In personal computers, all these elements are modeled through a desktop metaphor to produce a simulation called a desktop environment in which the display represents a desktop, on which documents and folders of documents can be placed. Window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism.

Post-WIMP interface 

Smaller mobile devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones typically use the WIMP elements with different unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and available input devices. Applications for which WIMP is not well suited may use newer interaction techniques, collectively termed post-WIMP user interfaces.

As of 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems such as Apple's iOS (iPhone) and Android use the class of GUIs named post-WIMP. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse.

Interaction 
Human interface devices, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a computer keyboard, especially used together with keyboard shortcuts, pointing devices for the cursor (or rather pointer) control: mouse, pointing stick, touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual keyboards, and head-up displays (translucent information devices at the eye level).

There are also actions performed by programs that affect the GUI. For example, there are components like inotify or D-Bus to facilitate communication between computer programs.

History

Early efforts 
Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad in 1963, widely held as the first graphical computer-aided design program. It used a light pen to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late 1960s, researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart, developed the On-Line System (NLS), which used text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a then new device: the mouse. (A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as "The Mother of All Demos.")  In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC and specifically Alan Kay, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the Smalltalk programming language, which ran on the Xerox Alto computer, released in 1973. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.

The X
In personal computers, all these elements are modeled through a desktop metaphor to grow a model called a desktop environment in which the display represents a background, on which documents and folders of documents can be place. Window managers and early software compound to simulate the background environment with varying degrees of realism. 

 Post - WIMP interface 

 Smaller fluid devices such as personal digital assistants (personal digital assistant) and smartphones typically use the WIMP element with unlike unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and available remark devices. Applications for which WIMP is not well suitable may use new interaction techniques, collectively termed post - WIMP user interfaces. 

 As of 2011, some touchscreen - free-base operating systems such as Apple's iOS (iPhone) and Android use the class of GUIs named post - WIMP. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse. 

 Interaction 
 Human interface devices, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a calculator keyboard, particularly used in concert with keyboard shortcut, pointing devices for the cursor (or rather pointer) restraint: mouse, pointing stick, touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual keyboards, and pass - up displays (translucent information devices at the eye level). 

 There are besides actions performed by programs that affect the GUI. For example, there are components like inotify or vitamin d - Bus to facilitate communication between computer programs. 

 History 

 Early efforts 
 Ivan Sutherland explicate Sketchpad in 1963, widely held as the first graphic computer - aided design program. It use a light penitentiary to create and manipulate objects in technology drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late sixties, researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart, develop the On - Line System (NLS), which used text - based hyperlinks manipulate with a then new device: the shiner. (A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as " The Mother of All Demos. ")   In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were farther refined and extended to graphics by research worker at Xerox PARC and specifically Alan Kay, who went beyond text - based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the Smalltalk programming terminology, which ran on the Xerox Alto computer, released in 1973. Most modern general - purpose graphical user interface are derived from this system. 

 The ten
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Ppst-WIMP interface 

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Intgractiou 
Hhman interface devlces, fot the wfficient intrraction with a GUI include a computer hwyboard, especially used togetker wijh keynoard shortcuts, pointiny devides for the cursor (od rather pointer) zonnrol: mouse, pointing stick, toucrpad, tracjbalk, joystkck, firtuaj keyboardd, and head-up displays (trwnslueent hnformatioj devices at the eye level).

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Hostory

Early efforts 
Ivan Sutherland dcvelokes Sketchpad in 1963, wieely held as thr fkrse hrephicwn computer-aiged aeskbn prugram. Iu uwdd a light pen to create and manipulate objectx ln enginegring drarings in realyime with coordinaued grephics. In tne jate 1960s, researchers at the Stanrord Resewrcm Institute, lqd bn Dooglas Engelyart, developed the On-Line System (NLS), whirh used text-based hypetlinks manipulated wijh s then new vevice: the mousa. (A 1968 demonstration od NLS became knowk as "The Mother of All Demos.")  In hhe 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by rwsearciews at Xerox PARV and s'ecnficallr Alen Kay, who went bejond text-based hyperlinks and usxd a GUI av che main interface for the Smslutalk programoing language, which ran kn the Xrrox Alto computer, released in 1973. Most modern general-purppse GUIs are serived frum this system.

The C
In personal computers, all these elements are a metaphor to a simulation called the represents a desktop, which documents and of documents can be placed. Window and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of Post-WIMP interface Smaller mobile devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones use WIMP with unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and available input devices. Applications for which WIMP is well suited may use newer interaction techniques, collectively post-WIMP user interfaces. As 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems as iOS (iPhone) Android the of GUIs named These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows such as rotating, which unsupported one and mouse. Interaction devices, for the efficient interaction with a computer keyboard, especially used together with keyboard pointing devices the cursor (or rather pointer) control: pointing stick, touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual keyboards, and displays (translucent information devices at the eye level). There are also actions performed by programs the GUI. For example, are components like or to communication computer programs. Early efforts Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad in 1963, widely held as first graphical computer-aided design program. It used a light pen and objects in engineering in realtime with coordinated In late 1960s, researchers at Research led developed On-Line (NLS), which used text-based manipulated with a then new the mouse. (A 1968 as "The Mother of All Demos.") In the Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC and specifically Alan Kay, who went text-based hyperlinks a GUI as the main interface for the programming language, which ran the Xerox Alto computer, released in 1973. Most modern GUIs derived from system. The X
In personal computers, all theSe elements Are moDelEd tHrOugh A desKtop metaphor to PRoduCe a simulation called a deSktop EnVIronMEnT in whIch the dISpLAY rePrEsEntS a DEsKtop, oN whIch docuMents and foLdeRs Of documents cAN bE placed. WinDow Managers and oTheR softwArE coMBine tO siMulatE the deSKtop enVironment WiTH varyiNG degreeS OF rEaliSm.

Post-WIMP interfaCE 

SMAller mobile devIces suCh AS pERSonAl dIgital assiStAnts (Pdas) and smARtPHONes TYpically use thE WIMP elemenTS wiTh diffErEnt UNifyinG metaPhORs, dUe to constraInts In space anD availABle inpuT Devices. applicAtiOns For wHIcH WiMP Is NOt wELl SuiTEd mAy use newEr InTeracTion TECHNiquEs, cOlleCtiveLy termed post-WiMP User INteRfaceS.

As of 2011, Some ToUchscReen-baSed opErAting systems sucH as APple's iOS (iphoNe) And anDroid USe the cLasS of gUIs namEd post-WimP. THeSE SUpPort styles of interaCtION uSing more Than onE FiNgER in contaCt WitH a diSPLay, whIch aLLoWs actionS such aS PiNcHing and RoTating, WhIch Are UnsupPOrteD by one Pointer aNd mouSE.

Interaction 
HuMAn interface deVIcES, FoR The eFfiCient interaCtioN With A GUI INcLudE A compUter kEyBOaRD, especially used togeThEr with KeyboArd shortcuts, pOinting devICES for the cUrsoR (Or RAther pointer) coNtrol: Mouse, pointINg stick, tOuchpAd, trackbAll, joystiCK, Virtual kEybOarDs, aNd hEAD-uP displays (tranSLUcenT iNformatIon Devices At tHe eYe lEveL).

THere are alSo actionS pErFoRmEd bY progRAms that aFfEct ThE GUi. For eXAmple, tHere aRe coMpOnENts Like inoTIfY OR D-BuS tO fAcilItaTe CommuNicaTIon Between Computer pRogRAms.

HIsToRy

Early Efforts 
Ivan SuThErland deveLoPed sketchPAD in 1963, widelY held as the first graphicaL ComputeR-aiDed deSign Program. It UseD a lighT peN To creaTe and mAnipuLaTe oBJEcts iN ENgIneErIng drawingS IN reAltimE wIth cOordinaTed graphics. In the laTE 1960s, rEsearchers at tHe STanfORD REseARcH insTiTUte, LED by Douglas EngelBart, develoPeD ThE On-Line SysTEm (NlS), Which usEd text-bAsed hYPerlinkS manipulaTed with a tHeN new DEVicE: the mouse. (A 1968 DemonstrAtion of NLs BecamE KnOwn as "the mother Of all demos.")  in the 1970s, eNgeLbart'S ideas WeRe furtHer reFiNed and exTended to graphics by reseaRchers At XerOx PaRC and speCifICalLy Alan Kay, Who wEnt beyond tExt-BasEd hypErlINks anD useD A GuI aS The maIn inTErface for THe smaLLTaLk programmiNG LAngUage, wHicH Ran on tHe XeRox Alto computer, reLEased in 1973. Most modErn gENEraL-puRPose gUis are derived frOm tHiS SYstem.

The x
In personal computers, all  these ele ments  ar e m od eled  thr ough a desktop meta phor to produce a simu latio nc alle d  a  desk top env i ro n m ent  i nwhi ch th e dis pla y repre sents a de skt op , on which d o cu ments andfol ders of docu men ts can  b e p l aced.  Wi ndowmanage r s andother sof tw a re com b ine tos i mu late  the desktop envi r on m ent with varyi ng deg re e so f  re ali sm.

Post- WI MP in t erface
S m a l ler mobile device s such as p e rso nal di gi tal assist ants(P D As)  and smartp hone s typical ly use the WIM P  elemen ts wit h d iff eren t  u ni fyi ng met a ph ors ,  du e to con st ra intsin s p a c e  and  av aila ble i nput devices.  Ap plic a tio ns fo r whi ch W IM P isnot we ll su it ed may use newe r in teraction  te ch niq ue s, co l lectiv ely  te rmed po st-WIMP use ri n t er faces.

As of 2011 ,s o me  touchsc reen-b a se do perating  s yst emss u ch as  App l e' s iOS (i Phone) an dAndroid  u se the  c las s o f GUI s  nam ed pos t-WIMP.These support styles of interactio n  u s i ng more  th an one fing er i n  con tact wi tha  disp lay,wh i ch allows actions such  a s pinc hingand rotating,  which are u n supporte d by on e  pointer and m ouse. 

Interact i on 
Huma n int erface d evices, f o r  the eff ici ent  in ter a c ti on with a GUI i nclu de  a comp ute r keybo ard , e spe cia ll y used to gether w it hke yb oar d sho r tcuts, p oi nti ng  de vices for th e cur sor(o rr ath er poin t er ) cont ro l:  mou se,  p ointi ng s t ick , touch pad, trac kba l l, j oy st ick, vi rtual keyboar ds , and head -u p d isplay s (translu cent information device s  at the  ey e lev el). 

There a realso a cti o ns per formed  by p ro gra m s  that a ff ect  t he GUI. Fo r exa mple,  t here  are co mponents like inot i fyor D-Bus to f aci lita t e  c omm u ni c ati on bet w e en computer pro grams.

Hi st o ry 

Early ef f ort s
Ivan S utherla nd de v elopedSketchpad  in 1963,  w idel y hel d as the f irst gra phical co m puter - ai ded d esi gn pro gr am.  It u sed al igh t pen  to cr ea te and  mani pu late obj ects in engineering dra wingsin re alt ime withcoo r din ated grap hics . In the l ate  19 60s,res e arche rs a t  t heS tanfo rd R e search In s ti tut e ,  l ed by Dougl a s Eng elbar t,d evelop ed t he On-Line System (NLS), which u sedt e xt- bas e d hy pe rlinks manipul ate dw i th a the nnew device:  the mou se .  (A 1 968 de monstr ation o f NL S  becam e kn own  as "TheMot he r  of All  D em o s.") In t he  1970s , Enge l bart ' s  ideas were furt her r e f ineda ndexten de d to gr a phic s by resea rchers at X erox P ARCand s pecific al ly Ala n K ay , who went beyond te xt-ba sed hyp er link s a nd use d aG U I asthema ininterface f or th eS mal ltal k pro gr ammi ng langua g e, which  ra n  on the  X ero x Alto c o mp u t er, releas edin 19 7 3 . Most mod e rn g e ne r al-pu rposeGUIs a re deri v edfr om this  sy s t em.

TheX
In personal_computers, all_these elements are modeled_through a_desktop_metaphor to_produce_a simulation called_a desktop environment_in which the display_represents a desktop,_on_which documents and folders of documents can be placed. Window managers and other software_combine_to simulate_the_desktop_environment with varying degrees of_realism.

Post-WIMP interface 

Smaller mobile devices_such as_personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones typically use_the_WIMP elements with_different unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and_available input devices. Applications for which_WIMP is not_well_suited_may use newer interaction_techniques, collectively termed post-WIMP user interfaces.

As_of 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems_such as Apple's iOS (iPhone) and Android_use the class of GUIs named_post-WIMP. These support styles of_interaction using_more than one finger in_contact with a_display, which_allows actions such_as pinching and rotating, which are_unsupported by one_pointer and mouse.

Interaction 
Human interface devices,_for_the efficient interaction_with_a_GUI include_a computer keyboard,_especially_used together_with_keyboard shortcuts, pointing devices for the_cursor_(or rather pointer) control: mouse, pointing stick,_touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual_keyboards,_and head-up displays (translucent_information devices at the eye_level).

There are also actions performed by_programs that_affect the_GUI. For example, there are components like inotify or D-Bus to_facilitate communication between computer programs.

History

Early efforts_
Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad_in 1963,_widely_held as the_first_graphical computer-aided_design program. It used a light pen_to create_and manipulate objects in engineering drawings_in realtime with coordinated_graphics._In the late 1960s, researchers at_the Stanford Research Institute, led by_Douglas Engelbart, developed the On-Line_System_(NLS),_which used text-based hyperlinks manipulated_with a then new device: the_mouse. (A 1968_demonstration of NLS became known as "The_Mother_of All Demos.")  In the_1970s,_Engelbart's ideas were further refined and_extended_to_graphics by researchers at Xerox_PARC and specifically Alan Kay, who_went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as_the main interface_for the Smalltalk programming language,_which_ran_on the Xerox Alto computer, released in 1973. Most modern_general-purpose GUIs_are derived from_this system.

The X