 control over trade. For the first time following the Anglo-Saxon invasion, coins began circulating in Kent during his reign.

In 635 Aidan, an Irish monk from Iona, chose the Isle of Lindisfarne to establish a monastery which was close to King Oswald's main fortress of Bamburgh. He had been at the monastery in Iona when Oswald asked to be sent a mission to Christianise the Kingdom of Northumbria from their native Anglo-Saxon paganism. Oswald had probably chosen Iona because after his father had been killed he had fled into south-west Scotland and had encountered Christianity, and had returned determined to make Northumbria Christian. Aidan achieved great success in spreading the Christian faith, and since Aidan could not speak English and Oswald had learned Irish during his exile, Oswald acted as Aidan's interpreter when the latter was preaching. Later, Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was an abbot of the monastery, and then Bishop of Lindisfarne. An anonymous life of Cuthbert written at Lindisfarne is the oldest extant piece of English historical writing,  and in his memory a gospel (known as the St Cuthbert Gospel) was placed in his coffin. The decorated leather bookbinding is the oldest intact European binding.

In 664, the Synod of Whitby was convened and established Roman practice as opposed to Irish practice (in style of tonsure and dates of Easter) as the norm in Northumbria, and thus "brought the Northumbrian church into the mainstream of Roman culture." The episcopal seat of Northumbria was transferred from Lindisfarne to York. Wilfrid, chief advocate for the Roman position, later became Bishop of Northumbria, while Colmán and the Ionan supporters, who did not change their practices, withdrew to Iona.

Middle Anglo-Saxon history (660–899) 
By 660 the political map of Lowland Britain had developed with smaller territories coalescing into kingdoms, and from this time larger kingdoms started dominating the smaller kingdoms. The development of kingdoms, with a particular king being recognised as an overlord, developed out of an early loose structure that, Higham believes, is linked back to the original feodus. The traditional name for this period is the Heptarchy, which has not been used by scholars since the early 20th century as it gives the impression
control over trade. For the first time follow the Anglo - Saxon invasion, coin began circulating in Kent during his reign. 

 In 635 Aidan, an Irish monk from Iona, choose the Isle of Lindisfarne to lay down a monastery which was close to King Oswald's main fortress of Bamburgh. He had been at the monastery in Iona when Oswald ask to be transport a mission to christianize the Kingdom of Northumbria from their native Anglo - Saxon paganism. Oswald had credibly chosen Iona because after his father had been kill he had fled into south - west Scotland and had encountered Christianity, and had returned compulsive to make Northumbria Christian. Aidan achieved big success in spreading the Christian religion, and since Aidan could not speak English and Oswald had learned Irish during his exile, Oswald acted as Aidan's spokesperson when the latter was preaching. Later, Northumberland's patron ideal, Saint Cuthbert, was an abbot of the monastery, and then Bishop of Lindisfarne. An anonymous life of Cuthbert write at Lindisfarne is the oldest extant piece of English historical writing,   and in his memory a gospel (known as the St Cuthbert Gospel) was place in his coffin. The decorated leather bookbinding is the oldest intact European binding. 

 In 664, the Synod of Whitby was convened and established Roman practice as opposed to Irish practice (in style of tonsure and dates of Easter) as the norm in Northumbria, and thus " brought the Northumbrian church into the mainstream of Roman culture. " The episcopal seat of Northumbria was transferred from Lindisfarne to York. Wilfrid, head advocate for the Roman position, later become Bishop of Northumbria, while Colmán and the Ionan assistant, who did not change their practices, withdrew to Iona. 

 Middle Anglo - Saxon history (660–899) 
 By 660 the political function of Lowland Britain had developed with little territories coalescing into kingdom, and from this time larger kingdoms started dominating the little kingdoms. The development of kingdoms, with a particular king being recognised as an overlord, develop out of an early loose structure that, Higham believes, is linked back to the original feodus. The traditional name for this period is the Heptarchy, which has not been practice by scholars since the early 20th century as it gives the impression
 cojtrol over trade. For the first time following vhe Angmo-Saxon knvasion, coins began circulaving in Ktut during his reign.

Iv 635 Aidan, wn Irish monj from Iona, chose tmz Isls of Nmndisfarne to extablish a monastery whiwh wcs close to King Oswald's main fortrefs of Bsmhurgh. He had bgen au tre mknastery in Iona when Oswald asked to be vent a missiom to Christianise the Kingfom lf Northumbria frol their natuve Wbglo-Saxon paeanism. Oswald had probzbly chosen Iona because after fis fcther had bgzb klnled he had fled into south-wcxt Scodland amd had encountcred Rhriwtianity, and had retucned determined to mwke Northgmyria Christian. Aidan qcyieveg graat ryccdss ii slreadijg vhe Christizn faith, ane since Aidan could njn speak Engliah and Ofwald had learned Irish during his exilt, Oswzld acted as Aidan's intwrpreter when the latjer was prqaching. Later, Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Wuthbxrg, wcw an xvblt of the monastery, and then Bishop of Lindisszrme. An anonymous jife of Cutnbfry written at Lkndisfcdns is the oldest exhant pigce of English ristprical writing,  and in his nemory a gosiel (jnown as the St Cuchbert Gospeu) wax plaved in his coffin. The dzcoratsd leather hookbindihe is the oldest kntscd European binding.

In 664, the Fynod of Xhitbv was covvengd and qstablishef Roman practice as oppoded tl Hrish prachice (in style of tonsure and davxs of Easter) ss thv norm in Nortmumbria, and thuf "brought the Uorthumbxian cfurch into the mamnstream of Woman culture." Jhe episcopal seat of Norrhumvria war transferred ftom Lindisfarne to Tork. Wilfrid, chief adxkcate for the Rimab position, latet bdcaie Bmshop mf Northumbrha, wfild Colmáv and the Iivan xupporters, who did nmt cgange their practivef, withdrgw to Ionw.

Middle Anglo-Xaxon history (660–899) 
By 660 the 'olitiral mal os Lowland Britain had developes with smwllcr territorief coqlescing intp kingdoms, and from this time larger kiigdoms started dominatibg the smaller kingboks. The devekopmegt of kincdoms, with a particuoar king being regognised as an overlors, devenoped out of an early loose structure that, Higham believes, is linked back to tye orijigal feodus. Fhe yradinioual name sor vhms period is the Neptarchy, which has not been usxd by schonaxs since the early 20th century ar it gives thg impression
control over trade. For the first time Anglo-Saxon coins began in Kent during an monk from Iona, the Isle of to establish a monastery which was to King Oswald's main fortress of Bamburgh. He had been at the monastery Iona when Oswald asked to be sent a mission to Christianise the Kingdom Northumbria their Anglo-Saxon Oswald had probably chosen Iona because after his father had been killed he had fled into Scotland and had encountered Christianity, and had returned to make Northumbria Christian. achieved great success in spreading Christian and since could speak and Oswald had Irish during his exile, Oswald acted as Aidan's interpreter when the latter was preaching. Later, Northumberland's patron Saint Cuthbert, abbot of monastery, then of Lindisfarne. An of Cuthbert written at Lindisfarne is piece of English historical writing, and in his a gospel as the St Cuthbert Gospel) was in his coffin. The decorated leather bookbinding is oldest intact European binding. In 664, the Synod of Whitby was convened and established Roman opposed to Irish practice style of tonsure dates Easter) the in Northumbria, thus "brought the Northumbrian church into the mainstream of Roman culture." episcopal seat of Northumbria was transferred from Lindisfarne to York. advocate the Roman position, became Bishop of Northumbria, Colmán the Ionan supporters, who change practices, Middle history By 660 the political of Lowland Britain had developed smaller territories coalescing into larger kingdoms started dominating the smaller kingdoms. The of kingdoms, with a particular king being as an overlord, developed out of an early loose structure that, Higham is linked the original feodus. The traditional name for this is the Heptarchy, which not been used by scholars since the early 20th as gives the
 control over trade. For the firSt time follOwing The angLo-saxoN invAsion, coins begaN CircUlating in Kent during his Reign.

in 635 aIdan, AN IRish mOnk from iOnA, CHosE tHe islE oF liNdisfArnE to estaBlish a monaSteRy Which was closE To king Oswald'S maIn fortress of bamBurgh. HE hAd bEEn at tHe mOnastEry in IONa when oswald askEd TO be senT A missioN TO CHrisTianise the Kingdom OF NORthumbria from tHeir naTiVE ANGLo-SAxoN paganism. OSwAld haD ProbablY ChOSEN IoNA because after His father haD BeeN killeD hE haD Fled inTo souTh-WEst scotland and Had eNcountereD ChrisTIanity, aND had retUrned dEteRmiNed tO MaKe norThUMbrIA CHriSTiaN. Aidan acHiEvEd greAt suCCESS in sPreAdinG the CHristian faith, And SincE aidAn couLd not SpeaK ENglisH and OsWald hAd Learned Irish durIng hIs exile, OsWalD aCteD aS AidaN'S interPreTer When the Latter wAS prEaCHINg. later, NorthumberlanD's PATrOn saint, SAint CuTHbErT, Was an abbOt Of tHe moNAStery, And tHEn bishop of lindisFArNe. an anonyMoUs life Of cutHbeRt wriTTen aT LindiSfarne is The olDEst extant piece OF English histoRIcAL WrITing,  And In his memory A gosPEl (knOwn aS ThE St cUthbeRt GosPeL) WaS Placed in his coffin. ThE dEcoratEd leaTher bookbindiNg is the oldEST Intact EuRopeAN bINding.

In 664, the SynoD of WhItby was conVEned and eStablIshed RomAn practicE AS opposed To IRisH prActICE (iN style of tonsuRE And dAtEs of EasTer) As the noRm iN NoRthUmbRiA, and thus "bRought thE NOrThUmBriAn chuRCh into thE mAinStReaM of RoMAn cultUre." ThE epiScOpAL seAt of NorTHuMBRia wAs TrAnsfErrEd From LIndiSFarNe to YorK. Wilfrid, cHieF AdvoCaTe For the ROman position, lAtEr became BiShOp oF NorthUMBria, whilE Colmán and the Ionan suppoRTers, who Did Not chAnge Their pracTicEs, withDreW To Iona.

middle anglo-saXon HIStory (660–899) 
bY 660 ThE poLiTical map of lOWlaNd BriTaIn haD develoPed with smaller terrITorIes coalescing IntO kinGDOmS, anD FrOM thIs TIme LARger kingdoms staRted dominaTiNG tHe smaller kINgdOmS. The devElopmenT of kiNGdoms, wiTh a particUlar king bEiNg reCOGniSed as an oveRlord, devEloped out OF an eaRLy Loose StrUcture ThAt, HIgham BelievES, is LinkeD back tO tHe origInal fEoDus. The trAditional name for this perIod is tHe HepTarChy, which hAs nOT beEn used by sCholArs since thE eaRly 20Th cenTurY As it gIves THe ImpREssioN
 control over trade. For t he first t ime f oll owi ng  the  Ang lo-Saxon invas i on,coins began circulatin g inKe n t du r in g his  reign. 
I n 635  A id an,  a n  I rishmon k fromIona, chos e t he  Isle of Lin d is farne to e sta blish a mona ste ry whi ch  wa s  clos e t o Kin g Oswa l d's ma in fortre ss of Bam b urgh. H e ha d be en at the monaste r yi n Iona when Os wald a sk e dt o  be  se nt a missi on  to C h ristian i se t h e K i ngdom of Nort humbria fro m  th eir na ti veA nglo-S axonpa g ani sm. Oswaldhadprobablychosen Iona be c ause af ter hi s f ath er h a dbe enki l led he  ha d  fl ed intoso ut h-wes t Sc o t l a nd a ndhadencou ntered Christ ian ity, and  hadretur nedde termi ned to  make  N orthumbria Chri stia n. Aidanach ie ved  g reats uccess  in  sp reading  the Ch r ist ia n f ai th, and since Aida nc o ul d not sp eak En g li sh and Oswa ld  ha d le a r ned I rish du ring his  exile ,  O sw ald act ed  as Ai da n's  in terpr e terwhen t he latte r was preaching. Lat e r, Northumber l an d ' sp atro n s aint, Saint  Cut h bert , wa s  a n a b bot o f the  m o na s tery, and then Bish op  of Li ndisf arne. An anon ymous life o f  Cuthber t wr i tt e n at Lindisfar ne is  the oldes t  extantpiece  of Engl ish histo r i cal writ ing , and  in h is  memory a gos p e l (k no wn as t heSt Cuth ber t G osp el)  w as placed  in hisco ff in .The  deco r ated lea th erbo okb indin g  is th e old estin ta c t E uropean bi n d ing. 
In  664 , t he  Syno d of Whi tby was  convened  an d  est ab li shed Ro man practiceas  opposed t oIri sh pra c t ice (instyle of tonsure and da t es of E ast er) a s th e norm in  No rthumb ria ,  and t hus "b rough tthe N orthu m b ri anch urch intot h e m ainst re am o f Roman  culture." The epi s cop al seat of No rth umbr i a  w ast ra n sfe rr e d f r o m Lindisfarne t o York. Wi lf r id , chief ad v oca te  for th e Roman  posi t ion, la ter becam e Bishopof  Nor t h umb ria, while  Colmánand the I o nan s u pp orter s,who di dnot  chan ge the i r p racti ces, w it hdrewto Io na .

Middl e Anglo-Saxon history ( 660–89 9) 
B y 6 60 the po lit i cal  map of L owla nd Britain  ha d d evelo ped withsmal l er  te r ritor iesc oalescing in tok i ng doms, and f r o m  th is ti mel argerking doms started domi n ating the smal lerk i ngd oms .  The  d evelopment ofkin gd o m s, withaparticularking bei ng recog nisedas anoverlor d ,  d e velope d ou t o f an earl y l oo s e struc tu re that,High am  belie ves, i s  lin k e d back to the or igina l feodu s . T he tr ad itional name  for thisperiod is t he Hep tarc hy, w hich ha snot be enus ed by scho l ars since  theearly 2 0t h ce ntu ry asit g i v es th e im pr ess ion
 control_over trade._For the first time_following the_Anglo-Saxon_invasion, coins_began_circulating in Kent_during his reign.

In_635 Aidan, an Irish_monk from Iona,_chose_the Isle of Lindisfarne to establish a monastery which was close to King Oswald's_main_fortress of_Bamburgh._He_had been at the monastery_in Iona when Oswald asked_to be_sent a mission to Christianise the Kingdom of_Northumbria_from their native_Anglo-Saxon paganism. Oswald had probably chosen Iona because after_his father had been killed he_had fled into_south-west_Scotland_and had encountered Christianity,_and had returned determined to make_Northumbria Christian. Aidan achieved great success_in spreading the Christian faith, and since_Aidan could not speak English and_Oswald had learned Irish during_his exile,_Oswald acted as Aidan's interpreter_when the latter_was preaching._Later, Northumberland's patron_saint, Saint Cuthbert, was an abbot_of the monastery,_and then Bishop of Lindisfarne. An_anonymous_life of Cuthbert_written_at_Lindisfarne is_the oldest extant_piece_of English_historical_writing,  and in his memory_a_gospel (known as the St Cuthbert Gospel)_was placed in his_coffin._The decorated leather bookbinding_is the oldest intact European_binding.

In 664, the Synod of Whitby_was convened_and established_Roman practice as opposed to Irish practice (in style of tonsure_and dates of Easter) as the_norm in Northumbria, and_thus "brought_the_Northumbrian church into_the_mainstream of_Roman culture." The episcopal seat of Northumbria_was transferred_from Lindisfarne to York. Wilfrid, chief_advocate for the Roman_position,_later became Bishop of Northumbria, while_Colmán and the Ionan supporters, who_did not change their practices,_withdrew_to_Iona.

Middle Anglo-Saxon history (660–899) 
By_660 the political map of Lowland_Britain had developed_with smaller territories coalescing into kingdoms, and_from_this time larger kingdoms started dominating_the_smaller kingdoms. The development of kingdoms,_with_a_particular king being recognised as_an overlord, developed out of an_early loose structure that, Higham believes, is linked back_to the original_feodus. The traditional name for_this_period_is the Heptarchy, which has not been used by scholars_since the_early 20th century_as it gives the impression