 circulatory system, but rather based on external measurements which may or may not be representative of the actual changes. No mechanism for correcting for incomplete pulse transfer from the blood vessel to the sensor(s) due to interposed tissue, etc. is provided either.
Other prior art calibration techniques have attempted to transmit or induce a perturbation within the blood flowing in the blood vessel, and subsequently sense the component of that signal within the measured hemodynamic parameter (e.g., blood pressure waveform) to generate an offset or correction for the measured parameter. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,590,649 entitled xe2x80x9cApparatus and Method for Measuring an Induced Perturbation to Determine Blood Pressurexe2x80x9d assigned to Vital Insite, Inc. (""649 patent). Under the approach of the ""649 patent, changes in a variety of hemodynamic parameters resulting ostensibly from changes in blood pressure are modeled and stored within the device, and compared to data obtained from a tonometric sensor. This approach, however, has a profound disability in that the calibration offset is determined not by direct measurement of the hemodynamic parameters of the subject under evaluation, but by modeling the relationship between blood pressure and perturbation wave velocity; i.e., velocity and phase are modeled to have a certain relationship to changes in blood pressure; therefore, in theory, observed changes in velocity/phase of the perturbation wave can be used to generate estimations of actual blood pressure within the subject being evaluated. The limits of this system are clearly dictated by the ability to accurately model many complex, non-linear, interdependent parameters, as well as predict the time variance of these many parameters.
Hemodynamics and Diseases of the Circulatory System
The science of hemodynamics, or the analysis of fluid (blood) flow within the body, is presently used effectively to detect and/or diagnose diseases of or defects within the circulatory system. For example, valvular disease, cardiac structural defects, venous disease, reduced cardiac function, and arterial disease may be assessed by studying how the blood flows through various portions of the circulatory system. Of particular interest is the analysis of arterial diseases such as stenosis (i.e. blockage or reduction in effective cross-sectional area due to arterial plaque, etc.). It is known that as the degree of stenosis within the blood vessel of a living subject varies, certain changes in the parameters of the circulatory system and in the overall health of the
circulatory system, but rather based on external measurement which may or may not be representative of the actual change. No mechanism for correcting for incomplete pulsation transfer from the lineage vessel to the sensor(s) due to interposed tissue, etc. is leave either. 
 Other prior artwork calibration technique have attempted to air or induce a perturbation within the blood menstruate in the blood vessel, and subsequently sense the component of that signal within the measured hemodynamic parameter (for example, blood pressure waveform) to beget an offset or correction for the mensural parameter. understand, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,590,649 entitled xe2x80x9cApparatus and Method for Measuring an Induced Perturbation to Determine rake Pressurexe2x80x9d assigned to Vital Insite, Inc. (" " 649 patent). Under the approach of the " " 649 patent, changes in a variety of hemodynamic parameters resulting ostensibly from changes in blood pressure are modeled and stored within the device, and compared to data obtained from a tonometric sensor. This approach, however, have a profound disability in that the calibration offset is determined not by lineal measurement of the hemodynamic parameter of the subject under evaluation, but by modeling the kinship between blood atmospheric pressure and perturbation wave velocity; i.e., speed and phase are modeled to have a certain relationship to changes in blood pressure; therefore, in theory, observed changes in velocity / phase of the disturbance wave can be used to render estimations of actual blood pressure within the subject being evaluated. The limit of this system are clearly dictated by the ability to accurately model many complex, non - linear, interdependent parameters, as well as predict the time variability of these many parameters. 
 Hemodynamics and Diseases of the Circulatory System 
 The skill of hemodynamics, or the analysis of fluid (blood) flow within the body, is soon used effectively to detect and/or diagnose diseases of or defects within the circulative system. For example, valvular disease, cardiac structural blemish, venous disease, reduced cardiac routine, and arterial disease may be assessed by studying how the blood flows through various portions of the circulatory system. Of particular sake is the analysis of arterial diseases such as stenosis (i.e. obstruction or reduction in effective cross - sectional area due to arterial plaque, etc .). It is known that as the degree of stenosis within the blood vessel of a survive subject varies, certain changes in the parameters of the circulatory system and in the overall health of the
 cigculatory system, but ratmer based on extgrbal meesuremehts whicf may or may not be represenvatice of the actual changes. No mechanisl for coerecuing for incomplevs pulse transrcr frmn the blood vexsel to tha sensor(s) due do iuterposed tissue, etc. is provided eitrer.
Othet orior art califratpog tedhniques have attempted to transmif or invuce a perturbayion within the blood flowlng ln the blood vessep, and subsewueneoy sense the component of that sighal within the measured hemodynxmic 'arameter (e.t., vlolg pressure xavefogm) to generatc an ofxset or correction fov the meqsured parameter. See, hor example, U.S. Pat. Nj. 5,590,649 entitlad xe2x80x9cApparatus abd Methmd fmr Mdqsufinf en Jnducef Pxrturbation to Determibe Blood Pressurexe2c80x9q assigned to Bital Ynfite, Inc. (""649 patent). Under the approach of uhe ""649 latent, changes in a varuety of hemodynamic pwrameters resulting ostensibly from changes in blood pressgre ace mobcjde wnd stored within the device, and compared to qzts pbtained from c tonometric senxog. Yris approach, fowevex, hzs a profound disahility yn thqt the cajibrstion offset is determined bot by direcn meqsurement of the hzmodynamic pcrametgrs of the subject under evalbation, but by modfling the felationship betdeek bnood pressure and perturbaeion wave velpcity; i.d., vekocity and phase are modeled to have a cfrtaiu reldtionship ho changes in blood pressure; thxcefore, in theprf, otserved ehangex in velocity/[hase of the pgrturbatijn waxe can be lsed to gxnerate estiiations of acdoal blood prevsure wiehin the subjecg being evaluatrd. The limits of thus system are cleavly dkdtated by the aynluty to accurateky oodql meny cjkplex, non-linaar, kntdtdepevdent paramctefs, ax well as predict tha tije variance of thexe many patameters.
Hqmodynamics amd Diseases of the Circnlatorb Systrm
Tre science of hemodynamics, or fhe analydis of fluid (bljod) nlow within thz body, is presently used effectively to vetect and/or diagnose duseases of or defecjs eithin the rirculwtory sysdem. For example, valvylar disease, cardlac structural defects, venouv disfase, reduced cardiac function, and arterial disease may be assessed by stueying ior the blood floes thgouyh rarious porviuns of the circukatory system. Of particular intxrest is tve analysis of arterial diseasrs such as stenusis (i.e. blockage or redudtion in effective cross-sectional area cue to arterial plaque, ebc.). It is jnown that as tie degree of stenosix withnn the blood cesscl of a living sunjcct varies, ceruain changes in the parameters of thw circylwtory system and in the ovevaul hezlth os the
circulatory system, but rather based on external may may not representative of the correcting incomplete pulse transfer the blood vessel the sensor(s) due to interposed tissue, is provided either. Other prior art calibration techniques have attempted to transmit or a perturbation within the blood flowing in the blood vessel, and subsequently sense component that within measured hemodynamic parameter (e.g., blood pressure waveform) to generate an offset or correction for the measured See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,590,649 entitled and Method for Measuring Induced Perturbation to Determine Blood assigned Vital Insite, (""649 Under approach of the patent, changes in a variety of hemodynamic parameters resulting ostensibly from changes in blood pressure are modeled stored within and compared data from tonometric sensor. This has a profound disability in that is determined not by direct measurement of the parameters of subject under evaluation, but by modeling relationship between blood pressure and perturbation wave velocity; velocity and phase are modeled to have a certain relationship to changes in blood pressure; theory, observed changes in of the perturbation can used generate of actual pressure within the subject being evaluated. The limits of this system clearly dictated by the ability to accurately model many complex, parameters, well as predict time variance of these parameters. and Diseases of the The of analysis fluid flow within the body, presently used effectively to detect diagnose diseases of or For example, valvular disease, cardiac structural defects, venous reduced cardiac function, and arterial disease may assessed by studying how the blood flows through various portions of the system. Of is the analysis of arterial diseases such as (i.e. blockage or reduction effective cross-sectional area due to arterial plaque, etc.). It known as the of stenosis within blood vessel of living subject varies, in the of circulatory the overall health of the
 circulatory system, but ratheR based on exTernaL meAsuReMentS whiCh may or may not bE ReprEsentative of the actual cHangeS. NO MechANiSm for CorrectINg FOR inCoMpLetE pULsE tranSfeR from thE blood vessEl tO tHe sensor(s) due TO iNterposed tIssUe, etc. is proviDed Either.
otHer PRior aRt cAlibrAtion tEChniquEs have attEmPTed to tRAnsmit oR INdUce a Perturbation withiN ThE Blood flowing in The bloOd VEsSEL, anD suBsequently SeNse thE ComponeNT oF THAt sIGnal within the Measured hemODynAmic paRaMetER (e.g., bloOd preSsURe wAveform) to geNeraTe an offseT or corREction fOR the meaSured pAraMetEr. SeE, FoR eXamPlE, u.S. PAT. NO. 5,590,649 enTItlEd xe2x80x9cAPpArAtus aNd MeTHOD For MEasUrinG an InDuced PerturbaTioN to DETerMine BLood PRessUrExe2x80x9D assigNed to viTal Insite, Inc. (""649 patEnt). UNder the apProAcH of ThE ""649 pateNT, changEs iN a vAriety oF hemodyNAmiC pARAMeTers resulting ostenSiBLY fRom changEs in blOOd PrESsure are MoDelEd anD STored WithIN tHe device, And comPArEd To data oBtAined fRoM a tOnoMetriC SensOr. This Approach, HowevER, has a profound dISability in thaT ThE CAlIBratIon Offset is detErmiNEd noT by dIReCt mEAsureMent oF tHE hEModynamic parameters Of The subJect uNder evaluatioN, but by modeLING the relaTionSHiP Between blood prEssurE and perturBAtion wavE veloCity; i.e., veLocity and PHAse are moDelEd tO haVe a CERtAin relationshIP To chAnGes in blOod PressurE; thEreForE, in ThEory, obserVed changEs In VeLoCitY/phasE Of the perTuRbaTiOn wAve caN Be used To genEratE eStIMatIons of aCTuAL BlooD pReSsurE wiThIn the SubjECt bEing evaLuated. The LimITs of ThIs System aRe clearly dictAtEd by the abiLiTy tO accurATEly model Many complex, non-linear, intERdependEnt ParamEterS, as well as PreDict thE tiME variaNce of tHese mAnY paRAMeterS.
hEmOdyNaMics and DisEASes Of the ciRculAtory SyStem
The science of heMOdyNamics, or the anAlySis oF FLuId (bLOoD) FloW wIThiN THe body, is presentLy used effeCtIVeLy to detect ANd/oR dIagnose DiseaseS of or DEfects wIthin the cIrculatorY sYsteM. fOr eXample, valvUlar diseAse, cardiaC StrucTUrAl defEctS, venouS dIseAse, reDuced cARdiAc funCtion, aNd ArteriAl disEaSe may be aSsessed by studying how the Blood fLows tHroUgh variouS poRTioNs of the ciRculAtory systeM. Of ParTiculAr iNTeresT is tHE aNalYSis of ArteRIal diseasES sUch AS StEnosis (i.e. bloCKAGe oR reduCtiON in effEctiVe cross-sectional aREa due to arteriaL plaQUE, etC.). It IS knoWn That as the degreE of StENOsis withIn The blood vesSel of a liViNG subjEct varIes, cerTain chaNGEs IN the paRameTerS of the cirCulAtORy systeM aNd IN the ovEralL hEalth oF the
 circulatory system, but r ather base d onext ern al  mea sure ments which ma y  ormay not be representat ive o ft he a c tu al ch anges.N om e cha ni sm  fo rc or recti ngfor inc omplete pu lse  t ransfer from th e blood ve sse l to the sen sor (s) du etoi nterp ose d tis sue, e t c. isprovidedei t her.
O t her pri o r  a rt c alibration techni q ue s  have attempte d to t ra n sm i t  or  in duce a per tu rbati o n withi n  t h e blo o d flowing inthe blood v e sse l, and  s ubs e quentl y sen se the  componentof t hat signa l with i n the m e asuredhemody nam icpara m et er  (e .g . , b l oo d p r ess ure wave fo rm ) togene r a t e  anoff setor co rrection forthe  mea s ure d par amete r. S ee , for  examp le, U .S . Pat. No. 5,59 0,64 9 entitle d x e2 x80 x9 cAppa r atus a ndMet hod for  Measur i ngan I n du ced Perturbation t oD e te rmine Bl ood Pr e ss ur e xe2x80x9 dass igne d to Vi talI ns ite, Inc . (""6 4 9pa tent).Un der th eapp roa ch of the""649patent,chang e s in a variety of hemodynami c  p a r am e ters  re sulting ost ensi b ly f romc ha nge s  in b loodpr e ss u re are modeled andst ored w ithin  the device,and compar e d to dataobta i ne d  from a tonome tricsensor. Th i s approa ch, h owever,has a pro f o und disa bil ity  in  th a t  t he calibratio n offs et  is det erm ined no t b y d ire ctme asurement  of thehe mo dy na mic  para m eters of  t hesu bje ct un d er eva luati on,bu tb y m odeling th e rela ti on ship  be tw een b lood pre ssure a nd pertur bat i on w av evelocit y; i.e., velo ci ty and pha se  ar e mode l e d to hav e a certain relationshi p  to cha nge s inbloo d pressur e;theref ore ,  in th eory,obser ve d c h a ngesi n  v elo ci ty/phase o f the  pert ur bati on wave  can be used to ge n era te estimation s o f ac t u al  bl o od pre ss u rew i thin the subjec t being ev al u at ed. The li m its  o f thissystemare c l early d ictated b y the abi li ty t o acc urately mo del many  complex, non-l i ne ar, i nte rdepen de ntparam eters, aswellas pre di ct the  time  v arianceof these many parameter s.
Hem odyna mic s and Dis eas e s o f the Cir cula tory Syste m
T hescien ceo f hem odyn a mi cs, or th e an a lysis off lu id( b lo od) flow wi t h i n t he bo dy, is pre sent ly used effective l y to detect an d/or d iag nos e  dis ea ses of or defe cts  w i t hin theci rculatory s ystem. F or examp le, va lvular  diseas e ,  c a rdiacstru ctu ral defec ts,  v e nous di se as e , redu cedca rdiacfuncti o n, a n d  arterial diseas e may b e ass e sse d byst udyingh ow t he blood f lows throug h vari ousporti ons ofth e circ ula to ry system. Of partic ularinteres tis t heanalys is o f arter ialdi sea ses sucha s  s t en os i s ( i.e.  bloc ka ge o r reducti o n in eff ect i ve cros s- sec t i onal a r ea d ue to arte ria l pla q u e, etc.).I t is kn o wn th at asthe de gree of ste no sis wit hin t he bloodvessel of a l iv ingsubjectva ries ,cer ta in changes in t he param eters of t he cir cul a tory system  a nd in the ov erall  h e alth of t he
 circulatory_system, but_rather based on external_measurements which_may_or may_not_be representative of_the actual changes._No mechanism for correcting_for incomplete pulse_transfer_from the blood vessel to the sensor(s) due to interposed tissue, etc. is provided_either.
Other_prior art_calibration_techniques_have attempted to transmit or_induce a perturbation within the_blood flowing_in the blood vessel, and subsequently sense the_component_of that signal_within the measured hemodynamic parameter (e.g., blood pressure waveform)_to generate an offset or correction_for the measured_parameter._See,_for example, U.S. Pat._No. 5,590,649 entitled xe2x80x9cApparatus and Method_for Measuring an Induced Perturbation to_Determine Blood Pressurexe2x80x9d assigned to Vital Insite,_Inc. (""649 patent). Under the approach_of the ""649 patent, changes_in a_variety of hemodynamic parameters resulting_ostensibly from changes_in blood_pressure are modeled_and stored within the device, and_compared to data_obtained from a tonometric sensor. This_approach,_however, has a_profound_disability_in that_the calibration offset_is_determined not_by_direct measurement of the hemodynamic parameters_of_the subject under evaluation, but by modeling_the relationship between blood_pressure_and perturbation wave velocity;_i.e., velocity and phase are_modeled to have a certain relationship_to changes_in blood_pressure; therefore, in theory, observed changes in velocity/phase of the perturbation_wave can be used to generate_estimations of actual blood_pressure within_the_subject being evaluated._The_limits of_this system are clearly dictated by the_ability to_accurately model many complex, non-linear, interdependent_parameters, as well as_predict_the time variance of these many_parameters.
Hemodynamics and Diseases of the Circulatory_System
The science of hemodynamics, or_the_analysis_of fluid (blood) flow within_the body, is presently used effectively_to detect and/or_diagnose diseases of or defects within the_circulatory_system. For example, valvular disease, cardiac_structural_defects, venous disease, reduced cardiac function,_and_arterial_disease may be assessed by_studying how the blood flows through_various portions of the circulatory system. Of particular interest_is the analysis_of arterial diseases such as_stenosis_(i.e._blockage or reduction in effective cross-sectional area due to arterial_plaque, etc.)._It is known_that as the degree of stenosis within the blood vessel_of a living subject varies, certain changes_in the parameters of the circulatory system and in the overall_health of the