 dormancy of buds and seeds, controlling fruit set, accelerating defoliation, and enhancing color development of fruit such as grapes.
Surfactants or adjuvants have long been used with pesticides and plant growth regulators to increase the absorption or uptake by plants and thus improve the performance of the applied chemicals. Adjuvants include wetter-spreaders, stickers, penetrants, compatibility agents and fertilizers. However, there is little prior art information about adjuvant effects on ABA efficacy. In the patent application of Quaghebeur (2005, US20050198896 A1) it is noted that “ethoxylated sorbitan esters and siloxanes have proved to be particularly suitable for the application of ABA”, but there is no mention of adjuvant effects on ABA efficacy. Lee et al. (1997, Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci. J., 38:717-721) reported that the addition of 0.05% Tween 20 (a commercially available ethoxylated sorbitan ester) improved ABA effect. However, Tween 20 is used for academic research and not packaged and distributed for the agricultural market.
The pH of an exogenously applied ABA solution may play a role in determining the efficiency of ABA uptake by plants. At an acidic pH, ABA is in its neutral undissociated form. This form is more lipophilic, and its penetration of the plant cuticle would be favored relative to the charged, dissociated form of ABA present at higher pHs (Blumenfeld and Bukovac 1972, Planta, 107:261-268). The uncharged undissociated form of ABA would more easily cross cell membranes from the relatively acidic apoplast into the cytosol.
Foliar applied nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea or ammonium nitrate, have been used in combination with plant growth regulators (PGRs) to improve the performance of the PGR. For example, the combination of the PGRs benzyladenine (Naito et al. 1974, J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci., 43: 215-223) or gibberellic acid (Shulman et al. 1987, Plant Growth Regul., 5: 229-234) with urea increased the grape berry sizing effect compared to the sizing effect achieved with the PGR alone. Ammonium salts have been reported to increase the absorption of pesticides (Wang and Liu 2007, Pestic. Biochem., Physiol., 87:
dormancy of buds and seeds, controlling yield hardening, accelerating defoliation, and enhancing semblance exploitation of fruit such as grapes. 
 wetting agent or adjuvants have long been used with pesticides and plant increase regulators to increase the absorption or consumption by plants and thus improve the performance of the practice chemicals. Adjuvants include wetter - spreaders, spine, penetrants, compatibility agents and fertilizers. However, there is short prior art information about accessory effects on ABA efficacy. In the patent lotion of Quaghebeur (2005, US20050198896 A1) it is noted that “ ethoxylated sorbitan esters and siloxanes have proved to be peculiarly suitable for the application of ABA ”, but there is no mention of adjuvant effects on ABA efficacy. Lee et al. (1997, Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci. J., 38:717 - 721) reported that the addition of 0.05% Tween 20 (a commercially available ethoxylated sorbitan ester) improved ABA effect. However, Tween 20 is used for academic research and not packaged and distributed for the agricultural market. 
 The pH of an exogenously applied ABA solution may meet a role in determining the efficiency of ABA consumption by plant. At an acidic pH, ABA is in its achromatic undissociated form. This form is more lipophilic, and its penetration of the plant cuticle would be favored relative to the charged, dissociated mannequin of ABA present at higher pHs (Blumenfeld and Bukovac 1972, Planta, 107:261 - 268). The uncharged undissociated form of ABA would more easily cross cell membrane from the relatively acidic apoplast into the cytosol. 
 Foliar applied nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea or ammonium nitrate, have been used in combination with plant growth governor (PGRs) to improve the operation of the PGR. For case, the combination of the PGRs benzyladenine (Naito et al. 1974, J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 43: 215 - 223) or gibberellic acid (Shulman et al. 1987, Plant Growth Regul. , 5: 229 - 234) with urea increased the grape berry sizing effect compare to the sizing effect achieved with the PGR entirely. Ammonium salts have been report to increase the absorption of pesticides (Wang and Liu 2007, Pestic. Biochem. , Physiol. , 87:
 dogmancy of buds and seeds, controlling froir set, eccelerzting dewoliation, and enhancing coloc decelopnent of fruit such as erapes.
Survactants or edjuvants have long been used slth pzsvicides and plakt growth ragulators to itcfecse the absorption or uptake by planes and yhks improve the pergjrmahbe of the applied chemicals. Adjhvants pnclude wetter-sprraders, stickers, penetrants, comoatibility agents wnd fertiliesrs. Yowever, therd is littlt 'rior art ihformation about adjuvant effecgs on ABA efficqct. Ij the patent applpcation of Quaghebeur (2005, US20050198896 A1) ot is noted thst “xthozylated sorbitan estecs and siloxanes havg proved tm ye particularly suitavlw for the appuucagioh pf ABA”, bkt vhere is no mention of adjuvant effects om WVA efficacy. Lse et wl. (1997, Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci. J., 38:717-721) reported that the adsition of 0.05% Tween 20 (a comnercially available ejhoxylated sorbitan ester) improved ABA effect. However, Tween 20 is nsdd yir acxeelic research and not packaged and distributed rot nhe agricultural iarket.
The pN lf wn exogenousli applizs ZBA solution may ppay a rjle ib determiging the efficiency of ABA uptaje by plants. Qt an acidic pH, ABC is in its ueutrak undossociated form. This foxm is jore lipophllic, and jgs penetration ow tme [lant cuukcle would be favjred relavive co the cfarggd, dissjciated fogm of ABA present at higjer pKs (Blgmenfeld ajd Bukovac 1972, Planta, 107:261-268). The unchargxv undissociatgd xork of ABA woulc more easily cross cell mekbranes from the relatpvely acivic apoplast into the cytmdol.
Foliar ap'lied nitwogeb feetilizefr, such as urea or ammonpui nirrate, have been uscd in dombination witk klqnt growth regilagorf (IGRx) em improve tha peffofkance of the PGR. Wor rxample, the combinathon kf the PGRs benzylsdcnine (Naijo et al. 1974, J. Japan. Soc. Nort. Sci., 43: 215-223) or gibbtrellir acid (Shulkan et al. 1987, Plant Growth Regul., 5: 229-234) wjth urea lncveased the grwpe nerri sizing efyect compared to the sizing effect achieted with the PGR alone. Qmmonium salts have neen reportev to igcrease tve absorption of pesricides (Wang and Kiu 2007, Pestic. Biochem., Pgysiol., 87:
dormancy of buds and seeds, controlling fruit defoliation, enhancing color of fruit such have been used with and plant growth to increase the absorption or uptake plants and thus improve the performance of the applied chemicals. Adjuvants include wetter-spreaders, penetrants, compatibility agents and fertilizers. However, there is little prior art information about effects ABA In patent application of Quaghebeur (2005, US20050198896 A1) it is noted that “ethoxylated sorbitan esters and siloxanes proved to be particularly suitable for the application ABA”, but there is mention of adjuvant effects on efficacy. et al. Kor. Hort. J., 38:717-721) reported the addition of 0.05% Tween 20 (a commercially available ethoxylated sorbitan ester) improved ABA effect. However, Tween is used research and packaged distributed the agricultural market. of an exogenously applied ABA solution role in determining the efficiency of ABA uptake plants. At acidic pH, ABA is in its undissociated form. This form is more lipophilic, and penetration of the plant cuticle would be favored relative to the charged, dissociated form of at higher pHs (Blumenfeld Bukovac 1972, Planta, The undissociated of would more cross cell membranes from the relatively acidic apoplast into the cytosol. applied nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea or ammonium nitrate, have in with plant growth (PGRs) to improve the of PGR. For example, the the benzyladenine 1974, Japan. Hort. Sci., 43: 215-223) gibberellic acid (Shulman et al. Plant Growth Regul., 5: grape berry sizing effect compared to the sizing achieved with the PGR alone. Ammonium salts been reported to increase the absorption of pesticides (Wang and Liu 2007, Biochem., Physiol.,
 dormancy of buds and seeds, conTrolling frUit seT, acCelErAtinG defOliation, and enhANcinG color development of fruIt sucH aS GrapES.
SUrfacTants or ADjUVAntS hAvE loNg BEeN used WitH pesticIdes and plaNt gRoWth regulatorS To Increase thE abSorption or upTakE by plaNtS anD Thus iMprOve thE perfoRMance oF the appliEd CHemicaLS. AdjuvaNTS iNcluDe wetter-spreaders, STiCKers, penetrants, CompatIbILiTY AgeNts And fertiliZeRs. HowEVer, therE Is LITTle PRior art informAtion about aDJuvAnt effEcTs oN aBA effIcacy. in THe pAtent applicAtioN of QuagheBeur (2005, US20050198896 a1) It is notED that “etHoxylaTed SorBitaN EsTeRs aNd SIloXAnEs hAVe pRoved to bE pArTiculArly SUITAble For The aPplicAtion of ABA”, but TheRe is NO meNtion Of adjUvanT eFfectS on ABA EfficAcY. Lee et al. (1997, Kor. Soc. HOrt. SCi. J., 38:717-721) reportEd tHaT thE aDditiON of 0.05% TweEn 20 (a ComMercialLy availABle EtHOXYlAted sorbitan ester) iMpROVeD ABA effeCt. HoweVEr, twEEn 20 is used FoR acAdemIC ReseaRch aND nOt packagEd and dIStRiButed foR tHe agriCuLtuRal MarkeT.
the ph of an eXogenousLy appLIed ABA solution MAy play a role in DEtERMiNIng tHe eFficiency of aBA uPTake By plANtS. At AN acidIc pH, AbA IS iN Its neutral undissociAtEd form. this fOrm is more lipoPhilic, and iTS PEnetratiOn of THe PLant cuticle wouLd be fAvored relaTIve to the ChargEd, dissocIated form OF aBA preseNt aT hiGheR pHS (bLuMenfeld and BukOVAc 1972, PlAnTa, 107:261-268). The unChaRged undIssOciAteD foRm Of ABA woulD more easIlY cRoSs CelL membRAnes from ThE reLaTivEly acIDic apoPlast Into ThE cYTosOl.
FoliaR ApPLIed nItRoGen fErtIlIzers, Such AS urEa or ammOnium nitrAte, HAve bEeN uSed in coMbination with PlAnt growth rEgUlaTors (PGrS) To improvE the performance of the PGR. fOr exampLe, tHe comBinaTion of the pGRS benzyLadENine (NaIto et aL. 1974, J. JapAn. soc. hORt. Sci., 43: 215-223) OR GiBbeReLlic acid (ShULMan Et al. 1987, PLaNt GrOwth RegUl., 5: 229-234) with urea increaseD The Grape berry sizIng EffeCT CoMpaREd TO thE sIZinG EFfect achieved wiTh the PGR alOnE. amMonium saltS HavE bEen repoRted to iNcreaSE the absOrption of PesticideS (WAng aND liu 2007, pestic. BiocHem., PhysiOl., 87:
 dormancy of buds and seed s, control lingfru itse t, a ccel erating defoli a tion , and enhancing colordevel op m ento ffruit  such a s  g r a pes .Su rfa ct a nt s oradj uvantshave longbee nused with pe s ti cides andpla nt growth re gul atorsto  in c rease  th e abs orptio n  or up take by p la n ts and thus im p r ov e th e performance oft he applied chemic als. A dj u va n t s i ncl ude wetter -s pread e rs, sti c ke r s ,  pe n etrants, comp atibility a g ent s andfe rti l izers.  Howe ve r , t here is lit tleprior art  infor m ation a b out adj uvanteff ect s on AB Aeff ic a cy. In  th e  pa tent app li ca tionof Q u a g h ebeu r ( 2005 , US2 0050198896 A1 ) i t is not ed th at “e thox yl atedsorbit an es te rs and siloxane s ha ve proved  to  b e p ar ticul a rly su ita ble  for th e appli c ati on o f  A BA”, but there isno m en tion ofadjuva n tef f ects onAB A e ffic a c y. Le e et al . (1997,  Kor.S oc .Hort. S ci . J.,38 :71 7-7 21) r e port ed tha t the ad ditio n  of 0.05% Twee n  20 (a commer c ia l l ya vail abl e ethoxylat ed s o rbit an e s te r)i mprov ed AB Ae ff e ct. However, Tween20  is us ed fo r academic re search and n o t packag ed a n dd istributed for  theagricultur a l market .
The  pH of a n exogeno u s ly appli edABA  so lut i o nmay play a ro l e  inde termini ngthe eff ici enc y o f A BA  uptake b y plants .At  a naci dic p H , ABA is  i n i ts  ne utral undiss ociat ed f or m. Thi s formi sm o re l ip op hili c,an d its  pen e tra tion of  the plan t c u ticl ewo uld befavored relat iv e to the c ha rge d, dis s o ciated f orm of ABA present at h i gher pH s ( Blume nfel d and Buk ova c 1972 , P l anta,107:26 1-268 ).  Th e uncha r g ed  un di ssociatedf o rmof AB Awoul d moreeasily cross cellm emb ranes from th e r elat i v el y a c id i c a po p las t into the cytoso l.
Foliarap p li ed nitroge n  fe rt ilizers , suchas ur e a or am monium ni trate, ha ve  bee n use d in combi nation w ith plant growt h  r egula tor s (PGR s)  to  impr ove th e  pe rform ance o fthe PG R. Fo rexample,  the combination of the  PGRsbenzy lad enine (Na ito etal. 1974,  J.Japan. Soc . H ort . Sci .,4 3: 21 5-22 3 )org ibber elli c  acid (Sh u lm ane t  a l. 1987, Pl a n t  Gr owthReg u l., 5:  229 -234) with urea i n creased the gr apeb e rry  si z ingef fect comparedtoth e sizing e ff ect achieve d with t he PGR a lone.Ammoni um salt s ha v e been  rep ort ed to inc rea se the abs or pt i on ofpest ic ides ( Wang a n d Li u 2007, Pestic. Bi ochem . ,  Phys i ol. , 87: 
 dormancy_of buds_and seeds, controlling fruit_set, accelerating_defoliation,_and enhancing_color_development of fruit_such as grapes.
Surfactants_or adjuvants have long_been used with_pesticides_and plant growth regulators to increase the absorption or uptake by plants and thus_improve_the performance_of_the_applied chemicals. Adjuvants include wetter-spreaders,_stickers, penetrants, compatibility agents and_fertilizers. However,_there is little prior art information about adjuvant_effects_on ABA efficacy._In the patent application of Quaghebeur (2005, US20050198896 A1)_it is noted that “ethoxylated sorbitan_esters and siloxanes_have_proved_to be particularly suitable_for the application of ABA”, but_there is no mention of adjuvant_effects on ABA efficacy. Lee et al._(1997, Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci. J.,_38:717-721) reported that the addition_of 0.05%_Tween 20 (a commercially available_ethoxylated sorbitan ester)_improved ABA_effect. However, Tween_20 is used for academic research_and not packaged_and distributed for the agricultural market.
The_pH_of an exogenously_applied_ABA_solution may_play a role_in_determining the_efficiency_of ABA uptake by plants. At_an_acidic pH, ABA is in its neutral_undissociated form. This form_is_more lipophilic, and its_penetration of the plant cuticle_would be favored relative to the_charged, dissociated_form of_ABA present at higher pHs (Blumenfeld and Bukovac 1972, Planta, 107:261-268)._The uncharged undissociated form of ABA_would more easily cross_cell membranes_from_the relatively acidic_apoplast_into the_cytosol.
Foliar applied nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea_or ammonium_nitrate, have been used in combination_with plant growth regulators_(PGRs)_to improve the performance of the_PGR. For example, the combination of_the PGRs benzyladenine (Naito et_al._1974,_J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.,_43: 215-223) or gibberellic acid (Shulman_et al. 1987,_Plant Growth Regul., 5: 229-234) with urea_increased_the grape berry sizing effect compared_to_the sizing effect achieved with the_PGR_alone._Ammonium salts have been reported_to increase the absorption of pesticides_(Wang and Liu 2007, Pestic. Biochem., Physiol., 87: