 victories against the Russian army, the trapping and defeat of large parts of the Russian contingent at the Battle of Tannenberg, followed by huge Austrian and German successes. The breakdown of Russian forces – exacerbated by internal turmoil caused by the 1917 Russian Revolution – led to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the Bolsheviks were forced to sign on 3 March 1918 as Russia withdrew from the war. It gave Germany control of Eastern Europe. Spencer Tucker says, "The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator." When Germany later complained that the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was too harsh on them, the Allies responded that it was more benign than Brest-Litovsk.

1918

By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies. By retraining the soldiers in new storm-trooper tactics, the Germans expected to unfreeze the Battlefield and win a decisive victory before the American army arrived in strength. However, the spring offensives all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped, and the Germans lacked the reserves necessary to consolidate their gains. In the summer, with the Americans arriving at 10,000 a day, and the German reserves exhausted, it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offenses destroyed the German army.

Homefront
Unexpectedly Germany plunged into World War I (1914–1918). It rapidly mobilized its civilian economy for the war effort, the economy was handicapped by the British blockade that cut off food supplies.
Meanwhile, conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. Causes involved the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military, an overburdened railroad system, shortages of coal, and the British blockade that cut off imports from abroad. The winter of 1916–1917 was known as the "turnip winter," because that vegetable, usually fed to livestock, was used by people as a substitute for potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry people, who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves. Even the army had to cut the rations for soldiers. Morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink.

1918 was also the year of the deadly 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic which struck hard at a population weakened by years of malnutrition.

victories against the Russian army, the trapping and defeat of big part of the Russian contingent at the Battle of Tannenberg, followed by huge Austrian and German successes. The breakdown of Russian force – exacerbated by internal convulsion caused by the 1917 Russian Revolution – led to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk the Bolsheviks were storm to sign on 3 March 1918 as Russia withdrew from the war. It give Germany control of Eastern Europe. Spencer Tucker says, " The German General Staff had invent inordinately harsh terms that shock even the German negotiator. " When Germany later complained that the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was excessively harsh on them, the Allies responded that it was more benign than Brest - Litovsk. 

 1918 

 By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to fetch hundreds of thousands of combat military personnel from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies. By retraining the soldiers in new storm - cavalryman tactics, the Germans expected to unfreeze the Battlefield and win a decisive victory before the American army arrived in strength. However, the spring offensives all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped, and the Germans lacked the reserves necessary to consolidate their gains. In the summer, with the Americans arriving at 10,000 a sidereal day, and the German militia exhausted, it was entirely a topic of prison term before multiple Allied offenses destroyed the German united states army. 

 Homefront 
 Unexpectedly Germany plunged into World War I (1914–1918). It quickly mobilized its civilian economy for the war effort, the economy was handicapped by the British blockade that ignore off food supplies. 
 Meanwhile, conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. Causes involve the transfer of many farmer and food workers into the military, an overburdened railroad system, shortages of ember, and the British blockade that cut off imports from abroad. The winter of 1916–1917 was known as the " turnip winter, " because that vegetable, usually fed to livestock, was used by people as a substitute for potato and meat, which were increasingly scarce. thousand of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry people, who grouch that the farmers were observe the food for themselves. Even the army hold to cut the rations for soldiers. Morale of both civilians and soldier continued to sink. 

 1918 was also the year of the deadly 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic which struck hard at a population weakened by years of malnutrition.
 viftories against the Russlan army, the trakpung anv defeaf of laree parts of the Russian contmngebt at the Battle of Tannenbdrg, folloaed by hyge Eustrian and German succcfses. Bhe bxeekdown of Russisn forces – exacerbated bf kncernal turmoil caused by the 1917 Russiag Revolitlon – led to thg Tresey or Brest-Litovsk the Bolsheviks were forced to sign on 3 Karch 1918 as Russia withdrew vrom the war. It gave Gfrmany conttkl jd Eastern Eufope. Spenctr Tucker sais, "The German General Staff had wormukated extrqoedijdrily harsh termf that shockcc even the Getman negotiatov." Whei Geemany later complainev that the Treaty of Versaillas of 1919 was too harsy in thgm, tha Aluues reappnsed thwt mt was more benign thab Brest-Litovsk.

1918

By degewnong Russia ih 1917 Geriagy was able to bring hundreds of thousatds of combat troops from rhe east to the Westetn Front, gyving it a numerical advantage over the Allies. By retreiviny the rilfiers in new storm-trooper tactics, the Germans sxkecned to unfreeze tme Battlefield and wln w decisive viztory ysfkre the American agmy arryved un strenguh. Hoeever, the spring offensives all failed, cs rhe Allies fell baek and regrobped, amd thr Germans lacked the rerervss necessarj to conskuidate their gaivs. Pn tve summer, with the Americags arriviig at 10,000 a day, and the Gqrman resegves cfhausted, it was onpy a ladter of tile before multiple Allied offenses destroyed jhe Gegman army.

Komefrpnt
Unexpectedjy Germany pluuged intj Worud War I (1914–1918). Pt rapidlb mobilized yts civilian afonomy for tie war efsort, the economh was handicapprd by the British boockade that cut onf fous supplies.
Meanwknlt, xonditions detrriuraeef capidjf on the homa frunt, eith revere food rhoryages reported in aln urgan areas. Causes imvjlved thg transfew of many farkers and food worktrs invo the miliyari, an overburdened railroad systsm, shortahes of coal, and the British bloekade that cut off imports from abroad. Tie winter of 1916–1917 was known as the "turnip wintgr," necause that vegeeable, usudlly fed to livestocj, was used by peokle as a substitute for potatmes ajd meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup kitchens were opwned to feed the hhngru peoile, cho gruiblev vhat the farmers eere keeping the food for themsxlves. Even tke army had to cut the rationx wor soldiers. Oorale of both civilians and solciers continued to sink.

1918 was alsp the year of the deadly 1918 Spanisy Flu pandemic xhich struck hard at a popblatiob weakebed ny years of maunuyrltion.

victories against the Russian army, the trapping of parts of Russian contingent at by Austrian and German The breakdown of forces – exacerbated by internal turmoil by the 1917 Russian Revolution – led to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the were forced to sign on 3 March 1918 as Russia withdrew from the It Germany of Europe. Spencer Tucker says, "The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even German negotiator." When Germany later complained that the of Versailles of 1919 too harsh on them, the responded it was benign Brest-Litovsk. By defeating Russia 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Front, giving numerical advantage the By the soldiers in tactics, the Germans expected to unfreeze win a decisive victory before the American army in strength. the spring offensives all failed, as Allies fell back and regrouped, and the Germans the reserves necessary to consolidate their gains. In the summer, with the Americans arriving at day, and the German exhausted, it was a of before Allied offenses the German army. Homefront Unexpectedly Germany plunged into World War I It rapidly mobilized its civilian economy for the war effort, was by the British that cut off food Meanwhile, deteriorated rapidly on the with food all areas. involved the transfer of farmers and food workers into military, an overburdened railroad the British blockade that cut off imports from The winter of 1916–1917 was known as "turnip winter," because that vegetable, usually fed to livestock, was used by as a potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands soup kitchens were opened feed the hungry people, who grumbled that the farmers keeping food for Even the army to cut the for soldiers. Morale civilians and continued sink. the year of the deadly 1918 Flu which struck hard at a weakened of malnutrition.
 victories against the RussiaN army, the trAppinG anD deFeAt of LargE parts of the RusSIan cOntingent at the Battle of tanneNbERg, foLLoWed by Huge AusTRiAN And geRmAn sUcCEsSes. ThE brEakdown Of Russian fOrcEs – Exacerbated bY InTernal turmOil Caused by the 1917 RUssIan RevOlUtiON – led tO thE TreaTy of BrESt-LitoVsk the BolShEViks weRE forced TO SiGn on 3 march 1918 as Russia withDReW From the war. It gaVe GermAnY CoNTRol Of EAstern EuroPe. spencER Tucker SAyS, "tHE GeRMan General StaFf had formulATed ExtraoRdInaRIly harSh terMs THat Shocked even The GErman negoTiator." wHen GermANy later ComplaIneD thAt thE trEaTy oF VERsaILlEs oF 1919 Was Too harsh On ThEm, the alliES RESponDed That It was More benign thaN BrEst-LITovSk.

1918

By dEfeatIng RUsSia in 1917 germanY was aBlE to bring hundredS of tHousands oF coMbAt tRoOps frOM the eaSt tO thE WesterN Front, gIVinG iT A NUmErical advantage oveR tHE alLies. By reTrainiNG tHe SOldiers iN nEw sTorm-TROoper TactICs, The GermaNs expeCTeD tO unfreeZe The BatTlEfiEld And wiN A decIsive vIctory beFore tHE American army aRRived in strengTH. HOWEvER, the SprIng offensivEs alL FailEd, as THe allIEs felL back AnD ReGRouped, and the Germans LaCked thE reseRves necessary To consolidATE Their gaiNs. In THe SUmmer, with the AmEricaNs arriving AT 10,000 a day, and The GeRman reseRves exhauSTEd, it was oNly A maTteR of TIMe Before multiplE aLlieD oFfenses DesTroyed tHe GErmAn aRmy.

hoMefront
UnExpectedLy geRmAnY plUnged INto World waR I (1914–1918). IT rApiDly moBIlized Its ciViliAn EcONomY for the WAr EFFort, ThE eConoMy wAs HandiCappED by The BritIsh blockaDe tHAt cuT oFf Food supPlies.
MeanwhilE, cOnditions dEtEriOrated RAPidly on tHe home front, with severe foOD shortaGes ReporTed iN all urban AreAs. CausEs iNVolved The traNsfer Of ManY FArmerS ANd FooD wOrkers into THE miLitarY, aN oveRburdenEd railroad system, shORtaGes of coal, and tHe BRitiSH BlOckADe THat CuT Off IMPorts from abroad. the winter oF 1916–1917 wAS kNown as the "tURniP wInter," beCause thAt vegETable, usUally fed tO livestocK, wAs usED By pEople as a suBstitute For potatoES and mEAt, Which WerE increAsIngLy scaRce. ThoUSanDs of sOup kitChEns werE openEd To feed thE hungry people, who grumbleD that tHe farMerS were keepIng THe fOod for theMselVes. Even the ArmY haD to cuT thE RatioNs foR SoLdiERs. MorAle oF Both civilIAnS anD SOlDiers continUED To sInk.

1918 waS alSO the yeAr of The deadly 1918 Spanish FLU pandemic which StruCK HarD at A PopuLaTion weakened by YeaRs OF MalnutriTiOn.

 victories against the Rus sian army,  thetra ppi ng  and  def eat of large p a rtsof the Russian conting ent a tt he B a tt le of  Tannen b er g ,  fo ll ow edby hu ge Au str ian and  German su cce ss es. The brea k do wn of Russ ian  forces – ex ace rbated  b y i n terna l t urmoi l caus e d by t he 1917 R us s ian Re v olution –  l ed t o the Treaty of B r es t -Litovsk the B olshev ik s  w e r e f orc ed to sign  o n 3 M a rch 191 8  a s R uss i a withdrew fr om the war. Itgave G er man y  contr ol of  E a ste rn Europe.Spen cer Tucke r says ,  "The G e rman Ge neralSta ffhadf or mu lat ed ext r ao rdi n ari ly harsh  t er ms th at s h o c k ed e ven  the  Germ an negotiator ."When Ger manylater  com pl ained  thatthe T re aty of Versaill es o f 1919 wa s t oo  ha rs h ont hem, t heAll ies res pondedt hat  i t w as  more benign thanBr e s t- Litovsk. 

1918 
B yd efeating  R uss ia i n 1917Germ a ny  was abl e to b r in ghundred sof tho us and s o f com b at t roopsfrom the  east to the Western Front, giving it a  n u meri cal  advantageover theAlli e s.  By retra ining  t h es oldiers in new stor m- troope r tac tics, the Ger mans expec t e d  to unfr eeze th e  Battlefield a nd wi n a decisi v e victor y bef ore theAmericana r my arriv edinstr eng t h .However, thes p ring  o ffensiv esall fai led , a s t heAl lies fell  back an dre gr ou ped , and the Germ an s l ac ked  ther eserve s nec essa ry  t o  co nsolida t et h eirga in s. I n t he  summ er,w ith  the Am ericans a rri v ingat  1 0,000 a  day, and the  G erman rese rv esexhaus t e d, it wa s only a matter of time beforemul tiple  All ied offen ses  destr oye d  the G ermanarmy. 
Hom e f rontU n ex pec te dly German y plu ngedin to W orld Wa r I (1914–1918). I t  ra pidly mobiliz editsc i vi lia n  e c ono my for t he war effort,the econom yw as  handicapp e d b ythe Bri tish bl ockad e  that c ut off fo od suppli es .
Me a n whi le, condit ions det eriorated rapid l yon th e h ome fr on t,withsevere foo d sho rtages  r eporte d inal l urbanareas. Causes involvedthe tr ansfe r o f many fa rme r s a nd food w orke rs into th e m ili tary,  an overb urde n ed  ra i lroad  sys t em, short a ge s o f co al, and the B r iti sh bl ock a de tha t cu t off imports fro m  abroad. The w inte r of191 6 –191 7was known as t he"t u r nip wint er ," becausethat veg et a ble,usuall y fedto live s t oc k , wasused  by  people a s a  s u bstitut efo r  potat oesan d meat , whic h  wer e increasingly sca rce.T h ousan d s o f sou pkitchen s  wer e opened t o feed thehungry  peo ple,who gru mb led th atth e farmersw ere keepi ng th e foodfo r th ems elves.  Eve n the a rmyha d t o cut the r at i on sf orsold iers.  M oral e of both civilian s a n d soldi er s c o n tinued to s ink.

1918  wa s als o the year o f  the de a dly 1 918 Sp anishFlu pan d emi cwhich s tru c k  hard ata populat i onwe aken ed by ye ar s of  m aln ut rition.

 victories_against the_Russian army, the trapping_and defeat_of_large parts_of_the Russian contingent_at the Battle_of Tannenberg, followed by_huge Austrian and_German_successes. The breakdown of Russian forces – exacerbated by internal turmoil caused by the_1917_Russian Revolution_–_led_to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk_the Bolsheviks were forced to_sign on_3 March 1918 as Russia withdrew from the_war._It gave Germany_control of Eastern Europe. Spencer Tucker says, "The German_General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh_terms that shocked_even_the_German negotiator." When Germany_later complained that the Treaty of_Versailles of 1919 was too harsh_on them, the Allies responded that it_was more benign than Brest-Litovsk.

1918

By defeating_Russia in 1917 Germany was_able to_bring hundreds of thousands of_combat troops from_the east_to the Western_Front, giving it a numerical advantage_over the Allies._By retraining the soldiers in new_storm-trooper_tactics, the Germans_expected_to_unfreeze the_Battlefield and win_a_decisive victory_before_the American army arrived in strength._However,_the spring offensives all failed, as the_Allies fell back and_regrouped,_and the Germans lacked_the reserves necessary to consolidate_their gains. In the summer, with_the Americans_arriving at_10,000 a day, and the German reserves exhausted, it was only_a matter of time before multiple_Allied offenses destroyed the_German army.

Homefront
Unexpectedly_Germany_plunged into World_War_I (1914–1918)._It rapidly mobilized its civilian economy for_the war_effort, the economy was handicapped by_the British blockade that_cut_off food supplies.
Meanwhile, conditions deteriorated rapidly_on the home front, with severe_food shortages reported in all_urban_areas._Causes involved the transfer of_many farmers and food workers into_the military, an_overburdened railroad system, shortages of coal, and_the_British blockade that cut off imports_from_abroad. The winter of 1916–1917 was_known_as_the "turnip winter," because that_vegetable, usually fed to livestock, was_used by people as a substitute for potatoes and_meat, which were_increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup_kitchens_were_opened to feed the hungry people, who grumbled that the_farmers were_keeping the food_for themselves. Even the army had to cut the rations_for soldiers. Morale of both civilians and_soldiers continued to sink.

1918 was also the year of the deadly_1918 Spanish Flu pandemic which struck hard at_a population weakened by years of malnutrition.
