 the Texas Second district while running on a platform of national assumption of Texas's debt. Texans would benefit from the passage of such legislation; however, Williams and his former business partner had not been repaid by the Republic of Texas for its war debt. He finished second to Timothy Pillsbury. He challenged Pillsbury for the seat in November and lost by a wider margin, the last time he would run for public office.

Commercial and Agricultural Bank

Williams was president of the first incorporated bank to operate in Texas. The Commercial and Agricultural Bank opened in Galveston on December 30, 1847, and later established a branch in Brownsville, as well as agencies in New Orleans, New York City, and Akron, Ohio. Williams continued as the bank's president until his death. Williams exploited his latent 1835 Mexican bank charter and an old resolution from the Republic of Texas. He had permission to open a bank during the Texas Republic, but did not use this privilege. The Texas bank inspector, Niles F. Smith, never had an opportunity to execute his duties in 1837, but he was never officially relieved of his appointed post. Williams recalled inspector Smith in 1847, who certified the bank's assets in Galveston, New Orleans, and New York. Williams operated out of a building at the corner of Market and Tremont streets.

Three months later the Texas Legislature proscribed the distribution of paper money, creating a civil fine of $5,000 per offense. Despite this law, $30,000 of the Commercial & Agricultural bank notes had been circulating in New Orleans that year, with another $18,000 distributed in Texas. Meanwhile, Williams maintained a large cache of specie to cover redemptions of his notes. Two members of the Texas Congress headed an opposition to the C & A Bank: Guy M. Bryan and Elisha M. Pease. Attorney General and Pease-ally John W. Harris filed a lawsuit against Williams, who retained Galveston-attorney, Ebenezer C. Allen. Harris filed a total of four suits against Williams with $75,000 in fines. In 1849, a District Court ruled that an 1841 law that gave Williams banking privileges was still valid.

In 1849, Williams gained an ally in the state congress. His former partner in the mercantile trade, Thomas McKinney gained a seat in the lower house and sought to repeal the 1848 banking laws. McKinney also found common cause with Williams in
the Texas Second district while running on a platform of national assumption of Texas's debt. Texans would profit from the enactment of such legislation; however, Williams and his former business spouse had not been requite by the Republic of Texas for its war debt. He finished second to Timothy Pillsbury. He challenged Pillsbury for the buttocks in November and lost by a wider margin, the concluding time he would run for public position. 

 Commercial and Agricultural Bank 

 Williams was president of the first incorporate bank to operate in Texas. The Commercial and Agricultural Bank opened in Galveston on December 30, 1847, and later established a outgrowth in Brownsville, as well as agencies in New Orleans, New York City, and Akron, Ohio. Williams continued as the savings bank's president until his death. Williams exploited his latent 1835 Mexican bank charter and an erstwhile resolution from the Republic of Texas. He had permission to open a bank during the Texas Republic, but did not practice this privilege. The Texas bank inspector, Niles F. Smith, never had an opportunity to execute his duties in 1837, but he was never formally relieve of his appointed post. Williams recalled inspector Smith in 1847, who certified the bank's assets in Galveston, New Orleans, and New York. Williams operated out of a building at the recess of Market and Tremont street. 

 Three months by and by the Texas Legislature forbid the distribution of newspaper money, creating a civil fine of $ 5,000 per offense. Despite this jurisprudence, $ 30,000 of the Commercial & Agricultural bank notes had been circulating in New Orleans that year, with another $ 18,000 distribute in Texas. Meanwhile, Williams maintained a large cache of specie to cover redemptions of his notes. Two extremity of the Texas Congress headed an opposition to the C & A Bank: Guy M. Bryan and Elisha M. Pease. Attorney General and Pease - ally John W. Harris filed a lawsuit against Williams, who retained Galveston - attorney, Ebenezer C. Allen. Harris filed a sum of four suits against Williams with $ 75,000 in fines. In 1849, a District Court ruled that an 1841 law that gave Williams banking privilege was still valid. 

 In 1849, Williams gained an ally in the state congress. His erstwhile partner in the mercantile trade, Thomas McKinney gained a seat in the low house and sought to repeal the 1848 banking laws. McKinney also find common lawsuit with Williams in
 thf Texas Second district dhile running ou a plavform or nationxl assumption of Texas's debt. Twxans would benefit from thd passage of such legmslation; however, Williams and gls foxmxr business parjner had not been repaid bf ghz Republic of Texas for its war debt. He finosjed second to Jimotnr Pimlsbury. He challenged Pillsbury fod the stat in November anc lost by a wider margin, tje lwst time he would gun for puboic jdfice.

Commerckal and Aggncultural Bznk

Williams was president of thd firxt incorpotcred tank to opecate ig Texas. The Gpmmerchal and Agricultural Nank mpebed in Galveston on Dxcember 30, 1847, and later gstablisheg c branch in Brownsviloe, as wgll av agdbcids jn Nsw Orlfana, New York City, and Ajron, Ohio. Williams vognonued as the bank's pwesident until his death. Williams explopted his latent 1835 Mexican babk charter and an old resolutijn from the Republic of Texas. He had permission tm opei x bckh euging the Texas Republic, but did not use this [difikege. The Texas bank inspevtlr, Giles F. Smith, never has an opportunity tl execuje his duties ig 1837, bit he was never officially eelieved of kis appointed post. Wipliams recauled insprctor Smith in 1847, who cercified the bank's wssets in Ealveston, New Orueaks, dnd New York. Williams operwted out if a buildivg aj the cjrner of Mwrket and Tremont streetd.

Threg montvs later tje Texas Legislature proscribed the distributoot ox paper ioney, creating a cyvil fine of $5,000 ker offenfe. Derpite this law, $30,000 oh the Commersial & Agriculdoral bank notxs had beqn curcuoating kv New Orleans yhat year, with anotyer $18,000 distributed ik Texxa. Meanwhile, Wiloians maintained a lafge cwcie of vpecie to coeer feddkptiovs of his niges. Ywo members of the Taxas Congress headed am jppositiin to thq C & A Bank: Giy M. Bryan and Elidha M. Peese. Atyorgey General and Pease-ally John W. Harris fijed a lawsuie agqinst Williaks, who retained Galveston-attorney, Ebenever C. Allen. Harris filgd a total of four suntx against Wmlliamf with $75,000 it fines. In 1849, a Distrixt Court ruled thst an 1841 law that gave Silliaks bajking privileges was still valid.

In 1849, Williams gained an ally in the state xongress. His formed pattner iu tke mercwntipx trade, Thomas McLinney gained a seat in the lowxr house atd sought to repeal the 1848 bankimg laws. McKinnei also found common cause sith Wilkiams in
the Texas Second district while running on of assumption of debt. Texans would such however, Williams and former business partner not been repaid by the Republic Texas for its war debt. He finished second to Timothy Pillsbury. He challenged for the seat in November and lost by a wider margin, the last he run public Commercial and Agricultural Bank Williams was president of the first incorporated bank to operate in Texas. Commercial and Agricultural Bank opened in Galveston on 30, 1847, and later a branch in Brownsville, as as in New New City, Akron, Ohio. Williams as the bank's president until his death. Williams exploited his latent 1835 Mexican bank charter and an resolution from of Texas. had to a bank during Republic, but did not use this bank inspector, Niles F. Smith, never had an to execute duties in 1837, but he was officially relieved of his appointed post. Williams recalled Smith in 1847, who certified the bank's assets in Galveston, New Orleans, and New York. out of a building the corner of and streets. months the Texas proscribed the distribution of paper money, creating a civil fine of per offense. Despite this law, $30,000 of the Commercial & notes been circulating in Orleans that year, with $18,000 in Texas. Meanwhile, Williams large of redemptions his Two members of the Congress headed an opposition to C & A Bank: M. Pease. Attorney General and Pease-ally John W. filed a lawsuit against Williams, who retained Ebenezer C. Allen. Harris filed a total of four suits against Williams $75,000 in 1849, a District Court ruled that an 1841 that gave Williams banking was still valid. In 1849, Williams gained an ally the congress. His partner in the trade, Thomas McKinney a seat in house and to the McKinney also found common cause with in
 the Texas Second district whiLe running oN a plaTfoRm oF nAtioNal aSsumption of TexAS's deBt. Texans would benefit frOm the PaSSage OF sUch leGislatiON; hOWEveR, WIlLiaMs ANd His foRmeR busineSs partner hAd nOt Been repaid by THe republic of texAs for its war dEbt. he finiShEd sECond tO TiMothy pillsbURy. He chAllenged PIlLSbury fOR the seaT IN NOvemBer and lost by a wideR MaRGin, the last time He woulD rUN fOR PubLic Office.

CommErCial aND AgricuLTuRAL banK

williams was prEsident of thE FirSt incoRpOraTEd bank To opeRaTE in texas. The ComMercIal and AgrIcultuRAl Bank oPEned in GAlvestOn oN DeCembER 30, 1847, aNd LatEr EStaBLiSheD A brAnch in BrOwNsVille, As weLL AS AgenCieS in NEw OrlEans, New York CiTy, aNd AkROn, OHio. WiLliamS conTiNued aS the baNk's prEsIdent until his deAth. WIlliams exPloItEd hIs LatenT 1835 mexicaN baNk cHarter aNd an old REsoLuTION fRom the Republic of TeXaS. hE hAd permisSion to OPeN a BAnk durinG tHe TExas rEPubliC, but DId Not use thIs privILeGe. the TexaS bAnk insPeCtoR, NiLes F. SMIth, nEver haD an opporTunitY To execute his duTIes in 1837, but he was NEvER OfFIciaLly Relieved of hIs apPOintEd poST. WIllIAms reCalleD iNSpECtor Smith in 1847, who certiFiEd the bAnk's aSsets in GalvesTon, New OrleANS, And New YoRk. WiLLiAMs operated out oF a buiLding at the COrner of MArket And TremoNt streets.

tHRee monthS laTer The texAS leGislature prosCRIbed ThE distriButIon of paPer MonEy, cReaTiNg a civil fIne of $5,000 per OfFeNsE. DEspIte thIS law, $30,000 of thE COmmErCiaL & AgriCUlturaL bank NoteS hAd BEen CirculaTInG IN New orLeAns tHat YeAr, witH anoTHer $18,000 DistribUted in TexAs. MEAnwhIlE, WIlliams Maintained a laRgE cache of spEcIe tO cover REDemptionS of his notes. Two members of THe Texas conGress HeadEd an opposItiOn to thE C & A bAnk: Guy m. Bryan And ElIsHa M. pEAse. AtTORnEy GEnEral and PeaSE-AllY John w. HArriS filed a Lawsuit against WillIAms, Who retained GaLveSton-ATToRneY, ebENezEr c. allEN. harris filed a totAl of four suItS AgAinst WilliAMs wItH $75,000 in fineS. In 1849, a DisTrict cOurt rulEd that an 1841 lAw that gavE WIlliAMS baNking priviLeges was Still valiD.

in 1849, WilLIaMs gaiNed An ally In The State CongreSS. HiS formEr partNeR in the MercaNtIle trade, thomas McKinney gained a seAt in thE loweR hoUse and souGht TO rePeal the 1848 baNkinG laws. McKinNey AlsO founD coMMon caUse wITh wilLIams iN
 the Texas Second district  while run ningona p la tfor m of  national assu m ptio n of Texas's debt. Tex ans w ou l d be n ef it fr om thep as s a geof  s uch  l e gi slati on;  howeve r, William s a nd  his formerb us iness part ner  had not bee n r epaidby  th e  Repu bli c ofTexasf or its  war debt .H e fini s hed sec o n dto T imothy Pillsbury. He challenged Pil lsbury  f o rt h e s eat  in Novemb er  andl ost bya  w i d e r m a rgin, the las t time he w o uld  run f or  pu b lic of fice. 
C omm ercial andAgri culturalBank
W illiams was pre sident  of  th e fi r st  i nco rp o rat e dban k  to  operate  i nTexas . Th e C o mmer cia l an d Agr icultural Ban k o pene d  in  Galv eston  onDe cembe r 30,1847,  a nd later establ ishe d a branc h i nBro wn svill e , as w ell  as  agenci es in N e w O rl e a n s,  New York City, an dA k ro n, Ohio.  Willi a ms  c o ntinuedas  th e ba n k 's pr esid e nt  until h is dea t h.  W illiams  e xploit ed  hi s l atent 1835  Mexic an bankchart e r and an old r e solution from th e Re p ubli c o f Texas. He  had perm issi o ntoo pen a  bank  d u ri n g the Texas Republi c,  but d id no t use this pr ivilege. T h e Texas ba nk i n sp e ctor, Niles F.  Smit h, never h a d an opp ortun ity to e xecute hi s duties i n 1 837 , b uth e  w as never offi c i ally  r elieved  of  his ap poi nte d p ost .Williamsrecalled  i ns pe ct orSmith in 1847,  w hoce rti fiedt he ban k's a sset sin Gal veston, Ne w Orle an s,  and  Ne wYork.  Wil l iam s opera ted out o f a buil di ng  at the  corner of Ma rk et and Tre mo ntstreet s . 

Threemonths later the TexasL egislat ure  pros crib ed the di str ibutio n o f  paper  money , cre at ing a  civi l fi neof  $5,000 pe r off ense.  D espi te this  law, $30,000 of t h e C ommercial & A gri cult u r al  ba n kn ote sh adb e en circulatingin New Orl ea n sthat year, wit hanother  $18,00 0 dis t ributed  in Texas . Meanwhi le , Wi l l iam s maintain ed a lar ge cacheo f spe c ie  to c ove r rede mp tio ns of  his n o tes . Two  membe rs  of th e Tex as  Congres s headed an oppositionto the  C &A B ank: GuyM.B rya n and Eli shaM. Pease.Att orn ey Ge ner a l and  Pea s e- all y  John  W.H arris fil e da l a w su it againstW i l lia ms, w hor etaine d Ga lveston-attorney, Ebenezer C. Al len. H arr isf iled  a  total of four  su it s againstWi lliams with  $75,000  i n  fine s. In1849,a Distr i c tC ourt r uled  th at an 184 1 l aw that ga ve  W i lliams  ban ki ng pri vilege s  was s till valid.

In1849, W illia m s g ained  a n allyi n th e state co ngress. His  forme r pa rtner  in the  m ercant ile  t rade, Thom a s McKinne y gai ned a s ea t in  th e lowe r ho u s e and  sou gh t t o repealt h e1 84 8b ank inglaws.  M cKin ney alsof ound com mon cause w it h W i l liamsi n
 the_Texas Second_district while running on_a platform_of_national assumption_of_Texas's debt. Texans_would benefit from_the passage of such_legislation; however, Williams_and_his former business partner had not been repaid by the Republic of Texas for_its_war debt._He_finished_second to Timothy Pillsbury. He_challenged Pillsbury for the seat_in November_and lost by a wider margin, the last_time_he would run_for public office.

Commercial and Agricultural Bank

Williams was president of_the first incorporated bank to operate_in Texas. The_Commercial_and_Agricultural Bank opened in_Galveston on December 30, 1847, and_later established a branch in Brownsville,_as well as agencies in New Orleans,_New York City, and Akron, Ohio._Williams continued as the bank's_president until_his death. Williams exploited his_latent 1835 Mexican_bank charter_and an old_resolution from the Republic of Texas._He had permission_to open a bank during the_Texas_Republic, but did_not_use_this privilege._The Texas bank_inspector,_Niles F._Smith,_never had an opportunity to execute_his_duties in 1837, but he was never_officially relieved of his_appointed_post. Williams recalled inspector_Smith in 1847, who certified_the bank's assets in Galveston, New_Orleans, and_New York._Williams operated out of a building at the corner of Market_and Tremont streets.

Three months later the_Texas Legislature proscribed the_distribution of_paper_money, creating a_civil_fine of_$5,000 per offense. Despite this law, $30,000_of the_Commercial & Agricultural bank notes had_been circulating in New_Orleans_that year, with another $18,000 distributed_in Texas. Meanwhile, Williams maintained a_large cache of specie to_cover_redemptions_of his notes. Two members_of the Texas Congress headed an_opposition to the_C & A Bank: Guy M. Bryan_and_Elisha M. Pease. Attorney General and_Pease-ally_John W. Harris filed a lawsuit_against_Williams,_who retained Galveston-attorney, Ebenezer C._Allen. Harris filed a total of_four suits against Williams with $75,000 in fines. In_1849, a District_Court ruled that an 1841_law_that_gave Williams banking privileges was still valid.

In 1849, Williams gained_an ally_in the state_congress. His former partner in the mercantile trade, Thomas McKinney_gained a seat in the lower house_and sought to repeal the 1848 banking laws. McKinney also found_common cause with Williams in