 were implemented. The Emergency Response was criticised, but it also received bipartisan parliamentary support.

The Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007, introduced by the Howard government, received Royal Assent on 17 August 2007. The 2007 Act was amended four times by the successive Rudd and Gillard governments. The 2007 Act was repealed on 16 July 2012 by the Gillard Government who replaced it with the Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Act 2012. The 2012 Act remains in force  and retains many of the measures of the 2007 Act.

Political context 
The Intervention was introduced during the lead-up to the 2007 federal election, at which the Coalition government led by John Howard since 1996, was defeated. Paul Toohey, writing for The Bulletin wrote that the policy was poll-driven, although it gained the broad support of the Rudd Labor opposition and some Aboriginal leaders. Analysis of the political arguments in support of the Intervention identified three key factors which allowed easy passage of ensuing legislation. The first was the use of the Little Children are Sacred report. The second was the failure to sufficiently detail the links between the Intervention and the measures combating child sexual abuse. The third was the failure to recognise Aboriginal agency and need for consultation.

As well, the Intervention came at a time of increasing debate over the future of federalism in Australia, in particular the proper extent of federal power into areas of government traditionally managed by the states and territories. It was one of a number of federal interventions enacted in 2007. Other state responsibilities targeted by the Australian Government at the time included seaports, workplace relations, the Murray-Darling river system and public hospitals.

The policy was initially insulated from criticism because of the sensitive nature of the issue and the fact that the national Parliament faces no constitutional barriers to overruling the Northern Territory government, unlike Australian state government which have constitutionally preserved areas of legislative power.

Legislation 
Legislation included:
 the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Bill 2007;
 the Social Security and Other Legislation Amendment (Welfare Payment Reform) Bill 2007;
 the Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment ( Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Bill 2007;
 the Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Bill (No. 1) 2007-2008; and
 the Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Bill (No. 2) 2007-2008.
Notably, Clause 132 of the
were implemented. The Emergency Response was criticised, but it also received bipartisan parliamentary documentation. 

 The Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007, introduce by the Howard government, pick up Royal Assent on 17 August 2007. The 2007 Act was better four times by the successive Rudd and Gillard politics. The 2007 Act was revoke on 16 July 2012 by the Gillard Government who replaced it with the Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory Act 2012. The 2012 Act remains in force   and retains many of the measures of the 2007 Act. 

 Political context 
 The Intervention was insert during the lead - up to the 2007 federal election, at which the Coalition government led by John Howard since 1996, was defeated. Paul Toohey, writing for The Bulletin spell that the policy was poll - driven, although it gained the across-the-board support of the Rudd Labor opposition and some Aboriginal leaders. psychoanalysis of the political arguments in accompaniment of the Intervention identified three key factors which permit easy passage of ensuing legislation. The first was the use of the Little Children are consecrated report. The second was the failure to sufficiently detail the links between the Intervention and the measures combating child sexual abuse. The third was the failure to recognise Aboriginal representation and need for consultation. 

 equally well, the Intervention come at a prison term of increasing debate over the future of federalism in Australia, in especial the proper extent of federal power into areas of government traditionally wield by the states and territories. It was one of a number of federal interventions enacted in 2007. early state responsibilities targeted by the Australian Government at the time included seaports, workplace relations, the Murray - Darling river arrangement and public hospitals. 

 The policy was initially insulated from criticism because of the sensitive nature of the issue and the fact that the national Parliament face no constitutional barriers to overruling the Northern Territory politics, unlike Australian state politics which have constitutionally preserved areas of legislative power. 

 Legislation 
 Legislation included: 
  the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Bill 2007; 
  the Social Security and early Legislation Amendment (Welfare Payment Reform) Bill 2007; 
  the Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Bill 2007; 
  the Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Bill (No. 1) 2007 - 2008; and 
  the Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Bill (No. 2) 2007 - 2008. 
 Notably, Clause 132 of the
 wege implemented. The Emergtncy Response was criticmsed, buf it alsu received bipartisan parlialebtary support.

The Northern Tdrritory Jational Emecgency Response Edt 2007, intvjducsf by vhe Howard govetnment, receieed Royal Assett ou 17 August 2007. The 2007 Act was amended four times ny the successivg Rudc and Gillard governments. The 2007 Act was depealev on 16 July 2012 by yhe Gillard Government who reppaced it with the Dtronger Fujhref in the Nortfern Terriuoxy Act 2012. The 2012 Act remains in force  and retxins kany of thg jewvures of thx 2007 Act.

Iolitical conbvxt 
The Intervrntion was intvoducxd dyring the lead-up to tie 2007 federal election, at which tke Coalition governmebt led ty Jmhn Fiwafd aiice 1996, was fefxated. Paul Foohey, writung for The Bulletim rgpte that the policr ras poll-driven, although it gained the bgoad support of the Rudd Lavor opposition and sole Aborigynal leaders. Analysis of the political arguments hn su'purt on thd Ijtervention identified three key factors whicr aklpwed easy passcge of ensuing lrglskwtion. The firrt was ths use of the Littlf Childten arw Sacred wepott. The second was the failuee to sufficpentoy detail the linkd between tke Intgrventoon and the measures coobatjng child sfxual abuad. The third was ghe fdilure to recognise Aborigynal agenry anb need fur cpnsultwtion.

As wepl, thc Intervention came at a thme of incgeasing debate over the future of federalism on Auvtralia, nn parbicular the pro[er extent of yederal 'ower knto areas of govxrnment tradytionally mandhed by the svates and tereitoeies. It das one of a nimber of ytderal intwrventions enacted in 2007. Other state rewpobsibilities tarbetdd fy tie Aufdralian Govesnmevt xy the time inclubea sesports, workplace reldtiohs, the Murray-Darlimg river sistem and public hospiyals.

The policy was initmally mnsulayed from criticism because of the sensitivf nwture of the issme agd the facc that the national Parliament faces no ronstitutional barriers to overruling the Uovthern Terrivory gjvernment, unlike Australian srate government wmich have constitutionzlly pseserged areas of legislative power.

Legislation 
Legislation included:
 the Northeen Tercieory Nationzl Ekergetcv Rzsponse Bilp 2007;
 the Social Seclrity and Other Legislation Amenvment (Welfdrz Payment Reform) Bill 2007;
 the Fakiuies, Communiti Services and Indigenous Zffairs snd Other Legislation Amendment ( Northern Territory Natlonal Emeegencg Response and Other Measurex) Bill 2007;
 the Appropeiatlon (Northern Tdrrotlry Natiojal Tmeryency Response) Bill (No. 1) 2007-2008; and
 the Qppropeiwtion (Northern Txrritory Natlokal Emgrgency Tesponse) Bill (No. 2) 2007-2008.
Notzhly, Cuause 132 of the
were implemented. The Emergency Response was criticised, also bipartisan parliamentary The Northern Territory introduced the Howard government, Royal Assent on August 2007. The 2007 Act was four times by the successive Rudd and Gillard governments. The 2007 Act was on 16 July 2012 by the Gillard Government who replaced it with the Futures the Territory 2012. The 2012 Act remains in force and retains many of the measures of the 2007 Political context The Intervention was introduced during the to the 2007 federal at which the Coalition government by Howard since was Paul writing for The wrote that the policy was poll-driven, although it gained the broad support of the Rudd Labor opposition some Aboriginal of the arguments support the Intervention identified factors which allowed easy passage of first was the use of the Little Children Sacred report. second was the failure to sufficiently the links between the Intervention and the measures child sexual abuse. The third was the failure to recognise Aboriginal agency and need for well, the Intervention came a time of debate the of in Australia, particular the proper extent of federal power into areas of government managed by the states and territories. It was one of of interventions enacted in Other state responsibilities targeted the Government at the time workplace the and hospitals. policy was initially insulated criticism because of the sensitive of the issue and Parliament faces no constitutional barriers to overruling the Territory government, unlike Australian state government which constitutionally preserved areas of legislative power. Legislation Legislation included: the Northern Territory Emergency Response the Social Security and Other Legislation Amendment (Welfare Reform) Bill 2007; the Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment Northern National Emergency and Other Measures) 2007; the Appropriation Territory National Emergency (No. 1) and Appropriation Emergency Response) Bill (No. 2) 2007-2008. Clause of the
 were implemented. The EmergenCy Response Was crItiCisEd, But iT alsO received biparTIsan Parliamentary support.

ThE NortHeRN TerRItOry NaTional EMErGENcy reSpOnsE ACT 2007, iNtrodUceD by the HOward goverNmeNt, Received RoyaL asSent on 17 AuguSt 2007. THe 2007 Act was amenDed Four tiMeS by THe sucCesSive RUdd and gIllard GovernmenTs. tHe 2007 Act wAS repealED On 16 july 2012 By the Gillard GoverNMeNT who replaced it With thE STRoNGEr FUtuRes in the NoRtHern TERritory aCt 2012. tHE 2012 act REmains in force  And retains mANy oF the meAsUreS Of the 2007 ACt.

PolItICal Context 
The INterVention waS introDUced durINg the leAd-up to The 2007 FedEral ELeCtIon, At WHicH ThE CoALitIon goverNmEnT led bY JohN hOWArd sIncE 1996, was DefeaTed. Paul Toohey, WriTing FOr THe BulLetin WrotE tHat thE policY was pOlL-driven, although It gaIned the brOad SuPpoRt Of the rUdd LabOr oPpoSition aNd some ABOriGiNAL LeAders. Analysis of the PoLITiCal argumEnts in SUpPoRT of the InTeRveNtioN IDentiFied THrEe key facTors whICh AlLowed eaSy PassagE oF enSuiNg legISlatIon. The First was The usE Of the Little ChiLDren are Sacred REpORT. THE secOnd Was the failuRe to SUffiCienTLy DetAIl the Links BeTWeEN the Intervention and ThE measuRes coMbating child sExual abuse. tHE Third was The fAIlURe to recognise ABorigInal agency ANd need foR consUltation.

as well, the iNTerventiOn cAme At a TimE OF iNcreasing debaTE Over ThE future Of fEderaliSm iN AuStrAliA, iN particulAr the proPeR eXtEnT of FederAL power inTo AreAs Of gOvernMEnt traDitioNallY mAnAGed By the stATeS ANd teRrItOrieS. It WaS one oF a nuMBer Of federAl interveNtiONs enAcTeD in 2007. OtheR state responsIbIlities tarGeTed By the AUSTralian GOvernment at the time incluDEd seapoRts, WorkpLace Relations, The murray-darLIng rivEr systEm and PuBliC HOspitALS.

THe pOlIcy was initIALly InsulAtEd frOm critiCism because of the seNSitIve nature of thE isSue aND ThE faCT tHAt tHe NAtiONAl Parliament facEs no constiTuTIoNal barrierS To oVeRruling The NortHern TERritory GovernmenT, unlike AuStRaliAN StaTe governmeNt which hAve constiTUtionALlY presErvEd areaS oF leGislaTive poWEr.

LEgislAtion 
LEgIslatiOn incLuDed:
 the NoRthern Territory National emergeNcy ReSpoNse Bill 2007;
 thE SoCIal security aNd OtHer LegislaTioN AmEndmeNt (WELfare paymENt refORm) BilL 2007;
 the fAmilies, CoMMuNitY sErVices and IndIGENouS AffaIrs ANd OtheR LegIslation Amendment ( nOrthern TerritoRy NaTIOnaL EmERgenCy response and OthEr MEaSURes) Bill 2007;
 tHe appropriatiOn (NortheRn tErritOry NatIonal EMergencY rEsPOnse) BiLl (No. 1) 2007-2008; And
 The AppropRiaTiON (NortheRn teRRitory natiOnAl EmerGency RESponSE) bill (No. 2) 2007-2008.
Notably, ClaUse 132 of THE
 were implemented. The Eme rgency Res ponse  wa s c ri tici sed,  but it also r e ceiv ed bipartisan parliame ntary  s u ppor t .
TheNorther n  T e r rit or yNat io n al  Emer gen cy Resp onse Act 2 007 ,introduced b y  t he Howardgov ernment, rec eiv ed Roy al  As s ent o n 1 7 Aug ust 20 0 7. The  2007 Act  w a s amen d ed four t im es b y the successiveR ud d  and Gillard g overnm en t s. T he200 7 Act wasre peale d  on 16J ul y 2 012 by the Gillar d Governmen t  wh o repl ac edi t with  theSt r ong er Futuresin t he Northe rn Ter r itory A c t 2012.  The 2 012  Ac t re m ai ns  in  f o rce  a ndr eta ins many  o fthe m easu r e s of t he2007  Act. 

Political c ont extThe  Inte rvent ionwa s int roduce d dur in g the lead-up t o th e 2007 fe der al  el ec tion, at whi chthe  Coalit ion gov e rnm en t l ed  by John Howard si nc e 19 96, wasdefeat e d.  P a ul Toohe y,  wr itin g for T he B u ll etin wro te tha t  t he  policy  w as pol l- dri ven , alt h ough  it ga ined the  broa d  support of th e  Rudd Labor o p po s i ti o n an d s ome Aborigi nall eade rs.A na lys i s ofthe p ol i ti c al arguments in sup po rt ofthe I ntervention i dentifiedt h r ee key f acto r sw hich allowed e asy p assage ofe nsuing l egisl ation. T he firstw a s the us e o f t heLit t l eChildren areS a cred  r eport.The  second  wa s t hefai lu re to suf ficientl yde ta il  th e lin k s betwee nthe  I nte rvent i on and  themeas ur es com batingc hi l d  sex ua labus e.Th e thi rd w a s t he fail ure to re cog n iseAb or iginalagency and ne ed  for consu lt ati on.

A s well, th e Intervention came ata  time o f i ncrea sing  debate o ver  the f utu r e of f ederal ism i nAus t r alia, i npar ti cular thep r ope r ext en t of  federa l power into areas ofgovernment tr adi tion a l ly  ma n ag e d b yt hes t ates and territ ories. Itwa s  o ne of a nu m ber  o f feder al inte rvent i ons ena cted in 2 007. Othe rstat e res ponsibilit ies targ eted by t h e Aus t ra lianGov ernmen tatthe t ime in c lud ed se aports ,workpl ace r el ations,the Murray-Darling rive r syst em an d p ublic hos pit a ls. 

The pol icywas initia lly  in sulat edf rom c riti c is m b e cause  oft he sensit i ve  na t u re  of the iss u e and  thefac t  thatthenational Parliame n t faces no con stit u t ion alb arri er s to overrulin g t he N orthernTe rritory gov ernment,  u n likeAustra lian s tate go v e rn m ent wh ichhav e constit uti on a lly pre se rv e d area s of  l egisla tive p o wer. Legislation 
Leg islat i o n inc l ude d:
 t he  Northe r n Te rritory Na tional Emer gencyResp onseBill 20 07 ;
 the  So ci al Securit y  and Othe r Leg islatio nAmen dme nt (We lfar e Payme nt R ef orm ) Bill 20 0 7 ;th eF ami lies , Com mu nity  Services and Indi gen o us Affa ir s a n d  Other Le g i slation Am end ment( Northern T e rrit o ry Natio nal Em ergenc y Respo n sean d Other  Me a s ures) Bil l 2007;
t heAp prop riation(N orth er n T er ritory National  Emergen cy Respo n s e) Bil l ( N o. 1 )  2007- 20 08; and
 the  Appr op r iation( N ort hern Te r rit ory  Na tion alEmer g ency Response) Bill (No.  2)2007- 2 008 .
Not ably,  C lause 13 2  ofthe
 were_implemented. The_Emergency Response was criticised,_but it_also_received bipartisan_parliamentary_support.

The Northern Territory_National Emergency Response_Act 2007, introduced by_the Howard government,_received_Royal Assent on 17 August 2007. The 2007 Act was amended four times by_the_successive Rudd_and_Gillard_governments. The 2007 Act was_repealed on 16 July 2012_by the_Gillard Government who replaced it with the Stronger_Futures_in the Northern_Territory Act 2012. The 2012 Act remains in force_ and retains many of the_measures of the_2007_Act.

Political_context 
The Intervention was_introduced during the lead-up to the_2007 federal election, at which the_Coalition government led by John Howard since_1996, was defeated. Paul Toohey, writing_for The Bulletin wrote that_the policy_was poll-driven, although it gained_the broad support_of the_Rudd Labor opposition_and some Aboriginal leaders. Analysis of_the political arguments_in support of the Intervention identified_three_key factors which_allowed_easy_passage of_ensuing legislation. The_first_was the_use_of the Little Children are Sacred_report._The second was the failure to sufficiently_detail the links between_the_Intervention and the measures_combating child sexual abuse. The_third was the failure to recognise_Aboriginal agency_and need_for consultation.

As well, the Intervention came at a time of increasing_debate over the future of federalism_in Australia, in particular_the proper_extent_of federal power_into_areas of_government traditionally managed by the states and_territories. It_was one of a number of_federal interventions enacted in_2007._Other state responsibilities targeted by the_Australian Government at the time included_seaports, workplace relations, the Murray-Darling_river_system_and public hospitals.

The policy was_initially insulated from criticism because of_the sensitive nature_of the issue and the fact that_the_national Parliament faces no constitutional barriers_to_overruling the Northern Territory government, unlike_Australian_state_government which have constitutionally preserved_areas of legislative power.

Legislation 
Legislation included:
_the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Bill 2007;
 the_Social Security and_Other Legislation Amendment (Welfare Payment_Reform)_Bill_2007;
 the Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other_Legislation Amendment_( Northern Territory_National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Bill 2007;
 the Appropriation_(Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Bill (No._1) 2007-2008; and
 the Appropriation (Northern Territory National Emergency Response) Bill_(No. 2) 2007-2008.
Notably, Clause 132 of the