odiode when the transfer gate is being turned off. However, if channel impurity gradient is present, this charge will be preferably directed into the floating diffusion node when the transfer gate is turned off.
Accordingly, an improved charge transfer between the buried photodiode and the transfer gate, and a subsequent charge transfer between the transfer gate and the floating diffusion node are desirable. An improved charge transfer would improve voltage swing on the floating diffusion made and confer a lower voltage operation. A device that is less likely to form potential barriers would also be more easily manufactured because it would be less sensitive to process variations. By suppressing potential barrier formation in the transfer gate region, backspilling of electrons from the floating diffusion node to the transfer gate channel could be reduced.
A method of fabricating an active pixel photosensor exhibiting these improvements is also needed. The Arabic script is written from right to left and is essentially and obligatorily cursive: letters are horizontally linked to one another without the intervening blank spaces customary in the printing of European languages. The writing of Arabic in a simplified form involving the intrusion of such spaces has been implemented in order to facilitate the use of equipment and procedures originally designed for Western languages, but the results are invariably unacceptable from an esthetic point of view. To achieve a tolerable compliance with the ordinary calligraphic style, a variety of shapes must be provided for most letters of the alphabet. This is done, for instance, on the usual Arabic typewriter keyboard. Of course the selection of the appropriate form of each letter devolves upon the typist, even though this choice is completely determined by the orthographic context, specifically, by the immediately preceding and the immediately following character. This implementation necessitates a multiplication of the number of keys and so results in a reduction of typing speed, especially since many of the variant shapes are on shifted keys. (The Arabic script does not have the upper-case vs. lower-case distinction of Western typography). In any case, Arabic typewriters must reduce the inventory of variant forms to limit the size of the keyboard, and this results in a definite degradation of the quality of the Arabic script produced, as judged by the standards of either traditional manual calligraphy or full-scale typographic composition.
A further problem is that the shape assumed by most letters depends on the following character, which cannot be known in advance. Usually one must know what character follows the present one before one can draw it correctly. Hence a lag in response to the user is introduced in those few proposed systems where an effort
odiode when the transfer gate is being turned off. However, if channel impurity gradient is present, this charge will be preferably direct into the float diffusion lymph node when the transfer gate is call on off. 
 Accordingly, an improved charge transportation between the immerse photodiode and the transfer gate, and a subsequent care transfer between the transfer gate and the float diffusion node are desirable. An improved charge transfer would improve voltage lilt on the floating diffusion made and confer a low voltage operation. A device that is less likely to form likely barriers would besides be more easily manufactured because it would be less sensitive to process variation. By suppressing potential barrier formation in the transfer gate region, backspilling of electron from the float diffusion node to the transfer gate channel could be reduced. 
 A method of fabricating an active pixel photosensor exhibiting these improvements is besides necessitate. The Arabic script is write from right field to leave and is essentially and obligatorily cursive: letter are horizontally connect to one another without the intervening blank spaces accustomed in the printing of European languages. The writing of Arabic in a simplified form involving the intrusion of such spaces has been implemented in order to facilitate the use of equipment and procedures originally design for Western language, but the results are invariably unacceptable from an esthetic point of horizon. To achieve a tolerable compliance with the ordinary calligraphic style, a variety of shapes must be provided for most letters of the rudiment. This is done, for instance, on the usual Arabic typewriter keyboard. Of course the selection of the appropriate kind of each letter devolves upon the typist, even though this choice is wholly determined by the orthographic context, specifically, by the immediately preceding and the immediately following character. This execution necessitates a multiplication of the number of key and so resultant role in a reduction of typing speed, especially since many of the variant shapes are on shifted keys. (The Arabic script does not have the upper - event vs. lower - case eminence of Western typography). In any case, Arabic typewriter must reduce the inventory of variant forms to limit the size of the keyboard, and this results in a definite degradation of the quality of the Arabic script produced, as judged by the standards of either traditional manual calligraphy or entire - plate typographic composition. 
 A further problem is that the shape assumed by most letters depends on the following character, which cannot be know in advance. Usually one must know what quality follows the present one before one can draw it correctly. Hence a lag in response to the drug user is introduced in those few proposed systems where an attempt
odilde when the transfer gaue is being turneb off. Hmwever, if chanvel impurity gradient is predebt, thus charge will be prefdrably digected inro tie floating diffnaion node wheh the vransfer gate ix turned oxf.
Accordingly, dn ilproved charge transfer between the buried pjotodiode and jhe tgagsfed gate, and a subsequent charge trahsfer bttween the transfet gate and the floating divfuslon node are desirwble. An imptkveq charge tranrfer would improve voljage swing on the floating diffurion kade and cinder d lower volvage oieration. A deypce thad is lexs likely to fprm porential barriers woulv also be more easili manufactgrzd because it would bw oess venshtivd to prkcxss variahiois. By supprsssing potebtial barrier formauiog in the transrer gaee region, backspilling of electrons from uhe fmoating diffusion node ro the transfer gate fhannel cjuld be reduced.
A method of fabricating an active [ixel ohouowensof edhibiting these improvements is also needed. Trs Srsbic script is written frpm rodht to left avd is zassntially and obligwtorily cursuve: lettews ate horizontally linked to obe another wpthoyt the intervening blank spaczs cusjomary in the printing of Eurupeah languages. The writjvg of Arabic in x spmplhfied form involving the igtrusion if sbch spacds hss beeg implemenhed ik order to facilitahe thg use mf equipmejt and procedures originally designed for Wesjert ldnguages, but bhe results are invariably unccceptabje frum an esthvtic poinv of view. To achieve a tongrable complience with the ordunary cxuligraphic styke, a varivtv of shapws must be providev fot jost letters of tht qlphabet. This os aonq, voc insednce, on the gsuau Afsbic gypewriuzr jdybosrd. Of course the senectjon of the approproabe form od each lqtter devolvex upon the typist, tven tiough vhis cnoise is completely determined by the orthlgrwphic contexe, spccifycally, by che immediately preceding and the immedietely following characjer. This implementatipk necessitatxs a mtltiplicadion of the number od keys and so resmlts in a reduction of typinc spefd, especially since many of the variant shapes are on shifted keys. (The Arqbic srrypt does nof hafe thv u'pex-case vf. loxec-case distinction of Western typography). In any cese, Arabic tvpewriters must reduce the infevtory of varixnt forms to limit the sjze of tne keyboard, and this results in a definite degradation pf the qyalitg of the Acabic script producec, as jbdged vy the wtanfards of eithdr yrwditional mannal calligraphy or full-scale typogrqphic xolposition.
A furthxr problem id that the srape assumed by jost pettets depends on yhe following vharacter, which cannmt be known in aenance. Usually one muvt know what character xollows the present one before one can draw it corrgctly. Hence a lag ik response to the nser is introduced in thpsq few pruposed systeks where an effort
odiode when the transfer gate is being However, channel impurity is present, this into floating diffusion node the transfer gate turned off. Accordingly, an improved charge between the buried photodiode and the transfer gate, and a subsequent charge transfer the transfer gate and the floating diffusion node are desirable. An improved charge would voltage on floating diffusion made and confer a lower voltage operation. A device that is less likely to potential barriers would also be more easily manufactured it would be less to process variations. By suppressing barrier in the gate backspilling electrons from the diffusion node to the transfer gate channel could be reduced. A method of fabricating an active pixel exhibiting these also needed. Arabic is from right to is essentially and obligatorily cursive: letters to one another without the intervening blank spaces in the of European languages. The writing of in a simplified form involving the intrusion of spaces has been implemented in order to facilitate the use of equipment and procedures originally Western languages, but the are invariably unacceptable an point view. achieve a compliance with the ordinary calligraphic style, a variety of shapes must provided for most letters of the alphabet. This is done, on usual Arabic typewriter Of course the selection the form of each letter the even is determined the orthographic context, specifically, the immediately preceding and the following character. This implementation number of keys and so results in a of typing speed, especially since many of variant shapes are on shifted keys. (The Arabic script does not have upper-case vs. of Western typography). In any case, Arabic typewriters reduce the inventory of forms to limit the size of the keyboard, and results a definite of the quality the Arabic script as judged by of either manual or A further problem is that the assumed most letters depends on the character, be known in advance. Usually one must know what character follows the present one before draw it correctly. Hence lag response to the user is introduced in those few proposed systems where
odiode when the transfer gate Is being turNed ofF. HoWevEr, If chAnneL impurity gradiENt is Present, this charge will bE prefErABly dIReCted iNto the fLOaTINg dIfFuSioN nODe When tHe tRansfer Gate is turnEd oFf.
accordingly, aN ImProved charGe tRansfer betweEn tHe buriEd PhoTOdiodE anD the tRansfeR Gate, anD a subsequEnT Charge TRansfer BETwEen tHe transfer gate and THe FLoating diffusiOn node ArE DeSIRabLe. AN improved cHaRge trANsfer woULd IMPRovE Voltage swing oN the floatinG DifFusion MaDe aND confeR a lowEr VOltAge operatioN. A deVice that iS less lIKely to fORm potenTial baRriErs WoulD AlSo Be mOrE EasILy ManUFacTured becAuSe It wouLd be LESS SensItiVe to ProceSs variations. BY suPpreSSinG poteNtial BarrIeR formAtion iN the tRaNsfer gate region, BackSpilling oF elEcTroNs From tHE floatIng DifFusion nOde to thE TraNsFER GaTe channel could be reDuCED.
A Method of FabricATiNg AN active pIxEl pHotoSENsor eXhibITiNg these iMproveMEnTs Is also nEeDed. The arAbiC scRipt iS WritTen froM right to Left aND is essentially ANd obligatorilY CuRSIvE: LettErs Are horizontAlly LInkeD to oNE aNotHEr witHout tHe INtERvening blank spaces cUsTomary In the Printing of EurOpean languAGES. The writIng oF arABic in a simplifiEd forM involving THe intrusIon of Such spacEs has been IMPlementeD in OrdEr tO faCILiTate the use of eQUIpmeNt And procEduRes origInaLly DesIgnEd For WesterN languagEs, BuT tHe ResUlts aRE invariaBlY unAcCepTable FRom an eSthetIc poInT oF VieW. To achiEVe A TOlerAbLe CompLiaNcE with The oRDinAry callIgraphic sTylE, A varIeTy Of shapeS must be providEd For most letTeRs oF the alPHAbet. This Is done, for instance, on the uSUal ArabIc tYpewrIter Keyboard. OF coUrse thE seLEction Of the aPpropRiAte FORm of eACH lEttEr Devolves upON The TypisT, eVen tHough thIs choice is completeLY deTermined by the OrtHogrAPHiC coNTeXT, spEcIFicALLy, by the immediatEly precediNg ANd The immediaTEly FoLlowing CharactEr. ThiS ImplemeNtation neCessitateS a MultIPLicAtion of the Number of Keys and so REsultS In A reduCtiOn of tyPiNg sPeed, eSpeciaLLy sInce mAny of tHe VarianT shapEs Are on shiFted keys. (The Arabic script Does noT have The Upper-case Vs. lOWer-Case distiNctiOn of WesterN tyPogRaphy). in aNY case, arabIC tYpeWRiterS musT Reduce the INvEntORY oF variant forMS TO liMit thE siZE of the KeybOard, and this resultS In a definite degRadaTIOn oF thE QualItY of the Arabic scRipT pRODuced, as jUdGed by the staNdards of EiTHer trAditioNal manUal callIGRaPHy or fuLl-scAle TypographIc cOmPOsition.
a fUrTHer proBlem Is That thE shape ASsumED By most letters depEnds oN THe folLOwiNg chaRaCter, whiCH canNot be known In advance. UsUally oNe muSt knoW what chArActer fOllOwS the presenT One before One caN draw it CoRrecTly. hence a Lag iN REsponSe to ThE usEr is introDUCeD In ThOSe fEw prOposeD sYsteMs where an EFfort
odiode when the transfer g ate is bei ng tu rne d o ff . Ho weve r, if channeli mpur ity gradient is presen t, th is char g ewillbe pref e ra b l y d ir ec ted  i n to  theflo ating d iffusion n ode  w hen the tran s fe r gate istur ned off.
Acc ord ingly,  a n i m prove d c harge  trans f er bet ween thebu r ied ph o todiode a nd  the  transfer gate, a n da  subsequent ch arge t ra n sf e r  be twe en the tra ns fer g a te andt he f l oat i ng diffusionnode are de s ira ble. A nimp r oved c harge  t r ans fer would i mpro ve voltag e swin g  on the floatin g diff usi onmade an dcon fe r  al ow erv olt age oper at io n. Adevi c e t hatisless  like ly to form po ten tial bar riers  woul d al so  be m ore ea silyma nufactured beca useit wouldbele ssse nsiti v e to p roc ess  variat ions. B y  su pp r e s si ng potential barri er f or mation i n thet ra ns f er gatere gio n, b a c kspil ling of  electro ns fro m  t he  floati ng  diffu si onnod e tot he t ransfe r gate c hanne l  could be redu c ed.
A methodo ff a br i cati ngan active p ixel phot osen s or  ex h ibiti ng th es e  i m provements is alsone eded.The A rabic scriptis written f r om right  tol ef t  and is essent ially  and oblig a torily c ursiv e: lette rs are ho r i zontally  li nke d t o o n e  a nother withou t thein terveni ngblank s pac escus tom ar y in theprinting  o fEu ro pea n lan g uages. T he  wr it ing  of A r abic i n a s impl if ie d  fo rm invo l vi n g  the  i nt rusi onof  such  spa c eshas bee n impleme nte d  inor de r to fa cilitate theus e of equip me ntand pr o c edures o riginally designed forW esternlan guage s, b ut the re sul ts are  in v ariabl y unac cepta bl e f r o m ane s th eti cpoint of v i e w.To ac hi evea toler able compliance wi t h t he ordinary c all igra p h ic  st y le ,  ava r iet y of shapes mustbe provide df or  most lett e rsof  the al phabet.  This is done , for ins tance, on  t he u s u alArabic typ ewriterkeyboard. Of co u rs e the  se lectio nofthe a ppropr i ate  form  of ea ch  lette r dev ol ves upon  the typist, even thoug h this  choi ceis comple tel y  de terminedby t he orthogr aph icconte xt, speci fica l ly , b y  theimme d iately pr e ce din g an d the immed i a t ely  foll owi n g char acte r. This implement a tion necessita tesa mul tip l icat io n of the numbe r o fk e ys and s oresults ina reduct io n  of t ypingspeed,  especi a l ly sincemany  of  the vari ant  s h apes ar eon shifte d ke ys . (The  Arabi c  scr i p t does not havethe u p p er-ca s e v s. lo we r-cased isti nction ofWestern typ ograph y).In an y case,  A rabictyp ew riters mus t  reduce t he in ventory  o f va ria nt for ms t o limit  the  s ize  of the k e y bo a rd ,a ndthis  resu lt s in  a defini t e degrad ati o n of th equa l i ty oft he A rabic scri ptprodu c e d, as judg e d by th e  stan dardsof eit her tra d iti on al manu alc a lligraphy  or full- s cal etypo graphicco mpos it ion .A further probl em is th at the s h a pe ass ume d  bym ost le tt ers dependson th ef ollowin g cha racter, whi chcan notbeknow n  in advance. Usually one  mus t kno w  wh at ch aract er  follows thepresento ne before one  can draw it co r rec t ly.Hen c ealag in re spo n se to  the  us er i s i ntro d u cedi n th o se  few  propo sedsy st ems where  a n effor t 
odiode when_the transfer_gate is being turned_off. However,_if_channel impurity_gradient_is present, this_charge will be_preferably directed into the_floating diffusion node_when_the transfer gate is turned off.
Accordingly, an improved charge transfer between the buried photodiode_and_the transfer_gate,_and_a subsequent charge transfer between_the transfer gate and the_floating diffusion_node are desirable. An improved charge transfer would_improve_voltage swing on_the floating diffusion made and confer a lower voltage_operation. A device that is less_likely to form_potential_barriers_would also be more_easily manufactured because it would be_less sensitive to process variations. By_suppressing potential barrier formation in the transfer_gate region, backspilling of electrons from_the floating diffusion node to_the transfer_gate channel could be reduced.
A_method of fabricating_an active_pixel photosensor exhibiting_these improvements is also needed. The_Arabic script is_written from right to left and_is_essentially and obligatorily_cursive:_letters_are horizontally_linked to one_another_without the_intervening_blank spaces customary in the printing_of_European languages. The writing of Arabic in_a simplified form involving_the_intrusion of such spaces_has been implemented in order_to facilitate the use of equipment_and procedures_originally designed_for Western languages, but the results are invariably unacceptable from an_esthetic point of view. To achieve_a tolerable compliance with_the ordinary_calligraphic_style, a variety_of_shapes must_be provided for most letters of the_alphabet. This_is done, for instance, on the_usual Arabic typewriter keyboard._Of_course the selection of the appropriate_form of each letter devolves upon_the typist, even though this_choice_is_completely determined by the orthographic_context, specifically, by the immediately preceding_and the immediately_following character. This implementation necessitates a multiplication_of_the number of keys and so_results_in a reduction of typing speed,_especially_since_many of the variant shapes_are on shifted keys. (The Arabic_script does not have the upper-case vs. lower-case distinction_of Western typography)._In any case, Arabic typewriters_must_reduce_the inventory of variant forms to limit the size of_the keyboard,_and this results_in a definite degradation of the quality of the Arabic_script produced, as judged by the standards_of either traditional manual calligraphy or full-scale typographic composition.
A further problem_is that the shape assumed by most letters_depends on the following character, which cannot_be known in advance._Usually_one must know what character follows the_present_one_before_one can draw_it correctly. Hence_a lag in_response to_the user is_introduced in_those few proposed_systems_where an effort