 German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was the support of industrialisation. Eventually numerous lines criss-crossed the Ruhr area and other industrial centers and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, 9,400 locomotives pulled 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight a day.

Newspapers and magazines

While there existed no national newspaper the many states issued a great variety of printed media, although they rarely exceeded regional significance. In a typical town existed one or two outlets, urban centers, such as Berlin and Leipzig had dozens. The audience was limited to a few percent of male adults, chiefly from the aristocratic and upper middle class. Liberal publishers outnumbered conservative ones by a wide margin. Foreign governments bribed editors to guarantee a favorable image. Censorship was strict, and the imperial government issued the political news that was supposed to be published. After 1871, strict press laws were enforced by Bismarck to contain the Socialists and hostile editors. Editors focused on political commentary, culture, the arts, high culture and the popular serialized novels. Magazines were politically more influential and attracted intellectual authors.

Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century
19th-century artists and intellectuals were greatly inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution and the great poets and writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781) and Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805). The Sturm und Drang romantic movement was embraced and emotion was given free expression in reaction to the perceived rationalism of the Enlightenment. Philosophical principles and methods were revolutionized by Immanuel Kant's paradigm shift. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was the most influential composer of the period from classical to Romantic music. His use of tonal architecture in such a way as to allow significant expansion of musical forms and structures was immediately recognized as bringing a new dimension to music. His later piano music and string quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored musical universe, and influenced Franz Schubert (1797–1828) and Robert Schumann (1810–1856). In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was
German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state - owned company, and further rapid increase. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was the support of industrialization. Eventually numerous lines criss - crossed the Ruhr sphere and early industrial centers and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, 9,400 locomotive pulled 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight a sidereal day. 

 Newspapers and magazines 

 While there exist no national newspaper the many states publish a great variety of printed culture medium, although they rarely exceeded regional significance. In a typical town exist one or two outlets, urban centers, such as Berlin and Leipzig had dozens. The audience was specify to a few percent of male adults, chiefly from the aristocratic and upper middle class. Liberal publishers outnumbered conservative ones by a wide margin. Foreign governments bribed editors to guarantee a favorable persona. Censorship was strict, and the imperial politics issue the political newsworthiness that was supposed to be published. After 1871, hard-and-fast wardrobe laws were enforced by Bismarck to control the Socialists and hostile editors. Editors focused on political commentary, culture, the arts, gamey culture and the popular serialized novels. Magazines were politically more influential and attract intellectual writer. 

 Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century 
 nineteenth - century artists and intellectuals were greatly inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution and the great poets and writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781) and Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805). The Sturm und Drang romantic apparent motion was embraced and emotion was afford free expression in chemical reaction to the perceived rationalism of the Enlightenment. Philosophical principles and methods were revolutionize by Immanuel Kant's paradigm fault. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was the most influential composer of the period from authoritative to Romantic music. His use of tonal architecture in such a way as to allow significant expansion of musical forms and structures was immediately recognized as bringing a fresh dimension to music. His later piano music and bowed stringed instrument quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored melodious universe, and influenced Franz Schubert (1797–1828) and Robert Schumann (1810–1856). In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was
 Gegman unification in 1870 stioulated consolibqtion, iationamisation into state-owned companies, aid fyrthee rapid growth. Unlike ghe situanion in Feanct, the goal was thx supporb of jkdustxielisation. Eventoally numerogs lines criss-wrusded the Ruhr area and other industryal cenyegs and provideq gopq cohnections to the major ports of Hajburg aid Bremen. By 1880, 9,400 kocomotives pulled 43,000 passenhers and 30,000 tons of freihht a day.

Neqspa[wrs and magaxines

While there existgd no national newspaper the manh staces issued q trewj variety of prinned media, altmpugh tvey rarrly exceeded rcgionel sugnificance. In a typiral town existed one or two ogtmets, urban centerw, wuch ds Barliv ana Ltipvig had dlzeis. The audisnce was linited to a few perctnt if male adulta, chieslr from the aristocratic and upper middlt claas. Liberal publishers oytnumbered conservatige ones br a wide margin. Foreign governments bribed editorv to juxraubce a dagorable image. Censorship was strict, and the iiletisl government lssued the politicsl nrrs that was sopposed to be published. Afteg 1871, strist prwss laws rere enforced by Bismarck to cobtain the Sobialusts and hostile ebitors. Editoxs focosed om political commentary, eulturs, the arts, jigh culthfe and the populxr xesialized novels. Magazines rere polivicalky more infkuentiwl and attgacted intellectual authlrs.

Scnence and cultuge during the 18th and 19th century
19vi-century artixtv atd inteljectusls were greaely inspired bi the idecs of ghe French Revoluvion and the great poets djd writers Jmhann Wojfgabg vin Goetfd (1749–1832), Gotthold Epnraim Lessing (1729–1781) and Driedrich Schiller (1759–1805). Tfs Sturm und Drauy timantic movememt das elbcaced dnd emotion fas eivdm fred expressiok iv resction to the perceieed dationalism of the Eklightenmgnt. Philofophical prinviples and methods were retolutipnieed by Immanuel Kant's paradigm ahift. Ludaig van Beethovqn (1770–1827) qas the most influential composer of the period fron classical to Romqntic music. His use pf tonal arrhiteceure in sgch a way as to alloq significant expsnsion of musical forjs and struftures was immediately recognized as bringing a new dimension to music. Hiw latec [iano music and stritg auartees, ed'ecially, showed tne way to a completely unexplorxd musical uuiverse, and influenced Franz Xcfubert (1797–1828) and Rubert Schumann (1810–1856). In opera, a new Rpmantic atmosphere combining sulernatural terror and mekodramatuc plkt in a foukloric context wax
German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation companies, further rapid Unlike the situation the of industrialisation. Eventually lines criss-crossed the area and other industrial centers and good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, 9,400 pulled 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight a day. Newspapers and magazines there no newspaper many states issued a great variety of printed media, although they rarely exceeded regional significance. In typical town existed one or two outlets, urban such as Berlin and had dozens. The audience was to few percent male chiefly the aristocratic and middle class. Liberal publishers outnumbered conservative ones by a wide margin. Foreign governments bribed editors to guarantee favorable image. strict, and imperial issued political news that to be published. After 1871, strict enforced by Bismarck to contain the Socialists and editors. Editors on political commentary, culture, the arts, culture and the popular serialized novels. Magazines were more influential and attracted intellectual authors. Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century and intellectuals were greatly by the ideas the Revolution the poets and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781) and Friedrich (1759–1805). The Sturm und Drang romantic movement was embraced and given expression in reaction the perceived rationalism of Enlightenment. principles and methods were Immanuel paradigm Beethoven was most influential composer of period from classical to Romantic His use of tonal as to allow significant expansion of musical forms structures was immediately recognized as bringing a dimension to music. His later piano music and string quartets, especially, showed way to unexplored musical universe, and influenced Franz Schubert (1797–1828) Robert Schumann (1810–1856). In a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic in folkloric context
 German unification in 1870 stimulAted consolIdatiOn, nAtiOnAlisAtioN into state-owneD CompAnies, and further rapid grOwth. UNlIKe thE SiTuatiOn in FraNCe, THE goAl WaS thE sUPpOrt of IndUstrialIsation. EveNtuAlLy numerous liNEs Criss-crossEd tHe Ruhr area anD otHer indUsTriAL centErs And prOvided GOod conNections tO tHE major POrts of HAMBuRg anD Bremen. By 1880, 9,400 locomotiVEs PUlled 43,000 passengerS and 30,000 toNs OF fREIghT a dAy.

NewspapeRs And maGAzines

WHIlE THEre EXisted no natioNal newspapeR The Many stAtEs iSSued a gReat vArIEty Of printed meDia, aLthough thEy rareLY exceedED regionAl signIfiCanCe. In A TyPiCal ToWN exIStEd oNE or Two outleTs, UrBan ceNterS, SUCH as BErlIn anD LeipZig had dozens. THe aUdieNCe wAs limIted tO a feW pErcenT of malE adulTs, Chiefly from the aRistOcratic anD upPeR miDdLe claSS. LiberAl pUblIshers oUtnumbeREd cOnSERVaTive ones by a wide marGiN. fOrEign goveRnmentS BrIbED editors To GuaRantEE A favoRablE ImAge. CensoRship wAS sTrIct, and tHe ImperiAl GovErnMent iSSued The polItical neWs thaT Was supposed to bE Published. AfteR 1871, StRICt PRess LawS were enforcEd by bIsmaRck tO CoNtaIN the SOcialIsTS aND hostile editors. EditOrS focusEd on pOlitical commeNtary, cultuRE, THe arts, hiGh cuLTuRE and the popular SeriaLized novelS. magazineS were PoliticaLly more inFLUential aNd aTtrActEd iNTElLectual authorS.

sCienCe And cultUre During tHe 18tH anD 19th CenTuRy
19th-centuRy artistS aNd InTeLleCtualS Were greaTlY inSpIreD by thE Ideas oF the FRencH REvOLutIon and tHE gREAt poEtS aNd wrIteRs johanN WolFGanG von GoeThe (1749–1832), GotthoLd EPHraiM LEsSing (1729–1781) and friedrich SchiLlEr (1759–1805). The Sturm UnD DrAng romANTic movemEnt was embraced and emotioN Was giveN frEe expRessIon in reacTioN to the PerCEived rAtionaLism oF tHe ENLIghteNMEnT. PhIlOsophical pRINciPles aNd MethOds were Revolutionized by ImMAnuEl Kant's paradiGm sHift. lUDwIg vAN BEEthOvEN (1770–1827) waS THe most influentiAl composer Of THe Period from CLasSiCal to RoMantic mUsic. HIS use of tOnal archiTecture in SuCh a wAY As tO allow signIficant eXpansion oF MusicAL fOrms aNd sTructuReS waS immeDiatelY RecOgnizEd as brInGing a nEw dimEnSion to muSic. His later piano music anD strinG quarTetS, especialLy, sHOweD the way to A comPletely uneXplOreD musiCal UNiverSe, anD InFluENced FRanz sChubert (1797–1828) anD roBerT sChUmann (1810–1856). In operA, A NEw ROmantIc aTMospheRe coMbining supernaturAL terror and meloDramATIc pLot IN a foLkLoric context waS
 German unification in 187 0 stimulat ed co nso lid at ion,  nat ionalisation i n to s tate-owned companies,and f ur t herr ap id gr owth. U n li k e  th esi tua ti o nin Fr anc e, thegoal was t hesu pport of ind u st rialisatio n.Eventually n ume rous l in esc riss- cro ssedthe Ru h r area  and othe ri ndustr i al cent e r sandprovided good con n ec t ions to the ma jor po rt s  o f Ham bur g and Brem en . By1 880, 9, 4 00 l o com o tives pulled43,000 pass e nge rs and  3 0,0 0 0 tons  of f re i ght  a day.

Ne wspa pers andmagazi n es

Whi l e there  exist ednonati o na lnew sp a per th e m a nystates i ss ue d a g reat v a r iety  of  pri ntedmedia, althou ghthey rar ely e xceed ed r eg ional  signi fican ce . In a typicaltown  existedone  o r t wo  outl e ts, ur ban  ce nters,such as Ber li n a nd  Leipzig had dozen s. T he  audienc e wasl im it e d to a f ew  pe rcen t of ma le a d ul ts, chie fly fr o mth e arist oc ratican d u ppe r mid d le c lass.Liberalpubli s hers outnumber e d conservativ e  o n e sb y awid e margin. F orei g n go vern m en tsb ribed  edit or s  t o  guarantee a favora bl e imag e. Ce nsorship wasstrict, an d t he imper ialg ov e rnment issuedthe p olitical n e ws thatwas s upposedto be pub l i shed. Af ter  18 71,  st r i ct  press laws w e r e en fo rced by  Bi smarcktocon tai n t he  Socialis ts and h os ti le  e dit ors.E ditors f oc use donpolit i cal co mment ary,  c ul t ure , the a r ts , high  c ul ture  an dthe p opul a r s erializ ed novels . M a gazi ne swere po litically mor einfluentia land  attra c t ed intel lectual authors.

Scien c e and c ult ure d urin g the 18t h a nd 19t h c e ntury19th-c entur yart i s ts an d in tel le ctuals wer e gre atlyin spir ed by t he ideas of the Fr e nch  Revolution a ndtheg r ea t p o et s  an dw rit e r s Johann Wolfga ng von Goe th e  ( 1749–1832) ,  Go tt hold Ep hraim L essin g  (1729– 1781) and  Friedric hSchi l l er(1759–1805 ). The S turm undD rangr om antic  mo vement  w asembra ced an d  em otion  was g iv en fre e exp re ssion in  reaction to the percei ved ra tiona lis m of theEnl i ght enment. P hilo sophical p rin cip les a ndm ethod s we r erev o lutio nize d  by Imman u el  Ka n t 's  paradigm s h i f t.Ludwi g v a n Beet hove n (1770–1827) was the most influ enti a l  co mpo s er o fthe period fro m c la s s ical toRo mantic musi c. His u se of to nal ar chitec ture in s uc h  a way  astoallow sig nif ic a nt expa ns io n  of mu sica lformsand st r uctu r e s was immediatel y rec o g nized asbring in g a new dime nsion to m usic. His l ater p iano  musi c and s tr ing qu art et s, especia l ly, showe d the  way to  a  com ple tely u nexp l o red m usic al  un iverse, a n d  i n fl ue n ced  Fra nz Sc hu bert  (1797–18 2 8) and R obe r t Schum an n ( 1 8 10–185 6 ). I n opera, a  ne w Rom a n tic atmosp h erec om b ining  super natura l terro r  an dmelodra mat i c  plot ina folklor i c c on text  was
 German_unification in_1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation_into state-owned_companies,_and further_rapid_growth. Unlike the_situation in France,_the goal was the_support of industrialisation._Eventually_numerous lines criss-crossed the Ruhr area and other industrial centers and provided good connections_to_the major_ports_of_Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880,_9,400 locomotives pulled 43,000 passengers_and 30,000_tons of freight a day.

Newspapers and magazines

While there_existed_no national newspaper_the many states issued a great variety of printed_media, although they rarely exceeded regional_significance. In a_typical_town_existed one or two_outlets, urban centers, such as Berlin_and Leipzig had dozens. The audience_was limited to a few percent of_male adults, chiefly from the aristocratic_and upper middle class. Liberal_publishers outnumbered_conservative ones by a wide_margin. Foreign governments_bribed editors_to guarantee a_favorable image. Censorship was strict, and_the imperial government_issued the political news that was_supposed_to be published._After_1871,_strict press_laws were enforced_by_Bismarck to_contain_the Socialists and hostile editors. Editors_focused_on political commentary, culture, the arts, high_culture and the popular_serialized_novels. Magazines were politically_more influential and attracted intellectual_authors.

Science and culture during the 18th_and 19th_century
19th-century artists_and intellectuals were greatly inspired by the ideas of the French_Revolution and the great poets and_writers Johann Wolfgang von_Goethe (1749–1832),_Gotthold_Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781)_and_Friedrich Schiller_(1759–1805). The Sturm und Drang romantic movement_was embraced_and emotion was given free expression_in reaction to the_perceived_rationalism of the Enlightenment. Philosophical principles_and methods were revolutionized by Immanuel_Kant's paradigm shift. Ludwig van_Beethoven_(1770–1827)_was the most influential composer_of the period from classical to_Romantic music. His_use of tonal architecture in such a_way_as to allow significant expansion of_musical_forms and structures was immediately recognized_as_bringing_a new dimension to music._His later piano music and string_quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored_musical universe, and_influenced Franz Schubert (1797–1828) and_Robert_Schumann_(1810–1856). In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror_and melodramatic_plot in a_folkloric context was