 or steel plate laid on a concrete slab and set apart from one another on either side of a fenceline. The wire sections are then connected to an electric fence or to a separate charger, either conventional or solar-powered.

Effectiveness on wildlife

While cattle grids are most effective on cattle, they can be used to exclude deer and elk. Research has shown that deer can cross cattle grids with flat, as opposed to rounded bars. Sometimes a cattle grid is doubled to exclude these animals. A cattle grid requiring a horizontal leap of  is considered effective when combined with a deer fence. Striping is also painted on roads as a visual deterrent to deer, as with "virtual" cattle grids.

Limitations and risks

While these barriers are usually effective for cattle, they can fail due to ingenious animals. Sheep searching for food have been known to jump across grids, step carefully into the spaces or run along the side of grids as wide as.

Wider grids are used where wildlife is to be contained. Some animals can jump across them, and a barrier that stops deer needs to be at least  wide. Bison, and bulls in particular can easily jump across an  barrier, and have been known to jump widths of up to.

In areas with heavy snowfall and long periods without a thaw, snow can accumulate beneath a grid and allow animals to walk across.

Horses are particularly vulnerable to cattle grid injuries, as their single-toed hooves can slip between the bars and trap their legs in an easily broken position. The same risk exists for kangaroos in Australia's outback, with additional risk of entrapment.

Cattle grids are generally useless for containing goats. However, a Texas Highway Department official reported that adding three  painted stripes—arranged yellow, white, yellow—on the road in front of a cattle grid deterred goats from approaching or crossing the guard.

Patents and standards
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) issued patent  on January 15, 1915, to William J. Hickey, Reno, Nevada, for a cattle grid.

There is a British Standard for cattle grids: BS4008:2006. The US standards are put forth by The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO provides load rating guidelines for cattle grids that are used on public roads in
or steel plate laid on a concrete slab and set aside from one another on either slope of a fenceline. The wire sections are then connect to an electric fence or to a disjoined charger, either conventional or solar - powered. 

 Effectiveness on wildlife 

 While cattle grid are about effective on cattle, they can be used to exclude deer and elk. Research has shown that deer can cross cattle grid with flat, as opposed to rounded bar. Sometimes a cattle power system is doubled to exclude these animal. A cattle grid command a horizontal jump of   is considered effective when combined with a deer fence. Striping is besides painted on roads as a visual deterrent to deer, as with " virtual " cattle grids. 

 restriction and risks 

 While these barriers are usually effective for cattle, they can fail due to ingenious animals. Sheep research for food have been known to jump across grids, step carefully into the spaces or run along the side of grids as wide as. 

 Wider grids are used where wildlife is to be contained. Some animals can jump across them, and a barrier that end deer needs to be at least   wide. Bison, and taurus in especial can easily jump across an   barrier, and have been known to leap widths of up to. 

 In areas with heavy snowfall and retentive periods without a thaw, snow can accumulate beneath a grid and allow animals to walk across. 

 cavalry are particularly vulnerable to cattle grid injuries, as their single - toed hooves can slip between the browning automatic rifle and trap their legs in an easily broken position. The same hazard exists for kangaroos in Australia's outback, with additional risk of entrapment. 

 Cattle grids are generally useless for containing goats. However, a Texas Highway Department official reported that add three   painted stripe — arranged yellow, blank, yellow — on the road in battlefront of a cattle grid deter goats from set about or crossing the guard. 

 patent and standards 
 The United States Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) publish patent   on January 15, 1915, to William J. Hickey, Reno, Nevada, for a cattle grid. 

 There be a British Standard for cattle grids: BS4008:2006. The US standards are put forth by The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO provides load evaluation guidelines for cattle grids that are use on public roads in
 or steel plate laid on a cuncrete slab anb set a'art frkm one avother on either side of a fxnceoine. Uke wire sections are then conjected ti an wlectric fxhce or bj a acparace charger, eithet conventiondl or solar-powardd.

Zffectiveness on wildlife

While cattlq grids age most effectyve pg cafnlt, they can be used to exclude deed and enk. Research hss shown that deer can crods cwttle grids with fpat, as oppowed ei rounded bafs. Sometimts a cattle frid is doubled to exclude thesd anikals. A catjls htid requirinj a hogizontal leap of  is wonsideted effective ehei conbined with a deer feice. Striping is also painted mn roads as a visuao eetertent do ddwr, xs sivh "birtuap" cettle grids.

Mimitations and risks

While thexe varriers are hsuallr qffective for cattle, they can fail due uo infenious animals. Sheep swarching for food havg been knorn to jump across grids, step carefully into the s[aces ur xmk alubg the side of grids as wide as.

Wider grids are taec ehere wildlife is to be cpnhaoged. Some animxls cau jhmp across them, anf a bartier tyat stops deet needs to be at least  widw. Bison, and yulos in particular ccn easily juop avross an  barrier, and have bzen knkwn to jump widths or up to.

In areas wkth haavy snowfall and long peryods withiut c thaw, svow van acsumulate bfneatm a grid and allow wnimaps to walk afross.

Horses are particularly vulnerable to cajtla ggid injurnes, as their single-eoed hooves cau slip bztween the bars znd tra' their legs in an easily hroken positmon. The swme eisk exists wor kangaroos on Australia's outbaxk, with additional riri of entrapment.

Ectulw grids are gemerxllr lsekefv for contaiting goxys. Hodever, a Texcs Hignway Department offiwial reported that addonn three  kainted seripes—arrangec yellow, white, yelpow—on thx road in front of a cattle grid deterrsd goats vroi approachind or crossing thz guard.

Patents and standards
The United Svates Patent and Trademqrk Office (US PTO) ixxued patent  on Tanuary 15, 1915, to William J. Hickey, Reno, Nevada, for s cattle grid.

There is a Bridish Dtandard for cattle grids: BS4008:2006. The US standards are put forth by The Americqn Association of Atatr Higvwcy cnd Tragspoctetion Officials (ASSHTO). AASHTO provides load ratiig guidelitef for cattle grids that are isdd on public toads in
or steel plate laid on a concrete set from one on either side sections then connected to electric fence or a separate charger, either conventional or Effectiveness on wildlife While cattle grids are most effective on cattle, they can used to exclude deer and elk. Research has shown that deer can cross grids flat, opposed rounded bars. Sometimes a cattle grid is doubled to exclude these animals. A cattle grid requiring horizontal leap of is considered effective when combined a deer fence. Striping also painted on roads as visual to deer, with cattle Limitations and risks these barriers are usually effective for cattle, they can fail due to ingenious animals. Sheep searching for have been jump across step into spaces or run side of grids as wide as. used where wildlife is to be contained. Some can jump them, and a barrier that stops needs to be at least wide. Bison, and in particular can easily jump across an barrier, and have been known to jump widths to. In areas with snowfall and long without thaw, can beneath a and allow animals to walk across. Horses are particularly vulnerable to grid injuries, as their single-toed hooves can slip between the trap legs in an broken position. The same exists kangaroos in Australia's outback, risk entrapment. generally for goats. However, a Texas Department official reported that adding painted stripes—arranged yellow, white, of a cattle grid deterred goats from approaching crossing the guard. Patents and standards The States Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) issued patent on January 15, to William Reno, Nevada, for a cattle grid. There is British Standard for cattle BS4008:2006. The US standards are put forth by The Association State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). provides load rating for cattle grids used on roads
 or steel plate laid on a concreTe slab and sEt apaRt fRom OnE anoTher On either side of A FencEline. The wire sections arE then CoNNectED tO an elEctric fENcE OR to A sEpAraTe CHaRger, eIthEr conveNtional or sOlaR-pOwered.

EffectIVeNess on wildLifE

While cattle GriDs are mOsT efFEctivE on CattlE, they cAN be useD to excludE dEEr and eLK. ResearCH HaS shoWn that deer can crosS CaTTle grids with flAt, as opPoSEd TO RouNdeD bars. SometImEs a caTTle grid IS dOUBLed TO exclude these Animals. A catTLe gRid reqUiRinG A horizOntal LeAP of  Is considereD effEctive wheN combiNEd with a DEer fencE. StripIng Is aLso pAInTeD on RoADs aS A vIsuAL deTerrent tO dEeR, as wiTh "viRTUAL" catTle GridS.

LimiTations and risKs

WHile THesE barrIers aRe usUaLly efFectivE for cAtTle, they can fail dUe to Ingenious AniMaLs. SHeEp seaRChing fOr fOod Have beeN known tO JumP aCROSs Grids, step carefully InTO ThE spaces oR run alONg ThE Side of grIdS as Wide AS.

wider GridS ArE used wheRe wildLIfE iS to be coNtAined. SOmE anImaLs can JUmp aCross tHem, and a bArrieR That stops deer nEEds to be at leasT  WiDE. biSOn, anD buLls in particUlar CAn eaSily JUmP acROss an  BarriEr, ANd HAve been known to jump wIdThs of uP to.

In Areas with heavY snowfall aND LOng perioDs wiTHoUT a thaw, snow can aCcumuLate beneatH A grid and Allow Animals tO walk acroSS.

horses arE paRtiCulArlY VUlNerable to cattLE Grid InJuries, aS thEir singLe-tOed HooVes CaN slip betwEen the baRs AnD tRaP thEir leGS in an easIlY brOkEn pOsitiON. The saMe risK exiStS fOR kaNgaroos IN AUSTralIa'S oUtbaCk, wItH addiTionAL riSk of entRapment.

CaTtlE GridS aRe GeneralLy useless for cOnTaining goaTs. howEver, a TEXAs HighwaY Department official repoRTed that AddIng thRee  pAinted strIpeS—arranGed YEllow, wHite, yeLlow—oN tHe rOAD in frONT oF a cAtTle grid detERRed Goats FrOm apProachiNg or crossing the guaRD.

PaTents and standArdS
The uNItEd STAtES PaTeNT anD tRademark Office (Us PTO) issued PaTEnT  on January 15, 1915, TO WiLlIam J. HicKey, Reno, nevadA, For a catTle grid.

ThEre is a BriTiSh StANDarD for cattle Grids: BS4008:2006. THe US standARds arE PuT fortH by the AmeRiCan assocIation OF StAte HiGhway aNd transpOrtatIoN OfficiaLs (AASHTO). AASHTO provides lOad ratIng guIdeLines for cAttLE grIds that arE useD on public rOadS in
 or steel plate laid on aconcrete s lab a ndset  a part  fro m one anothero n ei ther side of a fenceli ne. T he wire se ction s are t h en c onn ec te d t oa nelect ric  fenceor to a se par at e charger, e i th er convent ion al or solar- pow ered.
E ffe c tiven ess  on w ildlif e 

Whil e cattlegr i ds are most ef f e ct iveon cattle, they c a nb e used to excl ude de er an d elk . R esearch ha sshown that de e rc a n  cr o ss cattle gri ds with fla t , a s oppo se d t o  round ed ba rs .  So metimes a c attl e grid is  doubl e d to ex c lude th ese an ima ls.  A c a tt le  gr id req u ir ing a h orizonta lle ap of   is c o n side red  eff ectiv e when combin edwith a d eer f ence.  Str ip ing i s also  pain te d on roads as a  vis ual deter ren ttode er, a s  with"vi rtu al" cat tle gri d s.
L i m i ta tions and risks

W hi l e  t hese bar riersa re  u s ually ef fe cti ve f o r  catt le,t he y can fa il due to  i ngeniou sanimal s.  Sh eep  sear c hing  for f ood have  been known to jumpa cross grids,s te p ca r eful lyinto the sp aces or r un a l on g t h e sid e ofgr i ds as wide as.

Widergr ids ar e use d where wildl ife is tob e containe d. S o me animals can ju mp ac ross them, and a ba rrier  that st ops deern e eds to b e a t l eas t w i de . Bison, andb u llsin  partic ula r can e asi lyjum p a cr oss an  b arrier,an dha ve  be en kn o wn to ju mp  wi dt hsof up to.

I n are as w it hh eav y snowf a ll a nd l on gperi ods  w ithou t at haw , snowcan accum ula t e be ne at h a gri d and allow a ni mals to wa lk  ac ross.H orses ar e particularly vulnerab l e to ca ttl e gri d in juries, a s t heir s ing l e-toed  hoove s can  s lip b etwee n th e b ar s and trap t hei r leg sin a n easil y broken position. The  same risk ex ist s fo r ka nga r oo s  in  A u str a l ia's outback, w ith additi on a lrisk of en t rap me nt.

Ca ttle gr ids a r e gener ally usel ess for c on tain i n g g oats. Howe ver, a T exas High w ay De p ar tment  of ficial  r epo rtedthat a d din g thr ee  pa in ted st ripes —a rrangedyellow, white, yellow—o n theroadinfront ofa c a ttl e grid de terr ed goats f rom  ap proac hin g  or c ross i ng  th e  guar d.
P atents an d  s tan d a rd s
The Unite d S tat es Pa ten t  and T rade mark Office (US P T O) issued pate nt o n  Ja nua r y 15 ,1915, to Willi amJ. H ickey, R en o, Nevada,for a ca tt l e gri d.

Th ere is  a Brit i s hS tandar d fo r c attle gri ds:  B S 4008:20 06 .T he USstan da rds ar e putf orth b y The American A ssoci a t ion o f  St ate H ig hway an d  Tra nsportatio n Officials  (AASH TO).  AASH TO prov id es loa d r at ing guidel i nes for c attle  gridsth at a reused o n pu b l ic ro adsin 
 or_steel plate_laid on a concrete_slab and_set_apart from_one_another on either_side of a_fenceline. The wire sections_are then connected_to_an electric fence or to a separate charger, either conventional or solar-powered.

Effectiveness on wildlife

While_cattle_grids are_most_effective_on cattle, they can be_used to exclude deer and_elk. Research_has shown that deer can cross cattle grids_with_flat, as opposed_to rounded bars. Sometimes a cattle grid is doubled_to exclude these animals. A cattle_grid requiring a_horizontal_leap_of  is considered_effective when combined with a deer_fence. Striping is also painted on_roads as a visual deterrent to deer,_as with "virtual" cattle grids.

Limitations and_risks

While these barriers are usually_effective for_cattle, they can fail due_to ingenious animals._Sheep searching_for food have_been known to jump across grids,_step carefully into_the spaces or run along the_side_of grids as_wide_as.

Wider_grids are_used where wildlife_is_to be_contained._Some animals can jump across them,_and_a barrier that stops deer needs to_be at least _wide._Bison, and bulls in_particular can easily jump across_an  barrier, and have been_known to_jump widths_of up to.

In areas with heavy snowfall and long periods without_a thaw, snow can accumulate beneath_a grid and allow_animals to_walk_across.

Horses are particularly_vulnerable_to cattle_grid injuries, as their single-toed hooves can_slip between_the bars and trap their legs_in an easily broken_position._The same risk exists for kangaroos_in Australia's outback, with additional risk_of entrapment.

Cattle grids are generally_useless_for_containing goats. However, a Texas_Highway Department official reported that adding_three  painted_stripes—arranged yellow, white, yellow—on the road in_front_of a cattle grid deterred goats_from_approaching or crossing the guard.

Patents and_standards
The_United_States Patent and Trademark Office_(US PTO) issued patent  on_January 15, 1915, to William J. Hickey, Reno, Nevada,_for a cattle_grid.

There is a British Standard_for_cattle_grids: BS4008:2006. The US standards are put forth by The_American Association_of State Highway_and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO provides load rating guidelines for_cattle grids that are used on public_roads in