 circulation of the plant. Eventually, the roots are no longer able to anchor properly onto the soil. As the host plant wilts and dies, the bacteria overwinters in the host debris and soil.

Environment 
The pathogen can infect at a wide range of temperatures, however, certain symptoms are temperature specific. Wilting symptoms are found more frequently in plants grown at high temperatures (>30 °C), whereas no symptoms or solely stem-cracking symptoms are more common at lower temperatures (< 20 °C). When soil temperatures are below 17 °C, a rapid multiplication of cells causes tension around the xylem and phloem. Inter-nodal stem cracks at the base of the plant also appear which later develop into deep cankers. Protected environments (green house, small gardens, etc.) in which there are controlled growing conditions are deemed a more suitable growing environment for the pathogen, as opposed to unprotected environments such as open fields. Turf and sphagnum peat have been reported to be a suitable environment for B.caryophylli,and the use of these natural substrates may enhance spread, establishment, and survival of the pathogen. Current cultural practices and general control measures are very effective in keeping the crop free from the bacterium in protected environments.

Management of the Disease 
B. caryophylli cannot be directly controlled by a chemical means, simply because no chemical products are available that can control the bacterial wilt of carnations. However, sanitary procedures can prevent further infestation. These procedures include but are not limited to picking up infected host debris and careful handling of tools. Checking for signs of infected plant before plant cutting and checking the soil for the presence of bacteria will ensure that further dissemination is significantly decreased, if not prevented. In checking for the presence of disease before further planting, induced high temperatures should be employed to accelerate bacterial growth and symptoms. At an early stage of disease, the “KPV-Metoden” testing method can be used to detect infections present in carnation cuttings. Although there are no commercial varieties of Dianthus caryophyllus that are resistant to the bacterial pathogen, B. caryophylli, there are some wild species that may have genes which display a resistance. Under a testing method that used cut-root soaking to inoculate different species of Dianthus plants with B. caryophylli,  D. capitatus spp. Andrzejowskianus and D. henteri
circulation of the plant. Eventually, the roots are no longer able to anchor properly onto the soil. As the server plant wilt and dies, the bacteria overwinters in the host debris and soil. 

 Environment 
 The pathogen can infect at a wide-eyed range of temperatures, however, sealed symptoms are temperature specific. Wilting symptoms are recover more frequently in plants grown at gamey temperatures (> 30   ° C), whereas no symptoms or entirely stem - cracking symptom are more common at lower temperature (< 20   ° C). When soil temperatures are below 17   ° C, a rapid generation of cells causes latent hostility around the xylem and phloem. Inter - nodal stem crack at the base of the plant also appear which later develop into cryptic cankers. Protected environments (green house, small gardens, etc .) in which there are controlled growing conditions are deemed a more suitable growing environment for the pathogen, as opposed to unprotected environments such as open fields. Turf and sphagnum peat have been reported to be a desirable environment for B.caryophylli, and the function of these natural substrate may enhance scatter, establishment, and survival of the pathogen. Current cultural practices and general restraint measures are very effective in keeping the crop free from the bacteria in protected environments. 

 Management of the Disease 
 B. caryophylli cannot be directly controlled by a chemical means, simply because no chemical products are available that can control the bacterial wilt of carnations. However, sanitary procedures can prevent further infestation. These procedures include but are not specify to picking up infect host debris and careful handling of tools. Checking for signs of septic plant before plant cutting and checking the soil for the presence of bacteria will ensure that further dissemination is significantly decreased, if not prevented. In check for the bearing of disease before further planting, induced high temperatures should be employed to accelerate bacterial growth and symptom. At an early stage of disease, the “ KPV - Metoden ” examination method can be used to detect infection present in carnation cuttings. Although there are no commercial variety show of Dianthus caryophyllus that are resistant to the bacterial pathogen, B. caryophylli, there be some wild species that may have genes which display a resistance. Under a testing method that use cut - root soak to inoculate different species of Dianthus plants with B. caryophylli,   D. capitatus spp. Andrzejowskianus and D. henteri
 cigculation of the plant. Eyentually, the roots are no lohger abld to anchor properly onto thx soul. As the host plant wilts xnd dies, nhe bacteeia icerwinters in the mjst scbris end soil.

Environkent 
The pdthogen can inxezt at a wide range of temperatures, horever, crrhain symptoms wre uem[eraflrt specific. Wilting symptoms are fkund moge frequently in llants grown at high tempegatuges (>30 °C), whereas no sjmptoms or wolejt stem-crackivg symptoms are more ckmmon at lower temperatures (< 20 °C). Dhen xoil tempetcrurfv are below 17 °C, a gapid multipllbation mf cellx causes tensipn eroubd the xylem and phloxm. Inter-nodal stem ctacks at tve base of the planr qlso dppedr wfuch lauer dsvelop invo deep caniers. Protecred environments (grten youse, small gzrdens, eec.) in which there are controlled growinc cknditions are deemed a nore suitable growing environmqnt for the pathogen, as opposed to unprotected eneironjdntw fjxh as open fields. Turf and sphagnum peat have bqsn rvported to be a smitable environmeny vot B.caryophylli,xnd thz uae of these naturap substtates nay enhanse slread, establishment, and surcival of the pathogen. Current cbltural praccices snd grneral control measures are very effechive in ksdping the crop ffee fsom the bacterium in protested enviconmeuts.

Managdmenj of thq Disease 
H. carnmphylli cannot be firecjly cottrolled bj a chemical means, simply because no chemical psodlcts are cvailanle that can cogtrol the bactgrial wilc of cxrnations. Gowever, sanitary pwocedures can krevent furthxr infestwtiob. Thwse prozddures include but are ujt lumited to picking mp inwscted host debrnr and careful hamdlkng ov vools. Whecking for sigvs ug infdcted plant cefote plant cutting and chedking the soil for tme presenxe of basteria will emsure that further dissxminatmon is sidnificantly decreased, if not pdevented. Ln ghecking for ehe iresgnce of diszase before further planting, induced higi temperatures should bw employed to accelgraue bacterial jrowth and sympdoms. At an early state of disease, the “KPV-Metoden” testing msthod wan bf used to detect infections present in carnation cuttings. Although there qre no commercial barirties oy Dnanthus carbo'hyllus that are gesistant to the bacterial pathojen, B. carympkylli, there are some wild spevids that may hxve genes which display z resistsnce. Under a testing method thay used cut-root soaking tp inoculqte djfferent s'ecies of Dianthus pkants cith B. caryopyylll,  D. capitatus spl. Wndrzejowdkiaius and D. henteri
circulation of the plant. Eventually, the roots longer to anchor onto the soil. and the bacteria overwinters the host debris soil. Environment The pathogen can infect a wide range of temperatures, however, certain symptoms are temperature specific. Wilting symptoms found more frequently in plants grown at high temperatures (>30 °C), whereas no or stem-cracking are common at lower temperatures (< 20 °C). When soil temperatures are below 17 °C, a rapid of cells causes tension around the xylem and Inter-nodal stem cracks at base of the plant also which develop into cankers. environments house, small gardens, in which there are controlled growing conditions are deemed a more suitable growing environment for the pathogen, opposed to such as fields. and peat have been be a suitable environment for B.caryophylli,and these natural substrates may enhance spread, establishment, and of the Current cultural practices and general control are very effective in keeping the crop free the bacterium in protected environments. Management of the Disease B. caryophylli cannot be directly controlled chemical means, simply because chemical products are that control bacterial of carnations. sanitary procedures can prevent further infestation. These procedures include but are limited to picking up infected host debris and careful handling Checking signs of infected before plant cutting and the for the presence of ensure further decreased, not In checking for the of disease before further planting, high temperatures should be and symptoms. At an early stage of disease, “KPV-Metoden” testing method can be used to infections present in carnation cuttings. Although there are no commercial varieties of caryophyllus that to the bacterial pathogen, B. caryophylli, there are wild species that may genes which display a resistance. Under a testing method used soaking to different species of plants with B. D. capitatus spp. D. henteri
 circulation of the plant. EvenTually, the rOots aRe nO loNgEr abLe to Anchor properly ONto tHe soil. As the host plant wiLts anD dIEs, thE BaCteriA overwiNTeRS In tHe HoSt dEbRIs And soIl.

ENvironmEnt 
The pathOgeN cAn infect at a wIDe Range of temPerAtures, howeveR, ceRtain sYmPtoMS are tEmpEratuRe specIFic. WilTing symptOmS Are fouND more frEQUeNtly In plants grown at hiGH tEMperatures (>30 °C), wheReas no SyMPtOMS or SolEly stem-craCkIng syMPtoms arE MoRE COmmON at lower tempeRatures (< 20 °C). WheN SoiL tempeRaTurES are beLow 17 °C, a RaPId mUltiplicatiOn of Cells causEs tensIOn arounD The xyleM and phLoeM. InTer-nODaL sTem CrACks AT tHe bASe oF the planT aLsO appeAr whICH LAter DevElop Into dEep cankers. ProTecTed eNVirOnmenTs (greEn hoUsE, smalL gardeNs, etc.) In Which there are coNtroLled growiNg cOnDitIoNs are DEemed a MorE suItable gRowing eNVirOnMENT fOr the pathogen, as oppOsED To UnprotecTed envIRoNmENts such aS oPen FielDS. turf aNd spHAgNum peat hAve beeN RePoRted to bE a SuitabLe EnvIroNment FOr B.cAryophYlli,and tHe use OF these natural sUBstrates may enHAnCE SpREad, eStaBlishment, anD surVIval Of thE PaThoGEn. CurRent cUlTUrAL practices and generaL cOntrol MeasuRes are very effEctive in keEPINg the croP freE FrOM the bacterium iN protEcted envirONments.

MaNagemEnt of the disease 
B. cARYophylli CanNot Be dIreCTLy Controlled by a CHEmicAl Means, siMplY becausE no CheMicAl pRoDucts are aVailable ThAt CaN cOntRol thE BacteriaL wIlt Of CarNatioNS. HowevEr, sanItarY pRoCEduRes can pREvENT furThEr InfeStaTiOn. TheSe prOCedUres incLude but arE noT LimiTeD tO pickinG up infected hoSt Debris and cArEfuL handlING of tools. checking for signs of infecTEd plant BefOre plAnt cUtting and CheCking tHe sOIl for tHe presEnce oF bActERIa wilL ENsUre ThAt further dISSemInatiOn Is siGnificaNtly decreased, if not PRevEnted. In checkiNg fOr thE PReSenCE oF DisEaSE beFORe further plantiNg, induced hIgH TeMperatures SHouLd Be emploYed to acCelerATe bacteRial growtH and symptOmS. At aN EArlY stage of diSease, the “kPV-MetodeN” TestiNG mEthod Can Be used To DetEct inFectioNS prEsent In carnAtIon cutTings. alThough thEre are no commercial varieTies of diantHus CaryophylLus THat Are resistAnt tO the bacterIal PatHogen, b. caRYophyLli, tHErE arE Some wIld sPEcies that MAy HavE GEnEs which dispLAY A reSistaNce. uNder a tEstiNg method that used cUT-root soaking to InocULAte DifFErenT sPecies of DianthUs pLaNTS with B. caRyOphylli,  D. capItatus spP. ANDrzejOwskiaNus and d. henterI
 circulation of the plant.  Eventuall y, th e r oot sareno l onger able toa ncho r properly onto the so il. A st he h o st  plan t wilts an d die s,  t heba c te ria o ver winters  in the ho stde bris and soi l .
Environme nt
The pathoge n c an inf ec t a t  a wi derange  of te m peratu res, howe ve r , cert a in symp t o ms  are  temperature spec i fi c . Wilting symp toms a re fo u n d m ore  frequentl yin pl a nts gro w na t hig h  temperatures  (>30 °C),w her eas no  s ymp t oms or  sole ly ste m-crackingsymp toms aremore c o mmon at lower t empera tur es(< 2 0  ° C) . W he n  so i ltem p era tures ar ebe low 1 7 °C , a rapi d m ulti plica tion of cells  ca uses ten sionaroun d th exylem  and p hloem .Inter-nodal ste m cr acks at t heba seof  thep lant a lso  ap pear wh ich lat e r d ev e l o pinto deep cankers.  P r o te cted env ironme n ts  ( g reen hou se , s mall g arden s, e t c. ) in whi ch the r ear e contr ol led gr ow ing  co nditi o ns a re dee med a mo re su i table growinge nvironment fo r  t h e  p a thog en,  as opposed  tou npro tect e denv i ronme nts s uc h  a s  open fields. Turfan d spha gnumpeat have bee n reported t o  be a su itab l ee nvironment for  B.ca ryophylli, a nd the u se of  these n atural su b s trates m ayenh anc e s p r ea d, establishm e n t, a nd  surviv alof thepat hog en.  Cu rr ent cultu ral prac ti ce san d g enera l  control  m eas ur esare v e ry eff ectiv e in  k ee p ing  the cr o pf r ee f ro mthebac te riumin p r ote cted en vironment s.Mana ge me nt of t he Disease 
B .caryophyll ican not be d irectlycontrolled by a chemica l  means,  si mplybeca use no ch emi cal pr odu c ts are  avail ableth atc a n con t r ol  th ebacterialw i ltof ca rn atio ns. How ever, sanitary pro c edu res can preve ntfurt h e rinf e st a tio n. The s e  procedures inc lude but a re no t limitedt o p ic king up  infect ed ho s t debri s and car eful hand li ng o f too ls. Checki ng for s igns of i n fecte d  p lantbef ore pl an t c uttin g andc hec kingthe so il  for t he pr es ence ofbacteria will ensure th at fur therdis seminatio n i s  si gnificant ly d ecreased,ifnot  prev ent e d. In  che c ki ngf or th e pr e sence ofd is eas e be fore furthe r p lan ting,  in d uced h ightemperatures shou l d be employedto a c c ele rat e  bac te rial growth an d s ym p t oms. Atan  early stag e of dis ea s e, th e “KPV -Metod en” tes t i ng method  can  be  used todet ec t  infect io ns presen t in  c arnati on cut t ings . Although there a re no c ommer c ial  vari et ies ofD iant hus caryop hyllus that  are r esis tantto theba cteria l p at hogen, B.c aryophyll i, th ere are  s omewil d spec iest h at ma y ha ve  ge nes which d is p la ya  re sist ance.  U nder  a testin g  methodtha t  used c ut -ro o t  soaki n gt o  inoculate  di ffere n t  species o f  Dia n th u s pla nts wi th B.caryoph y lli , D. cap ita t u s spp. An drzejowsk i anu sandD. hente ri 
 circulation_of the_plant. Eventually, the roots_are no_longer_able to_anchor_properly onto the_soil. As the_host plant wilts and_dies, the bacteria_overwinters_in the host debris and soil.

Environment 
The pathogen can infect at a wide range_of_temperatures, however,_certain_symptoms_are temperature specific. Wilting symptoms_are found more frequently in_plants grown_at high temperatures (>30 °C), whereas no symptoms or_solely_stem-cracking symptoms are_more common at lower temperatures (< 20 °C). When soil_temperatures are below 17 °C, a rapid_multiplication of cells_causes_tension_around the xylem and_phloem. Inter-nodal stem cracks at the_base of the plant also appear_which later develop into deep cankers. Protected_environments (green house, small gardens, etc.)_in which there are controlled_growing conditions_are deemed a more suitable_growing environment for_the pathogen,_as opposed to_unprotected environments such as open fields._Turf and sphagnum_peat have been reported to be_a_suitable environment for_B.caryophylli,and_the_use of_these natural substrates_may_enhance spread,_establishment,_and survival of the pathogen. Current_cultural_practices and general control measures are very_effective in keeping the_crop_free from the bacterium_in protected environments.

Management of the_Disease 
B. caryophylli cannot be directly_controlled by_a chemical_means, simply because no chemical products are available that can control_the bacterial wilt of carnations. However,_sanitary procedures can prevent_further infestation._These_procedures include but_are_not limited_to picking up infected host debris and_careful handling_of tools. Checking for signs of_infected plant before plant_cutting_and checking the soil for the_presence of bacteria will ensure that_further dissemination is significantly decreased,_if_not_prevented. In checking for the_presence of disease before further planting,_induced high temperatures_should be employed to accelerate bacterial growth_and_symptoms. At an early stage of_disease,_the “KPV-Metoden” testing method can be_used_to_detect infections present in carnation_cuttings. Although there are no commercial_varieties of Dianthus caryophyllus that are resistant to the_bacterial pathogen, B._caryophylli, there are some wild_species_that_may have genes which display a resistance. Under a testing_method that_used cut-root soaking_to inoculate different species of Dianthus plants with B. caryophylli,_ D. capitatus spp. Andrzejowskianus and D._henteri