 along the lateral groove and is supported by a conspicuous costa with type B periodicity. Four flagella are free and emerge anterolaterally from the lateral groove. The sixth flagellum emerges from a basal body the dorsal side of the body, independent of the basal body complex of the other flagella. Fibrillar appendages arise from the basal bodies. An axostyle also originates near the anterior basal bodies, passes through the body of the cell, and protrudes posteriorly.

They are uninucleate and their nucleus can range from spherical to slightly oblong. The nucleus is situated near the centre of the body. A parabasal apparatus, composed of a golgi complex and a single parabasal fiber, can be found near the anterior side of the nucleus. Double membrane bound organelles similar to hydrogenosomes are present in the cytoplasm. Cochlosoma species are often distinguished by their differences in size and the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules.1,3,4,9

Life cycle 
Little is known about Cochlosoma life cycles and much of what is known has been observed in C. anatis. Reproduction occurs by longitudinal binary fission in the trophozite stage. A pseudocyst stage has been recorded and may be the form taken during transmission via the fecal-oral route.7,8

Practical importance 
Infection of Cochlosoma species has also been associated with runting and catarrhal enteritis in wild and domestic turkey poults and ducklings1,10. Most observed cases of infection in adult finches are subclinical11.

Cochlosoma attach themselves onto the host via suction which leaves microscopic lesions and swelling on the surface epithelium10. Although there are many cases in which Cochlosoma species have been found to be the main pathogen, they are often found in conjunction with Coccidia, Salmonella, and Hexamita1. The most notable case directly associated with Cochlosoma occurred in Scotland in 1945 when an outbreak resulted in severe enteritis and high mortality rates in turkey poults. Large numbers of Cochlosoma were found in the duodenum and jejunum of the birds10.

Outbreaks of Cochlosoma can be prevented by reducing overcrowding and environmental contamination. Infection can be effectively treated with metronidazole or ronidazole.7,11

List of species 
Genus Cochlosoma currently
along the lateral groove and is supported by a conspicuous costa with character boron periodicity. Four flagella are spare and come forth anterolaterally from the lateral groove. The sixth flagellum emerge from a basal consistency the dorsal side of the body, independent of the basal body building complex of the other flagella. Fibrillar appendages arise from the basal consistency. An axostyle also originates near the anterior basal bodies, passes through the body of the cellular telephone, and protrudes posteriorly. 

 They are uninucleate and their nucleus can range from ball-shaped to slightly oblong. The nucleus is situated near the centre of the body. A parabasal apparatus, compose of a golgi complex and a single parabasal fiber, can be found near the anterior side of the core. Double membrane bound organelles similar to hydrogenosomes are present in the cytoplasm. Cochlosoma species are often distinguished by their differences in size and the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules.1,3,4,9 

 Life cycle 
 Little is known about Cochlosoma life cycles and much of what is known has been observed in C. anatis. Reproduction happen by longitudinal binary fission in the trophozite stage. A pseudocyst stage has been read and may be the human body taken during transmission via the fecal - oral route.7,8 

 Practical importance 
 Infection of Cochlosoma species has also been associated with runting and catarrhal enteritis in crazy and domestic turkey poults and ducklings1,10. Most observed cases of infection in adult finches are subclinical11. 

 Cochlosoma impound themselves onto the host via suction which leaves microscopic lesions and swell on the open epithelium10. Although there are many cases in which Cochlosoma species have been found to be the main pathogen, they are frequently found in conjunction with Coccidia, Salmonella, and Hexamita1. The most noteworthy case directly associated with Cochlosoma occurred in Scotland in 1945 when an outbreak leave in severe enteritis and high deathrate rates in turkey poults. Large numbers of Cochlosoma were find in the duodenum and jejunum of the birds10. 

 Outbreaks of Cochlosoma can be prevented by reduce overcrowding and environmental contamination. Infection can be effectively treated with metronidazole or ronidazole.7,11 

 List of species 
 Genus Cochlosoma presently
 allng the lateral groove akd is supported yt a coispicuohs costa with type B periodicity. Fouc flqgellq are free and emerge xnterolatvrally frim tie lateral groovx. The siwch flznelluk emerges from s basal bogy the dorsal viae of the body, independent of the baswl body clmplex of the jtheg slagslla. Fibrillar appendages arise frkm the uasal bodies. An axostyle also originates jear the anterior basap bodies, pawses rhrough the cody of tht eell, and prktrudes posteriorly.

They are univuclecte and theur nufneus can raige frjm spherical to sligvtly obkong. The nuclems is siruated near the centrx of the body. A parafasal appdrctus, composed of a googu comklex dnd x sivglt peragasal vibxr, can be fkund near tye anterior side of trv nucleus. Dougle meibwane bound organelles similar to hydrogtnosojes are present in the xytoplasm. Cochlosoma dpecies awe often distinguished by their differences in sise anv ghe pvesevxe or absence of cytoplasmic granules.1,3,4,9

Life cycle 
Miutlv is known about Gochlosoma life cyvlfs wnd much of wfat is knkwn has been obserged in S. anaris. Reproquctoon occurs by longitudinal vinary fissijb in the trophozitz stage. A pszudocyxt stsge has been recorded aud may be the forl taken dhfing transmissiov vpa tve fecal-oral route.7,8

Practicaj importaice 
Iufection of Vochlofoma specifs has also been associahed wnth rgnting and catarrhal enteritis in wild anv domestic tutkef pmults anb duckkings1,10. Most obferved cases oy infectnon in adult finbhes are vubclinical11.

Sochlosoma atdwch themselvxs onto tre hist cia sucgkon which leavrs microsbokic lesionw and swelling on bhe sorrace epithelium10. Aluhiugh there are mavy sadex yt which Cochnosooa rlecier have been wounc to be the main patvogeh, they are often fpukd in conhunction with Coccidis, Salmonella, and Htxamite1. The oost motwble case directly associated sith Cochposjma occurred in Wcotland in 1945 when an outbreak resulted in severe enveritis and high mortaluty rates in turkey koults. Large iumberf of Cochnosoma were found in the duodenum and jejunum of the birds10.

Kutbredks ov Cochlosoma can be prevented by reducing overcrowding and environmental xontammnwtion. Infecfion can te zffectidely vreated with metrpnidazole or ronidazole.7,11

List of rpecies 
Ceuus Cochlosoma currently
along the lateral groove and is supported conspicuous with type periodicity. Four flagella from lateral groove. The flagellum emerges from basal body the dorsal side of body, independent of the basal body complex of the other flagella. Fibrillar appendages from the basal bodies. An axostyle also originates near the anterior basal bodies, through body the and protrudes posteriorly. They are uninucleate and their nucleus can range from spherical to slightly oblong. nucleus is situated near the centre of the A parabasal apparatus, composed a golgi complex and a parabasal can be near anterior of the nucleus. membrane bound organelles similar to hydrogenosomes are present in the cytoplasm. Cochlosoma species are often distinguished by differences in the presence absence cytoplasmic Life cycle Little about Cochlosoma life cycles and much known has been observed in C. anatis. Reproduction by longitudinal fission in the trophozite stage. A stage has been recorded and may be the taken during transmission via the fecal-oral route.7,8 Practical importance Infection of Cochlosoma species has also with runting and catarrhal in wild and turkey and Most cases of in adult finches are subclinical11. Cochlosoma attach themselves onto the host suction which leaves microscopic lesions and swelling on the surface there many cases in Cochlosoma species have been to the main pathogen, they found conjunction and The notable case directly associated Cochlosoma occurred in Scotland in when an outbreak resulted mortality rates in turkey poults. Large numbers of were found in the duodenum and jejunum the birds10. Outbreaks of Cochlosoma can be prevented by reducing overcrowding and contamination. Infection effectively treated with metronidazole or ronidazole.7,11 List of Genus Cochlosoma currently
 along the lateral groove and iS supported By a coNspIcuOuS cosTa wiTh type B periodiCIty. FOur flagella are free and eMerge AnTErolATeRally From the LAtERAl gRoOvE. ThE sIXtH flagEllUm emergEs from a basAl bOdY the dorsal siDE oF the body, inDepEndent of the bAsaL body cOmPleX Of the OthEr flaGella. FIBrillaR appendagEs ARise frOM the basAL BoDies. an axostyle also oriGInATes near the anteRior baSaL BoDIEs, pAssEs through tHe Body oF The cell, ANd PROTruDEs posteriorly.

they are uninUCleAte and ThEir NUcleus Can raNgE FroM spherical tO sliGhtly obloNg. The nUCleus is SItuated Near thE ceNtrE of tHE bOdY. A pArABasAL aPpaRAtuS, composeD oF a Golgi CompLEX ANd a sIngLe paRabasAl fiber, can be fOunD neaR The AnterIor siDe of ThE nuclEus. DouBle meMbRane bound organeLles Similar to HydRoGenOsOmes aRE preseNt iN thE cytoplAsm. CochLOsoMa SPECiEs are often distinguIsHED bY their diFferenCEs In SIze and thE pResEnce OR AbsenCe of CYtOplasmic GranulES.1,3,4,9

LIfE cycle 
LItTle is kNoWn aBouT CochLOsomA life cYcles and Much oF What is known has BEen observed in c. AnATIs. rEproDucTion occurs bY lonGItudInal BInAry FIssioN in thE tROpHOzite stage. A pseudocySt Stage hAs beeN recorded and mAy be the forM TAKen durinG traNSmISsion via the fecAl-oraL route.7,8

PracTIcal impoRtancE 
InfectiOn of CochlOSOma speciEs hAs aLso BeeN ASsOciated with ruNTIng aNd CatarrhAl eNteritiS in WilD anD doMeStic turkeY poults aNd DuCkLiNgs1,10. most oBServed caSeS of InFecTion iN Adult fIncheS are SuBcLIniCal11.

CochLOsOMA attAcH tHemsElvEs Onto tHe hoST viA suctioN which leaVes MIcroScOpIc lesioNs and swelling On The surface EpIthElium10. ALTHough theRe are many cases in which CoCHlosoma SpeCies hAve bEen found tO be The maiN paTHogen, tHey are Often FoUnd IN ConjuNCTiOn wItH Coccidia, SALMonElla, aNd hexaMita1. The Most notable case dirECtlY associated wiTh COchlOSOmA ocCUrREd iN SCOtlAND in 1945 when an outbreAk resulted In SEvEre enteritIS anD hIgh mortAlity raTes in TUrkey poUlts. Large Numbers of coChloSOMa wEre found in The duodeNum and jejUNum of THe Birds10.

outBreaks Of cocHlosoMa can bE PreVenteD by redUcIng oveRcrowDiNg and envIronmental contamination. infectIon caN be EffectiveLy tREatEd with metRoniDazole or roNidAzoLe.7,11

LisT of SPecieS 
GenUS COchLOsoma CurrENtly
 along the lateral grooveand is sup porte d b y a  c onsp icuo us costa witht ypeB periodicity. Four fl agell aa re f r ee  andemergea nt e r ola te ra lly  f r om  thelat eral gr oove. Thesix th  flagellum e m er ges from a  ba sal body the  do rsal s id e o f  thebod y, in depend e nt ofthe basal  b o dy com p lex oft h eothe r flagella. Fibri l la r  appendages ar ise fr om th e bas albodies. An  a xosty l e alsoo ri g i n ate s  near the ant erior basal bod ies, p as ses throug h the  b o dyof the cell , an d protrud es pos t eriorly . 

Theyare un inu cle atea nd  t hei rn ucl e us  ca n  ra nge from  s ph erica l to s l i ghtl y o blon g. Th e nucleus issit uate d  ne ar th e cen treof  thebody.A par ab asal apparatus,  com posed ofa g ol gico mplex and asin gle  paraba sal fib e r,ca n b efound near the ant er i o rside ofthe nu c le us .  Doubleme mbr aneb o und o rgan e ll es simil ar toh yd ro genosom es  are p re sen t i n the cyto plasm.  Cochlos oma s p ecies are ofte n  distinguishe d  b y th e ir d iff erences insize andthep re sen c e orabsen ce of cytoplasmic granule s. 1,3,4, 9

Li fe cycle 
Lit tle is kno w n about Co chlo s om a  life cycles a nd mu ch of what is known  hasbeen obs erved inC .  anatis.  Re pro duc tio n oc curs by longi t u dina lbinaryfis sion in  th e t rop hoz it e stage.A pseudo cy st  s ta gehas b e en recor de d a nd  ma y bet he for m tak en d ur in g  tr ansmiss i on v ia t he  f ecal -or al  rout e.7, 8 

P ractica l importa nce 
Inf ec ti on of C ochlosoma spe ci es has als obee n asso c i ated wit h runting and catarrhal enterit isin wi ld a nd domest icturkey  po u lts an d duck lings 1, 10. M ost o b s er ved  c ases of in f e cti on in  a dult  finche s are subclinical1 1 .
Cochlosoma at tac h th e m se lve s  o n toth e  ho s t  via suction wh ich leaves  m i cr oscopic le s ion sand swe lling o n the surface  epitheli um10. Alt ho ught h ere  are manycases in  which Co c hloso m aspeci eshave b ee n f oundto bet hemainpathog en , they  areof ten foun d in conjunction with C occidi a, Sa lmo nella, an d H e xam ita1. The  mos t notablecas e d irect lya ssoci ated wi thC ochlo soma occurredi nSco t l an d in 1945 w h e n  an  outb rea k  resul tedin severe enterit i s and high mor tali t y  ra tes in t ur key poults. La rge  n u m bers ofCo chlosoma we re found  i n  theduoden um and  jejunu m of the bi rds1 0.
Outbreak s o fC ochloso ma  c a n be p reve nt ed byreduci n g ov e r crowding and env ironm e n tal c o nta minat io n. Infe c tion  can be ef fectively t reated  wit h met ronidaz ol e or r oni da zole.7,11List of s pecie s 
Genu sCoch los oma cu rren t l y
 along_the lateral_groove and is supported_by a_conspicuous_costa with_type_B periodicity. Four_flagella are free_and emerge anterolaterally from_the lateral groove._The_sixth flagellum emerges from a basal body the dorsal side of the body, independent_of_the basal_body_complex_of the other flagella. Fibrillar_appendages arise from the basal_bodies. An_axostyle also originates near the anterior basal bodies,_passes_through the body_of the cell, and protrudes posteriorly.

They are uninucleate and_their nucleus can range from spherical_to slightly oblong._The_nucleus_is situated near the_centre of the body. A parabasal_apparatus, composed of a golgi complex_and a single parabasal fiber, can be_found near the anterior side of_the nucleus. Double membrane bound_organelles similar_to hydrogenosomes are present in_the cytoplasm. Cochlosoma_species are_often distinguished by_their differences in size and the_presence or absence_of cytoplasmic granules.1,3,4,9

Life cycle 
Little is_known_about Cochlosoma life_cycles_and_much of_what is known_has_been observed_in_C. anatis. Reproduction occurs by longitudinal_binary_fission in the trophozite stage. A pseudocyst_stage has been recorded_and_may be the form_taken during transmission via the_fecal-oral route.7,8

Practical importance 
Infection of Cochlosoma_species has_also been_associated with runting and catarrhal enteritis in wild and domestic turkey_poults and ducklings1,10. Most observed cases_of infection in adult_finches are_subclinical11.

Cochlosoma_attach themselves onto_the_host via_suction which leaves microscopic lesions and swelling_on the_surface epithelium10. Although there are many_cases in which Cochlosoma_species_have been found to be the_main pathogen, they are often found_in conjunction with Coccidia, Salmonella,_and_Hexamita1._The most notable case directly_associated with Cochlosoma occurred in Scotland_in 1945 when_an outbreak resulted in severe enteritis and_high_mortality rates in turkey poults. Large_numbers_of Cochlosoma were found in the_duodenum_and_jejunum of the birds10.

Outbreaks of_Cochlosoma can be prevented by reducing_overcrowding and environmental contamination. Infection can be effectively treated_with metronidazole or_ronidazole.7,11

List of species 
Genus Cochlosoma_currently