 or coal to generate this heat and experimental methods have used electricity, radio waves, microwaves, or reactive fluids for this purpose.  Two strategies are used to reduce, and even eliminate, external heat energy requirements: the oil shale gas and char by-products generated by pyrolysis may be burned as a source of energy, and the heat contained in hot spent oil shale and oil shale ash may be used to pre-heat the raw oil shale.

For ex situ processing, oil shale is crushed into smaller pieces, increasing surface area for better extraction.  The temperature at which decomposition of oil shale occurs depends on the time-scale of the process.  In ex situ retorting processes, it begins at  and proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperatures.  The amount of oil produced is the highest when the temperature ranges between. The ratio of oil shale gas to shale oil generally increases along with retorting temperatures.  For a modern in situ process, which might take several months of heating, decomposition may be conducted at temperatures as low as. Temperatures below  are preferable, as this prevents the decomposition of limestone and dolomite in the rock and thereby limits carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption.

Hydrogenation and thermal dissolution (reactive fluid processes) extract the oil using hydrogen donors,  solvents, or a combination of these.  Thermal dissolution involves the application of solvents at elevated temperatures and pressures, increasing oil output by cracking the dissolved organic matter. Different methods produce shale oil with different properties.

Classification of extraction technologies
Industry analysts have created several classifications of the technologies used to extract shale oil from oil shale.

By process principles: Based on the treatment of raw oil shale by heat and solvents the methods are classified as pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.

By location: A frequently used distinction considers whether processing is done above or below ground, and classifies the technologies broadly as ex situ (displaced) or in situ (in place).  In ex situ processing, also known as above-ground retorting, the oil shale is mined either underground or at the surface and then transported to a processing facility.  In contrast, in situ processing converts the kerogen while it is still in the form of an oil shale deposit, following which it is then extracted via oil wells, where it rises in the same way as conventional crude oil.  Unlike ex situ processing, it
or coal to generate this heat and experimental methods have use electricity, radio receiver waves, microwaves, or reactive fluid for this determination.   Two strategies are used to abridge, and even excrete, external heat department of energy prerequisite: the oil shale natural gas and char by - products render by pyrolysis may be burn as a source of energy, and the heat contained in hot exhausted oil shale and oil shale ash may be used to pre - inflame the raw oil shale. 

 For ex-husband situ processing, oil shale is oppress into smaller pieces, increasing surface area for good extraction.   The temperature at which decomposition of oil shale occurs depends on the meter - scale of the process.   In ex situ retorting processes, it begins at   and proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperature.   The amount of oil grow is the highest when the temperature ranges between. The ratio of oil shale accelerator to shale oil generally increases along with retorting temperature.   For a modern in situ process, which might take several months of heating, decay may be conducted at temperatures as low as. Temperatures below   are preferable, as this prevents the decomposition of limestone and dolomite in the rock candy and thereby limits carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. 

 Hydrogenation and thermal adjournment (reactive fluid processes) extract the oil use hydrogen donors,   solvents, or a combination of these.   Thermal dissolution involves the lotion of solvents at elevated temperatures and pressures, increasing petroleum output by crack up the dissolved constituent matter. Different method produce shale oil with unlike properties. 

 Classification of extraction technologies 
 Industry analysts have created several classifications of the technologies used to extract shale oil from petroleum shale. 

 By process principles: establish on the treatment of raw oil shale by heat and solvents the methods are relegate as pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. 

 By location: A frequently used distinction considers whether processing is done above or below ground, and classifies the technology broadly as ex-husband situ (displaced) or in situ (in place).   In ex situ processing, also known as above - ground retorting, the petroleum shale is mined either underground or at the surface and then transported to a processing adeptness.   In contrast, in situ processing convert the kerogen while it is still in the form of an oil shale deposit, following which it is then extracted via oil wells, where it rise in the same way as ceremonious crude oil.   Unlike ex situ processing, it
 or coal to generate this htat and experimenjao methmds habe used dlectricity, radio waves, micrlwqves, ir reactive fluids for this puriose.  Two stretegies are used to redugz, and cven zlmminate, externak heat enesgy requiremends: tke oil shale gas and char by-products generayef by pyrolysis may fe bhgntd as a source of energy, and the geat coitained in hot xpent oil shale and oil shwle wsh may be used to pre-heat thg rar oil shale.

Fof ex situ krmcessing, ojl shale is crushed into smallef pieees, increasunt sktface area fir benter extraction.  The demperayure at which cecmmpisition of oil shale mccurs depends on jhe time-scdlz of the process.  In wx situ retmrtivt pfoctssxs, jt beglns at  and pdoceeds morw rapidly and complttejj at higher tsmperaeuwes.  The amount of oil produced is the viggest when the temperatuee ranges between. The ratio of oil shale gas to shale oil generally increases anong xigh xcbortkbg temperatures.  For a modern in situ process, wrjcn kight take sevcral months of heayijg, qecomposition may bz cknducted at temperwtures ws loq as. Temptratutes below  are preferable, aw this preveuts the decomposition of limestoue and dolokite in the rock and thzreby mimits carbln dioxids emissions and everny wonsumption.

Hydrogenation agd thermao dixsolutiun (rgactive fluid professes) extract the oil uding kydrocen donors,  solvents, or a combination of viese.  Thermal dhssmlution nnvolvcs the applicatyon of solventx at elzvated temperatuges and pcessures, incweasing oil ogjput by crackmng the dyssooved organiz matter. Differrnt methobf priduce shale oil wibh diwrerent propertizr.

Xlassification pf dxtwabtipn dechnologies
Hndurtrh analhsts have cveaged xeveral classificatimns kf the technologiex msed to eztract srale oil from oil shale.

By proceds prmnciplxs: Basrd jn the treatment of raw oil shzle by hewt wnd solvents the methods are classified as pyrolysis, hydrogenation, ir thermal dissolotion.

By location: A frgqutntly used dixtinceion conshders whether proceswing is done abovt or below ground, and cmassifhes tje technologies broadly as ex situ (displaced) or in situ (in place).  In ex sutu processing, alsk knpwn av cbore-grounq revocting, the oil shake is mined either underground ur at tha furface and then transported tu a processine facility.  In contrast, jn situ lrocessing converts the kerogen while it is still in thc form of an ojl shale dxposit, following whivh it ns theb extraxted via oil wellr, wneve it rised in tke same way as conventional crude oil.  Ynpike ex situ proressing, it
or coal to generate this heat and have electricity, radio microwaves, or reactive strategies used to reduce, even eliminate, external energy requirements: the oil shale gas char by-products generated by pyrolysis may be burned as a source of energy, the heat contained in hot spent oil shale and oil shale ash may used pre-heat raw shale. For ex situ processing, oil shale is crushed into smaller pieces, increasing surface area for extraction. The temperature at which decomposition of oil occurs depends on the of the process. In ex retorting it begins and more and completely at temperatures. The amount of oil produced is the highest when the temperature ranges between. The ratio of shale gas oil generally along retorting For a modern process, which might take several months may be conducted at temperatures as low as. below are as this prevents the decomposition of and dolomite in the rock and thereby limits dioxide emissions and energy consumption. Hydrogenation and thermal dissolution (reactive fluid processes) extract the oil donors, solvents, or a of these. Thermal involves application solvents elevated temperatures pressures, increasing oil output by cracking the dissolved organic matter. Different produce shale oil with different properties. Classification of extraction technologies have several classifications of technologies used to extract oil oil shale. By process on treatment shale heat solvents the methods are as pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal By location: A frequently is done above or below ground, and classifies technologies broadly as ex situ (displaced) or situ (in place). In ex situ processing, also known as above-ground retorting, oil shale either underground or at the surface and then to a processing facility. contrast, in situ processing converts the kerogen while it still the form an oil shale following which it then extracted via where it in same crude oil. Unlike ex situ processing,
 or coal to generate this heat aNd experimeNtal mEthOds HaVe usEd elEctricity, radio WAves, Microwaves, or reactive flUids fOr THis pURpOse.  TwO strateGIeS ARe uSeD tO reDuCE, aNd eveN elIminate, External heAt eNeRgy requiremeNTs: The oil shalE gaS and char by-prOduCts genErAteD By pyrOlySis maY be burNEd as a sOurce of enErGY, and thE Heat conTAInEd in Hot spent oil shale aND oIL shale ash may be Used to PrE-HeAT The Raw Oil shale.

FoR eX situ PRocessiNG, oIL SHalE Is crushed into Smaller piecES, inCreasiNg SurFAce areA for bEtTEr eXtraction.  ThE temPerature aT which DEcomposITion of oIl shalE ocCurS depENdS oN thE tIMe-sCAlE of THe pRocess.  In Ex SiTu retOrtiNG PROcesSes, It beGins aT  and proceeds mOre RapiDLy aNd comPleteLy at HiGher tEmperaTures.  thE amount of oil proDuceD is the higHesT wHen ThE tempERature RanGes Between. the ratiO Of oIl SHALe Gas to shale oil generAlLY InCreases aLong wiTH rEtORting temPeRatUres.  fOR a modErn iN SiTu procesS, which MIgHt Take sevErAl montHs Of hEatIng, deCOmpoSition May be conDucteD At temperatures AS low as. TemperaTUrES BeLOw  arE prEferable, as tHis pREvenTs thE DeComPOsitiOn of lImEStONe and dolomite in the rOcK and thEreby Limits carbon dIoxide emisSIONs and eneRgy cONsUMption.

HydrogenAtion And thermal DIssolutiOn (reaCtive fluId processES) Extract tHe oIl uSinG hyDROgEn donors,  solveNTS, or a CoMbinatiOn oF these.  THerMal DisSolUtIon involvEs the appLiCaTiOn Of sOlvenTS at elevaTeD teMpEraTures ANd presSures, IncrEaSiNG oiL output BY cRACkinG tHe DissOlvEd OrganIc maTTer. differeNt methods ProDUce sHaLe Oil with Different propErTies.

ClassiFiCatIon of eXTRaction tEchnologies
Industry analYSts have CreAted sEverAl classifIcaTions oF thE TechnoLogies Used tO eXtrACT shalE OIl FroM oIl shale.

By pROCesS prinCiPles: based on The treatment of raw oIL shAle by heat and sOlvEnts THE mEthODs ARe cLaSSifIED as pyrolysis, hydRogenation, Or THeRmal dissolUTioN.

BY locatiOn: A freqUentlY Used disTinction cOnsiders wHeTher PROceSsing is donE above or Below grouND, and cLAsSifieS thE technOlOgiEs broAdly as EX siTu (disPlaced) Or In situ (In plaCe).  in ex situ Processing, also known as abOve-groUnd reTorTing, the oiL shALe iS mined eitHer uNderground Or aT thE surfAce ANd theN traNSpOrtED to a pRoceSSing facilITy.  in cONTrAst, in situ prOCESsiNg conVerTS the keRogeN while it is still in THe form of an oil sHale DEPosIt, fOLlowInG which it is then ExtRaCTEd via oil WeLls, where it rIses in thE sAMe way As convEntionAl crude OIL.  UNLike ex Situ ProCessing, it
 or coal to generate thisheat and e xperi men tal  m etho ds h ave used elect r icit y, radio waves, microw aves,  o r  rea c ti ve fl uids fo r  t h i s p ur po se.  T wo  stra teg ies are  used to r edu ce , and even e l im inate, ext ern al heat ener gyrequir em ent s : the  oi l sha le gas and ch ar by-pro du c ts gen e rated b y py roly sis may be burned as a source of en ergy,an d  t h e  he atcontainedin  hots pent oi l  s h a l e a n d oil shale a sh may be u s edto pre -h eat the ra w oil  s h ale .

For ex s ituprocessin g, oil shale i s  crushe d into  sm all er p i ec es , i nc r eas i ng  su r fac e area f or  b etter  ext r a c t ion.   T he t emper ature at whic h d ecom p osi tionof oi l sh al e occ urs de pends  o n the time-scal e of  the proc ess . In  e x sit u  retor tin g p rocesse s, it b e gin sa t  a nd proceeds more r ap i d ly  and com pletel y  a th igher te mp era ture s .   The  amo u nt  of oilproduc e dis  the hi gh est wh en  th e t emper a ture  range s betwee n. Th e  ratio of oils hale gas to s h al e oi l  gen era lly increas es a l ongwith re tor t ing t emper at u re s .  For a modern insi tu pro cess,  which mighttake sever a l months o f he a ti n g, decompositi on ma y be condu c ted at t emper atures a s low as. T emperatu res  be low   a r e  p referable, as t hispr eventsthe  decomp osi tio n o f l im estone an d dolomi te  i nth e r ock a n d thereb ylim it s c arbon dioxid e emi ssio ns  a n d e nergy c o ns u m ptio n. 
Hydr oge na tionandt her mal dis solution(re a ctiv efl uid pro cesses) extra ct  the oil u si nghydrog e n  donors,   solvents, or a combin a tion of  th ese. The rmal diss olu tion i nvo l ves th e appl icati on  of s olven t s  a t e le vated temp e r atu res a nd  pre ssures,  increasing oil ou t put  by crackingthe  dis s o lv edo rg a nic  m a tte r .  Different meth ods produc es ha le oil wit h  di ff erent p roperti es.
C lassifi cation of  extracti on  tec h n olo gies
Indus try anal ysts have creat e dsever alclassi fi cat ionsof the tec hnolo gies u se d to e xtrac tshale oi l from oil shale.

By p rocess  prin cip les: Base d o n  th e treatme nt o f raw oilsha leby he ata nd so lven t sthe metho ds a r e classif i ed  as p yr olysis, hyd r o g ena tion,  or therma l di ssolution.

By lo c ation: A frequ entl y use d d i stin ct ion considerswhe th e r  process in g is done a bove orbe l ow gr ound,and cl assifie s th e  techn olog ies  broadlyasex situ (d is pl a ced) o r in  s itu (i n plac e ). I n  ex situ process ing,a l so kn o wnas ab ov e-groun d  ret orting, th e oil shale  is mi nedeithe r under gr ound o r a tthe surfac e  and then  tran sported  t o apro cessin g fa c i lity.   In  c ont rast, ins i tu pr oc e ssi ng c onver ts  the  kerogenw hile itiss till in  t hef o rm ofa no i l shale de pos it, f o l lowing whi c h it is thenextrac ted vi a oil w e lls ,where i t r i s es in the  same way asco nven tional c ru de o il . Un like ex situ pr ocessing , it
 or_coal to_generate this heat and_experimental methods_have_used electricity,_radio_waves, microwaves, or_reactive fluids for_this purpose.  Two_strategies are used_to_reduce, and even eliminate, external heat energy requirements: the oil shale gas and char_by-products_generated by_pyrolysis_may_be burned as a source_of energy, and the heat_contained in_hot spent oil shale and oil shale ash_may_be used to_pre-heat the raw oil shale.

For ex situ processing, oil_shale is crushed into smaller pieces,_increasing surface area_for_better_extraction.  The temperature_at which decomposition of oil shale_occurs depends on the time-scale of_the process.  In ex situ retorting_processes, it begins at  and_proceeds more rapidly and completely_at higher_temperatures.  The amount of_oil produced is_the highest_when the temperature_ranges between. The ratio of oil_shale gas to_shale oil generally increases along with_retorting_temperatures.  For_a_modern_in situ_process, which might_take_several months_of_heating, decomposition may be conducted at_temperatures_as low as. Temperatures below  are_preferable, as this prevents_the_decomposition of limestone and_dolomite in the rock and_thereby limits carbon dioxide emissions and_energy consumption.

Hydrogenation_and thermal_dissolution (reactive fluid processes) extract the oil using hydrogen donors, _solvents, or a combination of these._ Thermal dissolution involves_the application_of_solvents at elevated_temperatures_and pressures,_increasing oil output by cracking the dissolved_organic matter._Different methods produce shale oil with_different properties.

Classification of extraction_technologies
Industry_analysts have created several classifications of_the technologies used to extract shale_oil from oil shale.

By process_principles:_Based_on the treatment of raw_oil shale by heat and solvents_the methods are_classified as pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.

By_location:_A frequently used distinction considers whether_processing_is done above or below ground,_and_classifies_the technologies broadly as ex_situ (displaced) or in situ (in_place).  In ex situ processing, also known as_above-ground retorting, the_oil shale is mined either_underground_or_at the surface and then transported to a processing facility._ In_contrast, in situ_processing converts the kerogen while it is still in the_form of an oil shale deposit, following_which it is then extracted via oil wells, where it rises_in the same way as conventional crude oil._ Unlike ex situ processing, it