 February 1822, Haiti annexed former Santo Domingo, leading to an occupation that lasted until 1844.

Background

Spanish Santo Domingo had been ceded to France as a result of the Peace of Basel in 1795. Many Dominicans chose to go into exile in Cuba, Puerto Rico and other Spanish areas. France, nevertheless, maintained only nominal control over the acquired area, with most of the colony's administration staffed by Dominicans and Spaniards and Spanish laws and traditions maintained. The situation turned worse when the declaration of an independent Haiti in 1804 increased hostilities on the island and commerce with the western part of the island was lost.

The start of the Peninsular War changed the political situation. Spain was now once again at war with France, although a French-appointed king, Joseph Bonaparte, tried to claim the allegiance of Spaniards everywhere.  Exiled Dominicans who were opposed to the French began returning to the island and organized small expeditionary forces in Puerto Rico under Juan Sánchez Ramírez, which received British naval aid. Britain had never accepted the cessation of Santo Domingo to France, which it considered a violation of the Treaty of Utrecht. The Dominican and Puerto Rican forces defeated the smaller but better-armed French army on November 7, 1808, at the Battle of Palo Hincado.

Spanish rule
During the next twelve years, Santo Domingo's economy suffered. Most farming was solely for subsistence, there was little specie on the island, and, once political stability returned to Spain in 1814, its focus was on the more productive island of Cuba.

However, during the second decade of the 19th century the colonial neglect acquired epic proportions.  In fact, for all practical purposes, the colony in Santo Domingo during these years (1809–1821) was governed as an afterthought through the more significant Cuban administration. Cuba, in contrast with Santo Domingo, had ceased to be considered a marginal colony after the brief, yet consequential, British occupation of 1763. Spain had since been pouring resources into developing the Cuban economy, and so, while Santo Domingo was experiencing a loss of its white planter and landowning class, Cuba was welcoming a growing and  enterprising bourgeoisie, which complimented well the increasingly powerful sugar planter class.

The Dominican colonial elite, on the other hand, had suffered substantially from the effects of
February 1822, Haiti annexed former Santo Domingo, leading to an occupation that lasted until 1844. 

 Background 

 Spanish Santo Domingo had been concede to France as a resultant role of the Peace of Basel in 1795. Many Dominicans chose to go into exile in Cuba, Puerto Rico and other Spanish area. France, nevertheless, maintained entirely nominative control over the acquired area, with most of the colony's administration staffed by Dominicans and Spaniards and Spanish law and traditions maintained. The position turn worse when the declaration of an independent Haiti in 1804 increased hostilities on the island and department of commerce with the western part of the island was lost. 

 The startle of the Peninsular War changed the political situation. Spain was nowadays once again at war with France, although a French - appointed baron, Joseph Bonaparte, tried to claim the commitment of Spaniards everywhere.   Exiled Dominicans who were opposed to the French began returning to the island and organized little expeditionary forces in Puerto Rico under Juan Sánchez Ramírez, which received British naval aid. Britain had never accepted the cessation of Santo Domingo to France, which it considered a irreverence of the Treaty of Utrecht. The Dominican and Puerto Rican forces defeated the smaller but better - armed French army on November 7, 1808, at the Battle of Palo Hincado. 

 Spanish rule 
 During the next twelve years, Santo Domingo's economy suffered. Most farming was entirely for subsistence, there embody little coinage on the island, and, once political constancy returned to Spain in 1814, its focus was on the more productive island of Cuba. 

 However, during the second decade of the nineteenth century the colonial negligence acquired epic proportions.   In fact, for all hardheaded purposes, the colony in Santo Domingo during these years (1809–1821) was governed as an afterthought through the more significant Cuban administration. Cuba, in line with Santo Domingo, had ceased to be considered a marginal colony after the brief, yet consequential, British occupation of 1763. Spain had since been pouring resources into developing the Cuban economy, and so, while Santo Domingo was have a loss of its white planter and landowning class, Cuba was welcoming a growing and   enterprising middle class, which complimented well the increasingly powerful sugar planter class. 

 The Dominican colonial elite, on the other hand, had suffered substantially from the effects of
 Fehruary 1822, Haiti annexed fovmer Santo Dominyi, leadmng to zn occupxtion that lasted until 1844.

Backjroubd

Spabish Santo Domingo had been cedvd to Frabce es a result of tis Peace of Baacl in 1795. Many Dominicaks chose to go into exile iv Euba, Puerto Rico and other Spanish aweas. Frsnfe, neverthelesf, mapneainsd only nominal control over the adquired area, with moxt of the colony's administgatiln staffed by Domijicans and Wpanyqrds and Spavish laws and traditiohs maintained. The situation turved wprse when jkw dfwlaration oh an igdependent Haiti in 1804 increaxed hostilitiex oi thw island and commerce with the western kart of tha nsland was lost.

The stqrr of jhe Paninrylaf Wzr cganged thx political situation. Wpain was now once sgwpm at war witg Franse, although a French-appointed king, Joseph Bohaparte, tried to claim rhe allegiance of Spajiards evqrywhere.  Exiled Dominicans who were opposed to tve Frxnzh ycnan fwtkrning to the island and organized small expeqjtookary forces in Pmerto Rico under Jiaj Xágchez Ramírez, dhich xscsived British navap aid. Btitain had nevew acvepted the cessation of Sanro Domingo tj France, which it clnsidered a viokatiom of the Treaty of Utreeht. Ths Dominican and Puerfu Rican forces ddfestad the smaller but better-awmed Frenrh arky on Nuvemner 7, 1808, wt the Bathle on Palo Hincado.

Spanidh rupe
Guring the next twelve years, Santo Domingo's economy sufgesed. Most faxming eas solely fow subsistence, jhere was littue specie kn the msland, and, ogce political dtability revurned to Spaun ib 1814, its wucus was on thr more productive iwland of Cuba.

Howevcr, dutihg the second dzeaee of the 19th cemtufy ehv cpljtial neglect acqjirdc epiz proportioks.  In gact, for all practicdl phrposes, the colony ik Santo Dimingo dtring these yrars (1809–1821) was governed as ai aftecthougnt jhrough the more significant Cugan adminlstvation. Cuba, ig coktraft with Sauto Domingo, had ceased to be considered e marginal colony aftet the brief, yet conseamential, Britmsh ocsupation mf 1763. Spain had since veen pouring resomrces into developing fhe Cutan efonomy, and so, while Santo Domingo was experiencing a loss of its white plqnter enq landowninf clsss, Clba cas welsomiig a growing and  vnterprising bourgeoisie, which cumplimendeb well the increasingly powerguu sugar plantgr class.

The Dominican colohial eliye, on the other hand, had sufferrd substantially from thc effects of
February 1822, Haiti annexed former Santo Domingo, an that lasted 1844. Background Spanish to as a result the Peace of in 1795. Many Dominicans chose to into exile in Cuba, Puerto Rico and other Spanish areas. France, nevertheless, maintained nominal control over the acquired area, with most of the colony's administration staffed Dominicans Spaniards Spanish and traditions maintained. The situation turned worse when the declaration of an independent Haiti in 1804 hostilities on the island and commerce with the part of the island lost. The start of the War the political Spain now again at war France, although a French-appointed king, Joseph Bonaparte, tried to claim the allegiance of Spaniards everywhere. Exiled Dominicans were opposed French began to island organized small expeditionary Puerto Rico under Juan Sánchez Ramírez, naval aid. Britain had never accepted the cessation Santo Domingo France, which it considered a violation the Treaty of Utrecht. The Dominican and Puerto forces defeated the smaller but better-armed French army on November 7, 1808, at the Battle Hincado. Spanish rule During next twelve years, Domingo's suffered. farming solely for there was little specie on the island, and, once political stability to Spain in 1814, its focus was on the more of However, during the decade of the 19th the neglect acquired epic proportions. for practical in Domingo these years (1809–1821) was as an afterthought through the significant Cuban administration. Cuba, had ceased to be considered a marginal colony the brief, yet consequential, British occupation of Spain had since been pouring resources into developing the Cuban economy, and while Santo experiencing a loss of its white planter and class, Cuba was welcoming growing and enterprising bourgeoisie, which complimented well the increasingly sugar class. The colonial elite, on other hand, had substantially from the
 February 1822, Haiti annexed formeR Santo DomiNgo, leAdiNg tO aN occUpatIon that lasted uNTil 1844.

BAckground

Spanish Santo DOmingO hAD beeN CeDed to france aS A rESUlt Of ThE PeAcE Of basel In 1795. MAny DomiNicans chosE to Go Into exile in CUBa, puerto Rico And Other Spanish AreAs. FranCe, NevERthelEss, MaintAined oNLy nomiNal controL oVEr the aCQuired aREA, wIth mOst of the colony's adMInIStration staffeD by DomInICaNS And spaNiards and SPaNish lAWs and trADiTIONs mAIntained. The siTuation turnED woRse wheN tHe dEClaratIon of An INdePendent HaitI in 1804 iNcreased hOstiliTIes on thE Island aNd commErcE wiTh thE WeStErn PaRT of THe IslANd wAs lost.

ThE sTaRt of tHe PeNINSUlar war ChanGed thE political sitUatIon. SPAin Was noW once AgaiN aT war wIth FraNce, alThOugh a French-appoInteD king, JosePh BOnApaRtE, trieD To claiM thE alLegiancE of SpanIArdS eVERYwHere.  Exiled DominicaNs WHO wEre opposEd to thE frEnCH began reTuRniNg to THE islaNd anD OrGanized sMall exPEdItIonary fOrCes in PUeRto ricO undeR juan sáncheZ Ramírez, Which REceived British NAval aid. BritaiN HaD NEvER accEptEd the cessatIon oF santO DomINgO to fRance, Which It COnSIdered a violation of tHe treaty Of UtrEcht. The DominiCan and PuerTO rIcan forcEs deFEaTEd the smaller buT bettEr-armed FreNCh army on novemBer 7, 1808, at the battle of PALO Hincado.

spaNisH ruLe
DURInG the next twelvE YEars, saNto DomiNgo'S economY suFfeRed. mosT fArming was Solely foR sUbSiStEncE, therE Was littlE sPecIe On tHe islANd, and, oNce poLitiCaL sTAbiLity retURnED To SpAiN iN 1814, its FocUs Was on The mORe pRoductiVe island oF CuBA.

HowEvEr, During tHe second decadE oF the 19th centUrY thE colonIAL neglect Acquired epic proportions.  iN fact, foR alL pracTicaL purposes, The Colony In SANto DomIngo duRing tHeSe yEARs (1809–1821) was GOVeRneD aS an afterthOUGht ThrouGh The mOre signIficant Cuban adminiSTraTion. Cuba, in conTraSt wiTH saNto dOmINgo, HaD CeaSED to be considered A marginal cOlONy After the brIEf, yEt ConsequEntial, BRitisH OccupatIon of 1763. SpaiN had since BeEn poURIng Resources iNto develOping the CUBan ecONoMy, and So, wHile SaNtO DoMingo Was expERieNcing A loss oF iTs whitE planTeR and landOwning class, Cuba was welcoMing a gRowinG anD  enterpriSinG BouRgeoisie, wHich ComplimentEd wEll The inCreASinglY powERfUl sUGar plAnteR Class.

The DOMiNicAN CoLonial elite, ON THe oTher hAnd, HAd suffEred Substantially from THe effects of
 February 1822, Haiti anne xed former  Sant o D omi ng o, l eadi ng to an occup a tion  that lasted until 184 4.

B ac k grou n d
Span ish San t oD o min go  h adbe e nceded  to  France  as a resu ltof  the Peace o f  B asel in 17 95.  Many Domini can s chos etog o int o e xilein Cub a , Puer to Rico a nd otherS panisha r ea s. F rance, neverthele s s, maintained onl y nomi na l  c o n tro l o ver the ac qu ireda rea, wi t hm o s t o f  the colony's  administra t ion  staff ed  by Domini cansan d  Sp aniards and  Spa nish laws  and t r adition s  mainta ined.The  si tuat i on  t urn ed wor s ewhe n  th e declar at io n ofan i n d e p ende ntHait i in1804 increase d h osti l iti es on  theisla nd  andcommer ce wi th  the western pa rt o f the isl and  w aslo st.
T he sta rtofthe Pen insular War  c h a n ge d the political si tu a t io n. Spain  was n o won c e againat  wa r wi t h  Fran ce,a lt hough aFrench - ap po inted k in g, Jos ep h B ona parte ,  tri ed toclaim th e all e giance of Span i ards everywhe r e. Ex i ledDom inicans who  wer e  opp osed to  th e  Fren ch be ga n  r e turning to the isla nd  and o rgani zed small exp editionary f o rces inPuer t oR ico under Juan  Sánc hez Ramíre z , whichrecei ved Brit ish naval a id. Brit ain  ha d n eve r ac cepted the ce s s atio nof Sant o D omingotoFra nce , w hi ch it con sideredavi ol at ion  of t h e Treaty  o f U tr ech t. Th e  Domin icanandPu er t o R ican fo r ce s defe at ed  the  sm al ler b ut b e tte r-armed  French a rmy on N ov em ber 7,1808, at theBa ttle of Pa lo  Hi ncado. Spanishrule
During the next tw e lve yea rs,  Sant o Do mingo's e con omy su ffe r ed. Mo st far mingwa s s o l ely f o r  s ubs is tence, the r e  wa s lit tl e sp ecie on  the island, and,o nce  political st abi lity r et urn e dt o S pa i n i n 1814, its focus  was on th em or e producti v e i sl and ofCuba.
Howev e r, duri ng the se cond deca de  oft h e 1 9th centur y the co lonial ne g lecta cq uired  ep ic pro po rti ons. In fa c t,for a ll pra ct ical p urpos es , the co lony in Santo Domingo d uringthese  ye ars (1809 –18 2 1)was gover nedas an afte rth oug ht th rou g h the  mor e  s ign i fican t Cu b an admini s tr ati o n .Cuba, in co n t r ast  with  Sa n to Dom ingo , had ceased to b e  considered amarg i n alcol o ny a ft er the brief,yet  c o n sequenti al , British o ccupatio no f 176 3. Spa in had  sinceb e en pourin g re sou rces into  de ve l oping t he  C u ban ec onom y,  and s o, whi l e Sa n t o Domingo was ex perie n c ing a los s ofit s white plan ter and la ndowning cl ass, C ubawas w elcomin ga grow ing  a nd  enterp r ising bou rgeoi sie, wh ic h co mpl imente d we l l  theincr ea sin gly power f u ls ug ar pla nter  clas s. 

Th e Dominic a n coloni ale lite, o nthe o ther h a nd , had suffer edsubst a n tially fro m  the ef f ectsof
 February_1822, Haiti_annexed former Santo Domingo,_leading to_an_occupation that_lasted_until 1844.

Background

Spanish Santo_Domingo had been_ceded to France as_a result of_the_Peace of Basel in 1795. Many Dominicans chose to go into exile in Cuba,_Puerto_Rico and_other_Spanish_areas. France, nevertheless, maintained only_nominal control over the acquired_area, with_most of the colony's administration staffed by Dominicans_and_Spaniards and Spanish_laws and traditions maintained. The situation turned worse when_the declaration of an independent Haiti_in 1804 increased_hostilities_on_the island and commerce_with the western part of the_island was lost.

The start of the_Peninsular War changed the political situation. Spain_was now once again at war_with France, although a French-appointed_king, Joseph_Bonaparte, tried to claim the_allegiance of Spaniards_everywhere. _Exiled Dominicans who_were opposed to the French began_returning to the_island and organized small expeditionary forces_in_Puerto Rico under_Juan_Sánchez_Ramírez, which_received British naval_aid._Britain had_never_accepted the cessation of Santo Domingo_to_France, which it considered a violation of_the Treaty of Utrecht._The_Dominican and Puerto Rican_forces defeated the smaller but_better-armed French army on November 7,_1808, at_the Battle_of Palo Hincado.

Spanish rule
During the next twelve years, Santo Domingo's economy_suffered. Most farming was solely for_subsistence, there was little_specie on_the_island, and, once_political_stability returned_to Spain in 1814, its focus was_on the_more productive island of Cuba.

However, during_the second decade of_the_19th century the colonial neglect acquired_epic proportions.  In fact, for_all practical purposes, the colony_in_Santo_Domingo during these years (1809–1821)_was governed as an afterthought through_the more significant_Cuban administration. Cuba, in contrast with Santo_Domingo,_had ceased to be considered a_marginal_colony after the brief, yet consequential,_British_occupation_of 1763. Spain had since_been pouring resources into developing the_Cuban economy, and so, while Santo Domingo was experiencing_a loss of_its white planter and landowning_class,_Cuba_was welcoming a growing and  enterprising bourgeoisie, which complimented_well the_increasingly powerful sugar_planter class.

The Dominican colonial elite, on the other hand, had_suffered substantially from the effects of