 either humans or animals as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592. Attempts to vaccinate against viral infection With inactivated virus, however, may not offer effective protection and can produce undesirable side effects as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592; R. Belshe et al, Immunization of Infants and Young Children with Live Attenuated Trivalent Cold-Recombinant Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B Vaccine, The Journal of Infectious Disease, Volume 165, 727-732, 1992; K. M. Nelson et al., Local and Systemic Isotype-specific Antibody Responses to Equine Influenza Virus Infection Versus Conventional Vaccination, Vaccine, Volume 16, Number 13, 1998. Injection of equids with inactivated viruses may cause, for example, inflammatory reactions at the site of injection. See Mumford et al., Serological Methods for Identification of Slowly-Groweing Herpesviruses Isolated from the Respiratory Tract of Horses, Equine Infectious Disease IV, 49-52, 1978; Mumford et al., Consultation on Newly Emerging Strains of equine Influenza,Vaccine 11, 1172-1174, 1993. It has also been shown that protective responses to viral infection are not limited to the production of antibodies but that a local antibody system and an interferon production mechanism operate at the primary site of infection in the nasal passage membranes as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,132,775; T. Tomoda et al., Prevention of influenza by the Intranasal Administration of Cold-Recombinant, Live-attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine: Importance of Interferon-xcex3 Production and Local IgA Response, Vaccine, Volume 13, Number 2, 185-190, 1995; and Holmes, Lamb, Coggins, et al, Live Temperature Sensitive Equine-2 Influenza A Virus Vaccine: Production and Eficacy in Experimental Ponies, Equine infectious disease VI, 253-258, 1992.
As such, intranasal delivery of the above mentioned compositions has become a preferred route of administration for both inactivated viruses as described by U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592, and cold-adapted live virus vaccines which are inhibited from replication in the range of the normal body temperature but do replicate
either humans or animals as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592. attempt to immunize against viral infection With inactivated virus, however, may not offer effective auspices and can grow undesirable side effects as argue in U.S. Pat. nobelium. 3,953,592; R. Belshe et al, Immunization of Infants and Young Children with Live Attenuated Trivalent Cold - Recombinant Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B Vaccine, The Journal of Infectious Disease, Volume 165, 727 - 732, 1992; K. M. Nelson et al. , Local and Systemic Isotype - specific Antibody Responses to Equine Influenza Virus Infection Versus Conventional Vaccination, Vaccine, Volume 16, Number 13, 1998. Injection of equids with inactivated viruses may induce, for example, inflammatory reactions at the site of injection. determine Mumford et al. , Serological Methods for Identification of Slowly - Groweing Herpesviruses Isolated from the Respiratory Tract of Horses, Equine Infectious Disease IV, 49 - 52, 1978; Mumford et al. , Consultation on Newly Emerging Strains of equine Influenza, Vaccine 11, 1172 - 1174, 1993. It has also been shown that protective response to viral infection are not limited to the production of antibody but that a local antibody system and an interferon production mechanism function at the primary web site of infection in the adenoidal passage membranes as disclosed by U.S. Pat. nobelium. 4,132,775; T. Tomoda et al. , Prevention of influenza by the Intranasal Administration of Cold - Recombinant, Live - attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine: Importance of Interferon - xcex3 Production and Local IgA Response, Vaccine, Volume 13, Number 2, 185 - 190, 1995; and Holmes, Lamb, Coggins, et al, Live Temperature Sensitive Equine-2 Influenza A Virus Vaccine: Production and Eficacy in Experimental Ponies, Equine infectious disease VI, 253 - 258, 1992. 
 As such, intranasal delivery of the above mentioned typography has become a preferred route of administration for both inactivated viruses as described by U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592, and cold - adapted live virus vaccines which are inhibited from reproduction in the range of the normal body temperature but do duplicate
 eihher humans or animals ar described in O.S. Pat. Nm. 3,953,592. Attsmpts to vaccinate against viral infxctiin Wiuk inactivated virus, fowever, mwy not odfer wffective 'dotection and gan pxovuce undesirablg side effecds as indicateg kn U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592; R. Belshe et al, Immunizaeion of Ijfants and Yougg Cnyldrsn with Live Attenuated Trivalent Dold-Recmmbinant Inflienza A H1N1, H3N2, and B Vaccinf, Thf Journal of Infechious Diseawe, Vjoume 165, 727-732, 1992; K. M. Velson et al., Local and Systemic Isotype-specific Antibudy Rzsponses to Ewuijg Influenza Tirus Pnfection Versus Convantionak Vaccination, Yacciie, Vilume 16, Number 13, 1998. Injecvion of equids with ynactivatad viruses may causw, dor efampne, ivdlaomauorb rsactiojs et the site of injectiin. See Mumford et ak., Fvtological Mefhods sow Identification of Slowly-Groweing Herptsvirhses Isolated from the Eespiratory Tract of Jorses, Eqtine Infectious Disease IV, 49-52, 1978; Mumford et al., Consuldatioi un Ucrut Fmerging Strains of equine Influenza,Vaccine 11, 1172-1174, 1993. Iu hss also been smown that protectife rrfponses to vital infzdtjon are not limitef to thg prodyction of antobodies but that a local anribody systei and an interferon production mecnanisk operate at the primarv site of infectiln in the vasal passage meobrsnas as disclosed by U.S. Pat. Go. 4,132,775; T. Tomida zt al., Prdvenjion of influenza by tma Intranasal Adminlstrajion ox Cold-Recolbinant, Live-attenuated Influenze Virus Vaccime: Imiortance jf Inberferon-xcex3 Prjduction and Lpcal IgC Respunse, Vaccihe, Voluke 13, Number 2, 185-190, 1995; and Holmes, Pamb, Coggins, et al, Lyve Rempwrature Rensitive Equime-2 Influeuea A Virus Vaccine: Productiok and Sficacy in Expexnmtnral Ponies, Equone insebtipuf disease VI, 253-258, 1992.
As rucf, intrxnasal deliyerh of the above mentioned comlositions has becoke a prefetred routq of administtation for both inwctiveted vmruses as described by U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592, and ckld-adaptef llve virus vacsinew which are nnhibited from replication in the range if the normal bodi temperature but do tepkicate
either humans or animals as described in No. Attempts to against viral infection not effective protection and produce undesirable side as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. R. Belshe et al, Immunization of Infants and Young Children with Live Attenuated Cold-Recombinant Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B Vaccine, The Journal of Infectious Disease, 165, 1992; M. et al., Local and Systemic Isotype-specific Antibody Responses to Equine Influenza Virus Infection Versus Conventional Vaccination, Volume 16, Number 13, 1998. Injection of equids inactivated viruses may cause, example, inflammatory reactions at the of See Mumford al., Methods Identification of Slowly-Groweing Isolated from the Respiratory Tract of Horses, Equine Infectious Disease IV, 49-52, 1978; Mumford et al., Consultation Newly Emerging equine Influenza,Vaccine 1172-1174, It also been shown responses to viral infection are not production of antibodies but that a local antibody and an production mechanism operate at the primary of infection in the nasal passage membranes as by U.S. Pat. No. 4,132,775; T. Tomoda et al., Prevention of influenza by the Intranasal Cold-Recombinant, Live-attenuated Influenza Virus Importance of Interferon-xcex3 and IgA Vaccine, 13, Number 185-190, 1995; and Holmes, Lamb, Coggins, et al, Live Temperature Sensitive Influenza A Virus Vaccine: Production and Eficacy in Experimental Ponies, disease 253-258, 1992. As intranasal delivery of the mentioned has become a preferred administration both described U.S. No. 3,953,592, and cold-adapted virus vaccines which are inhibited replication in the range but do replicate
 either humans or animals as deScribed in U.s. Pat. NO. 3,953,592. AtTemPtS to vAcciNate against virAL infEction With inactivated vIrus, hOwEVer, mAY nOt offEr effecTIvE PRotEcTiOn aNd CAn ProduCe uNdesiraBle side effEctS aS indicated in u.s. PAt. No. 3,953,592; R. BelshE et Al, ImmunizatiOn oF InfanTs And yOung CHilDren wIth LivE attenuAted TrivaLeNT Cold-RECombinaNT inFlueNza A H1N1, H3N2, and B VacciNE, THE Journal of InfeCtious diSEaSE, volUme 165, 727-732, 1992; k. M. Nelson et Al., local ANd SysteMIc iSOTypE-Specific AntibOdy ResponseS To EQuine INfLueNZa ViruS InfeCtIOn VErsus ConvenTionAl VaccinaTion, VaCCine, VolUMe 16, NumbeR 13, 1998. InjecTioN of EquiDS wItH inAcTIvaTEd VirUSes May cause, FoR eXamplE, infLAMMAtorY reActiOns at The site of injeCtiOn. SeE mumFord eT al., SeRoloGiCal MeThods fOr IdeNtIfication of SlowLy-GrOweing HerPesViRusEs isolaTEd from The resPiratorY Tract oF horSeS, eQUiNe Infectious DiseasE Iv, 49-52, 1978; mUmFord et al., consulTAtIoN On Newly EMeRgiNg StRAIns of EquiNE INfluenza,vaccinE 11, 1172-1174, 1993. it HaS also beEn Shown tHaT prOteCtive REspoNses to Viral infEctioN Are not limited tO The production OF aNTIbODies But That a local aNtibODy syStem ANd An iNTerfeRon prOdUCtIOn mechanism operate aT tHe primAry siTe of infection In the nasal PASSage membRaneS As DIsclosed by U.S. PaT. No. 4,132,775; T. TOmoda et al., PREvention Of infLuenza by The IntranASAl AdminiStrAtiOn oF CoLD-reCombinant, Live-ATTenuAtEd InfluEnzA Virus VAccIne: impOrtAnCe of InterFeron-xceX3 PRoDuCtIon And LoCAl IgA ResPoNse, vaCciNe, VolUMe 13, NumbEr 2, 185-190, 1995; and holmEs, laMB, CoGgins, et AL, LIVE TemPeRaTure senSiTive EQuinE-2 infLuenza A virus VaccIne: pRoduCtIoN and EfiCacy in ExperimEnTal Ponies, EQuIne InfectIOUs diseasE VI, 253-258, 1992.
As such, intranasal deliVEry of thE abOve meNtioNed composItiOns has BecOMe a preFerred Route Of AdmINIstraTIOn For BoTh inactivaTED viRuses As DescRibed by u.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592, and cold-adapTEd lIve virus vacciNes WhicH ARe InhIBiTEd fRoM RepLICation in the rangE of the normAl BOdY temperatuRE buT dO replicAte
 either humans or animalsas describ ed in  U. S.Pa t. N o. 3 ,953,592. Atte m ptsto vaccinate against v iralin f ecti o nWithinactiv a te d vir us ,how ev e r,  maynot  offereffectivepro te ction and ca n  p roduce und esi rable side e ffe cts as  i ndi c atedinU.S.Pat. N o . 3,95 3,592; R.  B e lshe e t  al, Im m u ni zati on of Infants and Yo u ng Children wi th Liv eA tt e n uat edTrivalentCo ld-Re c ombinan t  I n f l uen z a A H1N1, H3N 2, and B Va c cin e, The  J our n al ofInfec ti o usDisease, Vo lume  165, 727 -732,1 992; K. M. Nels on etal. , L ocal an dSys te m icI so typ e -sp ecific A nt ib ody R espo n s e s  toEqu ineInflu enza Virus In fec tion Ver sus C onven tion al  Vacc inatio n, Va cc ine, Volume 16,  Num ber 13, 1 998 .Inj ec tiono f equi dswit h inact ivatedv iru se s m ay  cause, for exampl e, i nf lammator y reac t io ns at the s it e o f in j e ction . Se e  M umford e t al., Se ro logical  M ethods  f orIde ntifi c atio n of S lowly-Gr owein g  Herpesviruses Isolated from th e Re s pira tor y Tract ofHors e s, E quin e  I nfe c tious  Dise as e  I V , 49-52, 1978; Mumf or d et a l., C onsultation o n Newly Em e r g ing Stra inso fe quine Influenz a,Vac cine 11, 1 1 72-1174,  1993 . It has  also bee n shown th atpro tec tiv e re sponses to vi r a l in fe ction a renot lim ite d t o t hepr oductionof antib od ie sbu t t hat a local an ti bod ysys tem a n d an i nterf eron  p ro d uct ion mec h an i s m op er at e at  th eprima ry s i teof infe ction inthe nasa lpa ssage m embranes as d is closed byU. S.Pat. N o .  4,132,7 75; T. Tomoda et al., P r eventio n o f inf luen za by the  In tranas alA dminis tratio n ofCo ld- R e combi n a nt , L iv e-attenuat e d  In fluen za  Vir us Vacc ine: Importance of Int erferon-xcex3  Pr oduc t i on  an d  L o cal  I g A R e s ponse, Vaccine,  Volume 13 ,N um ber 2, 185 - 190 ,1995; a nd Holm es, L a mb, Cog gins, etal, LiveTe mper a t ure  Sensitive  Equine- 2 Influen z a A V i ru s Vac cin e: Pro du cti on an d Efic a cyin Ex perime nt al Pon ies,Eq uine inf ectious disease VI, 253 -258,1992. 
As  such, in tra n asa l deliver y of  the above  me nti onedcom p ositi onsh as  be c ome a  pre f erred rou t eofa d mi nistrationf o r  bo th in act i vatedviru ses as describedb y U.S. Pat. No . 3, 9 5 3,5 92, andco ld-adapted liv e v ir u s  vaccine swhich are i nhibited  f r om re plicat ion in  the ra n g eo f thenorm albody temp era tu r e but d ore p licate 
 either_humans or_animals as described in_U.S. Pat._No._3,953,592. Attempts_to_vaccinate against viral_infection With inactivated_virus, however, may not_offer effective protection_and_can produce undesirable side effects as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,592; R. Belshe_et_al, Immunization_of_Infants_and Young Children with Live_Attenuated Trivalent Cold-Recombinant Influenza A_H1N1, H3N2,_and B Vaccine, The Journal of Infectious Disease,_Volume_165, 727-732, 1992;_K. M. Nelson et al., Local and Systemic Isotype-specific_Antibody Responses to Equine Influenza Virus_Infection Versus Conventional_Vaccination,_Vaccine,_Volume 16, Number 13,_1998. Injection of equids with inactivated_viruses may cause, for example, inflammatory_reactions at the site of injection. See_Mumford et al., Serological Methods for_Identification of Slowly-Groweing Herpesviruses Isolated_from the_Respiratory Tract of Horses, Equine_Infectious Disease IV,_49-52, 1978;_Mumford et al.,_Consultation on Newly Emerging Strains of_equine Influenza,Vaccine 11,_1172-1174, 1993. It has also been_shown_that protective responses_to_viral_infection are_not limited to_the_production of_antibodies_but that a local antibody system_and_an interferon production mechanism operate at the_primary site of infection_in_the nasal passage membranes_as disclosed by U.S. Pat._No. 4,132,775; T. Tomoda et al.,_Prevention of_influenza by_the Intranasal Administration of Cold-Recombinant, Live-attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine: Importance of_Interferon-xcex3 Production and Local IgA Response,_Vaccine, Volume 13, Number_2, 185-190,_1995;_and Holmes, Lamb,_Coggins,_et al,_Live Temperature Sensitive Equine-2 Influenza A Virus_Vaccine: Production_and Eficacy in Experimental Ponies, Equine_infectious disease VI, 253-258,_1992.
As_such, intranasal delivery of the above_mentioned compositions has become a preferred_route of administration for both_inactivated_viruses_as described by U.S. Pat._No. 3,953,592, and cold-adapted live virus_vaccines which are_inhibited from replication in the range of_the_normal body temperature but do replicate