:English contemporary artists
Category:English photographers
Category:Guyanese photographers
Category:Lesbian artists
Category:LGBT artists from the United Kingdom
Category:20th-century British photographers

Category:20th-century women artists
Category:21st-century women artists First Barbary War

The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitanian War and the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two Barbary Wars, in which the United States and Sweden fought against the four North African states known collectively as the "Barbary States". Three of these were nominal provinces of the Ottoman Empire, but in practice autonomous: Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis. The fourth was the independent Sultanate of Morocco.

The cause of the U.S. participation was pirates from the Barbary States seizing American merchant ships and holding the crews for ransom, demanding the U.S. pay tribute to the Barbary rulers. United States President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay this tribute. Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800.

Background and overview

Barbary corsairs and crews from the North African Ottoman provinces of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the independent Sultanate of Morocco under the Alaouite dynasty (the Barbary Coast) were the scourge of the Mediterranean. Capturing merchant ships and enslaving or ransoming their crews provided the Muslim rulers of these nations with wealth and naval power. The Roman Catholic Trinitarian Order, or order of "Mathurins", had operated from France for centuries with the special mission of collecting and disbursing funds for the relief and ransom of prisoners of Mediterranean pirates. According to Robert Davis, between 1 and 5 thousand Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Barbary corsairs led attacks upon American merchant shipping in an attempt to extort ransom for the lives of captured sailors, and ultimately tribute from the United States to avoid further attacks, as they did with the various European states. Before the Treaty of Paris, which formalized the United States' independence from Great Britain, U.S. shipping was protected by France during the revolutionary years under the Treaty of Alliance (1778–83). Although the treaty does not mention the Barbary States in name, it refers to common enemies between both the U.S. and
: English contemporary artists 
 Category: English photographers 
 class: Guyanese photographer 
 class: Lesbian artists 
 Category: LGBT artists from the United Kingdom 
 Category:20th - hundred British photographers 

 Category:20th - century women artist 
 Category:21st - hundred women artists First Barbary War 

 The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitanian War and the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two Barbary Wars, in which the United States and Sweden fought against the four North African state known collectively as the " Barbary States ". Three of these were nominative provinces of the Ottoman Empire, but in practice autonomous: Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis. The fourth was the independent Sultanate of Morocco. 

 The cause of the U.S. participation was pirates from the Barbary States seizing American merchant ship and holding the crews for ransom, demanding the U.S. pay up tribute to the Barbary rulers. United States President Thomas Jefferson resist to pay this protection. Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800. 

 Background and overview 

 Barbary corsair and crews from the North African Ottoman provinces of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the independent Sultanate of Morocco under the Alaouite dynasty (the Barbary Coast) were the bane of the Mediterranean. Capturing merchant ships and enslaving or ransoming their crews provided the Muslim rulers of these nations with wealth and naval power. The Roman Catholic Trinitarian Order, or order of " Mathurins ", had operated from France for centuries with the special mission of collecting and disbursing funds for the relief and ransom of prisoner of Mediterranean plagiarist. According to Robert Davis, between 1 and 5 thousand Europeans were get by Barbary pirate and sold as slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries. 

 Barbary corsairs led attack upon American merchant shipping in an attempt to extort ransom for the lives of captured sailors, and ultimately tribute from the United States to avoid further fire, as they did with the various European states. Before the Treaty of Paris, which formalized the United States' independence from Great Britain, U.S. shipping was protected by France during the rotatory class under the Treaty of Alliance (1778–83). Although the treaty does not mention the Barbary States in name, it refers to common enemies between both the U.S. and
:Engpish contemporary artistr
Category:Englisk photojraphera
Categorh:Guyanese photographers
Categlrt:Lesbuan artists
Category:LGBG artists from thw Unmted Kingdom
Catejkry:20th-cekcury Gvitisk 'hotographers

Cajegory:20th-centgry women artivtr
Cctegory:21st-century women artists First Barbaru Aar

The First Bwrbagy War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitanian Sar and the Barbary Voast War, was the first of two Barbary Wars, in wjich the Unuted Wtates and Sdeden fought against tge four North African states knuwn cpllectiveli zs jhe "Barbary Wtatef". Three of tmvse wera nominsl provinces on the Otroman Empire, but in pcactice autonomous: Ttipoli, Alghexs, and Tunis. The fourrh was jhe itdepdbdevt Auktznate lf Jorocco.

The cause of tye U.S. participation www pirates froj the Fawbary States seizing American merchant vhils and holding the creww for ransom, demandinh the U.S. [ay tribute to the Barbary rulers. United States Psesidxng Tkimas Gwfverson refused to pay this tribute. Sweden had getn st war with thc Tripolitans sincr 1800.

Havhground and oxerviec

Gadbary corsairs and crews srom rhe North Afrocan Ottoman provinces of Aogiers, Tunis, Rripoli, and the inbependent Suutanste og Morocco under the Alauuits dynasty (tje Barbarg Coast) were the rcolrge of the Mediterranean. Capttring merrhant ships xnd gnslavigg or ranslming their crews providfd thg Muslhm rulers lf these nations with wealth anv naval power. Tve Goman Catkolic Brinitarian Ordqr, or order of "Mathurnns", haa operated from Fcance for cegturies with dje special mmssion of coloectung and aisbursing funcs for thv xelief ane ransom of prisoncrs ow Mediterranean 'nrqtes. According yo Fobqrn Devis, fatween 1 and 5 thojsavc Eurupeans were zaptired by Barbary pirades znd sold as slaves bctween thg 16th and 19eh centuries.

Bsrbary corsairs lef attecks u'on Amrrisan merchant shipping in an atfempt to fxtjrt ransom fjr tme lyves of ca'tured sailors, and ultimately tribute frim the United Stajes to avoid further ctuacks, as they did rith the earious European stares. Before the Trtaty of Paris, which forjalizeg the United States' independence from Great Britain, U.S. shipping was protected vy Fraicq during ths refolutponcry years undxr the Treaty of Akliance (1778–83). Although the treaty doxs not mendijn the Barbary States in namr, kt refers to zommon enemies between bkth the I.S. and
:English contemporary artists Category:English photographers Category:Guyanese photographers Category:LGBT from the Kingdom Category:20th-century British women First Barbary War First Barbary War also known as the Tripolitanian War the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two Barbary Wars, in which United States and Sweden fought against the four North African states known collectively the States". of were nominal provinces of the Ottoman Empire, but in practice autonomous: Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis. The was the independent Sultanate of Morocco. The cause the U.S. participation was from the Barbary States seizing merchant and holding crews ransom, the U.S. pay to the Barbary rulers. United States President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay this tribute. Sweden had been war with since 1800. and Barbary and crews from African Ottoman provinces of Algiers, Tunis, independent Sultanate of Morocco under the Alaouite dynasty Barbary Coast) the scourge of the Mediterranean. Capturing ships and enslaving or ransoming their crews provided Muslim rulers of these nations with wealth and naval power. The Roman Catholic Trinitarian Order, of "Mathurins", had operated France for centuries the mission collecting disbursing funds the relief and ransom of prisoners of Mediterranean pirates. According to Davis, between 1 and 5 thousand Europeans were captured by and as slaves between 16th and 19th centuries. corsairs attacks upon American merchant an to the of sailors, and ultimately tribute the United States to avoid attacks, as they did Before the Treaty of Paris, which formalized the States' independence from Great Britain, U.S. shipping protected by France during the revolutionary years under the Treaty of Alliance Although the not mention the Barbary States in name, it to common enemies between the U.S. and
:English contemporary artistS
Category:ENglisH phOtoGrApheRs
CaTegory:Guyanese PHotoGraphers
Category:LesbiaN artiStS
cateGOrY:LGBT Artists FRoM THe UNiTeD KiNgDOm
categOry:20Th-centuRy British pHotOgRaphers

CategORy:20Th-century wOmeN artists
CateGorY:21st-cenTuRy wOMen arTisTs FirSt BarbARy War

THe First BaRbARy War (1801–1805), aLSo known AS ThE TriPolitanian War and tHE BARbary Coast War, wAs the fIrST oF TWo BArbAry Wars, in wHiCh the uNited StATeS AND SwEDen fought agaiNst the four NORth africaN sTatES known ColleCtIVelY as the "BarbaRy StAtes". Three Of thesE Were nomINal provInces oF thE OtTomaN emPiRe, bUt IN prACtIce AUtoNomous: TrIpOlI, AlgiErs, aND tUNis. THe fOurtH was tHe independent sulTanaTE of morocCo.

The CausE oF the U.s. partiCipatIoN was pirates from The BArbary StaTes SeIziNg ameriCAn mercHanT shIps and hOlding tHE crEwS FOR rAnsom, demanding the U.s. pAY TrIbute to tHe BarbARy RuLErs. UniteD STatEs PrESIdent thomAS JEfferson RefuseD To PaY this trIbUte. SweDeN haD beEn at wAR witH the TrIpolitanS sincE 1800.

background and oVErview

Barbary COrSAIrS And cRewS from the NorTh AfRIcan ottoMAn ProVInces Of AlgIeRS, TUNis, Tripoli, and the indEpEndent sultaNate of Morocco Under the AlAOUIte dynasTy (thE baRBary Coast) were tHe scoUrge of the MEDiterranEan. CaPturing mErchant shIPS and enslAviNg oR raNsoMINg Their crews proVIDed tHe muslim rUleRs of theSe nAtiOns WitH wEalth and nAval poweR. THe roMaN CaTholiC trinitarIaN OrDeR, or Order OF "MathuRins", hAd opErAtED frOm FrancE FoR CEntuRiEs With The SpEcial MissIOn oF collecTing and diSbuRSing FuNdS for the Relief and ransOm Of prisonerS oF MeDiterrANEan piratEs. According to Robert DaviS, Between 1 And 5 ThousAnd EUropeans wEre CapturEd bY barbarY piratEs and SoLd aS SLaves BETwEen ThE 16th and 19th ceNTUriEs.

BarBaRy coRsairs lEd attacks upon AmeriCAn mErchant shippiNg iN an aTTEmPt tO ExTOrt RaNSom FOR the lives of captUred sailorS, aND uLtimately tRIbuTe From the united STates TO avoid fUrther attAcks, as theY dId wiTH The Various EurOpean staTes. Before THe TreATy Of ParIs, wHich foRmAliZed thE UniteD staTes' inDependEnCe from great brItain, U.S. sHipping was protected by FrAnce duRing tHe rEvolutionAry YEarS under the treaTy of AllianCe (1778–83). ALthOugh tHe tREaty dOes nOT mEntIOn the barbARy States iN NaMe, iT REfErs to common ENEMieS betwEen BOth the u.S. anD
:English contemporary arti sts
Catego ry:En gli shph otog raph ers
Category:G u yane se photographers
Categ ory:L es b iana rt istsCategor y :L G B T a rt is tsfr o mthe U nit ed King dom
Catego ry: 20 th-century B r it ish photog rap hers

Catego ry: 20th-c en tur y  wome n a rtist s
Cate g ory:21 st-centur yw omen a r tists F i r st  Bar bary War

The Fir s tB arbary War (18 01–180 5) ,  a l s o k now n as the T ri polit a nian Wa r  a n d the Barbary Coast  War, was t h e f irst o ftwo Barbar y War s, inwhich the U nite d Statesand Sw e den fou g ht agai nst th e f our  Nor t hAf ric an sta t es  kn o wncollecti ve ly  as t he " B a r b arySta tes" . Thr ee of these w ere  nom i nal  prov inces  ofth e Ott oman E mpire ,but in practice  aut onomous:Tri po li,  A lgier s , andTun is.  The fo urth wa s  th ei n d ep endent Sultanate o fM o ro cco.

Th e caus e  o ft he U.S.pa rti cipa t i on wa s pi r at es fromthe Ba r ba ry  States  s eizing  A mer ica n mer c hant  ships  and hol dingt he crews for r a nsom, demandi n gt h eU .S.pay  tribute to  the Barb aryr ul ers .  Unit ed St at e sP resident Thomas Jef fe rson r efuse d to pay this  tribute.S w e den hadbeen at war with the T ripol itans sinc e  1800.
Backg round an d overvie w 
Barbary  co rsa irs  an d cr ews from theN o rthAf rican O tto man pro vin ces  of  Al gi ers, Tuni s, Tripo li ,an dthe  inde p endent S ul tan at e o f Mor o cco un der t he A la ou i tedynasty (t h e  Bar ba ry  Coa st)  w ere t he s c our ge of t he Medite rra n ean.  C ap turingmerchant ship sand enslav in g o r rans o m ing thei r crews provided the Mu s lim rul ers  of t hese  nationswit h weal tha nd nav al pow er. T he  Ro m a n Cat h o li c T ri nitarian O r d er,  or o rd er o f "Math urins", had operat e d f rom France fo r c entu r i es  wi t ht hesp e cia l mission of coll ecting and  d i sb ursing fun d s f or  the re lief an d ran s om of p risonersof Medite rr anea n pir ates. Acco rding to  Robert D a vis,b et ween1 a nd 5 t ho usa nd Eu ropean s  we re ca ptured  b y Barb ary p ir ates and  sold as slaves between  the 1 6th a nd19th cent uri e s.
Barbarycors airs led a tta cks  upon  Am e rican  mer c ha nts hippi ng i n  an attem p ttoe x to rt ransom f o r the  live s o f  captu redsailors, and ulti m ately tributefrom t heUni t ed S ta tes to avoid f urt he r attacks,  a s they didwith the  v a rious  Europ ean st ates. B e f or e  the T reat y o f Paris,whi ch formali ze dt he Uni tedSt ates'indepe n denc e from Great Brita in, U . S . shi p pin g was  p rotecte d  byFrance dur ing the rev olutio nary  year s under  t he Tre aty  o f Alliance (1778–83) . Alt hough t he  tre aty  doesnotm e ntion  the  B arb ary State s in na me ,  it  ref ers t ocomm on enemie s  between  bo t h the U .S . a n d 
:English contemporary_artists
Category:English photographers
Category:Guyanese_photographers
Category:Lesbian artists
Category:LGBT artists from_the United_Kingdom
Category:20th-century_British photographers

Category:20th-century_women_artists
Category:21st-century women artists_First Barbary War

The_First Barbary War (1801–1805),_also known as_the_Tripolitanian War and the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two Barbary Wars,_in_which the_United_States_and Sweden fought against the_four North African states known_collectively as_the "Barbary States". Three of these were nominal_provinces_of the Ottoman_Empire, but in practice autonomous: Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis._The fourth was the independent Sultanate_of Morocco.

The cause_of_the_U.S. participation was pirates_from the Barbary States seizing American_merchant ships and holding the crews_for ransom, demanding the U.S. pay tribute_to the Barbary rulers. United States_President Thomas Jefferson refused to_pay this_tribute. Sweden had been at_war with the_Tripolitans since_1800.

Background and overview

Barbary_corsairs and crews from the North_African Ottoman provinces_of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the_independent_Sultanate of Morocco_under_the_Alaouite dynasty_(the Barbary Coast)_were_the scourge_of_the Mediterranean. Capturing merchant ships and_enslaving_or ransoming their crews provided the Muslim_rulers of these nations_with_wealth and naval power._The Roman Catholic Trinitarian Order,_or order of "Mathurins", had operated_from France_for centuries_with the special mission of collecting and disbursing funds for the_relief and ransom of prisoners of_Mediterranean pirates. According to_Robert Davis,_between_1 and 5_thousand_Europeans were_captured by Barbary pirates and sold as_slaves between_the 16th and 19th centuries.

Barbary corsairs_led attacks upon American_merchant_shipping in an attempt to extort_ransom for the lives of captured_sailors, and ultimately tribute from_the_United_States to avoid further attacks,_as they did with the various_European states. Before_the Treaty of Paris, which formalized the_United_States' independence from Great Britain, U.S._shipping_was protected by France during the_revolutionary_years_under the Treaty of Alliance_(1778–83). Although the treaty does not_mention the Barbary States in name, it refers to_common enemies between_both the U.S. and