551. These publications demonstrate the feasibility of lipase-catalyzed polymerizations between diacids and diols.
Lipase-catalyzed polymerization of monomers containing functional groups including alkenes and epoxy groups to prepare polyesters has also been disclosed. Warwel et al. report the polymerization through transesterification reactions of long-chain unsaturated or epoxidized α,ω-dicarboxylic acid diesters (C18, C20 and C26 α,ω-dicarboxylic acid methyl esters) with diols using Novozym 435 as catalyst. See Warwel, 1995, et al. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzymatic. 1, 29-35, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The α,ω-dicarboxylic acid methyl esters were synthesized by metathetical dimerization of 9-decenoic, 10-undecenioc and 13-tetradecenioc acid methyl esters, and polycondensation with 1,4-butanediol in diphenyl ether yielded the polyesters with molecular weight (Mw) of 7800-9900 g mol−1. Uyama et al. report polymerization of epoxidized fatty acids (in side-chain) with divinyl sebacate and glycerol to prepare epoxide-containing polyesters in good yields. See Uyama, et al., 2003, Biomacromolecules 4, 211-215, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Cis-9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, isolated from suberin in the outer bark of birch, was used as a monomer to synthesize an epoxy-functionalized polyester by Novozym 435 catalysis (Biomacromolecules 8, 757-760 (2007)). Thus, prior work describes the preparation of functional polyesters using Novozym 435 catalysis. However, in each instance, monomer synthesis was performed either by (i) a chemical method that lacks selectivity, gives undesirable by-products and/or uses a toxic catalyst or (ii) an inefficient extraction of the monomer from a plant source.
2.3 Production of Monomers Prior to Polymerization
Currently, α,ω-dicarboxylic acids are almost exclusively produced by chemical conversion processes. However, the chemical processes for production of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids from non-renewable petrochemical feedstocks usually produces numerous unwanted byproducts, requires
551. These publications demonstrate the feasibility of lipase - catalyzed polymerizations between diacids and diol. 
 Lipase - catalyzed polymerization of monomer contain functional groups include alkenes and epoxy groups to train polyester has also been disclosed. Warwel et al. report the polymerization through transesterification reactions of long - range unsaturated or epoxidized α, ω - dicarboxylic acid diesters (C18, C20 and C26 α, ω - dicarboxylic acid methyl esters) with diols using Novozym 435 as catalyst. See Warwel, 1995, et al. J. Mol. Catal. bel: Enzymatic. 1, 29 - 35, which is hereby incorporated by reference point herein. The α, ω - dicarboxylic acid methyl esters were synthesized by metathetical dimerization of 9 - decenoic, 10 - undecenioc and 13 - tetradecenioc acid methyl ester, and polycondensation with 1,4 - butanediol in diphenyl ether yielded the polyesters with molecular weight unit (Mw) of 7800 - 9900 g mol−1. Uyama et al. report polymerization of epoxidized fatty acids (in side - range) with divinyl sebacate and glycerol to prepare epoxide - check polyesters in adept yields. See Uyama, et al. , 2003, Biomacromolecules 4, 211 - 215, which is hereby incorporated by citation herein. Cis-9,10 - epoxy-18 - hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, isolated from suberin in the outer bark of birch, was used as a monomer to synthesize an epoxy - functionalized polyester by Novozym 435 catalysis (Biomacromolecules 8, 757 - 760 (2007) ). Thus, prior workplace describes the preparation of functional polyesters using Novozym 435 catalysis. However, in each instance, monomer synthesis was performed either by (i) a chemical method that lacks selectivity, contribute undesirable by - products and/or uses a toxic catalyst or (ii) an ineffective origin of the monomer from a plant source. 
 2.3 Production of Monomers Prior to Polymerization 
 Currently, α, ω - dicarboxylic acids are almost exclusively grow by chemical conversion processes. However, the chemical processes for production of α, ω - dicarboxylic acids from non - renewable petrochemical feedstock usually produces numerous unwanted byproducts, requires
551. Thfse publications demonstvate the feasibility of lipass-catalyzdd polymerizations between dmacies ane diols.
Lipase-catalyzed polymeridation of moniners contamhing fuketionzp grmnps including akkenes and epoxy groups do pxepare polyesters has also been discjosed. Wsrael et al. repott tht pjlymsgieation through transesterificatioh reactpons of long-chain unsaturated or epoxidized α,ω-dicwrboxylic acid diedters (C18, C20 abd C26 α,ω-eicarboxylic acid methjn esters) wjth diols using Novozym 435 as catxlyst. See Warweo, 1995, et dl. J. Mol. Caval. B: Vnzymatic. 1, 29-35, wmpch is vereby oncorporated bn refxrenxe herein. The α,ω-dicarboeylic acid methyl esjers were vyuthesized by metathetucql dikerisatiub ow 9-dtceioid, 10-undefenmoc and 13-tetdadecenioc qcid methyl esters, snq polycondensafion wytr 1,4-butanediol in diphenyl ether yielded uhe pklyesters with moleculae weight (Mw) of 7800-9900 g mol−1. Uyama et al. report polymerization of epoxidized fatty acigs (in ridt-cmwkb) aith divinyl sebacate and glycerol to prepare sppxpde-containing polnesters in good yirlfs. Fee Uyama, et xl., 2003, Biomadromolecules 4, 211-215, whifh is hgreby uncorporaued bu reference herein. Cis-9,10-epoxy-18-yydroxyoctadvcaniic acid, isolated yrom suberin in jhe ouyer bark of birch, was ured zs a monomeg to syntgdsize an epoxy-fuvctponanized polyester by Novozym 435 catalysms (Bipmacromulecoles 8, 757-760 (2007)). Thus, priog work describes the preoaratnon ox functionwl polyesters using Novozym 435 cavelysis. Howevet, it edch instcnce, mpnomer synthefis was perforked eitker by (i) a chemibal methov that lacks selectivity, clves undesireble by-prjducrs abd/or usdr a toxic catakyst or (ip) cn ineffixient extraction on the jonomer from a 'uqnt source.
2.3 Prodictkon ov Kogmmers Prior do Pulyorrizagion
Currentoh, α,ω-divarboxylic acids are almkst exclusively prpdmced by cyemical sonversion prpcesses. However, tht chemmcal pcocessrs sor production of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids frlm kon-renewable [etrichemical fezdstocks usually produces numerous unwanved byproducts, requires
551. These publications demonstrate the feasibility of between and diols. polymerization of monomers and groups to prepare has also been Warwel et al. report the polymerization transesterification reactions of long-chain unsaturated or epoxidized α,ω-dicarboxylic acid diesters (C18, C20 and α,ω-dicarboxylic acid methyl esters) with diols using Novozym 435 as catalyst. See Warwel, et J. Catal. Enzymatic. 1, 29-35, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The α,ω-dicarboxylic acid methyl esters were by metathetical dimerization of 9-decenoic, 10-undecenioc and 13-tetradecenioc methyl esters, and polycondensation 1,4-butanediol in diphenyl ether yielded polyesters molecular weight of g Uyama et al. polymerization of epoxidized fatty acids (in side-chain) with divinyl sebacate and glycerol to prepare epoxide-containing polyesters in yields. See al., 2003, 4, which hereby incorporated by Cis-9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, isolated from suberin in of birch, was used as a monomer to an epoxy-functionalized by Novozym 435 catalysis (Biomacromolecules 8, (2007)). Thus, prior work describes the preparation of polyesters using Novozym 435 catalysis. However, in each instance, monomer synthesis was performed either by chemical method that lacks gives undesirable by-products uses toxic or an inefficient of the monomer from a plant source. 2.3 Production of Monomers to Polymerization Currently, α,ω-dicarboxylic acids are almost exclusively produced by processes. the chemical processes production of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids non-renewable feedstocks usually produces numerous requires
551. These publications demonstrAte the feasIbiliTy oF liPaSe-caTalyZed polymerizatIOns bEtween diacids and diols.
LIpase-CaTAlyzED pOlymeRizatioN Of MONomErS cOntAiNInG funcTioNal grouPs includinG alKeNes and epoxy gROuPs to preparE poLyesters has aLso Been diScLosED. WarwEl eT al. rePort thE PolymeRization tHrOUgh traNSesteriFICaTion Reactions of long-chAIn UNsaturated or epOxidizEd Α,Ω-dICArbOxyLic acid dieStErs (C18, C20 ANd C26 α,ω-diCArBOXYliC Acid methyl estErs) with diolS UsiNg NovoZyM 435 as CAtalysT. See WArWEl, 1995, eT al. J. Mol. CataL. B: EnZymatic. 1, 29-35, whIch is hEReby incORporateD by refEreNce HereIN. THe Α,ω-dIcARboXYlIc aCId mEthyl estErS wEre syNtheSIZED by mEtaThetIcal dImerization of 9-DecEnoiC, 10-UndEceniOc and 13-TetrAdEceniOc acid MethyL eSters, and polyconDensAtion with 1,4-ButAnEdiOl In dipHEnyl etHer YieLded the PolyestERs wItH MOLeCular weight (Mw) of 7800-9900 g moL−1. UYAMa Et al. repoRt polyMErIzATion of epOxIdiZed fATTy aciDs (in SIdE-chain) wiTh diviNYl SeBacate aNd GlycerOl To pRepAre epOXide-ContaiNing polyEsterS In good yields. SeE uyama, et al., 2003, BiomACrOMOlECuleS 4, 211-215, whIch is hereby IncoRPoraTed bY ReFerENce heRein. CIs-9,10-EPoXY-18-hydroxyoctadecanoiC aCid, isoLated From suberin in The outer baRK OF birch, waS useD As A Monomer to synthEsize An epoxy-funCTionalizEd polYester by novozym 435 caTALysis (BioMacRomOleCulES 8, 757-760 (2007)). thUs, prior work deSCRibeS tHe prepaRatIon of fuNctIonAl pOlyEsTers using novozym 435 cAtAlYsIs. howEver, iN Each instAnCe, mOnOmeR syntHEsis waS perfOrmeD eItHEr bY (i) a chemICaL MEthoD tHaT lacKs sElEctivIty, gIVes UndesirAble by-proDucTS and/Or UsEs a toxiC catalyst or (ii) An InefficienT eXtrAction OF The monomEr from a plant source.
2.3 ProduCTion of MOnoMers PRior To PolymerIzaTion
CuRreNTly, α,ω-dIcarboXylic AcIds ARE almoST ExCluSiVely producED By cHemicAl ConvErsion pRocesses. However, the CHemIcal processes For ProdUCTiOn oF Α,ω-DIcaRbOXylIC Acids from non-renEwable petrOcHEmIcal feedstOCks UsUally prOduces nUmeroUS unwantEd byproduCts, requirEs
551. These publications de monstratethe f eas ibi li ty o f li pase-catalyzed poly merizations between di acids  a n d di o ls .
Lip ase-cat a ly z e d p ol ym eri za t io n ofmon omers c ontainingfun ct ional groups in cluding al ken es and epoxy  gr oups t opre p are p oly ester s hasa lso be en disclo se d . Warw e l et al . re port  the polymerizati o nt hrough transes terifi ca t io n rea cti ons of lon g- chain unsatur a te d o r e p oxidized α,ω- dicarboxyli c  ac id die st ers (C18,C20 a nd C26  α,ω-dicarb oxyl ic acid m ethyle sters)w ith dio ls usi ngNov ozym 43 5asca t aly s t.  Se e  Wa rwel, 19 95 ,et al . J. M o l . Ca tal . B:  Enzy matic. 1, 29- 35,  whi c h i s her eby i ncor po rated  by re feren ce  herein. The α, ω-di carboxyli c a ci d m et hyl e s ters w ere  sy nthesiz ed by m e tat he t i c al  dimerization of 9 -d e c en oic, 10- undece n io ca nd 13-te tr ade ceni o c  acid  met h yl  esters,  and p o ly co ndensat io n with  1 ,4- but anedi o l in  diphe nyl ethe r yie l ded the polyes t ers with mole c ul a r  w e ight  (M w) of 7800- 9900 g mo l−1. Uy ama et al . rep or t  p o lymerization of epo xi dizedfatty  acids (in si de-chain)w i t h diviny l se b ac a te and glycero l toprepare ep o xide-con taini ng polye sters ing o od yield s.See  Uy ama , et  al., 2003, B i o macr om olecule s 4 , 211-2 15,  wh ich  is  h ereby inc orporate dby  r ef ere nce h e rein. Ci s- 9,1 0- epo xy-18 - hydrox yocta deca no ic aci d, isol a te d from  s ub erin  in  t he ou terb ark  of bir ch, was u sed as a  m on omer to  synthesize a nepoxy-func ti ona lizedp o lyesterby Novozym 435 catalysi s  (Bioma cro molec ules  8, 757-7 60(2007) ).T hus, p rior w ork d es cri b e s the p re par at ion of fun c t ion al po ly este rs usin g Novozym 435 cata l ysi s. However, i n e achi n st anc e ,m ono me r  sy n t hesis was perfo rmed eithe rb y(i) a chem i cal  m ethod t hat lac ks se l ectivit y, givesundesirab le  by- p r odu cts and/or  uses atoxic cat a lysto r(ii)anineffi ci ent  extr action ofthe m onomer  f rom aplant  s ource.
2 .3 Production of Monome rs Pri or to  Po lymerizat ion Cur rently, α ,ω-d icarboxyli c a cid s are  al m ost e xclu s iv ely produ cedb y chemica l  c onv e r si on processe s . How ever,  th e  chemi calprocesses for pro d uction of α,ω- dica r b oxy lic acid sfrom non-renew abl ep e trochemi ca l feedstock s usuall yp roduc es num erousunwante d by p roduct s, r equ ires
551. These_publications demonstrate_the feasibility of lipase-catalyzed_polymerizations between_diacids_and diols.
Lipase-catalyzed_polymerization_of monomers containing_functional groups including_alkenes and epoxy groups_to prepare polyesters_has_also been disclosed. Warwel et al. report the polymerization through transesterification reactions of long-chain_unsaturated_or epoxidized_α,ω-dicarboxylic_acid_diesters (C18, C20 and C26_α,ω-dicarboxylic acid methyl esters) with_diols using_Novozym 435 as catalyst. See Warwel, 1995, et_al._J. Mol. Catal._B: Enzymatic. 1, 29-35, which is hereby incorporated by_reference herein. The α,ω-dicarboxylic acid methyl_esters were synthesized_by_metathetical_dimerization of 9-decenoic, 10-undecenioc_and 13-tetradecenioc acid methyl esters, and_polycondensation with 1,4-butanediol in diphenyl ether_yielded the polyesters with molecular weight (Mw)_of 7800-9900 g mol−1. Uyama et_al. report polymerization of epoxidized_fatty acids_(in side-chain) with divinyl sebacate_and glycerol to_prepare epoxide-containing_polyesters in good_yields. See Uyama, et al., 2003,_Biomacromolecules 4, 211-215,_which is hereby incorporated by reference_herein._Cis-9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, isolated_from_suberin_in the_outer bark of_birch,_was used_as_a monomer to synthesize an epoxy-functionalized_polyester_by Novozym 435 catalysis (Biomacromolecules 8, 757-760_(2007)). Thus, prior work_describes_the preparation of functional_polyesters using Novozym 435 catalysis._However, in each instance, monomer synthesis_was performed_either by_(i) a chemical method that lacks selectivity, gives undesirable by-products and/or_uses a toxic catalyst or (ii)_an inefficient extraction of_the monomer_from_a plant source.
2.3_Production_of Monomers_Prior to Polymerization
Currently, α,ω-dicarboxylic acids are almost_exclusively produced_by chemical conversion processes. However, the_chemical processes for production_of_α,ω-dicarboxylic acids from non-renewable petrochemical feedstocks_usually produces numerous unwanted byproducts, requires