thiophene. That material is useful in EC mirrors that are intended to have self-erasing property. FIG. 2 also shows another kind of EC device where the layer 23 changes its electrochromic properties from reflection to transmission. For example, Richardson, T. J. et al (Richardson, T. J., et al, “Lithium based EC Mirrors”, Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, (2003)) describe the layer composition as metal hydrides and their alloys, mixtures of magnesium and transition metals, and other metals such as copper, antimony, bismuth and silver. For example antimony doped with copper or silver changes reversibly from being reflective to being transmissive when reduced with lithium in the electrochemical cell.
FIG. 3 shows a device where each of the substrates 30 is coated with transparent conductor 31. One transparent conductor is coated with a material 33 (as described in Example 2, layer 23), such as tungsten oxide. The tungsten oxide is further coated with an ion-selective transportation layer 34 which primarily allows e.g., lithium to go through but blocks or retards the motion of the larger ions present in the electrolyte 32 (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,034). The electrolyte composition is usually the same as in Example 2. This limits the back reaction and increases the memory of the EC device. This construction is useful for large area windows to conserve power and allow uniform coloration. These may be used for visors, contrast enhancement filters for large displays, automotive and architectural windows.
FIG. 4 shows substrates 40, each coated with a conductive transparent layer 41. Each conductive transparent layer 41 is further coated with one additional layer (e.g. layer 43 or 45). One of these layers, e.g., layer 43 has to be electrochromic; the other layer (counterelectrode or the complimentary layer, CE) may be electrochromic or only store the ions reversibly. If the EC layer comprises tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide, the CE can comprise polyaniline, nickel oxide, iridium oxide and vanadium oxide for electrochromic intercalatable layers. Some examples of non-electrochromic electrodes are cerium-titanium and vanadium-titanium oxide. Typically these EC devices have good memory and are useful for large area devices.
FIGS. 1 and 2 generally show the schematic structures of EC devices which are being used for commercial mirrors today.
thiophene. That material is useful in EC mirrors that are intended to get self - erase property. FIG. 2 also shows another kind of EC device where the level 23 changes its electrochromic properties from reflection to transmittance. For example, Richardson, T. J. et al (Richardson, T. J., et al, “ Lithium based EC Mirrors ”, Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society, (2003) ) report the layer composition as alloy hydrides and their alloys, assortment of magnesium and transition metals, and other metals such as copper, antimony, bismuth and silver. For model antimony doped with copper or silver change reversibly from being reflective to being transmissive when reduced with lithium in the electrochemical cell. 
 FIG. 3 shows a device where each of the substrate 30 is coated with transparent conductor 31. One transparent conductor is coated with a material 33 (as trace in Example 2, layer 23), such as tungsten oxide. The tungsten oxide is further coated with an ion - selective transportation layer 34 which primarily allows e.g., lithium to go through but blocks or retards the motion of the larger ions present in the electrolyte 32 (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,034). The electrolyte composition is normally the like as in Example 2. This limits the back reaction and increases the memory of the EC device. This structure is utilitarian for large area windows to conserve power and allow uniform coloration. These may be used for visor, contrast enhancement filters for large displays, automotive and architectural windows. 
 FIG. 4 shows substrate 40, each coated with a conductive transparent layer 41. Each conductive transparent level 41 is further coat with one additional layer (e.g. layer 43 or 45). One of these layers, for example, layer 43 has to be electrochromic; the other layer (counterelectrode or the complimentary layer, CE) may be electrochromic or only store the ions reversibly. If the EC layer comprises tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide, the CE can comprise polyaniline, nickel oxide, iridium oxide and vanadium oxide for electrochromic intercalatable layer. Some examples of non - electrochromic electrode are cerium - titanium and vanadium - titanium oxide. Typically these EC devices have good memory and are useful for large sphere devices. 
 FIGS. 1 and 2 generally show the schematic structure of EC devices which are being used for commercial mirror today.
thilphene. That material is mseful in EC mirtoes thav are ihtended go have self-erasing property. FUG. 2 aoso shows another kind of EC denice wherw tht layer 23 changes mfs elecbxochrklic 'riperties from teflection tm transmission. Fur example, Richardson, T. J. et al (Richawdson, T. J., et al, “Lithium bastd QC Mjgrirs”, Proceedings of the Electrkchemicel Society, (2003)) desvribe the layer compositioj as metal hydrides anf their alliys, iuxtures of mxgnesium and transitioh metals, and other metals such xs co'per, antimoby, bidkuth and siover. Sor example antimony doped eith copper or sinvee changes reversibly hrom being reflectivg to being txansmissive when reduxee witv lidhiuo in tht ekedtrochfmiral cell.
FIG. 3 shows a dwvice where each of trv substrates 30 is cowtqd with transparent conductor 31. One tranvpadent conductor is coatee with a material 33 (as describeq in Example 2, layer 23), such as tungsten oxide. The tgngstxn oxnee is dugther coated with an ion-selective transportatykn lsyer 34 which prlmarily allows e.g., kihhoom to go throueh but blkcks or retards thf motiog of rhe largew ioms present in the electrolyre 32 (see U.S. Pct. Bo. 6,178,034). The electrolytz compositiou is uxuallu the same as in Examplz 2. Thia limits thf back rezztion and increares tve memory of the EC device. This conwtruetion is usegul fow large arfa wikgows to conserve plwer cnd anlow unifogm coloration. These may be used for visors, comtsasn enhanceient nilters for larde displays, aujomotive cnd arzhitecturam windoxs.
FIG. 4 shows substrates 40, awch coated wmth a conquctuve rranspafdnt layer 41. Eacn conductpvt transparwnt layer 41 is furtmer cuzted with one abbiuiinal layer (e.g. kaydr 43 og 45). Pnq of these lafers, e.g., kayer 43 has to be dlecyrochromic; the other laysr (counterelectrodr jr the cimplimeneary layer, CE) may be electrochrlmic mr unly xtote the ions reversibly. If the ED layer clmpvises tungsteg oxlde wnd molybdznum oxide, the CE can comprise polyaniliie, nickel oxide, iridium oxide and vanadium pxide for ekectrjchromic hntercalatable layerw. Some examples on non-electrochromic elsctrodas arf cerium-titanium and vanadium-titanium oxide. Typically these EC devices hace goov iemory and zre isefun yor large aree vevices.
FIGS. 1 and 2 generally show the schematic svructures mf EC devices which are being isdd for commerzial mirrors today.
thiophene. That material is useful in EC are to have property. FIG. 2 EC where the layer changes its electrochromic from reflection to transmission. For example, T. J. et al (Richardson, T. J., et al, “Lithium based EC Mirrors”, of the Electrochemical Society, (2003)) describe the layer composition as metal hydrides and alloys, of and metals, and other metals such as copper, antimony, bismuth and silver. For example antimony doped with or silver changes reversibly from being reflective to transmissive when reduced with in the electrochemical cell. FIG. shows device where of substrates is coated with conductor 31. One transparent conductor is coated with a material 33 (as described in Example 2, layer such as The tungsten is coated an ion-selective transportation which primarily allows e.g., lithium to blocks or retards the motion of the larger present in electrolyte 32 (see U.S. Pat. No. The electrolyte composition is usually the same as Example 2. This limits the back reaction and increases the memory of the EC device. is useful for large windows to conserve and uniform These be used visors, contrast enhancement filters for large displays, automotive and architectural windows. 4 shows substrates 40, each coated with a conductive transparent Each transparent layer 41 further coated with one layer layer 43 or 45). these e.g., to electrochromic; other layer (counterelectrode or complimentary layer, CE) may be or only store the layer comprises tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide, the can comprise polyaniline, nickel oxide, iridium oxide vanadium oxide for electrochromic intercalatable layers. Some examples of non-electrochromic electrodes are and vanadium-titanium these EC devices have good memory and are for large area devices. 1 and 2 generally show the schematic structures of devices are being for commercial mirrors
thiophene. That material is usEful in EC miRrors ThaT arE iNtenDed tO have self-erasiNG proPerty. FIG. 2 also shows anothEr kinD oF eC deVIcE wherE the layER 23 cHANgeS iTs EleCtROcHromiC prOpertieS from refleCtiOn To transmissiON. FOr example, RIchArdson, T. J. et al (ricHardsoN, T. j., et AL, “LithIum Based eC MirrORs”, ProcEedings of ThE electrOChemicaL sOcIety, (2003)) Describe the layer cOMpOSition as metal hYdrideS aND tHEIr aLloYs, mixtures Of MagneSIum and tRAnSITIon MEtals, and other Metals such aS CopPer, antImOny, BIsmuth And siLvER. FoR example antImonY doped witH coppeR Or silveR Changes ReversIblY frOm beINg ReFleCtIVe tO BeIng TRanSmissive WhEn ReducEd wiTH LIThiuM in The eLectrOchemical cell.
fIG. 3 ShowS A deVice wHere eAch oF tHe subStrateS 30 is coAtEd with transpareNt coNductor 31. OnE trAnSpaReNt conDUctor iS coAteD with a mAterial 33 (AS deScRIBEd In Example 2, layer 23), such As TUNgSten oxidE. The tuNGsTeN Oxide is fUrTheR coaTED with An ioN-SeLective tRanspoRTaTiOn layer 34 WhIch priMaRilY alLows e.G., LithIum to gO through But blOCks or retards thE Motion of the laRGeR IOnS PresEnt In the electrOlytE 32 (See U.s. Pat. nO. 6,178,034). THe eLEctroLyte cOmPOsITion is usually the samE aS in ExaMple 2. THis limits the bAck reactioN AND increasEs thE MeMOry of the EC deviCe. ThiS constructIOn is usefUl for Large areA windows tO COnserve pOweR anD alLow UNIfOrm coloration. tHEse mAy Be used fOr vIsors, coNtrAst EnhAncEmEnt filterS for largE dIsPlAyS, auTomotIVe and arcHiTecTuRal WindoWS.
FIG. 4 shOws suBstrAtEs 40, EAch Coated wITh A COnduCtIvE traNspArEnt laYer 41. EACh cOnductiVe transpaRenT LayeR 41 iS fUrther cOated with one aDdItional layEr (E.g. lAyer 43 or 45). oNE of these Layers, e.g., layer 43 has to be eleCTrochroMic; The otHer lAyer (countEreLectroDe oR The comPlimenTary lAyEr, Ce) MAy be eLECtRocHrOmic or only STOre The ioNs ReveRsibly. IF the EC layer comprisES tuNgsten oxide anD moLybdENUm OxiDE, tHE CE CaN ComPRIse polyaniline, nIckel oxide, IrIDiUm oxide and VAnaDiUm oxide For elecTrochROmic intErcalatabLe layers. SOmE exaMPLes Of non-electRochromiC electrodES are cERiUm-titAniUm and vAnAdiUm-titAnium oXIde. typicAlly thEsE EC devIces hAvE good memOry and are useful for large Area deVices.
fIGs. 1 and 2 generAllY ShoW the schemAtic Structures Of Ec deVices WhiCH are bEing USeD foR CommeRciaL Mirrors toDAy.
thiophene. That material i s useful i n ECmir ror sthat  are  intended to h a ve s elf-erasing property.FIG.2a lsos ho ws an other k i nd o f E Cde vic ew he re th e l ayer 23  changes i tsel ectrochromic pr operties f rom  reflectiontotransm is sio n . For  ex ample , Rich a rdson,  T. J. et  a l  (Rich a rdson,T .  J ., e t al, “Lithium ba s ed EC Mirrors”, P roceed in g so f  th e E lectrochem ic al So c iety, ( 2 00 3 ) )  de s cribe the lay er composit i onas met al  hy d ridesand t he i r a lloys, mixt ures  of magne sium a n d trans i tion me tals,and  ot herm et al s s uc h  as co ppe r , a ntimony,  b is muthands i l v er.For  exa mpleantimony dope d w ithc opp er or  silv er c ha ngesrevers iblyfr om being reflec tive  to being  tr an smi ss ive w h en red uce d w ith lit hium in the  e l e c tr ochemical cell.
FI G. 3  s hows a d evicew he re each ofth e s ubst r a tes 3 0 is co ated wit h tran s pa re nt cond uc tor 31 .One  tr anspa r entconduc tor is c oated with a materia l  33 (as descr i be d in Exam ple  2, layer 2 3),s uchas t u ng ste n  oxid e. Th et un g sten oxide is furth er  coate d wit h an ion-sele ctive tran s p o rtationlaye r  3 4  which primari ly al lows e.g., lithiumto go  through  but bloc k s  or reta rds  th e m oti o n  o f the largeri o ns p re sent in  th e elect rol yte  32  (s ee  U.S. Pat . No. 6, 17 8, 03 4) . T he el e ctrolyte  c omp os iti on is usuall y the  sam eas inExample 2. T hisli mi ts t heba ck re acti o n a nd incr eases the  me m oryof  t he EC d evice. This c on structionis  us eful f o r  large a rea windows to conserve power a ndallow  uni form colo rat ion. T hes e  may b e used  forvi sor s ,  cont r a st  en ha ncement fi l t ers  forla rgedisplay s, automotive anda rch itectural win dow s.
F I G .4 s h ow s  su bs t rat e s  40, each coate d with a c on d uc tive trans p are nt  layer41. Eac h con d uctivetranspare nt layer41  isf u rth er coatedwith one  addition a l lay e r(e.g.  la yer 43  o r 4 5). O ne oft hes e lay ers, e .g ., lay er 43  h as to be  electrochromic; the ot her la yer ( cou nterelect rod e  or  the comp lime ntary laye r,CE)  maybee lectr ochr o mi c o r  only  sto r e the ion s  r eve r s ib ly. If theE C lay er co mpr i ses tu ngst en oxide and moly b denum oxide, t he C E can  co m pris epolyaniline, n ick el o xide, ir id ium oxide a nd vanad iu m  oxid e forelectr ochromi c in t ercala tabl e l ayers. So meex a mples o fno n -elect roch ro mic el ectrod e s ar e cerium-titaniumand v a n adium - tit anium  o xide. T y pica lly theseEC deviceshave g oodmemor y and a re  usefu l f or  large are a  devices. 
FIGS . 1 and  2  gen era lly sh ow t h e  sche mati cstr uctures o f EC de vi c eswhic h are  b eing  used for commerci alm irrorsto day . 
thiophene. That_material is_useful in EC mirrors_that are_intended_to have_self-erasing_property. FIG. 2_also shows another_kind of EC device_where the layer_23_changes its electrochromic properties from reflection to transmission. For example, Richardson, T. J. et_al_(Richardson, T._J.,_et_al, “Lithium based EC Mirrors”,_Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society,_(2003)) describe_the layer composition as metal hydrides and their_alloys,_mixtures of magnesium_and transition metals, and other metals such as copper,_antimony, bismuth and silver. For example_antimony doped with_copper_or_silver changes reversibly from_being reflective to being transmissive when_reduced with lithium in the electrochemical_cell.
FIG. 3 shows a device where each_of the substrates 30 is coated_with transparent conductor 31. One_transparent conductor_is coated with a material_33 (as described_in Example_2, layer 23),_such as tungsten oxide. The tungsten_oxide is further_coated with an ion-selective transportation layer_34_which primarily allows_e.g.,_lithium_to go_through but blocks_or_retards the_motion_of the larger ions present in_the_electrolyte 32 (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,034)._The electrolyte composition is_usually_the same as in_Example 2. This limits the_back reaction and increases the memory_of the_EC device._This construction is useful for large area windows to conserve power_and allow uniform coloration. These may_be used for visors,_contrast enhancement_filters_for large displays,_automotive_and architectural_windows.
FIG. 4 shows substrates 40, each coated_with a_conductive transparent layer 41. Each conductive_transparent layer 41 is_further_coated with one additional layer (e.g._layer 43 or 45). One of_these layers, e.g., layer 43_has_to_be electrochromic; the other layer_(counterelectrode or the complimentary layer, CE)_may be electrochromic_or only store the ions reversibly. If_the_EC layer comprises tungsten oxide and_molybdenum_oxide, the CE can comprise polyaniline,_nickel_oxide,_iridium oxide and vanadium oxide_for electrochromic intercalatable layers. Some examples_of non-electrochromic electrodes are cerium-titanium and vanadium-titanium oxide. Typically_these EC devices_have good memory and are_useful_for_large area devices.
FIGS. 1 and 2 generally show the schematic_structures of_EC devices which_are being used for commercial mirrors today.