 equipment. It is notably often the first type of bipolar transistor hobbyists encounter and is often featured in designs in hobby electronics magazines where a general-purpose transistor is required. The BC548 is low in cost and widely available.

History and usage
The BC548 is a part of a family of NPN and PNP epitaxial silicon transistors that originated with the metal-cased BC108 family of transistors. The BC548 is the modern plastic-packaged BC108; the BC548 article at the Radiomuseum website describes the BC548 as a successor to the BC238 and differing from the BC108 in only the shape of the package. Datasheets for the BC548 give specifications that are identical to, or exceed, those of the BC108, BC148 and BC238 predecessors. Thus the BC548 (or BC546 to 550) is a valid substitute in any circuit designed for the older BC108 (or BC148), which includes many Mullard and Philips published designs.

As of 2016, the BC548 is principally produced by ON Semiconductor and Fairchild Semiconductor.

Pinout and specifications
The BC548 is supplied in a standard TO-92 3-pin package. The assignment of transistor elements (b,c,e) to leads, i.e. the "pinout", uses the same convention used by some - but not all - other TO-92 devices. As viewed in the top-right image, going from left to right, the pinout is as follows: 
 lead 1 (left in diagram) is the collector, 
 lead 2 is the base, and 
 lead 3 is the emitter.  
Sometimes the middle pin is supplied bent to form a triangle of leads (as found in TO-18 case transistors and, for example, the ZTX108-L) to match the pinout of the BC108 more exactly.

The BC548 part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. Devices registered to this Pro Electron number must have the following minimum performance characteristics:

Breakdown voltage, collector-to-emitter with base open-circuit VCEO = 30 V (see below)
Rated continuous collector current IC = 100 mA (Fairchild's BC548 at one time had a higher rating)
Rated total power dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW (some manufacturers may specify 625 mW - see below)
Transition frequency (
equipment. It is notably often the first type of bipolar transistor hobbyists run into and is frequently featured in designs in hobby electronics magazines where a cosmopolitan - purpose transistor is required. The BC548 is low in monetary value and widely available. 

 History and usage 
 The BC548 is a region of a family of NPN and PNP epitaxial silicon transistors that originate with the metal - cased BC108 syndicate of transistors. The BC548 is the modern plastic - packaged BC108; the BC548 article at the Radiomuseum website describe the BC548 as a successor to the BC238 and differing from the BC108 in only the shape of the software. Datasheets for the BC548 give specifications that are identical to, or surpass, those of the BC108, BC148 and BC238 predecessors. therefore the BC548 (or BC546 to 550) is a valid substitute in any circuit designed for the older BC108 (or BC148), which includes many Mullard and Philips published invention. 

 As of 2016, the BC548 is principally produced by ON Semiconductor and Fairchild Semiconductor. 

 Pinout and specifications 
 The BC548 is supplied in a standard TO-92 3 - pin package. The assignment of transistor elements (b, c, e) to leads, i.e. the " pinout ", uses the same convention used by some - but not all - other TO-92 devices. As viewed in the top - right persona, going from left to right, the pinout is as stick to: 
  head 1 (left in diagram) is the collector, 
  lead 2 is the base, and 
  precede 3 is the emitter.  
 Sometimes the middle pin is supplied bent to imprint a triangle of leads (as found in TO-18 case transistors and, for example, the ZTX108 - L) to meet the pinout of the BC108 more exactly. 

 The BC548 part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allow many manufacturer to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. Devices register to this Pro Electron number must have the following minimal performance characteristic: 

 Breakdown voltage, collector - to - emitter with base receptive - circuit VCEO = 30 vanadium (see below) 
 denounce continuous collector current IC = 100 mA (Fairchild's BC548 at one time induce a higher military rank) 
 Rated total might dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW (some manufacturer may specify 625   mW - see below) 
 Transition frequency (
 eqkipment. It is notably ofuen the first typg if bipmlar tdansistof hobbyists encounter and is odten deatured in designs in hobby elvctronics magezines where a gxheral-puv'ose fvansivvor is required. The BC548 is low in cost atd wndely available.

History and usage
The FC548 is a pwrt of a famili of M[N ahd PNP epitaxial silicon transistods that originated woth the metal-cased BC108 famipy ov transistors. The HC548 is the miderg plastic-packxged BC108; tht YC548 article zt the Radiomuseum website descfibes the BC548 as a sufwessor to tie BC238 wnd differinn from dhe BC108 on only the shspe of the package. Datasheevs for the BC548 give skecificatimna that are identixao to, mr efceea, thuse oh tge BC108, HC148 end BC238 predscessors. Thys the BC548 (or BC546 to 550) if a valid subsfitute ig any circuit designed for the older BC108 (or BC148), which includes many Mullard and Philips kublished qesigns.

As of 2016, the BC548 is principally produced by OT Semmcundbgbor xbd Fairchild Semiconductor.

Pinout and specificatyknx
Tme BC548 is supplieb in a standard YO-92 3-pog package. The assigujeht of transistor epements (b,c,e) ro leads, y.e. tne "pinout", uses the same concention used vy some - but not apl - other TU-92 defices. As viewed in the top-riyht imzge, going fgom left fu right, the pinojt ps av follows: 
 lead 1 (left in dyagram) is the collecgor, 
 lead 2 is the bade, and 
 lead 3 is the emihter.  
Smmetimes tje middle pin is supplied bent vp form a trisncle of leadf (as nound in TO-18 casq transistors cnd, for zxampld, the ZTX108-L) to matrh the pinoue of the BC108 mmte exactly.

The BC548 part numver us assieved by Pro Elevtron, whibh alliws many manufactuvers jo offer electriccuoy and physicalky kntqrbhaigeabja parts undes ond iarntifkcation. Devlcer rebistered to this Pro Eledtron number must naye the foolowing iinimum perfotmance characterisuics:

Brxakdowi voltsge, collector-to-emitter with base kpen-circult YCEO = 30 V (see feloq)
Rated contiuuous collector current IC = 100 mA (Fairchilv's BC548 at one time had a higher rating)
Rated uotal power dmssipaeion Ptotdl = 500 mW (some manufacrurers may specifn 625 mW - see below)
Transitjon fraquenfy (
equipment. It is notably often the first bipolar hobbyists encounter is often featured magazines a general-purpose transistor required. The BC548 low in cost and widely available. and usage The BC548 is a part of a family of NPN and epitaxial silicon transistors that originated with the metal-cased BC108 family of transistors. The is modern BC108; BC548 article at the Radiomuseum website describes the BC548 as a successor to the BC238 and from the BC108 in only the shape of package. Datasheets for the give specifications that are identical or those of BC108, and predecessors. Thus the (or BC546 to 550) is a valid substitute in any circuit designed for the older BC108 (or which includes and Philips designs. of the BC548 is by ON Semiconductor and Fairchild Semiconductor. The BC548 is supplied in a standard TO-92 package. The of transistor elements (b,c,e) to leads, the "pinout", uses the same convention used by - but not all - other TO-92 devices. As viewed in the top-right image, going to right, the pinout as follows: lead (left diagram) the lead 2 the base, and lead 3 is the emitter. Sometimes the middle is supplied bent to form a triangle of leads (as TO-18 transistors and, for the ZTX108-L) to match pinout the BC108 more exactly. part is Electron, allows manufacturers to offer electrically physically interchangeable parts under one Devices registered to this the following minimum performance characteristics: Breakdown voltage, collector-to-emitter base open-circuit VCEO = 30 V (see Rated continuous collector current IC = 100 mA (Fairchild's BC548 at one had a Rated total power dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW manufacturers may specify 625 - see below) Transition frequency (
 equipment. It is notably often The first tyPe of bIpoLar TrAnsiStor Hobbyists encouNTer aNd is often featured in desIgns iN hOBby eLEcTroniCs magazINeS WHerE a GeNerAl-PUrPose tRanSistor iS required. THe Bc548 iS low in cost anD WiDely availaBle.

history and usAge
the BC548 iS a ParT Of a faMilY of NPn and PNp EpitaxIal silicoN tRAnsistORs that oRIGiNateD with the metal-caseD bC108 FAmily of transisTors. ThE Bc548 Is THE moDerN plastic-paCkAged Bc108; The BC548 arTIcLE AT thE radiomuseum weBsite descriBEs tHe BC548 as A sUccESsor to The BC238 AnD DifFering from tHe BC108 In only the Shape oF The packAGe. DatasHeets fOr tHe Bc548 givE SpEcIfiCaTIonS ThAt aRE idEntical tO, oR eXceed, ThosE OF THe BC108, bC148 aNd BC238 PredeCessors. Thus thE BC548 (Or BC546 TO 550) is A valiD subsTituTe In any CircuiT desiGnEd for the older BC108 (Or BC148), Which inclUdeS mAny muLlard ANd PhilIps PubLished dEsigns.

AS Of 2016, tHe bc548 IS pRincipally produced By on seMiconducTor and fAiRcHIld SemicOnDucTor.

PINOut anD speCIfIcations
the BC548 iS SuPpLied in a StAndard tO-92 3-Pin PacKage. THE assIgnmenT of transIstor ELements (b,c,e) to leADs, i.e. the "pinout", USeS THe SAme cOnvEntion used bY somE - But nOt alL - OtHer to-92 deviCes. As ViEWeD In the top-right image, gOiNg from Left tO right, the pinoUt is as follOWS: 
 Lead 1 (left In diAGrAM) is the collectoR, 
 lead 2 Is the base, aND 
 lead 3 is tHe emiTter.  
SomeTimes the mIDDle pin is SupPliEd bEnt TO FoRm a triangle of LEAds (aS fOund in To-18 caSe transIstOrs And, For ExAmple, the ZtX108-L) to matCh ThE pInOut Of the bc108 more exaCtLy.

THe bC548 pArt nuMBer is aSsignEd by prO ELEctRon, whicH AlLOWs maNy MaNufaCtuReRs to oFfer ELecTricallY and physiCalLY intErChAngeablE parts under onE iDentificatIoN. DeVices rEGIstered tO this Pro Electron number mUSt have tHe fOllowIng mInimum perForMance cHarACterisTics:

BrEakdoWn VolTAGe, colLECtOr-tO-eMitter with BASe oPen-ciRcUit VcEO = 30 V (see Below)
Rated continuoUS coLlector currenT IC = 100 MA (FaIRChIld'S bC548 AT onE tIMe hAD A higher rating)
RaTed total poWeR DiSsipation PTOtaL = 500 mw (some maNufactuRers mAY specifY 625 mW - see belOw)
TransitIoN freQUEncY (
 equipment. It is notablyoften thefirst  ty peof  bip olar  transistor ho b byis ts encounter and is of ten f ea t ured in  desi gns inh ob b y  el ec tr oni cs ma gazin eswhere a  general-p urp os e transistor is  required.  Th e BC548 is l owin cos tand widel y a vaila ble.
H istory  and usag eT he BC5 4 8 is ap a rt  ofa family of NPN a n dP NP epitaxial s ilicon  t r an s i sto rsthat origi na ted w i th them et a l - cas e d BC108 famil y of transi s tor s. The  B C54 8  is th e mod er n  pl astic-packa gedBC108; th e BC54 8  articl e  at the  Radio mus eum  web s it edes cr i bes th e B C 548  as a su cc es sor t o th e B C 238and  dif ferin g from the BC 108  ino nly  theshape  ofth e pac kage.Datas he ets for the BC5 48 g ive speci fic at ion sthata re ide nti cal  to, or  exceed ,  th os e o fthe BC108, BC148 a nd B C2 38 prede cessor s .Th u s the BC 54 8 ( or B C 5 46 to  550 )  i s a vali d subs t it ut e in an ycircui tdes ign ed fo r  the  older  BC108 ( or BC 1 48), which inc l udes many Mul l ar d an d  Phi lip s published  des i gns. 

As of  20 1 6, th e BC5 48 is principally produce dby ONSemic onductor andFairchildS e m iconduct or.Pi n out and specif icati ons
The BC 5 48 is su pplie d in a s tandard T O - 92 3-pin  pa cka ge.  Th e as signment of t r a nsis to r eleme nts  (b,c,e ) t o l ead s,i. e. the "p inout",us es  t he  sa me co n ventionus edby  so me -b ut not  all- ot he rT O-9 2 devic e s. A s vi ew ed  inthe  t op-ri ghti mag e, goin g from le ftt o ri gh t,  the pi nout is as fo ll ows: 
 lea d1 ( left i n diagram)  is the collector, 
 le a d 2 isthe  base , an d 
 lead3 i s theemi t ter. 
Somet imesth e m i d dle p i n  i s s up plied bent t o f orm a  t rian gle ofleads (as found in TO- 18 case trans ist orsa n d,  fo r  e x amp le ,  th e ZTX108-L) to ma tch the pi no u tof the BC1 0 8 m or e exact ly.

Th e BC5 4 8 partnumber is  assigned  b y Pr o Ele ctron, whi ch allow s many ma n ufact u re rs to  of fer el ec tri cally  and p h ysi cally  inter ch angeab le pa rt s underone identification. Dev ices r egist ere d to this  Pr o  El ectron nu mber  must have  th e f ollow ing minim um p e rf orm a nce c hara c teristics : 
Bre a k do wn voltage, c o lle ctor- to- e mitter  wit h base open-circu i t VCEO = 30 V(see b elo w)R ated  c ontinuous coll ect or c urrent I C= 100 mA (F airchild 's BC548  at on e time  had ah i gh e r rati ng)Rat ed totalpow er dissipa ti on Ptotal  = 5 00  mW (s ome ma n ufac t u rers may specify  625m W  - se e  be low)Tr ansitio n  fre quency (
 equipment._It is_notably often the first_type of_bipolar_transistor hobbyists_encounter_and is often_featured in designs_in hobby electronics magazines_where a general-purpose_transistor_is required. The BC548 is low in cost and widely available.

History and usage
The BC548_is_a part_of_a_family of NPN and PNP_epitaxial silicon transistors that originated_with the_metal-cased BC108 family of transistors. The BC548 is_the_modern plastic-packaged BC108;_the BC548 article at the Radiomuseum website describes the_BC548 as a successor to the_BC238 and differing_from_the_BC108 in only the_shape of the package. Datasheets for_the BC548 give specifications that are_identical to, or exceed, those of the_BC108, BC148 and BC238 predecessors. Thus_the BC548 (or BC546 to_550) is_a valid substitute in any_circuit designed for_the older_BC108 (or BC148),_which includes many Mullard and Philips_published designs.

As of_2016, the BC548 is principally produced_by_ON Semiconductor and_Fairchild_Semiconductor.

Pinout_and specifications
The_BC548 is supplied_in_a standard_TO-92_3-pin package. The assignment of transistor_elements_(b,c,e) to leads, i.e. the "pinout", uses_the same convention used_by_some - but not_all - other TO-92 devices._As viewed in the top-right image,_going from_left to_right, the pinout is as follows: 
 lead 1 (left in_diagram) is the collector, 
 lead_2 is the base,_and 
_lead_3 is the_emitter._ 
Sometimes_the middle pin is supplied bent to_form a_triangle of leads (as found in_TO-18 case transistors and,_for_example, the ZTX108-L) to match the_pinout of the BC108 more exactly.

The_BC548 part number is assigned_by_Pro_Electron, which allows many manufacturers_to offer electrically and physically interchangeable_parts under one_identification. Devices registered to this Pro Electron_number_must have the following minimum performance_characteristics:

Breakdown_voltage, collector-to-emitter with base open-circuit VCEO_=_30_V (see below)
Rated continuous collector_current IC = 100 mA (Fairchild's_BC548 at one time had a higher rating)
Rated total_power dissipation Ptotal_= 500 mW (some manufacturers_may_specify_625 mW - see below)
Transition frequency (