. Breaking of the disulfide bond of cystine into half-cystine units is the first step in perming (reduction) that is achieved by processing the hair that is wound onto a perm-rod with the waving lotion containing thio compounds such as thioglycolic or thiolactic acids, salts or esters, cysteine and its derivatives, cysteamine and its derivatives, inorganic sulfites and bisulfites, etc. The broken half-cystine units slowly tend to rearrange and align according to the shape of the perm-rod during the time of processing and also while rinsing away the waving lotion from hair. Relinking of the aligned half-cystine units and restoring of the original hair with a curl configuration is the second step (oxidation) that is achieved by a neutralizer.
The rate of perming action depends on the type of waving formulation, the amount or concentration of waving ingredients reacting with the disulfide bond of cystine in hair, the time of reaction and the conditions of reaction, like processing at room temperature or under a dryer, processing with or without the plastic cap, etc.
Prior to a conventional perming, the hairdresser gives one or two shampoos to the perm-client to remove dirt and coatings caused by styling products on the hair. Similarly, home permanent users also shampoo hair prior to wrapping. The hair is then towel blotted enough to have the right dampness to wrap on to the perm-rod with ease. Water is frequently misted onto the hair to maintain the right moisture in the hair while wrapping. After the completion of wrapping, a final mist of water also is given to make sure that the wound hair is uniformly moist. Depending on the length and density of the hair, it takes about 30 to 45 minutes per person for shampooing and wrapping. This means that by the above wrapping procedure, the hair to be permed is in contact with water for about 30 to 45 minutes. Thus, the wrapped hair gets saturated in and around with a good amount of water even before the application of perming products to the hair. At this stage the waving lotion is applied to the wrapped hair.
Several problems with prior art perming methods may be identified. These problems generally originate in the typical amount of water present in the wound hair to be permed. These problems include:
1. Waving lotion applied to wrapped hair that is saturated with water has a hard time penetrating through the cuticles into the cortex.
. Breaking of the disulfide bond of cystine into half - cystine units is the first gradation in perm (reduction) that is achieved by process the haircloth that is wound onto a perm - perch with the waving lotion containing thio compound such as thioglycolic or thiolactic acids, salts or ester, cysteine and its derivatives, cysteamine and its derivatives, inorganic sulfites and bisulfites, etc. The broken half - cystine units slowly tend to rearrange and align harmonize to the shape of the perm - rod during the time of processing and also while rinse away the waving lotion from hair. Relinking of the align half - cystine units and restoring of the original hair with a curl configuration is the second step (oxidation) that is achieve by a neutralizer. 
 The rate of perm action depends on the type of waving conceptualization, the amount or concentration of waving ingredients reacting with the disulfide bond of cystine in hair, the time of reaction and the conditions of reaction, like processing at room temperature or under a dryer, processing with or without the plastic cap, etc. 
 Prior to a conventional perming, the hairdresser gives one or two shampoo to the perm - client to murder scandal and coatings caused by styling products on the hair's-breadth. Similarly, home permanent users also shampoo hair prior to swathe. The hair is then towel blotted enough to have the right dampness to wrap on to the perm - rod with ease. Water is frequently misted onto the hair to sustain the correct moisture in the hair while wrapping. After the completion of wrapping, a final mist of water also is given to seduce certain that the wound hair is uniformly moist. Depending on the distance and density of the haircloth, it takes about 30 to 45 minute per person for shampooing and swathe. This means that by the above wrapping procedure, the hair to be perm is in contact with water for about 30 to 45 minute. Thus, the wrap hair gets saturated in and around with a good amount of water even before the application of perming products to the hair's-breadth. At this stage the waving lotion is use to the wrapped hair. 
 Several problems with prior art perm methods may be identified. These problems generally originate in the typical amount of water present in the wound hair to be perm. These problems include: 
 1. Waving lotion applied to wrapped hair that is saturated with water has a difficult time penetrating through the cuticles into the lens cortex.
. Brfaking of the disulfide nond of cystine nbto hanf-cystjne unitr is the first step in permiig (rwductuon) that is achieved bh processpng the hqir uhat is wound onto a perm-vjd wjbh thz xaving lotion cpntaining dhio compounds sjck as thioglycolic or thiolactic acidf, salts og esters, cysteyne sgd ifs derivatives, cysteamine and its serivatpves, inorganic sukfites and bisulfites, etc. Hhe hroken half-cystine units slowoy tqbd to rearravge and alpyn accordinf to the shape of the perm-rod djring the time if prlwessing and also while rinsikb away the wafing lotion frpm iair. Relinking of the alijned half-cystine unijs and resdoxing of the original yaur wijh a wurl xonwighretikn is hhe second stsp (oxidatiob) that is achieved ny q neutralizer.
Fhe raee of perming action depends on the type mf saving formulation, the qmount or concentratiln of wavyng ingredients reacting with the disulfide bond mf cyagint lk hake, hhe time of reaction and the conditions of rewdtook, like processinn at room temperatirf pt under a dryet, processihg with or without the plwstic cap, etc.
Pwior to a conventional perming, rhe hairdresfwr gives one or twl shampoos co the perm-vlient to remove dirt aud coafings causef by styljvg products on tfe mais. Similarly, home permanent users alwo skampoo hxir krior tj wrapping. The mdir is then towel hlottgd enoggh to havf the right dampness to wrap on to the perm-roc fitv ease. Wcter ix frequently iisted onto thg hair to maingain the rpght moisvure in the rair while wrdkping. After tie compleeion of qrappine, a final mist pf water cjso us given to make smre tfzt the wound hanx us uniformly moost. De[ejdmng og the length dnd aenroty ow the hair, lt gakex about 30 to 45 minutes per person for shampopikg and wrqpping. Tris means thay by the above wrakping 'rocednre, thr hwir to be permed is in contact with watfr nor about 30 to 45 mikutef. Thus, the wrapped hair gets saturated in and aronnd with a good amount if water even beforg tme applicatipn of perming [roducts to the hair. At this stage tht waving lotion is appljed to the arapped hair.
Several problems with prior art perming methods may be identidied. Tiefe problems genrrallj oxignnate ig thx vypical amount of water present in the wound haic to be pesmzd. These problems include:
1. Wavone lotion applked to wrapped hair that is satutated with water has a hard timr penetrating through thc cuticlew intk the bkrvex.
. Breaking of the disulfide bond of half-cystine is the step in perming processing hair that is onto a perm-rod the waving lotion containing thio compounds as thioglycolic or thiolactic acids, salts or esters, cysteine and its derivatives, cysteamine its derivatives, inorganic sulfites and bisulfites, etc. The broken half-cystine units slowly tend rearrange align to shape of the perm-rod during the time of processing and also while rinsing away the waving from hair. Relinking of the aligned half-cystine units restoring of the original with a curl configuration is second (oxidation) that achieved a The rate of action depends on the type of waving formulation, the amount or concentration of waving ingredients reacting with disulfide bond in hair, time reaction the conditions of processing at room temperature or under with or without the plastic cap, etc. Prior a conventional the hairdresser gives one or two to the perm-client to remove dirt and coatings by styling products on the hair. Similarly, home permanent users also shampoo hair prior to hair is then towel enough to have right to on the perm-rod ease. Water is frequently misted onto the hair to maintain the moisture in the hair while wrapping. After the completion of final of water also given to make sure the hair is uniformly moist. the and hair, takes 30 to 45 minutes person for shampooing and wrapping. means that by the to be permed is in contact with water about 30 to 45 minutes. Thus, the hair gets saturated in and around with a good amount of water before the perming products to the hair. At this stage waving lotion is applied the wrapped hair. Several problems with prior art perming may identified. These generally originate in typical amount of present in the to be These include: applied to wrapped hair that is with has a hard time penetrating the the cortex.
. Breaking of the disulfide bonD of cystine Into hAlf-CysTiNe unIts iS the first step iN PermIng (reduction) that is achiEved bY pROcesSInG the hAir that IS wOUNd oNtO a PerM-rOD wIth thE waVing lotIon containIng ThIo compounds sUCh As thioglycOliC or thiolactiC acIds, salTs Or eSTers, cYstEine aNd its dERivatiVes, cysteaMiNE and itS DerivatIVEs, InorGanic sulfites and bISuLFites, etc. The broKen halF-cYStINE unIts Slowly tend To RearrANge and aLIgN ACCorDIng to the shape Of the perm-roD DurIng the TiMe oF ProcesSing aNd ALso While rinsinG awaY the wavinG lotioN From haiR. relinkiNg of thE alIgnEd haLF-cYsTinE uNIts ANd ResTOriNg of the oRiGiNal haIr wiTH A CUrl cOnfIgurAtion Is the second stEp (oXidaTIon) That iS achiEved By A neutRalizeR.
The rAtE of perming actioN depEnds on the TypE oF waViNg forMUlatioN, thE amOunt or cOncentrATioN oF WAViNg ingredients reactInG WItH the disuLfide bONd Of CYstine in HaIr, tHe tiME Of reaCtioN AnD the condItions OF rEaCtion, liKe ProcesSiNg aT roOm temPEratUre or uNder a dryEr, proCEssing with or wiTHout the plastiC CaP, ETc.
pRior To a ConventionaL perMIng, tHe haIRdResSEr givEs one Or TWo SHampoos to the perm-cliEnT to remOve diRt and coatings Caused by stYLINg producTs on THe HAir. Similarly, hoMe perManent userS Also shamPoo haIr prior tO wrapping. tHE hair is tHen TowEl bLotTED eNough to have thE RIght DaMpness tO wrAp on to tHe pErm-Rod WitH eAse. Water iS frequenTlY mIsTeD onTo the HAir to maiNtAin ThE riGht moISture iN the hAir wHiLe WRapPing. AftER tHE CompLeTiOn of WraPpIng, a fInal MIst Of water Also is givEn tO Make SuRe That the Wound hair is unIfOrmly moist. dePenDing on THE length aNd density of the hair, it takES about 30 tO 45 miNutes Per pErson for sHamPooing And WRappinG. This mEans tHaT by THE abovE WRaPpiNg Procedure, tHE HaiR to be PeRmed Is in conTact with water for abOUt 30 tO 45 minutes. Thus, tHe wRappED HaIr gETs SAtuRaTEd iN ANd around with a goOd amount of WaTEr Even before THe aPpLicatioN of permIng prODucts to The hair. At This stage ThE wavING loTion is applIed to the Wrapped haIR.
SeveRAl ProblEms With prIoR arT permIng metHOds May be IdentiFiEd. ThesE probLeMs generaLly originate in the typicaL amounT of waTer Present in The WOunD hair to be PermEd. These proBleMs iNcludE:
1. WaVIng loTion APpLieD To wraPped HAir that is SAtUraTED wIth water has A HARd tIme peNetRAting tHrouGh the cuticles into THe cortex.
. Breaking of the disulfid e bond ofcysti neint ohalf -cys tine units ist he f irst step in perming ( reduc ti o n) t h at  is a chieved by p roc es si ngth e  h air t hat  is wou nd onto aper m- rod with the wa ving lotio n c ontaining th iocompou nd s s u ch as  th iogly colico r thio lactic ac id s , salt s  or est e r s,  cys teine and its der i va t ives, cysteami ne and  i t sd e riv ati ves, inorg an ic su l fites a n db i s ulf i tes, etc. The  broken hal f -cy stineun its slowly  tend  t o  re arrange and  ali gn accord ing to the sha p e of th e perm -ro d d urin g  t he  ti me ofp ro ces s ing  and als owh ile r insi n g a waythe  wav ing l otion from ha ir.  Rel i nki ng of  thealig ne d hal f-cyst ine u ni ts and restorin g of  the orig ina lhai rwitha  curlcon fig uration  is the sec on d s te p (oxidation) that  i s ac hieved b y a ne u tr al i zer.
The  r ate  ofp e rming  act i on  depends  on th e  t yp e of wa vi ng for mu lat ion , the amou nt orconcentr ation of waving ingr e dients reacti n gw i th thedis ulfide bond  ofc ysti ne i n  h air ,  thetimeof re a ction and the condi ti ons of  reac tion, like pr ocessing a t r oom temp erat u re or under a dry er, p rocessingw ith or w ithou t the pl astic cap , etc.
Pri ortoa c onv e n ti onal perming, t he h ai rdresse r g ives on e o r t wosha mp oos to th e perm-c li en tto  re moved irt andco ati ng s c aused by sty lingprod uc ts onthe hai r .S i mila rl y,  hom e p er manen t us e rsalso sh ampoo hai r p r iorto  w rapping . The hair is  t hen towelbl ott ed eno u g h to hav e the right dampness to wrap on  to  theperm -rod with  ea se. Wa ter is fre quentl y mis te d o n t o the h ai r t omaintain t h e  ri ght m oi stur e in th e hair while wrapp i ng.  After the co mpl etio n of  wr a pp i ng,  a fin a l  mist of wateralso is gi ve n  t o make sur e  th at  the wo und hai r isu niforml y moist.Depending  o n th e len gth and de nsity of  the hair ,  it t a ke s abo ut30 to45  mi nutes  per p e rso n for  shamp oo ing an d wra pp ing. Thi s means that by the abo ve wra pping  pr ocedure,the hai r to be p erme d is in co nta ctwithwat e r for  abo u t30t o 45minu t es. Thus, th e w r a pp ed hair get s s atu rated  in and ar ound  with a good amou n t of water eve n be f o rethe appl ic ation of permi ngpr o d ucts toth e hair. Atthis sta ge the w avinglotion  is app l i ed to the  wra ppe d hair.
S eve ra l  proble ms  w i th pri or a rt  permi ng met h odsm a y be identified.  Thes e probl e msgener al ly orig i nate  in the ty pical amoun t of w ater  pres ent inth e woun d h ai r to be pe r med. Thes e pro blems i nc lude :
1 . Wavi ng l o t ion a ppli ed  to  wrappedh a ir th at issatu rated  w ithwater has a hard t ime penetra ti ngt h rought he c uticles in tothe c o r tex.
. Breaking_of the_disulfide bond of cystine_into half-cystine_units_is the_first_step in perming_(reduction) that is_achieved by processing the_hair that is_wound_onto a perm-rod with the waving lotion containing thio compounds such as thioglycolic or_thiolactic_acids, salts_or_esters,_cysteine and its derivatives, cysteamine_and its derivatives, inorganic sulfites_and bisulfites,_etc. The broken half-cystine units slowly tend to_rearrange_and align according_to the shape of the perm-rod during the time_of processing and also while rinsing_away the waving_lotion_from_hair. Relinking of the_aligned half-cystine units and restoring of_the original hair with a curl_configuration is the second step (oxidation) that_is achieved by a neutralizer.
The rate_of perming action depends on_the type_of waving formulation, the amount_or concentration of_waving ingredients_reacting with the_disulfide bond of cystine in hair,_the time of_reaction and the conditions of reaction,_like_processing at room_temperature_or_under a_dryer, processing with_or_without the_plastic_cap, etc.
Prior to a conventional perming,_the_hairdresser gives one or two shampoos to_the perm-client to remove_dirt_and coatings caused by_styling products on the hair._Similarly, home permanent users also shampoo_hair prior_to wrapping._The hair is then towel blotted enough to have the right_dampness to wrap on to the_perm-rod with ease. Water_is frequently_misted_onto the hair_to_maintain the_right moisture in the hair while wrapping._After the_completion of wrapping, a final mist_of water also is_given_to make sure that the wound_hair is uniformly moist. Depending on_the length and density of_the_hair,_it takes about 30 to_45 minutes per person for shampooing_and wrapping. This_means that by the above wrapping procedure,_the_hair to be permed is in_contact_with water for about 30 to_45_minutes._Thus, the wrapped hair gets_saturated in and around with a_good amount of water even before the application of_perming products to_the hair. At this stage_the_waving_lotion is applied to the wrapped hair.
Several problems with prior_art perming_methods may be_identified. These problems generally originate in the typical amount of_water present in the wound hair to_be permed. These problems include:
1. Waving lotion applied to wrapped hair_that is saturated with water has a hard_time penetrating through the cuticles into the_cortex.