 of muscle nerves. Many medical diseases, physical disabilities and cosmetic disfigurements arise from abnormal or absent electrical signals to the muscles. Such abnormal or absent electrical signals may be pathological or may simply be due to prolonged immobility or confinement that restricts or prevents the voluntary movement of one or more muscles. Without normal, routine electrical stimulation, muscles atrophy, that is lose their normal size and strength. Also contributing to muscle atrophy may be a wide range of other pathophysiological mechanisms, including absence of sustaining hormones and other endogenous trophic substances.
Many situations exist in which voluntary muscle contraction cannot be used effectively to operate, condition or strengthen muscles. The most extreme loss of voluntary muscle function occurs when the brain or spinal cord is injured by trauma, the growth of tumors or cerebrovascular accidents. In patients suffering from these conditions, muscles become wholly or partially paralyzed because the electrical commands that are normally generated in the nervous system are no longer available to stimulate muscle contractions. Less extreme degrees of muscle weakness and atrophy can come about when some of the nerve fibers supplying a muscle are damaged by disease or injury or when the muscle is immobilized or voluntarily rested, for example by casting or bedrest, in order to recover from an injury or surgical intervention involving a nearby body part, or other prolonged confinement or immobilization.
With respect to prolonged physical confinement or immobilization, the affect of muscle non-use and atrophy frequently leads to two disorders that are particularly difficult to avoid and expensive to treat, pressure ulcers of the skin and subcutaneous tissues and retardation of the normal circulation of blood through deep vessels. Continual, unrelieved pressure on localized regions of skin can result in the development of pressure ulcers of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, also known as bed sores or decubitus ulcers. Pressure ulcers are thought to occur when tissues underlying a site of pressure are deprived of oxygen and nutrients because blood flow is impeded, and when the area is subjected to frictional and shearing forces associated with continuous rubbing and movement. Pressure ulcers vary in size and degree of damage from small regions of redness to deep craters of tissue erosion passing through skin, connective tissues, muscle and even bone that can threaten the life of a patient by providing portals of entry for pathogenic organisms. They are often exacerbated in chronically paralyzed or bedridden patients because of atrophy of the unused muscles that normally provide a degree of padding between the skin and underlying bony protuberances. The treatment of pressure ulcers often requires prolonged, intensive medical care and occasionally extensive surgery, usually entailing further
of muscle nerves. Many medical diseases, forcible disability and cosmetic defacement arise from abnormal or lacking electrical signal to the muscles. Such abnormal or lacking electric signals may be pathological or may simply be due to prolonged stationariness or confinement that restricts or prevents the voluntary movement of one or more muscle. Without normal, routine electric stimulation, muscle atrophy, that is lose their normal size and strength. Also contributing to brawn atrophy may be a wide range of other pathophysiological mechanisms, include absence of sustaining hormones and other endogenous trophic substances. 
 Many situations exist in which voluntary muscleman contraction cannot be used effectively to operate, condition or strengthen muscles. The most extreme loss of voluntary muscle function occurs when the brain or spinal cord is injured by trauma, the growth of tumors or cerebrovascular accident. In patients suffering from these condition, muscleman become wholly or partially paralyzed because the electrical commands that are normally generate in the nervous system are no longer available to stimulate muscle contraction. Less extreme degrees of muscle weakness and atrophy can come about when some of the nerve fibers issue a muscle are damaged by disease or injury or when the muscle is immobilized or voluntarily pillow, for model by casting or bedrest, in order to recover from an injury or surgical intervention involve a nearby body part, or other prolong confinement or immobilization. 
 With respect to prolonged physical restriction or immobilization, the affect of muscle non - consumption and atrophy frequently leads to two disorders that are peculiarly difficult to avoid and expensive to treat, pressure ulcer of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and retardation of the normal circulation of blood through abstruse vessels. Continual, undiminished pressure on localized regions of peel can result in the development of pressure ulcers of the skin and hypodermic tissues, also know as bed sores or decubitus ulcers. Pressure ulcers are thought to occur when tissue underlying a site of pressure are deprived of oxygen and nutrients because blood stream is impede, and when the sphere is submit to frictional and shearing forces associated with continuous rubbing and movement. Pressure ulcer vary in size and degree of damage from small regions of redness to deep craters of tissue erosion passing through peel, connective tissues, muscle and even bone that can threaten the life sentence of a patient by providing portal of entry for pathogenic organisms. They are often exacerbated in chronically paralyzed or bedfast affected role because of atrophy of the unused muscles that normally provide a degree of padding between the skin and underlying bony protuberances. The treatment of pressure ulcers much requires prolonged, intensive medical care and occasionally extensive surgery, usually fee-tail further
 of muscle nerves. Many medigal diseases, physical dmsabilifies and cosmetic disfigurements aride from abnormal or absent eldctrical dignals ro tie muscles. Such egnormal or abacnt enxctrical signalx may be pdthological or mxy simply be due to prolonged immobilyty or vojfinement that resurists kg krevents the voluntary movement or one og more muscles. Wiyhout normal, routine electgicap stimulation, muscpes atrophy, thae is lose thekr normal size and strgngth. Also contributing to muscld atrpphy may bg z ahde range oh otheg pathophysiological kechanixms, including sbsxnce of sustaining hormonxs and other endogenjus trophhc substances.
Many sutyatiots efist un dhidh vkluntagy juscle confraction cabnot be used effectovqoy to operate, condieijn or strengthen muscles. The most extreke moss of voluntary musclw function occurs whej the brayn or spinal cord is injured by trauma, the growth of tnmurs ov cefwbgovascular accidents. In patients suffering frjj uhexe conditions, iuscles becpmf erolly or partkally 'zrzlyzed because the electrycal xommands uhat sre normally generated in tye nervous sjsten are no longer avcilable to scimulaje musvle contractions. Less ertreme degrees of muscle wsxkness and atropfy ban wome about when some of thq nerve fmbers supplykng s muscje are damwged nf disease or injurj or chen dhe muscle is immobilized or voluntarily cxsted, for exakpne ty castiug or nedrest, in ordew to recover ftom an inlury of surgical intervxntion involding a nearby hody part, or other pwolobged confindoent or immobikization.
Wptk respect to prolonged physlcal zknfinement or inmovilization, the sffdct ov kufwle non-use atd agroony frdquently lecdr to two disorders that dre larticularly diffivujt to aviid and qxpensive to yreat, pressure ulctrs of thx skin anq subcutaneous tissues and retzrdation lf bhe normal ciwculqtion of blopd through deep vessels. Continual, unrelmeved pressure on localuzed regions of skiu gan result ii the qevelopmett of pressure ulcerw of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, also nnown as bed sores or decubitus ulcers. Pressure ulcers are thought to occur whwn tissues underlyjng s sitv oy pxessure are veprived of oxygem and nutrients because blood fuow is ikpzded, and when the area is subkezted to frictkonal and shearing forcea associsted with continuous rubbing anc movement. Pressure ulcevs vary ib sizs and degrxe of damage from smsll reyions if rednwss bo deep craterr og bissue erodion pcssing through skin, connective tiwsues, nudcle and even boie that can bhveaten the lyfe of a patient by lgovidkng portals og entry for payhogenic organisms. Tver are often exqberbated in cnronicanly paralyzev or bedriddan patients because of atrophy of the unused musclea that nodmally pvovide a degree og padding between the slig and unaerlying bonf protuberances. The treatment of pressure ulcers owteg reqhires prolongvd, intensive medical care and occarionaoly extensice surgery, hsually egtailnng further
of muscle nerves. Many medical diseases, physical cosmetic arise from or absent electrical abnormal absent electrical signals be pathological or simply be due to prolonged immobility confinement that restricts or prevents the voluntary movement of one or more muscles. normal, routine electrical stimulation, muscles atrophy, that is lose their normal size and Also to atrophy be a wide range of other pathophysiological mechanisms, including absence of sustaining hormones and other endogenous substances. Many situations exist in which voluntary muscle cannot be used effectively operate, condition or strengthen muscles. most loss of muscle occurs the brain or cord is injured by trauma, the growth of tumors or cerebrovascular accidents. In patients suffering from these muscles become partially paralyzed the commands are normally generated nervous system are no longer available contractions. Less extreme degrees of muscle weakness and can come when some of the nerve fibers a muscle are damaged by disease or injury when the muscle is immobilized or voluntarily rested, for example by casting or bedrest, in recover from an injury surgical intervention involving nearby part, other confinement or With respect to prolonged physical confinement or immobilization, the affect of non-use and atrophy frequently leads to two disorders that are to and expensive to pressure ulcers of the and tissues and retardation of circulation blood Continual, pressure localized regions of skin result in the development of ulcers of the skin as bed sores or decubitus ulcers. Pressure ulcers thought to occur when tissues underlying a of pressure are deprived of oxygen and nutrients because blood flow is and when is subjected to frictional and shearing forces associated continuous rubbing and movement. ulcers vary in size and degree of damage from regions redness to craters of tissue passing through skin, tissues, muscle and that can the of providing portals of entry for pathogenic They often exacerbated in chronically paralyzed bedridden of atrophy of the unused muscles that normally provide a degree of padding between the underlying bony protuberances. The of ulcers often requires prolonged, intensive medical care and occasionally extensive surgery, usually
 of muscle nerves. Many medical Diseases, phYsicaL diSabIlItieS and Cosmetic disfigURemeNts arise from abnormal or AbsenT eLEctrICaL signAls to thE MuSCLes. suCh AbnOrMAl Or absEnt ElectriCal signals May Be Pathological OR mAy simply be Due To prolonged iMmoBility Or ConFInemeNt tHat reStrictS Or prevEnts the voLuNTary moVEment of ONE oR morE muscles. Without noRMaL, Routine electriCal stiMuLAtION, muSclEs atrophy, tHaT is loSE their nORmAL SIze ANd strength. AlsO contributiNG to Muscle AtRopHY may be A wide RaNGe oF other pathoPhysIological MechanISms, inclUDing absEnce of SusTaiNing HOrMoNes AnD OthER eNdoGEnoUs trophiC sUbStancEs.
MaNY SITuatIonS exiSt in wHich voluntary MusCle cONtrActioN cannOt be UsEd effEctiveLy to oPeRate, condition or StreNgthen musCleS. THe mOsT extrEMe loss Of vOluNtary muScle funCTioN oCCURs When the brain or spinAl CORd Is injureD by traUMa, ThE Growth of TuMorS or cEREbrovAscuLAr AccidentS. In patIEnTs SufferiNg From thEsE coNdiTions, MUsclEs becoMe wholly Or parTIally paralyzed BEcause the elecTRiCAL cOMmanDs tHat are normaLly gENeraTed iN ThE neRVous sYstem ArE No LOnger available to stiMuLate muScle cOntractions. LeSs extreme dEGREes of musCle wEAkNEss and atrophy cAn comE about when SOme of the Nerve Fibers suPplying a mUSCle are daMagEd bY diSeaSE Or Injury or when tHE MuscLe Is immobIliZed or voLunTarIly ResTeD, for exampLe by castInG oR bEdResT, in orDEr to recoVeR frOm An iNjury OR surgiCal inTervEnTiON inVolving A NeARBy boDy PaRt, or OthEr ProloNged COnfInement Or immobilIzaTIon.
WItH rEspect tO prolonged phySiCal confineMeNt oR immobILIzation, tHe affect of muscle non-use aND atrophY frEquenTly lEads to two DisOrders ThaT Are parTiculaRly diFfIcuLT To avoID AnD exPeNsive to treAT, PreSsure UlCers Of the skIn and subcutaneous tISsuEs and retardatIon Of thE NOrMal CIrCUlaTiON of BLOod through deep vEssels. ContInUAl, Unrelieved PResSuRe on locAlized rEgionS Of skin cAn result iN the develOpMent OF PreSsure ulcerS of the skIn and subcUTaneoUS tIssueS, alSo knowN aS beD soreS or decUBitUs ulcErs. PreSsUre ulcErs arE tHought to Occur when tissues underlyIng a siTe of pResSure are dePriVEd oF oxygen anD nutRients becaUse BloOd floW is IMpedeD, and WHeN thE Area iS subJEcted to frICtIonAL AnD shearing foRCES asSociaTed WIth conTinuOus rubbing and moveMEnt. Pressure ulcErs vARY in SizE And dEgRee of damage froM smAlL REgions of ReDness to deep Craters oF tISsue eRosion PassinG througH SKiN, ConnecTive TisSues, musclE anD eVEn bone tHaT cAN threaTen tHe Life of A patieNT by pROViding portals of eNtry fOR PathoGEniC orgaNiSms. They ARe ofTen exacerbAted in chronIcally ParaLyzed Or bedriDdEn patiEntS bEcause of atROphy of the UnuseD muscleS tHat nOrmAlly prOvidE A DegreE of pAdDinG between tHE SkIN aNd UNdeRlyiNg bonY pRotuBerances. THE treatmeNt oF PressurE uLceRS Often rEQuIREs prolongeD, inTensiVE Medical carE And oCCaSIonalLy exteNsive sUrgery, uSUalLy EntailiNg fURTher
 of muscle nerves. Many me dical dise ases,  ph ysi ca l di sabi lities and cos m etic  disfigurements arisefromab n orma l  o r abs ent ele c tr i c alsi gn als  t o  t he mu scl es. Suc h abnormal  or  a bsent electr i ca l signalsmay  be patholog ica l or m ay  si m ply b e d ue to  prolo n ged im mobilityor confin e ment th a t  r estr icts or preventst he voluntary move ment o fo ne o r m ore  muscles.Wi thout normal, ro u t i nee lectrical sti mulation, m u scl es atr op hy, that i s los et hei r normal si ze a nd streng th. Al s o contr i butingto mus cle  at roph y  m ay  be  a wid e  r ang e  of  other p at ho physi olog i c a l  mec han isms , inc luding absenc e o f su s tai ninghormo nesan d oth er end ogeno us  trophic substa nces .
Many si tua ti ons  e xisti n whic h v olu ntary m uscle c o ntr ac t i o ncannot be used eff ec t i ve ly to op erate, co nd i tion orst ren gthe n muscl es.T he  most ex tremel os sof volu nt ary mu sc lefun ction occu rs whe n the br ain o r  spinal cord i s  injured by t r au m a ,t he g row th of tumor s or cere brov a sc ula r  acci dents .I np atients suffering f ro m thes e con ditions, musc les become w h olly orpart i al l y paralyzed be cause  the elect r ical com mands  that ar e normall y generate d i n t hener v o us  system are n o long er  availa ble  to sti mul ate  mu scl econtracti ons. Les sex tr em e d egree s  of musc le  we ak nes s and atroph y can  com eab o utwhen so m eo f  the  n er ve f ibe rs  supp lyin g  amuscleare damag edb y di se as e or in jury or whenth e muscle i simm obiliz e d  or volu ntarily rested, for exa m ple bycas tingor b edrest, i n o rder t o r e coverfrom a n inj ur y o r surgi c a lint er vention in v o lvi ng ane arby  body p art, or other prol o nge d confinement  or  imm o b il iza t io n .
W it h  re s p ect to prolonge d physical  c o nf inement or imm ob ilizati on, the  affe c t of mu scle non- use and a tr ophy f req uently lea ds to tw o disorde r s tha t  a re pa rti cularl ydif ficul t to a v oid  andexpens iv e to t reat,  p ressureulcers of the skin andsubcut aneou s t issues an d r e tar dation of  the  normal ci rcu lat ion o f b l ood t hrou g hdee p  vess els. Continual ,  u nre l i ev ed pressure o n  lo caliz edr egions  ofskin can result i n  the developme nt o f pre ssu r e ul ce rs of the skin  an ds u bcutaneo us  tissues, a lso know na s bed  sores  or de cubitus u lc e rs. Pr essu reulcers ar e t ho u ght tooc cu r  whentiss ue s unde rlying a si t e  of pressure are  depr i v ed of oxy gen a nd  nutrie n ts b ecause blo od flow isimpede d, a nd wh en thear ea issub je cted to fr i ctional a nd sh earingfo rces  as sociat ed w i t h con tinu ou s r ubbing an d mo v em en t . P ress ure u lc ersvary in s i ze and d egr e e of da ma gef r om sma l lr e gions of r edn ess t o deep crate r s of ti s sue e rosion  passi ng thro u ghsk in, con nec t i ve tissue s, muscle and  e venbone tha tcanth rea te n the life of a  patient  by prov i d ing po rta l s of entryfo r pathogenic  orga ni s ms. The y are  oftene xac erb ate d in  ch roni c ally paralyzed or bedrid denpatie n tsbecau se of  a trophy o f  the  unusedm uscles that n ormally provide a d e gree  of pa dd ing betwe ent he sk in a ndunde rly ingb o ny p r otub e ra nces . Thetrea tm en t of pres su re ulce r s of t enrequ irespr ol o ng ed, int ensive m edica lcare ando ccasion ally  e xtensive surg ery, usually  e ntai ling f u rth er
 of_muscle nerves._Many medical diseases, physical_disabilities and_cosmetic_disfigurements arise_from_abnormal or absent_electrical signals to_the muscles. Such abnormal_or absent electrical_signals_may be pathological or may simply be due to prolonged immobility or confinement that_restricts_or prevents_the_voluntary_movement of one or more_muscles. Without normal, routine electrical_stimulation, muscles_atrophy, that is lose their normal size and_strength._Also contributing to_muscle atrophy may be a wide range of other_pathophysiological mechanisms, including absence of sustaining_hormones and other_endogenous_trophic_substances.
Many situations exist in_which voluntary muscle contraction cannot be_used effectively to operate, condition or_strengthen muscles. The most extreme loss of_voluntary muscle function occurs when the_brain or spinal cord is_injured by_trauma, the growth of tumors_or cerebrovascular accidents._In patients_suffering from these_conditions, muscles become wholly or partially_paralyzed because the_electrical commands that are normally generated_in_the nervous system_are_no_longer available_to stimulate muscle_contractions._Less extreme_degrees_of muscle weakness and atrophy can_come_about when some of the nerve fibers_supplying a muscle are_damaged_by disease or injury_or when the muscle is_immobilized or voluntarily rested, for example_by casting_or bedrest,_in order to recover from an injury or surgical intervention involving_a nearby body part, or other_prolonged confinement or immobilization.
With_respect to_prolonged_physical confinement or_immobilization,_the affect_of muscle non-use and atrophy frequently leads_to two_disorders that are particularly difficult to_avoid and expensive to_treat,_pressure ulcers of the skin and_subcutaneous tissues and retardation of the_normal circulation of blood through_deep_vessels._Continual, unrelieved pressure on localized_regions of skin can result in_the development of_pressure ulcers of the skin and subcutaneous_tissues,_also known as bed sores or_decubitus_ulcers. Pressure ulcers are thought to_occur_when_tissues underlying a site of_pressure are deprived of oxygen and_nutrients because blood flow is impeded, and when the_area is subjected_to frictional and shearing forces_associated_with_continuous rubbing and movement. Pressure ulcers vary in size and_degree of_damage from small_regions of redness to deep craters of tissue erosion passing_through skin, connective tissues, muscle and even_bone that can threaten the life of a patient by providing_portals of entry for pathogenic organisms. They are_often exacerbated in chronically paralyzed or bedridden_patients because of atrophy_of_the unused muscles that normally provide a_degree_of_padding_between the skin_and underlying bony_protuberances. The treatment_of pressure_ulcers often requires_prolonged, intensive_medical care and_occasionally_extensive surgery, usually entailing further