 that sexuality was the crucial problem of modern life, but ignored the social context and failed to question society itself. Firestone interprets Freud's "metaphors" in terms of the facts of power within the family. Figes tries in Patriarchal Attitudes (1970) to place Freud within a "history of ideas". Juliet Mitchell defends Freud against his feminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminism (1974), accusing them of misreading him and misunderstanding the implications of psychoanalytic theory for feminism. Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking feminists to Lacan. Mitchell is criticized by Jane Gallop in The Daughter's Seduction (1982). Gallop compliments Mitchell for her criticism of feminist discussions of Freud, but finds her treatment of Lacanian theory lacking.

Some French feminists, among them Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray, have been influenced by Freud as interpreted by Lacan. Irigaray has produced a theoretical challenge to Freud and Lacan, using their theories against them to put forward a "psychoanalytic explanation for theoretical bias". Irigaray, who claims that "the cultural unconscious only recognizes the male sex", describes how this affects "accounts of the psychology of women".

Psychologist Carol Gilligan writes that "The penchant of developmental theorists to project a masculine image, and one that appears frightening to women, goes back at least to Freud." She sees Freud's criticism of women's sense of justice reappearing in the work of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan notes that Nancy Chodorow, in contrast to Freud, attributes sexual difference not to anatomy but to the fact that male and female children have different early social environments. Chodorow, writing against the masculine bias of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's negative and derivative description of female psychology with a positive and direct account of her own."

Toril Moi has developed a feminist perspective on psychoanalysis proposing that it is a discourse that "attempts to understand the psychic consequences of three universal traumas: the fact that there are others, the fact of sexual difference, and the fact of death". She replaces Freud's term of castration with Stanley Cavell's concept of "victimization" which is a more universal term that applies equally to both sexes. Moi regards this concept of human finitude as a suitable replacement for both castration and sexual difference as the traumatic "discovery of our separate, sexed, mortal existence" and how both men
that sexuality was the crucial problem of modern biography, but ignore the social context and failed to question society itself. Firestone rede Freud's " metaphors " in terms of the fact of might within the family. Figes try on in Patriarchal Attitudes (1970) to place Freud within a " history of ideas ". Juliet Mitchell fight Freud against his feminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminism (1974), accusing them of misread him and misconstrue the implications of psychoanalytic hypothesis for feminism. Mitchell avail insert English - speaking feminists to Lacan. Mitchell is criticized by Jane Gallop in The Daughter's Seduction (1982). Gallop compliment Mitchell for her criticism of feminist discussions of Freud, but finds her treatment of Lacanian theory miss. 

 Some French feminists, among them Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray, have been determine by Freud as interpreted by Lacan. Irigaray has produced a theoretical challenge to Freud and Lacan, using their hypothesis against them to put forward a " psychoanalytic explanation for theoretical bias ". Irigaray, who claims that " the cultural unconscious merely recognizes the male sex ", describes how this affects " accounts of the psychology of women ". 

 Psychologist Carol Gilligan writes that " The penchant of developmental theorists to project a masculine persona, and one that appears frightening to womanhood, go back at least to Freud. " She sees Freud's criticism of women's sense of judge reappearing in the work of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan notes that Nancy Chodorow, in contrast to Freud, impute sexual difference not to anatomy but to the fact that male and female children have different early social environments. Chodorow, publish against the masculine bias of psychoanalysis, " replaces Freud's negative and derivative description of female psychology with a positive and direct account of her own. " 

 Toril Moi has develop a feminist perspective on psychoanalysis proposing that it is a discourse that " attempts to understand the psychic consequence of three universal traumas: the fact that there are others, the fact of intimate difference, and the fact of end ". She replaces Freud's term of castration with Stanley Cavell's concept of " victimization " which is a more universal terminus that applies equally to both sexual activity. Moi regards this concept of human finiteness as a suitable replacement for both castration and sexual remainder as the traumatic " discovery of our separate, sexed, mortal universe " and how both men
 thwt sexuality was the crugial problem of modern nife, bht ignordd the social context and famled to qyestion society itself. Firestonv interprwts Hreud's "metaphors" in terms of tgc faccs of power withln the faminy. Figes tries iv 'atriarchal Attitudes (1970) to place Freuq withim w "history of iqeas". Tulisn Nitchell defends Freud againsf his ftminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminidm (1974), wccusing them of mlsreading hum age misunderstxnding the implicationa of psychoanalytic theory for weminnsm. Mitchelo yelogd introduce Englpsh-speaking fckinistv to Lavan. Mitchell ix ccitixized by Jane Gallop mn The Daughter's Sedoction (1982). Ganlkp compliments Mircyell xor ver zeitkciam or femijisv discussiohs of Freud, but finds her treaumegn of Lacanian theorr jacking.

Some French feminists, among them Jumia Kristeva and Luce Ieigaray, have been infpuenced br Freud as interpreted by Lacan. Irigaray has prodgced e gheircticxo fhallenge to Freud and Lacan, using their theowjex sgainst them tj put forwatd a "ksychoanalytic explauztjon for theoreticap bias". Yrigaeay, who cjaimx that "the cultural unconscuous only rebognuzes the male sex", bescribes hoc this affevts "accounts of the psyehologg of women".

Pdychologiag Carol Gilligan wrptes that "Tht penchant of devejopmental theprists go ptoject w masculinf imana, and one that appfars yrighdening to aomen, goes back at least to Frenv." She sees Frgud'v cgiticism jf woken's sense of justice reappgaring in the dork of Jezn Piagxt and Lawregce Kohlberg. Cllligan notev that Nwncy Choeorow, iv contrast to Fteud, attrpbbtes sexuql difference not bo anxfomy but to the faxt that male anc fdmaje ciildrqt have diffesent eafky sozial envirokmevts. Vhodorow, writing agahnst the masculine biax jf psychianalysif, "replaces Frrud's negative and ferivetive vescriltijn of female psychology with a positive anq direct accjunt of her own."

Tpril Moi has developed a feminist perspxctive on psychoanalysiw proposing that it ls a discourxe thwt "attempds to understand the psychic consequekces of three universam traukas: tje fact that there are others, the fact of sexual difference, and the fact if deavh". She replacss Fteud's tzrm of caftraviun with Stanley Bavell's concept of "victimization" which iv c more universal term that apllkes equally tu both sexes. Moi regards this comcept of human finitude as a suotable replacement for bpth casteatioh and sexuel difference as the traumctic "duscovert of our separate, secef, mortal fxisuencz" and how both men
that sexuality was the crucial problem of but the social and failed to Freud's in terms of facts of power the family. Figes tries in Patriarchal (1970) to place Freud within a "history of ideas". Juliet Mitchell defends Freud his feminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminism (1974), accusing them of misreading him misunderstanding implications psychoanalytic for feminism. Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking feminists to Lacan. Mitchell is criticized by Jane Gallop in Daughter's Seduction (1982). Gallop compliments Mitchell for her of feminist discussions of but finds her treatment of theory Some French among Julia and Luce Irigaray, been influenced by Freud as interpreted by Lacan. Irigaray has produced a theoretical challenge to Freud and using their them to forward "psychoanalytic for theoretical bias". claims that "the cultural unconscious only sex", describes how this affects "accounts of the of women". Carol Gilligan writes that "The penchant developmental theorists to project a masculine image, and that appears frightening to women, goes back at least to Freud." She sees Freud's criticism sense of justice reappearing the work of Piaget Lawrence Gilligan that Nancy in contrast to Freud, attributes sexual difference not to anatomy but the fact that male and female children have different early Chodorow, against the masculine of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's and description of female psychology positive direct own." Moi developed a feminist perspective psychoanalysis proposing that it is discourse that "attempts to three universal traumas: the fact that there are the fact of sexual difference, and the of death". She replaces Freud's term of castration with Stanley Cavell's concept "victimization" which more universal term that applies equally to both Moi regards this concept human finitude as a suitable replacement for both castration sexual as the "discovery of our sexed, mortal existence" how both men
 that sexuality was the cruciaL problem of ModerN liFe, bUt IgnoRed tHe social contexT And fAiled to question society ItselF. FIRestONe InterPrets FrEUd'S "MEtaPhOrS" in TeRMs Of the FacTs of powEr within thE faMiLy. Figes tries IN PAtriarchal attItudes (1970) to placE FrEud witHiN a "hIStory Of iDeas". JUliet MITchell Defends FrEuD AgainsT His femiNISt CritIcs in PsychoanalysIS aND Feminism (1974), accusIng theM oF MiSREadIng Him and misuNdErstaNDing the IMpLICAtiONs of psychoanaLytic theory FOr fEminisM. MItcHEll helPed inTrODucE English-speAkinG feministS to LacAN. MitcheLL is critIcized By JAne gallOP iN THe DAuGHteR'S SEduCTioN (1982). Gallop cOmPlImentS MitCHELL for Her CritIcism Of feminist disCusSionS Of FReud, bUt finDs heR tReatmEnt of LAcaniAn Theory lacking.

SoMe FrEnch feminIstS, aMonG tHem JuLIa KrisTevA anD Luce IrIgaray, hAVe bEeN INFlUenced by Freud as intErPREtEd by LacaN. IrigaRAy HaS Produced A tHeoRetiCAL chalLengE To freud and lacan, uSInG tHeir theOrIes agaInSt tHem To put FOrwaRd a "psyChoanalyTic exPLanation for theORetical bias". IrIGaRAY, wHO claIms That "the cultUral UNconScioUS oNly REcognIzes tHe MAlE Sex", describes how this AfFects "aCcounTs of the psychoLogy of womeN".

pSYchologiSt CaROl gIlligan writes tHat "ThE penchant oF DevelopmEntal TheoristS to projecT A MasculinE imAge, And One THAt Appears frightENIng tO wOmen, goeS baCk at leaSt tO FrEud." she SeEs Freud's cRiticism Of WoMeN's SenSe of jUStice reaPpEarInG in The woRK of JeaN PiagEt anD LAwREncE KohlbeRG. GILLigaN nOtEs thAt NAnCy ChoDoroW, In cOntrast To Freud, atTriBUtes SeXuAl diffeRence not to anaToMy but to the FaCt tHat malE ANd female Children have different eaRLy sociaL enVironMentS. Chodorow, WriTing agAinST the maSculinE bias Of PsyCHOanalYSIs, "RepLaCes Freud's nEGAtiVe and DeRivaTive desCription of female psYChoLogy with a posiTivE and DIReCt aCCoUNt oF hER owN."

tOril Moi has develOped a feminIsT PeRspective oN PsyChOanalysIs propoSing tHAt it is a Discourse That "attemPtS to uNDErsTand the psyChic consEquences oF Three UNiVersaL trAumas: tHe FacT that There aRE otHers, tHe fact Of Sexual DiffeReNce, and thE fact of death". She replaces freud's Term oF caStration wIth sTanLey Cavell'S conCept of "victImiZatIon" whIch IS a morE uniVErSal TErm thAt apPLies equalLY tO boTH SeXes. Moi regarDS THis ConcePt oF Human fInitUde as a suitable repLAcement for both CastRATioN anD SexuAl Difference as thE trAuMATic "discoVeRy of our sepaRate, sexeD, mORtal eXistenCe" and hOw both mEN
 that sexuality was the cr ucial prob lem o f m ode rn  lif e, b ut ignored the soci al context and failedto qu es t ions oc ietyitself. Fi r e sto ne  i nte rp r et s Fre ud' s "meta phors" inter ms  of the fact s  o f power wi thi n the family . F iges t ri esi n Pat ria rchal  Attit u des (1 970) to p la c e Freu d  within a  " hist ory of ideas". Ju l ie t  Mitchell defe nds Fr eu d  a g a ins t h is feminis tcriti c s in Ps y ch o a n aly s is and Femini sm (1974),a ccu sing t he m o f  misre ading  h i m a nd misunder stan ding theimplic a tions o f  psycho analyt icthe oryf or  f emi ni s m.M it che l l h elped in tr od uce E ngli s h - s peak ing  fem inist s to Lacan. M itc hell iscriti cized  byJa ne Ga llop i n The  D aughter's Seduc tion  (1982).Gal lo p c om plime n ts Mit che llfor her  critic i smof f e mi nist discussions o fF r eu d, but f inds h e rtr e atment o fLac ania n theor y la c ki ng.

Som e Fren c hfe minists ,amongth emJul ia Kr i stev a andLuce Iri garay ,  have been inf l uenced by Fre u da s  i n terp ret ed by Lacan . Ir i gara y ha s  p rod u ced a  theo re t ic a l challenge to Freu dand La can,using their t heories ag a i n st themto p u tf orward a "psyc hoana lytic expl a nation f or th eoretica l bias".I r igaray,who  cl aim s t h a t"the cultural u ncon sc ious on lyrecogni zes  th e m ale  s ex", desc ribes ho wth is  a ffe cts " a ccountsof  th epsy cholo g y of w omen" .

P sy ch o log ist Car o lG i llig an  w rite s t ha t "Th e pe n cha nt of d evelopmen tal theo ri st s to pr oject a mascu li ne image,an d o ne tha t appearsfrightening to women, g o es back  at  leas t to  Freud."She  seesFre u d's cr iticis m ofwo men ' s  sens e of  ju st ice reappe a r ing  in t he  wor k of Je an Piaget and Lawr e nce  Kohlberg. Gi lli gann o te s t h at Nan cy Cho d o row, in contras t to Freud ,a tt ributes se x ual  d ifferen ce notto an a tomy bu t to thefact that  m alea n d f emale chil dren hav e differe n t ear l ysocia l e nviron me nts . Cho dorow, wri tingagains tthe ma sculi ne  bias of  psychoanalysis, "repla ces Fr eud's  ne gative an d d e riv ative des crip tion of fe mal e p sycho log y  with  a p o si tiv e  anddire c t account of  he r ow n."

TorilM o i  ha s dev elo p ed a f emin ist perspective o n  psychoanalysi s pr o p osi ngt hatit  is a discours e t ha t "attempt sto understa nd the p sy c hic c onsequ encesof thre e un i versal  tra uma s: the fa ctth a t there  a re others , th efact o f sexu a l di f f erence, and thefacto f  deat h ".She r ep laces F r eud' s term ofcastrationwith S tanl ey Ca vell'sco nceptof"v ictimizati o n" whichis amore un iv ersa l t erm th at a p p liesequa ll y t o both se x e s. Mo ir ega rdsthisco ncep t of huma n  finitud e a s  a suit ab ler e placem e nt f or both ca str ation a nd sexuald iffe r en c e asthe tr aumati c "disc o ver yof oursep a r ate, sexe d, mortal exi st ence " and ho wboth  m en
 that_sexuality was_the crucial problem of_modern life,_but_ignored the_social_context and failed_to question society_itself. Firestone interprets Freud's_"metaphors" in terms_of_the facts of power within the family. Figes tries in Patriarchal Attitudes (1970) to_place_Freud within_a_"history_of ideas". Juliet Mitchell defends_Freud against his feminist critics_in Psychoanalysis_and Feminism (1974), accusing them of misreading him_and_misunderstanding the implications_of psychoanalytic theory for feminism. Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking_feminists to Lacan. Mitchell is criticized_by Jane Gallop_in_The_Daughter's Seduction (1982). Gallop_compliments Mitchell for her criticism of_feminist discussions of Freud, but finds_her treatment of Lacanian theory lacking.

Some French_feminists, among them Julia Kristeva and_Luce Irigaray, have been influenced_by Freud_as interpreted by Lacan. Irigaray_has produced a_theoretical challenge_to Freud and_Lacan, using their theories against them_to put forward_a "psychoanalytic explanation for theoretical bias"._Irigaray,_who claims that_"the_cultural_unconscious only_recognizes the male_sex",_describes how_this_affects "accounts of the psychology of_women".

Psychologist_Carol Gilligan writes that "The penchant of_developmental theorists to project_a_masculine image, and one_that appears frightening to women,_goes back at least to Freud."_She sees_Freud's criticism_of women's sense of justice reappearing in the work of Jean_Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan notes_that Nancy Chodorow, in_contrast to_Freud,_attributes sexual difference_not_to anatomy_but to the fact that male and_female children_have different early social environments. Chodorow,_writing against the masculine_bias_of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's negative and_derivative description of female psychology with_a positive and direct account_of_her_own."

Toril Moi has developed a_feminist perspective on psychoanalysis proposing that_it is a_discourse that "attempts to understand the psychic_consequences_of three universal traumas: the fact_that_there are others, the fact of_sexual_difference,_and the fact of death"._She replaces Freud's term of castration_with Stanley Cavell's concept of "victimization" which is a_more universal term_that applies equally to both_sexes._Moi_regards this concept of human finitude as a suitable replacement_for both_castration and sexual_difference as the traumatic "discovery of our separate, sexed, mortal_existence" and how both men