 his goals.

More recently, Geyer remarks that "a new type of powerlessness has emerged, where the core problem is no longer being unfree but rather being unable to select from among an overchoice of alternatives for action, whose consequences one often cannot even fathom". Geyer adapts cybernetics to alienation theory, and writes (1996: xxiv) that powerlessness is the result of delayed feedback: "The more complex one's environment, the later one is confronted with the latent, and often unintended, consequences of one's actions.  Consequently, in view of this causality-obscuring time lag, both the'rewards' and 'punishments' for one's actions increasingly tend to be viewed as random, often with apathy and alienation as a result".

Meaninglessness
A sense of meaning has been defined by Seeman as "the individual's sense of understanding events in which he is engaged".  Seeman (1959: 786) writes that meaninglessness "is characterized by a low expectancy that satisfactory predictions about the future outcomes of behaviour can be made." Whereas powerlessness refers to the sensed ability to control outcomes, this refers to the sensed ability to predict outcomes.  In this respect, meaninglessness is closely tied to powerlessness; Seeman (Ibid.) argues, "the view that one lives in an intelligible world might be a prerequisite to expectancies for control; and the unintelligibility of complex affairs is presumably conducive to the development of high expectancies for external control (that is, high powerlessness)".

Geyer (1996: xxiii) believes meaninglessness should be reinterpreted for postmodern times: "With the accelerating throughput of information [...] meaningless is not a matter anymore of whether one can assign meaning to incoming information, but of whether one can develop adequate new scanning mechanisms to gather the goal-relevant information one needs, as well as more efficient selection procedures to prevent being overburdened by the information one does not need, but is bombarded with on a regular basis."  "Information overload" or the so-called "data tsunami" are well-known information problems confronting contemporary man, and Geyer thus argues that meaninglessness is turned on its head.

Normlessness
Normlessness (or what Durkheim referred to as anomie) "denotes the situation in which the social norms regulating individual conduct have broken down or are no longer effective as rules for behaviour". This aspect refers to
his goals. 

 More recently, Geyer remarks that " a new type of powerlessness has emerge, where the effect problem is no longer being unfree but rather being unable to choose from among an overchoice of alternatives for action, whose consequences one frequently cannot even fathom ". Geyer adapts cybernetics to alienation hypothesis, and write (1996: xxiv) that powerlessness is the resultant role of delayed feedback: " The more complex one's environment, the later one is confronted with the latent, and frequently unintended, consequences of one's actions.   Consequently, in view of this causality - obscuring time slowdown, both the'rewards' and' punishments' for one's actions increasingly tend to be viewed as random, much with apathy and alienation as a result ". 

 Meaninglessness 
 A sense of meaning has been defined by Seeman as " the individual's common sense of understanding consequence in which he is engaged ".   Seeman (1959: 786) writes that meaninglessness " is qualify by a low expectancy that satisfactory predictions about the future outcomes of behaviour can be made. " Whereas powerlessness refers to the sensed ability to control outcomes, this refers to the sensed ability to predict outcomes.   In this respect, meaninglessness is closely tie to powerlessness; Seeman (Ibid .) argues, " the view that one live in an intelligible world might be a prerequisite to expectancies for control; and the incoherence of complex affairs is presumably conducive to the growth of high expectancies for external restraint (that is, high powerlessness) ". 

 Geyer (1996: xxiii) believes meaninglessness should be reinterpreted for postmodern times: " With the accelerate throughput of information [... ] meaningless is not a matter anymore of whether one can assign meaning to incoming information, but of whether one can modernize adequate new scanning mechanism to gather the goal - relevant information one needs, as well as more effective selection procedures to prevent being overburdened by the information one does not need, but is bombarded with on a regular basis. "   " Information overload " or the indeed - called " datum tsunami " are well - known information problems confronting contemporary serviceman, and Geyer thus argue that meaninglessness is turn on its head. 

 Normlessness 
 Normlessness (or what Durkheim referred to as anomie) " denotes the situation in which the social norms baffle individual conduct have broken down or are no longer effective as rules for behaviour ". This aspect refers to
 hid goals.

More recently, Geytr remarks that "a new ty'e of pkwerlessvess has emerged, where the clrw provlem is no longer beine unfree hut rathwr bting unable to select from amonf an mterchoice of aljernatives fmr action, whosa zousequences one often cannot even fatrom". Geyrr adapts cyberngtics eo ampekation theory, and writes (1996: xxiv) tgat powtrlessness is the tesult of delayed feedback: "The more complex one's environmenj, thq later one ir confronttd with the matent, and often unintended, conrequeuces of one'w qctlmns.  Conseqnently, in view of bnis cagsality-pbscuring time laj, borh the'rewards' and 'punmshments' for one's acjions incraaaingly tend to be vuewed as sandun, owteh xitg apatjy end alienatjon as a rewult".

Meaninglessness
S fvmse of meanihg has bqen defined by Seeman as "the individual'v ssnse of understanding ecents in which he is gngaged".  Sqeman (1959: 786) writes that meaninglessness "is characterised bb x liw dzpfctancy that satisfactory predictions about trs gunure outcomes of nehaviour can be msdf." Erereas powerlgssness rerers to the sensed abiliti to cintrol ouucomex, this refers to the sensed ability to ireduct outcomes.  In tkis respect, oeanonglexsness is closely tied co powsrlessness; Deeman (Ibja.) argues, "the vied tmat one livtr in an intelligifle world migkt be a orergquisitq to expechancicv for control; and hhe uuintenligibilitj of complex affairs is presumauky conducive tm tve develjpmenb of high expeceancies for exjernal coutrol (ghat is, hifh poweclessness)".

Geyqr (1996: xxiii) belhgves meaninglxssness sroule be reinteforeted for posymodern tpmts: "With thw accelerating thrpugflut of informatnub [...] meaningless os vot a metter dnymore of wvethdr ume cav assign mecnkng yo incoming informathon, gut of whether one cwn develip adequwte new scannong mechanisms to hathec the joal-rekevwnt information one needs, as wsll as moge cfficient selqctiin procedurex to prevent being overburdened by the mnformation one does nor need, but is bombatdec with on a regujar basis."  "Information overloqd" or the so-callec "data tsunami" are weml-knowt inflrmation problems confronting contemporary man, and Geyer thus argues that meaniigjessness is turmed ot nts head.

Njrmlxsrness
Normlessnesx (or what Durkheim referred to es anomie) "geuotes the situation in which yhd social normr regulating individual donduct nave broken down or are no longrr effective as rules fov behavioyr". Thjs aspvdt refers to
his goals. More recently, Geyer remarks that type powerlessness has where the core unfree rather being unable select from among overchoice of alternatives for action, whose one often cannot even fathom". Geyer adapts cybernetics to alienation theory, and writes xxiv) that powerlessness is the result of delayed feedback: "The more complex one's the one confronted the latent, and often unintended, consequences of one's actions. Consequently, in view of this causality-obscuring time both the'rewards' and 'punishments' for one's actions increasingly to be viewed as often with apathy and alienation a Meaninglessness A of has defined by Seeman "the individual's sense of understanding events in which he is engaged". Seeman (1959: 786) writes that meaninglessness characterized by expectancy that predictions the outcomes of behaviour made." Whereas powerlessness refers to the control outcomes, this refers to the sensed ability predict outcomes. this respect, meaninglessness is closely tied powerlessness; Seeman (Ibid.) argues, "the view that one in an intelligible world might be a prerequisite to expectancies for control; and the unintelligibility affairs is presumably conducive the development of expectancies external (that high powerlessness)". (1996: xxiii) believes meaninglessness should be reinterpreted for postmodern times: "With accelerating throughput of information [...] meaningless is not a matter whether can assign meaning incoming information, but of one develop adequate new scanning gather goal-relevant as as efficient selection procedures to being overburdened by the information does not need, but regular basis." "Information overload" or the so-called "data are well-known information problems confronting contemporary man, Geyer thus argues that meaninglessness is turned on its head. Normlessness Normlessness what Durkheim as anomie) "denotes the situation in which the norms regulating individual conduct broken down or are no longer effective as rules behaviour". aspect refers
 his goals.

More recently, Geyer Remarks thaT "a new TypE of PoWerlEssnEss has emerged, wHEre tHe core problem is no longeR beinG uNFree BUt RatheR being uNAbLE To sElEcT frOm AMoNg an oVerChoice oF alternatiVes FoR action, whose COnSequences oNe oFten cannot evEn fAthom". GEyEr aDApts cYbeRnetiCs to alIEnatioN theory, anD wRItes (1996: xxIV) that poWERlEssnEss is the result of dELaYEd feedback: "The mOre comPlEX oNE'S enVirOnment, the lAtEr one IS confroNTeD WITh tHE latent, and oftEn unintendeD, ConSequenCeS of ONe's actIons.  COnSEquEntly, in view Of thIs causaliTy-obscURing timE Lag, both The'rewArdS' anD 'punIShMeNts' FoR One'S AcTioNS inCreasingLy TeNd to bE vieWED AS ranDom, OfteN with Apathy and alieNatIon aS A reSult".

MEaninGlesSnEss
A sEnse of MeaniNg Has been defined bY SeeMan as "the iNdiViDuaL's Sense OF underStaNdiNg eventS in whicH He iS eNGAGeD".  Seeman (1959: 786) writes that mEaNINgLessness "Is charACtErIZed by a loW eXpeCtanCY That sAtisFAcTory predIctionS AbOuT the futUrE outcoMeS of BehAviouR Can bE made." WHereas poWerleSSness refers to tHE sensed abilitY To CONtROl ouTcoMes, this refeRs to THe seNsed ABiLitY To preDict oUtCOmES.  In this respect, meaniNgLessneSs is cLosely tied to pOwerlessneSS; sEeman (IbiD.) argUEs, "THe view that one lIves iN an intelliGIble worlD mighT be a prerEquisite tO EXpectancIes For ConTroL; ANd The unintelligIBIlitY oF compleX afFairs is PreSumAblY coNdUcive to thE developMeNt Of HiGh eXpectANcies for ExTerNaL coNtrol (THat is, hIgh poWerlEsSnESs)".

GEyer (1996: xxiII) bELIeveS mEaNingLesSnEss shOuld BE reInterprEted for poStmODern TiMeS: "With thE accelerating ThRoughput of InForMation [...] MEAninglesS is not a matter anymore of wHEther onE caN assiGn meAning to inComIng infOrmATion, buT of wheTher oNe Can DEVelop ADEqUatE nEw scanning MEChaNisms To GathEr the goAl-relevant informatIOn oNe needs, as well As mOre eFFIcIenT SeLEctIoN ProCEDures to prevent bEing overbuRdENeD by the infoRMatIoN one doeS not neeD, but iS BombardEd with on a Regular baSiS."  "InfORMatIon overloaD" or the so-Called "datA TsunaMI" aRe welL-knOwn infOrMatIon prOblems COnfRontiNg contEmPorary Man, anD GEyer thus Argues that meaninglessneSs is tuRned oN itS head.

NormLesSNesS
NormlessNess (Or what DurkHeiM reFerreD to AS anomIe) "deNOtEs tHE situAtioN In which thE SoCiaL NOrMs regulatinG INDivIdual ConDUct havE broKen down or are no lonGEr effective as rUles FOR beHavIOur". THiS aspect refers tO
 his goals.

More recently , Geyer re marks  th at"a  new  typ e of powerless n esshas emerged, where the  core  p r oble m  i s nolongerb ei n g  un fr ee  bu tr at her b ein g unabl e to selec t f ro m among an o v er choice ofalt ernatives fo r a ction,  w hos e  cons equ ences  one o f ten ca nnot even  f a thom". Geyer a d a pt s cy bernetics to alie n at i on theory, and  write s( 19 9 6 : x xiv ) that pow er lessn e ss is t h er e s ult of delayed fe edback: "Th e  mo re com pl exo ne's e nviro nm e nt,  the lateroneis confro nted w i th thel atent,and of ten  un inte n de d,  co ns e que n ce s o f  on e's acti on s.   Con sequ e n t l y, i n v iewof th is causality- obs curi n g t ime l ag, b othth e'rew ards'and ' pu nishments' forone' s actions  in cr eas in gly t e nd tobevie wed asrandom, oft en w i th  apathy and aliena ti o n  a s a resu lt".
M ea ni n glessnes sA s ense o f mea ning ha s been d efined by  S eeman a s"the i nd ivi dua l's s e nseof und erstandi ng ev e nts in which h e  is engaged".  S e e ma n  (19 59:  786) write s th a t me anin g le ssn e ss "i s cha ra c te r ized by a low expec ta ncy th at sa tisfactory pr edictionsa b o ut the f utur e  o u tcomes of beha viour  can be ma d e." Wher eas p owerless ness refe r s  to thesen sed  ab ili t y  t o control out c o mes,  t his ref ers  to the  se nse d a bil it y to pred ict outc om es . I n t his r e spect, m ea nin gl ess nessi s clos ely t iedto  p o wer lessnes s ;S e eman  ( Ib id.)  ar gu es, " thev iew  that o ne livesina n in te ll igibleworld might b ea prerequi si teto exp e c tanciesfor control; and the un i ntellig ibi lityof c omplex af fai rs ispre s umably  condu civeto  th e devel o p me ntof  high expe c t anc ies f or  ext ernal c ontrol (that is, h i ghpowerlessness )". 

Ge y e r(19 9 6: xxi ii )  be l i eves meaningles sness shou ld be  reinterpr e ted  f or post moderntimes :  "Withthe accel erating t hr ough p u t o f informat ion [... ] meaning l ess i s  n ot amat ter an ym ore  of w hether one  canassign  m eaning  to i nc oming in formation, but of wheth er one  candev elop adeq uat e  ne w scannin g me chanisms t o g ath er th e g o al-re leva n tinf o rmati on o n e needs,a swel l as  more effic i e n t s elect ion proced ures  to prevent being overburdened b y th e inf orm a tion  o ne does not ne ed,  b u t  is bomb ar ded with on  a regul ar basis ."  "I nforma tion ov e r lo a d" ortheso- called "d ata  t s unami"ar ew ell-kn ownin format ion pr o blem s confronting cont empor a r y man ,  an d Gey er  thus a r gues  that mean inglessness  is tu rned  on i ts head .
Norml ess ne ss
Normles s ness (orwhatDurkhei mrefe rre d to a s an o m ie) " deno te s t he situat i o ni nwh i chthesocia lnorm s regulat i ng indiv idu a l condu ct  ha v e  broke n  d o w n or are n o l onger e ffective a s  rul e sf or be haviou r". Th is aspe c t r ef ers to
 his_goals.

More recently,_Geyer remarks that "a_new type_of_powerlessness has_emerged,_where the core_problem is no_longer being unfree but_rather being unable_to_select from among an overchoice of alternatives for action, whose consequences one often cannot_even_fathom". Geyer_adapts_cybernetics_to alienation theory, and writes_(1996: xxiv) that powerlessness is_the result_of delayed feedback: "The more complex one's environment,_the_later one is_confronted with the latent, and often unintended, consequences of_one's actions.  Consequently, in view_of this causality-obscuring_time_lag,_both the'rewards' and 'punishments'_for one's actions increasingly tend to_be viewed as random, often with_apathy and alienation as a result".

Meaninglessness
A sense_of meaning has been defined by_Seeman as "the individual's sense_of understanding_events in which he is_engaged".  Seeman_(1959: 786)_writes that meaninglessness_"is characterized by a low expectancy_that satisfactory predictions_about the future outcomes of behaviour_can_be made." Whereas_powerlessness_refers_to the_sensed ability to_control_outcomes, this_refers_to the sensed ability to predict_outcomes._ In this respect, meaninglessness is closely_tied to powerlessness; Seeman_(Ibid.)_argues, "the view that_one lives in an intelligible_world might be a prerequisite to_expectancies for_control; and_the unintelligibility of complex affairs is presumably conducive to the development_of high expectancies for external control_(that is, high powerlessness)".

Geyer_(1996: xxiii)_believes_meaninglessness should be_reinterpreted_for postmodern_times: "With the accelerating throughput of information_[...] meaningless_is not a matter anymore of_whether one can assign_meaning_to incoming information, but of whether_one can develop adequate new scanning_mechanisms to gather the goal-relevant_information_one_needs, as well as more_efficient selection procedures to prevent being_overburdened by the_information one does not need, but is_bombarded_with on a regular basis." _"Information_overload" or the so-called "data tsunami"_are_well-known_information problems confronting contemporary man,_and Geyer thus argues that meaninglessness_is turned on its head.

Normlessness
Normlessness (or what Durkheim referred_to as anomie)_"denotes the situation in which_the_social_norms regulating individual conduct have broken down or are no_longer effective_as rules for_behaviour". This aspect refers to