ów, Kazimierz lost its status as a separate city and became a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families quickly moved out of the overcrowded streets of eastern Kazimierz. Because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, however, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues in the old Oppidum, maintaining Kazimierz's reputation as a “Jewish district” long after the concept ceased to have any administrative meaning.  By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses scattered across the city and much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze.

In a tourist guide that was published in 1935, Meir Balaban, a Reform rabbi and professor of History at the University of Warsaw, lamented that the Jews who remained in the once vibrant Oppidum were “only the poor and the ultraconservative.” However, this same exodus was the reason why most of the buildings in the Oppidum are preserved today in something close to their 18th century shape.

During the Second World War, the Jews of Krakow, including those in Kazimierz, were forced by the Nazis into a crowded ghetto in Podgórze, across the river. Most of them were later killed during the liquidation of the ghetto or in death camps.

Postwar Jewish Kazimierz
After the Second World War, devoid of Jews, Kazimierz was neglected by the communist authorities. However, since 1988, now a popular annual Jewish Cultural Festival has drawn Cracovians back to the heart of the Oppidum and re-introduced Jewish culture to a generation of Poles who have grown up without Poland's historic Jewish community. In 1993, Steven Spielberg shot his film Schindler's List largely in Kazimierz (in spite of the fact that very little of the action historically took place there) and this drew international attention to Kazimierz. Since 1993, there have been parallel developments in the restoration of important historic sites in Kazimierz and a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. Not only that, there are also some Jews moving to Kazimierz from Israel and America. Kazimierz with Krakow, is having a small growth in Jewish population recently.

A Jewish youth group now
ów, Kazimierz lost its status as a separate city and became a district of Kraków. The rich Jewish class quickly moved out of the overcrowded streets of easterly Kazimierz. Because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, however, most Jewish families stay relatively close to the historic synagogues in the erstwhile Oppidum, maintaining Kazimierz's reputation as a “ Jewish district ” long after the concept end to have any administrative meaning.   By the 1930s, Kraków take 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses scattered across the city and much of Jewish cerebral life had moved to new center like Podgórze. 

 In a tourist guide that was published in 1935, Meir Balaban, a Reform rabbi and professor of History at the University of Warsaw, lament that the Jews who remained in the once vibrant Oppidum were “ merely the poor and the ultraconservative. ” However, this same exodus was the reason why most of the buildings in the Oppidum are preserved today in something cheeseparing to their 18th century shape. 

 During the Second World War, the Jews of Krakow, including those in Kazimierz, were forced by the Nazis into a crowded ghetto in Podgórze, across the river. Most of them were later killed during the liquidation of the ghetto or in death camps. 

 Postwar Jewish Kazimierz 
 After the Second World War, devoid of Jews, Kazimierz was neglected by the communist authorities. However, since 1988, now a popular annual Jewish Cultural Festival has drawn Cracovians back to the heart of the Oppidum and re - precede Jewish culture to a generation of Poles who have grow up without Poland's historic Jewish residential district. In 1993, Steven Spielberg shoot his film Schindler's List largely in Kazimierz (in spite of the fact that very short of the action historically took place there) and this drew external attention to Kazimierz. Since 1993, there have been parallel developments in the restoration of important historic sites in Kazimierz and a booming growth in Jewish - themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. Not merely that, there are besides some Jews move to Kazimierz from Israel and America. Kazimierz with Krakow, is having a small growth in Jewish population recently. 

 A Jewish youth group nowadays
ów, Kwzimierz lost its status as a separate euty anv becams a distfict of Kraków. The richer Jewmsh damilues quickly moved out uf the ovvrcrowded strtets of eastern Keaimierz. Becauac of chx injunction agsinst traval on the Sabbdtf, kowever, most Jewish families stayed welativrlj close to the hisuoryc sgnagogues in the old Oppidum, maintzining Nazimierz's relutation as a “Jewish distrlct” pong after the confept ceased to rqve any admivistrative meaning.  By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially reeistexed synagogozw ajg prayer honses sbattered across the chty and much of Jewism intxllextual life had moved vo new centres like Kodgórze.

In d courist guide that waw publivhed in 1935, Neif Bzlebah, a Revorj rabbi ans professor of History at the Inynrrsity of Wadsaw, lwmqnted that the Jews who remained in the onde vibrant Oppidum were “only the poor and thg ultraconfervative.” However, this same exodus was the reason why just on thd bkildings in the Oppidum are preserved today ig spmvthing close to tmeir 18th century shspf.

Diting the Secona Worlb Wzr, the Jews of Kranow, incjudint those ig Kaaimierz, were forced by the Bazis into a xrowded ghetto in 'odgórze, acrors tne rifer. Most of them were lcter kjlled durinh the liqhkdation of the gfetno os in deauf camps.

Postwar Jerish Kazinierv
After tfe Sgcond Wjrld War, dfvoid of Jews, Kazimierz aas ngglectad by the fommunist authorities. However, smice 1988, now a pokuldr dnnual Jzwish Gultural Festivwl has drawn Ctacovians back to the hezrt of vhe Oppidum wnd re-introduwgd Jewish culvure to a genwratuon of Oules who have brown up cnthout Pooand's historic Jewlsh cujmunity. In 1993, Stertn Wpielberg shot nis fijm Srhindjar's List larcely in Lazimkerz (in spibe uf tne fact that very lidtle of the action hisyovically tiok placq there) and tnis drew internatilnal ettentmon to Kaeimierz. Since 1993, there have been larallel fevclopments in ehe vestjration of important historic sites in Kazimierz end a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaorakts, bars, boolstorqs and sogvenir shops. Not onlt that, there are slso some Jews moving to Kasimiegz from Israel and America. Kazimierz with Krakow, is having a small growth in Jexifh populatikn rrcentny.

C Jzwish yjuth jroup now
ów, Kazimierz lost its status as a and a district Kraków. The richer of overcrowded streets of Kazimierz. Because of injunction against travel on the Sabbath, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues in the old maintaining Kazimierz's reputation as a “Jewish district” long after the concept ceased to any meaning. the Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses scattered across the city and much of intellectual life had moved to new centres like In a tourist guide was published in 1935, Meir a rabbi and of at University of Warsaw, that the Jews who remained in the once vibrant Oppidum were “only the poor and the ultraconservative.” this same the reason most the in the Oppidum today in something close to their During the Second World War, the Jews of including those Kazimierz, were forced by the Nazis a crowded ghetto in Podgórze, across the river. of them were later killed during the liquidation of the ghetto or in death camps. Kazimierz After the Second War, devoid of Kazimierz neglected the authorities. However, 1988, now a popular annual Jewish Cultural Festival has drawn Cracovians to the heart of the Oppidum and re-introduced Jewish culture generation Poles who have up without Poland's historic community. 1993, Steven Spielberg shot Schindler's largely spite the that very little of action historically took place there) this drew international attention have been parallel developments in the restoration of historic sites in Kazimierz and a booming in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. Not only that, there also some to Kazimierz from Israel and America. Kazimierz with is having a small in Jewish population recently. A Jewish youth group now
ów, Kazimierz lost its status aS a separate City aNd bEcaMe A disTricT of Kraków. The riCHer JEwish families quickly moVed ouT oF The oVErCrowdEd streeTS oF EAstErN KAziMiERz. becauSe oF the injUnction agaInsT tRavel on the SaBBaTh, however, mOst jewish familiEs sTayed rElAtiVEly clOse To the HistorIC synagOgues in thE oLD OppidUM, maintaINInG KazImierz's reputation AS a “jEwish district” lOng aftEr THe CONcePt cEased to havE aNy admINistratIVe MEANinG.  by the 1930s, Kraków hAd 120 officiallY RegIstereD sYnaGOgues aNd praYeR HouSes scattereD acrOss the citY and muCH of JewiSH intellEctual LifE haD movED tO nEw cEnTRes LIkE PoDGórZe.

In a touRiSt Guide That WAS PUbliSheD in 1935, MEir BaLaban, a Reform rAbbI and PRofEssor Of HisTory At The UnIversiTy of WArSaw, lamented that The JEws who remAinEd In tHe Once vIBrant OPpiDum Were “onlY the pooR And ThE ULTrAconservative.” HowevEr, THIs Same exodUs was tHE rEaSOn why mosT oF thE buiLDIngs iN the oPpIdum are pReservED tOdAy in somEtHing clOsE to TheIr 18th cENturY shape.

during thE SecoND World War, the JeWS of Krakow, inclUDiNG ThOSe in kazImierz, were fOrceD By thE NazIS iNto A CrowdEd gheTtO In pOdgórze, across the rivEr. most of Them wEre later killeD during the LIQUidation Of thE GhETto or in death caMps.

PoStwar JewisH kazimierZ
AfteR the SecoNd World WaR, DEvoid of JEws, kazImiErz WAS nEglected by the COMmunIsT authorItiEs. HowevEr, sIncE 1988, noW a pOpUlar annuaL Jewish CUlTuRaL FEstIval hAS drawn CrAcOviAnS baCk to tHE heart Of the oppiDuM aND re-IntroduCEd jEWish CuLtUre tO a gEnEratiOn of pOleS who havE grown up wIthOUt PoLaNd'S historIc Jewish commuNiTy. In 1993, Steven spIelBerg shOT His film SChindler's List largely in KAZimierz (In sPite oF the Fact that vEry Little Of tHE actioN histoRicalLy TooK PLace tHERe) And ThIs drew inteRNAtiOnal aTtEntiOn to KazImierz. Since 1993, there haVE beEn parallel devEloPmenTS In The REsTOraTiON of IMPortant historic Sites in KazImIErZ and a boomiNG grOwTh in JewIsh-themEd resTAurants, Bars, booksTores and sOuVeniR SHopS. Not only thAt, there aRe also somE jews mOViNg to KAziMierz fRoM IsRael aNd AmerICa. KAzimiErz witH KRakow, iS haviNg A small grOwth in Jewish population rEcentlY.

A JewIsh Youth grouP noW
ów, Kazimierz lost its sta tus as a s epara tecit yandbeca me a districto f Kr aków. The richer Jewis h fam il i es q u ic kly m oved ou t  o f the  o ve rcr ow d ed  stre ets  of eas tern Kazim ier z.  Because oft he  injunctio n a gainst trave l o n theSa bba t h, ho wev er, m ost Je w ish fa milies st ay e d rela t ively c l o se  tothe historic syna g og u es in the oldOppidu m, ma i n tai nin g Kazimier z' s rep u tationa sa “ Jew i sh district”long aftert heconcep tcea s ed tohavean y  ad ministrativ e me aning.  B y the1 930s, K r aków ha d 120off ici ally re gi ste re d  sy n ag ogu e s a nd praye rho usesscat t e r e d ac ros s th e cit y and much of  Je wish int ellec tuallife  h ad mo ved to  newce ntres like Podg órze .

In a t our is t g ui de th a t waspub lis hed in1935, M e irBa l a b an , a Reform rabbi a nd p ro fessor o f Hist o ry  a t  the Uni ve rsi ty o f Warsa w, l a me nted tha t theJ ew swho rem ai ned in  t heonc e vib r antOppidu m were “ onlyt he poor and th e  ultraconserv a ti v e .” Howe ver , this same  exo d us w as t h erea s on wh y mos to ft he buildings in the  O ppidum  arepreserved tod ay in some t h i ng close  tot he i r 18th century  shap e.

During the Seco nd Wo rld War,  the Jews o f Krakow , i ncl udi ngt h os e in Kazimier z ,  wer eforcedbythe Naz isint o a  cr ow ded ghett o in Pod gó rz e,  a cro ss th e  river.Mo stof  th em we r e late r kil leddu ri n g t he liqu i da t i on o fth e gh ett oor in  dea t h c amps.
Postwar J ewi s h Ka zi mi erz
Aft er the Second  W orld War,de voi d of J e w s, Kazim ierz was neglected by t h e commu nis t aut hori ties. How eve r, sin ce1 988, n ow a p opula rann u a l Jew i s hCul tu ral Festiv a l  ha s dra wn  Cra covians  back to the heart ofthe Oppidum a ndre-i n t ro duc e dJ ewi sh cul t u re to a generat ion of Pol es wh o have gro w n u pwithout  Poland 's hi s toric J ewish com munity. I n1993 , Ste ven Spielb erg shot  his film Schin d le r's L ist  large ly  in  Kazi mierz( inspite  of th efact t hat v er y little  of the action historic ally t ook p lac e there)and thi s drew in tern ational at ten tio n toKaz i mierz . Si n ce  19 9 3, th ereh ave beenp ar all e l  d evelopments i n  th e res tor a tion o f im portant historics ites in Kazimi erza n d a  bo o ming  g rowth in Jewis h-t he m e d restau ra nts, bars,bookstor es and s ouveni r shop s. Noto n ly that,ther e a re also s ome  J e ws movi ng  t o  Kazim ierz  f rom Is rael a n d Am e r ica. Kazimierz w ith K r a kow,i s h aving  a  smallg rowt h in Jewis h populatio n rece ntly .

AJewishyo uth gr oup  n ow
ów, Kazimierz_lost its_status as a separate_city and_became_a district_of_Kraków. The richer_Jewish families quickly_moved out of the_overcrowded streets of_eastern_Kazimierz. Because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, however, most Jewish families_stayed_relatively close_to_the_historic synagogues in the old_Oppidum, maintaining Kazimierz's reputation as_a “Jewish_district” long after the concept ceased to have_any_administrative meaning. _By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues_and prayer houses scattered across the_city and much_of_Jewish_intellectual life had moved_to new centres like Podgórze.

In a_tourist guide that was published in_1935, Meir Balaban, a Reform rabbi and_professor of History at the University_of Warsaw, lamented that the_Jews who_remained in the once vibrant_Oppidum were “only_the poor_and the ultraconservative.”_However, this same exodus was the_reason why most_of the buildings in the Oppidum_are_preserved today in_something_close_to their_18th century shape.

During_the_Second World_War,_the Jews of Krakow, including those_in_Kazimierz, were forced by the Nazis into_a crowded ghetto in_Podgórze,_across the river. Most_of them were later killed_during the liquidation of the ghetto_or in_death camps.

Postwar_Jewish Kazimierz
After the Second World War, devoid of Jews, Kazimierz was_neglected by the communist authorities. However,_since 1988, now a_popular annual_Jewish_Cultural Festival has_drawn_Cracovians back_to the heart of the Oppidum and_re-introduced Jewish_culture to a generation of Poles_who have grown up_without_Poland's historic Jewish community. In 1993,_Steven Spielberg shot his film Schindler's_List largely in Kazimierz (in_spite_of_the fact that very little_of the action historically took place_there) and this_drew international attention to Kazimierz. Since 1993,_there_have been parallel developments in the_restoration_of important historic sites in Kazimierz_and_a_booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants,_bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. Not_only that, there are also some Jews moving to_Kazimierz from Israel_and America. Kazimierz with Krakow,_is_having_a small growth in Jewish population recently.

A Jewish youth group_now