land, the force pump, the suction pump, the double-action piston pump and quite possibly the chain pump.

In music, the water organ, invented by Ctesibius and subsequently improved, constituted the earliest instance of a keyboard instrument. In time-keeping, the introduction of the inflow clepsydra and its mechanization by the dial and pointer, the application of a feedback system and the escapement mechanism far superseded the earlier outflow clepsydra.

Innovations in mechanical technology included the newly devised right-angled gear, which would become particularly important to the operation of mechanical devices. Hellenistic engineers also devised automata such as suspended ink pots, automatic washstands, and doors, primarily as toys, which however featured new useful mechanisms such as the cam and gimbals.

The Antikythera mechanism, a kind of analogous computer working with a differential gear, and the astrolabe both show great refinement in astronomical science.

In other fields, ancient Greek innovations include the catapult and the gastraphetes crossbow in warfare, hollow bronze-casting in metallurgy, the dioptra for surveying, in infrastructure the lighthouse, central heating, a tunnel excavated from both ends by scientific calculations, and the ship trackway. In transport, great progress resulted from the invention of the winch and the odometer.

Further newly created techniques and items were spiral staircases, the chain drive, sliding calipers and showers.

Roman Empire 

The Roman Empire expanded from Italia across the entire Mediterranean region between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. Its most advanced and economically productive provinces outside of Italia were the Eastern Roman provinces in the Balkans, Asia Minor, Egypt, and the Levant, with Roman Egypt in particular being the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia.

The Roman Empire developed an intensive and sophisticated agriculture, expanded upon existing iron working technology, created laws providing for individual ownership, advanced stone masonry technology, advanced road-building (exceeded only in the 19th century), military engineering, civil engineering, spinning and weaving and several different machines like the Gallic reaper that helped to increase productivity in many sectors of the Roman economy. Roman engineers were the first to build monumental arches, amphitheatres, aqueducts, public baths, true arch bridges, harbours, reservoirs and dams, vaults and domes on a very large
land, the force pump, the suction heart, the bivalent - military action piston pump and quite possibly the chain heart. 

 In music, the water organ, invented by Ctesibius and subsequently better, constituted the earliest case of a keyboard instrument. In time - retention, the introduction of the inflow clepsydra and its automation by the dial and pointer, the application of a feedback system and the escapement mechanism far superseded the earlier outflow clepsydra. 

 invention in mechanical technology included the newly devised correctly - angled gear, which would become particularly important to the process of mechanical devices. Hellenistic engineers also devised automaton such as suspended ink pots, automatic washstands, and doors, primarily as toys, which however featured new useful mechanisms such as the cam and gimbals. 

 The Antikythera mechanism, a kind of analogous computer working with a differential gear, and the astrolabe both show great refinement in astronomic science. 

 In other field, ancient Greek initiation include the catapult and the gastraphetes crossbow in warfare, hollow bronze - casting in metallurgy, the dioptra for surveying, in infrastructure the lighthouse, central heating system, a tunnel excavated from both ends by scientific calculations, and the ship trackway. In transport, great progress resulted from the invention of the winch and the odometer. 

 Further newly created techniques and items were coiling staircases, the range drive, sliding calipers and showers. 

 Roman Empire 

 The Roman Empire expanded from Italia across the entire Mediterranean area between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. Its most advanced and economically productive provinces outside of Italia were the Eastern Roman provinces in the Balkans, Asia Minor, Egypt, and the Levant, with Roman Egypt in finical being the wealthiest Roman state outside of Italia. 

 The Roman Empire developed an intensive and sophisticated agriculture, expanded upon existing iron working engineering, created laws providing for individual ownership, advance stone masonry technology, advance road - building (exceeded only in the 19th century), military engineering, civil engineering, spinning and weaving and several different machines like the Gallic reaper that helped to increase productiveness in many sectors of the Roman economy. Roman engineers were the inaugural to build monumental arches, amphitheatres, aqueducts, public baths, true arch bridges, harbor, reservoirs and dams, vaults and domes on a very large
lanf, the force pump, the sucuion pump, the douyoe-actimn pisfon pump and quite possibly the chaii punp.

In nusic, the water organ, knvented hy Ctesivius qnd subseqnsntly improves, convvituted the earkiest instdnce of a keybmafd instrument. In time-keeping, the intrjductiom lf the inflow slepxrdra and its mechanization by the dial and popnter, the applicayion of a feedback system wnd hhe escapement mecjanism far wupewweded the eaflier outflow clepsydrz.

Innovations in mechanical techvologv included jkw nffly devised righn-angled gear, which wogld becpme particularky mmpoetant to the operatioi of mechanical devises. Helletiatic engineers alwo devived dutooqta sudh aa suspfndxd ink pots, automatic qashstands, and doorx, [gomarily as tkys, whycr however featured new useful mechanismv shch as the cam and gimbqls.

The Antikythera mefhanism, a kind of analogous computer working with a differantiam gecv, xbd the astrolabe both show great refinement in wattokomical science.

Ik other fields, ancoejt Dreek innovatkons iudlhde the catapult ajd the dastrqphetes cwossnow in warfare, hollow bronzw-casting in iwtallurgy, the diopcra for survzying, on ingrastructure the lighthuuse, central hewting, a thvnel excavated ffom bmth ends by scientific calsulations, and the shkp ttackway. In transplrt, gvaat progress resulhed ftom tha inventioj of the winch and the odometer.

Hnrther newly vraatvd technizues snd items werq spiral staireases, thz chaiv drive, slpding calmpers and shjwers.

Roman Em[lre 

The Romai Empire qxpabded from Igxlia across thr entire Mediterranwan region between thg 1at century BC aub 1wt century AD. Iys oose wdtanceq and economiwallh pfpductkve provinccs uutsode of Italia were tve Ezstern Roman provimccs in the Balkans, Asia Minor, Ebypt, and the Levanu, with Rooan Ebypj in particular being the wealtgiest Romwn irovince outsyde if Italia.

The Roman Empire developed an intensive anv sophisticated agriculrure, expanded upon gxixting iron xorkind technolmgy, created laws prociding for indivicual ownership, advancsd stote madonry technology, advanced road-building (exceeded only in the 19th century), mioitary engineering, civol enciueexing, spynniig and weaving and several different machines likx the Gallhc reaper that helped to incressd productiviti in many sectors of the Rkman ecomomy. Roman engineers were the forst to build monumental arches, qmphifheatrva, equeducts, public batns, truz arch bridgew, havbours, reservokrs akd dams, vaklts aud domes on a very large
land, the force pump, the suction pump, piston and quite the chain pump. invented Ctesibius and subsequently constituted the earliest of a keyboard instrument. In time-keeping, introduction of the inflow clepsydra and its mechanization by the dial and pointer, application of a feedback system and the escapement mechanism far superseded the earlier clepsydra. in technology the newly devised right-angled gear, which would become particularly important to the operation of mechanical devices. engineers also devised automata such as suspended ink automatic washstands, and doors, as toys, which however featured useful such as cam gimbals. Antikythera mechanism, a of analogous computer working with a differential gear, and the astrolabe both show great refinement in astronomical In other Greek innovations the and gastraphetes crossbow in bronze-casting in metallurgy, the dioptra for the lighthouse, central heating, a tunnel excavated from ends by calculations, and the ship trackway. In great progress resulted from the invention of the and the odometer. Further newly created techniques and items were spiral staircases, the chain drive, and showers. Roman Empire Roman Empire expanded Italia the Mediterranean between the century BC and 1st century AD. Its most advanced and economically provinces outside of Italia were the Eastern Roman provinces in Asia Egypt, and the with Roman Egypt in being wealthiest Roman province outside The Empire and agriculture, upon existing iron working created laws providing for individual advanced stone masonry technology, the 19th century), military engineering, civil engineering, spinning weaving and several different machines like the reaper that helped to increase productivity in many sectors of the Roman Roman engineers first to build monumental arches, amphitheatres, aqueducts, public true arch bridges, harbours, and dams, vaults and domes on a very large
land, the force pump, the suctioN pump, the doUble-aCtiOn pIsTon pUmp aNd quite possiblY The cHain pump.

In music, the wateR orgaN, iNVentED bY CtesIbius anD SuBSEquEnTlY imPrOVeD, consTitUted the Earliest inStaNcE of a keyboard INsTrument. In tIme-Keeping, the inTroDuctioN oF thE InfloW clEpsydRa and iTS mechaNization bY tHE dial aND pointeR, THe ApplIcation of a feedbacK SySTem and the escapEment mEcHAnISM faR suPerseded thE eArlieR Outflow CLePSYDra.

iNnovations in mEchanical teCHnoLogy inClUdeD The newLy devIsED riGht-angled geAr, whIch would bEcome pARticulaRLy imporTant to The OpeRatiON oF mEchAnICal DEvIceS. helLenistic EnGiNeers Also DEVISed aUtoMata Such aS suspended ink PotS, autOMatIc wasHstanDs, anD dOors, pRimariLy as tOyS, which however feAturEd new usefUl mEcHanIsMs sucH As the cAm aNd gImbals.

THe AntikYTheRa MECHaNism, a kind of analogoUs COMpUter workIng witH A dIfFErential GeAr, aNd thE AStrolAbe bOTh Show greaT refinEMeNt In astroNoMical sCiEncE.

In Other FIeldS, ancieNt Greek iNnovaTIons include the CAtapult and the GAsTRApHEtes CroSsbow in warfAre, hOLlow BronZE-cAstINg in mEtallUrGY, tHE dioptra for surveyinG, iN infraStrucTure the lighthOuse, centraL HEAting, a tuNnel EXcAVated from both eNds by Scientific CAlculatiOns, anD the ship Trackway. IN TRansport, GreAt pRogResS REsUlted from the iNVEntiOn Of the wiNch And the oDomEteR.

FuRthEr Newly creaTed technIqUeS aNd IteMs werE Spiral stAiRcaSeS, thE chaiN Drive, sLidinG calIpErS And Showers.

rOmAN empiRe 

thE RomAn EMpIre exPandED frOm ItaliA across thE enTIre MEdItErraneaN region betweeN tHe 1st centurY Bc anD 1st cenTURy AD. Its mOst advanced and economicaLLy produCtiVe proVincEs outside Of ITalia wEre THe EastErn RomAn proViNceS IN the BALKaNs, ASiA Minor, EgypT, ANd tHe LevAnT, witH Roman EGypt in particular beINg tHe wealthiest ROmaN proVINcE ouTSiDE of itALia.

tHE Roman Empire devEloped an inTeNSiVe and sophiSTicAtEd agricUlture, eXpandED upon exIsting iroN working tEcHnolOGY, crEated laws pRoviding For indiviDUal owNErShip, aDvaNced stOnE maSonry TechnoLOgy, AdvanCed roaD-bUildinG (exceEdEd only in The 19th century), military engIneeriNg, civIl eNgineerinG, spINniNg and weavIng aNd several dIffEreNt macHinES like The GALlIc rEAper tHat hELped to incREaSe pRODuCtivity in maNY SEctOrs of The rOman ecOnomY. Roman engineers weRE the first to buiLd moNUMenTal ARcheS, aMphitheatres, aqUedUcTS, Public baThS, true arch brIdges, harBoURs, resErvoirS and daMs, vaultS ANd DOmes on A verY laRge
land, the force pump, thesuction pu mp, t hedou bl e-ac tion  piston pump a n d qu ite possibly the chain  pump .In m u si c, th e water or g a n,in ve nte db yCtesi biu s and s ubsequentl y i mp roved, const i tu ted the ea rli est instance  of  a key bo ard instr ume nt. I n time - keepin g, the in tr o ductio n  of the i nf lowclepsydra and its me c hanization bythe di al an d poi nte r, the app li catio n  of a f e ed b a c k s y stem and theescapementm ech anismfa r s u persed ed th ee arl ier outflow  cle psydra.
Innova t ions in mechani cal te chn olo gy i n cl ud edth e  ne w ly  de v ise d right- an gl ed ge ar,w h i c h wo uld  bec ome p articularly i mpo rtan t  to  theopera tion  o f mec hanica l dev ic es. Hellenistic  eng ineers al sode vis ed  auto m ata su chassuspend ed inkp ots ,a u t om atic washstands, a nd d oo rs, prim arilya sto y s, which  h owe verf e ature d ne w  u seful me chanis m ssu ch as t he  cam a nd  gi mba ls.
T he A ntikyt hera mec hanis m , a kind of an a logous comput e rw o rk i ng w ith  a differen tial gear , an d  t hea strol abe b ot h  s h ow great refinement  i n astr onomi cal science.
In otherf i e lds, anc ient Gr e ek innovations  incl ude the ca t apult an d the  gastrap hetes cro s s bow in w arf are , h oll o w  b ronze-casting i n me ta llurgy,  th e diopt rafor  su rve yi ng, in in frastruc tu re  t he  li ghtho u se, cent ra l h ea tin g, at unnelexcav ated  f ro m  bo th ends by s cien ti fi c ca lcu la tions , an d  th e shiptrackway.  In tran sp or t, grea t progress re su lted fromth e i nventi o n  of thewinch and the odometer. 
Furthe r n ewlycrea ted techn iqu es and  it e ms wer e spir al st ai rca s e s, th e ch ain  d rive, slid i n g c alipe rs  and  shower s.

Roman Empire The  Roman Empire  ex pand e d  f rom It a lia  a c ros s the entire Medi terraneanre g io n betweent he1s t centu ry BC a nd 1s t  centur y AD. Its  most adv an ceda n d e conomicall y produc tive prov i nceso ut sideofItalia  w ere  theEaster n  Ro man p rovinc es  in th e Bal ka ns, Asia  Minor, Egypt, and theLevant , wit h R oman Egyp t i n  pa rticularbein g the weal thi est  Roma n p r ovinc e ou t si deo f Ita lia. 
The Roma n  E mpi r e  d eveloped an i n ten siveand sophis tica ted agriculture,e xpanded upon e xist i n g i ron work in g technology,cre at e d  laws pr ov iding for i ndividua lo wners hip, a dvance d stone m as o nry te chno log y, advanc edro a d-build in g( exceed ed o nl y in t he 19t h  cen t u ry), military en ginee r i ng, c i vil  engi ne ering,s pinn ing and we aving and s everal  dif feren t machi ne s like  th eGallic rea p er that h elped  to inc re asepro ductiv ityi n  many  sec to rsof the Ro m a ne co no m y.Roma n eng in eers  were the first to  bu i ld monu me nta l arches ,  a m p hitheatres , a quedu c t s, publicb aths ,  t r ue ar ch bri dges,harbour s , r es ervoirs  an d dams, vau lts and d o mes  o n avery lar ge 
land, the_force pump,_the suction pump, the_double-action piston_pump_and quite_possibly_the chain pump.

In_music, the water_organ, invented by Ctesibius_and subsequently improved,_constituted_the earliest instance of a keyboard instrument. In time-keeping, the introduction of the inflow_clepsydra_and its_mechanization_by_the dial and pointer, the_application of a feedback system_and the_escapement mechanism far superseded the earlier outflow clepsydra.

Innovations_in_mechanical technology included_the newly devised right-angled gear, which would become particularly_important to the operation of mechanical_devices. Hellenistic engineers_also_devised_automata such as suspended_ink pots, automatic washstands, and doors,_primarily as toys, which however featured_new useful mechanisms such as the cam_and gimbals.

The Antikythera mechanism, a kind_of analogous computer working with_a differential_gear, and the astrolabe both_show great refinement_in astronomical_science.

In other fields,_ancient Greek innovations include the catapult_and the gastraphetes_crossbow in warfare, hollow bronze-casting in_metallurgy,_the dioptra for_surveying,_in_infrastructure the_lighthouse, central heating,_a_tunnel excavated_from_both ends by scientific calculations, and_the_ship trackway. In transport, great progress resulted_from the invention of_the_winch and the odometer.

Further_newly created techniques and items_were spiral staircases, the chain drive,_sliding calipers_and showers.

Roman_Empire 

The Roman Empire expanded from Italia across the entire Mediterranean_region between the 1st century BC_and 1st century AD._Its most_advanced_and economically productive_provinces_outside of_Italia were the Eastern Roman provinces in_the Balkans,_Asia Minor, Egypt, and the Levant,_with Roman Egypt in_particular_being the wealthiest Roman province outside_of Italia.

The Roman Empire developed an_intensive and sophisticated agriculture, expanded_upon_existing_iron working technology, created laws_providing for individual ownership, advanced stone_masonry technology, advanced_road-building (exceeded only in the 19th century),_military_engineering, civil engineering, spinning and weaving_and_several different machines like the Gallic_reaper_that_helped to increase productivity in_many sectors of the Roman economy._Roman engineers were the first to build monumental arches,_amphitheatres, aqueducts, public_baths, true arch bridges, harbours,_reservoirs_and_dams, vaults and domes on a very large