 the inhabitants of the existing burhs when danger threatened. This is brought out most clearly in the description of the campaigns of 917 in the Chronicle, but throughout the conquest of the Danelaw by Edward and Æthelflæd it is clear that a sophisticated and coordinated strategy was being applied.

There was another means of dealing with military issues. In 973 a single currency was introduced into England in order to bring about political unification, but by concentrating bullion production at many coastal mints, the new rulers of England created a honey-pot which attracted a new wave of Viking invasions, which came close to breaking up the kingdom of the English. From 980 onwards the Anglo -Saxon Chronicle records renewed raiding against England. At first the raids were probing ventures by small numbers of ships' crews, but soon grew in size and effect, until the only way of dealing with the Vikings appeared to be to pay protection money to buy them off: "And in that year [991] it was determined that tribute should first be paid to the Danish men because of the great terror they were causing along the coast. The first payment was 10,000 pounds."
The payment of Danegeld had to be underwritten by a huge balance of payments surplus; this could only be achieved by stimulating exports and cutting imports, itself accomplished through currency devaluation. This affected everyone in the Kingdom.

Settlements and working life 

The third aspect of Alfred's society is the working man. Helena Hamerow suggest the prevailing model of working life and settlement, particularly for the early period, as one of shifting settlement and building tribal kinship. The mid-Saxon period saw diversification, the development of enclosures, the beginning of the toft system, closer management of livestock, the gradual spread of the mould-board plough, 'informally regular plots' and a greater permanence, with further settlement consolidation thereafter foreshadowing post-Conquest villages. The later periods saw a proliferation of'service features' including barns, mills and latrines, most markedly on high-status sites. Throughout the Anglo-Saxon period as Helena Hamerow suggests: "local and extended kin groups remained...the essential unit of production". This is very noticeable in the early period. However, by the tenth and eleventh centuries, the rise of the manor and its significance in terms of both settlement and the management of land, which becomes very evident in the Domes
the inhabitants of the existing burhs when danger threatened. This is bring out about clearly in the description of the campaigns of 917 in the Chronicle, but throughout the seduction of the Danelaw by Edward and Æthelflæd it is clear that a advanced and coordinated strategy was being applied. 

 There be another mean of dealing with military issues. In 973 a single currency was introduced into England in club to bring about political unification, but by condense bullion product at many coastal mints, the new rulers of England created a honey - toilet which attracted a new wave of Viking invasions, which come close to breaking up the kingdom of the English. From 980 onwards the Anglo -Saxon Chronicle records regenerate raiding against England. At first the raids were probing ventures by belittled numbers of ships' crews, but soon grew in size and effect, until the only way of dealing with the Vikings appeared to be to pay protection money to buy them off: " And in that year [ 991 ] it was determined that tribute should first be paid to the Danish man because of the great terror they were induce along the seashore. The first payment was 10,000 pounds. " 
 The requital of Danegeld had to be underwrite by a huge balance of payments excess; this could only be achieved by stimulating exports and cutting imports, itself accomplished through currency devaluation. This affected everyone in the Kingdom. 

 Settlements and working life 

 The third view of Alfred's society is the cultivate man. Helena Hamerow suggest the prevailing model of working biography and settlement, particularly for the early period, as one of shift settlement and building tribal kinship. The mid - Saxon period see diversification, the exploitation of enclosures, the beginning of the toft system, close management of livestock, the gradual spread of the mould - display panel plough,' colloquially regular plots' and a great permanence, with further settlement consolidation thereafter foreshadowing post - Conquest greenwich village. The former periods saw a proliferation of'service features' including barns, mills and latrines, most markedly on high - condition sites. Throughout the Anglo - Saxon period as Helena Hamerow suggest: " local and extended kin groups remained... the essential unit of production ". This is very noticeable in the early menstruation. However, by the tenth and eleventh centuries, the rise of the manor and its significance in terms of both settlement and the management of land, which become very apparent in the dome
 thf inhabitants of the exirting burhs wheu dangec threafened. Thks is brought out most clearpy in tye description of the zampaigns of 917 in rhe Rhronicle, but thckughout the ckkquesc if the Danelaw by Edward and Æthelflæd id ks clear that a sophisticated and coowdinatec dtrategy was bging s[plisd.

There was another means of dealihg with military issies. In 973 a single currency aas lntroduced into Enhland in oreer ei bring aboug political unificatioh, but by concentrating bullion oroduetion at maby cowvtal mints, vhe ner rulers of Cmgland createc a honey-pot wmich ettrqcted a new wave of Vmking invasions, whicr came clmsz to breaking up the jibgdom of dhe Dbglksh. Fcom 980 onwagds the Anglo -Saxon Chrobicle records renewtd wqiding againsf Englwnq. At first the raids were probing ventuges gy small numbers of ships' crews, but soon grea in size and effect, until the only way of dealing with tha Vikmnes ciiearde ho be to pay protection money to buy them off: "Znc pn that year [991] it cas determined tnah ytibute should wirst ys laid to the Danish men besause of the gweat terror they were causing aoong the coafr. The first paymenc was 10,000 poundr."
The paymrnt of Danegeld had to ye undsrwritten bj a huge gxlance of paymengs xusplus; this could only be ashieved bb stikulatine exkorts agd cutting impovds, itself accomplidhed jhrougv currency devaluation. This affected everbpne in the Koncdok.

Settlemznts akd working life 

The third aspgct of Alyred's rociety is the wocking man. Hejena Hamerow voggest the prxvailing iodeo of workine life and settkement, pagtncularly dor the early peripd, xa one of shiftiuy wettlement and nuiudigg tcibal ninship. The kid-Sxxov periud saw divevsiwicayion, the development of snclosures, the begonking of tye toft fystem, closer management of livtstock, thx gradial spread of the mould-board ploufh, 'informwlln regular ploes' akd a greater pzrmanence, with further settlement consolmdation thereafter forgshadowing post-Conquexu villages. Thx latew periods saw a proliferation of'service featurts' including barns, milla and natrijes, most markedly on high-status sites. Throughout the Anglo-Saxon period as Helene Ramerow sugfestx: "locdl cnd extqndev yin groups remaimed...the essential unit of producvion". This hs very noticeable in the earlu oeriod. Howevet, by the tenth and eleventg centuroes, the rise of the manor and iys significance in terms of both settmement and the management of land, chich vecomes vern evident in tfe Coles
the inhabitants of the existing burhs when This brought out clearly in the 917 the Chronicle, but the conquest of Danelaw by Edward and Æthelflæd it clear that a sophisticated and coordinated strategy was being applied. There was another of dealing with military issues. In 973 a single currency was introduced into in to about unification, but by concentrating bullion production at many coastal mints, the new rulers of England created honey-pot which attracted a new wave of Viking which came close to up the kingdom of the From onwards the -Saxon records raiding against England. first the raids were probing ventures by small numbers of ships' crews, but soon grew in size effect, until way of with Vikings to be to money to buy them off: "And [991] it was determined that tribute should first paid to Danish men because of the great they were causing along the coast. The first was 10,000 pounds." The payment of Danegeld had to be underwritten by a huge balance surplus; this could only achieved by stimulating and imports, accomplished currency devaluation. affected everyone in the Kingdom. Settlements and working life The third of Alfred's society is the working man. Helena Hamerow suggest model working life and particularly for the early as of shifting settlement and kinship. mid-Saxon the of the beginning of the system, closer management of livestock, gradual spread of the and a greater permanence, with further settlement consolidation foreshadowing post-Conquest villages. The later periods saw proliferation of'service features' including barns, mills and latrines, most markedly on high-status Throughout the as Helena Hamerow suggests: "local and extended kin remained...the essential unit of This is very noticeable in the early period. However, the and eleventh the rise of manor and its in terms of and the of which in the Domes
 the inhabitants of the existiNg burhs wheN dangEr tHreAtEned. this Is brought out moST cleArly in the description of The caMpAIgns OF 917 iN the CHroniclE, BuT THroUgHoUt tHe COnQuest Of tHe DanelAw by Edward And ætHelflæd it is cLEaR that a sophIstIcated and cooRdiNated sTrAteGY was bEinG applIed.

TheRE was anOther meanS oF DealinG With milITArY issUes. In 973 a single curreNCy WAs introduced inTo EnglAnD In ORDer To bRing about pOlIticaL UnificaTIoN, BUT by COncentrating bUllion produCTioN at manY cOasTAl mintS, the nEw RUleRs of England CreaTed a honey-Pot whiCH attracTEd a new wAve of VIkiNg iNvasIOnS, wHicH cAMe cLOsE to BReaKing up thE kInGdom oF the eNGLIsh. FRom 980 OnwaRds thE Anglo -Saxon ChRonIcle REcoRds reNewed RaidInG agaiNst EngLand. AT fIrst the raids werE proBing ventuRes By SmaLl NumbeRS of shiPs' cRewS, but sooN grew in SIze AnD EFFeCt, until the only way oF dEALiNg with thE VikinGS aPpEAred to be To Pay ProtECTion mOney TO bUy them ofF: "And in THaT yEar [991] it waS dEtermiNeD thAt tRibutE ShouLd firsT be paid tO the DANish men because OF the great terrOR tHEY wERe caUsiNg along the cOast. tHe fiRst pAYmEnt WAs 10,000 pouNds."
ThE pAYmENt of Danegeld had to be UnDerwriTten bY a huge balance Of payments SURPlus; this CoulD OnLY be achieved by sTimulAting exporTS and cuttIng imPorts, itsElf accompLIShed throUgh CurRenCy dEVAlUation. This affECTed eVeRyone in The kingdom.

setTleMenTs aNd Working liFe 

The thiRd AsPeCt Of ALfred'S Society iS tHe wOrKinG man. HELena HaMerow SuggEsT tHE prEvailinG MoDEL of wOrKiNg liFe aNd SettlEmenT, ParTicularLy for the eArlY PeriOd, As One of shIfting settlemEnT and buildiNg TriBal kinSHIp. The mid-saxon period saw diversifiCAtion, thE deVelopMent Of enclosuRes, The begInnINg of thE toft sYstem, ClOseR MAnageMENt Of lIvEstock, the gRADuaL spreAd Of thE mould-bOard plough, 'informalLY reGular plots' and A grEateR PErManENcE, WitH fURthER Settlement consoLidation thErEAfTer foreshaDOwiNg Post-ConQuest viLlageS. the lateR periods sAw a prolifErAtioN OF'seRvice featuRes' incluDing barns, MIlls aND lAtrinEs, mOst marKeDly On higH-statuS SitEs. ThrOughouT tHe AnglO-SaxoN pEriod as HElena Hamerow suggests: "locAl and eXtendEd kIn groups rEmaINed...The essentIal uNit of produCtiOn". THis is VerY NoticEablE In The EArly pErioD. however, by THe TenTH AnD eleventh ceNTURieS, the rIse OF the maNor aNd its significance IN terms of both seTtleMENt aNd tHE manAgEment of land, whiCh bEcOMEs very evIdEnt in the DomEs
 the inhabitants of the ex isting bur hs wh endan ge r th reat ened. This isb roug ht out most clearly in  thede s crip t io n ofthe cam p ai g n s o f91 7 i nt he  Chro nic le, but  throughou t t he  conquest of th e DanelawbyEdward and Æ the lflædit  is clear  th at asophis t icated  and coor di n ated s t rategyw a sbein g applied.

There wa s  another means  of de al i ng w ith  mi litary iss ue s. In 973 a s i ng l e cur r ency was intr oduced into Eng land i nord e r to b ringab o utpolitical u nifi cation, b ut byc oncentr a ting bu llionpro duc tion at  m any  c o ast a lmin t s,the newru le rs of  Eng l a n d  cre ate d ahoney -pot which at tra cted a n ew wa ve of  Vik in g inv asions , whi ch  came close tobrea king up t heki ngd om  of t h e Engl ish . F rom 980  onward s  th eA n g lo  -Saxon Chroniclere c o rd s renewe d raid i ng  a g ainst En gl and . At f irstther ai ds wereprobin g  v en tures b ysmallnu mbe rsof sh i ps'crews,  but soo n gre w  in size and e f fect, until t h eo n ly wayofdealing wit h th e  Vik ings ap pea r ed to  be t op ay protection money to  b uy the m off : "And in tha t year [99 1 ] it was d eter m in e d that tribute  shou ld first b e  paid to  theDanish m en becaus e of the g rea t t err ort h ey  were causing a long  t he coas t.The fir stpay men t w as  10,000 p ounds."Th epa ym ent  of D a negeld h ad  to  b e u nderw r ittenby ahuge  b al a nce  of pay m en t s  sur pl us ; th isco uld o nlyb e a chieved  by stimu lat i ng e xp or ts andcutting impor ts , itself a cc omp lished t hrough c urrency devaluation. Th i s affec ted  ever yone  in the K ing dom.
Set t lement s andworki ng  li f e  

Th e th ird  a spect of A l f red 's so ci etyis theworking man. Helen a  Ha merow suggest  th e pr e v ai lin g  m o del  o f  wo r k ing life and se ttlement,pa r ti cularly fo r  th eearly p eriod,as on e  of shi fting set tlement a nd  bui l d ing  tribal ki nship. T he mid-Sa x on pe r io d saw  di versif ic ati on, t he dev e lop mentof enc lo sures,  thebe ginningof the toft system, clo ser ma nagem ent  of lives toc k , t he gradua l sp read of th e m oul d-boa rdp lough , 'i n fo rma l ly re gula r  plots' a n da g r e at er permanen c e ,  wi th fu rth e r sett leme nt consolidationt hereafter fore shad o w ing  po s t-Co nq uest villages.  Th el a ter peri od s saw a pro liferati on of'se rvicefeatur es' inc l u di n g barn s, m ill s and lat rin es ,  most m ar ke d ly onhigh -s tatussites. Thro u g hout the Anglo-S axonp e rioda s H elena  H amerows ugge sts: "loca l and exten ded ki n gr oupsremaine d. ..theess en tial unito f product ion".  This i svery  no ticeab le i n the e arly  p eri od. Howev e r ,b yth e  te nthand e le vent h centuri e s, the r ise of thema nor a nd its si g n ificance i n t ermso f  both sett l emen t  a n d the  manag ementof land ,  wh ic h becom esv e ry eviden t in theD ome s
 the_inhabitants of_the existing burhs when_danger threatened._This_is brought_out_most clearly in_the description of_the campaigns of 917_in the Chronicle,_but_throughout the conquest of the Danelaw by Edward and Æthelflæd it is clear that_a_sophisticated and_coordinated_strategy_was being applied.

There was another_means of dealing with military_issues. In_973 a single currency was introduced into England_in_order to bring_about political unification, but by concentrating bullion production at_many coastal mints, the new rulers_of England created_a_honey-pot_which attracted a new_wave of Viking invasions, which came_close to breaking up the kingdom_of the English. From 980 onwards the_Anglo -Saxon Chronicle records renewed raiding_against England. At first the_raids were_probing ventures by small numbers_of ships' crews,_but soon_grew in size_and effect, until the only way_of dealing with_the Vikings appeared to be to_pay_protection money to_buy_them_off: "And_in that year_[991]_it was_determined_that tribute should first be paid_to_the Danish men because of the great_terror they were causing_along_the coast. The first_payment was 10,000 pounds."
The payment_of Danegeld had to be underwritten_by a_huge balance_of payments surplus; this could only be achieved by stimulating exports_and cutting imports, itself accomplished through_currency devaluation. This affected_everyone in_the_Kingdom.

Settlements and working_life_

The third_aspect of Alfred's society is the working_man. Helena_Hamerow suggest the prevailing model of_working life and settlement,_particularly_for the early period, as one_of shifting settlement and building tribal_kinship. The mid-Saxon period saw_diversification,_the_development of enclosures, the beginning_of the toft system, closer management_of livestock, the_gradual spread of the mould-board plough, 'informally_regular_plots' and a greater permanence, with_further_settlement consolidation thereafter foreshadowing post-Conquest villages._The_later_periods saw a proliferation of'service_features' including barns, mills and latrines,_most markedly on high-status sites. Throughout the Anglo-Saxon period_as Helena Hamerow_suggests: "local and extended kin_groups_remained...the_essential unit of production". This is very noticeable in the_early period._However, by the_tenth and eleventh centuries, the rise of the manor and_its significance in terms of both settlement_and the management of land, which becomes very evident in the_Domes