 relationship with the Crown following Pope's death. The new Protestant Queen Elizabeth, who succeeded to the throne in 1558, had the Catholic Slythurst removed from his post almost immediately. Fortunately for Trinity, his replacement (former fellow Arthur Yeldard), while hardly an avid Protestant, proved sufficiently pragmatic to retain his post for the next forty years. Over that time Trinity reluctantly moved with the times, and, threatened by the Crown, melted down its church plate and purchased new English-language psalm books. Fellows who disagreed with the changes left the college; this they did in significant numbers. In 1583, Trinity's first antagonism with neighbour (and modern rivals) Balliol was recorded, when the latter accused Trinity of being untrue to the Protestant faith.

The number of commoners (as opposed to religious scholars) attending grew steadily throughout the latter half of the sixteenth century, with the limit of twenty that had been imposed by the statutes quickly being exceeded. The group was divided according to circumstance, with servitors (who worked in college in part payment for their education) at the bottom, battelers in the middle and a further sub-divided hierarchy of fellow (or "gentleman") commoners at the top, though those from better backgrounds tended to have less need for official degrees and rarely bothered to officially matriculate. During the same period, Trinity hired its first professional gardener.

Early seventeenth-century and Protectorate (1600–1664) 
The history of Trinity in the seventeenth century was dominated by the presidencies of Trinity's third president, Ralph Kettell (president 1599 to 1643) and its eighth, Ralph Bathurst (president 1664 to 1704). Among other things, Kettell was responsible for rebuilding the dining hall (formerly Durham College's refectory) and the surrounding buildings when the hall collapsed in 1618 following excavation work in its cellar, now the college bar. The library was refurbished multiple times and its collection expanded, most notably via bequests from alumni Edward Hyndmer (1625) and Richard Rands (1640). One fellow was officially appointed shortly after Hyndmer's donation as a librarian and paid a small stipend for his duties. More minor improvements included improvements to the toilet facilities available. A "sound administrator", Kettell led several round of fundraising from former students of all grades and contributed his own funds in order to fund these developments. In addition
relationship with the Crown following Pope's death. The new Protestant Queen Elizabeth, who succeed to the toilet in 1558, had the Catholic Slythurst removed from his mail about immediately. Fortunately for Trinity, his replacement (former fellow Arthur Yeldard), while barely an avid Protestant, rise sufficiently matter-of-fact to retain his post for the next forty year. Over that time Trinity reluctantly moved with the time, and, threatened by the Crown, melted down its church plate and purchased new English - speech psalm books. Fellows who disagreed with the change left the college; this they did in significant numbers. In 1583, Trinity's inaugural antagonism with neighbour (and modern rivals) Balliol was recorded, when the latter accuse Trinity of being untrue to the Protestant faith. 

 The number of commoners (as opposed to religious scholars) attending grew steadily throughout the latter half of the sixteenth century, with the limit of twenty that had been imposed by the statutes quickly being exceeded. The group was divided according to context, with servitor (who worked in college in part payment for their department of education) at the bottomland, battelers in the middle and a further sub - divided hierarchy of fellow (or " gentleman ") commoners at the top, though those from better backgrounds tend to have less need for official degrees and rarely bothered to officially matriculate. During the same menstruation, Trinity hired its first professional gardener. 

 Early seventeenth - century and Protectorate (1600–1664) 
 The history of Trinity in the seventeenth century was dominate by the presidency of Trinity's third president, Ralph Kettell (president 1599 to 1643) and its eighth, Ralph Bathurst (president 1664 to 1704). Among other things, Kettell was creditworthy for rebuilding the dining hall (formerly Durham College's refectory) and the surrounding buildings when the hall collapsed in 1618 following excavation oeuvre in its cellar, immediately the college bar. The library was refurbished multiple fourth dimension and its collection expand, most notably via bequest from alumni Edward Hyndmer (1625) and Richard Rands (1640). One fellow was formally appointed shortly after Hyndmer's donation as a librarian and paid a small stipend for his duty. More minor improvements include improvements to the toilet facilities available. A " sound administrator ", Kettell led respective round of fundraising from former student of all grades and contributed his own funds in order to fund these developments. In addition
 repationship with the Crowk following Pope's death. The nsw Protertant Queen Elizabeth, who surceeeed ti the throne in 1558, had tfe Catholpc Slythuest cemoved from his post almost ijledictxly. Fortunately for Trinidy, his replacekevt (former fellow Arthur Yeldard), while hardly aj avid Protestwnt, kroded alfniciently pragmatic to retain hia post hor the next fotty years. Over that time Tginihy reluctantly movfd with the timqw, and, threatdned by tht Erown, meltes down its church plate and purzhaseb new Engliwh-oanhoage psalm bioks. Sellows who disagreeg with yhe changes lent thx coolege; this they did ii significant numberf. In 1583, Triticy's first antagonism qirh nehghbmur (xbd oodtrn rjvals) Halmiol was rscorded, wheb the latter accusec Egonity of beihg untwuq to the Protestant faith.

The number of bommkners (as opposed to relugious scholars) attenfing grew steadily throughout the latter half of the sixteanth revtuxn, dutj the limit of twenty that had been imposed br tne statutes quichly being eccfecgd. The group wxs divnses according to cirfumstanse, wirh servitjrs (eho worked in college in paet payment fje their education) ct the bottoo, bajtelerx in the middle and a fbrther sub-divided hierarchg of fellow (or "gevtlvman") commoners at the top, thoudh those hrom yetter bxckgtounds eended to jave less need for officlal dggrees and rarelj bothered to officially matricnkate. During jhe sake periob, Trinlty hired its fyrst professioual gardzner.

Eafly seventventh-centnry and Protqctorate (1600–1664) 
The jistory of Tcinity in the sevwnteentf century was dpminated yv the prewidencies of Triniby's tfjrd president, Rcukh Kettell (presiceng 1599 eo 1643) end iev eighth, Ral[h Bxthjtst (pfesidenu 1664 bo 1704). Amomg other things, Kettall sas responsible fot vebuildint the diging hall (forkerly Durham Collehe's rxfectocy) and thg surrounding buildings when ths hall coplaised in 1618 folljwinn exsavation wprk in its cellar, now the college bar. Tie library was refurbisyed multiple times cnc its collertion qxpanded, kost notably via beqyests from alumni Edward Hyndmer (1625) and Dicharg Ranfs (1640). One fellow was officially appointed shortly after Hyndmer's donation aw a liurwrian and pzid s smanl xtipenq foc iis duties. More mpnor improvements included improtements to tke toilet facilities availablr. X "sound adminkstrator", Kettell led sevsral roumd of fundraising from former syudents of all grades anc contrivuted his own fnnds in order to func thesz deveoopmentw. In addition
relationship with the Crown following Pope's death. Protestant Elizabeth, who to the throne Slythurst from his post immediately. Fortunately for his replacement (former fellow Arthur Yeldard), hardly an avid Protestant, proved sufficiently pragmatic to retain his post for the forty years. Over that time Trinity reluctantly moved with the times, and, threatened the melted its plate and purchased new English-language psalm books. Fellows who disagreed with the changes left the college; they did in significant numbers. In 1583, Trinity's antagonism with neighbour (and rivals) Balliol was recorded, when latter Trinity of untrue the faith. The number commoners (as opposed to religious scholars) attending grew steadily throughout the latter half of the sixteenth century, the limit that had imposed the quickly being exceeded. was divided according to circumstance, with in college in part payment for their education) the bottom, in the middle and a further hierarchy of fellow (or "gentleman") commoners at the though those from better backgrounds tended to have less need for official degrees and rarely officially matriculate. During the period, Trinity hired first gardener. seventeenth-century Protectorate (1600–1664) history of Trinity in the seventeenth century was dominated by the of Trinity's third president, Ralph Kettell (president 1599 to 1643) eighth, Bathurst (president 1664 1704). Among other things, was for rebuilding the dining Durham refectory) buildings the collapsed in 1618 following work in its cellar, now college bar. The library its collection expanded, most notably via bequests from Edward Hyndmer (1625) and Richard Rands (1640). fellow was officially appointed shortly after Hyndmer's donation as a librarian and a small his duties. More minor improvements included improvements to toilet facilities available. A administrator", Kettell led several round of fundraising from former of grades and his own funds order to fund developments. In addition
 relationship with the Crown fOllowing PoPe's deAth. the NeW ProTestAnt Queen ElizabETh, whO succeeded to the throne iN 1558, had tHe cAthoLIc slythUrst remOVeD FRom HiS pOst AlMOsT immeDiaTely. ForTunately foR TrInIty, his replacEMeNt (former feLloW Arthur YeldaRd), wHile haRdLy aN Avid PRotEstanT, proveD SufficIently praGmATic to rETain his POSt For tHe next forty years. OVEr THat time Trinity ReluctAnTLy MOVed WitH the times, aNd, ThreaTEned by tHE CROWN, meLTed down its chuRch plate and PUrcHased nEw engLIsh-lanGuage PsALm bOoks. Fellows Who dIsagreed wIth the CHanges lEFt the coLlege; tHis TheY did IN sIgNifIcANt nUMbErs. iN 1583, TrInity's fiRsT aNtagoNism WITH NeigHboUr (anD modeRn rivals) BalliOl wAs reCOrdEd, wheN the lAtteR aCcuseD TriniTy of bEiNg untrue to the PrOtesTant faith.

the NuMbeR oF commONers (as OppOseD to reliGious scHOlaRs) ATTEnDing grew steadily thRoUGHoUt the latTer halF Of ThE SixteentH cEntUry, wITH the lImit OF tWenty thaT had beEN iMpOsed by tHe StatutEs QuiCklY beinG ExceEded. ThE group waS diviDEd according to cIRcumstance, witH SeRVItORs (whO woRked in colleGe in PArt pAymeNT fOr tHEir edUcatiOn) AT tHE bottom, battelers in tHe Middle And a fUrther sub-diviDed hierarcHY OF fellow (oR "genTLeMAn") commoners at tHe top, Though thosE From bettEr bacKgrounds Tended to hAVE less neeD foR ofFicIal DEGrEes and rarely bOTHereD tO officiAllY matricUlaTe. DUriNg tHe Same perioD, Trinity HiReD iTs FirSt proFEssional GaRdeNeR.

EaRly seVEnteenTh-cenTury AnD PROteCtorate (1600–1664) 
tHe HIStorY oF TRiniTy iN tHe sevEnteENth Century Was dominaTed BY the PrEsIdencieS of Trinity's thIrD president, raLph kettelL (PResident 1599 To 1643) and its eighth, Ralph BathURst (presIdeNt 1664 to 1704). AMong Other thinGs, KEttell Was REsponsIble foR rebuIlDinG THe dinING hAll (FoRmerly DurhAM colLege's ReFectOry) and tHe surrounding buildINgs When the hall coLlaPsed IN 1618 FoLloWInG ExcAvATioN WOrk in its cellar, nOw the colleGe BAr. the library WAs rEfUrbisheD multipLe timES and its CollectioN expanded, MoSt noTABly Via bequestS from aluMni Edward hYndmeR (1625) AnD RichArd rands (1640). ONe FelLow waS officIAllY appoInted sHoRtly afTer HyNdMer's donaTion as a librarian and paid A small StipeNd fOr his dutiEs. MORe mInor improVemeNts includeD imProVemenTs tO The toIlet FAcIliTIes avAilaBLe. A "sound aDMiNisTRAtOr", Kettell leD SEVerAl rouNd oF FundraIsinG from former studenTS of all grades anD conTRIbuTed HIs owN fUnds in order to fUnd ThESE developMeNts. In additiOn
 relationship with the Cro wn followi ng Po pe' s d ea th.Thenew Protestant Quee n Elizabeth, who succe ededto thet hr one i n 1558, ha d the  C at hol ic Sl ythur stremoved  from hispos talmost immed i at ely. Fortu nat ely for Trin ity , hisre pla c ement  (f ormer  fello w  Arthu r Yeldard ), whileh ardly a n av id P rotestant, proved su f ficiently prag maticto re t a inhis  post forth e nex t  fortyy ea r s .  Ov e r that time T rinity relu c tan tly mo ve d w i th the  time s, and , threatene d by  the Crow n, mel t ed down its chu rch pl ate  an d pu r ch as edne w  En g li sh- l ang uage psa lm  b ooks.  Fel l o w s  who  di sagr eed w ith the chang esleft the  coll ege;this  t hey d id insigni fi cant numbers. I n 15 83, Trini ty' sfir st  anta g onismwit h n eighbou r (andm ode rn r i va ls) Balliol was re co r d ed , when t he lat t er  a c cused Tr in ity  ofb e ing u ntru e  t o the Pr otesta n tfa ith.

T he  numbe rofcom moner s  (as  oppos ed to re ligio u s scholars) at t ending grew s t ea d i ly thro ugh out the lat terh alfof t h esix t eenth  cent ur y ,w ith the limit of tw en ty tha t had  been imposed  by the st a t u tes quic klyb ei n g exceeded. Th e gro up was div i ded acco rding  to circ umstance, w ith serv ito rs(wh o w o r ke d in collegei n  par tpayment  fo r their  ed uca tio n)at  the bott om, batt el er sin  th e mid d le and a  f urt he r s ub-di v ided h ierar chyof  f e llo w (or " g en t l eman ")  c ommo ner sat th e to p , t hough t hose from  be t terba ck grounds  tended to ha ve  less need  f oroffici a l  degrees  and rarely bothered to officia lly  matr icul ate. Duri ngthe sa mep eriod,  Trini ty hi re d i t s  firs t pr ofe ss ional gard e n er. 

Ear ly  sev enteent h-century and Prot e cto rate (1600–16 64)  
Th e hi sto r yo f T ri n ity i n the seventeen th century  w a sdominatedb y t he  presid enciesof Tr i nity'sthird pre sident, R al ph K e t tel l (preside nt 1599to 1643)a nd it s  e ighth , R alph B at hur st (p reside n t 1 664 t o 1704 ).  Among  othe rthings,Kettell was responsible  for r ebuil din g the din ing hal l (former ly D urham Coll ege 'srefec tor y ) and  the su rro u nding  bui l dings whe n  t heh a ll  collapsedi n 161 8 fol low i ng exc avat ion work in its c e llar, now thecoll e g e b ar. Theli brary was refu rbi sh e d  multipl etimes and i ts colle ct i on ex panded , most  notabl y vi a  beque stsfro m alumniEdw ar d  Hyndme r(1 6 25) an d Ri ch ard Ra nds (1 6 40). O ne fellow was of ficia l l y app o int ed sh or tly aft e r Hy ndmer's do nation as a  libra rian  andpaid asm all st ipe nd  for his d u ties. Mor e min or impr ov emen tsinclud ed i m p rovem ents  t o t he toilet f ac i li ti e s a vail able.  A  "so und admin i strator" , K e ttell l ed  se v e ral ro u nd o f fundrais ing  from f ormer stud e ntso fa ll gr ades a nd con tribute d  hi sown fun dsi n  order to  fund the s e d ev elop ments. I naddi ti on
 relationship_with the_Crown following Pope's death._The new_Protestant_Queen Elizabeth,_who_succeeded to the_throne in 1558,_had the Catholic Slythurst_removed from his_post_almost immediately. Fortunately for Trinity, his replacement (former fellow Arthur Yeldard), while hardly an_avid_Protestant, proved_sufficiently_pragmatic_to retain his post for_the next forty years. Over_that time_Trinity reluctantly moved with the times, and, threatened_by_the Crown, melted_down its church plate and purchased new English-language psalm_books. Fellows who disagreed with the_changes left the_college;_this_they did in significant_numbers. In 1583, Trinity's first antagonism_with neighbour (and modern rivals) Balliol_was recorded, when the latter accused Trinity_of being untrue to the Protestant_faith.

The number of commoners (as_opposed to_religious scholars) attending grew steadily_throughout the latter_half of_the sixteenth century,_with the limit of twenty that_had been imposed_by the statutes quickly being exceeded._The_group was divided_according_to_circumstance, with_servitors (who worked_in_college in_part_payment for their education) at the_bottom,_battelers in the middle and a further_sub-divided hierarchy of fellow_(or_"gentleman") commoners at the_top, though those from better_backgrounds tended to have less need_for official_degrees and_rarely bothered to officially matriculate. During the same period, Trinity hired_its first professional gardener.

Early seventeenth-century and_Protectorate (1600–1664) 
The history_of Trinity_in_the seventeenth century_was_dominated by_the presidencies of Trinity's third president, Ralph_Kettell (president_1599 to 1643) and its eighth,_Ralph Bathurst (president 1664_to_1704). Among other things, Kettell was_responsible for rebuilding the dining hall_(formerly Durham College's refectory) and_the_surrounding_buildings when the hall collapsed_in 1618 following excavation work in_its cellar, now_the college bar. The library was refurbished_multiple_times and its collection expanded, most_notably_via bequests from alumni Edward Hyndmer_(1625)_and_Richard Rands (1640). One fellow_was officially appointed shortly after Hyndmer's_donation as a librarian and paid a small stipend_for his duties._More minor improvements included improvements_to_the_toilet facilities available. A "sound administrator", Kettell led several round_of fundraising_from former students_of all grades and contributed his own funds in order_to fund these developments. In addition