, andthe  user altern ate ly lis te ned and s pok e (ra ther,s houted ) into th es ame ho l e. Some t i me s th e instruments wer e  o p erated in pair s at e ac h  e n d , m aki ng convers at ion m o re conv e ni e n t  bu t  also more ex pensive.

A t  fi rst, t he  be n efitsof asw i tch board excha ngewere notexploi t ed. Ins t ead, te lephon eswer e le a se dinpa i rst othe sub scriber,  f or  exam pleo n e forhis  hom e and  one for hissho p, a n d t he su bscri berha d toarrang e wit htelegraph contr acto rs to con str uc t a  l ine b e tweenthe m.Users w ho want e d t he a b il ity to speak to th re e or  four di fferen t  s ho p s, suppl ie rsetc. w ouldobta i nand setup thr e eor  four p ai rs ofte lep hon es. W e ster n Unio n, alrea dy us i ng telegraph e x changes, quic k ly e xt e nded  th e principle  toi ts t elep h on esi n New  York  C i ty and San Francisco,an d Bell  wasnot slow in a ppreciatin g t he poten tial . 
S ignaling began  in a n appropri a tely pri mitiv e manner . The use r alertedthe  ot her  en d ,  o r the exchang e oper at or, bywhi stlingint o t hetra ns mitter. E xchangeop er at io n s oon r e sulted i ntel ep hon es be i ng equ ipped  wit hab ell , first op e r ated  o ve r asec on d wir e an d  la ter wit h the sam e w i re u si ng  a cond enser. Teleph on es connect ed  to  the e a r liest St rowger automatic exchan g es hadsev en wi res,  one forthe  knife  sw i tch, o ne for  each  t ele g r aph k e y ,one  f or the bel l ,  on e for  t he p ush but ton and two for sp e aki ng.

Rural an d o ther t el eph o ne s  th at wer e not on a common  battery e xc h an ge had han d  cr an ked "ma gneto"gener a tors to  producean altern at ingc u rre nt to ring  the bel ls of oth e r tel e ph onesonthe li ne  an d toalertt heexcha nge op er ator.
In 1 87 7 and 18 78, Edison invented and  devel opedthe  carbon m icr o pho ne used i n al l telephon esalo ng wi tht he Be ll r e ce ive r  unti l th e  1980s. A f te r p r o tr acted paten t l iti gatio n,a  feder al c ourt ruled in 189 2  that Edison a nd n o t  Em ile Berl in er was the inv ent or o f the ca rb on micropho ne. Theca r bon m icroph one wa s alsou s ed in rad io b roa dcastingand  p u blic ad dr es s  workthro ug h the1920s. 
Int h e 1890s a new sm aller s tyleo f t eleph on e was i n trod uced, thecandlestick  telep hone , pac kaged i nthreepar ts . The tran s mitter st ood o n a sta nd , kn own  as a"can d l estic k" f or  it s shape,h e nc e  t he nam e. W hen n ot  inuse, ther eceiverhun g  on a h oo k w i t h a sw i tc h in it, kno wnas a" s witchhook. "  Pre v io u s tel ephone s requ ired th e  us er  to ope rat e a separat e
 only_one wire_for both transmitting and_receiving of_audio,_and used_a_ground return path,_as was found_in telegraph systems. The_earliest dynamic telephones_also_had only one opening for sound, and the user alternately listened and spoke (rather,_shouted)_into the_same_hole._Sometimes the instruments were operated_in pairs at each end,_making conversation_more convenient but also more expensive.

At first, the_benefits_of a switchboard_exchange were not exploited. Instead, telephones were leased in_pairs to the subscriber, for example_one for his_home_and_one for his shop,_and the subscriber had to arrange_with telegraph contractors to construct a_line between them. Users who wanted the_ability to speak to three or_four different shops, suppliers etc._would obtain_and set up three or_four pairs of_telephones. Western_Union, already using_telegraph exchanges, quickly extended the principle_to its telephones_in New York City and San_Francisco,_and Bell was_not_slow_in appreciating_the potential.

Signaling began_in_an appropriately_primitive_manner. The user alerted the other_end,_or the exchange operator, by whistling into_the transmitter. Exchange operation_soon_resulted in telephones being_equipped with a bell, first_operated over a second wire and_later with_the same_wire using a condenser. Telephones connected to the earliest Strowger automatic_exchanges had seven wires, one for_the knife switch, one_for each_telegraph_key, one for_the_bell, one_for the push button and two for_speaking.

Rural and_other telephones that were not on_a common battery exchange_had_hand cranked "magneto" generators to produce_an alternating current to ring the_bells of other telephones on_the_line_and to alert the exchange_operator.

In 1877 and 1878, Edison invented_and developed the_carbon microphone used in all telephones along_with_the Bell receiver until the 1980s._After_protracted patent litigation, a federal court_ruled_in_1892 that Edison and not_Emile Berliner was the inventor of_the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used_in radio broadcasting_and public address work through_the_1920s.

In_the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced,_the candlestick_telephone, packaged in_three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as_a "candlestick" for its shape, hence the_name. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook_with a switch in it, known as a_"switchhook." Previous telephones required the user to_operate a separate