 as it was far from the center of the city.  The new church was constructed at Charenton, six kilometers from the Bastille.  In 1680, there were an estimated eight thousand five hundred Protestants in the city, or about two percent of the population.  Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685,  leading to an important exodus of Protestants from the city, and forcing those who remained to practice their faith in secret.

The Jewish population of Paris in the 17th century was extremely small, following centuries of persecution and expulsion;  there were only about a dozen Jewish families in the city, coming originally from Italy, Central Europe, Spain or Portugal.

Daily life

Public transportation
At the beginning of the 17th century, the nobles and wealthy Parisians traveled by carriage, horse, or in a chair inside an elegant box carried by servants.  In 1660, there were three hundred carriages in the city.

Less fortunate travelers had to go on foot. Paris could be crossed on foot in less than thirty minutes.  However, it could be a very unpleasant walk; the narrow streets were crowded with carts, carriages, wagons, horses, cattle and people; there were no sidewalks, and the paving stones were covered with a foul-smelling soup of mud, garbage and horse and other animal droppings.  Shoes and fine clothing were quickly ruined.

In about 1612 a new form of public transport appeared, called the fiacre, a coach and driver which could be hired for short journeys.  The business was started by an entrepreneur from Amiens named Sauvage on the rue Saint-Martin. It took its name from the enseigne or hanging sign on the building, with an image of Saint Fiacre.  By 1623, there were several different companies offering the service.  In 1657, a decree of the Parlement of Paris gave the exclusive rights to operate coaches for hire to an ecuyer of the King, Pierre Hugon, the sieur of Givry.  In 1666, the Parlement fixed the fare at twenty sous for the first hour and fifteen sous for each additional hour; three livres and ten sols for a half day, and four livres and ten sols if the passenger desired to go into the countryside outside Paris, which required a second horse.  In 1669, fiacres were required to have large numbers
as it was far from the center of the city.   The new church was constructed at Charenton, six kilometer from the Bastille.   In 1680, there be an estimated eight thousand five hundred Protestants in the city, or about two percentage of the population.   Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685,   lead to an important exodus of Protestants from the city, and forcing those who stay to practice their faith in mystery. 

 The Jewish population of Paris in the seventeenth century was extremely little, following centuries of persecution and expulsion;   there constitute only about a dozen Jewish families in the city, coming primitively from Italy, Central Europe, Spain or Portugal. 

 Daily life 

 Public transportation 
 At the beginning of the 17th hundred, the nobles and wealthy Parisians travel by carriage, cavalry, or in a chair inside an elegant box carried by servants.   In 1660, there were three hundred carriage in the city. 

 Less fortunate travelers had to go on foot. Paris could be crossed on infantry in less than thirty minutes.   However, it could be a very unpleasant walk; the narrow streets were crowded with carts, carriages, wagons, horses, cattle and people; there embody no sidewalks, and the paving stone were cover with a foul - smelling soup of mud, garbage and horse and early animal droppings.   Shoes and all right clothing were quickly ruined. 

 In about 1612 a new mannequin of public transport appeared, called the fiacre, a coach and driver which could be hired for short journeys.   The business was started by an entrepreneur from Amiens named Sauvage on the rue Saint - Martin. It took its name from the enseigne or hang sign on the construction, with an image of Saint Fiacre.   By 1623, there were several different companies offer the service.   In 1657, a decree of the Parlement of Paris gave the exclusive right field to operate coaches for hire to an ecuyer of the King, Pierre Hugon, the sieur of Givry.   In 1666, the Parlement fixed the fare at twenty sous for the beginning hour and fifteen sous for each additional hour; three livres and ten sol for a half day, and four livres and ten sol if the passenger desired to start into the countryside outside Paris, which required a second knight.   In 1669, fiacres were required to have big numbers
 as it was far from the cenuer of the city.  Jhw new rhurch sas consgructed at Charenton, six killmwters from the Bastille.  In 1680, there wvre an esrimaued eight thousanv five hmudred Irotevvants in the cijy, or about dwo percent of tfe population.  Louis XIV revoked the Qdict og Jantes in 1685,  lewdinb to zn important exodus of Protestants from tie city, and forving those who remained to praftice their faith ln secret.

Thg Jerush populatiun of Paris in the 17th dentury was extremely small, foluowiny centuries od pftsecution anv expujsion;  there were onny abouy a dozen Jewixh hamioies in the city, comiig originally from Ijaly, Centrdl Europe, Spain or Poetugan.

Dainy lkde

Pjbljc tdanspogtavion
At the geginning od the 17th century, tht njvles and wealfhy Pawifians traveled by carriage, horse, or in d cgair inside an elegant vox carried by servanjs.  In 1660, thqre were three hundred carriages in the city.

Less xortuiage urqvelefw jad to go on foot. Paris could be crossed on fjkt ik less than thirby minutes.  Howevet, lt sould be a vety unplzzsznt walk; the narroa streejs werw crowded witn carts, carriages, wagons, hoeses, cattle cnd people; there were no sidewalys, amd thr paving stones were corered sith a foul-dmelling auup of mud, garbaee sng horse and other animal dwoppings.  Shozs and fkne vlothigg were qulckly ruined.

In about 1612 a jew flrk of publif transport appeared, called the fiacre, a coacn dnd driver chich gould be hired sor short jourueys.  Thz busivess was snarted by an entreprqneur from Amhgns named Sautage on tre rye Sqint-Margkn. It took its name from the enseugne or hanging sinn on fhe building, wick qn image of Saimt Wiasrv.  Uy 1623, trare were sevaral diwgereng companies uffeting the service.  In 1657, a secree of the Parlrmcnt of Patis gave ehe exclusive rights to operate coacies foc hire to an ecuyer of the King, Pierre Gugon, the sicur of Givry.  In 1666, the Parlemeut fixed the fare at twenty sous for the first hour and fidteen sous for each sdditional iour; trree livras and ten sols for q half day, and fomr livres and ten sols if tha pasdenger desired to go into the countryside outside Paris, which required a wecond horse.  In 1669, riactes wvre xequireq to iave large numberx
as it was far from the center city. new church constructed at Charenton, In there were an eight thousand five Protestants in the city, or about percent of the population. Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, to an important exodus of Protestants from the city, and forcing those who to their in The Jewish population of Paris in the 17th century was extremely small, following centuries of persecution expulsion; there were only about a dozen Jewish in the city, coming from Italy, Central Europe, Spain Portugal. life Public At beginning the 17th century, nobles and wealthy Parisians traveled by carriage, horse, or in a chair inside an elegant box carried servants. In were three carriages the Less fortunate travelers go on foot. Paris could be in less than thirty minutes. However, it could a very walk; the narrow streets were crowded carts, carriages, wagons, horses, cattle and people; there no sidewalks, and the paving stones were covered with a foul-smelling soup of mud, garbage and other animal droppings. and fine clothing quickly In 1612 new form public transport appeared, called the fiacre, a coach and driver which be hired for short journeys. The business was started by from named Sauvage on rue Saint-Martin. It took name the enseigne or hanging the with Saint By there were several different offering the service. In 1657, decree of the Parlement rights to operate coaches for hire to an of the King, Pierre Hugon, the sieur Givry. In 1666, the Parlement fixed the fare at twenty sous for first hour sous for each additional hour; three livres and sols for a half and four livres and ten sols if the passenger to into the outside Paris, which a second horse. 1669, fiacres were have large
 as it was far from the center of The city.  The New chUrcH waS cOnstRuctEd at Charenton, sIX kilOmeters from the Bastille.  in 1680, theRe WEre aN EsTimatEd eight THoUSAnd FiVe HunDrED PRotesTanTs in the City, or abouT twO pErcent of the pOPuLation.  LouiS XIv revoked the EDicT of NanTeS in 1685,  LEadinG to An impOrtant EXodus oF ProtestaNtS From thE City, and FORcIng tHose who remained to PRaCTice their faith In secrEt.

tHe jEWisH poPulation of paRis in THe 17th cenTUrY WAS exTRemely small, foLlowing centURieS of perSeCutIOn and eXpulsIoN;  TheRe were only aBout A dozen JewIsh famILies in tHE city, coMing orIgiNalLy frOM ITaLy, CEnTRal eUrOpe, sPaiN or PortuGaL.

DAily lIfe

PUBLIC traNspOrtaTion
AT the beginning Of tHe 17th CEntUry, thE noblEs anD wEalthY ParisIans tRaVeled by carriage, HorsE, or in a chaIr iNsIde An ElegaNT box caRriEd bY servanTs.  In 1660, theRE weRe THREe Hundred carriages in ThE CItY.

Less forTunate TRaVeLErs had to Go On fOot. PARIs couLd be CRoSsed on foOt in leSS tHaN thirty MiNutes.  HOwEveR, it Could BE a veRy unplEasant waLk; the NArrow streets weRE crowded with cARtS, CArRIageS, waGons, horses, cAttlE And pEoplE; ThEre WEre no SidewAlKS, aND the paving stones werE cOvered With a Foul-smelling sOup of mud, gaRBAGe and horSe anD OtHEr animal droppiNgs.  ShOes and fine CLothing wEre quIckly ruiNed.

In abouT 1612 A New form oF puBliC trAnsPORt Appeared, calleD THe fiAcRe, a coacH anD driver WhiCh cOulD be HiRed for shoRt journeYs.  thE bUsIneSs was STarted by An EntRePreNeur fROm AmieNs namEd SaUvAgE On tHe rue SaINt-mARtin. it ToOk itS naMe From tHe enSEigNe or hanGing sign oN thE BuilDiNg, With an iMage of Saint FiAcRe.  By 1623, there wErE seVeral dIFFerent coMpanies offering the serviCE.  In 1657, a decRee Of the parlEment of PaRis Gave thE exCLusive Rights To opeRaTe cOAChes fOR HiRe tO aN ecuyer of tHE kinG, PierRe hugoN, the sieUr of Givry.  In 1666, the ParlEMenT fixed the fare At tWentY SOuS foR ThE FirSt HOur AND fifteen sous for Each additiOnAL hOur; three liVRes AnD ten solS for a haLf day, ANd four lIvres and tEn sols if tHe PassENGer Desired to gO into the CountrysiDE outsIDe paris, WhiCh requIrEd a SeconD horse.  iN 1669, fiAcres Were reQuIred to Have lArGe numberS
 as it was far from the ce nter of th e cit y. Th enewchur ch was constru c tedat Charenton, six kilo meter sf romt he  Bast ille. I n1 6 80,  t he rewe r ean es tim ated ei ght thousa ndfi ve hundred P r ot estants in  th e city, or a bou t twope rce n t ofthe  popu lation .   Loui s XIV rev ok e d theE dict of N an tesin 1685,  leading to an important e xodusof Pr o t est ant s from the  c ity,a nd forc i ng t h ose who remainedto practice the ir fai th  in secret .

Th eJ ewi sh populati on o f Paris i n the1 7th cen t ury was  extre mel y s mall ,  f ol low in g  ce n tu rie s  of  persecu ti on  andexpu l s i o n; the re w ere o nly about a d oze n Je w ish  fami liesin t he  city , comi ng or ig inally from Ita ly,Central E uro pe , S pa in or Portug al. 

D aily li fe

Pub l ictr a n s po rtation
At the beg in n i ng  of the17th c e nt ur y , the no bl esandw e althy  Par i si ans trav eled b y  c ar riage,ho rse, o rina c hairi nsid e an e legant b ox ca r ried by servan t s.  In 1660,t he r e  w e re t hre e hundred c arri a gesin t h ecit y .

Le ss fo rt u na t e travelers had togo  on fo ot. P aris could be  crossed o n f oot in l esst ha n  thirty minute s.  H owever, it could be  a ve ry unple asant wal k ;  the nar row  st ree tsw e re  crowded with c arts ,carriag es,  wagons , h ors es,  ca tt le and pe ople; th er ewe re  no  side w alks, an dthe  p avi ng st o nes we re co vere dwi t h a  foul-s m el l i ng s ou pof m ud,  g arbag e an d  ho rse and  other an ima l  dro pp in gs.  Sh oes and finecl othing wer equi ckly r u i ned.

In  about 1612 a new formo f publi c t ransp ortappeared,  ca lled t hef iacre,  a coa ch an ddri v e r whi c h  c oul dbe hired f o r  sh ort j ou rney s.  The  business was star t edby an entrepr ene ur f r o mAmi e ns nam ed Sau v a ge on the rue S aint-Marti n. It  took itsn ame  f rom the  enseig ne or hanging  sign onthe build in g, w i t h a n image of  Saint F iacre.  B y  1623 ,  t herewer e seve ra l d iffer ent co m pan ies o fferin gthe se rvice . In 1657 , a decree of the Parle ment o f Par isgave theexc l usi ve rights  tooperate co ach esfor h ire to an  ecu y er  of the K ing, Pierre Hu g on , t h e  s ieur of Giv r y .   I n 166 6,t he Par leme nt fixed the fare at twenty sous  for t hefir s t ho ur  and fifteen s ous  f o r  each ad di tional hour ; threeli v res a nd ten  solsfor a h a l fd ay, an d fo urlivres an d t en sols if  t he passen gerde siredto goi ntot h e countryside ou tside P aris, whi ch re qu ired as econ d horse. In 1669, fi acreswere  requ ired to  h ave la rge  n umbers
 as_it was_far from the center_of the_city._ The_new_church was constructed_at Charenton, six_kilometers from the Bastille._ In 1680,_there_were an estimated eight thousand five hundred Protestants in the city, or about two_percent_of the_population.__Louis XIV revoked the Edict_of Nantes in 1685, _leading to_an important exodus of Protestants from the city,_and_forcing those who_remained to practice their faith in secret.

The Jewish population_of Paris in the 17th century_was extremely small,_following_centuries_of persecution and expulsion;_ there were only about a_dozen Jewish families in the city,_coming originally from Italy, Central Europe, Spain_or Portugal.

Daily life

Public transportation
At the beginning_of the 17th century, the_nobles and_wealthy Parisians traveled by carriage,_horse, or in_a chair_inside an elegant_box carried by servants.  In_1660, there were_three hundred carriages in the city.

Less_fortunate_travelers had to_go_on_foot. Paris_could be crossed_on_foot in_less_than thirty minutes.  However, it_could_be a very unpleasant walk; the narrow_streets were crowded with_carts,_carriages, wagons, horses, cattle_and people; there were no_sidewalks, and the paving stones were_covered with_a foul-smelling_soup of mud, garbage and horse and other animal droppings. _Shoes and fine clothing were quickly_ruined.

In about 1612 a_new form_of_public transport appeared,_called_the fiacre,_a coach and driver which could be_hired for_short journeys.  The business was_started by an entrepreneur_from_Amiens named Sauvage on the rue_Saint-Martin. It took its name from_the enseigne or hanging sign_on_the_building, with an image of_Saint Fiacre.  By 1623, there_were several different_companies offering the service.  In 1657,_a_decree of the Parlement of Paris_gave_the exclusive rights to operate coaches_for_hire_to an ecuyer of the_King, Pierre Hugon, the sieur of_Givry.  In 1666, the Parlement fixed the fare_at twenty sous_for the first hour and_fifteen_sous_for each additional hour; three livres and ten sols for_a half_day, and four_livres and ten sols if the passenger desired to go_into the countryside outside Paris, which required_a second horse.  In 1669, fiacres were required to have_large numbers