ulent compared to more recent Y. pestis outbreaks.

Plants and animals 
Many non-hominin vertebrates - ancient mammoth, polar bear, dog and horse - have been reconstructed through aDNA recovery from fossils and samples preserved at low temperature or high altitude. Mammoth studies are most frequent due to the high presence of soft tissue and hair from permafrost and are used to identify the relationship and demographic changes with more recent elephants. Polar bear studies are performed to identify the impact of climate change in evolution and biodiversity. Dog and horse studies give insights into domestication. In plants, aDNA has been isolated from seeds, pollen and wood. A correlation has been identified between ancient and extant barley. Another application was the detection of domestication and adaptation process of maize which include genes for drought tolerance and sugar content.

Challenges and future perspectives
The analysis of ancient genomes of anatomically modern humans has, in recent years, completely revolutionized our way of studying population migrations, transformation and evolution. Nevertheless, much still remains unknown. The first and obvious problem related to this kind of approach, which is going to be partially overcome by the continuous improvement of the ancient DNA extraction techniques, is the difficulty of recovering well preserved ancient genomes, a challenge that is particularly observed in Africa and in Asia, where the temperatures are higher than in other colder regions of the world. Further, Africa is, among all the continents, the one that harbors the most genetic diversity. Besides DNA degradation, also exogenous contamination limits paleogenomic sequencing and assembly processes. As we do not possess ancient DNA coming from the time and the region inhabited by the original ancestors of present-day non-African population, we still know little about their structure and location. The second and more important challenge that this matter has to face is the recovery of DNA from early modern humans (100,000 – 200,000 BP). These data, together with a major number of archaic genomes to analyze and with the knowledge of the timing and of the distribution of archaic genetic admixture, will allow scientists to more easily reconstruct the history of our species. In fact, collecting more data about or genetic history will allow us to track human evolution not only in terms of migrations and natural selection, but also in terms of culture. In the next decade paleogenomics research field is going to focus its attention mainly on three topics: the definition, at a fine-scale detail, of past human interactions by denser sampling, the
ulent compared to more recent Y. pestis outbreaks. 

 plant and animals 
 Many non - hominin vertebrate - ancient mammoth, polar bear, frank and sawhorse - have been reconstructed through aDNA recovery from fossil and sample distribution preserved at low temperature or high altitude. gigantic studies are most frequent due to the high presence of cushy tissue and hair from permafrost and are used to identify the relationship and demographic changes with more late elephants. Polar bear studies are perform to identify the impact of climate variety in evolution and biodiversity. frump and horse studies give insights into domestication. In plant, aDNA has been isolated from seeds, pollen and wood. A correlation has been identified between ancient and extant barley. Another application was the detection of domestication and adaptation process of maize which include genes for drought tolerance and sugar content. 

 Challenges and future perspectives 
 The psychoanalysis of ancient genome of anatomically modern humans has, in recent days, completely revolutionized our way of study population migration, transformation and evolution. Nevertheless, much however remains unknown. The first and obvious problem related to this kind of approach, which is move to be partially overcome by the continuous improvement of the ancient DNA extraction techniques, is the difficulty of recuperate well keep ancient genomes, a challenge that is particularly observed in Africa and in Asia, where the temperatures are higher than in early colder regions of the world. Further, Africa is, among all the continents, the one that harbors the most genetic diversity. Besides DNA abasement, also exogenous contamination limits paleogenomic sequencing and assembly processes. As we do not own ancient DNA coming from the time and the region populate by the original ancestors of present - sidereal day non - African population, we still know little about their social organization and location. The second and more important challenge that this matter has to face is the recovery of DNA from early modern humans (100,000 – 200,000 BP). These data, together with a major number of antediluvian genomes to analyze and with the knowledge of the timing and of the distribution of antediluvian genetic admixture, will allow scientist to more easily reconstruct the history of our species. In fact, collecting more data about or genetic history will allow us to track human evolution not only in terms of migration and lifelike selection, but also in terms of culture. In the next decade paleogenomics research field is go to focus its attention mainly on three topic: the definition, at a fine - scale detail, of past human interactions by denser sampling, the
ulejt compared to more recekt Y. pestis outbteqks.

Plaits and animals 
Many non-hominin vertebrates - qnciebt mammoth, polar bear, aog and hlrse - hace bten reconstructed through aDNA dccovexy from fossils snd samplev preserved at luw temperature or high altitude. Mammoeh studoed are most frezuenu dte tk the high presence of soft tissue and hapr from permafrosy and are used to identify the relationship and femographic chagtes with mord recent elephants. Polzr bear studies are performed tu ideutify the inpqct mf climate rhange in evolutiok and bhodiverxity. Dog and hprsx stydies give insights iito domestication. In plants, aGNC has been isolated feon seegs, pmllev ana wkov. A correpatmon has beeh identifiee between ancient amd vctant barley. Anothqr application was the detection of domesuicatjon and adaptation procwss of maize which influde genqs for drought tolerance and sugar content.

Challences aid fuuuvc pefwpfctives
The analysis of ancient genomes of anaekmocslly modern huians has, in rfcrgt years, compuetely rebolutionized our wwy of sjudyint populatyon kigrations, transformation abd evolution. Bevertheless, much dtill remaius unkmown. Yhe first and obvious pxoblem related to this kins of approach, whizh ps gming to be partially overcjme by thx concinuous kmprpvemene of the ajcienb DNA extraction tefhniqoes, is the diffifulty of recovering well presertxd ancient gemokes, a challznge tmat is particulwrly observed nn Africc and kn Asia, whvre the txmperatures wre higher thdj in other cmlder redionw of the wofud. Further, Afroca is, among all thw continents, the oke thxf harbors the mist genetic diversoty. Befifex QTA degradatimn, auso rxogevous contamlnagion limits paleogenomic seqhencing and assembky processgs. As we qo not possesx ancient DNA comijg frmm vhe tike wnd the region inhabited by ths originap akcestors of pwesekt-dai non-Africau population, we still know little about vheir structure and locqtion. The second anb kore importent chwllenge tvat this matter has ro face is the regovery of DNA from earmy modarn hkmans (100,000 – 200,000 BP). These data, together with a major number of archaic genomes to analyve and with tge kmowleggz oy the tyminj end of the distrinution of archaic genetic admixvure, will dljow scientists to more easilu feconstruct tfe history of our speciea. In facy, collecting more data about or genetic history will alkow us ti tradk human etolution not only in terms of mugratiobs akd natural seldctook, but also in uerma of culture. In the next decade paleogwnlmics research fmeld is goinn uo focua its wttention mainly on fjree jopics: the defonition, at a fone-scale detail, of pdse human interaxnions by densgr samkoing, the
ulent compared to more recent Y. pestis and Many non-hominin - ancient mammoth, - been reconstructed through recovery from fossils samples preserved at low temperature or altitude. Mammoth studies are most frequent due to the high presence of soft and hair from permafrost and are used to identify the relationship and demographic with recent Polar studies are performed to identify the impact of climate change in evolution and biodiversity. Dog and studies give insights into domestication. In plants, aDNA been isolated from seeds, and wood. A correlation has identified ancient and barley. application the detection of and adaptation process of maize which include genes for drought tolerance and sugar content. Challenges and future The analysis genomes of modern has, recent years, completely way of studying population migrations, transformation much still remains unknown. The first and obvious related to kind of approach, which is going be partially overcome by the continuous improvement of ancient DNA extraction techniques, is the difficulty of recovering well preserved ancient genomes, a challenge particularly observed in Africa in Asia, where temperatures higher in colder regions the world. Further, Africa is, among all the continents, the one harbors the most genetic diversity. Besides DNA degradation, also exogenous paleogenomic and assembly processes. we do not possess DNA from the time and inhabited the present-day population, still know little about structure and location. The second more important challenge that is the recovery of DNA from early modern (100,000 – 200,000 BP). These data, together a major number of archaic genomes to analyze and with the knowledge the timing the distribution of archaic genetic admixture, will allow to more easily reconstruct history of our species. In fact, collecting more data or history will us to track evolution not only terms of migrations selection, but in of next decade paleogenomics research field is to its attention mainly on three the a fine-scale detail, of past human interactions by denser sampling, the
ulent compared to more recent y. pestis outBreakS.

PlAntS aNd anImalS 
Many non-hominiN VertEbrates - ancient mammoth, pOlar bEaR, Dog aND hOrse - hAve been REcONStrUcTeD thRoUGh ADNA rEcoVery froM fossils anD saMpLes preserved AT lOw temperatUre Or high altituDe. MAmmoth StUdiES are mOst FrequEnt due TO the hiGh presencE oF Soft tiSSue and hAIR fRom pErmafrost and are usED tO Identify the relAtionsHiP AnD DEmoGraPhic changeS wIth moRE recent ELePHANts. pOlar bear studiEs are perforMEd tO identIfY thE Impact Of cliMaTE chAnge in evoluTion And biodivErsity. dOg and hoRSe studiEs give InsIghTs inTO dOmEstIcATioN. in PlaNTs, adNA has beEn IsOlateD froM SEEDs, poLleN and Wood. A Correlation haS beEn idENtiFied bEtweeN ancIeNt and Extant BarleY. ANother applicatiOn waS the detecTioN oF doMeSticaTIon and AdaPtaTion proCess of mAIze WhICH InClude genes for drougHt TOLeRance and Sugar cONtEnT.

challengEs And FutuRE PerspEctiVEs
the analySis of aNCiEnT genomeS oF anatoMiCalLy mOdern HUmanS has, in Recent yeArs, coMPletely revolutIOnized our way oF StUDYiNG popUlaTion migratiOns, tRAnsfOrmaTIoN anD EvoluTion. NEvERtHEless, much still remaiNs UnknowN. The fIrst and obviouS problem reLATEd to this Kind OF aPProach, which is gOing tO be partialLY overcomE by thE continuOus improvEMEnt of the AncIenT DNa exTRAcTion techniqueS, IS the DiFficultY of RecoverIng WelL prEseRvEd ancient Genomes, a ChAlLeNgE thAt is pARticularLy ObsErVed In AfrICa and iN Asia, WherE tHe TEmpEratureS ArE HIgheR tHaN in oTheR cOlder RegiONs oF the worLd. Further, afrICa is, AmOnG all the Continents, the OnE that harboRs The Most geNETic diverSity. Besides DNA degradatiON, also exOgeNous cOntaMination lImiTs paleOgeNOmic seQuenciNg and AsSemBLY procESSeS. As We Do not posseSS AncIent DnA ComiNg from tHe time and the region INhaBited by the oriGinAl anCEStOrs OF pREseNt-DAy nON-african populatiOn, we still kNoW LiTtle about tHEir StRucture And locaTion. THE second And more imPortant chAlLengE THat This matter Has to facE is the recOVery oF dNa from EarLy modeRn HumAns (100,000 – 200,000 BP). these dATa, tOgethEr with A mAjor nuMber oF aRchaic geNomes to analyze and with thE knowlEdge oF thE timing anD of THe dIstributiOn of Archaic genEtiC adMixtuRe, wILl allOw scIEnTisTS to moRe eaSIly reconsTRuCt tHE HiStory of our sPECIes. in facT, coLLectinG morE data about or genetIC history will alLow uS TO trAck HUman EvOlution not only In tErMS Of migratIoNs and naturaL selectiOn, BUt alsO in terMs of cuLture. In THE nEXt decaDe paLeoGenomics rEseArCH field iS gOiNG to focUs itS aTtentiOn mainLY on tHREe topics: the definItion, AT A fine-SCalE detaIl, Of past hUMan iNteractionS by denser saMpling, The
ulent compared to more rec ent Y. pes tis o utb rea ks .

P lant s and animalsMany  non-hominin vertebrat es -an c ient ma mmoth , polar be a r , d og  a ndho r se  - ha vebeen re constructe d t hr ough aDNA re c ov ery from f oss ils and samp les  prese rv eda t low  te mpera ture o r  highaltitude.  M a mmoths tudiesa r emost  frequent due tot he high presenceof sof tt is s u e a ndhair frompe rmafr o st anda re u s edt o identify th e relations h ipand de mo gra p hic ch anges  w i thmore recent  ele phants. P olar b e ar stud i es areperfor med  to  ide n ti fy  th ei mpa c tofc lim ate chan ge  i n evo luti o n a nd b iod iver sity.  Dog and hors e s tudi e s g ive i nsigh ts i nt o dom estica tion.  I n plants, aDNAhasbeen isol ate dfro mseeds ,  polle n a ndwood. A  correl a tio nh a s  b een identified bet we e n  a ncient a nd ext a nt  b a rley. An ot her  app l i catio n wa s  t he detec tion o f  d om esticat io n andad apt ati on pr o cess  of ma ize whic h inc l ude genes ford rought tolera n ce a nd suga r c ontent.

Ch alle n gesandf ut ure persp ectiv es Th e  analysis of ancien tgenome s ofanatomicallymodern hum a n s  has, in  rec e nt years, complet ely r evolutioni z ed our w ay of  studyin g populat i o n migrat ion s,tra nsf o r ma tion and evol u t ion.  N everthe les s, much  st ill  re mai ns  unknown.  The fir st  a nd  o bvi ous p r oblem re la ted  t o t his k i nd ofappro ach,  w hi c h i s going to b e pa rt ia llyove rc ome b y th e  co ntinuou s improve men t  ofth eancient  DNA extracti on  technique s,  is  the d i f ficultyof recovering well pres e rved an cie nt ge nome s, a chal len ge tha t i s  parti cularl y obs er ved i n Afr i c aand  i n Asia, wh e r e t he te mp erat ures ar e higher than in o t her  colder regio nsof t h e  w orl d .F urt he r , A f r ica is, among a ll the con ti n en ts, the on e  th at  harbor s the m ost g e netic d iversity.  BesidesDN A de g r ada tion, also  exogeno us contam i natio n  l imits  pa leogen om icseque ncinga ndassem bly pr oc esses.  As w edo not p ossess ancient DNA comi ng fro m the  ti me and th e r e gio n inhabit ed b y the orig ina l a ncest ors of pr esen t -d ayn on-Af rica n  populati o n,  we s ti ll know lit t l e  ab out t hei r  struc ture  and location. Th e  second and mo re i m p ort ant chal le nge that thismat te r has to f ac e is the re covery o fD NA fr om ear ly mod ern hum a n s( 100,00 0 –200 ,000 BP).  Th es e  data,to ge t her wi th a  m ajor n umbero f ar c h aic genomes to a nalyz e and w i ththe k no wledgeo f th e timing a nd of the d istrib utio n ofarchaic  g enetic  ad mi xture, wil l  allow sc ienti sts tomo re e asi ly rec onst r u ct th e hi st ory  of our s p e ci e s.  I n  fa ct,colle ct ingmore data about or  ge n etic hi st ory w ill al l ow u s to track  hu man e v o lution not only in terms  of mi gratio ns andn atu ra l selec tio n ,  but also  in terms ofcu ltur e. In th enext  d eca de  paleogenomicsresearch  field i s goingtof ocus its at te ntion mainly  on t hr e e topic s :  th e defin i tio n,ata fi ne- scal e  detail, of past human i nter actio n s b y den ser s am pling, t h e
ulent compared_to more_recent Y. pestis outbreaks.

Plants_and animals_
Many_non-hominin vertebrates_-_ancient mammoth, polar_bear, dog and_horse - have been_reconstructed through aDNA_recovery_from fossils and samples preserved at low temperature or high altitude. Mammoth studies are_most_frequent due_to_the_high presence of soft tissue_and hair from permafrost and_are used_to identify the relationship and demographic changes with_more_recent elephants. Polar_bear studies are performed to identify the impact of_climate change in evolution and biodiversity._Dog and horse_studies_give_insights into domestication. In_plants, aDNA has been isolated from_seeds, pollen and wood. A correlation_has been identified between ancient and extant_barley. Another application was the detection_of domestication and adaptation process_of maize_which include genes for drought_tolerance and sugar_content.

Challenges and_future perspectives
The analysis_of ancient genomes of anatomically modern_humans has, in_recent years, completely revolutionized our way_of_studying population migrations,_transformation_and_evolution. Nevertheless,_much still remains_unknown._The first_and_obvious problem related to this kind_of_approach, which is going to be partially_overcome by the continuous_improvement_of the ancient DNA_extraction techniques, is the difficulty_of recovering well preserved ancient genomes,_a challenge_that is_particularly observed in Africa and in Asia, where the temperatures are_higher than in other colder regions_of the world. Further,_Africa is,_among_all the continents,_the_one that_harbors the most genetic diversity. Besides DNA_degradation, also_exogenous contamination limits paleogenomic sequencing and_assembly processes. As we_do_not possess ancient DNA coming from_the time and the region inhabited_by the original ancestors of_present-day_non-African_population, we still know little_about their structure and location. The_second and more_important challenge that this matter has to_face_is the recovery of DNA from_early_modern humans (100,000 – 200,000 BP)._These_data,_together with a major number_of archaic genomes to analyze and_with the knowledge of the timing and of the_distribution of archaic_genetic admixture, will allow scientists_to_more_easily reconstruct the history of our species. In fact, collecting_more data_about or genetic_history will allow us to track human evolution not only_in terms of migrations and natural selection,_but also in terms of culture. In the next decade paleogenomics_research field is going to focus its attention_mainly on three topics: the definition, at_a fine-scale detail, of_past_human interactions by denser sampling, the