 of enough blood in a few minutes to cause loss of consciousness and even death. The lost blood and other fluids may pose other risks including economic and health risks. As a result, extracorporeal fluid circuits are normally used in very safe environments, such as hospitals and treatment centers, and attended by highly trained technicians and doctors nearby. Even with close supervision, a number of deaths occur in the United States every year due to undue blood loss from leaks.
Leaks can occur for various reasons, among them: extraction of a needle, disconnection of a luer, poor manufacture of components, cuts in tubing, and leaks in a catheter. However, in terms of current technology, the most reliable solution to this risk, that of direct and constant trained supervision in a safe environment, has an enormous negative impact on the lifestyles of patients who require frequent treatment and on labor requirements of the institutions performing such therapies.
Approaches for detecting leaks are described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,390, which employs fluid detectors outside the fluid circuit to detect the presence of fluid after it has leaked. Another system that employs leak detectors external to a blood circuit is U.S. Pat. No. 7,040,142. U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,576 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008-0214979 (which was issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,002,727 on Aug. 23, 2011) describe methods of detecting leaks in which flow is reversed to draw air into a positive pressure part of a leaking blood circuit (e.g., venous lines returning blood to the patient) so that air can be detected and the leak identified automatically.
Yet another method for detecting a leak in a fluid circuit, for example a vascular access, is to monitor the pressures in the arterial and venous lines and compare their levels and changes therein to leak profiles, thereby permitting machine detection of a leak. An example of such a system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,040. The former four U.S. patents and one patent publication, identified immediately above are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. In the provisional phase of this application, the above four patents and patent publication were attached as Appendices I, II, III, IV, and V.
Leak safe systems have also been proposed which rely on the detection of leaks by detecting fluid outside an expected flow path. For
of enough blood in a few minutes to cause personnel casualty of awareness and even death. The lost rake and early fluids may pose other hazard including economic and health risks. As a consequence, extracorporeal fluid circuits are normally used in very dependable environments, such as hospitals and treatment centers, and serve by highly trained technician and doctors nearby. Even with close supervision, a act of deaths occur in the United States every year due to excessive blood loss from leak. 
 Leaks can happen for various rationality, among them: extraction of a needle, disconnection of a luer, hapless manufacture of components, cuts in tubing, and leaks in a catheter. However, in terms of current technology, the most reliable solution to this risk, that of direct and constant trained supervision in a safe environment, has an enormous negative impact on the life style of patient who require frequent discussion and on british labour party prerequisite of the institutions performing such therapies. 
 Approaches for detecting leaks are described, for case in U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,390, which employs fluid detectors outside the fluid circuit to detect the bearing of fluid after it has leaked. Another system that employs leak detectors external to a blood circuit is U.S. Pat. nobelium. 7,040,142. U.S. Pat. nobelium. 6,572,576 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008 - 0214979 (which was publish as U.S. Pat. No. 8,002,727 on Aug. 23, 2011) describe methods of detecting leaks in which flow is reversed to pull back air into a positive pressure part of a leak blood circumference (e.g., venous lines come back blood to the affected role) so that air can be detected and the leak identified mechanically. 
 Yet another method for detecting a escape in a fluid circuit, for example a vascular access, is to monitor the pressures in the arterial and venous lines and compare their levels and changes therein to leak profiles, thereby permitting machine detection of a escape. An example of such a system is describe in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,040. The former four U.S. patents and one patent publication, identified immediately above are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. In the provisional phase of this application, the above four patents and patent publication were attached as Appendices I, II, III, IV, and V. 
 Leak safe systems have also been aim which trust on the signal detection of leaks by detecting fluid outside an expect flow path. For
 of enough blood in a few mlnutes to cause loss of conscjousness and even death. The lost blold and ither fluids may pose uther risns inclueing wconomic ais healtm risid. As e result, extracprporeal fnuid circuits drd uormally used in very safe environmegts, sucn ws hospitals agd tgewtmehn genters, and attended by highly tdained uechnicians and dovtors nearby. Even with clode skpervision, a numbeg of deaths occte in the Uniged States every year sue to undue blood loss from lexks.
Lecks can occox fog various reesons, wmong them: ewnractiot of a meedle, disconncctioi of a luer, poor manufactnre of components, cujs in tubitg, and leaks in a cqtyeter. Howaver, un gerjs or currfnt technologg, the most eeliable solution tp eyis risk, that of diwest and constant trained supervision in d szfe environment, has an wnormous negative impwct on thq lifestyles of patients who require frequent tredtmenv xnd ok lacir requirements of the institutions performing fhcn nherapies.
Approachcs for detecting lrans wre described, for erzmlle in U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,390, ahich eiployw fluid dttectprs outside the fluid circuut to detect rhe presence of flbid after it has leakrd. Another system that zmploya leak deteftors extsfnal to a blood zirbuit is U.S. Pat. No. 7,040,142. U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,576 wnd U.S. Pavent 'ublicatkon Mo. 2008-0214979 (whych was isdued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,002,727 on Auh. 23, 2011) dgscriba methods lf detecting leaks in which flox is reversed tm dgaw air iuto a iositive pressuwe part of a lgaking bljod ckrcuit (e.g., nenous liies returnind blood to tha patient) so vhat air san ve dwtected xnd the leak icentified automaticqlly.
Yet another mebhod wkr detecting a oeaj in a fluid citcukt, sog eeamplq a vascular dccers, kx to oonitor the oresxures in the arterian ans venous lines and cjmpare tyeir levqls and changrs therein to leak profmles, tiereby petmitting machine detection of a leak. An fxaiple of such a snstei is descrnbed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,040. The former four U.S. pavents and one patent poblication, identified lmmediately ebove wre herebf incorporated by rederence in their tntireties herein. In ths provhsionwl phase of this application, the above four patents and patent publicatiob were attached as Apprndicvs N, IN, III, ID, anv T.
Leak safe systemx have also been proposed which rely on tke detection of leaks by detevtkng fluid outride an expected flow pafh. For
of enough blood in a few minutes loss consciousness and death. The lost pose risks including economic health risks. As result, extracorporeal fluid circuits are normally in very safe environments, such as hospitals and treatment centers, and attended by trained technicians and doctors nearby. Even with close supervision, a number of deaths in United every due to undue blood loss from leaks. Leaks can occur for various reasons, among them: extraction a needle, disconnection of a luer, poor manufacture components, cuts in tubing, leaks in a catheter. However, terms current technology, most solution this risk, that direct and constant trained supervision in a safe environment, has an enormous negative impact on the lifestyles patients who treatment and labor of institutions performing such for detecting leaks are described, for Pat. No. 5,674,390, which employs fluid detectors outside fluid circuit detect the presence of fluid after has leaked. Another system that employs leak detectors to a blood circuit is U.S. Pat. No. 7,040,142. U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,576 and U.S. No. 2008-0214979 (which was as U.S. Pat. 8,002,727 Aug. 2011) methods of leaks in which flow is reversed to draw air into a pressure part of a leaking blood circuit (e.g., venous lines to patient) so that can be detected and leak automatically. Yet another method a in for a access, is to monitor pressures in the arterial and lines and compare their leak profiles, thereby permitting machine detection of a An example of such a system is in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,040. The former four U.S. patents and one publication, identified are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties In the provisional phase this application, the above four patents and patent publication attached Appendices I, III, IV, and Leak safe systems also been proposed on the of by an expected flow path. For
 of enough blood in a few minuteS to cause loSs of cOnsCioUsNess And eVen death. The losT BlooD and other fluids may pose Other RiSKs inCLuDing eConomic ANd HEAltH rIsKs. AS a REsUlt, exTraCorporeAl fluid cirCuiTs Are normally uSEd In very safe EnvIronments, sucH as HospitAlS anD TreatMenT centErs, and ATtendeD by highly TrAIned teCHnicianS ANd DoctOrs nearby. Even with CLoSE supervision, a nUmber oF dEAtHS OccUr iN the United stAtes eVEry year DUe TO UNduE Blood loss from Leaks.
Leaks cAN ocCur for VaRioUS reasoNs, amoNg THem: Extraction oF a neEdle, discoNnectiON of a lueR, Poor manUfactuRe oF coMponENtS, cUts In TUbiNG, aNd lEAks In a catheTeR. HOweveR, in tERMS Of cuRreNt teChnolOgy, the most relIabLe soLUtiOn to tHis riSk, thAt Of dirEct and ConstAnT trained superviSion In a safe enVirOnMenT, hAs an eNOrmous NegAtiVe impacT on the lIFesTyLES Of Patients who require FrEQUeNt treatmEnt and ON lAbOR requireMeNts Of thE INstitUtioNS pErforminG such tHErApIes.
ApprOaChes foR dEteCtiNg leaKS are DescriBed, for exAmple IN U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,390, which eMPloys fluid detECtORS oUTsidE thE fluid circuIt to DEtecT the PReSenCE of flUid afTeR It HAs leaked. Another systEm That emPloys Leak detectors External to A BLOod circuIt is u.s. PAT. No. 7,040,142. U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,576 and U.s. PateNt PublicatIOn No. 2008-0214979 (whicH was iSsued as U.s. Pat. No. 8,002,727 on AUG. 23, 2011) Describe MetHodS of DetECTiNg leaks in whicH FLow iS rEversed To dRaw air iNto A poSitIve PrEssure parT of a leakInG bLoOd CirCuit (e.G., Venous liNeS reTuRniNg bloOD to the PatieNt) so ThAt AIr cAn be detECtED And tHe LeAk idEntIfIed auTomaTIcaLly.
Yet aNother metHod FOr deTeCtIng a leaK in a fluid circUiT, for examplE a VasCular aCCEss, is to mOnitor the pressures in the ARterial And VenouS linEs and compAre Their lEveLS and chAnges tHereiN tO leAK ProfiLES, tHerEbY permittinG MAchIne deTeCtioN of a leaK. An example of such a sYSteM is described iN U.S. pat. NO. 6,221,040. tHe ForMEr FOur u.S. PAteNTS and one patent puBlication, iDeNTiFied immediATelY aBove are Hereby iNcorpORated by Reference In their enTiRetiES HerEin. In the prOvisionaL phase of tHIs appLIcAtion, The Above fOuR paTents And patENt pUblicAtion wErE attacHed as apPendices i, II, III, IV, and V.
Leak safe sysTems haVe alsO beEn proposeD whICh rEly on the dEtecTion of leakS by DetEctinG flUId outSide AN eXpeCTed flOw paTH. For
 of enough blood in a fewminutes to  caus e l oss  o f co nsci ousness and ev e n de ath. The lost blood an d oth er flui d smay p ose oth e rr i sks  i nc lud in g  e conom icand hea lth risks.  As  a  result, ext r ac orporeal f lui d circuits a renormal ly  us e d inver y saf e envi r onment s, such a sh ospita l s and t r e at ment  centers, and att e nd e d by highly tr ainedte c hn i c ian s a nd doctors  n earby .  Even w i th c l ose supervision,a number of dea ths oc cu r i n  the U nited  S t ate s every yea r du e to undu e bloo d  loss f r om leak s.
Lea kscan  occ u rfo r v ar i ous re aso n s,among th em :extra ctio n o f  a n eed le,disco nnection of a  lu er,p oor  manu factu re o fcompo nents,  cuts  i n tubing, and l eaks  in a cat het er . H ow ever, in ter msofcurrent  techno l ogy ,t h e  m ost reliable solut io n to  this ri sk, th a tof direct a nd  co nsta n t  trai neds up ervision  in as af eenviron me nt, ha saneno rmous nega tive i mpact on  thel ifestyles of p a tients who re q ui r e  f r eque nttreatment a nd o n  lab or r e qu ire m entsof th ei ns t itutions performing  s uch th erapi es.
Approache s for dete c t i ng leaks  are de s cribed, for ex ample  in U.S. P a t. No. 5 ,674, 390, whi ch employ s fluid de tec tor s o uts i d ethe fluid cir c u it t odetectthe  presen ceofflu idaf ter it ha s leaked .An ot he r s ystem that emp lo ysle akdetec t ors ex terna l to  a  b l ood  circui t  i s U.S.  P at . No . 7 ,0 40,14 2. U . S.Pat. No . 6,572,5 76a nd U .S .PatentPublication N o.  2008-0214 97 9 ( whichw a s issued  as U.S. Pat. No. 8,002 , 727 onAug . 23,  201 1) descri bemethod s o f  detec ting l eaksin  wh i c h flo w is  re ve rsed to dr a w  ai r int oa po sitivepressure part of a lea king blood ci rcu it ( e . g. , v e no u s l in e s r e t urning blood to  the patie nt )  s o that air can  b e detec ted and  thel eak ide ntified a utomatica ll y.
Y e t  an other meth od for d etectinga  leak in  a fl uid  circu it , f or ex amplea  va scula r acce ss , is t o mon it or the p ressures in the arteria l andvenou s l ines andcom p are  their le vels  and chang esthe reintol eak p rofi l es , t h ereby  per m itting ma c hi ned e te ction of al e a k.An ex amp l e of s ucha system is descr i bed in U.S. Pa t. N o .  6, 221 , 040.  T he former four  U. S. p atents a nd  one patent  publica ti o n, id entifi ed imm ediatel y ab o ve are  her eby  incorpor ate db y refer en ce in the ir e nt iretie s here i n. I n the provisionalphase o f thi s  ap plica ti on, the abov e four pat ents and pa tent p ubli catio n wereat tached  as  A ppendicesI , II, III , IV,  and V. 
L eaksaf e syst emsh a ve al so b ee n p roposed w h i ch re ly onthedetec ti on o f leaks b y  detecti ngf luid ou ts ide a n expe c te d flow path.  Fo r
 of_enough blood_in a few minutes_to cause_loss_of consciousness_and_even death. The_lost blood and_other fluids may pose_other risks including_economic_and health risks. As a result, extracorporeal fluid circuits are normally used in very_safe_environments, such_as_hospitals_and treatment centers, and attended_by highly trained technicians and_doctors nearby._Even with close supervision, a number of deaths_occur_in the United_States every year due to undue blood loss from_leaks.
Leaks can occur for various reasons,_among them: extraction_of_a_needle, disconnection of a_luer, poor manufacture of components, cuts_in tubing, and leaks in a_catheter. However, in terms of current technology,_the most reliable solution to this_risk, that of direct and_constant trained_supervision in a safe environment,_has an enormous_negative impact_on the lifestyles_of patients who require frequent treatment_and on labor_requirements of the institutions performing such_therapies.
Approaches_for detecting leaks_are_described,_for example_in U.S. Pat._No._5,674,390, which_employs_fluid detectors outside the fluid circuit_to_detect the presence of fluid after it_has leaked. Another system_that_employs leak detectors external_to a blood circuit is_U.S. Pat. No. 7,040,142. U.S. Pat._No. 6,572,576_and U.S._Patent Publication No. 2008-0214979 (which was issued as U.S. Pat. No._8,002,727 on Aug. 23, 2011) describe_methods of detecting leaks_in which_flow_is reversed to_draw_air into_a positive pressure part of a leaking_blood circuit_(e.g., venous lines returning blood to_the patient) so that_air_can be detected and the leak_identified automatically.
Yet another method for detecting_a leak in a fluid_circuit,_for_example a vascular access, is_to monitor the pressures in the_arterial and venous_lines and compare their levels and changes_therein_to leak profiles, thereby permitting machine_detection_of a leak. An example of_such_a_system is described in U.S._Pat. No. 6,221,040. The former four_U.S. patents and one patent publication, identified immediately above_are hereby incorporated_by reference in their entireties_herein._In_the provisional phase of this application, the above four patents_and patent_publication were attached_as Appendices I, II, III, IV, and V.
Leak safe systems_have also been proposed which rely on_the detection of leaks by detecting fluid outside an expected flow_path. For