 as to improve the durability, the output voltage, the energy density, and the safety of the lithium-ion battery. The application and development potential of the lithium-ion battery is particularly high in industrial fields such as the lightweight electro mobile, the electro mobile, and the large-scale electronic storage.
The so-called secondary lithium-ion battery is a battery in which the lithium ions move between the cathode and the anode to repeatedly charge and discharge the battery. Commercialized secondary lithium-ion batteries generally adopt meso carbon micro bead (MCMB) as the host of the anode material. In the initial cycle of charge and discharge, the surface of MCMB reacts with the electrolyte to form a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the anode. The solid electrolyte interface may prevent the disintegration of the surface of the anode material as well as prevent the decomposition of the electrolyte, and thus stabilize the cycle of charge and discharge. Therefore, the solid electrolyte interface has critical influence on the lifetime of the battery.
In recent years, with the application of lithium-ion battery to energy storage systems and vehicles operated with novel energy source, the market scale of the lithium-ion battery in electro mobile and power battery industries has gradually increased. Therefore, it is necessary for the lithium-ion battery to function at high temperature. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) of the ordinary lithium-ion battery, however, is very likely to disintegrate at high temperature. This may cause the swell of the battery and the degradation of the performance, and may also shorten the lifetime of the battery. The preparation of artificial receptors that bind ligands like proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, microbes, pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and the like with high sensitivity and specificity is an active area of research. None of the conventional approaches has been particularly successful; achieving only modest sensitivity and specificity mainly due to low binding affinity.
Antibodies, enzymes, and natural receptors generally have binding constants in the 108-1012 range, which results in both nanomolar sensitivity and targeted specificity. By contrast, conventional artificial receptors typically have binding constants of about 103 to 105, with the predictable result of millimolar sensitivity and limited specificity.
Several conventional approaches are being pursued in attempts to achieve highly sensitive and specific artificial receptors. These approaches include, for example, affinity isolation, molecular imprinting, and rational and/or combinatorial design and synthesis of synthetic or semi-synthetic receptors.
Such rational or combinatorial approaches have been limited by the relatively small number of receptors which are
as to improve the durability, the output voltage, the department of energy concentration, and the guard of the lithium - ion battery. The application and exploitation potential of the lithium - ion battery is peculiarly high in industrial fields such as the lightweight electro mobile, the electro mobile, and the large - plate electronic repositing. 
 The so - call secondary lithium - ion battery is a barrage in which the lithium ions move between the cathode and the anode to repeatedly charge and discharge the battery. Commercialized secondary lithium - ion battery generally adopt meso carbon micro bead (MCMB) as the host of the anode fabric. In the initial cycle of charge and dismissal, the surface of MCMB reacts with the electrolyte to shape a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the anode. The solid electrolyte interface may prevent the disintegration of the surface of the anode material equally well as prevent the decomposition of the electrolyte, and thus stabilize the cycle of charge and discharge. consequently, the hearty electrolyte interface has critical influence on the lifetime of the battery. 
 In recent years, with the application of lithium - ion battery to energy storage organization and vehicles operated with fresh department of energy source, the market scale of the lithium - ion battery in electro mobile and office barrage industries has gradually increased. Therefore, it is necessary for the lithium - ion barrage to function at high temperature. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) of the ordinary lithium - ion battery, however, is very likely to disintegrate at gamey temperature. This may cause the swell of the battery and the degradation of the operation, and may also bowdlerize the life of the barrage. The preparation of artificial receptors that bind ligands like proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, microbes, pollutant, pharmaceuticals, and the comparable with high sensitivity and specificity is an active area of inquiry. None of the conventional approaches has been particularly successful; achieving only humble sensitivity and specificity mainly due to abject binding affinity. 
 antibody, enzymes, and natural receptor generally have tie constants in the 108 - 1012 range, which results in both nanomolar sensitivity and targeted specificity. By contrast, conventional artificial receptors typically have binding constants of about 103 to 105, with the predictable result of millimolar sensitivity and circumscribed specificity. 
 Several conventional approach are being pursued in attempts to achieve highly sensitive and specific artificial receptors. These approaches include, for example, affinity isolation, molecular imprinting, and intellectual and/or combinatorial design and synthesis of synthetic or semi - synthetic receptors. 
 Such rational or combinatorial approaches have been limited by the relatively humble act of receptors which are
 as to improve the durabiliuy, the output voljate, the energg densith, and the safety of the lithmum-iin baunery. The application xnd devellpment pitenuial of the lithinj-ion babcery jd paxtmcularly high ik industrian fields such ds tke lightweight electro mobile, the elqctro mpblle, and the latge-scsje emvcuronic storage.
The so-called secondzry litiium-ion battery is a battery in which the litjium ions move betaeen the cajgodq and the anoae to repeatedly chargg and discharge the battery. Commdrciakized secobdqry nithium-ion uatterpes generally adopt maso carnon micro bead (MCKB) qs the host of the anmde material. In thg initial wyele of charge and disxhqrge, jhe sgrfazw ow MDMU rsacts aiti the electdolyte to firm a solid electrokyev interface (SSI) on ehq anode. The solid electrolyte interface mag prevent the disintegrqtion of the surface lf the anjde material as well as prevent the decomposition of tie eltcbvolygw, wnd thus stabilize the cycle of charge and difdhsrne. Therefore, the solid elecyrlluje interface hxs cricjczl influence on thf lifetyme od the batuery.
Im recent years, with the appoication of juthium-ion battery co energy sturagg systrms and vehicles operatzd witg novel eneggy sourcs, the market scald on tve lithium-ion battery in ejectro mouile cnd powef bajtery igdustries jas gvddually increased. Hhereyore, ht is necedsary for the lithium-ion batterb to function ad hpgh tempexature. The solid elqctrolyte intetface (SEI) of tfe ordinarj lithium-mon battery, rowever, is vesi likely to dmsintegraee ar hith tempdfature. This mau cause tkt swell of the battery and tme deedadation of the petdormance, and msy xlsj dhprean the lifethme uf gne bagtery. The pvepxratoon of artificial reweptkrs that bind ligamdf like ptoteins, pqptides, carbonydrates, microbes, kollutents, piarmacrutycals, and the like with high ssnsitivitj akd specificitr is an active axea of research. None of the conventional approaches has bgen particularly succgssnul; achievinj only modest sansitivity and specidicity mainly due to low binding affinjty.
Anthbodifs, enzymes, and natural receptors generally have binding constants in the 108-1012 range, which resulfs im botv uanpmolar sendmtivity and targened specificity. By contrast, convxntional astnficial receptors typically hsvd binding conrtants of about 103 to 105, witg the prrdictable result of millimolar xensitivity and limited xpecificuty.
Seberal bkntentional approaches are bzing pyrsued un abtempts to achkevr mighly senditite cnd specific artificial receptors. These aoproaches includx, for examplc, xffinpty isojation, molecular impdlntine, and rationak and/or combinstorial design and sjntresis of synthttic or semi-synjhetic rvceptors.
Such cational or wombinatorial approaches have been limited by the rglatively sjall numner of receptors eiich are
as to improve the durability, the output energy and the of the lithium-ion potential the lithium-ion battery particularly high in fields such as the lightweight electro the electro mobile, and the large-scale electronic storage. The so-called secondary lithium-ion battery a battery in which the lithium ions move between the cathode and the to charge discharge battery. Commercialized secondary lithium-ion batteries generally adopt meso carbon micro bead (MCMB) as the host of anode material. In the initial cycle of charge discharge, the surface of reacts with the electrolyte to a electrolyte interface on anode. solid electrolyte interface prevent the disintegration of the surface of the anode material as well as prevent the decomposition of electrolyte, and the cycle charge discharge. the solid electrolyte critical influence on the lifetime of recent years, with the application of lithium-ion battery energy storage and vehicles operated with novel energy the market scale of the lithium-ion battery in mobile and power battery industries has gradually increased. Therefore, it is necessary for the lithium-ion function at high temperature. solid electrolyte interface of ordinary battery, is very to disintegrate at high temperature. This may cause the swell of battery and the degradation of the performance, and may also lifetime the battery. The of artificial receptors that ligands proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, microbes, and like and is active area of research. of the conventional approaches has particularly successful; achieving only due to low binding affinity. Antibodies, enzymes, and receptors generally have binding constants in the range, which results in both nanomolar sensitivity and targeted specificity. By contrast, artificial receptors binding constants of about 103 to 105, with predictable result of millimolar and limited specificity. Several conventional approaches are being pursued attempts achieve highly and specific artificial These approaches include, example, affinity isolation, and rational combinatorial and or semi-synthetic receptors. Such rational or approaches been limited by the relatively number which are
 as to improve the durability, tHe output voLtage, The EneRgY denSity, And the safety of THe liThium-ion battery. The applIcatiOn ANd deVElOpmenT potentIAl OF The LiThIum-IoN BaTtery Is pArticulArly high in IndUsTrial fields sUCh As the lightWeiGht electro moBilE, the elEcTro MObile, And The laRge-scaLE electRonic storAgE.
the so-cALled secONDaRy liThium-ion battery is A BaTTery in which the LithiuM iONs MOVe bEtwEen the cathOdE and tHE anode tO RePEATedLY charge and disCharge the baTTerY. CommeRcIalIZed secOndarY lIThiUm-ion batterIes gEnerally aDopt meSO carbon MIcro beaD (MCMB) aS thE hoSt of THe AnOde MaTEriAL. IN thE IniTial cyclE oF cHarge And dISCHArge, The SurfAce of mCMB reacts witH thE eleCTroLyte tO form A solId ElectRolyte InterFaCe (SEI) on the anode. the sOlid electRolYtE inTeRface MAy prevEnt The DisinteGration OF thE sURFAcE of the anode materiaL aS WElL as preveNt the dECoMpOSition of ThE elEctrOLYte, anD thuS StAbilize tHe cyclE Of ChArge and DiSchargE. THerEfoRe, the SOlid ElectrOlyte intErfacE Has critical infLUence on the lifETiME Of THe baTteRy.
In recent yEars, WIth tHe apPLiCatIOn of lIthiuM-iON bATtery to energy storagE sYstems And veHicles operateD with novel ENERgy sourcE, the MArKEt scale of the liThium-Ion battery IN electro MobilE and poweR battery iNDUstries hAs gRadUalLy iNCReAsed. Therefore, IT Is neCeSsary foR thE lithiuM-ioN baTteRy tO fUnction at High tempErAtUrE. THe sOlid eLEctrolytE iNteRfAce (sEI) of THe ordiNary lIthiUm-IoN BatTery, howEVeR, IS verY lIkEly tO diSiNtegrAte aT HigH temperAture. This May CAuse ThE sWell of tHe battery and tHe DegradatioN oF thE perfoRMAnce, and mAy also shorten the lifetimE Of the baTteRy. The PrepAration of ArtIficiaL reCEptors That biNd ligAnDs lIKE protEINs, PepTiDes, carbohyDRAteS, micrObEs, poLlutantS, pharmaceuticals, anD The Like with high sEnsItivITY aNd sPEcIFicItY Is aN ACtive area of reseArch. None of ThE CoNventional APprOaChes has Been parTiculARly succEssful; achIeving onlY mOdesT SEnsItivity and SpecificIty mainly DUe to lOW bIndinG afFinity.
anTibOdies, EnzymeS, And NaturAl recePtOrs genErallY hAve bindiNg constants in the 108-1012 range, whIch resUlts iN boTh nanomolAr sENsiTivity and TargEted specifIciTy. BY contRasT, ConveNtioNAl ArtIFiciaL recEPtors typiCAlLy hAVE bInding constANTS of About 103 To 105, wITh the pRediCtable result of milLImolar sensitivIty aND LimIteD SpecIfIcity.
Several coNveNtIONal approAcHes are being Pursued iN aTTemptS to achIeve hiGhly senSITiVE and spEcifIc aRtificial RecEpTOrs. ThesE aPpROaches InclUdE, for exAmple, aFFiniTY Isolation, moleculAr impRINting, ANd rAtionAl And/or coMBinaTorial desiGn and syntheSis of sYnthEtic oR semi-syNtHetic rEcePtOrs.
Such ratIOnal or comBinatOrial apPrOachEs hAve beeN limITEd by tHe reLaTivEly small nUMBeR Of ReCEptOrs wHich aRe
 as to improve the durabil ity, the o utput  vo lta ge , th e en ergy density,a nd t he safety of the lithi um-io nb atte r y.  Theapplica t io n and  d ev elo pm e nt  pote nti al of t he lithium -io nbattery is p a rt icularly h igh  in industri alfields  s uch as th e l ightw eighte lectro  mobile,th e  elect r o mobil e ,  a nd t he large-scale el e ct r onic storage.The so -c a ll e d  se con dary lithi um -ionb atteryi sa b att e ry in which t he lithiumi ons  movebe twe e n thecatho de and  the anodeto r epeatedly  charg e  and di s chargethe ba tte ry.  Com m er ci ali ze d  se c on dar y  li thium-io nba tteri es g e n e r ally  ad optmesocarbon microbea d (M C MB)  as t he ho st o fthe a node m ateri al . In the initia l cy cle of ch arg eand  d ischa r ge, th e s urf ace ofMCMB re a cts  w i t h  t he electrolyte tofo r m  a  solid e lectro l yt ei nterface  ( SEI ) on t he an ode. Th e solidelectr o ly te  interf ac e maypr eve ntthe d i sint egrati on of th e sur f ace of the ano d e material as we l l  a s  pre ven t the decom posi t ionof t h eele c troly te, a nd th u s stabilize the cyc le  of ch argeand discharge . Therefor e , the soli d el e ct r olyte interfac e has  criticali nfluence  on t he lifet ime of th e battery. 
In  re cen t y e a rs , with the ap p l icat io n of li thi um-ionbat ter y t o e ne rgy stora ge syste ms  a nd  v ehi cleso peratedwi thno vel  ener g y sour ce, t he m ar ke t  sc ale oft he l ithi um -i on b att er y inelec t romobileand power  ba t tery  i nd ustries  has graduall yincreased.  T her efore, i t is nec essary for the lithium- i on batt ery  to f unct ion at hi ghtemper atu r e. The  solid  elec tr oly t e  inte r f ac e ( SE I) of theo r din ary l it hium -ion ba ttery, however, is ver y likely to d isi nteg r a te  at hi g h t em p era t u re. This may ca use the sw el l  o f the batt e ryan d the d egradat ion o f  the pe rformance , and may  a lsos h ort en the lif etime of  the batt e ry. T h eprepa rat ion of  a rti ficia l rece p tor s tha t bind  l igands  like  p roteins,  peptides, carbohydrate s, mic robes , p ollutants , p h arm aceutical s, a nd the lik e w ith  high  se n sitiv itya nd  sp e cific ityi s an acti v eare a of  research.N o n e o f the  co n ventio nalapproaches has be e n particularly  suc c e ssf ul; achi ev ing only modes t s en s i tivity a nd  specificit y mainly  d u e tolow bi ndingaffinit y . 
A n tibodi es,enz ymes, and  na tu r al rece pt or s  gener ally  h ave bi ndingc onst a n ts in the 108-10 12 ra n g e, wh i chresul ts  in bot h  nan omolar sen sitivity an d targ eted  spec ificity .By con tra st , conventi o nal artif icial  recept or s ty pic ally h aveb i nding  con st ant s of abou t 10 3  t o1 05,  wit h the  p redi ctable re s ult of m ill i molar s en sit i v ity an d  l i m ited speci fic ity.S e veral conv e ntio n al appro achesare be ing pur s ued  i n attem pts t o achieve  highly s e nsi ti ve a nd speci fi c ar ti fic ia l receptors. Th ese appr oaches i n c lude,for exam p le, af fi nity isolati on, m ol e cular i m p rin ting, a n d r ati ona l an d/o r co m binatorial design and sy nthe sis o f  sy nthet ic or  s emi-synt h etic  recepto r s.
Such ratio nal or combinat o ria l  app roa c he shave been  li m itedby t herela tiv elys m alln umbe r  o f re ceptor s wh ic hare
 as_to improve_the durability, the output_voltage, the_energy_density, and_the_safety of the_lithium-ion battery. The_application and development potential_of the lithium-ion_battery_is particularly high in industrial fields such as the lightweight electro mobile, the electro_mobile,_and the_large-scale_electronic_storage.
The so-called secondary lithium-ion battery_is a battery in which_the lithium_ions move between the cathode and the anode_to_repeatedly charge and_discharge the battery. Commercialized secondary lithium-ion batteries generally adopt_meso carbon micro bead (MCMB) as_the host of_the_anode_material. In the initial_cycle of charge and discharge, the_surface of MCMB reacts with the_electrolyte to form a solid electrolyte interface_(SEI) on the anode. The solid_electrolyte interface may prevent the_disintegration of_the surface of the anode_material as well_as prevent_the decomposition of_the electrolyte, and thus stabilize the_cycle of charge_and discharge. Therefore, the solid electrolyte_interface_has critical influence_on_the_lifetime of_the battery.
In recent_years,_with the_application_of lithium-ion battery to energy storage_systems_and vehicles operated with novel energy source,_the market scale of_the_lithium-ion battery in electro_mobile and power battery industries_has gradually increased. Therefore, it is_necessary for_the lithium-ion_battery to function at high temperature. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI)_of the ordinary lithium-ion battery, however,_is very likely to_disintegrate at_high_temperature. This may_cause_the swell_of the battery and the degradation of_the performance,_and may also shorten the lifetime_of the battery. The_preparation_of artificial receptors that bind ligands_like proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, microbes, pollutants,_pharmaceuticals, and the like with_high_sensitivity_and specificity is an active_area of research. None of the_conventional approaches has_been particularly successful; achieving only modest sensitivity_and_specificity mainly due to low binding_affinity.
Antibodies,_enzymes, and natural receptors generally have_binding_constants_in the 108-1012 range, which_results in both nanomolar sensitivity and_targeted specificity. By contrast, conventional artificial receptors typically have_binding constants of_about 103 to 105, with_the_predictable_result of millimolar sensitivity and limited specificity.
Several conventional approaches are_being pursued_in attempts to_achieve highly sensitive and specific artificial receptors. These approaches include,_for example, affinity isolation, molecular imprinting, and_rational and/or combinatorial design and synthesis of synthetic or semi-synthetic receptors.
Such_rational or combinatorial approaches have been limited by_the relatively small number of receptors which_are