; however, it also confers proteinuria. Mechanisms linking pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia to PFAS exposure have remained elusive and are largely speculative to date. One proposed mechanism highlights alterations in immune function leading to disruption of placentation, specifically as it pertains to natural killer (NK) cell infiltration of the placenta to facilitate trophoblastic integration with placental blood supply. Another mechanism refers to agonism of PPARs contributing to alterations in cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid levels which may lead to vascular inflammation and elevated blood pressure.

Other adverse health outcomes that have been attributed to elevated PFAS exposure but were not found to be probable links in the C8 studies are decreased antibody response to vaccines, asthma, decreased mammary gland development, low birth weight (-0.7oz per 1 ng/mL increase in blood PFOA or PFOS level), decreased bone mineral density and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

The total annual health-related costs associated with human exposure to PFASs was found to be at least EUR 52 to EUR 84 billion in the EEA countries. Aggregated annual costs covering environmental screening, monitoring where contamination is found, water treatment, soil remediation and health assessment are totalling to EUR 821 million to EUR 170 billion in the EEA plus Switzerland.

Environmental concerns

Forever chemicals 
Fluorosurfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have caught the attention of regulatory agencies because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations and wildlife. In 2009, PFASs were listed as persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention, due to their ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. PFAS chemicals were dubbed the "Forever Chemicals" following a 2018 op-ed. The nickname was derived by combining the two dominant attributes of this class of chemicals: 1) PFAS chemicals are characterized by a carbon-fluorine (C-F) backbone (the "F-C" in "Forever Chemicals"); and 2) the carbon fluorine bond is one of the strongest bonds in organic chemistry, which gives these chemicals an extremely long environmental half-life (the "Forever" in "Forever Chemicals"). The Forever Chemicals name is now commonly used in media outlets in addition to the more technical name of per- and polyfluor
; however, it also confers proteinuria. Mechanisms connect pregnancy - induce hypertension and preeclampsia to PFAS exposure have remained baffling and are largely speculative to date. One proposed mechanism highlights change in immune function leading to break of placentation, specifically as it pertains to natural killer whale (NK) cell infiltration of the placenta to help trophoblastic integration with placental blood supply. Another mechanism refers to agonism of PPARs contributing to alterations in cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid levels which may moderate to vascular inflammation and elevated blood atmospheric pressure. 

 Other adverse health outcomes that have been attributed to exalted PFAS exposure but were not found to be probable links in the C8 studies are decreased antibody reception to vaccines, asthma, decreased mammary gland development, low birth weight (-0.7 oz per 1   ng / mL increase in blood PFOA or PFOS level), decreased bone mineral density and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. 

 The total annual health - related costs associated with human exposure to PFASs was determine to be at least EUR 52 to EUR 84 billion in the EEA countries. Aggregated annual costs cover environmental screening, monitoring where contamination is determine, water treatment, soil remediation and health appraisal are totalling to EUR 821 million to EUR 170 billion in the EEA plus Switzerland. 

 Environmental concerns 

 Forever chemicals 
 Fluorosurfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have caught the attention of regulatory agency because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general population and wildlife. In 2009, PFASs were listed as persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention, due to their ubiquitous, haunting, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. PFAS chemicals were dubbed the " Forever Chemicals " follow a 2018 op - erectile dysfunction. The nickname was derived by combining the two dominant attributes of this class of chemical: 1) PFAS chemicals are characterized by a carbon - fluorine (C - F) backbone (the " F - C " in " Forever Chemicals "); and 2) the carbon paper fluorine bond is one of the strongest bonds in organic chemistry, which give these chemicals an extremely long environmental half - life (the " Forever " in " Forever chemical "). The Forever Chemicals name is now commonly used in medium outlets in addition to the more technical name of per- and polyfluor
; hoaever, it also confers pruteinuria. Mechauusms lmnking lregnanch-induced hypertension and prxeclqmpsiq to PFAS exposure havd remainef elusivw anv are largely spxdulativc to swte. Mie proposed mecmanism highnights alterathovs in immune function leading to disrtption pf placentation, fpecpfycalmj cs it pertains to natural killed (NK) cenl infiltratipn of the placenta to facipitahe trophoblastic ijtegration qith placental bluod supply. Another mecganism refers to agonism of PPAFs coutributing jo apjerations in cholvsterol, triglnberide dnd uriv acid levels ehirh mqy lead to vascular iiflammation and elevwted bloog 'ressure.

Other adverse hwalth outwomer thxt gate geen ahtrmbuted to emevated PFAW exposure but were njn found to be probaflq links in the C8 studies are decreased dntjbody response to vaccibes, asthma, decreased lammary gjand development, low birth weight (-0.7oz per 1 ng/mL incsease kn yoood ODOW or PFOS level), decreased bone mineral densitr amd neurodevelopmcntal abnormalitiex.

Tje jotal annual hgalth-relatsd costs associatef with ruman exposure to LFASs was found to be at leqst EUR 52 to VUR 84 billion in the EEC countries. Cggregsted snnual costs covering euvironjental screfning, monjgoring where congampnathon is found, water treatmegt, soil rxmediction ana heslth afsessment wre totalling to EUR 821 miplion tm EUR 170 bilpion in the EEA plus Switzerlanv.

Xnvironmental cmncvrns

Forevzr chekicals 
Fluorofurfactants sueh as pexfluoruoctanesulronic arid (PFOS), persluorooctanoiw acid (PFOA), aid perflujroninaniic acia (PFNA) have caubht the anttntion of eegulatory agenciex bgczuse of their pzxsustence, toxicitu, avd rifexpwaad occurrenwe iv tfr bloud of gtuercl popilations and wildlifa. In 2009, PFASs were listec ws persiwtent ordanic pollutamts under the Stocnholm Coiventipn, que to their ubiquitous, persisfent, bioafcuiulative, and toxlc nwture. PFAS chemicals were dubbed the "Forever Chemmcals" following a 2018 op-ed. The nickname was dgriyed by combiiing tre two dokinant attributes of this class of chtmicals: 1) PFAS chemicals are cvaracherized by a carbon-fluorine (C-F) backbone (the "F-C" in "Forever Chemicals"); and 2) rhe cacbjn fluorine bonc is mnz oy the seronjert bonds in orgamic chemistry, which gives these chemicans an extremely long environmemtxl half-life (tfe "Forever" in "Forever Chsmicals"). Yhe Forever Chemicals name is npw commonly used in medis outletw in zddition tu the more technicsl namz of pwr- and polynluor
; however, it also confers proteinuria. Mechanisms hypertension preeclampsia to exposure have remained to One proposed mechanism alterations in immune leading to disruption of placentation, specifically it pertains to natural killer (NK) cell infiltration of the placenta to facilitate integration with placental blood supply. Another mechanism refers to agonism of PPARs contributing alterations cholesterol, and acid levels which may lead to vascular inflammation and elevated blood pressure. Other adverse health outcomes have been attributed to elevated PFAS exposure but not found to be links in the C8 studies decreased response to asthma, mammary development, low birth (-0.7oz per 1 ng/mL increase in blood PFOA or PFOS level), decreased bone mineral density and neurodevelopmental The total costs associated human to was found to least EUR 52 to EUR 84 EEA countries. Aggregated annual costs covering environmental screening, where contamination found, water treatment, soil remediation and assessment are totalling to EUR 821 million to 170 billion in the EEA plus Switzerland. Environmental concerns Forever chemicals Fluorosurfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and acid (PFNA) have the of agencies of their toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations and In 2009, PFASs were listed as persistent organic pollutants under Convention, to their ubiquitous, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. chemicals dubbed the "Forever Chemicals" 2018 The by the dominant attributes of this of chemicals: 1) PFAS chemicals characterized by a carbon-fluorine "Forever Chemicals"); and 2) the carbon fluorine bond one of the strongest bonds in organic which gives these chemicals an extremely long environmental half-life (the "Forever" in Chemicals"). The name is now commonly used in media outlets addition to the more name of per- and polyfluor
; however, it also confers proteInuria. MechAnismS liNkiNg PregNancY-induced hypertENsioN and preeclampsia to PFAS ExposUrE Have REmAined Elusive ANd ARE laRgElY spEcULaTive tO daTe. One prOposed mechAniSm Highlights alTErAtions in imMunE function leaDinG to disRuPtiON of plAceNtatiOn, specIFicallY as it pertAiNS to natURal killER (nK) Cell Infiltration of the PLaCEnta to facilitaTe tropHoBLaSTIc iNteGration witH pLacenTAl blood SUpPLY. anoTHer mechanism rEfers to agonISm oF PPARs CoNtrIButing To altErATioNs in cholestErol, TriglycerIde and URic acid LEvels whIch may LeaD to VascULaR iNflAmMAtiON aNd eLEvaTed blood PrEsSure.

OTher ADVERse hEalTh ouTcomeS that have been AttRibuTEd tO elevAted PfAS eXpOsure But werE not fOuNd to be probable lInks In the C8 stuDieS aRe dEcReaseD AntiboDy rEspOnse to vAccines, ASthMa, DECReAsed mammary gland deVeLOPmEnt, low biRth weiGHt (-0.7Oz PEr 1 ng/mL inCrEasE in bLOOd PFOa or PfoS Level), decReased BOnE mIneral dEnSity anD nEurOdeVelopMEntaL abnorMalities.

the toTAl annual health-RElated costs asSOcIATeD With HumAn exposure tO PFAsS was FounD To Be aT Least eUR 52 to eUr 84 BiLLion in the EEA countriEs. aggregAted aNnual costs covEring envirONMEntal scrEeniNG, mONitoring where cOntamInation is fOUnd, water TreatMent, soil RemediatiON And healtH asSesSmeNt aRE ToTalling to EUR 821 mILLion To eUR 170 billIon In the EEa plUs SWitZerLaNd.

EnvironMental coNcErNs

foRevEr cheMIcals 
FluOrOsuRfActAnts sUCh as peRfluoRoocTaNeSUlfOnic aciD (pFos), PerfLuOrOoctAnoIc Acid (PfOA), aND peRfluoroNonanoic aCid (pfNA) hAvE cAught thE attention of rEgUlatory ageNcIes BecausE OF their peRsistence, toxicity, and widESpread oCcuRrencE in tHe blood of GenEral poPulATions aNd wildLife. IN 2009, PfASS WEre liSTEd As pErSistent orgANIc pOllutAnTs unDer the STockholm Convention, DUe tO their ubiquitOus, PersISTeNt, bIOaCCumUlATivE, ANd toxic nature. PFaS chemicalS wERe Dubbed the "FORevEr chemicaLs" folloWing a 2018 OP-ed. The nIckname waS derived bY cOmbiNINg tHe two dominAnt attriButes of thIS clasS Of ChemiCalS: 1) PFAS cHeMicAls arE charaCTerIzed bY a carbOn-FluoriNe (C-F) bAcKbone (the "f-C" in "Forever Chemicals"); and 2) The carBon flUorIne bond is One OF thE strongesT bonDs in organiC chEmiStry, wHicH Gives ThesE ChEmiCAls an ExtrEMely long eNViRonMENtAl half-life (tHE "fOreVer" in "forEVer CheMicaLs"). The Forever ChemiCAls name is now coMmonLY UseD in MEdia OuTlets in additioN to ThE MOre technIcAl name of per- And polyfLuOR
; however, it also confers  proteinur ia. M ech ani sm s li nkin g pregnancy-in d uced  hypertension and pree clamp si a  toP FA S exp osure h a ve r ema in ed  el us i ve  andare  largel y speculat ive  t o date. Onep ro posed mech ani sm highlight s a lterat io nsi n imm une  func tion l e adingto disrup ti o n of p l acentat i o n,  spe cifically as it p e rt a ins to natural  kille r( NK ) cel l i nfiltratio nof th e  placen t at o fac i litate tropho blastic int e gra tion w it h p l acenta l blo od sup ply. Anothe r me chanism r eferst o agoni s m of PP ARs co ntr ibu ting to  a lte ra t ion s  i n c h ole sterol,tr ig lycer idea n d uric  ac id l evels  which may le adto v a scu lar i nflam mati on  andelevat ed bl oo d pressure.

Ot heradverse h eal th  ou tc omest hat ha vebee n attri buted t o  el ev a t e dPFAS exposure butwe r e  n ot found  to be pr ob a ble link sintheC 8  stud iesa re  decreas ed ant i bo dy  respon se  to va cc ine s,asthm a , de crease d mammar y gla n d development, low birth wei g ht ( -0 . 7ozper  1 ng/mL in crea s e in  blo o dPFO A  or P FOS l ev e l) ,  decreased bone min er al den sityand neurodeve lopmentala b n ormaliti es.Th e  total annualhealt h-relatedc osts ass ociat ed withhuman exp o s ure to P FAS s w asfou n d  t o be at least E UR 5 2to EUR84billion  in  th e E EAco untries.Aggregat ed  a nn ua l c ostsc overingen vir on men tal s c reenin g, mo nito ri ng whe re cont a mi n a tion  i sfoun d,wa ter t reat m ent , soilremediati ona nd h ea lt h asses sment are tot al ling to EU R821  milli o n  to EUR170 billion in the EEAp lus Swi tze rland .

E nvironmen tal  conce rns 
Forev er che mical s
Fl u o rosur f a ct ant ssuch as pe r f luo rooct an esul fonic a cid (PFOS), perflu o roo ctanoic acid(PF OA), a nd  pe r fl u oro no n ano i c  acid (PFNA) ha ve caughtth e  a ttention o f  re gu latoryagencie s bec a use oftheir per sistence,  t oxic i t y,and widesp read occ urrence i n  theb lo od of  ge neralpo pul ation s andw ild life.  In 20 09 , PFAS s wer elisted a s persistent organic po llutan ts un der  the Stoc kho l m C onvention , du e to their  ub iqu itous , p e rsist ent, bi oac c umula tive ,  and toxi c  n atu r e .PFAS chemic a l s  we re du bbe d  the " Fore ver Chemicals" fo l lowing a 2018op-e d .  Th e n i ckna me  was derived b y c om b i ning the  t wo dominant  attribu te s  of t his cl ass of  chemic a l s: 1) PFA S ch emi cals arecha ra c terized  b ya  carbo n-fl uo rine ( C-F) b a ckbo n e  (the "F-C" in " Forev e r  Chem i cal s");an d 2) th e  car bon fluori ne bond isone of  the  stro ngest b on ds inorg an ic chemist r y, whichgives  thesech emic als  an ex trem e l y lon g en vi ron mental ha l f -l i fe  ( t he"For ever"  i n "F orever Ch e micals") . T h e Forev er  Ch e m icalsn am e is now com mon ly us e d  in mediao utle t si n add itionto the  more t e chn ic al name  of p er- and p olyfluor
; however,_it also_confers proteinuria. Mechanisms linking_pregnancy-induced hypertension_and_preeclampsia to_PFAS_exposure have remained_elusive and are_largely speculative to date._One proposed mechanism_highlights_alterations in immune function leading to disruption of placentation, specifically as it pertains to_natural_killer (NK)_cell_infiltration_of the placenta to facilitate_trophoblastic integration with placental blood_supply. Another_mechanism refers to agonism of PPARs contributing to_alterations_in cholesterol, triglyceride_and uric acid levels which may lead to vascular_inflammation and elevated blood pressure.

Other adverse_health outcomes that_have_been_attributed to elevated PFAS_exposure but were not found to_be probable links in the C8_studies are decreased antibody response to vaccines,_asthma, decreased mammary gland development, low_birth weight (-0.7oz per 1 ng/mL_increase in_blood PFOA or PFOS level),_decreased bone mineral_density and_neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

The total_annual health-related costs associated with human_exposure to PFASs_was found to be at least_EUR_52 to EUR_84_billion_in the_EEA countries. Aggregated_annual_costs covering_environmental_screening, monitoring where contamination is found,_water_treatment, soil remediation and health assessment are_totalling to EUR 821_million_to EUR 170 billion_in the EEA plus Switzerland.

Environmental_concerns

Forever chemicals 
Fluorosurfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid (PFOS),_perfluorooctanoic acid_(PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have caught the attention of regulatory_agencies because of their persistence, toxicity,_and widespread occurrence in_the blood_of_general populations and_wildlife._In 2009,_PFASs were listed as persistent organic pollutants_under the_Stockholm Convention, due to their ubiquitous,_persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic_nature._PFAS chemicals were dubbed the "Forever_Chemicals" following a 2018 op-ed. The_nickname was derived by combining_the_two_dominant attributes of this class_of chemicals: 1) PFAS chemicals are_characterized by a_carbon-fluorine (C-F) backbone (the "F-C" in "Forever_Chemicals");_and 2) the carbon fluorine bond_is_one of the strongest bonds in_organic_chemistry,_which gives these chemicals an_extremely long environmental half-life (the "Forever"_in "Forever Chemicals"). The Forever Chemicals name is now_commonly used in_media outlets in addition to_the_more_technical name of per- and polyfluor