 the front of the ball. The air then flows around the surface of the ball with an increased velocity and reduced pressure. At some separation point, the air separates from the surface of the ball and generates a large turbulent flow area behind the ball. This flow area, which is called the wake, has low pressure. The difference between the high pressure in front of the ball and the low pressure behind the ball slows the ball down. This is the primary source of drag for golf balls.
The dimples on the golf ball cause a thin boundary layer of air adjacent to the ball's outer surface to flow in a turbulent manner. Thus, the thin boundary layer is called a turbulent boundary layer. The turbulence energizes the boundary layer and helps move the separation point further backward, so that the layer stays attached further along the ball's outer surface. As a result, there is a reduction in the area of the wake, an increase in the pressure behind the ball, and a substantial reduction in drag. It is the circumference of each dimple, where the dimple wall drops away from the outer surface of the ball, which actually creates the turbulence in the boundary layer.
Lift is an upward force on the ball that is created by a difference in pressure between the top of the ball and the bottom of the ball. This difference in pressure is created by a warp in the airflow that results from the ball's backspin. Due to the backspin, the top of the ball moves with the airflow, which delays the air separation point to a location further backward. Conversely, the bottom of the ball moves against the airflow, which moves the separation point forward. This asymmetrical separation creates an arch in the flow pattern that requires the air that flows over the top of the ball to move faster than the air that flows along the bottom of the ball. As a result, the air above the ball is at a lower pressure than the air underneath the ball. This pressure difference results in the overall force, called lift, which is exerted upwardly on the ball. The circumference of each dimple is important in optimizing this flow phenomenon, as well.
In order to optimize ball performance, it is desirable to have a large number of dimples, hence a large amount of dimple circumference, evenly distributed around the ball. In arranging the dimples, an attempt is made to minimize the space between dimples, because such space does not contribute to the aerodynamic performance of the ball. In practical terms, this usually translates into 300 to 500
the front of the ball. The air then flows around the open of the musket ball with an increased velocity and reduced imperativeness. At some separation point, the air travel separate from the surface of the musket ball and generates a large churning flow area behind the testis. This menstruation area, which is called the wake, has low press. The difference between the high pressure in movement of the ball and the low pressure behind the ball decelerate the ball down. This is the primary source of drag for golf balls. 
 The dimple on the golf ball cause a thin boundary layer of air adjacent to the ball's outer surface to flow in a turbulent manner. Thus, the thin boundary layer is called a turbulent boundary layer. The turbulence energizes the boundary level and help move the legal separation item further backward, so that the layer stay attach further along the ball's out surface. As a result, there is a reduction in the area of the wake, an increase in the pressure behind the ball, and a substantial reduction in puff. It is the circumference of each dimple, where the dimple rampart drops away from the outer surface of the ball, which actually creates the turbulence in the boundary level. 
 Lift is an upward force on the ball that is created by a difference in pressure between the top of the ball and the bottom of the testis. This difference in imperativeness is created by a warp in the airflow that result from the ball's backspin. Due to the backspin, the peak of the ball move with the airflow, which delays the air travel separation point to a location further backward. Conversely, the buttocks of the ball move against the airflow, which moves the separation point forward. This asymmetrical separation make an arch in the flow pattern that want the air that flows over the acme of the ball to move faster than the air that flows along the bottom of the ball. As a result, the air above the ball is at a low atmospheric pressure than the breeze underneath the ball. This pressure difference results in the overall force, called aerodynamic lift, which is exerted upwardly on the ball. The circumference of each dimpled chad is important in optimize this flow phenomenon, as well. 
 In order to optimize testis performance, it is desirable to have a large issue of dimples, hence a bombastic amount of dimple circumference, evenly distributed around the ball. In arranging the dimples, an attempt is make to minimize the space between dimples, because such space does not contribute to the aerodynamic performance of the ball. In practical terms, this usually translate into 300 to 500
 thf front of the ball. The xir then flows ceound vhe surrace of ghe ball with an increased vxlocuty abd reduced pressure. At some sepwration poinu, the air separatxa from bke sudnace mh the ball and nenerates a large turbulett fpow area behind the ball. This flow wrea, whocj is called thg wakt, hws lkw pressure. The difference between the hijh pressure in gront of the ball and the pow oressure behind thf ball sloww thq ball down. Tfis is the primary soutce of drag for golf balls.
The dioples on the goof bapn cause a tiin bolndary layer of air agjacent to the ball's putxr syrface to flow in a tnrbulent manner. Thus, the thin bkundary layer is xaoled d tusbuldbt couhdery layer. Thx turbulencs energizes the boundary layer age helps move fhe se[awation point further backward, so that tve mayer stays attached fuether along the ball's outer suwface. As a result, there is a reduction in the ared of vhd wcje, an unfrease in the pressure behind the ball, and a fhbxtsntial reductijn in drag. Ot ix the circumfetence oy ezch dimple, where tje dimpje waol drops wway from the outer surface of rhe ball, whibh axtually creates thz turbulence in jhe boindary layer.
Lift is an bpward force on tje ball tgxt is created by a cixference in pressure betweqn the to' of che ball and the bjttom of tje ball. This difference ln prgssure is createf by a warp in the airflow that results from jhe banl's backfpin. Cue to the baskspin, the top of the ball moves witg the amrflow, which delays the aht separation 'oint to w loxatiin furtfdr backward. Comversely, nht bottom od the ball moves anainsj fhe airflow, whiek noves the separstiun [opnt fjsward. This avymmdtrkval sdparation cveages sn arch in the flow [attsrn that requires yhc air thaj flows oder the top og the ball to move fastxr thai the sir that flows along the bottom or the balp. Af a result, tre alr afove the bcll is at a lower pressure than the air nnderneath the ball. Thiw pressure differenee results in the jverall fmrce, called lift, whixh is exerted upwsrdly on the ball. The circukferejce of each dimple is important in optimizing this flow phenomenon, as welo.
In orvew to optimiae bsll pvrfjxmance, yt id desirable to hane a large number of dimples, henre a large aiount of dimple circumferencr, dvenly districuted around the ball. In arrangimg the dimples, an attempt is mace to minimize the space between dimpmes, bebzure such space does not cmntrivute to the aerodynamic oergovmance of hhe ualm. In practical terms, this usuallt tranwlwtes into 300 to 500
the front of the ball. The air around surface of ball with an At separation point, the separates from the of the ball and generates a turbulent flow area behind the ball. This flow area, which is called the has low pressure. The difference between the high pressure in front of the and low behind ball slows the ball down. This is the primary source of drag for golf balls. The on the golf ball cause a thin boundary of air adjacent to ball's outer surface to flow a manner. Thus, thin layer called a turbulent layer. The turbulence energizes the boundary layer and helps move the separation point further backward, so that layer stays along the outer As result, there is in the area of the wake, the pressure behind the ball, and a substantial in drag. is the circumference of each dimple, the dimple wall drops away from the outer of the ball, which actually creates the turbulence in the boundary layer. Lift is an on the ball that created by a in between top the ball the bottom of the ball. This difference in pressure is created a warp in the airflow that results from the ball's to backspin, the top the ball moves with airflow, delays the air separation a further bottom the moves against the airflow, moves the separation point forward. asymmetrical separation creates an that requires the air that flows over the of the ball to move faster than air that flows along the bottom of the ball. As a result, air above is at a lower pressure than the air the ball. This pressure results in the overall force, called lift, which is upwardly the ball. circumference of each is important in this flow phenomenon, In order optimize performance, to have a large number of hence large amount of dimple circumference, distributed ball. In arranging the dimples, an attempt is made to minimize the space between dimples, space does not contribute the performance of the ball. In practical terms, this usually translates into 300
 the front of the ball. The air thEn flows aroUnd thE suRfaCe Of thE balL with an increasED velOcity and reduced pressurE. At soMe SEparATiOn poiNt, the aiR SePARatEs FrOm tHe SUrFace oF thE ball anD generates A laRgE turbulent flOW aRea behind tHe bAll. This flow aRea, Which iS cAllED the wAke, Has loW pressURe. The dIfference BeTWeen thE High preSSUrE in fRont of the ball and tHE lOW pressure behinD the baLl SLoWS The BalL down. This iS tHe priMAry sourCE oF DRAg fOR golf balls.
The Dimples on thE GolF ball cAuSe a THin bouNdary LaYEr oF air adjacenT to tHe ball's ouTer surFAce to flOW in a turBulent ManNer. thus, THe ThIn bOuNDarY LaYer IS caLled a turBuLeNt bouNdarY LAYEr. ThE tuRbulEnce eNergizes the boUndAry lAYer And heLps moVe thE sEparaTion poInt fuRtHer backward, so thAt thE layer staYs aTtAchEd FurthER along The BalL's outer Surface. aS a rEsULT, ThEre is a reduction in tHe AREa Of the wakE, an incREaSe IN the presSuRe bEhinD THe balL, and A SuBstantiaL reducTIoN iN drag. It Is The cirCuMfeRenCe of eACh diMple, whEre the diMple wALl drops away froM The outer surfaCE oF THe BAll, wHicH actually crEateS The tUrbuLEnCe iN The boUndarY lAYeR.
lift is an upward force On The balL that Is created by a dIfference iN PREssure beTweeN ThE Top of the ball anD the bOttom of the BAll. This dIfferEnce in prEssure is cREAted by a wArp In tHe aIrfLOW tHat results froM THe baLl'S backspIn. DUe to the BacKspIn, tHe tOp Of the ball Moves witH tHe AiRfLow, Which DElays the AiR sePaRatIon poINt to a lOcatiOn fuRtHeR BacKward. CoNVeRSEly, tHe BoTtom Of tHe Ball mOves AGaiNst the aIrflow, whiCh mOVes tHe SeParatioN point forward. thIs asymmetrIcAl sEparatION creates An arch in the flow pattern tHAt requiRes The aiR thaT flows oveR thE top of The BAll to mOve fasTer thAn The AIR that FLOwS alOnG the bottom OF The Ball. AS a ResuLt, the aiR above the ball is at a LOweR pressure than The Air uNDErNeaTH tHE baLl. tHis PREssure differencE results in ThE OvErall force, CAllEd Lift, whiCh is exeRted uPWardly oN the ball. THe circumfErEnce OF EacH dimple is iMportant In optimizINg thiS FlOw pheNomEnon, as WeLl.
IN ordeR to optIMizE ball PerforMaNce, it iS desiRaBle to havE a large number of dimples, hEnce a lArge aMouNt of dimplE ciRCumFerence, evEnly DistributeD arOunD the bAll. iN arraNginG ThE diMPles, aN attEMpt is made TO mIniMIZe The space betWEEN diMples, BecAUse sucH spaCe does not contribuTE to the aerodynaMic pERForManCE of tHe Ball. In practicaL teRmS, THis usualLy Translates iNto 300 to 500
 the front of the ball. Th e air then  flow s a rou nd  the  sur face of the ba l l wi th an increased veloci ty an dr educ e dpress ure. At so m e  se pa ra tio np oi nt, t heair sep arates fro m t he  surface oft he  ball andgen erates a lar geturbul en t f l ow ar eabehin d theb all. T his flowar e a, whi c h is ca l l ed  the  wake, has low pr e ss u re. The differ ence b et w ee n the  hi gh pressur ein fr o nt of t h eb a l l a n d the low pre ssure behin d  th e ball  s low s  the b all d ow n . T his is theprim ary sourc e of d r ag forg olf bal ls.
Th e d imp leso nth e g ol f  ba l lcau s e a  thin bo un da ry la yero f a ir a dja cent  to t he ball's out ersurf a ceto fl ow in  a t ur bulen t mann er. T hu s, the thin bou ndar y layer i s c al led  a  turb u lent b oun dar y layer . The t u rbu le n c e  e nergizes the bound ar y la yer andhelpsm ov et he separ at ion  poi n t  furt herb ac kward, s o that th elayer s ta ys att ac hed  fu rther alon g theball's o uters urface. As a r e sult, there i s  a r ed u ctio n i n the areaof t h e wa ke,a ninc r easein th ep re s sure behind the bal l,  and a  subs tantial reduc tion in dr a g .  It is t he c i rc u mference of ea ch di mple, wher e  the dim ple w all drop s away fr o m  the out ersur fac e o f th e ball, which a ctua ll y creat esthe tur bul enc e i n t he  boundary  layer.Li ft  i sanupwar d  force o nthe  b all  that is cre atedby a  d if f ere nce inp re s s urebe tw eenthe  t op of  the bal l and t he bottom  of theba ll . Thisdifference in  p ressure is  c rea ted by a  warp in  the airflow that resul t s fromthe  ball 's b ackspin.Due  to th e b a ckspin , thetop o fthe b all m o v es  wi th  the airfl o w , w hichde lays  the ai r separation point toa location fu rth er b a c kw ard .  C o nve rs e ly, t he bottom of th e ball mov es ag ainst thea irf lo w, whic h moves  thes eparati on pointforward.Th is a s y mme trical sep arationcreates a n  arch in  theflo w patt er n t hat r equire s  th e air  thatfl ows ov er th etop of t he ball to move fasterthan t he ai r t hat flows  al o ngthe botto m of  the ball.  As  aresul t,t he ai r ab o ve  th e  ball  isa t a lower pr ess u r ethan the ai r u nde rneat h t h e ball . Th is pressure diffe r ence results i n th e ove ral l  for ce , called lift,  wh ic h is exert ed  upwardly o n the ba ll .  Thecircum ferenc e of ea c h  d i mple i s im por tant in o pti mi z ing thi sfl o w phen omen on , as w ell.
I n  ord e r  to optimize bal l per f o rmanc e , i t isde sirable to h ave a larg e number of  dimpl es,hence  a larg eamount  of  d imple circ u mference,  even ly dist ri bute d a roundtheb a ll. I n ar ra ngi ng the di m p le s ,an att empt  is m ad e to  minimize the spac e b e tween d im ple s ,  becau s es u ch space d oes  notc o ntribute t o  the ae r odyna mic pe rforma nce oft heba ll. Inpra c t ical term s, this u s ual ly  tra nslatesin to 3 00  to  5 00
 the_front of_the ball. The air_then flows_around_the surface_of_the ball with_an increased velocity_and reduced pressure. At_some separation point,_the_air separates from the surface of the ball and generates a large turbulent flow_area_behind the_ball._This_flow area, which is called_the wake, has low pressure._The difference_between the high pressure in front of the_ball_and the low_pressure behind the ball slows the ball down. This_is the primary source of drag_for golf balls.
The_dimples_on_the golf ball cause_a thin boundary layer of air_adjacent to the ball's outer surface_to flow in a turbulent manner. Thus,_the thin boundary layer is called_a turbulent boundary layer. The_turbulence energizes_the boundary layer and helps_move the separation_point further_backward, so that_the layer stays attached further along_the ball's outer_surface. As a result, there is_a_reduction in the_area_of_the wake,_an increase in_the_pressure behind_the_ball, and a substantial reduction in_drag._It is the circumference of each dimple,_where the dimple wall_drops_away from the outer_surface of the ball, which_actually creates the turbulence in the_boundary layer.
Lift_is an_upward force on the ball that is created by a difference_in pressure between the top of_the ball and the_bottom of_the_ball. This difference_in_pressure is_created by a warp in the airflow_that results_from the ball's backspin. Due to_the backspin, the top_of_the ball moves with the airflow,_which delays the air separation point_to a location further backward._Conversely,_the_bottom of the ball moves_against the airflow, which moves the_separation point forward._This asymmetrical separation creates an arch in_the_flow pattern that requires the air_that_flows over the top of the_ball_to_move faster than the air_that flows along the bottom of_the ball. As a result, the air above the_ball is at_a lower pressure than the_air_underneath_the ball. This pressure difference results in the overall force,_called lift,_which is exerted_upwardly on the ball. The circumference of each dimple is_important in optimizing this flow phenomenon, as_well.
In order to optimize ball performance, it is desirable to have_a large number of dimples, hence a large_amount of dimple circumference, evenly distributed around_the ball. In arranging_the_dimples, an attempt is made to minimize_the_space_between_dimples, because such_space does not_contribute to the_aerodynamic performance_of the ball._In practical_terms, this usually_translates_into 300 to 500