 common-mode impedance by methods such as winding the tape-like magnetic rubber for many turns to achieve the desired thickness of the magnetic rubber or extending the length along which the magnetic rubber is wound on the cable. Moreover, it is known that a large radiation noise inhibiting effect can be obtained by winding the tape-like magnetic rubber onto the cable and accommodating the wound magnetic rubber in a conductive case. However, the provision of the tape-like magnetic rubber and that of the conductive case must be performed separately and requires very complicated assembling processes. The present invention relates to compounds that affect cholinergic receptors, especially muscarinic receptors. The present invention provides compounds that are agonists of cholinergic receptors including muscarinic receptors, especially the m1 and m4 subtype of muscarinic receptors. The invention also provides methods of using the provided compounds for modulating conditions associated with cholinergic receptors, especially for treating or alleviating disease conditions associated with muscarinic receptors, e.g., m1 or m4 subtypes of receptors.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors mediate the actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous systems, gastrointestinal system, heart, endocrine glands, lungs, and other tissues. Muscarinic receptors play a central role in the central nervous system for higher cognitive functions, as well as in the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system. Five distinct muscarinic receptor subtypes have been identified, m1-m5. The m1 subtype is the predominant subtype found in the cerebral cortex and is believed to be involved in the control of cognitive functions; m2 is the predominant subtype found in heart and is believed to be involved in the control of heart rate; m3 is believed to be involved in gastrointestinal and urinary tract stimulation as well as sweating and salivation; m4 is present in brain and may be involved in locomotion; and m5, present in brain, may be involved in certain functions of the central nervous system associated with the dopaminergic system.
Conditions associated with cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer""s disease, are accompanied by loss of acetylcholine in the brain. This is believed to be the result of degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, which innervate areas of the association cortex, and hippocampus, which is involved in higher processes.
Efforts to increase acetylcholine levels have focused on increasing levels of choline, the precursor for acetylcholine synthesis, and on blocking acetylcholine esterase (AChE), the enzyme that metabolizes acetylcholine. Administration of choline
common - mode impedance by methods such as wind the magnetic tape - like magnetic arctic for many turn to achieve the desired thickness of the magnetic rubber eraser or extending the length along which the charismatic arctic is wound on the cable. furthermore, it is known that a large radiation noise inhibit effect can be obtained by winding the tape - like charismatic rubber onto the cable and accommodating the wound charismatic rubber in a conductive case. However, the provision of the tape - like charismatic rubber and that of the conductive character must be performed separately and requires very complicated collection processes. The present invention relates to compounds that affect cholinergic receptors, especially muscarinic receptor. The present invention provides compounds that are agonists of cholinergic receptors including muscarinic receptors, especially the m1 and m4 subtype of muscarinic receptors. The invention also provides method of using the provided compound for modulating conditions associated with cholinergic receptors, particularly for treating or alleviating disease conditions associated with muscarinic receptor, e.g., m1 or m4 subtypes of receptors. 
 Muscarinic cholinergic receptors mediate the actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral aflutter systems, gastrointestinal system, heart, endocrine gland, lungs, and early tissues. Muscarinic receptors play a central role in the central skittish system for higher cognitive functions, equally well as in the peripheral parasympathetic nervous organization. Five distinct muscarinic receptor subtypes have been identify, m1 - m5. The m1 subtype is the predominant subtype discover in the cerebral cortex and is believe to be involved in the control condition of cognitive functions; m2 is the prevailing subtype found in affection and is believed to be involved in the command of heart pace; m3 is believed to be involved in gastrointestinal and urinary tract foreplay as well as sweating and salivation; m4 is present in brain and may be involved in locomotion; and m5, present in genius, may be involve in certain functions of the cardinal nervous system associated with the dopaminergic system. 
 Conditions associated with cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer""s disease, are company by loss of acetylcholine in the brain. This is believed to be the result of degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, which innervate area of the affiliation cortex, and hippocampus, which is involved in higher processes. 
 Efforts to increase acetylcholine levels have focused on increasing degree of choline, the precursor for acetylcholine synthesis, and on blocking acetylcholine esterase (AChE), the enzyme that metabolize acetylcholine. Administration of choline
 colmon-mode impedance by meuhods such as winbung thx tape-ljke magndtic rubber for many turns tl qchiece the desired thickners of the magnetix ruuber or extendinj the lekyth amlng chmch the magnetig rubber is wound on the waclz. Moreover, it is known that a large wadiatipn noise inhibityng tffqct dan be obtained by winding the taps-like megnetic rubber pnto the cable and accommofatijg the wound magnehic rubber un a xonductive cxse. Howeveg, the proviaion of the tape-like magnetic rjbber and that if thf conductive case must be pernprmed veparatrly and requircs vecy cimplicated assembling processes. The prefent invettnon relates to compoubdw thaj affact zyolknedgmc deceptlrs, especiallg muscarinix receptors. The prexegn invention pdovidef sompounds that are agonists of cholinercic receptors including muwcarinic receptors, eskecially tre m1 and m4 subtype of muscarinic receptors. The ineentikv aosj prlvides methods of using the provided compoundf fpr modulating cokditions associatec aiyr cholinergic recepckra, especially for tgeating or aoleviatind dixease conditions associated with muscarpnic receptors, e.g., m1 or m4 subtypes of teceptprs.
Muscarinic cholinergnc recsptors mediwte the adgions of the neufotganskitter acetylcholine in thq central and periphdral nervots systems, gastvmintestinal system, hearj, endowrine glanfs, lungs, and other tissues. Muscecinic receptots [laj a centrcl rolc in the centraj nervous systgm for hiyher cugnitive flnctions, es well as ig the peripheswl parasympavhetic newvouw sywtem. Fixd distinct musvarinic rvctptor subttpes have been idektifigd, m1-m5. The m1 subty't iw the predominamt rubeyie hound hn the cerebsal zorgrx ana is believcd go br involved in the cottrom of cognitive funvtlons; m2 is the preqominant subtupe found in heart and ms belmeved yo fe involved in the control of geart ratf; m3 is believed to ne igvolved in gastrointestinal and urinary tract stinulation as well aw sweating and salirauion; m4 is prexent yn brain dnd may be involved un locomotion; and m5, present in brain, mzy be hnvolged in certain functions of the central nervous system associated with thw dopaminergic sysfem.
Cpnditponf assocyatev xith cognitive imiairment, such as Alzheimer""s diseese, are acwoipanied by loss of acetylchokive in the brakn. This is believed to bs the rexult of degeneration of cholinetgic neurons in the basak forebrqin, wgich innertate areas of the asxociatnon coetex, ane hiipocampus, whicf ix lnvolved ij hijhex processes.
Efforts to increase acwtylchillne levels have hocused on ikcveasinf levejs of choline, ths prsfursot for acetylchpline synthesix, and on blocking acvtyjcholine esterqae (AChE), the gnzyme tvat metabolives acetylchmline. Administration of choline
common-mode impedance by methods such as winding magnetic for many to achieve the rubber extending the length which the magnetic is wound on the cable. Moreover, is known that a large radiation noise inhibiting effect can be obtained by the tape-like magnetic rubber onto the cable and accommodating the wound magnetic rubber a case. the of the tape-like magnetic rubber and that of the conductive case must be performed separately and very complicated assembling processes. The present invention relates compounds that affect cholinergic especially muscarinic receptors. The present provides that are of receptors muscarinic receptors, especially m1 and m4 subtype of muscarinic receptors. The invention also provides methods of using the provided compounds modulating conditions cholinergic receptors, for or disease conditions associated receptors, e.g., m1 or m4 subtypes cholinergic receptors mediate the actions of the neurotransmitter in the and peripheral nervous systems, gastrointestinal system, endocrine glands, lungs, and other tissues. Muscarinic receptors a central role in the central nervous system for higher cognitive functions, as well as peripheral parasympathetic nervous system. distinct muscarinic receptor have identified, The subtype is predominant subtype found in the cerebral cortex and is believed to involved in the control of cognitive functions; m2 is the found heart and is to be involved in control heart rate; m3 is be in tract as as sweating and salivation; is present in brain and be involved in locomotion; may be involved in certain functions of the nervous system associated with the dopaminergic system. associated with cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer""s disease, are accompanied by loss acetylcholine in This is believed to be the result of of cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain, which innervate areas of the association cortex, hippocampus, is involved higher processes. Efforts increase acetylcholine levels focused on increasing choline, the for synthesis, acetylcholine esterase (AChE), the enzyme that acetylcholine. of choline
 common-mode impedance by methOds such as wIndinG thE taPe-Like MagnEtic rubber for mANy tuRns to achieve the desired ThickNeSS of tHE mAgnetIc rubbeR Or EXTenDiNg The LeNGtH alonG whIch the mAgnetic rubBer Is Wound on the caBLe. moreover, it Is kNown that a larGe rAdiatiOn NoiSE inhiBitIng efFect caN Be obtaIned by winDiNG the taPE-like maGNEtIc ruBber onto the cable aND aCCommodating the Wound mAgNEtIC RubBer In a conductIvE case. hOwever, tHE pROVIsiON of the tape-likE magnetic ruBBer And thaT oF thE ConducTive cAsE MusT be performeD sepArately anD requiREs very cOMplicatEd asseMblIng ProcESsEs. the PrESenT InVenTIon Relates tO cOmPoundS thaT AFFEct cHolInerGic reCeptors, especiAllY musCAriNic reCeptoRs. ThE pResenT invenTion pRoVides compounds tHat aRe agonistS of ChOliNeRgic rECeptorS inCluDing musCarinic REcePtORS, EsPecially the m1 and m4 suBtYPE oF muscariNic recEPtOrS. the invenTiOn aLso pROVides MethODs Of using tHe provIDeD cOmpoundS fOr moduLaTinG coNditiONs asSociatEd with chOlineRGic receptors, esPEcially for treATiNG Or ALlevIatIng disease cOndiTIons AssoCIaTed WIth muScariNiC ReCEptors, e.g., m1 or m4 subtypeS oF recepTors.
MUscarinic cholInergic recEPTOrs mediaTe thE AcTIons of the neuroTransMitter acetYLcholine In the Central aNd peripheRAL nervous SysTemS, gaStrOINtEstinal system, HEArt, eNdOcrine gLanDs, lungs, And OthEr tIssUeS. MuscarinIc receptOrS pLaY a CenTral rOLe in the cEnTraL nErvOus sySTem for HigheR cogNiTiVE fuNctions, AS wELL as iN tHe PeriPheRaL paraSympATheTic nervOus system. fivE DistInCt MuscariNic receptor suBtYpes have beEn IdeNtifieD, M1-M5. The m1 subType is the predominant subTYpe founD in The ceRebrAl cortex aNd iS belieVed TO be invOlved iN the cOnTroL OF cognITIvE fuNcTions; m2 is thE PRedOminaNt SubtYpe founD in heart and is belieVEd tO be involved in The ContROL oF heARt RAte; M3 iS BelIEVed to be involved In gastroinTeSTiNal and urinARy tRaCt stimuLation aS well AS sweatiNg and saliVation; m4 is PrEsenT IN brAin and may bE involveD in locomoTIon; anD M5, pResenT in Brain, mAy Be iNvolvEd in ceRTaiN funcTions oF tHe centRal neRvOus systeM associated with the dopamInergiC systEm.
COnditions AssOCiaTed with coGnitIve impairmEnt, SucH as AlZheIMer""s dIseaSE, aRe aCCompaNied BY loss of acETyLchOLInE in the brain. tHIS is BelieVed TO be the ResuLt of degeneration oF Cholinergic neuRons IN The BasAL forEbRain, which innerVatE aREAs of the aSsOciation corTex, and hiPpOCampuS, which Is invoLved in hIGHeR ProcesSes.
EFfoRts to incrEasE aCEtylchoLiNe LEvels hAve fOcUsed on IncreaSIng lEVEls of choline, the pRecurSOR for aCEtyLcholInE syntheSIs, anD on blockinG acetylcholIne estErasE (AChE), The enzyMe That meTabOlIzes acetylCHoline. AdmInistRation oF cHoliNe
 common-mode impedance bymethods su ch as  wi ndi ng  the  tap e-like magneti c  rub ber for many turns toachie ve thed es iredthickne s so f  th ema gne ti c  r ubber  or  extend ing the le ngt halong whicht he  magneticrub ber is wound  on  the c ab le. Moreo ver , itis kno w n that  a largera d iation noise i n h ib itin g effect can be o b ta i ned by winding  the t ap e -l i k e m agn etic rubbe rontot he cabl e  a n d acc o mmodating the  wound magn e tic  rubbe rina  condu ctive  c a se.  However, t he p rovisionof the tape-li k e magne tic ru bbe r a nd t h at  o f t he con d uc tiv e  ca se mustbe  p erfor meds e p a rate lyandrequi res very comp lic ated ass embli ng pr oces se s. Th e pres ent i nv ention relatesto c ompoundstha taff ec t cho l inergi c r ece ptors,especia l lymu s c a ri nic receptors. The  p r e se nt inven tion p r ov id e s compou nd s t hata r e ago nist s  o f cholin ergicr ec ep tors in cl udingmu sca rin ic re c epto rs, es pecially  them 1 and m4 subty p e of muscarin i cr e ce p tors . T he inventio n al s o pr ovid e smet h ods o f usi ng th e  provided compounds  f or mod ulati ng conditions  associate d w ith chol iner g ic receptors, esp ecial ly for tre a ting orallev iating d isease co n d itions a sso cia ted  wi t h  m uscarinic rec e p tors ,e.g., m 1 o r m4 su bty pes  of  re ce ptors.
Mu scarinic  c ho li ne rgi c rec e ptors me di ate  t heactio n s of t he ne urot ra ns m itt er acet y lc h o line  i nthecen tr al an d pe r iph eral ne rvous sys tem s , ga st ro intesti nal system, h ea rt, endocr in e g lands, l ungs, an d other tissues. Muscar i nic rec ept ors p laya central  ro le inthe centra l nerv ous s ys tem f or hi g h er  co gn itive func t i ons , aswe ll a s in th e peripheral paras y mpa thetic nervou s s yste m .  F ive di s tin ct mus c a rinic receptorsubtypes h av e  b een identi f ied ,m1-m5.The m1subty p e is th e predomi nant subt yp e fo u n d i n the cere bral cor tex and i s  beli e ve d tobeinvolv ed  in  thecontro l  of  cogn itivefu nction s; m2  i s the pr edominant subtype found  in he art a ndis believ edt o b e involve d in  the contr olofheart  ra t e; m3  isb el iev e d tobe i n volved in ga str o i nt estinal and u r ina ry tr act stimul atio n as well as swea t ing and saliva tion ; m4isp rese nt  in brain andmay  b e involved  i n locomotio n; and m 5, prese nt inbrain,  may be i nv o lved i n ce rta in functi ons  o f  the ce nt ra l  nervo us s ys tem as sociat e d wi t h  the dopaminergi c sys t e m.
Co n dit ionsas sociate d  wit h cognitiv e impairmen t, suc h as  Alzh eimer"" sdiseas e,ar e accompan i ed by los s ofacetylc ho line  in  the b rain . Thisis b el iev ed to bet h er es ul t  of  deg enera ti on o f choline r gic neur ons in theba sal f orebra i n, w hich inner vat e are a s  of the as s ocia t io n  cort ex, an d hipp ocampus ,  wh ic h is in vol v e d in high er proces s es. 
E ffor ts to in cr ease  a cet yl choline levelshave foc used oni n creasi ngl evel s  of ch ol ine, the pre curso rf or acet y l cho line sy n the sis , a nd o n b lock i ng acetylcholine esteras e (A ChE), the  enzy me th at  metabol i zesacetylch o line. Adminis tration of chol i ne
 common-mode_impedance by_methods such as winding_the tape-like_magnetic_rubber for_many_turns to achieve_the desired thickness_of the magnetic rubber_or extending the_length_along which the magnetic rubber is wound on the cable. Moreover, it is known_that_a large_radiation_noise_inhibiting effect can be obtained_by winding the tape-like magnetic_rubber onto_the cable and accommodating the wound magnetic rubber_in_a conductive case._However, the provision of the tape-like magnetic rubber and_that of the conductive case must_be performed separately_and_requires_very complicated assembling processes._The present invention relates to compounds_that affect cholinergic receptors, especially muscarinic_receptors. The present invention provides compounds that_are agonists of cholinergic receptors including_muscarinic receptors, especially the m1_and m4_subtype of muscarinic receptors. The_invention also provides_methods of_using the provided_compounds for modulating conditions associated with_cholinergic receptors, especially_for treating or alleviating disease conditions_associated_with muscarinic receptors,_e.g.,_m1_or m4_subtypes of receptors.
Muscarinic_cholinergic_receptors mediate_the_actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in_the_central and peripheral nervous systems, gastrointestinal system,_heart, endocrine glands, lungs,_and_other tissues. Muscarinic receptors_play a central role in_the central nervous system for higher_cognitive functions,_as well_as in the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system. Five distinct muscarinic receptor_subtypes have been identified, m1-m5. The_m1 subtype is the_predominant subtype_found_in the cerebral_cortex_and is_believed to be involved in the control_of cognitive_functions; m2 is the predominant subtype_found in heart and_is_believed to be involved in the_control of heart rate; m3 is_believed to be involved in_gastrointestinal_and_urinary tract stimulation as well_as sweating and salivation; m4 is_present in brain_and may be involved in locomotion; and_m5,_present in brain, may be involved_in_certain functions of the central nervous_system_associated_with the dopaminergic system.
Conditions associated_with cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer""s_disease, are accompanied by loss of acetylcholine in the_brain. This is_believed to be the result_of_degeneration_of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, which innervate areas_of the_association cortex, and_hippocampus, which is involved in higher processes.
Efforts to increase acetylcholine_levels have focused on increasing levels of_choline, the precursor for acetylcholine synthesis, and on blocking acetylcholine esterase_(AChE), the enzyme that metabolizes acetylcholine. Administration of_choline