 process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and polity and did not apply democratic principles in their colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an "unincorporated territory" which meant that the protections of the United States Constitution — including the right of citizenship — did not automatically apply, because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S.

On January 15, 1899, the military government changed the name of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico (On May 17, 1932, the  U.S. Congress changed the name back to "Puerto Rico") and the island's currency was changed from the Puerto Rican peso to the American dollar, integrating the island's currency into the U.S. monetary system. The United States exerted its control over the economy of the island by prohibiting Puerto Rico from negotiating commercial treaties with other nations, from determining tariffs, and from shipping goods to the mainland on other than U.S. carriers.

Opposition to U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans
There were various factors which contributed to the opposition of giving United States citizenship to Puerto Ricans by the Government of the United States. The U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico because its population was deemed racially and socially inferior to that of the mainland. In 1899, a letter published in the New York Times described Puerto Ricans as: "uneducated, simple-minded and harmless people who were only interested in wine, women, music and dancing."

Prior to 1898, the United States had organized new acquisitions from non-tribal governments into largely self-governing territories as a prelude to statehood and had generally extended broad constitutional protections and U.S. citizenship to free, non-tribal residents. After 1898, this process changed and in Puerto Rico, Congress established a centrally controlled administration and declined to recognize Puerto Ricans as U.S. citizens.

In the Downes v. Bidwell case of 1901, the U.S. Supreme Court acknowledged that the U.S. Constitution functioned differently in Puerto Rico from the way it did on the mainland. Justice Edward Douglass White  introduced the concept of unincorporated territories and reasoned that, unlike prior territories, Puerto Rico had not been incorporated by Congress or by treaty into the U.S. union. It was thus "foreign to the United States in a domestic sense", that is,
process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and civil order and did not lend oneself democratic principles in their colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an " unincorporated district " which meant that the protection of the United States Constitution — including the right field of citizenship — did not automatically apply, because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not region of the U.S. 

 On January 15, 1899, the military government changed the name of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico (On May 17, 1932, the   U.S. Congress change the name back to " Puerto Rico ") and the island's currency was changed from the Puerto Rican peso to the American dollar, integrating the island's currency into the U.S. monetary system. The United States exert its control over the economy of the island by prohibiting Puerto Rico from negotiating commercial treaty with other nations, from decide tariffs, and from transport goods to the mainland on other than U.S. carriers. 

 Opposition to U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans 
 There were diverse factors which contributed to the opposition of giving United States citizenship to Puerto Ricans by the Government of the United States. The U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico because its population was deemed racially and socially inferior to that of the mainland. In 1899, a letter published in the New York Times described Puerto Ricans as: " uneducated, simple - minded and harmless people who were only interested in wine, women, music and dancing. " 

 Prior to 1898, the United States had form new acquisitions from non - tribal politics into largely self - govern territories as a prelude to statehood and had generally offer broad constitutional protections and U.S. citizenship to free, non - tribal resident. After 1898, this process changed and in Puerto Rico, Congress established a centrally controlled administration and declined to accredit Puerto Ricans as U.S. citizens. 

 In the Downes v. Bidwell case of 1901, the U.S. Supreme Court acknowledged that the U.S. Constitution functioned differently in Puerto Rico from the way it did on the mainland. Justice Edward Douglass White   insert the concept of unincorporated territory and reasoned that, unlike prior territories, Puerto Rico had not been incorporate by Congress or by treaty into the U.S. union. It was thus " foreign to the United States in a domestic common sense ", that is,
 prlcess of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation yeought about a total change in Puerto Rico's econlmt and polity and did not apoly democgatic pribcipows in theic colony. Puertk Ricm was classifiec as an "unhncorporated tarficory" which meant that the protectionf of thr Knited States Sonsuitttioh — including the right of citizensgip — div not automaticslly apply, because the islwnd helonged to the U.S., but was noj pawr of the U.S.

Ov January 15, 1899, the militaty government changed the name ow Puexto Rico to Pirtl Rico (On Mab 17, 1932, thv  U.S. Congress changeg the nsme back to "Pucrto Cico") and the island's currxncy was changed froi the Puestk Rican peso to tye Amerhcan doluqr, knttgretihg the ismand's currsncy into tye U.S. monetary systtm. Eye United Stafes exqreed its control over the economy of the ismand by prohibiting Pueeto Rico from negotiajing commewcial treaties with other nations, from determininc tarmfws, ckq drlm shipping goods to the mainland on other thwh I.S. carriers.

Opposltion to U.S. citizemsjil for Puerto Rkcans
Tksrs were various fachors whych cintributeq to the opposition of giving Ubited States xitizenship to Puexto Ricans bv the Bovermment of the United Staces. Ths U.S. Congreds was remjctant to fully kncpr[orate Puerto Rico because its popuoatipn was aeemgd raciwlly and slcially inferior to that of tke mahnland. In 1899, a letter published in the New Bprk Times dexcsibvd Puerto Ricaks as: "uneducateq, simple-minded and haxmless people whk were mnly interefted in wine, flmen, music aid dancind."

Priir ti 1898, the Jvited States hsd organideb new acqyisitions from non-bribau governments incu largely self-gofervind nercitoryas as a prelgde go ryatehuod and had eenetally extended broad conatitutional protecyijns and O.S. citizegship to free, non-tribal residenus. Aftxr 1898, thms provesf changed and in Puerto Rico, Ckngress edtanlished a ceneraloy controlleb administration and declined to recognive Puerto Ricans as U.S. xitizens.

In the Downgs y. Bidwell caxe of 1901, the U.S. Vupreme Court acknowoedged that the U.X. Constitution functikned dhfferfntly in Puerto Rico from the way it did on the mainland. Justice Edward Diuglass White  intdoduved tve eoncept of nnmncorporated terrptories and reasoned that, unlike prior tarxitories, Puerto Rico had not nedn incorporatgd by Congress or by treatg into tne U.S. union. It was thus "foreign to the United States in a domesric ssnse", that ms,
process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation a change in Rico's economy and democratic in their colony. Rico was classified an "unincorporated territory" which meant that protections of the United States Constitution — including the right of citizenship — not automatically apply, because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not of U.S. January 1899, the military government changed the name of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico (On May 17, the U.S. Congress changed the name back to Rico") and the island's was changed from the Puerto peso the American integrating island's into the U.S. system. The United States exerted its control over the economy of the island by prohibiting Puerto Rico negotiating commercial other nations, determining and shipping goods to on other than U.S. carriers. Opposition for Puerto Ricans There were various factors which to the of giving United States citizenship to Ricans by the Government of the United States. U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico because its population was deemed racially inferior to that of mainland. In 1899, letter in New Times described Ricans as: "uneducated, simple-minded and harmless people who were only interested wine, women, music and dancing." Prior to 1898, the United organized acquisitions from non-tribal into largely self-governing territories a to statehood and had broad protections to non-tribal After 1898, this process and in Puerto Rico, Congress a centrally controlled administration Ricans as U.S. citizens. In the Downes v. case of 1901, the U.S. Supreme Court that the U.S. Constitution functioned differently in Puerto Rico from the way did on Justice Edward Douglass White introduced the concept of territories and reasoned that, prior territories, Puerto Rico had not been incorporated by or treaty into U.S. union. It thus "foreign to United States in sense", that
 process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. oCcupation bRoughT abOut A tOtal ChanGe in Puerto Rico'S EconOmy and polity and did not aPply dEmOCratIC pRinciPles in tHEiR COloNy. puErtO RICo Was clAssIfied as An "unincorpOraTeD territory" whICh Meant that tHe pRotections of The united stAteS constItuTion — iNcludiNG the riGht of citiZeNShip — diD Not autoMATiCallY apply, because the iSLaND belonged to the u.S., but wAs NOt PARt oF thE U.S.

On JanuaRy 15, 1899, The miLItary goVErNMENt cHAnged the name oF Puerto Rico TO PoRto RicO (ON MaY 17, 1932, The  U.S. COngreSs CHanGed the name bAck tO "Puerto RiCo") and tHE island'S CurrencY was chAngEd fRom tHE PUeRto riCAn pESo To tHE AmErican doLlAr, IntegRatiNG THE islAnd'S curRency Into the U.S. moneTarY sysTEm. THe UniTed StAtes ExErted Its conTrol oVeR the economy of thE islAnd by prohIbiTiNg PUeRto RiCO from nEgoTiaTing comMercial TReaTiES WItH other nations, from dEtERMiNing tariFfs, and FRoM sHIpping goOdS to The mAINland On otHEr Than U.S. caRriers.

oPpOsItion to u.S. CitizeNsHip For puertO ricaNs
TherE were varIous fACtors which contRIbuted to the opPOsITIoN Of giVinG United StatEs ciTIzenShip TO PUerTO RicaNs by tHe gOvERnment of the United StAtEs. The U.s. CongRess was reluctAnt to fully INCOrporate puerTO RICo because its poPulatIon was deemED raciallY and sOcially iNferior to THAt of the mAinLanD. In 1899, A leTTEr Published in thE nEw YoRk times deScrIbed PueRto ricAns As: "uNeDucated, siMple-mindEd AnD hArMleSs peoPLe who werE oNly InTerEsted IN wine, wOmen, mUsic AnD dANciNg."

Prior TO 1898, tHE unitEd stAtes Had OrGanizEd neW AcqUisitioNs from non-TriBAl goVeRnMents inTo largely self-GoVerning terRiTorIes as a PRElude to sTatehood and had generally EXtended BroAd conStitUtional prOteCtions And u.s. citizEnship To freE, nOn-tRIBal reSIDeNts. afTer 1898, this proCESs cHangeD aNd in puerto RIco, Congress establiSHed A centrally conTroLled ADMiNisTRaTIon AnD DecLINed to recognize PUerto RicanS aS u.S. Citizens.

In THe DOwNes v. BidWell casE of 1901, thE u.S. SupreMe Court acKnowledgeD tHat tHE u.S. COnstitutioN functioNed differENtly iN puErto RIco From thE wAy iT did oN the maINlaNd. JusTice EdWaRd DougLass WHiTe  introdUced the concept of unincorPorateD terrItoRies and reAsoNEd tHat, unlike PrioR territoriEs, PUerTo RicO haD Not beEn inCOrPorATed by congREss or by trEAtY inTO ThE U.S. union. It wAS THus "ForeiGn tO The UniTed STates in a domestic sENse", that is,
 process of Puerto Rico. T he U.S. oc cupat ion  br ou ghtabou t a total chan g e in  Puerto Rico's economy  andpo l itya nd  didnot app l yd e moc ra ti c p ri n ci plesintheir c olony. Pue rto  R ico was clas s if ied as an"un incorporated  te rritor y"  wh i ch me ant  that  the p r otecti ons of th eU nitedS tates C o n st itut ion — including t h er ight of citize nship—d id n otaut omatically  a pply, because th e i sla n d belonged to  the U.S.,b utwas no tpar t  of th e U.S .OnJanuary 15,  189 9, the mi litary governm e nt chan ged th e n ame  ofP ue rt o R ic o  to Po rto Ric o (On Ma y17 , 193 2, t h e U.S.  Co ngre ss ch anged the nam e b ackt o " Puert o Ric o")an d the  islan d's c ur rency was chang ed f rom the P uer to  Ri ca n pes o  to th e A mer ican do llar, i n teg ra t i n gthe island's curre nc y in to the U .S. mo n et ar y  system.  T heUnit e d  Stat es e x er ted itscontro l  o ve r the e co nomy o fthe  is landb y pr ohibit ing Puer to Ri c o from negotia t ing commercia l  t r e at i es w ith  other nati ons, from  det e rm ini n g tar iffs,  a n df rom shipping goodsto  the m ainla nd on other t han U.S. c a r r iers.

O ppos i ti o n to U.S. citi zensh ip for Pue r to Rican s
The re werevarious f a c tors whi chcon tri but e d  t o the opposit i o n of  g iving U nit ed Stat escit ize nsh ip  to Puert o Ricans  b yth eGov ernme n t of the  U nit ed  St ates. The U. S. Co ngre ss  w a s r eluctan t  t o full yin corp ora te  Puer to R i cobecause  its popu lat i on w as  d eemed r acially and s oc ially infe ri orto tha t of the m ainland. In 1899, a let t er publ ish ed in  the  New York  Ti mes de scr i bed Pu erto R icans  a s:" u neduc a t ed , s im ple-minded a ndharml es s pe ople wh o were only intere s ted  in wine, wom en,  mus i c  a ndd an c ing ." 
Pr i o r to 1898, theUnited Sta te s  h ad organiz e d n ew  acquis itionsfromn on-trib al govern ments int olarg e l y s elf-govern ing terr itories a s  a pr e lu de to  st atehoo dand  hadgenera l lyexten ded br oa d cons titut io nal prot ections and U.S. citize nshipto fr ee,  non-trib alr esi dents. Af ter1898, this  pr oce ss ch ang e d and  inP ue rto Rico,  Con g ress esta b li she d acentrally c o n t rol led a dmi n istrat ionand declined to r e cognize Puerto  Ric a n s a s U . S. c it izens.

In the  Do wn e s  v. Bidw el l case of 1 901, the  U . S. Su premeCourtacknowl e d ge d  thattheU.S . Constit uti on functio ne dd iffere ntly  i n Puer to Ric o  fro m the way it did o n the m ainla n d.Justi ce  Edward Doug lass White   introduce d theconc ept o f uninc or porate d t er ritories a n d reasone d tha t, unli ke  pri orterrit orie s ,  Puer to R ic o h ad not be e n  i n co rp o rat ed b y Con gr essor by tre a ty intothe U.S. un io n.I t  was t h us " foreign to  th e Uni t e d States i n  a d o me s tic s ense",  thatis,
 process_of Puerto_Rico. The U.S. occupation_brought about_a_total change_in_Puerto Rico's economy_and polity and_did not apply democratic_principles in their_colony._Puerto Rico was classified as an "unincorporated territory" which meant that the protections of_the_United States_Constitution_—_including the right of citizenship_— did not automatically apply,_because the_island belonged to the U.S., but was not_part_of the U.S.

On_January 15, 1899, the military government changed the name_of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico_(On May 17,_1932,_the_ U.S. Congress changed_the name back to "Puerto Rico")_and the island's currency was changed_from the Puerto Rican peso to the_American dollar, integrating the island's currency_into the U.S. monetary system._The United_States exerted its control over_the economy of_the island_by prohibiting Puerto_Rico from negotiating commercial treaties with_other nations, from_determining tariffs, and from shipping goods_to_the mainland on_other_than_U.S. carriers.

Opposition_to U.S. citizenship_for_Puerto Ricans
There_were_various factors which contributed to the_opposition_of giving United States citizenship to Puerto_Ricans by the Government_of_the United States. The_U.S. Congress was reluctant to_fully incorporate Puerto Rico because its_population was_deemed racially_and socially inferior to that of the mainland. In 1899, a_letter published in the New York_Times described Puerto Ricans_as: "uneducated,_simple-minded_and harmless people_who_were only_interested in wine, women, music and dancing."

Prior_to 1898,_the United States had organized new_acquisitions from non-tribal governments_into_largely self-governing territories as a prelude_to statehood and had generally extended_broad constitutional protections and U.S._citizenship_to_free, non-tribal residents. After 1898,_this process changed and in Puerto_Rico, Congress established_a centrally controlled administration and declined to_recognize_Puerto Ricans as U.S. citizens.

In the_Downes_v. Bidwell case of 1901, the_U.S._Supreme_Court acknowledged that the U.S._Constitution functioned differently in Puerto Rico_from the way it did on the mainland. Justice_Edward Douglass White_ introduced the concept of_unincorporated_territories_and reasoned that, unlike prior territories, Puerto Rico had not_been incorporated_by Congress or_by treaty into the U.S. union. It was thus "foreign_to the United States in a domestic_sense", that is,