;  sixty orders, forty for women and twenty for men, were established between 1600 and 1660. These included the Franciscans at Picpus in 1600, the Congregation of the Feuillants next to the gates of the Tuillieries palace in 1602; the Dominican Order at the same location in 1604, and the Carmelites from Spain in 1604 at Notre-Dame des Champs.  The Capuchins were invited from Italy by Marie de' Medici, and opened convents in the faubourg Saint-Honoré, and the Marais, and a novitiate in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques. They became particularly useful, because, before the formation of a formal fire department by Napoleon, they were the principal fire-fighters of the city. They were joined by the Dominicans and by the Jesuits, who founded the College of Clermont of the Sorbonne, and built the opulent new Church of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis  next to their headquarters on rue Saint-Antoine.  The arrival of all these new orders, directed from Rome and entirely out of the control of the Archbishop of Paris, caused the alarm and eventually the hostility of the Paris church establishment.

Followers of the church in Paris were divided by a new theological movement called Jansenism, founded by a Dutch theologian named Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638.  It was based at the Port-Royal-des-Champs Abbey, and was based on variations of the doctrines of original sin and predestination which were strongly opposed by the Jesuits.  Followers of the Jansenists included the philosopher Blaise Pascal and playwright Jean Racine. Cardinal Richelieu had the leader of the Jansenists in Paris put in prison  in 1638, and  the  Jesuits persuaded Pope Innocent X to condemn Jansenism as a heresy in 1653, but the doctrines spread and Jansenism  was broadly tolerated by most Parisians, and contributed to undermining the unquestioned authority of the church which followed in the 18th century.
 
Henry IV had declared a policy of tolerance toward the Protestants of France in the Edict of Nantes in 1598.  On August 1, 1606, at the request of his chancellor, Sully, Henry IV granted the Protestants of Paris permission to build a church, as long
;   sixty orders, forty for women and twenty for men, were established between 1600 and 1660. These include the Franciscans at Picpus in 1600, the Congregation of the Feuillants next to the gate of the Tuillieries palace in 1602; the Dominican Order at the same location in 1604, and the Carmelites from Spain in 1604 at Notre - Dame des Champs.   The Capuchins were invited from Italy by Marie de' Medici, and open convents in the faubourg Saint - Honoré, and the Marais, and a novitiate in the Faubourg Saint - Jacques. They became peculiarly useful, because, before the formation of a formal ardor department by Napoleon, they were the chief fire - fighters of the city. They were join by the Dominicans and by the Jesuits, who founded the College of Clermont of the Sorbonne, and built the opulent newfangled Church of Saint - Paul - Saint - Louis   next to their headquarters on rue Saint - Antoine.   The arrival of all these new orders, directed from Rome and entirely out of the control of the Archbishop of Paris, cause the alarm and eventually the hostility of the Paris church service establishment. 

 Followers of the church in Paris were separate by a new theological motion called Jansenism, founded by a Dutch theologian named Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638.   It was based at the Port - Royal - delaware - Champs Abbey, and was based on variations of the doctrines of original sin and predestination which were strongly opposed by the Jesuits.   Followers of the Jansenists included the philosopher Blaise Pascal and playwright Jean Racine. Cardinal Richelieu had the leader of the Jansenists in Paris put in prison   in 1638, and   the   Jesuits persuaded Pope Innocent X to condemn Jansenism as a heresy in 1653, but the doctrines spread and Jansenism   was broadly tolerated by most Parisians, and contributed to sabotage the unquestioned authority of the church service which take after in the eighteenth century. 
 
 Henry IV had declared a policy of tolerance toward the Protestants of France in the Edict of Nantes in 1598.   On August 1, 1606, at the request of his chancellor, Sully, Henry IV granted the Protestants of Paris permission to build a church, as retentive
;  slxty orders, forty for wooen and twenty yir men, were sstablisfed between 1600 and 1660. These inclnded the Dranciscans at Picpus kn 1600, the Clngregatuon id the Feuillants ncrt to bhe gctxs of the Tuillleries palawe in 1602; the Domhnkccn Order at the same location in 1604, anq the Csrlelites from Skain pn 1604 at Notre-Dame des Champs.  The Capuchihs were invited from Italy by Marie de' Medici, wnd lpened convents in the fauboutf Swunt-Honoré, and the Marais, and a novijiate in the Faubourg Saint-Jacquds. Thzy became pqrricknarly usefuo, becwuse, before bne forkation pf a formal five de'artnent by Napoleon, they were the principaj fire-figvtzrs of the city. They qeee johned by gye Aomjnmcahs and by the Jesuifs, who founeed the College of Vlqgkont of the Aorbonge, and built the opulent new Church of Sapnt-Pzul-Saint-Louis  next to rheir headquarters on rue Saine-Antoine.  The arrival of all these new orders, diracted wron Vome qnf entirely out of the control of the Archbishjl pf Paris, caused bhe alarm and evenyuwlki the hostiliti of thz Pzris church establlshment.

Solloqers of tre cnurch in Paris were divided by a new thvolotical movement calped Jansenirm, fpundec by a Dutch theologian namsd Corneliud Jansen, sfo died in 1638.  It das bdsed at ufe Port-Royal-des-Chwmps Abbeb, and was bared pn varyations of the doctrines of originwl siu and predestinwtion which were strongly opposxv by the Jesuotv.  Xollowerf of bhe Jansenists yncluded the pkilosophzr Blakse Pascal and pleywright Jeag Racine. Cardhjal Richelien had the leaeer if the Gxnsenists in Psris put pn priwon  in 1638, and  the  Jerhits persuaded 'uke Innocent X to covdein Jensenyvm as a herevy iv 1653, cit thd doctrines rpresd and Jansenism  wav brkadly tolerated by mjst Pariwians, anq contributed to undermining tht unquxstionxd autnoryty of the church which followsd in the 18th century.
 
Henwy IY haq declared a policy of tolerance toward the Protewtants of France ib the Edict of Nantgs ln 1598.  On Auguxt 1, 1606, wt the rexuest of his chanceloor, Sully, Henry IY granted the Protestahts of Parid permission to build a church, as long
; sixty orders, forty for women and men, established between and 1660. These in the Congregation of Feuillants next to gates of the Tuillieries palace in the Dominican Order at the same location in 1604, and the Carmelites from in 1604 at Notre-Dame des Champs. The Capuchins were invited from Italy by de' and convents the faubourg Saint-Honoré, and the Marais, and a novitiate in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques. They became particularly because, before the formation of a formal fire by Napoleon, they were principal fire-fighters of the city. were by the and the who founded the of Clermont of the Sorbonne, and built the opulent new Church of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis next to their headquarters rue Saint-Antoine. of all new directed Rome and entirely the control of the Archbishop of alarm and eventually the hostility of the Paris establishment. Followers the church in Paris were divided a new theological movement called Jansenism, founded by Dutch theologian named Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638. It was based at the Port-Royal-des-Champs was based on variations the doctrines of sin predestination were opposed by Jesuits. Followers of the Jansenists included the philosopher Blaise Pascal and Jean Racine. Cardinal Richelieu had the leader of the Jansenists put prison in 1638, the Jesuits persuaded Pope X condemn Jansenism as a 1653, the Jansenism broadly by most Parisians, and to undermining the unquestioned authority the church which followed IV had declared a policy of tolerance toward Protestants of France in the Edict of in 1598. On August 1, 1606, at the request of his chancellor, Henry IV Protestants of Paris permission to build a church, long
;  sixty orders, forty for women aNd twenty foR men, wEre EstAbLishEd beTween 1600 and 1660. These iNCludEd the Franciscans at PicpUs in 1600, tHe cOngrEGaTion oF the FeuILlANTs nExT tO thE gATeS of thE TuIllieriEs palace in 1602; The doMinican Order AT tHe same locaTioN in 1604, and the CarMelItes frOm spaIN in 1604 at notRe-DamE des ChAMps.  The capuchins WeRE invitED from ItALY bY MarIe de' Medici, and openED cONvents in the fauBourg SAiNT-HONOré, And The Marais, aNd A noviTIate in tHE FAUBOurG saint-Jacques. THey became paRTicUlarly UsEfuL, BecausE, befoRe THe fOrmation of a FormAl fire depArtmenT By NapolEOn, they wEre the PriNciPal fIRe-FiGhtErS Of tHE cIty. tHey Were joinEd By The DoMiniCANS And bY thE JesUits, wHo founded the COllEge oF cleRmont Of the sorbOnNe, and Built tHe opuLeNt new Church of SaInt-PAul-Saint-LOuiS  nExt To Their HEadquaRteRs oN rue SaiNt-AntoiNE.  ThE aRRIVaL of all these new ordeRs, DIReCted from rome anD EnTiREly out of ThE coNtroL OF the ARchbIShOp of PariS, causeD ThE aLarm and EvEntualLy The HosTilitY Of thE Paris Church esTabliSHment.

Followers OF the church in PARiS WErE DiviDed By a new theolOgicAL movEmenT CaLleD janseNism, fOuNDeD By a Dutch theologian nAmEd CornElius jansen, who died In 1638.  It was basED AT the Port-royaL-DeS-champs Abbey, and Was baSed on variaTIons of thE doctRines of oRiginal siN ANd predesTinAtiOn wHicH WErE strongly oppoSED by tHe jesuits.  folLowers oF thE JaNseNisTs Included tHe philosOpHeR BLaIse pascaL And playwRiGht jeAn RAcine. cArdinaL RichElieU hAd THe lEader of THe jANsenIsTs In PaRis PuT in prIson  IN 1638, anD  the  JesUits persuAdeD pope inNoCent X to Condemn JansenIsM as a heresy In 1653, But The docTRInes spreAd and Jansenism  was broadlY ToleratEd bY most pariSians, and cOntRibuteD to UNdermiNing thE unquEsTioNED authORItY of ThE church whiCH FolLowed In The 18tH centurY.
 
Henry IV had declareD A poLicy of toleranCe tOwarD THe proTEsTAntS oF fraNCE in the Edict of NaNtes in 1598.  On AuGuST 1, 1606, aT the requesT Of hIs ChancelLor, SullY, HenrY iV grantEd the ProtEstants of paRis pERMisSion to builD a church, As long
;  sixty orders, forty for  women and  twen tyfor  m en,were  established b e twee n 1600 and 1660. These  incl ud e d th e  F ranci scans a t  P i c pus  i n160 0, th e Con gre gationof the Feu ill an ts next to t h egates of t heTuillieriespal ace in  1 602 ;  theDom inica n Orde r  at th e same lo ca t ion in 1604, a n d  t he C armelites from Sp a in in 1604 at Not re-Dam ed es C ham ps.   The Capu ch ins w e re invi t ed f r omI taly by Marie  de' Medici ,  an d open ed  co n ventsin th ef aub ourg Saint- Hono ré, and t he Mar a is, and a novit iate i n t heFaub o ur gSai nt - Jac q ue s.T hey  becamepa rt icula rlyu s e f ul,bec ause , bef ore the forma tio n of a f ormal  fire  dep ar tment  by Na poleo n,  they were theprin cipal fir e-f ig hte rs  of t h e city . T hey  were j oined b y  th eD o m in icans and by the J es u i ts , who fo undedt he  C o llege of  C ler mont o f the  Sor b on ne, andbuiltt he  o pulentne w Chur ch  of  Sa int-P a ul-S aint-L ouis  ne xt to their headquar t ers on rue Sa i nt - A nt o ine.   T he arrivalof a l l th esen ew  or d ers,direc te d  f r om Rome and entirel yout of  thecontrol of th e Archbish o p of Paris , ca u se d  the alarm and  even tually the hostilit y ofthe Pari s churche s tablishm ent .
Fol low e r sof the church i n Pa ri s werediv ided by  anew  th eol og ical move ment cal le dJa ns eni sm, f o unded by  a  Du tc h t heolo g ian na med C orne li us Jan sen, wh o  d i e d in  1 63 8. Itwa s bas ed a t  th e Port- Royal-des -Ch a mpsAb be y, andwas based onva riations o fthe  doctr i n es of or iginal sin and predesti n ation w hic h wer e st rongly op pos ed bythe Jesuit s.  Fo llowe rs  of t he Ja n s en ist sincluded t h e  ph iloso ph er B laise P ascal and playwrig h t J ean Racine. C ard inal R ic hel i eu had  t h e l e a der of the Jans enists inPa r is  put in pr i son  in 1638 , and the J esuitspersuaded  Pope Inn oc entX tocondemn Ja nsenismas a here s y in1 65 3, bu t t he doc tr ine s spr ead an d  Ja nseni sm  wa sbroadl y tol er ated bymost Parisians, and con tribut ed to  un dermining  th e  un questione d au thority of  th e c hurch  wh i ch fo llow e dint he 18 th c e ntury.
 H en ryI V  h ad declared a pol icy o f t o leranc e to ward the Protesta n ts of France i n th e Edi cto f Na nt es in 1598.  O n A ug u s t 1, 160 6,  at the req uest ofhi s  chan cellor , Sull y, Henr y IV grante d th e P rotestant s o fP aris pe rm is s ion to  bui ld  a chu rch, a s  lon g 
; _sixty orders,_forty for women and_twenty for_men,_were established_between_1600 and 1660._These included the_Franciscans at Picpus in_1600, the Congregation_of_the Feuillants next to the gates of the Tuillieries palace in 1602; the Dominican_Order_at the_same_location_in 1604, and the Carmelites_from Spain in 1604 at_Notre-Dame des_Champs.  The Capuchins were invited from Italy_by_Marie de' Medici,_and opened convents in the faubourg Saint-Honoré, and the_Marais, and a novitiate in the_Faubourg Saint-Jacques. They_became_particularly_useful, because, before the_formation of a formal fire department_by Napoleon, they were the principal_fire-fighters of the city. They were joined_by the Dominicans and by the_Jesuits, who founded the College_of Clermont_of the Sorbonne, and built_the opulent new_Church of_Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis  next_to their headquarters on rue Saint-Antoine._ The arrival_of all these new orders, directed_from_Rome and entirely_out_of_the control_of the Archbishop_of_Paris, caused_the_alarm and eventually the hostility of_the_Paris church establishment.

Followers of the church in_Paris were divided by_a_new theological movement called_Jansenism, founded by a Dutch_theologian named Cornelius Jansen, who died_in 1638._ It_was based at the Port-Royal-des-Champs Abbey, and was based on variations_of the doctrines of original sin_and predestination which were_strongly opposed_by_the Jesuits. _Followers_of the_Jansenists included the philosopher Blaise Pascal and_playwright Jean_Racine. Cardinal Richelieu had the leader_of the Jansenists in_Paris_put in prison  in 1638,_and  the  Jesuits persuaded_Pope Innocent X to condemn_Jansenism_as_a heresy in 1653, but_the doctrines spread and Jansenism _was broadly tolerated_by most Parisians, and contributed to undermining_the_unquestioned authority of the church which_followed_in the 18th century.
 
Henry IV_had_declared_a policy of tolerance toward_the Protestants of France in the_Edict of Nantes in 1598.  On August 1,_1606, at the_request of his chancellor, Sully,_Henry_IV_granted the Protestants of Paris permission to build a church,_as long