 performance data at high frequencies is a tendency to consume a substantial amount of system resources, which skews computer resource consumption measurements, is expensive, and burdensome. In packet-switched networks, a router is a network device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any gateway where one network meets another and is often included as part of a network switch.
Typically, packets are transported through a router by hardware and software operating in a data plane which is in turn controlled by hardware and software operating in a control plane. In general, the control plane includes the hardware and software that handles non-wire speed functions and data that are required to operate a network device or network. These functions include connection, setup, and tear down, operations, administration, and management. In general, the data plane includes the hardware and software that handles the classification, modification, scheduling, and transmission of wire-speed application data. The control and data planes maybe combined into a single processing plane.
To improve availability, a router may be equipped with redundant or two control, data, or processing planes. A first control plane, for example, is designated as the active control plane and a second control plane is designated as the inactive control plane. In the event that a device in the active control plane fails, the inactive control plane takes over to reduce down time and hence maintain availability of the router. In such a case, activity is said to switch from the active control plane to the inactive control plane, that is, the two planes exchange roles. Routers and other network devices having redundant systems (i.e., control or data plane devices) are often referred to as “high availability” systems. Thus, a typical high availability router may have two main processing cards that run the same software and perform the same operation. If one card fails in the field, the other card takes over in order to keep the router up and running. Such a router is highly available as the card redundancy ensures that the router is almost always operable or available.
Thus, in a redundant or high availability system, two redundant control planes or cards typically run the same software as mentioned above. Even if both control plane cards are running, the system is still one system and therefore only one control
performance data at high frequencies is a inclination to devour a substantial amount of arrangement resource, which skews computer resource pulmonary tuberculosis measurements, is expensive, and burdensome. In packet - switched networks, a router is a net device or, in some case, software in a calculator, that determines the next net point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which manner to send each information packet free-base on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connect to. A router is located at any gateway where one network meets another and is often included as function of a network switch. 
 Typically, packets are transported through a router by hardware and software operating in a datum airplane which is in act controlled by hardware and software operating in a control plane. In general, the control airplane includes the hardware and software that manage non - wire speed routine and data that are required to operate a network device or net. These functions admit connection, setup, and tear down, operation, administration, and management. In general, the data plane includes the hardware and software that handles the classification, modification, scheduling, and transmission of wire - speed lotion data. The command and datum airplane maybe combined into a single processing plane. 
 To improve availability, a router may be equipped with excess or two control, data, or processing planes. A first command plane, for exemplar, is designated as the active control airplane and a second control plane is designated as the inactive control condition plane. In the consequence that a device in the active control plane fails, the passive command plane takes over to reduce down time and hence maintain availability of the router. In such a case, activity is state to switch from the active control airplane to the inactive control plane, that is, the two planes exchange roles. Routers and early network devices having redundant systems (i.e., control or data plane device) are frequently referred to as “ high availability ” systems. Thus, a typical eminent availability router may have two main processing circuit board that run the same software and perform the same operation. If one wag fails in the field, the other card takes over in order to keep open the router up and running. Such a router is highly available as the card redundancy ensures that the router is almost always operable or available. 
 therefore, in a pleonastic or high availability system, two redundant control planes or cards typically run the same software as mentioned above. Even if both command plane cards are running, the system is still one system and therefore merely one control
 pegformance data at high fvequencies is a jebdency to cohsume a rubstantial amount of system rwsourxes, which skews computdr resourbe consumptioi measurements, is expenslre, ans burbeisome. In packet-xwitched natworks, a routar id a network device or, in some cases, softwate in a computer, thau dqterjpnts the next network point to whicg a pacnet should be forwarded toward its destlnatlon. The router is fonnected ti at oeast two negworks and decides whidh way to send each information packzt based on irs forrent underwtandpng of the state of tve netwprks it is conkectev to. A router is located et any gateway where one netwmri meets another abd is oxten incuydea aa 'arf of a nevwork switcg.
Typically, packets are transpottqe through a rkuter fy hardware and software operating in a ddta plane which is in turn controlled by hardwate and sofeware operating in a control plane. In general, the contcou poake ivxlkdes the hardware and software that handles njh-worv speed functions and data tnah ste required to operacs z network device og netwotk. Thewe functijns onclude connection, setup, ane tear down, jperations, administxation, and mcnagemgnt. In general, the data plane incmudes the hwrdware aha software that fanclas the classification, modisication, wchebuling, avd ttansmisfion of wige-specg application data. The eontrml and datw planes maybe combined into a single processonc pnane.
To iiprovc availability, w router may bg equippeb with redundant or two control, daea, or processhjg planes. A hirst conerol plabe, for dbample, is desibnated as the activw control plane anv a rscond control poant us designated ss ghe ijartive wontrol plana. In thd eveng that a deyicd in the active control [lans fails, the inactife control plane twkes over to teduce down time ajd heice mamntain avwilability of the router. In sudh a case, acbivity is saiq to switch from the active control plane to the inactite control plane, that iw, the two planes exehsnge roles. Couterf and othar network devices hqving redundant snstems (i.e., control or dzta pldne dfvices) are often referred to as “high availability” systems. Thus, a typical yigh ataylability rkutet may hcve two mwin 'rucessing cards tnat run the same software and pxrform the scme operation. If one card faiks in the field, the other card takes ovsr in orcer to keep the router up and rinning. Such a router is mighly avqilabme as nge card redundancy emsures that the royter is almost aldayx lperable lr ataimable.
Thus, in a redundant or high availqbllity system, two redundant goktrol klanes ot cards typically run hhe sxme software ss mentioned anove. Even if both cottwol plane cardw are running, the syvtem is stilk one systek and therefore only one control
performance data at high frequencies is a consume substantial amount system resources, which is and burdensome. In networks, a router a network device or, in some software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least networks decides way send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it connected to. A router is located at any where one network meets and is often included as of network switch. packets transported a router by and software operating in a data plane which is in turn controlled by hardware and software operating a control general, the plane the and software that speed functions and data that are a network device or network. These functions include setup, and down, operations, administration, and management. In the data plane includes the hardware and software handles the classification, modification, scheduling, and transmission of wire-speed application data. The control and data combined into a single plane. To improve a may equipped redundant or control, data, or processing planes. A first control plane, for example, designated as the active control plane and a second control designated the inactive control In the event that device the active control plane inactive plane reduce time hence maintain availability of router. In such a case, is said to switch to the inactive control plane, that is, the planes exchange roles. Routers and other network having redundant systems (i.e., control or data plane devices) are often referred as “high Thus, a typical high availability router may have main processing cards that the same software and perform the same operation. If card in the the other card over in order keep the router running. Such router highly card redundancy ensures that the router almost operable or available. Thus, in redundant availability system, two redundant control planes or cards typically run the same software as mentioned if both control plane are the system is still one system and therefore only one control
 performance data at high freqUencies is a TendeNcy To cOnSume A subStantial amount OF sysTem resources, which skews CompuTeR ResoURcE consUmption MEaSURemEnTs, Is eXpENsIve, anD buRdensomE. In packet-sWitChEd networks, a rOUtEr is a netwoRk dEvice or, in somE caSes, sofTwAre IN a comPutEr, thaT deterMInes thE next netwOrK Point tO Which a pACKeT shoUld be forwarded towARd ITs destination. THe routEr IS cONNecTed To at least tWo NetwoRKs and deCIdES WHicH Way to send each Information PAckEt baseD oN itS CurrenT undeRsTAndIng of the staTe of The networKs it is COnnecteD To. A routEr is loCatEd aT any GAtEwAy wHeRE onE NeTwoRK meEts anothEr AnD is ofTen iNCLUDed aS paRt of A netwOrk switch.
TypiCalLy, paCKetS are tRanspOrteD tHrougH a routEr by hArDware and softwarE opeRating in a DatA pLanE wHich iS In turn ConTroLled by hArdware ANd sOfTWARe Operating in a controL pLANe. in generaL, the coNTrOl PLane inclUdEs tHe haRDWare aNd soFTwAre that hAndles NOn-WiRe speed FuNctionS aNd dAta That aRE reqUired tO operate A netwORk device or netwORk. These functiONs INClUDe coNneCtion, setup, aNd teAR dowN, opeRAtIonS, AdminIstraTiON, aND management. In generaL, tHe data Plane Includes the haRdware and sOFTWare that HandLEs THe classificatiOn, modIfication, sCHeduling, And trAnsmissiOn of wire-sPEEd applicAtiOn dAta. the CONtRol and data plaNES mayBe CombineD inTo a singLe pRocEssIng PlAne.
To imprOve availAbIlItY, a RouTer maY Be equippEd WitH rEduNdant OR two coNtrol, Data, Or PrOCesSing plaNEs. a FIrst CoNtRol pLanE, fOr exaMple, IS deSignateD as the actIve COntrOl PlAne and a Second control PlAne is desigNaTed As the iNACtive conTrol plane. In the event that A Device iN thE actiVe coNtrol planE faIls, the InaCTive coNtrol pLane tAkEs oVER to reDUCe DowN tIme and hencE MAinTain aVaIlabIlity of The router. In such a caSE, acTivity is said tO swItch FROm The ACtIVe cOnTRol PLAne to the inactivE control plAnE, ThAt is, the two PLanEs ExchangE roles. ROuterS And otheR network dEvices havInG redUNDanT systems (i.e., Control oR data planE DevicES) aRe oftEn rEferreD tO as “High aVailabILitY” systEms. ThuS, a TypicaL high AvAilabiliTy router may have two main pRocessIng caRds That run thE saME soFtware and PerfOrm the same OpeRatIon. If One CArd faIls iN ThE fiELd, the OtheR Card takes OVeR in ORDeR to keep the rOUTEr uP and rUnnINg. Such A rouTer is highly availaBLe as the card redUndaNCY enSurES thaT tHe router is almoSt aLwAYS operablE oR available.
THus, in a reDuNDant oR high aVailabIlity sySTEm, TWo reduNdanT coNtrol planEs oR cARds typiCaLlY Run the Same SoFtware As mentIOned ABOve. Even if both conTrol pLANe carDS arE runnInG, the sysTEm is Still one syStem and therEfore oNly oNe conTrol
 performance data at highfrequencie s isa t end en cy t o co nsume a substa n tial  amount of system reso urces ,w hich sk ews c omputer re s o urc eco nsu mp t io n mea sur ements,  is expens ive ,and burdenso m e.  In packet -sw itched netwo rks , a ro ut eri s a n etw ork d eviceo r, insome case s, softwa r e in ac o mp uter , that determines th e  next networkpointto wh i c h a  pa cket shoul dbe fo r wardedt ow a r d  it s  destination.  The router isconnec te d t o  at le ast t wo net works and d ecid es whichway to send ea c h infor mation  pa cke t ba s ed  o n i ts cur r en t u n der standing  o fthe s tate o f thenet work s itis connectedto.  A r o ute r islocat ed a tany g ateway  wher eone network mee ts a nother an d i soft en  incl u ded as  pa rtof a ne twork s w itc h. T y pi cally, packets are  t r a ns ported t hrough aro u ter by h ar dwa re a n d  soft ware op eratingin a d a ta  p lane wh ic h is i ntur n c ontro l ledby har dware an d sof t ware operating in a controlp la n e .I n ge ner al, the con trol plan e in c lu des the h ardwa re an d  software that hand le s non- wirespeed functio ns and dat a t hat arerequ i re d  to operate anetwo rk deviceo r networ k. Th ese func tions inc l u de conne cti on,  se tup , an d tear down,o p erat io ns, adm ini stratio n,and  ma nag em ent. In g eneral,th eda ta  pl ane i n cludes t he  ha rd war e and softwa re th at h an dl e s t he clas s if i c atio n,  m odif ica ti on, s ched u lin g, andtransmiss ion of w ir e- speed a pplication da ta . The cont ro l a nd dat a planes m aybe combined into a si n gle pro ces singplan e.
To imp rov e avai lab i lity,a rout er ma ybee q uippe d wi thre dundant or t wocontr ol , da ta, orprocessing planes. A f irst controlpla ne,f o rexa m pl e , i sd esi g n ated as the act ive contro lp la ne and a s e con dcontrol  planeis de s ignated  as the i nactive c on trol p lan e. In theevent th at a devi c e int he  acti vecontro lpla ne fa ils, t h e i nacti ve con tr ol pla ne ta ke s over t o reduce down time andhencemaint ain  availabi lit y  of  the rout er.In such acas e,activ ity is sa id t o  s wit c h fro m th e  active c o nt rol p la ne to the i n a c tiv e con tro l  plane , th at is, the two pl a nes exchange r oles . Rou ter s  and  o ther network d evi ce s having r ed undant syst ems (i.e ., contr ol ordata p lane de v i ce s ) areofte n r eferred t o a s“ high av ai la b ility”  sys te ms. Th us, at ypic a l  high availabili ty ro u t er ma y  ha ve tw omain pr o cess ing cardsthat run th e same  sof tware  and pe rf orm th e s am e operatio n . If onecardfails i nthefie ld, th e ot h e r car d ta ke s o ver in or d e rt oke e p t he r outer  u p an d running .  Such arou t er is h ig hly a vailab l ea s  the cardred undan c y  ensures t h at t h er outer  is al most a lways o p era bl e or av ail a b le.
Thus,  in a red u nda nt  orhigh ava il abil it y s ys tem, two redund ant cont rol plan e s  or ca rds typi c ally r un  the same so ftwar ea s menti o n edabove.E ven  if  bo th c ont rolp lane cards are running,thesyste m  is  stil l one  s ystem an d  the refore o n ly one contro l
 performance_data at_high frequencies is a_tendency to_consume_a substantial_amount_of system resources,_which skews computer_resource consumption measurements, is_expensive, and burdensome._In_packet-switched networks, a router is a network device or, in some cases, software in_a_computer, that_determines_the_next network point to which_a packet should be forwarded_toward its_destination. The router is connected to at least_two_networks and decides_which way to send each information packet based on_its current understanding of the state_of the networks_it_is_connected to. A router_is located at any gateway where_one network meets another and is_often included as part of a network_switch.
Typically, packets are transported through a_router by hardware and software_operating in_a data plane which is_in turn controlled_by hardware_and software operating_in a control plane. In general,_the control plane_includes the hardware and software that_handles_non-wire speed functions_and_data_that are_required to operate_a_network device_or_network. These functions include connection, setup,_and_tear down, operations, administration, and management. In_general, the data plane_includes_the hardware and software_that handles the classification, modification,_scheduling, and transmission of wire-speed application_data. The_control and_data planes maybe combined into a single processing plane.
To improve availability,_a router may be equipped with_redundant or two control,_data, or_processing_planes. A first_control_plane, for_example, is designated as the active control_plane and_a second control plane is designated_as the inactive control_plane._In the event that a device_in the active control plane fails,_the inactive control plane takes_over_to_reduce down time and hence_maintain availability of the router. In_such a case,_activity is said to switch from the_active_control plane to the inactive control_plane,_that is, the two planes exchange_roles._Routers_and other network devices having_redundant systems (i.e., control or data_plane devices) are often referred to as “high availability”_systems. Thus, a_typical high availability router may_have_two_main processing cards that run the same software and perform_the same_operation. If one_card fails in the field, the other card takes over_in order to keep the router up_and running. Such a router is highly available as the card_redundancy ensures that the router is almost always_operable or available.
Thus, in a redundant or_high availability system, two_redundant_control planes or cards typically run the_same_software_as_mentioned above. Even_if both control_plane cards are_running, the_system is still_one system_and therefore only_one_control