 monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland.

Etymology
Ilex in Latin means the holm-oak or evergreen oak (Quercus ilex).  Despite the Linnaean classification of Ilex as holly, as late as the 19th century in Britain, the term Ilex was still being applied to the oak as well as the holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leaves.  The name "holly" in common speech refers to Ilex aquifolium, specifically stems with berries used in Christmas decoration.  By extension, "holly" is also applied to the whole genus. The origin of the word "holly" is considered a reduced form of Old English, Middle English Holin, later Hollen.

The French word for holly,, derives from the Old Low Franconian *hulis (Middle Dutch huls). Both are related to Old High German, huls, as are Low German/Low Franconian terms like  or. These Germanic words appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh, Breton  and Irish.

Several Romance languages use the Latin word acrifolium, literally "sharp leaf" (turned into aquifolium in modern time), so Italian, Occitan, etc.

History

The phylogeography of this group provides examples of various speciation mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining Ilex when the Earth mass broke away into Gondwana and Laurasia about 82million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is called allopatric speciation. Over time, survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological niches. This led to reproductive isolation, an example of ecological speciation. In the Pliocene, around five million years ago, mountain formation diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for speciation within the genus.

The fossil record indicates that the Ilex lineage was already widespread prior to the end of the Cretaceous period. Based on the molecular clock, the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the Eocene, about 50million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches. The laurel forest covered great areas of the Earth during the Paleogene, when the
monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland. 

 Etymology 
 Ilex in Latin mean the holm - oak or evergreen oak (Quercus ilex).   Despite the Linnaean categorization of Ilex as holly, as late as the nineteenth century in Britain, the terminus Ilex was still being applied to the oak equally well as the holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leave.   The name " holly " in common address refers to Ilex aquifolium, specifically stems with berry used in Christmas decoration.   By extension, " holly " is besides applied to the whole genus. The beginning of the word " holly " is considered a reduce form of Old English, Middle English Holin, later Hollen. 

 The French son for holly, , derives from the Old Low Franconian * hulis (Middle Dutch huls). Both are related to Old High German, huls, as are abject German / Low Franconian terms like   or. These Germanic words appear to be refer to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh, Breton   and Irish. 

 Several Romance languages use the Latin son acrifolium, literally " shrill leaf " (turned into aquifolium in modern time), so Italian, Occitan, etc. 

 History 

 The phylogeography of this group provides examples of diverse speciation mechanism at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group become apart from the remaining Ilex when the Earth mass broke aside into Gondwana and Laurasia about 82million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the group and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is call allopatric speciation. Over time, survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological recess. This led to generative isolation, an case of ecological speciation. In the Pliocene, around five million years ago, mountain formation diversify the landscape and provided new opportunities for speciation within the genus. 

 The dodo record indicate that the Ilex lineage was already widespread prior to the conclusion of the Cretaceous period. base on the molecular clock, the common ancestor of most of the extant species credibly appeared during the Eocene, about 50million years ago, suggesting that older representative of the genus belong to immediately extinct branches. The laurel forest covered great areas of the Earth during the Paleogene, when the
 mojitor list, and is a Clasr C invasive plcbt in 'ortlans.

Etymoloey
Ilex in Latin means the hopm-iak oe evergreen oak (Quercur ilex).  Dvspite thw Liinaean classificefion of Ilex zd honoy, as late as jhe 19th centusy in Britain, dhd cerm Ilex was still being applied to the oal ws well as the holkr – pkssibly due to the superficial simjlarity of the leavex.  The name "holly" in commoj spfech refers to Iled aquifoliun, spqxifically stdms with btrxies used ih Christmas decoration.  By extevsion, "holly" is qlwo wkplied to thx wholv genus. The ovpgin of the wotd "holly" is coksideced q reduced form of Old English, Middle Endlish Holhn, later Hollen.

The Drwnch ford for yoluy,, secivss frol tie Old Low Rranconian *yulis (Middle Dutch nujw). Both are remated eo Old High German, huls, as are Low German/Now Franconian terms like  or. These Germanic wotds appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic langudges, ajch af Qepsh, Breton  and Irish.

Several Romance languagef uxe the Latin worb acrifolium, litrrwlki "sharp leaf" (torned iufo aquifolium in modfrn timg), so Iralian, Ocsitam, etc.

History

The phylogeography of this yroyp provides examplzs of variour spgciatipn mechanisms at work. Iu this scenario ajcestors kw this group becxme ivolated from the remaining Ilex whei the Earth oass broke away into Gondwana and Laurasia ahout 82linlion yeard ago, resulting in a physical sx'aration of tne grmups and begikning a process of change to cdapt to new zonditions. This mxchanism is salled allopadtic speciatioi. Over tiie, syrvicor spezkes of the holky genus cbapted to different ecologigal nkdhes. This led ti rtpeoductive isolstiun, wn eeamplq of ecologicdl soeckstion. In the Pliizene, around five million yeads ago, mountain fotmwtion dicersifieq the landscale and provided nea oppmrtnnitiex fjr speciation within the genus.

Fhe fossip rccord indicatqs tmat jhe Ilex liueage was already widespread prior to thx end of the Cretaceous period. Based on thg mplecular clpck, tre common ancestor of most of the extant specits probably appeared duding tve Eofene, about 50million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to nkw ectincn bxanehes. Thq lanrxl forest covered great areas of the Earth durinj the Palemgzne, when the
monitor list, and is a Class C in Etymology Ilex Latin means the ilex). the Linnaean classification Ilex as holly, late as the 19th century in the term Ilex was still being applied to the oak as well as holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leaves. The name in speech to aquifolium, specifically stems with berries used in Christmas decoration. By extension, "holly" is also applied to whole genus. The origin of the word "holly" considered a reduced form Old English, Middle English Holin, Hollen. French word holly,, from Old Low Franconian (Middle Dutch huls). Both are related to Old High German, huls, as are Low German/Low Franconian terms or. These appear to related words holly in Celtic as Welsh, Breton and Irish. Several the Latin word acrifolium, literally "sharp leaf" (turned aquifolium in time), so Italian, Occitan, etc. History phylogeography of this group provides examples of various mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining the Earth mass broke into Gondwana and about years resulting a physical of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt new conditions. This mechanism is called allopatric speciation. Over time, of holly genus adapted different ecological niches. This to isolation, an example of In Pliocene, years mountain diversified the landscape and new opportunities for speciation within genus. The fossil record was already widespread prior to the end of Cretaceous period. Based on the molecular clock, common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the about 50million suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong now extinct branches. The forest covered great areas of the Earth during the when
 monitor list, and is a Class C inVasive planT in PoRtlAnd.

etYmolOgy
ILex in Latin meanS The hOlm-oak or evergreen oak (QuErcus IlEX).  DesPItE the LInnaean CLaSSIfiCaTiOn oF ILEx As holLy, aS late as The 19th centuRy iN BRitain, the terM ilEx was still BeiNg applied to tHe oAk as weLl As tHE hollY – poSsiblY due to THe supeRficial siMiLArity oF The leavES.  thE namE "holly" in common speECh REfers to Ilex aquIfoliuM, sPEcIFIcaLly Stems with bErRies uSEd in ChrIStMAS DecORation.  By extenSion, "holly" is ALso ApplieD tO thE Whole gEnus. THe ORigIn of the word "HollY" is considEred a rEDuced foRM of Old ENglish, midDle englISh hoLin, LaTEr HOLlEn.

THE FrEnch word FoR hOlly,, dErivES FROm thE OlD Low francOnian *hulis (MidDle dutcH HulS). Both Are reLateD tO Old HIgh GerMan, huLs, As are Low German/LOw FrAnconian tErmS lIke  Or. these gErmaniC woRds Appear tO be relaTEd tO wORDS fOr holly in Celtic lanGuAGEs, Such as WeLsh, BreTOn  AnD irish.

SevErAl ROmanCE LanguAges USe The Latin Word acRIfOlIum, liteRaLly "shaRp LeaF" (tuRned iNTo aqUifoliUm in modeRn timE), So Italian, OccitAN, etc.

History

ThE PhYLOgEOgraPhy Of this group ProvIDes eXampLEs Of vARious SpeciAtIOn MEchanisms at work. In thIs ScenarIo ancEstors of this gRoup became ISOLated froM the REmAIning Ilex when tHe EarTh mass brokE Away into gondwAna and LaUrasia aboUT 82Million yEarS agO, reSulTINg In a physical sePARatiOn Of the grOupS and begInnIng A prOceSs Of change tO adapt to NeW cOnDiTioNs. ThiS MechanisM iS caLlEd aLlopaTRic speCiatiOn. OvEr TiME, suRvivor sPEcIES of tHe HoLly gEnuS aDapteD to dIFfeRent ecoLogical niCheS. this LeD tO reprodUctive isolatiOn, An example oF eColOgical SPEciation. in the Pliocene, around five MIllion yEarS ago, mOuntAin formatIon DiversIfiED the laNdscapE and pRoVidED New opPORtUniTiEs for speciATIon WithiN tHe geNus.

The fOssil record indicatES thAt the Ilex lineAge Was aLREaDy wIDeSPreAd PRioR TO the end of the CreTaceous perIoD. baSed on the moLEcuLaR clock, tHe commoN anceSTor of moSt of the exTant speciEs ProbABLy aPpeared durIng the EoCene, about 50MIllioN YeArs agO, suGgestiNg ThaT oldeR repreSEntAtiveS of the GeNus belOng to NoW extinct Branches. The laurel forest CovereD greaT arEas of the EArtH DurIng the PalEogeNe, when the
 monitor list, and is a Cl ass C inva sivepla ntin  Por tlan d.

EtymologyI lexin Latin means the hol m-oak  o r  eve r gr een o ak (Que r cu s ile x) . De sp i te  theLin naean c lassificat ion  o f Ilex as ho l ly , as lateasthe 19th cen tur y in B ri tai n , the  te rm Il ex was stillbeing app li e d to t h e oak a s we ll a s the holly – pos s ib l y due to the s uperfi ci a ls i mil ari ty of thele aves.  The na m e" h o lly "  in common sp eech refers toIlex a qu ifo l ium, s pecif ic a lly  stems with  ber ries used  in Ch r istmasd ecorati on.  B y e xte nsio n ,"h oll y" isa ls o a p pli ed to th ewh ole g enus . T h e or igi n of  theword "holly"iscons i der ed areduc ed f or m ofOld En glish ,Middle EnglishHoli n, laterHol le n.
T he Fr e nch wo rdfor  holly, , deriv e s f ro m t he  Old Low Franconia n* h ul is (Midd le Dut c hhu l s). Both  a rerela t e d toOldH ig h German , huls ,  a sare Low  G erman/ Lo w F ran conia n  ter ms lik e  or. T heseG ermanic wordsa ppear to be r e la t e dt o wo rds  for hollyin C e ltic  lan g ua ges ,  such  as W el s h, Breton  and Irish.
S everal  Roma nce languages  use the L a t i n word a crif o li u m, literally " sharp  leaf" (tu r ned into  aqui folium i n modernt i me), soIta lia n,Occ i t an , etc.

Histo r y 

Th ephyloge ogr aphy of  th isgro uppr ovides ex amples o fva ri ou s s pecia t ion mech an ism satwork. In thi s sce nari oan c est ors oft hi s grou pbe came  is ol atedfrom the  remain ing Ilexwhe n  the  E ar th mass  broke away i nt o Gondwana  a ndLauras i a  about 8 2million years ago, res u lting i n a  phys ical  separati onof the  gr o ups an d begi nning  a  pr o c ess o f ch ang eto adapt t o new  cond it ions . Thismechanism is calle d  al lopatric spec iat ion. O ve r t i me ,  su rv i vor s pecies of the h olly genus  a d ap ted to dif f ere nt  ecolog ical ni ches. This le d to repr oductiveis olat i o n,an example  of ecol ogical sp e ciati o n.  In t hePlioce ne , a round  fivem ill ion y ears a go , moun tainfo rmationdiversified the landsca pe and  prov ide d new opp ort u nit ies for s peci ation with inthe  genu s.The f ossi l  r eco r d ind icat e s that th e  I lex l in eage was al r e a dywides pre a d prio r to  the end of the C r etaceous perio d. B a s edont he m ol ecular clock,the  c o m mon ance st or of mostof the e xt a nt sp eciesprobab ly appe a r ed during  the  Eo cene, abo ut50 m illionye ar s  ago,sugg es ting t hat ol d er r e p resentatives ofthe g e n us be l ong  to n ow  extinc t  bra nches. The  laurel for est co vere d gre at area sof the  Ea rt h during t h e Paleoge ne, w hen the 
 monitor_list, and_is a Class C_invasive plant_in_Portland.

Etymology
Ilex in_Latin_means the holm-oak_or evergreen oak_(Quercus ilex).  Despite_the Linnaean classification_of_Ilex as holly, as late as the 19th century in Britain, the term Ilex_was_still being_applied_to_the oak as well as_the holly – possibly due_to the_superficial similarity of the leaves.  The name_"holly"_in common speech_refers to Ilex aquifolium, specifically stems with berries used_in Christmas decoration.  By extension,_"holly" is also_applied_to_the whole genus. The_origin of the word "holly" is_considered a reduced form of Old_English, Middle English Holin, later Hollen.

The French_word for holly,, derives from the_Old Low Franconian *hulis (Middle_Dutch huls)._Both are related to Old_High German, huls,_as are_Low German/Low Franconian_terms like  or. These Germanic_words appear to_be related to words for holly_in_Celtic languages, such_as_Welsh,_Breton _and Irish.

Several Romance_languages_use the_Latin_word acrifolium, literally "sharp leaf" (turned_into_aquifolium in modern time), so Italian, Occitan,_etc.

History

The phylogeography of this_group_provides examples of various_speciation mechanisms at work. In_this scenario ancestors of this group_became isolated_from the_remaining Ilex when the Earth mass broke away into Gondwana and_Laurasia about 82million years ago, resulting_in a physical separation_of the_groups_and beginning a_process_of change_to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism_is called_allopatric speciation. Over time, survivor species_of the holly genus_adapted_to different ecological niches. This led_to reproductive isolation, an example of_ecological speciation. In the Pliocene,_around_five_million years ago, mountain formation_diversified the landscape and provided new_opportunities for speciation_within the genus.

The fossil record indicates that_the_Ilex lineage was already widespread prior_to_the end of the Cretaceous period._Based_on_the molecular clock, the common_ancestor of most of the extant_species probably appeared during the Eocene, about 50million years_ago, suggesting that_older representatives of the genus_belong_to_now extinct branches. The laurel forest covered great areas of_the Earth_during the Paleogene,_when the