 free classes (not serfs), and co-educational. It also regulated, in detail, the subjects to be taught at every age and the method of teaching. In addition to the textbooks translated by the commission, teachers were provided with the "Guide to Teachers". This work, divided into four parts, dealt with teaching methods, the subjects taught, the behaviour of the teacher, and the running of a school.

Judgment of the 19th century was generally critical, claiming that Catherine failed to supply enough money to support her educational programme. Two years after the implementation of Catherine's programme, a member of the National Commission inspected the institutions established. Throughout Russia, the inspectors encountered a patchy response. While the nobility put up appreciable amounts of money for these institutions, they preferred to send their own children to private, more prestigious institutions. Also, the townspeople tended to turn against the junior schools and their pedagogical methods. An estimated 62,000 pupils were being educated in some 549 state institutions near the end of Catherine's reign. This was only a minuscule number of people compared to the size of the Russian population.

Religious affairs 

Catherine's apparent whole-hearted adoption of all things Russian (including Orthodoxy) may have prompted her personal indifference to religion. She nationalised all of the church lands to help pay for her wars, largely emptied the monasteries, and forced most of the remaining clergymen to survive as farmers or from fees for baptisms and other services.  Very few members of the nobility entered the Church, which became even less important than before. She did not allow dissenters to build chapels, and she suppressed religious dissent after the onset of the French Revolution.

However, Catherine promoted Christianity in her anti-Ottoman policy, promoting the protection and fostering of Christians under Turkish rule. She placed strictures on Roman Catholics (ukaz of 23 February 1769), mainly Polish, and attempted to assert and extend state control over them in the wake of the partitions of Poland. Nevertheless, Catherine's Russia provided an asylum and a base for regrouping to the Jesuits following the suppression of the Jesuits in most of Europe in 1773.

Islam 

Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. Between 1762 and 1773, Muslims were actively prohibited from owning any Orthodox serfs. They were also pressured into Orthodoxy through monetary incentives. Catherine promised more serfs of all religions
free classes (not serfs), and co - educational. It also regulated, in contingent, the discipline to be taught at every age and the method acting of teaching. In summation to the textbooks translated by the committee, teachers were provided with the " Guide to teacher ". This work, divided into four contribution, dealt with teaching method acting, the national taught, the behaviour of the teacher, and the running of a school. 

 Judgment of the 19th century was by and large critical, claiming that Catherine failed to supply adequate money to support her educational programme. Two year after the implementation of Catherine's program, a member of the National Commission inspected the institutions established. Throughout Russia, the inspectors find a patchy response. While the nobility put up appreciable amounts of money for these institutions, they preferred to commit their own child to private, more prestigious institutions. Also, the townspeople tended to turn against the junior schools and their pedagogical method. An estimated 62,000 pupils were being educated in some 549 department of state institutions near the end of Catherine's reign. This was only a minuscule numeral of people compared to the size of the Russian population. 

 Religious affairs 

 Catherine's apparent whole - hearted borrowing of all things Russian (including Orthodoxy) may have prompted her personal indifference to religion. She nationalised all of the church lands to help pay for her wars, largely emptied the monasteries, and push most of the remain clergymen to survive as farmers or from fee for baptisms and other services.   Very few extremity of the nobility entered the Church, which became even less important than before. She did not admit dissenters to build up chapels, and she suppressed religious protest after the onset of the French Revolution. 

 However, Catherine promoted Christianity in her anti - Ottoman policy, promoting the protection and breeding of Christians under Turkish rule. She placed stenosis on Roman Catholics (ukaz of 23 February 1769), mainly Polish, and attempted to insist and extend state of matter control over them in the wake island of the partitions of Poland. Nevertheless, Catherine's Russia provided an asylum and a base for reorganize to the Jesuits following the suppression of the Jesuits in most of Europe in 1773. 

 Islam 

 Catherine subscribe many different approaches to Islam during her reign. Between 1762 and 1773, Muslims were actively forbid from owning any Orthodox serfs. They were also pressured into Orthodoxy through monetary incentives. Catherine promised more serfs of all religions
 frfe classes (not serfs), and co-educational. Nr also regulzted, in aetail, the subjects to be tanght at ecery age and the methoa of teacjing. In qddiuion to the textbooks trakflatsf by vhe commission, jeachers wera provided witv ghz "Guide to Teachers". This work, divideq into gokr parts, dealt witn teadhing methods, the subjects taught, fhe beheviour of the tracher, and the running of w scjool.

Judgment of thf 19th centuri waf generally cfitical, claiming that Datherine failed to supply enoueh mouey to suppirr hft educationao prodramme. Two ycsrs afder the implementatiok of Rathwrine's programme, a mekber of the Nationwl Commisvikn inspected the unwtitujions estxvlirhes. Vhrkughouh Rnssia, the ihspectors ebcountered a patchy rqwponse. While fhe nofijity put up appreciable amounts of monej fod these institutions, thwy preferred to send jheir own shildren to private, more prestigious institutions. Also, ghe tjdbsoeople tended to turn against the junior schojms akd their pedagoglcal methods. An esyilaygd 62,000 pupils werg being edhcated in some 549 stwte insjitutiins near uhe emd of Catherine's reign. This was only a iunuscule number of people com'ared jo the size of the Russian po'ulatikn.

Religious affairs 

Dxtherine's apparevt ehmle-heartta adoption of all things Rnssiau (includkng Prthodjxy) may hage prompted her personal indiyferetce to rellgion. She nationalised all of tix church landx do velp pay for mer wars, largelr emptied the konastexies, avd forced jost of the remainyng clergymen jo survive as farmers or drom fees fuf baptisms and other segvnces.  Vert few members of tme nocjlity entered tkt Cyurch, which becsme evqn lxss ii[ortant than befure. Xhe dkd not alloc aissrnters to build chapals, znd she suppressed rcligious eissent wfter the onsrt of the French Rtvolutmon.

Howxver, Csthgrine promoted Christianity in ger anti-Ohtoian policy, pwomobing the proteetion and fostering of Christians under Vurkish rule. She placed strictures on Romau Gatholics (ukez of 23 February 1769), mainly Polish, and qttempted to assevt and extend state cohtrol mver hhem in the wake of the partitions of Poland. Nevertheless, Catherine's Russua protiqed an asylhm amd a tafz for rqgronpmng to the Jesuitx following the suppression of vhe Jesuitv nn most of Europe in 1773.

Islam 

Cayhdrine took mavy different approaches fo Islam during her reign. Between 1762 and 1773, Muslims were actively pvohibited from owning anb Orthodox serfs. Theu were also pressueed lnto Orthodoxy thtomgh monetagy iiceutives. Catherine promised more seefs of apl religions
free classes (not serfs), and co-educational. It in the subjects be taught at of In addition to textbooks translated by commission, teachers were provided with the to Teachers". This work, divided into four parts, dealt with teaching methods, the taught, the behaviour of the teacher, and the running of a school. Judgment the century generally claiming that Catherine failed to supply enough money to support her educational programme. Two years after implementation of Catherine's programme, a member of the Commission inspected the institutions Throughout Russia, the inspectors encountered patchy While the put appreciable of money for institutions, they preferred to send their own children to private, more prestigious institutions. Also, the townspeople tended turn against schools and pedagogical An 62,000 pupils were in some 549 state institutions near Catherine's reign. This was only a minuscule number people compared the size of the Russian population. affairs Catherine's apparent whole-hearted adoption of all things (including Orthodoxy) may have prompted her personal indifference to religion. She nationalised all of the to help pay for wars, largely emptied monasteries, forced of remaining clergymen survive as farmers or from fees for baptisms and other services. few members of the nobility entered the Church, which became important before. She did allow dissenters to build and suppressed religious dissent after of French promoted in anti-Ottoman policy, promoting the and fostering of Christians under rule. She placed strictures 23 February 1769), mainly Polish, and attempted to and extend state control over them in wake of the partitions of Poland. Nevertheless, Catherine's Russia provided an asylum a base to the Jesuits following the suppression of the in most of Europe 1773. Islam Catherine took many different approaches to Islam her Between 1762 1773, Muslims were prohibited from owning Orthodox serfs. They pressured into through incentives. serfs of all religions
 free classes (not serfs), and co-eDucational. it alsO reGulAtEd, in DetaIl, the subjects tO Be taUght at every age and the meThod oF tEAchiNG. IN addiTion to tHE tEXTboOkS tRanSlATeD by thE coMmissioN, teachers wEre PrOvided with thE "guIde to TeachErs". this work, diviDed Into foUr ParTS, dealT wiTh teaChing mEThods, tHe subjectS tAUght, thE BehavioUR Of The tEacher, and the runniNG oF A school.

JudgmenT of the 19Th CEnTURy wAs gEnerally crItIcal, cLAiming tHAt cATHerINe failed to supPly enough moNEy tO suppoRt Her EDucatiOnal pRoGRamMe. Two years aFter The implemEntatiON of CathERine's prOgrammE, a mEmbEr of THe naTioNaL comMIsSioN InsPected thE iNsTitutIons ESTABlisHed. throUghouT Russia, the insPecTors ENcoUnterEd a paTchy ReSponsE. While The noBiLity put up apprecIablE amounts oF moNeY foR tHese iNStitutIonS, thEy prefeRred to sENd tHeIR OWn Children to private, mOrE PReStigious InstitUTiOnS. also, the tOwNspEoplE TEnded To tuRN aGainst thE junioR ScHoOls and tHeIr pedaGoGicAl mEthodS. an esTimateD 62,000 pupils wEre beINg educated in soME 549 state instituTIoNS NeAR the End Of Catherine'S reiGN. ThiS was ONlY a mINuscuLe numBeR Of PEople compared to the sIzE of the russiAn population.

REligious afFAIRs 

CatherIne's APpARent whole-heartEd adoPtion of all THings RusSian (iNcluding orthodoxy) MAY have proMptEd hEr pErsONAl Indifference tO REligIoN. She natIonAlised aLl oF thE chUrcH lAnds to helP pay for hEr WaRs, LaRgeLy empTIed the moNaSteRiEs, aNd forCEd most Of the RemaInInG CleRgymen tO SuRVIve aS fArMers Or fRoM fees For bAPtiSms and oTher serviCes.  vEry fEw MeMbers of The nobility enTeRed the ChurCh, WhiCh becaME Even less Important than before. She dID not allOw dIssenTers To build chApeLs, and sHe sUPpressEd reliGious DiSseNT After THE oNseT oF the French rEVolUtion.

hoWeveR, CatherIne promoted ChristiANitY in her anti-OttOmaN polICY, pRomOTiNG thE pROteCTIon and fostering Of ChristiaNs UNdEr Turkish rULe. SHe Placed sTricturEs on ROMan CathOlics (ukaz Of 23 FebruarY 1769), mAinlY pOliSh, and attemPted to asSert and exTEnd stATe ContrOl oVer theM iN thE wake Of the pARtiTions Of PolaNd. nevertHelesS, CAtherine'S Russia provided an asylum And a baSe for RegRouping to The jEsuIts followIng tHe suppressIon Of tHe JesUitS In mosT of EURoPe iN 1773.

islam 

cathERine took mANy DifFEReNt approacheS TO islAm durIng HEr reigN. BetWeen 1762 and 1773, Muslims werE Actively prohibIted FROm oWniNG any orThodox serfs. TheY weRe ALSo pressuReD into OrthodOxy throuGh MOnetaRy inceNtives. catheriNE PrOMised mOre sErfS of all relIgiOnS
 free classes (not serfs),  and co-ed ucati ona l.It  als o re gulated, in de t ail,  the subjects to be ta ughtat ever y  a ge an d the m e th o d  of  t ea chi ng .  I n add iti on to t he textboo kstr anslated byt he  commissio n,teachers wer e p rovide dwit h  the"Gu ide t o Teac h ers".This work ,d ivided into fo u r  p arts , dealt with teac h in g  methods, thesubjec ts ta u g ht,  th e behaviou rof th e  teache r ,a n d  th e  running of a  school.

J u dgm ent of  t he1 9th ce ntury  w a s g enerally cr itic al, claim ing th a t Cathe r ine fai led to  su ppl y en o ug hmon ey tos up por t  he r educat io na l pro gram m e . Twoyea rs a fterthe implement ati on o f  Ca theri ne'sprog ra mme,a memb er of  t he National Com miss ion inspe cte dthe  i nstit u tionsest abl ished.Through o utRu s s i a,  the inspectors en co u n te red a pa tchy r e sp on s e. While  t henobi l i ty pu t up ap preciabl e amou n ts  o f money  f or the se  in sti tutio n s, t hey pr eferredto se n d their own ch i ldren to priv a te , mo r e pr est igious inst itut i ons.  Als o ,the towns peopl et en d ed to turn againstth e juni or sc hools and the ir pedagog i c a l method s. A n  e s timated 62,000  pupi ls were be i ng educa ted i n some 5 49 statei n stitutio nsnea r t hee n dof Catherine' s reig n.  This w asonly amin usc ule  nu mb er of peo ple comp ar ed  t othe  size of the R us sia npop ulati o n.

Re ligio us a ff ai r s 
Cather i ne ' s  app ar en t wh ole -h earte d ad o pti on of a ll things  Ru s sian  ( in cluding  Orthodoxy) m ay  have prom pt edher pe r s onal ind ifference to religion.S he nati ona lised  all  of the c hur ch lan dst o help  pay f or he rwar s ,  larg e l yemp ti ed the mon a s ter ies,an d fo rced mo st of the remainin g  cl ergymen to su rvi ve a s fa rme r so r f ro m  fe e s  for baptisms a nd other s er v ic es.  Veryf ewme mbers o f the n obili t y enter ed the Ch urch, whi ch  bec a m e e ven less i mportant  than bef o re. S h edid n otallowdi sse nters  to bu i ldchape ls, an dshe su ppres se d religi ous dissent after the o nset o f the  Fr ench Revo lut i on. 

However , Ca therine pr omo ted  Chri sti a nityin h e rant i -Otto manp olicy, pr o mo tin g th e protectio n a ndfoste rin g  of Ch rist ians under Turkis h  rule. She pla ceds t ric tur e s on  R oman Catholics  (u ka z of 23 Fe br uary 1769),  mainlyPo l ish,and at tempte d to as s e rt and ex tend  st ate contr olov e r themin  t h e wake  ofth e part itions of P o l and. Nevertheles s, Ca t h erine ' s R ussia  p rovided an a sylum anda base forregrou ping  to t he Jesu it s foll owi ng  the suppr e ssion ofthe J esuitsin  mos t o f Euro pe i n 1773. 

Is la m 
Catherin e to o kma n y d iffe rentap proa ches to I s lam duri ngh er reig n.  Be t w een 17 6 2a n d 1773, Mu sli ms we r e  activelyp rohi b it e d fro m owni ng any  Orthod o x s er fs. The y w e r e also pr essured i n toOr thod oxy thro ug h mo ne tar yincentives. Cat herine p romisedm o re ser fso f al l  relig io ns
 free_classes (not_serfs), and co-educational. It_also regulated,_in_detail, the_subjects_to be taught_at every age_and the method of_teaching. In addition_to_the textbooks translated by the commission, teachers were provided with the "Guide to Teachers"._This_work, divided_into_four_parts, dealt with teaching methods,_the subjects taught, the behaviour_of the_teacher, and the running of a school.

Judgment of_the_19th century was_generally critical, claiming that Catherine failed to supply enough_money to support her educational programme._Two years after_the_implementation_of Catherine's programme, a_member of the National Commission inspected_the institutions established. Throughout Russia, the_inspectors encountered a patchy response. While the_nobility put up appreciable amounts of_money for these institutions, they_preferred to_send their own children to_private, more prestigious_institutions. Also,_the townspeople tended_to turn against the junior schools_and their pedagogical_methods. An estimated 62,000 pupils were_being_educated in some_549_state_institutions near_the end of_Catherine's_reign. This_was_only a minuscule number of people_compared_to the size of the Russian population.

Religious_affairs 

Catherine's apparent whole-hearted_adoption_of all things Russian_(including Orthodoxy) may have prompted_her personal indifference to religion. She_nationalised all_of the_church lands to help pay for her wars, largely emptied the_monasteries, and forced most of the_remaining clergymen to survive_as farmers_or_from fees for_baptisms_and other_services.  Very few members of the_nobility entered_the Church, which became even less_important than before. She_did_not allow dissenters to build chapels,_and she suppressed religious dissent after_the onset of the French_Revolution.

However,_Catherine_promoted Christianity in her anti-Ottoman_policy, promoting the protection and fostering_of Christians under_Turkish rule. She placed strictures on Roman_Catholics_(ukaz of 23 February 1769), mainly_Polish,_and attempted to assert and extend_state_control_over them in the wake_of the partitions of Poland. Nevertheless,_Catherine's Russia provided an asylum and a base for_regrouping to the_Jesuits following the suppression of_the_Jesuits_in most of Europe in 1773.

Islam 

Catherine took many different_approaches to_Islam during her_reign. Between 1762 and 1773, Muslims were actively prohibited from_owning any Orthodox serfs. They were also_pressured into Orthodoxy through monetary incentives. Catherine promised more serfs of_all religions