ensitised Solar Cells (DSSC) are an alternative to crystalline solar cells that are cheaper than crystalline solar cells to produce. However, DSSC's are less efficient than crystalline solar cells. Therefore, DSSC's require significant area coverage to be effective power generators.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,721 entitled “Photo-Electrochemical Cell”, by M Gratzel et al. discloses a typical DSSC. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the DSSC 10 comprises a first transparent insulating layer 1; a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 2; a transparent metal oxide layer 3 of titanium dioxide (TiO2); a molecular monolayer of sensitiser (dye) 4; an electrolyte layer 5; a second transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 6; and a second transparent insulating layer 7.
A DSSC generates charge by the direct absorption of visible light. Since most metal oxides absorb light predominantly in the ultra-violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, a sensitiser (dye) 4 is absorbed onto the surface of metal oxide layer 3 to extend the light absorption range of the solar cell into the visible light region.
In order to increase the amount of light that the metal oxide layer 3 and the sensitiser (dye) layer 4 can absorb, at least some portion of the metal oxide layer 3 is made porous, increasing the surface area of the metal oxide layer 3. This increased surface area can support an increased quantity of sensitiser (dye) 4 resulting in increased light absorption and improving the energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC to more than 10%.
An electrochromic display (ECD) is a new type of display, which has a unique property of bi-stability.
An electrochromic display (ECD) is a relatively new electrochemical, bi-stable display. While the application is different to the DSSC, these devices share many physical attributes, illustrated in FIG. 1, exchanging the sensitiser (dye) layer 4 by an electrochromic material layer which undergoes a reversible colour change when an electric current or voltage is applied across the device; being transparent in the oxidised state and coloured in the reduced state.
When a sufficient negative potential is applied to the first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 2, whilst the second transparent conductive electrode oxide (TCO) layer 6 is held at ground potential, electrons are injected into the conduction band of the metal oxide semiconductor layer
ensitised Solar Cells (DSSC) are an alternative to crystalline solar cells that are cheaper than crystalline solar cells to grow. However, DSSC's are less effective than crystalline solar cells. Therefore, DSSC's command meaning area coverage to be effective power generators. 
 U.S. Pat. nobelium. 4,927,721 entitle “ Photo - Electrochemical Cell ”, by M Gratzel et al. discloses a typical DSSC. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the DSSC 10 comprises a beginning transparent insulating level 1; a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 2; a transparent metal oxide layer 3 of titanium dioxide (TiO2); a molecular monolayer of sensitiser (dye) 4; an electrolyte layer 5; a second crystalline conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 6; and a second transparent insulating level 7. 
 A DSSC generates charge by the lineal absorption of visible sparkle. Since most metal oxide absorb light predominantly in the ultra - violet area of the electromagnetic spectrum, a sensitiser (dye) 4 is absorbed onto the surface of metal oxide layer 3 to extend the light absorption range of the solar cell into the visible light region. 
 In order to increase the amount of light that the metal oxide layer 3 and the sensitizer (dye) level 4 can absorb, at least some portion of the metal oxide level 3 is make porous, increasing the open area of the metal oxide layer 3. This increased open area can support an increased quantity of sensitiser (dye) 4 resulting in increase light absorption and improving the energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC to more than 10% . 
 An electrochromic display (ECD) is a newfangled type of display, which induce a unique property of bi - stability. 
 An electrochromic display (ECD) is a relatively new electrochemical, bi - static display. While the application is different to the DSSC, these devices share many physical attributes, illustrated in FIG. 1, exchanging the sensitiser (dye) level 4 by an electrochromic material layer which undergoes a reversible colour change when an electric stream or voltage is applied across the device; being transparent in the oxidised state of matter and coloured in the decreased state. 
 When a sufficient negative potential is enforce to the first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 2, whilst the second transparent conductive electrode oxide (TCO) layer 6 is held at ground potential, electrons are injected into the conduction band of the metallic element oxide semiconductor layer
ensltised Solar Cells (DSSC) xre an alternatnce to rrystalmine solxr cells that are cheaper then ceystaoline solar cells to pfoduce. Hoaever, DSWC's ere less efficieif than gxystampine wolar cells. Thgrefore, DSSC'v require signhfkccnt area coverage to be effective porer genrrwtors.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,721 enuitjed “Lhoto-Electrochemical Cell”, by M Grafzel et al. discloses a typical DSSC. As illustrwted in FIG. 1, the DSSC 10 comprises q fiwwt transparevt insulatpug layer 1; a first transparent conductive obide (CCO) electroee lajgr 2; a transperent ietal oxide layer 3 ox titanoum dioxide (TiP2); a mooecular monolayer of vensitiser (dye) 4; an electrolftz layer 5; a second trabsparenj conguctkce uxise (TDO) eleftrkde layer 6; and a secobd transparent insukaepmg layer 7.
A DASC gegewates charge by the direct absorption ox vjsible light. Since most metal oxides absorb pight preqominantly in the ultra-violet region of the electsomagiegic siectfym, a sensitiser (dye) 4 is absorbed onto the surfass pf metal oxide lcyer 3 to extend yhf kyght absorptiun ranys kf the solar cell lnto thg visivle light regoon.
In order to increase the amount of lpght that the metal oxnde layer 3 aud the sensotiser (dye) layer 4 can aysorb, zt least sole portioh of the metal oxkde ldyer 3 is made porous, increwsing the suryace arex of the mqtal oxide layev 3. This increased skrfacg area can suppogt an increased quantity of sensitiser (dye) 4 rgsuntitg in inereasec light absor[tion and imprpving tke enefgy converaion efhiciency of ehe DSSC to mmte than 10%.
An elxctrochroiic eispoay (ECD) ks a new type pf displaj, chich has a unique property of gi-stability.
An eoecurichromic displsy (DCD) id e relwdively new enectfocfrmicau, bi-stable birplau. While the applicathon js different to thr QSSC, thewe devicqs share many physical attributts, illnstratxd in GIG. 1, exchanging the sensitiser (dys) layer 4 hy wn electrochwomig majerial layex which undergoes a reversible colour chenge when an electric cyrrent or voltage ix applied accoss tre device; being transparent ib the oxidised stste and coloured in tge redgced dtate.
When a sufficient negative potential is applied to the first transpaeent conductive oxjde (YCO) eneetrpde larer 2, xhilst the second transparent conductive electrove oxide (TWO) layer 6 is held at ground poyevtial, electrovs are injected into the conductoon band of the metal oxide semoconductor layer
ensitised Solar Cells (DSSC) are an alternative solar that are than crystalline solar are efficient than crystalline cells. Therefore, DSSC's significant area coverage to be effective generators. U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,721 entitled “Photo-Electrochemical Cell”, by M Gratzel et al. a typical DSSC. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the DSSC 10 comprises a transparent layer a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 2; a transparent metal oxide layer 3 of titanium dioxide a molecular monolayer of sensitiser (dye) 4; an layer 5; a second conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer and second transparent layer A generates charge by direct absorption of visible light. Since most metal oxides absorb light predominantly in the ultra-violet region of electromagnetic spectrum, (dye) 4 absorbed the of metal oxide to extend the light absorption range cell into the visible light region. In order increase the of light that the metal oxide 3 and the sensitiser (dye) layer 4 can at least some portion of the metal oxide layer 3 is made porous, increasing the of the metal oxide 3. This increased area support increased of sensitiser 4 resulting in increased light absorption and improving the energy conversion of the DSSC to more than 10%. An electrochromic display a type of display, has a unique property bi-stability. electrochromic display (ECD) is new bi-stable application different the DSSC, these devices many physical attributes, illustrated in 1, exchanging the sensitiser electrochromic material layer which undergoes a reversible colour when an electric current or voltage is across the device; being transparent in the oxidised state and coloured in reduced state. sufficient negative potential is applied to the first conductive oxide (TCO) electrode 2, whilst the second transparent conductive electrode oxide (TCO) 6 held at potential, electrons are into the conduction of the metal layer
ensitised Solar Cells (DSSC) arE an alternaTive tO crYstAlLine SolaR cells that are cHEapeR than crystalline solar cElls tO pROducE. hoWever, dSSC's arE LeSS EffIcIeNt tHaN CrYstalLinE solar cElls. TherefOre, dSsC's require siGNiFicant area CovErage to be effEctIve powEr GenERatorS.
U.S. pat. No. 4,927,721 EntitlED “Photo-electrochEmICal CelL”, By M GratZEL eT al. dIscloses a typical DssC. aS illustrated in fIG. 1, the dSsc 10 cOMPriSes A first tranSpArent INsulatiNG lAYER 1; a fIRst transparenT conductive OXidE (TCO) elEcTroDE layer 2; A tranSpARenT metal oxide LayeR 3 of titaniUm dioxIDe (TiO2); a mOLecular MonolaYer Of sEnsiTIsEr (Dye) 4; An ELecTRoLytE LayEr 5; a seconD tRaNsparEnt cONDUCtivE oxIde (TcO) eleCtrode layer 6; anD a sEconD TraNsparEnt inSulaTiNg layEr 7.
A DSSc geneRaTes charge by the dIrecT absorptiOn oF vIsiBlE lighT. since mOst MetAl oxideS absorb LIghT pREDOmInantly in the ultra-vIoLET rEgion of tHe elecTRoMaGNetic speCtRum, A senSITiser (Dye) 4 iS AbSorbed onTo the sURfAcE of metaL oXide laYeR 3 to ExtEnd thE LighT absorPtion ranGe of tHE solar cell into THe visible lighT ReGIOn.
iN ordEr tO increase thE amoUNt of LighT ThAt tHE metaL oxidE lAYeR 3 And the sensitiser (dye) LaYer 4 can AbsorB, at least some pOrtion of thE METal oxide LayeR 3 Is MAde porous, increAsing The surface ARea of the Metal Oxide layEr 3. This incREAsed surfAce AreA caN suPPOrT an increased qUANtitY oF sensitIseR (dye) 4 resUltIng In iNcrEaSed light aBsorptioN aNd ImPrOviNg the ENergy conVeRsiOn EffIcienCY of the dSSC tO morE tHaN 10%.
an eLectrocHRoMIC disPlAy (eCD) iS a nEw Type oF disPLay, Which haS a unique pRopERty oF bI-sTabilitY.
An electrochrOmIc display (EcD) Is a RelatiVELy new eleCtrochemical, bi-stable disPLay. WhilE thE applIcatIon is diffEreNt to thE DSsc, these DeviceS sharE mAny PHYsicaL ATtRibUtEs, illustraTED in fIG. 1, exChAngiNg the seNsitiser (dye) layer 4 by AN elEctrochromic mAteRial LAYeR whICh UNdeRgOEs a REVersible colour cHange when aN eLEcTric currenT Or vOlTage is aPplied aCross THe devicE; being traNsparent iN tHe oxIDIseD state and cOloured iN the reducED statE.
whEn a suFfiCient nEgAtiVe potEntial IS apPlied To the fIrSt tranSpareNt ConductiVe oxide (TCO) electrode layeR 2, whilsT the sEcoNd transpaRenT ConDuctive elEctrOde oxide (TCo) laYer 6 Is helD at GRound PoteNTiAl, eLEctroNs arE Injected iNTo The CONdUction band oF THE meTal oxIde SEmiconDuctOr layer
ensitised Solar Cells (DSS C) are analter nat ive  t o cr ysta lline solar ce l ls t hat are cheaper than c rysta ll i ne s o la r cel ls to p r od u c e.Ho we ver ,D SS C's a reless ef ficient th ancr ystalline so l ar  cells. Th ere fore, DSSC's  re quiresi gni f icant  ar ea co verage to beeffective  p o wer ge n erators . U. S. P at. No. 4,927,721 en t itled “Photo-E lectro ch e mi c a l C ell ”, by M Gr at zel e t  al. di s cl o s e s a typical DSSC.  As illustr a ted  in FI G.  1, the DS SC 10  c o mpr ises a firs t tr ansparent  insul a ting la y er 1; a  first  tr ans pare n tco ndu ct i veo xi de( TCO ) electr od elayer  2;a t r ansp are nt m etaloxide layer 3  of  tit a niu m dio xide(TiO 2) ; a m olecul ar mo no layer of sensit iser  (dye) 4;  an  e lec tr olyte layer5;a s econd t ranspar e ntco n d u ct ive oxide (TCO) el ec t r od e layer6; and ase c ond tran sp are nt i n s ulati ng l a ye r 7.
A D SSC ge n er at es char ge  by th edir ect  abso r ptio n of v isible l ight. Since most met a l oxides abso r bl i gh t  pre dom inantly intheu ltra -vio l et  re g ion o f the  e l ec t romagnetic spectrum ,a sens itise r (dye) 4 isabsorbed o n t o  the sur face of metal oxide la yer 3  to extend the ligh t abs orptionrange oft h e solarcel l i nto  th e vi sible light r e g ion. 
I n order  to  increa sethe  am oun tof lightthat the  m et al  o xid e lay e r 3 andth e s en sit iser( dye) l ayer4 ca nab s orb , at le a st s omepo rt ionofth e met al o x ide  layer3 is made  po r ous,  i nc reasing  the surfacear ea of theme tal  oxide l ayer 3.This increased surfacea rea can  su pport  anincreased  qu antity  of sensit iser ( dye)4res u l tingi n  i ncr ea sed lighta b sor ption  a nd i mprovin g the energy conve r sio n efficiencyoftheD S SC  to mo r e t ha n  10 % . 
An electrochro mic displa y( EC D) is a ne w  ty pe  of dis play, w hichh as a un ique prop erty of b i- stab i l ity .
An elect rochromi c display (ECD) is  a re lat ivelyne w e lectr ochemi c al,  bi-s tabledi splay.  Whil ethe appl ication is different to  the D SSC,the se device s s h are  many phy sica l attribut es,  il lustr ate d  in F IG.1 ,exc h angin g th e  sensitis e r(dy e )  l ayer 4 by a n e lec troch rom i c mate rial  layer which unde r goes a reversi blec o lou r c h ange  w hen an electri c c ur r e nt or vo lt age is appl ied acro ss the d evice;  being  transp a r en t  in th e ox idi sed state  an dc oloured  i nt he red uced  s tate.When a suff i c ient negative po tenti a l  is a p pli ed to  t he firs t  tra nsparent c onductive o xide ( TCO)  elec trode l ay er 2,whi ls t the seco n d transpa rentconduct iv e el ect rode o xide ( TCO)laye r6 i s held at g ro u nd  p o ten tial , ele ct rons  are inje c ted into  th e  conduc ti onb a nd oft he m etal oxide  se micon d u ctor layer 
ensitised Solar_Cells (DSSC)_are an alternative to_crystalline solar_cells_that are_cheaper_than crystalline solar_cells to produce._However, DSSC's are less_efficient than crystalline_solar_cells. Therefore, DSSC's require significant area coverage to be effective power generators.
U.S. Pat. No._4,927,721_entitled “Photo-Electrochemical_Cell”,_by_M Gratzel et al. discloses_a typical DSSC. As illustrated_in FIG._1, the DSSC 10 comprises a first transparent_insulating_layer 1; a_first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode layer 2; a_transparent metal oxide layer 3 of_titanium dioxide (TiO2);_a_molecular_monolayer of sensitiser (dye)_4; an electrolyte layer 5; a_second transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode_layer 6; and a second transparent insulating_layer 7.
A DSSC generates charge by_the direct absorption of visible_light. Since_most metal oxides absorb light_predominantly in the_ultra-violet region_of the electromagnetic_spectrum, a sensitiser (dye) 4 is_absorbed onto the_surface of metal oxide layer 3_to_extend the light_absorption_range_of the_solar cell into_the_visible light_region.
In_order to increase the amount of_light_that the metal oxide layer 3 and_the sensitiser (dye) layer_4_can absorb, at least_some portion of the metal_oxide layer 3 is made porous,_increasing the_surface area_of the metal oxide layer 3. This increased surface area can_support an increased quantity of sensitiser_(dye) 4 resulting in_increased light_absorption_and improving the_energy_conversion efficiency_of the DSSC to more than 10%.
An_electrochromic display_(ECD) is a new type of_display, which has a_unique_property of bi-stability.
An electrochromic display (ECD)_is a relatively new electrochemical, bi-stable_display. While the application is_different_to_the DSSC, these devices share_many physical attributes, illustrated in FIG._1, exchanging the_sensitiser (dye) layer 4 by an electrochromic_material_layer which undergoes a reversible colour_change_when an electric current or voltage_is_applied_across the device; being transparent_in the oxidised state and coloured_in the reduced state.
When a sufficient negative potential is_applied to the_first transparent conductive oxide (TCO)_electrode_layer_2, whilst the second transparent conductive electrode oxide (TCO) layer_6 is_held at ground_potential, electrons are injected into the conduction band of the_metal oxide semiconductor layer