 also provided evidence that immunosuppressive agents significantly impair the performance of IGRAs, raising concerns about their reliability in immunosuppressed patients.
Although, IGRA replaced the TST in most of the clinical settings but the variability is a concern while reading the result

Tuberculosis detection using trained rats
The international nonprofit organization APOPO has been working with Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania to train African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei) to detect the "scent" of tuberculosis. A recent study shows that "rats increased pediatric tuberculosis detection by 67.6%" and that training these creatures could help address the current challenges related to the diagnosis of this illness in children.

Tuberculosis classification system used in the US

The current clinical classification system for TB (Class 0 to 5) is based on the pathogenesis of the disease.

The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has an additional TB classification (Class A, B1, or B2) for immigrants and refugees developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).  The (Class) B notification program is an important screening strategy to identify new arrivals who have a high risk for TB.

References

Further reading

Notes
Medical Examination of Aliens (Refugees and Immigrants) - Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, CDC (website).
Targeted Tuberculin Testing and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection 2000 ATS/CDC (fulltext, PDF format) (Updates 2001-2003).

External links 
University of Washington Molecular Diagnosis, Microbiology Division | PCR-based detection in direct tissue samples
Oxford Immunotec Medical Diagnostics|TB Education and Learning Zone
Spoligo typing kits (Ocimum Bio Solutions)for detection of TB

Category:Tuberculosis
Category:Respiratory system procedures John Friedrich (fraudster)

Johann Friedrich Hohenberger OAM (7 September 195027 July 1991), also known as John Friedrich, was executive director of the National Safety Council of Australia during the 1980s. He was the subject of Victoria's biggest fraud case and known as "Australia's greatest conman".

Early life and career
Hohenberger was a West German national. In August 1972, he began working as an independent contractor with the German road construction company Strassen und Teerbau. Around July 1974, he forged road building orders from distant mountain towns
also provided evidence that immunosuppressive agents significantly mar the operation of IGRAs, raise concerns about their dependability in immunosuppressed patients. 
 Although, IGRA substitute the TST in most of the clinical settings but the variability is a business while read the result 

 Tuberculosis detection using trained informer 
 The international nonprofit organization APOPO has been work with Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania to train African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei) to detect the " scent " of tuberculosis. A recent survey shows that " rats increased pediatric tuberculosis signal detection by 67.6% " and that training these creatures could help oneself address the current challenge related to the diagnosis of this illness in children. 

 Tuberculosis classification system used in the US 

 The current clinical categorization system for TB (Class 0 to 5) is based on the pathogenesis of the disease. 

 The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has an additional TB classification (Class A, B1, or B2) for immigrant and refugee train by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).   The (Class) B notification program is an important screening strategy to identify new arrival who have a high hazard for TB. 

 reference point 

 Further reading 

 Notes 
 Medical Examination of Aliens (Refugees and Immigrants) - Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, CDC (website). 
 Targeted Tuberculin Testing and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection 2000 ATS / CDC (fulltext, PDF format) (update 2001 - 2003). 

 External links 
 University of Washington Molecular Diagnosis, Microbiology Division | PCR - free-base detection in direct tissue sample 
 Oxford Immunotec Medical Diagnostics|TB Education and Learning Zone 
 Spoligo typing kits (Ocimum Bio Solutions)for detection of TB 

 Category: Tuberculosis 
 Category: Respiratory system procedures John Friedrich (fraudster) 

 Johann Friedrich Hohenberger OAM (7 September 195027 July 1991), also known as John Friedrich, was executive conductor of the National Safety Council of Australia during the 1980s. He was the subject of Victoria's biggest fraud case and know as " Australia's capital conman ". 

 Early life and career 
 Hohenberger was a West German national. In August 1972, he began working as an independent contractile organ with the German road construction company Strassen und Teerbau. Around July 1974, he forged road building orders from distant mountain towns
 aldo provided evidence thau immunosuppressirw agenvs signjficantlh impair the performance of MGRAw, raiwing concerns about thdir reliahility ib imnynosuppressed paticuts.
Alfmough, MGRA replaced tme TST in mmst of the clitizap settings but the variability is a concerm ahile reading jhe rtsujt

Tugvrgulosis detection using trained dats
The internationak nonprofit organization AOOPO has been working aith Sokoing Unycersity of Aericulture in Tanzania to train African giant pouched rats (Cricetomyw qnsltgei) to detert the "scent" of tunvrculoshs. A revent study shoes vhat "rats increased pediavric tuberculosis dejection by 67.6%" cnd that training thewe creajures couue hdlp avdrsss thf cnrrent chalmenges relared to the diagnosix jd this illnesa in crijdren.

Tuberculosis classification system ussd in the US

The current clinical classificatlon systei for TB (Class 0 to 5) is based on the pathogenesis mf thx aistawe.

The Y.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has an wsdotponal TB classifigation (Class A, B1, ot H2) gjr immigrants and rzrufees developed by hhe Cenjers fir Diseast Conyrol and Prevention (CDC).  Thw (Class) B nonifixation program is cn important scrgening strategy to identify nzw arrjvals who hwve a higg risk for TB.

Refefenbes

Fgrther rtxding

Notes
Medical Examinatmon oy Aliens (Refogees agd Immigrajts) - Division of Global Ligrajion atd Quarantlne, CDC (website).
Targeted Tuberculin Testing anc Dredtment oy Latekt Tuberculosis Infection 2000 ATX/CDC (fujltexg, PDF formzt) (Updaves 2001-2003).

External links 
Univervlty of Washiigton Molqculqr Duagnosir, Microbiology Civision | PCR-based eetection in direcb tisrhe samples
Oxforb Ummunotec Medicsl Aiadnlsvics|TF Education atd Ldarvong Zune
Spoligo bypkng lits (Ocimum Bio Soludiona)for detection of YB

Gategory:Toberculosys
Category:Resliratory system prlceduces Join Frirdrych (fraudster)

Johann Friedrich Gohenbergfr JAM (7 Septembqr 195027 Muly 1991), also knocn as John Friedrich, was executive direcvor of the National Safwty Council of Austtalla during thx 1980s. He was the vubject of Victoria's biggest fraud caxe and known as "Austrzlia's creatfst conman".

Early life and career
Hohenberger was a West German national. In Qugust 1972, he began wkrkimg as au iudependqnt roitractor with the German road construction compaiy Strasset bnd Teerbau. Around July 1974, he fpreed road builaing orders from distant mountaim towns
also provided evidence that immunosuppressive agents significantly performance IGRAs, raising about their reliability replaced TST in most the clinical settings the variability is a concern while the result Tuberculosis detection using trained rats The international nonprofit organization APOPO has working with Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania to train African giant pouched (Cricetomys to the of tuberculosis. A recent study shows that "rats increased pediatric tuberculosis detection by 67.6%" and that these creatures could help address the current challenges to the diagnosis of illness in children. Tuberculosis classification used the US current classification for TB (Class to 5) is based on the pathogenesis of the disease. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has additional TB A, B1, B2) immigrants refugees developed by for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). notification program is an important screening strategy to new arrivals have a high risk for TB. Further reading Notes Medical Examination of Aliens (Refugees Immigrants) - Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, CDC (website). Targeted Tuberculin Testing and Treatment Tuberculosis Infection 2000 ATS/CDC PDF format) (Updates External University Washington Diagnosis, Microbiology | PCR-based detection in direct tissue samples Oxford Immunotec Medical Diagnostics|TB and Learning Zone Spoligo typing kits (Ocimum Bio Solutions)for detection Category:Tuberculosis system procedures John (fraudster) Johann Friedrich Hohenberger (7 195027 July 1991), also John was the Safety of Australia during the He was the subject of biggest fraud case and Early life and career Hohenberger was a West national. In August 1972, he began working an independent contractor with the German road construction company Strassen und Teerbau. July 1974, road building orders from distant mountain towns
 also provided evidence that iMmunosupprEssivE agEntS sIgniFicaNtly impair the pERforMance of IGRAs, raising conCerns AbOUt thEIr ReliaBility iN ImMUNosUpPrEssEd PAtIents.
altHough, IGrA replaced The tSt in most of the CLiNical settiNgs But the variabIliTy is a cOnCerN While ReaDing tHe resuLT

TuberCulosis deTeCTion usINg trainED RaTs
ThE international nonPRoFIt organization aPOPO hAs BEeN WOrkIng With SokoinE UNiverSIty of AgRIcULTUre IN Tanzania to trAin African gIAnt PoucheD rAts (cRicetoMys anSoRGei) To detect the "ScenT" of tubercUlosis. a Recent sTUdy showS that "rAts IncReasED pEdIatRiC TubERcUloSIs dEtection By 67.6%" AnD that TraiNING ThesE crEatuRes coUld help addresS thE curREnt ChallEnges RelaTeD to thE diagnOsis oF tHis illness in chiLdreN.

TuberculOsiS cLasSiFicatIOn systEm uSed In the US

the currENt cLiNICAl Classification systEm FOR Tb (Class 0 to 5) Is baseD On ThE PathogenEsIs oF the DISease.

the U.s. ciTizenshiP and ImMIgRaTion SerViCes has An AddItiOnal Tb ClasSificaTion (ClasS A, B1, or b2) For immigrants aND refugees deveLOpED By THe CeNteRs for DiseasE ConTRol aNd PrEVeNtiON (CDC).  THe (ClaSs) b NoTIfication program is aN iMportaNt scrEening strategY to identifY NEW arrivalS who HAvE A high risk for TB.

referEnces

FurthER reading

notes
medical EXaminatioN OF Aliens (REfuGeeS anD ImMIGrAnts) - Division oF gLobaL MIgratioN anD QuaranTinE, CDc (weBsiTe).
targeted TUberculiN TEsTiNg And treatMEnt of LatEnT TuBeRcuLosis iNfectiOn 2000 ATS/cDC (fUlLtEXt, PdF formaT) (upDATes 2001-2003).

EXtErNal lInkS 
UNiverSity OF WaShingtoN MoleculaR DiAGnosIs, miCrobiolOgy Division | PCr-bAsed detectIoN in Direct TISsue sampLes
Oxford Immunotec MedicAL DiagnoStiCs|TB EDucaTion and LeArnIng ZonE
SpOLigo tyPing kiTs (OciMuM BiO sOlutiONS)fOr dEtEction of TB

cATegOry:TuBeRculOsis
CatEgory:Respiratory sySTem Procedures JohN FrIedrICH (fRauDStER)

JoHaNN FrIEDrich HohenbergeR OAM (7 SeptemBeR 195027 juLy 1991), also knowN As JOhN FriedrIch, was eXecutIVe direcTor of the NAtional SaFeTy CoUNCil Of AustraliA during tHe 1980s. He was tHE subjECt Of VicTorIa's bigGeSt fRaud cAse and KNowN as "AuStraliA's GreateSt conMaN".

Early liFe and career
Hohenberger wAs a WesT GermAn nAtional. In augUSt 1972, hE began worKing As an indepeNdeNt cOntraCtoR With tHe GeRMaN roAD consTrucTIon companY stRasSEN uNd Teerbau. ArOUND JuLy 1974, he fOrgED road bUildIng orders from distANt mountain townS
 also provided evidence th at immunos uppre ssi veag ents  sig nificantly imp a ir t he performance of IGRA s, ra is i ng c o nc ernsabout t h ei r rel ia bi lit yi nimmun osu ppresse d patients .
A lt hough, IGRAr ep laced theTST  in most ofthe  clini ca l s e tting s b ut th e vari a bility  is a con ce r n whil e  readin g th e re sult

Tuberculosi s  d e tection usingtraine dr at s The  in ternationa lnonpr o fit org a ni z a t ion APOPO has bee n working w i thSokoin eUni v ersity  of A gr i cul ture in Tan zani a to trai n Afri c an gian t  pouche d rats  (C ric etom y san sor ge i ) t o  d ete c t t he "scen t"  o f tub ercu l o s i s. A  re cent  stud y shows that"ra ts i n cre asedpedia tric  t uberc ulosis  dete ct ion by 67.6%" a nd t hat train ing  t hes ecreat u res co uld  he lp addr ess the cur re n t ch allenges related t ot h ediagnosi s of t h is  i l lness in  c hil dren . 
Tube rcul o si s classi ficati o nsy stem us ed  in th eUS
Th e cur r entclinic al class ifica t ion system for TB (Class 0 t o  5 ) is base d o n the patho gene s is o f th e  d ise a se.
The U .S .  C i tizenship and Immig ra tion S ervic es has an add itional TB c l assifica tion (C l ass A, B1, orB2) f or immigra n ts and r efuge es devel oped by t h e  Centers  fo r D ise ase C on trol and Prev e n tion  ( CDC). The  (Class ) B  no tif ica ti on progra m is anim po rt an t s creen i ng strat eg y t oide ntify new ar rival s wh oha v e a  high r i sk f or T B. 
Refe ren ce s

Fu rthe r  re ading
Notes
Med ica l  Exa mi na tion of  Aliens (Refu ge es and Imm ig ran ts) -D i vision o f Global Migration andQ uaranti ne,  CDC(web site).
Ta rge ted Tu ber c ulin T esting  andTr eat m e nt of L at ent  T uberculosi s Inf ectio n2000  ATS/CD C (fulltext, PDF f o rma t) (Updates 2 001 -200 3 ) .
Ex t er n alli n ksU niversity of Wa shington M ol e cu lar Diagno s is,  M icrobio logy Di visio n  | PCR- based det ection in  d irec t tis sue sample s
Oxford  Immunote c  Medi c al  Diag nos tics|T BEdu catio n andL ear ningZone
S po ligo t yping  k its (Oci mum Bio Solutions)for d etecti on of  TB 

Categor y:T u ber culosis
C ateg ory:Respir ato rysyste m p r ocedu resJ oh n F r iedri ch ( f raudster) 
J oha n n  F riedrich Ho h e n ber ger O AM( 7 Sept embe r 195027 July 199 1 ), also knownas J o h n F rie d rich ,was executivedir ec t o r of the  N ational Saf ety Coun ci l  of A ustral ia dur ing the 1 98 0 s. Hewasthe  subjectofVi c toria's  b ig g est fr audca se and  known as " A u stralia's greate st co n m an".Ear ly li fe  and ca r eerHohenberge r was a Wes t Germ an n ation al. InAu gust 1 972 ,he began w o rking asan in depende nt  con tra ctor w itht h e Ger manro adconstruct i o nc om pa n y S tras sen u nd  Tee rbau. Aro u nd July197 4 , he fo rg edr o ad bui l di n g  orders fr omdista n t  mountaint owns 
 also_provided evidence_that immunosuppressive agents significantly_impair the_performance_of IGRAs,_raising_concerns about their_reliability in immunosuppressed_patients.
Although, IGRA replaced the_TST in most_of_the clinical settings but the variability is a concern while reading the result

Tuberculosis detection_using_trained rats
The_international_nonprofit_organization APOPO has been working_with Sokoine University of Agriculture_in Tanzania_to train African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei)_to_detect the "scent"_of tuberculosis. A recent study shows that "rats increased_pediatric tuberculosis detection by 67.6%" and_that training these_creatures_could_help address the current_challenges related to the diagnosis of_this illness in children.

Tuberculosis classification system_used in the US

The current clinical classification_system for TB (Class 0 to_5) is based on the_pathogenesis of_the disease.

The U.S. Citizenship and_Immigration Services has_an additional_TB classification (Class_A, B1, or B2) for immigrants_and refugees developed_by the Centers for Disease Control_and_Prevention (CDC). _The_(Class)_B notification_program is an_important_screening strategy_to_identify new arrivals who have a_high_risk for TB.

References

Further reading

Notes
Medical Examination of Aliens_(Refugees and Immigrants) -_Division_of Global Migration and_Quarantine, CDC (website).
Targeted Tuberculin Testing_and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection_2000 ATS/CDC_(fulltext, PDF_format) (Updates 2001-2003).

External links 
University of Washington Molecular Diagnosis, Microbiology Division_| PCR-based detection in direct tissue_samples
Oxford Immunotec Medical Diagnostics|TB_Education and_Learning_Zone
Spoligo typing kits_(Ocimum_Bio Solutions)for_detection of TB

Category:Tuberculosis
Category:Respiratory system procedures John Friedrich_(fraudster)

Johann Friedrich_Hohenberger OAM (7 September 195027 July_1991), also known as_John_Friedrich, was executive director of the_National Safety Council of Australia during_the 1980s. He was the_subject_of_Victoria's biggest fraud case and_known as "Australia's greatest conman".

Early life_and career
Hohenberger was_a West German national. In August 1972,_he_began working as an independent contractor_with_the German road construction company Strassen_und_Teerbau._Around July 1974, he forged_road building orders from distant mountain_towns