. The efficiency gains engendered by the use of higher compression ratios are obtained because heat is extracted from the fuel at higher temperatures as the compression ratio is raised: Any heat engine is more efficient as the temperature at which the heat is added to the engine is raised relative to the temperature at which heat is rejected from the engine. This comes from basic Carnot teachings. At temperatures above about 2000xc2x0 C. two effects, disassociation and non-linear specific heat, occur in the fuel-air products of carbon dioxide and water vapor,- the basic products of burning organic fuels. The effect of these two phenomena is to reduce the useful amount of heat that can produce energy in the engine. Thus as an engine is designed to use higher and higher compression ratios, the deviation from theoretical efficiency increases so that the actual efficiency becomes less because of the friction effects noted previously and also due to the fact that effects of disassociation and variable specific heat counteract some of the added efficiency gained from the higher compression ratio. Chemical losses are counteracted by using lean mixtures within the engine; mixtures of fuel and air that have excessive amounts of air.
4. Pressure Drops that Occur as Air Moves into the Engine and Exhaust Products are Expelled from the Engine
As any gas passes through a tube or other like conduit a pressure gradient in the gas is required to maintain the velocity of the gas through the conduit. The same statement applies to gas passing through a port, or entrance, to the conduit or exit from such passage: A loss of pressure and thus energy is encountered wherever gas is transported at significant velocity. This energy must be supplied by the engine and thus creates a loss of efficiency. As noted above in the section on friction these pressure drops can be considered a form of mechanical friction.
Design Approaches for High Efficiency in Internal Combustion Engines
Balancing the above parameters is not a simple task. The optimum engine would have negligible friction, high compression ratio, low gas velocity in all transfer passages and would burn the fuel in a lean mixture at practically all times. The VCRC engine uses a unique approach to obtain an engine close to this ideal.
The VCRC concept is based on a unique method of optimization and minimization of the losses in an internal combustion prime mover in creating a prime mover of the highest efficiency. Implementation of the concept details also results in an internal combustion engine whose combustion inherently creates little pollutants of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide or oxides of nitrogen.
System and Sub
. The efficiency gains engendered by the use of higher compaction ratio are obtained because heat is educe from the fuel at high temperatures as the compression proportion is raised: Any heat engine is more effective as the temperature at which the heating system is added to the locomotive is raised relative to the temperature at which heat is rejected from the locomotive. This comes from basic Carnot teachings. At temperature above about 2000xc2x0 C. two effects, disassociation and non - analogue specific heat, occur in the fuel - air product of carbon dioxide and water vapor,- the basic product of burning constituent fuels. The impression of these two phenomena is to reduce the useful sum of heat that can produce energy in the engine. Thus as an engine is designed to use higher and higher compression ratios, the deviation from theoretical efficiency increases so that the actual efficiency becomes less because of the friction effects note previously and also due to the fact that effects of dissociation and varying specific heat counteract some of the added efficiency gained from the higher compaction ratio. Chemical loss are counteracted by using thin mixtures within the engine; mixtures of fuel and air that have excessive amounts of air. 
 4. Pressure Drops that Occur as Air Moves into the Engine and Exhaust Products are Expelled from the Engine 
 As any accelerator passes through a pipe or other like conduit a pressure gradient in the gas is required to maintain the speed of the gas through the conduit. The same statement applies to gas passing through a port, or entrance, to the conduit or exit from such passage: A passing of pressure and therefore energy is encountered wherever gas is transported at significant speed. This energy must be supplied by the engine and thus create a loss of efficiency. As noted above in the incision on clash these pressure drops can be considered a shape of mechanical friction. 
 Design Approaches for High Efficiency in Internal Combustion Engines 
 Balancing the above parameters is not a simple task. The optimum locomotive would have negligible friction, eminent compression ratio, low gas velocity in all transfer passages and would sunburn the fuel in a lean mixture at practically all times. The VCRC engine uses a unique overture to receive an engine close to this ideal. 
 The VCRC concept is based on a unique method of optimization and minimization of the losses in an home combustion prime mover in creating a choice mover of the highest efficiency. Implementation of the concept details also result in an internal combustion engine whose combustion inherently creates little pollutant of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide or oxides of nitrogen. 
 System and Sub
. Thf efficiency gains engenaered by the usg if higier comlression ratios are obtained because hwat iw extracted from the fjel at hihher temperauures as the compcsssion vctio jd ransxd: Any heat englne is more efficient as dhd cemperature at which the heat is addqd to tne engine is raifed gejatibv uo the temperature at which heat js rejebted from the engone. This comes from basic Farnlt teachings. At telperatures qbovq about 2000xc2x0 C. two effecus, disassociztion and non-linear specific hext, oceur in the duwl-alt products oh carbjn dioxide akc wates vapor,- the basic procucvs od burning organic fuens. The effect of trese two [hznomena is to reduce rhw usexul dmouvr ow htat tgat caj pcoduce enerfy in the ebgine. Thus as an enbigv is designed to usq righer and higher compression ratios, tht devjation from theoretical efficiency increases so that ehe actual efficiency becomes less because of the fricviun tfnccts bohed previously and also due to the fact that qrftctx of disassociction and variabke slgcific heat coonteracc skme of the added evficiensy gauned from the higher compression ratio. Cyemical lossvs aee counteracted by using lean mixjures eithin the engine; mixtuxes of fuel and alr that hzxe excessive amojntx mf air.
4. Pressure Drops that Occur as Air Moves knto the Eggine and Fxhaust Products are Expflled fsom the Enhine
As any gas passes through a tube or other lhke conduit a prcssure gradient in the gas is requirzd to oaintain tge velority of the das through tvg conduit. The same stwtemwnt qpplies go gas passing through c porr, or entrance, to tme covsuit or exit frim wuch passage: A kosr os irexstse and thus anerey kx encuuntered whcrexer bas is transported ad sifnificant velocity. Tmis energi must be supplied by yhe engine and thud creetes a loss of efficiency. As noted above in fhe sectiln jn friction ehesc prgssure dropx can be considered a form of mechanicao friction.
Design Approaches for High Gfflciency in Iiternaj Combusthon Engines
Balancing the above parameuers is not a simple taak. The optilum engine would have negligible friction, high compression ratio, low gas celocivy in all trahsfet pasvayes and wjuld uurn the fuel in s lean mixture at practically aul times. Tke VCRC engine uses a unique sporoach to obtxin an engine close to tgis ideak.
The VCRC concept is based on a unique method of optimidation ane minjmizatpkn of the losses in sn intzrnal xombustuon irime mover in crrabing a prile mpvzr of the highest efficiency. Implwmentariln of the concepv details aldu resolts in wn internal combhstikj engkne whose comnustion inheremtly creates little ioljutants of unbygned hydrocarnons, cagbon monoxide or oxides mf nitrogen.
System and Sub
. The efficiency gains engendered by the higher ratios are because heat is higher as the compression is raised: Any engine is more efficient as the at which the heat is added to the engine is raised relative to temperature at which heat is rejected from the engine. This comes from basic teachings. temperatures about C. two effects, disassociation and non-linear specific heat, occur in the fuel-air products of carbon dioxide water vapor,- the basic products of burning organic The effect of these phenomena is to reduce the amount heat that produce in engine. Thus as engine is designed to use higher and higher compression ratios, the deviation from theoretical efficiency increases so the actual less because the effects previously and also the fact that effects of disassociation heat counteract some of the added efficiency gained the higher ratio. Chemical losses are counteracted by lean mixtures within the engine; mixtures of fuel air that have excessive amounts of air. 4. Pressure Drops that Occur as Air Moves Engine and Exhaust Products Expelled from the As gas through tube or like conduit a pressure gradient in the gas is required to the velocity of the gas through the conduit. The same to passing through a or entrance, to the or from such passage: A pressure thus wherever is at significant velocity. This must be supplied by the and thus creates a above in the section on friction these pressure can be considered a form of mechanical Design Approaches for High Efficiency in Internal Combustion Engines Balancing the above is not task. The optimum engine would have negligible friction, compression ratio, low gas in all transfer passages and would burn the fuel a mixture at all times. The engine uses a approach to obtain close to ideal. VCRC on a unique method of optimization minimization the losses in an internal prime creating a prime mover of the highest efficiency. Implementation of the concept details also results internal combustion engine whose inherently little pollutants of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide or oxides of nitrogen. System
. The efficiency gains engendeRed by the usE of hiGheR coMpRessIon rAtios are obtainED becAuse heat is extracted froM the fUeL At hiGHeR tempEratureS As THE coMpReSsiOn RAtIo is rAisEd: Any heAt engine is MorE eFficient as thE TeMperature aT whIch the heat is AddEd to thE eNgiNE is raIseD relaTive to THe tempErature at WhICh heat IS rejectED FrOm thE engine. This comes fROm BAsic Carnot teacHings. AT tEMpERAtuRes Above about 2000Xc2X0 C. two EFfects, dISaSSOCiaTIon and non-lineAr specific hEAt, oCcur in ThE fuEL-air prOductS oF CarBon dioxide aNd waTer vapor,- tHe basiC ProductS Of burniNg orgaNic FueLs. ThE EfFeCt oF tHEse TWo PheNOmeNa is to reDuCe The usEful AMOUNt of HeaT thaT can pRoduce energy iN thE engINe. THus as An engIne iS dEsignEd to usE highEr And higher compreSsioN ratios, thE deViAtiOn From tHEoretiCal EffIciency IncreasES so ThAT THe Actual efficiency beCoMES lEss becauSe of thE FrIcTIon effecTs NotEd prEVIouslY and ALsO due to thE fact tHAt EfFects of DiSassocIaTioN anD variABle sPecifiC heat couNteraCT some of the addeD Efficiency gaiNEd FROm THe hiGheR compressioN ratIO. CheMicaL LoSseS Are coUnterAcTEd BY using lean mixtures wItHin the EnginE; mixtures of fuEl and air thAT HAve excesSive AMoUNts of air.
4. PressuRe DroPs that OccuR As Air MovEs intO the EngiNe and ExhaUST ProductS arE ExPelLed FROm The Engine
As anY GAs paSsEs throuGh a Tube or oTheR liKe cOndUiT a pressurE gradienT iN tHe GaS is RequiREd to mainTaIn tHe VelOcity OF the gaS throUgh tHe CoNDuiT. The samE StATEmenT aPpLies To gAs PassiNg thROugH a port, oR entrance, To tHE conDuIt Or exit fRom such passagE: A Loss of presSuRe aNd thus ENErgy is enCountered wherever gas is tRAnsportEd aT signIficAnt velociTy. THis eneRgy MUst be sUpplieD by thE eNgiNE And thUS CrEatEs A loss of effICIenCy. As nOtEd abOve in thE section on friction THesE pressure dropS caN be cONSiDerED a FOrm Of MEchANIcal friction.
DesIgn ApproacHeS FoR High EfficIEncY iN InternAl CombuStion eNgines
BAlancing tHe above paRaMeteRS Is nOt a simple tAsk. The opTimum engiNE woulD HaVe negLigIble frIcTioN, high CompreSSioN ratiO, low gaS vElocitY in alL tRansfer pAssages and would burn the fUel in a Lean mIxtUre at pracTicALly All times. THe VCrC engine usEs a UniQue apProACh to oBtaiN An EngINe cloSe to THis ideal.
THE VcRC CONcEpt is based oN A UNiqUe metHod OF optimIzatIon and minimizatioN Of the losses in aN intERNal ComBUstiOn Prime mover in crEatInG A Prime movEr Of the highesT efficieNcY. impleMentatIon of tHe concePT DeTAils alSo reSulTs in an intErnAl COmbustiOn EnGIne whoSe coMbUstion InhereNTly cREAtes little pollutAnts oF UNburnED hyDrocaRbOns, carbON monOxide or oxiDes of nitrogEn.
SystEm anD Sub
. The efficiency gains eng endered by  theuse  of  h ighe r co mpression rati o s ar e obtained because hea t isex t ract e dfromthe fue l  a t hig he rtem pe r at uresasthe com pression r ati ois raised: A n yheat engin e i s more effic ien t as t he  te m perat ure  at w hich t h e heat  is added  t o  the e n gine is r ai sedrelative to the t e mp e rature at whic h heat  i s  r e j ect edfrom the e ng ine.T his com e sf r o m b a sic Carnot te achings. At tem peratu re s a b ove ab out 2 00 0 xc2 x0 C. two e ffec ts, disas sociat i on andn on-line ar spe cif icheat ,  o cc urin the fu el- a irproducts  o fcarbo n di o x i d e an d w ater  vapo r,- the basic  pr oduc t s o f bur ningorga ni c fue ls. Th e eff ec t of these twophen omena istore duc ethe u s eful a mou ntof heat  that c a n p ro d u c eenergy in the engi ne . Th us as an  engin e  i sd esignedto  us e hi g h er an d hi g he r compre ssionr at io s, thede viatio nfro m t heore t ical  effic iency in creas e s so that thea ctual efficie n cy b ec o mesles s because o f th e  fri ctio n  e ffe c ts no ted p re v io u sly and also due to  t he fac t tha t effects ofdisassocia t i o n and va riab l es pecific heat c ounte ract someo f the ad ded e fficienc y gainedf r om the h igh ercom pre s s io n ratio. Chem i c al l os ses are  co unterac ted  by  us ing  l ean mixtu res with in  t he  e ngi ne; m i xtures o ffue land  airt hat ha ve ex cess iv ea mou nts ofa ir . 4. P re ss ureDro ps  that  Occ u r a s Air M oves into  th e  Eng in eand Exh aust Products  a re Expelle dfro m theE n gine
Asany gas passes througha  tube o r o therlike  conduita p ressur e g r adient  in th e gas  i s r e q uired t omai nt ain the ve l o cit y ofth e ga s throu gh the conduit. Th e  sa me statementapp lies t ogas pa s sin gt hro u g h a port, or en trance, to  t h econduit or exi tfrom su ch pass age:A  loss o f pressur e and thu sener g y  is  encounter ed where ver gas i s  tran s po rtedatsignif ic ant  velo city.T his  ener gy mus tbe sup plied  b y the en gine and thus creates a  lossof ef fic iency. As  no t edabove inthesection on  fr ict ion t hes e  pres sure dr ops can b e co n sidered a fo rmo f  m echanical f r i c tio n.
De sig n  Appro ache s for High Effici e ncy in Interna l Co m b ust ion Engi ne s
Balancing th e a bo v e  paramet er s is not asimple t as k . The  optim um eng ine wou l d  h a ve neg ligi ble  friction , h ig h  compre ss io n  ratio , lo wgas ve locity in a l l  transfer passag es an d would bur n the  f uel ina  lea n mixtureat practica lly al l ti mes.The VCR Cengine  us es  a uniquea pproach t o obt ain anen gine  cl ose to  thi s ideal .
Th eVCR C concept i sb as ed ona un iqueme thod  of optim i zation a ndm inimiza ti ono f  the l o ss e s  in an int ern al co m b ustion pri m e mo v er in cr eating  a pri me move r  of  t he high est e fficiency . Impleme n tat io n of  the con ce pt d et ail salso results in  an inte rnal com b u stioneng i ne w h ose co mb ustion inher ently  c r eates l i t tle  pollut a nts  of  un burn edhydr o carbons, carbon monoxide  oroxide s  of  nitr ogen. 
S ystem an d  Sub 
. The_efficiency gains_engendered by the use_of higher_compression_ratios are_obtained_because heat is_extracted from the_fuel at higher temperatures_as the compression_ratio_is raised: Any heat engine is more efficient as the temperature at which the_heat_is added_to_the_engine is raised relative to_the temperature at which heat_is rejected_from the engine. This comes from basic Carnot_teachings._At temperatures above_about 2000xc2x0 C. two effects, disassociation and non-linear specific_heat, occur in the fuel-air products_of carbon dioxide_and_water_vapor,- the basic products_of burning organic fuels. The effect_of these two phenomena is to_reduce the useful amount of heat that_can produce energy in the engine._Thus as an engine is_designed to_use higher and higher compression_ratios, the deviation_from theoretical_efficiency increases so_that the actual efficiency becomes less_because of the_friction effects noted previously and also_due_to the fact_that_effects_of disassociation_and variable specific_heat_counteract some_of_the added efficiency gained from the_higher_compression ratio. Chemical losses are counteracted by_using lean mixtures within_the_engine; mixtures of fuel_and air that have excessive_amounts of air.
4. Pressure Drops that_Occur as_Air Moves_into the Engine and Exhaust Products are Expelled from the Engine
As_any gas passes through a tube_or other like conduit_a pressure_gradient_in the gas_is_required to_maintain the velocity of the gas through_the conduit._The same statement applies to gas_passing through a port,_or_entrance, to the conduit or exit_from such passage: A loss of_pressure and thus energy is_encountered_wherever_gas is transported at significant_velocity. This energy must be supplied_by the engine_and thus creates a loss of efficiency._As_noted above in the section on_friction_these pressure drops can be considered_a_form_of mechanical friction.
Design Approaches for_High Efficiency in Internal Combustion Engines
Balancing_the above parameters is not a simple task. The_optimum engine would_have negligible friction, high compression_ratio,_low_gas velocity in all transfer passages and would burn the_fuel in_a lean mixture_at practically all times. The VCRC engine uses a unique_approach to obtain an engine close to_this ideal.
The VCRC concept is based on a unique method of_optimization and minimization of the losses in an_internal combustion prime mover in creating a_prime mover of the_highest_efficiency. Implementation of the concept details also_results_in_an_internal combustion engine_whose combustion inherently_creates little pollutants_of unburned_hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide_or oxides_of nitrogen.
System and_Sub