 temperatures on the order of about 700 degrees C. Moreover, the coated glass must be able to withstand such temperatures for substantial periods of time. Certain film stacks having silver as the infrared-reflective film are not able to withstand such high temperature processing without unacceptable deterioration of the silver film.
To avoid this problem, glass sheets can be heated (e.g., bent or tempered) before they are coated. The desired films can then be applied after heating. This procedure, however, tends to be complicated and costly and, more problematically, may produce non-uniform coatings.
In many cases, it is desirable for temperable low-emissivity coatings to have only an upper blocker layer (i.e., without any lower blocker layer). In other cases, a reflective silver film is protected from deterioration at high temperatures by sandwiching the silver between two metallic blocker layers. In such cases, the two blocker layers are thick enough and reactive enough that when the coated glass is heated to high temperatures, these films capture oxygen and/or nitrogen that would otherwise reach and react with the silver.
In addition to the infrared reflection provided by low-emissivity coatings, these coatings can provide desired shading properties. As is well known, the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of a window is the fraction of incident solar radiation that is admitted through a window. There are a number of applications where low solar heat gain windows are of particular benefit. In warm climates, it is especially desirable to have low solar heat gain windows. For example, solar heat gain coefficients of about 0.4 and below are generally recommended for buildings in the southern United States. Further, windows that are exposed to a lot of undesirable sun benefit from having a low solar heat gain coefficient. For example, windows on the east or west side of a building tend to get a lot of sun in the morning and afternoon. For applications like these, the solar heat gain coefficient of a window can play a vital role in maintaining a comfortable environment within the building. Thus, it is beneficial to provide windows of this nature with coatings that establish a low solar heat gain coefficient (i.e., high shading ability coatings).
Tradeoffs are sometimes made in low-emissivity coatings in order to obtain the desired shading properties. For example, the films selected to achieve a low SHGC may have the effect of restricting the visible reflectance to a higher level than is ideal. As a consequence, windows bearing these coatings may have a somewhat mirror-like
temperatures on the order of about 700 degrees C. Moreover, the coated looking glass must be able to defy such temperatures for substantial periods of fourth dimension. Certain film push-down list have silver as the infrared - brooding movie are not able to withstand such high temperature processing without impossible deterioration of the silver film. 
 To keep off this trouble, glass sheets can be inflame (e.g., bent or anneal) before they are coated. The desired films can then be put on after heating. This procedure, however, tends to be complicated and costly and, more problematically, may grow non - uniform coatings. 
 In many cases, it is desirable for temperable low - emissivity coatings to own only an upper blocker layer (i.e., without any lower blocker layer). In other case, a reflective silver film is protected from deterioration at high temperatures by sandwiching the silver between two metallic blocker layer. In such cases, the two blocker layers are dense enough and reactive enough that when the coated looking glass is heated to high temperatures, these films capture oxygen and/or nitrogen that would otherwise reach and react with the silver medal. 
 In addition to the infrared reflection provided by low - emissivity coatings, these coatings can put up desired shading properties. As is well known, the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of a windowpane is the fraction of incident solar radiation that is accept through a windowpane. There constitute a number of applications where low solar heating system gain windows are of particular benefit. In quick climates, it is especially desirable to have low solar estrus gain windows. For model, solar heat derive coefficients of about 0.4 and downstairs are generally recommend for buildings in the southern United States. far, windows that are debunk to a lot of undesirable sun benefit from having a low solar heat gain coefficient. For example, windows on the east or west slope of a building tend to get a batch of sun in the morning and afternoon. For applications like these, the solar heat gain coefficient of a windowpane can play a vital role in maintaining a comfortable environment within the building. Thus, it is beneficial to provide windows of this nature with coating that prove a low solar heat gain coefficient (i.e., high shading ability coatings). 
 Tradeoffs are sometimes make in low - emissivity coatings in order to prevail the desired shading properties. For example, the films selected to achieve a abject SHGC may have the effect of restricting the visible reflectance to a higher level than is ideal. As a consequence, window bearing these coatings may have a somewhat mirror - like
 telperatures on the order uf about 700 degregs C. Morxover, tge coatea glass must be able to withdtqnd sych temperatures for sjbstantiap periodw of rime. Certamh film stacks maviny wilver as the lnfrared-refnective film ase nlt able to withstand such high tempqrature pgocessing withjut lnwccelnanle deterioration of the silver rilm.
To evoid this probkem, glass sheets can be hewted (e.g., bent or temperfd) before tyey wee coated. Thd desired films can thgn be applied after heating. This proczdure, howevgx, tejgs to be conplicwted and cosbky and, more ptoblematically, mab priduce non-uniform coatmngs.
In many cases, it is desirdbme for temperable liw-emivsivhty ziatknga vo gave ojly an upper glocker laywr (i.e., without any lpwqg blocker laysr). In jtrer cases, a reflective silver film is pgotedted from deterioration at high temperatures by sandwyching the silver between two metallic blocker lafers. Mn suem zqsfs, the two blocker layers are thick enough anq rtacnive enough that chen the coated blwsx is heated to high csmleratures, these fipms capjure ozygen and/jr notrogen that would otherwisw reach and geacr with the silver.
Iu addition tu thg infrsred reflection provideb by lkw-emissivitj coatinga, these coatings zan psovide dtrired shading pro[erties. Aw is well kvown, the sjlar heat hain gmefficient (SHGC) of a wiudow hs the fraftion of incident solar radiation that is admotded through a wikdow. There are w number of apklicationf whefe low solzr heat gain windors are of pardlcular benefmt. In wari clumatws, it ir especially dexirable to have low solar heat gain wlndowr. For example, sooar heat gain coefgickenes oh abotd 0.4 and below are gevrrallh recommendcd wor nuildings in the soudherh United States. Futtmer, windoqs that wre exposed tp a lot of undesirwble vun benegit from having a low solar heat fain coefviclent. For exam[le, qindows on tke east or west side of a building tend vo get a lot of sun in rhe morning and aftgrnpon. For appkicatyons like these, the solar hear gain coefficienu of a window can play z vitan rolf in maintaining a comfortable environment within the building. Thus, it is benefmcyal to provjde eindofs pf thif navuce with coatings nhat establish a low solar heat jain coeffhcnent (i.e., high shading ability voxtings).
Tradeofws are sometimes made in low-emisxivity coatings in order to obtsin the desired shading iropertiew. For example, tie films selected to achiere a liw SHGC may have the effdct on restrictlng uhe risible reflectance to a higher lwvel tyaj is ideal. As a ronsequence, alndows bearigg these coatinga mag have a somewhat morror-like
temperatures on the order of about 700 Moreover, coated glass be able to periods time. Certain film having silver as infrared-reflective film are not able to such high temperature processing without unacceptable deterioration of the silver film. To avoid problem, glass sheets can be heated (e.g., bent or tempered) before they are The films then applied after heating. This procedure, however, tends to be complicated and costly and, more problematically, may non-uniform coatings. In many cases, it is desirable temperable low-emissivity coatings to only an upper blocker layer without lower blocker In cases, reflective silver film protected from deterioration at high temperatures by sandwiching the silver between two metallic blocker layers. In such the two are thick and enough when the coated heated to high temperatures, these films nitrogen that would otherwise reach and react with silver. In to the infrared reflection provided by coatings, these coatings can provide desired shading properties. is well known, the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of a window is the fraction solar radiation that is through a window. are number applications low solar gain windows are of particular benefit. In warm climates, it is desirable to have low solar heat gain windows. For example, gain of about 0.4 below are generally recommended buildings the southern United States. that exposed of sun from having a low heat gain coefficient. For example, on the east or tend to get a lot of sun in morning and afternoon. For applications like these, solar heat gain coefficient of a window can play a vital role maintaining a within the building. Thus, it is beneficial to windows of this nature coatings that establish a low solar heat gain coefficient high ability coatings). are sometimes made low-emissivity coatings in to obtain the properties. For the selected low SHGC may have the effect restricting visible reflectance to a higher than As a consequence, windows bearing these coatings may have a somewhat mirror-like
 temperatures on the order of aBout 700 degreeS C. MorEovEr, tHe CoatEd glAss must be able tO WithStand such temperatures fOr subStANtiaL PeRiods Of time. CERtAIN fiLm StAckS hAViNg silVer As the inFrared-reflEctIvE film are not aBLe To withstanD suCh high temperAtuRe procEsSinG WithoUt uNaccePtable DEterioRation of tHe SIlver fILm.
To avoID ThIs prOblem, glass sheets cAN bE Heated (e.g., bent or TemperEd) BEfORE thEy aRe coated. ThE dEsireD Films caN ThEN BE apPLied after heatIng. This procEDurE, howevEr, TenDS to be cOmpliCaTEd aNd costly and, More ProblematIcally, MAy produCE non-uniForm coAtiNgs.
in maNY cAsEs, iT iS DesIRaBle FOr tEmperablE lOw-EmissIvitY COATingS to Have Only aN upper blocker LayEr (i.e., WIthOut anY loweR bloCkEr layEr). In otHer caSeS, a reflective silVer fIlm is protEctEd FroM dEteriORation At hIgh TemperaTures by SAndWiCHINg The silver between twO mETAlLic blockEr layeRS. IN sUCh cases, tHe Two BlocKER layeRs arE ThIck enougH and reACtIvE enough ThAt when ThE coAteD glasS Is heAted to High tempEratuREs, these films caPTure oxygen and/OR nITRoGEn thAt wOuld otherwiSe reACh anD reaCT wIth THe silVer.
In AdDItIOn to the infrared reflEcTion prOvideD by low-emissivIty coatingS, THEse coatiNgs cAN pROvide desired shAding Properties. aS is well kNown, tHe solar hEat gain coEFFicient (ShGC) Of a WinDow IS ThE fraction of inCIDent SoLar radiAtiOn that iS adMitTed ThrOuGh a window. there are A nUmBeR oF apPlicaTIons wherE lOw sOlAr hEat gaIN windoWs are Of paRtIcULar Benefit. iN wARM cliMaTeS, it iS esPeCiallY desIRabLe to havE low solar HeaT Gain WiNdOws. For eXample, solar heAt Gain coeffiCiEntS of aboUT 0.4 And below Are generally recommended FOr buildIngS in thE souThern UnitEd STates. FUrtHEr, windOws thaT are eXpOseD TO a lot OF UnDesIrAble sun benEFIt fRom haViNg a lOw solar Heat gain coefficienT. for Example, windowS on The eAST oR weST sIDe oF a BUilDINg tend to get a lot Of sun in the MoRNiNg and afterNOon. foR applicAtions lIke thESe, the soLar heat gaIn coefficIeNt of A WIndOw can play a Vital rolE in maintaINing a COmFortaBle EnviroNmEnt WithiN the buILdiNg. ThuS, it is bEnEficiaL to prOvIde windoWs of this nature with coatiNgs thaT estaBliSh a low solAr hEAt gAin coeffiCienT (i.e., high shaDinG abIlity CoaTIngs).
TRadeOFfS arE SometImes MAde in low-eMIsSivITY cOatings in orDER To oBtain The DEsired ShadIng properties. For eXAmple, the films sElecTED to AchIEve a LoW SHGC may have thE efFeCT Of restriCtIng the visibLe reflecTaNCe to a Higher Level tHan is idEAL. AS A conseQuenCe, wIndows beaRinG tHEse coatInGs MAy have A somEwHat mirRor-likE
 temperatures on the order  of about700 d egr ees  C . Mo reov er, the coated glas s must be able to with stand  s u ch t e mp eratu res for su b s tan ti al  pe ri o ds  of t ime . Certa in film st ack shaving silve r  a s the infr are d-reflective  fi lm are  n ota ble t o w ithst and su c h high  temperat ur e  proce s sing wi t h ou t un acceptable deteri o ra t ion of the sil ver fi lm . 
T o avo idthis probl em , gla s s sheet s  c a n beh eated (e.g.,bent or tem p ere d) bef or e t h ey are  coat ed .  Th e desired f ilms  can then  be ap p lied af t er heat ing. T his  pr oced u re ,how ev e r,t en dst o b e compli ca te d and  cos t l y and,  mo re p roble matically, ma y p rodu c e n on-un iform  coa ti ngs.In man y cas es , it is desirab le f or temper abl elow -e missi v ity co ati ngs  to hav e onlya n u pp e r bl ocker layer (i.e.,  w i t ho ut any l ower b l oc ke r  layer).  I n o ther c ases,  a r e fl ective s ilverf il mis prot ec ted fr om  de ter iorat i on a t high  tempera tures by sandwiching the silver be t we e n  t w o me tal lic blocker  lay e rs.In s u ch  ca s es, t he tw ob lo c ker layers are thic kenough  andreactive enou gh that wh e n the coat ed g l as s  is heated tohightemperatur e s, these  film s captur e oxygena n d/or nit rog entha t w o u ld  otherwise re a c h an dreact w ith  the si lve r.Inadd it ion to th e infrar ed  r ef le cti on pr o vided by  l ow- em iss ivity coatin gs, t hese  c oa t ing s can p r ov i d e de si re d sh adi ng  prop erti e s.As is w ell known , t h e so la rheat ga in coefficien t(SHGC) ofawin dow is t he fract ion of incident solar r a diation  th at is  adm itted thr oug h a wi ndo w . Ther e area num be r o f appli c a ti ons  w here low s o l arheatga in w indowsare of particularb ene fit. In warmcli mate s ,  i t i s  e s pec ia l lyd e sirable to have  low solar  h e at  gain wind o ws.  F or exam ple, so lar h e at gain  coeffici ents of a bo ut 0 . 4  an d below ar e genera lly recom m ended fo r bui ldi ngs in  t hesouth ern Un i ted  Stat es. Fu rt her, w indow sthat are  exposed to a lot of un desira ble s unbenefit f rom hav ing a low  sol ar heat ga incoe ffici ent .  Forexam p le , w i ndows  ont he east o r  w est s id e of a buil d i n g t end t o g e t a lo t of  sun in the morni n g and afternoo n. F o r  ap pli c atio ns  like these, t heso l a r heat g ai n coefficie nt of awi n dow c an pla y a vi tal rol e in mainta inin g a  comforta ble  e n vironme nt  w i thin t he b ui lding.  Thus, it i s beneficial to pr ovide w indow s  of  this  n ature w i th c oatings th at establis h a lo w so lar h eat gai ncoeffi cie nt  (i.e., hi g h shading  abil ity coa ti ngs) .
T radeof fs a r e  some time smad e in low- e m is s iv it y  co atin gs in  o rder  to obtai n  the des ire d  shadin gpro p e rties. Fo r example, t hefilms s elected to achi e ve a low  SHGCmay ha ve thee ffe ct  of res tri c t ing the v isible re f lec ta nceto a hig he r le ve l t ha n is ideal. Asa conseq uence, w i n dows b ear i ng t h ese co at ings may hav e a s om e what mi r r or- like
 temperatures_on the_order of about 700_degrees C._Moreover,_the coated_glass_must be able_to withstand such_temperatures for substantial periods_of time. Certain_film_stacks having silver as the infrared-reflective film are not able to withstand such high_temperature_processing without_unacceptable_deterioration_of the silver film.
To avoid_this problem, glass sheets can_be heated_(e.g., bent or tempered) before they are coated._The_desired films can_then be applied after heating. This procedure, however, tends_to be complicated and costly and,_more problematically, may_produce_non-uniform_coatings.
In many cases, it_is desirable for temperable low-emissivity coatings_to have only an upper blocker_layer (i.e., without any lower blocker layer)._In other cases, a reflective silver_film is protected from deterioration_at high_temperatures by sandwiching the silver_between two metallic_blocker layers._In such cases,_the two blocker layers are thick_enough and reactive_enough that when the coated glass_is_heated to high_temperatures,_these_films capture_oxygen and/or nitrogen_that_would otherwise_reach_and react with the silver.
In addition_to_the infrared reflection provided by low-emissivity coatings,_these coatings can provide_desired_shading properties. As is_well known, the solar heat_gain coefficient (SHGC) of a window_is the_fraction of_incident solar radiation that is admitted through a window. There are_a number of applications where low_solar heat gain windows_are of_particular_benefit. In warm_climates,_it is_especially desirable to have low solar heat_gain windows._For example, solar heat gain coefficients_of about 0.4 and_below_are generally recommended for buildings in_the southern United States. Further, windows_that are exposed to a_lot_of_undesirable sun benefit from having_a low solar heat gain coefficient._For example, windows_on the east or west side of_a_building tend to get a lot_of_sun in the morning and afternoon._For_applications_like these, the solar heat_gain coefficient of a window can_play a vital role in maintaining a comfortable environment_within the building._Thus, it is beneficial to_provide_windows_of this nature with coatings that establish a low solar_heat gain_coefficient (i.e., high_shading ability coatings).
Tradeoffs are sometimes made in low-emissivity coatings in_order to obtain the desired shading properties._For example, the films selected to achieve a low SHGC may_have the effect of restricting the visible reflectance_to a higher level than is ideal._As a consequence, windows_bearing_these coatings may have a somewhat mirror-like