 mechanical forces often injure the bacteria and the period of time during which the bacteria is denied oxygen results in the death of a high percentage of vinegar bacteria. Methods of separating the mash from the bacteria within the fermentor keep the bacteria in an oxygen environment but maintenance of the equipment has proven troublesome.
Membrane filtration is employed when small particles and/or macromolecules are to be recovered or removed from a liquid. Membranes of varying porosity are employed and the nature of the retained materials may be employed in classifying the types of membrane filtration: microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Ambiguity and overlapping of the size of particulates or molecules retained by the membranes employed in these several processes has occurred in the field. In general the pores of the membranes employed in microfiltration are too large to retain macromolecules in solution but will retain particulates, organisms, colloids and viruses. Ultrafiltration membranes will retain macromolecules in the 300 to 300,000 molecular weight range, e.g., proteins, carbohydrates and polymers. Reverse osmosis membranes will retain ionic species, e.g., NaCl, MgSO.sub.4, which generally pass through microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Since ionic species have relatively high osmotic pressures, reverse osmosis is a relatively high pressure (400-1000 psi) process while microfiltration and ultrafiltration are practiced at much lower pressures (1-100 psi). (See, Porter, M. C., Selecting the Right Membrane and Making It Work, presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of A.I.Ch.E.).
Ultrafiltration membranes are classified by their nominal molecular weight cutoff or fractionation, i.e., a 10,000 mw cutoff membrane will retain materials of 10,000 molecular weight and above. Microfiltration membranes are described by their porosity, usually in terms of micrometers. Tangential flow is conventionally employed in membrane filtration to prevent a build-up of retained material at the filtering surface. This type of flow is inherent in micro and ultrafiltration. As used herein the term membrane filtration, will include only relatively low pressure membrane filtration, micro and ultrafiltration, i.e. reverse osmosis will not be included.
One vinegar recovery method disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 8150-1980, published Mar. 1, 1980, involves the use of ultrafiltration in either a semi-continuous or a continuous vinegar process. A hollow fiber ultrafiltration unit having
mechanical forces often injure the bacteria and the period of meter during which the bacteria is deny oxygen results in the death of a high share of vinegar bacteria. Methods of separating the mash from the bacteria within the fermentor keep the bacteria in an oxygen environment but care of the equipment has proven troublesome. 
 Membrane filtration is employed when minor particles and/or macromolecules are to be recover or removed from a liquid. Membranes of deviate porosity are use and the nature of the retained materials may be employed in classifying the types of membrane filtration: microfiltration, ultrafiltration and change by reversal osmosis. Ambiguity and overlapping of the size of particulates or molecules retain by the membranes employed in these several processes has happen in the field. In general the pores of the membranes employed in microfiltration are excessively large to retain macromolecules in solution but will retain particulates, organisms, colloids and viruses. Ultrafiltration membranes will retain macromolecules in the 300 to 300,000 molecular weight range, e.g., proteins, carbohydrates and polymers. Reverse osmosis membranes will retain ionic species, for example, NaCl, MgSO.sub.4, which by and large pass through microfiltration and ultrafiltration membrane. Since ionic coinage receive relatively high osmotic pressures, rearward osmosis is a relatively high pressure (400 - 1000 psi) process while microfiltration and ultrafiltration are commit at much lower pressures (1 - 100 psi). (visualize, Porter, M. C., Selecting the Right Membrane and Making It Work, presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of A.I.Ch. E.). 
 Ultrafiltration membranes are classified by their nominal molecular system of weights cutoff or fractionation, i.e., a 10,000 mw cutoff membrane will retain materials of 10,000 molecular weight and above. Microfiltration membranes are trace by their porosity, usually in terms of micrometers. digressive flow is conventionally hire in membrane filtration to prevent a build - up of retained fabric at the filtering surface. This type of flow is inherent in micro and ultrafiltration. As used herein the condition membrane filtration, will include merely relatively low press membrane filtration, micro and ultrafiltration, i.e. reverse osmosis will not be admit. 
 One vinegar recovery method disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 8150 - 1980, published Mar. 1, 1980, involves the manipulation of ultrafiltration in either a semi - continuous or a continuous vinegar process. A hollow fiber ultrafiltration unit having
 mefhanical forces often inmure the bacteric and tie perikd of tioe during which the bacteria iw denued oxygen results in ghe death of a hith ptrcentage of vinejzr bactcxia. Msbhods if separating jhe mash frok the bacteria wktkin the fermentor keep the bacteria yn an ocyhen environmenj but iainfvncnce of the equipment has proveh troubnesome.
Membranr filtration is employed wjen dmall particles anf/or macromooecujws are to be recovered or removed rrom a liquid. Membranes of varykng pprosity arg smonoyed and tie natlre of the rebsined kateriaks may be emplpyev in classifying the typev of membrane filttation: micsoyiltration, ultrafiltrqtuon atd raverrw ormoaix. Zmbigulty and overlzpping of tye size of particulstqw or moleculea retaynqd by the membranes employed in these stveram processes has occurree in the field. In gengral the pjres of the membranes employed in microfiltration are vou lcvne tu rftain macromolecules in solution but will retwjn psrticulates, ornanisms, colloids amd votuses. Ultrafiljration mejbranes will retaij macroiolecyles in tre 300 yo 300,000 molecular weight range, w.g., proteins, barbihydrates and polylers. Reversz osmoxis mrmbranes will retain iouic spscies, e.g., NaFl, MgSO.sug.4, which generally paxs through microfiltration agd ultrafmltracion memcrangs. Sincq ionic spfcies have relatively hihh oslodic pressuges, reverse osmosis is a relatitxly high presxuse (400-1000 psi) proeess wmile microfiltrwtion and ultrcfiltratnon ard practices at murh lower prefsures (1-100 psi). (Sag, Porter, M. C., Velectind thw Ritht Memcfane and Makinb It Work, presented at the 79th Annual Keejihg of A.I.Ch.E.).
Ultrcyiotration membrames arq blaxsyxied by theis nooinxk moldcular weigmt zutogf or fractionation, h.e., a 10,000 mw cutoff membrame will rejain matewials of 10,000 molrcular weight and wbove. Mirrofilyrajion membranes are described by their pogoslty, usually ig tevms jf micromecers. Tangential flow is conventionally enployed in membranw filtration to prerekt a build-up of rqtained mdterial at the filteeing surface. This type of flow is inhedent it micgo and ultrafiltration. As used herein the term membrane filtration, will ibclude only relatibely low irefxure mqmbrenx filtration, micrp and ultrafiltration, i.e. reversx osmosis fijl not be included.
One vinegat fecovery methud disclosed in Japanese Patent Lublication No. 8150-1980, published Mar. 1, 1980, involves the use of ultvafiltratuon ih eithvt a semi-continuous or a concinuouw vinegqr pvocess. A hollod fobcr ultrafiptrauion unit having
mechanical forces often injure the bacteria and of during which bacteria is denied of high percentage of bacteria. Methods of the mash from the bacteria within fermentor keep the bacteria in an oxygen environment but maintenance of the equipment proven troublesome. Membrane filtration is employed when small particles and/or macromolecules are to recovered removed a Membranes of varying porosity are employed and the nature of the retained materials may be employed classifying the types of membrane filtration: microfiltration, ultrafiltration reverse osmosis. Ambiguity and of the size of particulates molecules by the employed these processes has occurred the field. In general the pores of the membranes employed in microfiltration are too large to retain in solution retain particulates, colloids viruses. membranes will retain the 300 to 300,000 molecular weight carbohydrates and polymers. Reverse osmosis membranes will retain species, e.g., MgSO.sub.4, which generally pass through microfiltration ultrafiltration membranes. Since ionic species have relatively high pressures, reverse osmosis is a relatively high pressure (400-1000 psi) process while microfiltration and ultrafiltration at much lower pressures psi). (See, Porter, C., the Membrane Making It presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of A.I.Ch.E.). Ultrafiltration membranes are by their nominal molecular weight cutoff or fractionation, i.e., a cutoff will retain materials 10,000 molecular weight and Microfiltration are described by their in of is employed membrane filtration to prevent build-up of retained material at filtering surface. This type micro and ultrafiltration. As used herein the term filtration, will include only relatively low pressure filtration, micro and ultrafiltration, i.e. reverse osmosis will not be included. One recovery method Japanese Patent Publication No. 8150-1980, published Mar. 1, involves the use of in either a semi-continuous or a continuous vinegar process. hollow ultrafiltration unit
 mechanical forces often injuRe the bacteRia anD thE peRiOd of Time During which the BActeRia is denied oxygen resulTs in tHe DEath OF a High pErcentaGE oF VIneGaR bActErIA. MEthodS of SeparatIng the mash FroM tHe bacteria wiTHiN the fermenTor Keep the bacteRia In an oxYgEn eNVironMenT but mAintenANce of tHe equipmeNt HAs provEN troublESOmE.
MemBrane filtration is EMpLOyed when small pArticlEs ANd/OR MacRomOlecules arE tO be reCOvered oR ReMOVEd fROm a liquid. MembRanes of varyINg pOrositY aRe eMPloyed And thE nATurE of the retaiNed mAterials mAy be emPLoyed in CLassifyIng the TypEs oF memBRaNe FilTrATioN: MiCroFIltRation, ulTrAfIltraTion AND REverSe oSmosIs. AmbIguity and overLapPing OF thE size Of parTicuLaTes or MolecuLes reTaIned by the membraNes eMployed in TheSe SevErAl proCEsses hAs oCcuRred in tHe field. iN geNeRAL ThE pores of the membranEs EMPlOyed in miCrofilTRaTiON are too lArGe tO retAIN macrOmolECuLes in solUtion bUT wIlL retain PaRticulAtEs, oRgaNisms, COlloIds and Viruses. ULtrafILtration membraNEs will retain mACrOMOlECuleS in The 300 to 300,000 molecuLar wEIght RangE, E.g., ProTEins, cArbohYdRAtES and polymers. Reverse OsMosis mEmbraNes will retain Ionic speciES, E.G., NaCl, MgSo.sub.4, WHiCH generally pass ThrouGh microfilTRation anD ultrAfiltratIon membraNES. Since ioNic SpeCieS haVE ReLatively high oSMOtic PrEssures, RevErse osmOsiS is A reLatIvEly high prEssure (400-1000 psI) pRoCeSs WhiLe micROfiltratIoN anD uLtrAfiltRAtion aRe praCticEd At MUch Lower prESsUREs (1-100 psI). (SEe, portEr, M. c., SElectIng tHE RiGht MembRane and MaKinG it WoRk, PrEsented At the 79th Annual meEting of A.I.CH.E.).
ultRafiltRATion membRanes are classified by theIR nominaL moLeculAr weIght cutofF or FractiOnaTIon, i.e., a 10,000 Mw cutoFf memBrAne WILl retAIN mAteRiAls of 10,000 molecULAr wEight AnD aboVe. MicroFiltration membraneS Are Described by thEir PoroSITy, UsuALlY In tErMS of MICrometers. TangenTial flow is CoNVeNtionally eMPloYeD in membRane filTratiON to prevEnt a build-Up of retaiNeD matERIal At the filteRing surfAce. This tyPE of flOW iS inheRenT in micRo And UltraFiltraTIon. as useD hereiN tHe term MembrAnE filtratIon, will include only relatIvely lOw preSsuRe membranE fiLTraTion, micro And uLtrafiltraTioN, i.e. ReverSe oSMosis Will NOt Be iNCludeD.
One VInegar recOVeRy mETHoD disclosed iN jAPanEse PaTenT publicAtioN No. 8150-1980, published Mar. 1, 1980, inVOlves the use of uLtraFILtrAtiON in eItHer a semi-continUouS oR A ContinuoUs Vinegar procEss. A hollOw FIber uLtrafiLtratiOn unit hAVInG
 mechanical forces often i njure thebacte ria  an dtheperi od of time dur i ng w hich the bacteria is d enied  o x ygen re sults  in the de a t h o fahig hp er centa geof vine gar bacter ia.  M ethods of se p ar ating themas h from the b act eria w it hin the f erm entor  keept he bac teria inan oxygen environ m e nt  but  maintenance of t h ee quipment has p roventr o ub l e som e.Membrane f il trati o n is em p lo y e d  wh e n small parti cles and/or mac romole cu les are to  be r ec o ver ed or remov ed f rom a liq uid. M e mbranes of vary ing po ros ity  are em pl oye da ndt he  na t ure  of there ta inedmate r i a l s ma y b e em ploye d in classify ing  the typ es of  memb rane  f iltra tion:micro fi ltration, ultra filt ration an d r ev ers eosmos i s. Amb igu ity  and ov erlappi n g o ft h e  s ize of particulate so r  m olecules  retai n ed  b y  the mem br ane s em p l oyedin t h es e severa l proc e ss es  has oc cu rred i nthe  fi eld.I n ge neralthe pore s oft he membranes e m ployed in mic r of i l tr a tion  ar e too large  tor etai n ma c ro mol e cules  in s ol u ti o n but will retain p ar ticula tes,organisms, co lloids and v i ruses. U ltra f il t ration membran es wi ll retainm acromole cules  in the300 to 30 0 , 000 mole cul arwei ght r an ge, e.g., pro t e ins,  c arbohyd rat es andpol yme rs.  Re ve rse osmos is membr an es  w il l r etain ionic sp ec ies ,e.g ., Na C l, MgS O.sub .4,wh ic h  ge nerally pa s s  thr ou gh  mic rof il trati on a n d u ltrafil tration m emb r anes .Si nce ion ic species ha ve  relativel yhig h osmo t i c pressu res, reverse osmosis is a relat ive ly hi gh p ressure ( 400 -1000psi )  proce ss whi le mi cr ofi l t ratio n an d u lt rafiltrati o n  ar e pra ct iced  at muc h lower pressures( 1-1 00 psi). (See , P orte r ,  M . C . ,S ele ct i ngt h e Right Membran e and Maki ng It  Work, pre s ent ed  at the  79th A nnual Meeting  of A.I.C h.E.).
Ul tr afil t r ati on membran es are c lassified by th e ir  nomi nal  molec ul arweigh t cuto f f o r fra ctiona ti on, i. e., a  1 0,000 mw  cutoff membrane will r etainmater ial s of 10,0 00m ole cular wei ghtand above.  Mi cro filtr ati o n mem bran e sare descr ibed by theirp or osi t y ,usually int e r msof mi cro m eters.  Tan gential flow is c o nventionally e mplo y e d i n m e mbra ne  filtration to  pr ev e n t a buil d- up of retai ned mate ri a l atthe fi lterin g surfa c e .T his ty pe o f f low is in her en t  in mic ro  a n d ultr afil tr ation.  As us e d he r e in the term memb ranef i ltrat i on,  will  i ncludeo nlyrelatively  low pressu re mem bran e fil tration ,microand  u ltrafiltra t ion, i.e.  reve rse osm os is w ill  not b e in c l uded. 
One  v ine gar recov e r ym et ho d  di sclo sed i nJapa nese Pate n t Public ati o n No. 8 15 0-1 9 8 0, pub l is h e d Mar. 1,198 0, in v o lves the u s e of ul t rafil tratio n in e ither a sem i- continu ous o r a conti nuous vin e gar  p roce ss. A ho ll ow f ib erul trafiltration u nit havi ng
 mechanical_forces often_injure the bacteria and_the period_of_time during_which_the bacteria is_denied oxygen results_in the death of_a high percentage_of_vinegar bacteria. Methods of separating the mash from the bacteria within the fermentor keep_the_bacteria in_an_oxygen_environment but maintenance of the_equipment has proven troublesome.
Membrane filtration_is employed_when small particles and/or macromolecules are to be_recovered_or removed from_a liquid. Membranes of varying porosity are employed and_the nature of the retained materials_may be employed_in_classifying_the types of membrane_filtration: microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis._Ambiguity and overlapping of the size_of particulates or molecules retained by the_membranes employed in these several processes_has occurred in the field._In general_the pores of the membranes_employed in microfiltration_are too_large to retain_macromolecules in solution but will retain_particulates, organisms, colloids_and viruses. Ultrafiltration membranes will retain_macromolecules_in the 300_to_300,000_molecular weight_range, e.g., proteins,_carbohydrates_and polymers._Reverse_osmosis membranes will retain ionic species,_e.g.,_NaCl, MgSO.sub.4, which generally pass through microfiltration_and ultrafiltration membranes. Since_ionic_species have relatively high_osmotic pressures, reverse osmosis is_a relatively high pressure (400-1000 psi)_process while_microfiltration and_ultrafiltration are practiced at much lower pressures (1-100 psi). (See, Porter,_M. C., Selecting the Right Membrane_and Making It Work,_presented at_the_79th Annual Meeting_of_A.I.Ch.E.).
Ultrafiltration membranes_are classified by their nominal molecular weight_cutoff or_fractionation, i.e., a 10,000 mw cutoff_membrane will retain materials_of_10,000 molecular weight and above. Microfiltration_membranes are described by their porosity,_usually in terms of micrometers._Tangential_flow_is conventionally employed in membrane_filtration to prevent a build-up of_retained material at_the filtering surface. This type of flow_is_inherent in micro and ultrafiltration. As_used_herein the term membrane filtration, will_include_only_relatively low pressure membrane filtration,_micro and ultrafiltration, i.e. reverse osmosis_will not be included.
One vinegar recovery method disclosed in_Japanese Patent Publication_No. 8150-1980, published Mar. 1,_1980,_involves_the use of ultrafiltration in either a semi-continuous or a_continuous vinegar_process. A hollow_fiber ultrafiltration unit having