-Absolutive argument of Trumai, as we see S and O undergo the same marking, while A is treated differently.  In sentences, they would appear as follows:

Intransitive:

S             V

pet’ew-ø achïkida

frog-Abs jump

‘The frog jumps.’ (256)

Transitive:

A           V

ine-k   Ø mapa-n

3-Erg      break-3Abs

‘He broke it (a valuable pan).'

Ditransitive:

A        O           V      DAT

kiki-k  atlat-ø     kï̡tï  kasoro-s

1-Erg  rice-Abs give dog-Dat

‘I gave rice to the dogs.'

The Absolutive argument is obligatory and therefore occurs in all clause types.  Its case-marking is –ø or it has none at all and its syntactic placement is within the VP, before the verb (Guirardello is not clear as to whether it appears immediately before the verb or if other lexical items can be placed between them).

The Ergative argument is marked by –(V)k and only occurs in Transitive clauses, where it is the main argument of the verb and is therefore always required.  Its syntactic placement is preceding the VP.  While there are certain scenarios where it can be absent from a sentence that mainly occurs when there is discourse continuity.  If it occurs without this, then the sentence has passive or middle voice.

The Dative argument is marked by –(V)tl, -ki, or –(V)s.  Like the Ergative argument, it occurs before and outside of the VP.  It is only obligatory in Extended clauses, where it is the main argument of the verb.

Trumai’s causative construction uses the particle ka, which appears after the verb and can modify it.  For Intransitive and Extended Transitive verbs, the causee is marked as Absolutive, while the causer is marked as Ergative. While this makes it similar to a simple Transitive clause, the difference is that the Absolutive enclitic is marked on the particle instead of the verb.  For Transitive verbs, both the causee and causer are marked Er
-Absolutive argument of Trumai, as we see S and O undergo the same marking, while A is treat differently.   In prison term, they would appear as follows: 

 Intransitive: 

 S              V 

 pet’ew - ø achïkida 

 frog - Abs startle 

 ‘ The frog jumps. ’ (256) 

 Transitive: 

 A            V 

 ine - k    Ø mapa - n 

 3 - Erg       break-3Abs 

 ‘ He broke it (a valuable pan).' 

 Ditransitive: 

 A         O            V       DAT 

 kiki - kilobyte   atlat - ø      kï̡tï   kasoro - s 

 1 - Erg   rice - abdominal give frump - Dat 

 ‘ I gave rice to the dogs.' 

 The Absolutive argumentation is obligatory and therefore occurs in all article types.   Its case - marking is – ø or it has none at all and its syntactic placement is within the VP, before the verb (Guirardello is not clear as to whether it appears immediately before the verb or if early lexical items can be placed between them). 

 The Ergative argument is mark by – (V)k and only occurs in Transitive clause, where it is the main controversy of the verb and is therefore always required.   Its syntactic placement is preceding the VP.   While there are sealed scenarios where it can be absent from a sentence that mainly occurs when there is sermon continuity.   If it occurs without this, then the sentence has passive or middle voice. 

 The Dative argument is marked by – (V)tl, -ki, or – (V)s.   Like the Ergative argument, it occurs before and outside of the VP.   It is merely obligatory in Extended clauses, where it is the main argumentation of the verb. 

 Trumai ’s causative structure use the particle ka, which appears after the verb and can modify it.   For Intransitive and Extended Transitive verbs, the causee is marked as Absolutive, while the causer is marked as Ergative. While this makes it exchangeable to a simple Transitive clause, the difference is that the Absolutive enclitic is marked on the particle instead of the verb.   For Transitive verb, both the causee and causer are marked Er
-Absllutive argument of Trumxi, as we see S cbd O uidergo fhe same marking, while A is treated viffwrentoy.  In sentences, they dould appvar as fooloww:

Untransitits:

S             V

pec’ex-ø achïkida

frog-Abx jump

‘The xrog jumps.’ (256)

Tratsktnve:

A           V

ine-k   Ø mapa-n

3-Erg      break-3Sbd

‘He broke it (a vallafle lan).'

Ditransitive:

A        O           V      DAT

kiki-k  aylat-ø     kï̡tï  kasoro-s

1-Erg  rlce-Ahs give dog-Dat

‘I gage rice to jge qigs.'

The Absoljtive argument is oblifatory and therefore occurs in xll ckause typew.  Itd case-markinj is –ø jr it has nokv at aln and iys syntactic pkacxmenr is within the VP, behore the verb (Guirarqello is toc clear as to whether ir appgars hmmeauatdly bxfode the vecb or if otger lexical items can be placec fvyween them).

Ths Ergaeide argument is marked by –(V)k and only ocburs in Transitive clauses, qhere it is the main wrgument jf the verb and is therefore always required.  Its syntecgic pjxxelent is preceding the VP.  While there are cerezim xcenarios wherc it can be absent fgok a sentence tfat manhlg occurs when therf is difcourwe contintity.  If it occurs without this, then the seutebce has passive or middle voiee.

The Cativr argument is marked by –(V)tl, -ki, or –(V)s.  Pike the Sfgative argument, it owcurs before and outside os the VP.  It ns only ublibatory in Extendfd clauses, where it is tje mann arcument of hhe verb.

Trumai’s causative constcnction uses tne pagticle ka, whicm appears after the verb and ean modiyy it.  For Intrahsitive and Extendqd Transitive gerbs, the cansee is mwrkee as Absolugkve, while the vauser is marked as Ergative. While thls mayss it similar ti a simple Transitove clwude, tra difference is ghag the Xbsolutive cncuitiv is marked on the pdrtidle instead of the vcrb.  For Jransitivq verbs, both yhe causee and cauder ace maryed Et
-Absolutive argument of Trumai, as we see O the same while A is would as follows: Intransitive: V pet’ew-ø achïkida jump ‘The frog jumps.’ (256) Transitive: V ine-k Ø mapa-n 3-Erg break-3Abs ‘He broke it (a valuable pan).' Ditransitive: O V DAT kiki-k atlat-ø kï̡tï kasoro-s 1-Erg rice-Abs give dog-Dat ‘I gave to dogs.' Absolutive is obligatory and therefore occurs in all clause types. Its case-marking is –ø or it has at all and its syntactic placement is within VP, before the verb is not clear as to it immediately before verb if lexical items can placed between them). The Ergative argument is marked by –(V)k and only occurs in Transitive clauses, where is the of the and therefore required. Its syntactic preceding the VP. While there are it can be absent from a sentence that occurs when is discourse continuity. If it occurs this, then the sentence has passive or middle The Dative argument is marked by –(V)tl, -ki, or –(V)s. Like the Ergative argument, it and outside of the It is only in clauses, it the main of the verb. Trumai’s causative construction uses the particle ka, which after the verb and can modify it. For Intransitive and verbs, causee is marked Absolutive, while the causer marked Ergative. While this makes to simple difference that Absolutive enclitic is marked the particle instead of the For Transitive verbs, both marked Er
-Absolutive argument of TrumaI, as we see S aNd O unDerGo tHe Same MarkIng, while A is treATed dIfferently.  In sentences, tHey woUlD AppeAR aS follOws:

IntrANsITIve:

s             V

PeT’ew-Ø aCHïKida

fRog-abs jump

‘the frog jumPs.’ (256)

TRaNsitive:

A           V

ine-K   ø mApa-n

3-Erg      breAk-3ABs

‘He broke it (a ValUable pAn).'

ditRAnsitIve:

a        O           V      DAt

kiki-k  ATlat-ø     kÏ̡tï  kasoro-S

1-ERG  rice-ABS give doG-dAt

‘i gavE rice to the dogs.'

The aBsOLutive argument Is obliGaTOrY ANd tHerEfore occurS iN all cLAuse typES.  ITS CAse-MArking is –ø or it Has none at alL And Its synTaCtiC PlacemEnt is WiTHin The VP, before The vErb (GuirarDello iS Not cleaR As to wheTher it AppEarS immEDiAtEly BeFOre THe VerB Or iF other leXiCaL itemS can BE PLAced BetWeen Them).

THe Ergative argUmeNt is MArkEd by –(V)K and oNly oCcUrs in transiTive cLaUses, where it is thE maiN argument Of tHe VerB aNd is tHEreforE alWayS requirEd.  Its syNTacTiC PLAcEment is preceding thE Vp.  wHiLe there aRe certAIn ScENarios whErE it Can bE ABsent From A SeNtence thAt mainLY oCcUrs when ThEre is dIsCouRse ContiNUity.  if it ocCurs withOut thIS, then the sentenCE has passive or MIdDLE vOIce.

THe DAtive argumeNt is MArkeD by –(V)TL, -kI, or –(v)S.  Like The ErGaTIvE Argument, it occurs befOrE and ouTside Of the VP.  It is onLy obligatoRY IN ExtendeD claUSeS, Where it is the maIn argUment of the VErb.

TrumaI’s cauSative coNstructioN USes the paRtiCle Ka, wHicH APpEars after the vERB and CaN modify It.  FOr IntraNsiTivE anD ExTeNded TransItive verBs, ThE cAuSee Is marKEd as AbsoLuTivE, wHilE the cAUser is MarkeD as ERgAtIVe. WHile thiS MaKES it sImIlAr to A siMpLe TraNsitIVe cLause, thE differenCe iS That ThE ABsolutiVe enclitic is mArKed on the paRtIclE insteAD Of the verB.  For Transitive verbs, both THe causeE anD causEr arE marked Er
-Absolutive argument of Tr umai, as w e see  Sand  O  und ergo  the same mark i ng,while A is treated dif feren tl y .  I n  s enten ces, th e yw o uld  a pp ear  a s  f ollow s:
Intran sitive:

S            V

p e t’ ew-ø achïk ida 

frog-Abs j ump 

‘The  f rog jumps .’(256) 

Tran s itive: 

A        V

i n e-k   Ø m ap a-n
3-Erg      break - 3A b s

‘He broke i t (a v al u ab l e  pa n). '

Ditrans it ive:A      O       V      DA T

kiki-k a tla t-ø   kï̡ t ï  kas oro-s 
1 -Er g  rice-Abs  giv e dog-Dat 

‘I g a ve rice to thedogs.' 

T heAbso l ut iv e a rg u men t  i s o b lig atory an dth erefo re o c c u r s in  al l cl ausetypes.  Its c ase -mar k ing  is – ø orit h as  none  at al l and  i ts syntactic pl acem ent is wi thi nthe  V P, be f ore th e v erb  (Guira rdelloi s n ot c l ea r as to whether it  a p p ea rs immed iately be fo r e the ve rb  or  ifo t her l exic a litems ca n be p l ac ed  betwee nthem). 
The  Er gativ e  arg umentis marke d by– (V)k and onlyo ccurs in Tran s it i v ec laus es,  where it i s th e  mai n ar g um ent of th e ver ba nd is therefore always  r equire d.  I ts syntacticplacementi s precedin g th e  V P .  While there  arecertain sc e narios w hereit can b e absentf r om a sen ten cetha t m a i nl y occurs when t here  i s disco urs e conti nui ty.   I f i toccurs wi thout th is ,th en  th e sen t ence has  p ass iv e o r mid d le voi ce.
TheDa ti v e a rgument is m arke dby  –(V )tl ,-ki,or – ( V)s .  Like  the Erga tiv e  arg um en t, it o ccurs beforean d outsideof  th e VP.I t is onl y obligatory in Extende d  clause s,where  itis the ma inargume nto f theverb.
Trum ai ’sc a usati v e  c ons tr uction use s the  part ic le k a, whic h appears after th e  ve rb and can mo dif y it .  F orI nt r ans it i vea n d Extended Tran sitive ver bs ,  t he causeei s m ar ked asAbsolut ive,w hile th e causeris marked  a s Er g a tiv e. While t his make s it simi l ar to asimpl e T ransit iv e c lause , thed iff erenc e is t ha t theAbsol ut ive encl itic is marked on the p articl e ins tea d of thever b . For Trans itiv e verbs, b oth  th e cau see and c ause r  a rem arked  Er
-Absolutive argument_of Trumai,_as we see S_and O_undergo_the same_marking,_while A is_treated differently. _In sentences, they would_appear as follows:

Intransitive:

S__           V

pet’ew-ø achïkida

frog-Abs jump

‘The_frog_jumps.’ (256)

Transitive:

A___    _   V

ine-k _ Ø_mapa-n

3-Erg      break-3Abs

‘He broke_it_(a valuable pan).'

Ditransitive:

A_       O _     _  _V__   _DAT

kiki-k  atlat-ø   _ kï̡tï  kasoro-s

1-Erg  rice-Abs_give dog-Dat

‘I gave rice to the dogs.'

The_Absolutive argument is obligatory and therefore_occurs in all clause types._ Its_case-marking is –ø or it_has none at_all and_its syntactic placement_is within the VP, before the_verb (Guirardello is_not clear as to whether it_appears_immediately before the_verb_or_if other_lexical items can_be_placed between_them).

The_Ergative argument is marked by –(V)k_and_only occurs in Transitive clauses, where it_is the main argument_of_the verb and is_therefore always required.  Its_syntactic placement is preceding the VP._ While_there are_certain scenarios where it can be absent from a sentence that_mainly occurs when there is discourse_continuity.  If it_occurs without_this,_then the sentence_has_passive or_middle voice.

The Dative argument is marked by_–(V)tl, -ki,_or –(V)s.  Like the Ergative_argument, it occurs before_and_outside of the VP.  It_is only obligatory in Extended clauses,_where it is the main_argument_of_the verb.

Trumai’s causative construction uses_the particle ka, which appears after_the verb and_can modify it.  For Intransitive and_Extended_Transitive verbs, the causee is marked_as_Absolutive, while the causer is marked_as_Ergative._While this makes it similar_to a simple Transitive clause, the_difference is that the Absolutive enclitic is marked on_the particle instead_of the verb.  For_Transitive_verbs,_both the causee and causer are marked Er