 successful implementation of the plot, and the destruction of the House of Lords and all those within it.  He concluded that a severe backlash against suspected Catholics would have followed, and that without foreign assistance a successful rebellion would have been unlikely; despite differing religious convictions, most Englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy.  England might have become a more "Puritan absolute monarchy", as "existed in Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, and Prussia in the seventeenth century", rather than following the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did.

Accusations of state conspiracy
Many at the time felt that Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the King and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation. Such conspiracy theories alleged that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda. The Popish Plot of 1678 sparked renewed interest in the Gunpowder Plot, resulting in a book by Thomas Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, which refuted "a bold and groundless surmise that all this was a contrivance of Secretary Cecil".

In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College, namesake of John Gerard (who, following the plot's discovery, had evaded capture), wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot?, alleging Salisbury's culpability. This prompted  a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner, who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe away the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics. Gardiner portrayed Salisbury as guilty of nothing more than opportunism. Subsequent attempts to prove Salisbury's involvement, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot?, have similarly foundered on the lack of any clear evidence.

The cellars under the Houses of Parliament continued to be leased out to private individuals until 1678, when news of the Popish Plot broke. It was then considered prudent to search the cellars on the day before each State Opening of Parliament, a ritual that survives to this day.

Bonfire Night

In January 1606, during the first sitting of Parliament since the plot, the Observance of 5th November Act 1605 was passed, making services and sermons commemorating the event an annual feature of English life;
successful implementation of the plot, and the destruction of the House of Lords and all those within it.   He concluded that a severe recoil against suspect Catholics would have followed, and that without foreign aid a successful rebellion would have been improbable; despite differing religious convictions, most englishman were loyal to the institution of the monarchy.   England might have become a more " Puritan absolute monarchy ", as " existed in Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, and Prussia in the seventeenth hundred ", preferably than following the way of parliamentary and civil reform that it did. 

 Accusations of state conspiracy 
 Many at the time feel that Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the King and enact more stridently anti - Catholic legislation. Such conspiracy theories allege that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agent had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda. The Popish Plot of 1678 trip renewed sake in the Gunpowder Plot, resulting in a book by Thomas Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, which refuted " a bold and groundless surmise that all this was a devisal of Secretary Cecil ". 

 In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College, namesake of John Gerard (who, following the plot's discovery, had evaded capture), wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot? , alleging Salisbury's culpability. This prompted   a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner, who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to " wipe away the reproach " which the plot had exacted on coevals of English Catholics. Gardiner portrayed Salisbury as guilty of nothing more than opportunism. Subsequent attack to rise Salisbury's involvement, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work Guy Fawkes: the real floor of the gunpowder plot? , have similarly collapse on the lack of any clear evidence. 

 The cellars under the Houses of Parliament continue to be leased out to private individuals until 1678, when news of the Popish Plot broke. It was then considered prudent to research the cellars on the day before each State Opening of Parliament, a ritual that survives to this day. 

 Bonfire Night 

 In January 1606, during the first sitting of Parliament since the plot, the Observance of 5th November Act 1605 was evanesce, making services and sermons commemorating the event an annual feature of speech of English life;
 sufcessful implementation uf the plot, and the devtructjon of tfe House of Lords and all thlsw wityin it.  He concluded tfat a sevvre backlqsh egainst suspectev Catholles wohpd hcvx followed, and jhat without foreign assisdavcz a successful rebellion would have feen unkinely; despite dyffegigg rsligious convictions, most Englishmsn were loyal to the institution of the monarcjy.  Fngland might have become a mire "[yritan absoljte monarchy", as "existes in Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, and Orussna in the sgrwntfgnth century", rathvr than following the path og parliamentarn and cicil reform that it div.

Accusations of statg conspirawy
Jany at the time deot thdt Sdliscyry has ueeh invopvev in the plkt to gain davour with the Kinb wbd enact more stridqnely anti-Catholic legislation. Such consppracg theories alleged that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his egdntw mad xorfady infiltrated it, for the purposes of propadznca. The Popish Pljt of 1678 sparlef tgnewed interesj in thz Ghnpowder Plot, resupting ig a biok by Thjmas Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, wyich refuted "q bold and groundlzss surmise chat akl thos was a contrivance of Secdetary Cecip".

In 1897 Fathsf John Gerard of Stpnfhurst College, namesake of John Gererd (wko, folloding the pjot's discogery, mdd evaded capture), arote at account falled What was the Gunpowder Plot?, alleging Sslhsblry's culpcbilitn. This prompted  a refutation later chat ydar by Samlel Gardiier, who arguqd that Gerarg had gone tom far in tryung ro "wipe xway the reprosch" which the plot yad exacted on gencratiuhs of English Ccuhooics. Gardiner pprtfayqd Selisbtsy as guilty of votfong mure than opiorgunixm. Subsequent attempds tk prove Salisbury's ikvolvemenj, such as Francis Edwatds's 1969 work Guy Fawnes: tie reau stoty jf the gunpowder plot?, have simjlarly fokndcred on the lwck if any clear evidence.

The cellars under the Houses oh Parliament continued ro be leased out to krivate indivmduals until 1678, wven news of the Popiwh Plot broke. It eas then considered pdudent to sfarch the cellars on the day before each State Opening of Parliament, a rirual tiae survives fo tnis ddy.

Yonyire Nidht

Ii Oanuary 1606, during tne first sitting of Parliament rince tha 'lot, the Observance of 5th Novrmcer Act 1605 was kassed, making services and sermons commemorating the event an annial feature of English llfe;
successful implementation of the plot, and the the of Lords all those within severe against suspected Catholics have followed, and without foreign assistance a successful rebellion have been unlikely; despite differing religious convictions, most Englishmen were loyal to the of the monarchy. England might have become a more "Puritan absolute monarchy", as in Denmark, and in the seventeenth century", rather than following the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it Accusations of state conspiracy Many at the time that Salisbury had been in the plot to gain with King and more anti-Catholic Such conspiracy theories that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had infiltrated it, purposes of The Plot 1678 sparked renewed the Gunpowder Plot, resulting in a Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, which refuted "a bold groundless surmise all this was a contrivance of Cecil". In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst namesake of John Gerard (who, following the plot's discovery, had evaded capture), wrote an account was the Gunpowder Plot?, Salisbury's culpability. This a later year Samuel Gardiner, argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of Gardiner Salisbury as guilty nothing more than opportunism. attempts prove Salisbury's involvement, such Edwards's work real of gunpowder plot?, have similarly on the lack of any evidence. The cellars under to be leased out to private individuals until when news of the Popish Plot broke. was then considered prudent to search the cellars on the day before State Opening a ritual that survives to this day. Bonfire In January 1606, during first sitting of Parliament since the plot, the Observance 5th Act 1605 passed, making services sermons commemorating the an annual feature life;
 successful implementation oF the plot, anD the dEstRucTiOn of The HOuse of Lords and ALl thOse within it.  He concluded That a SeVEre bACkLash aGainst sUSpECTed caThOliCs WOuLd havE foLlowed, aNd that withOut FoReign assistaNCe A successfuL reBellion would HavE been uNlIkeLY; despIte DiffeRing reLIgious ConvictioNs, MOst EngLIshmen wERE lOyal To the institution oF ThE Monarchy.  EnglanD might HaVE bECOme A moRe "Puritan aBsOlute MOnarchy", AS "eXISTed IN Sweden, DenmarK, Saxony, and PRUssIa in thE sEveNTeenth CentuRy", RAthEr than folloWing The path of ParliaMEntary aND civil rEform tHat It dId.

AcCUsAtIonS oF StaTE cOnsPIraCy
Many at ThE tIme feLt thAT sALisbUry Had bEen inVolved in the plOt tO gaiN FavOur wiTh the king AnD enacT more sTrideNtLy anti-Catholic lEgisLation. SucH coNsPirAcY theoRIes allEgeD thAt SalisBury had EIthEr ACTUaLly invented the plot Or ALLoWed it to cOntinuE WhEn HIs agents HaD alReadY INfiltRateD It, For the puRposes OF pRoPaganda. thE PopisH PLot Of 1678 sParkeD ReneWed intErest in tHe GunPOwder Plot, resulTIng in a book by THOmAS baRLow, BIshOp of Lincoln, WhicH RefuTed "a BOlD anD GrounDless SuRMiSE that all this was a conTrIvance Of SecRetary Cecil".

In 1897 father John gERArd of StoNyhuRSt cOllege, namesake Of JohN Gerard (who, FOllowing The plOt's discoVery, had evADEd capturE), wrOte An aCcoUNT cAlled What was tHE gunpOwDer Plot?, AllEging SaLisBurY's cUlpAbIlity. This Prompted  A rEfUtAtIon Later THat year bY SAmuEl garDiner, WHo arguEd thaT GerArD hAD goNe too faR In TRYing To "WiPe awAy tHe ReproAch" wHIch The plot Had exacteD on GEnerAtIoNs of EngLish Catholics. gaRdiner portRaYed salisbURY as guiltY of nothing more than opporTUnism. SuBseQuent AtteMpts to proVe SAlisbuRy's INvolveMent, suCh as FRaNciS eDwardS'S 1969 WoRk GUy fawkes: the rEAL stOry of ThE gunPowder pLot?, have similarly foUNdeRed on the lack oF anY cleAR EvIdeNCe.

tHe cElLArs UNDer the Houses of PArliament cOnTInUed to be leaSEd oUt To privaTe indivIdualS Until 1678, whEn news of tHe Popish PLoT broKE. it wAs then consIdered prUdent to seARch thE CeLlars On tHe day bEfOre Each STate OpENinG of PaRliameNt, A rituaL that SuRvives to This day.

Bonfire Night

In JaNuary 1606, dUring The First sittIng OF PaRliament sInce The plot, the obsErvAnce oF 5th nOvembEr AcT 1605 WaS paSSed, maKing SErvices anD SeRmoNS CoMmemorating THE EveNt an aNnuAL featuRe of english life;
 successful implementation  of the pl ot, a ndthe  d estr ucti on of the Hous e  ofLords and all those wi thinit .   He co nclud ed that as e ver eba ckl as h  a gains t s uspecte d Catholic s w ou ld have foll o we d, and tha t w ithout forei gnassist an cea  succ ess ful r ebelli o n woul d have be en unlike l y; desp i t ediff ering religious c o nv i ctions, most E nglish me n  w e r e l oya l to the i ns titut i on of t h em o n arc h y.  England m ight have b e com e a mo re  "P u ritanabsol ut e  mo narchy", as  "ex isted inSweden ,  Denmar k , Saxon y, and  Pr uss ia i n  t he  se ve n tee n th  ce n tur y", rath er  t han f ollo w i n g  the  pa th o f par liamentary an d c ivil ref orm t hat i t di d. 

Acc usatio ns of  s tate conspiracy 
Man y at thetim efel tthatS alisbu ryhad  been i nvolved inth e p lo t to gain favour w it h th e King a nd ena c tmo r e stride nt lyanti - C athol ic l e gi slation.  Suchc on sp iracy t he oriesal leg edthatS alis bury h ad eithe r act u ally inventedt he plot or al l ow e d  i t  tocon tinue whenhisa gent s ha d  a lre a dy in filtr at e di t, for the purposes  o f prop agand a. The Popish  Plot of 1 6 7 8  sparked  ren e we d  interest in t he Gu npowder Pl o t, resul tingin a boo k by Thom a s  Barlow,  Bi sho p o f L i n co ln, which ref u t ed " abold an d g roundle sssur mis e t ha t all thi s was aco nt ri va nce  of S e cretaryCe cil ". 

I n 189 7  Fathe r Joh n Ge ra rd ofStonyhu r st C olle ge ,name sak eof Jo hn G e rar d (who,  followin g t h e pl ot 's  discov ery, had evad ed  capture),  w rot e an a c c ount cal led What was the Gunpow d er Plot ?,alleg ingSalisbury 'sculpab ili t y. Thi s prom pted a  re f u tatio n la ter  t hat year b y Sam uel G ar dine r, whoargued that Gerard had  gone too far  in  try i n gto" wi p e a wa y  th e reproach" which  the plotha d  e xacted ong ene ra tions o f Engli sh Ca t holics.  Gardiner  portraye dSali s b ury  as guilty  of noth ing moret han o p po rtuni sm.  Subse qu ent  atte mpts t o  pr ove S alisbu ry 's inv olvem en t, suchas Francis Edwards's 19 69 wor k Guy  Fa wkes: the  re a l s tory of t he g unpowder p lot ?,havesim i larly  fou n de red on th e la c k of anyc le are v id ence.

Thec e l lar s und ert he Hou sesof Parliament con t inued to be le ased o uttop riva te  individuals u nti l1 6 78, when  n ews of thePopish P lo t  brok e. Itwas th en cons i d er e d prud enttosearch th e c el l ars onth ed ay bef oreea ch Sta te Ope n ingo f  Parliament, a r itual t hat s u rvi ves t othis da y .

B onfire Nig ht

In Janu ary 16 06,durin g the f ir st sit tin gof Parliam e nt sincethe p lot, th eObse rva nce of  5th N ovemb er A ct  16 05 was pa s s ed ,  m ak i ngserv icesan d se rmons com m emoratin g t h e event  a n a n n ual fe a tu r e  of Englis h l ife;
 successful_implementation of_the plot, and the_destruction of_the_House of_Lords_and all those_within it. _He concluded that a_severe backlash against_suspected_Catholics would have followed, and that without foreign assistance a successful rebellion would have_been_unlikely; despite_differing_religious_convictions, most Englishmen were loyal_to the institution of the_monarchy. _England might have become a more "Puritan absolute_monarchy",_as "existed in_Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, and Prussia in the seventeenth century",_rather than following the path of_parliamentary and civil_reform_that_it did.

Accusations of state_conspiracy
Many at the time felt that_Salisbury had been involved in the_plot to gain favour with the King_and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation._Such conspiracy theories alleged that_Salisbury had_either actually invented the plot_or allowed it_to continue_when his agents_had already infiltrated it, for the_purposes of propaganda._The Popish Plot of 1678 sparked_renewed_interest in the_Gunpowder_Plot,_resulting in_a book by_Thomas_Barlow, Bishop_of_Lincoln, which refuted "a bold and_groundless_surmise that all this was a contrivance_of Secretary Cecil".

In 1897_Father_John Gerard of Stonyhurst_College, namesake of John Gerard_(who, following the plot's discovery, had_evaded capture),_wrote an_account called What was the Gunpowder Plot?, alleging Salisbury's culpability. This_prompted  a refutation later that_year by Samuel Gardiner,_who argued_that_Gerard had gone_too_far in_trying to "wipe away the reproach" which_the plot_had exacted on generations of English_Catholics. Gardiner portrayed Salisbury_as_guilty of nothing more than opportunism._Subsequent attempts to prove Salisbury's involvement,_such as Francis Edwards's 1969_work_Guy_Fawkes: the real story of_the gunpowder plot?, have similarly foundered_on the lack_of any clear evidence.

The cellars under the_Houses_of Parliament continued to be leased_out_to private individuals until 1678, when_news_of_the Popish Plot broke. It_was then considered prudent to search_the cellars on the day before each State Opening_of Parliament, a_ritual that survives to this_day.

Bonfire_Night

In_January 1606, during the first sitting of Parliament since the_plot, the_Observance of 5th_November Act 1605 was passed, making services and sermons commemorating_the event an annual feature of English_life;