
Because these high boiling components of crude oil boiling above 343.degree. C. (650.degree. F.) and particularly above 538.degree. C. (1000.degree. F.) or 552.degree. C. (1025.degree. F.) are unsuitable for inclusion in gasoline and some higher boiling liquid hydrocarbon fuels, the petroleum refining industry has developed processes for separating and/or breaking the molecules of the high molecular weight, high boiling compounds into smaller molecules which do boil over an appropriate boiling range. The cracking process which is most widely used for this purpose is known as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). Although the FCC process has reached highly advanced state, many modified forms and variations thereof have been developed. Their unifying factor is identified with processing a restricted boiling range hydrocarbon feedstock which is caused to be cracked at an elevated temperature in contact with a cracking catalyst that is suspended in the feedstock under cracking conditions providing a discharge temperature in the range of 510.degree. C. (950.degree. F.) to 593.degree. C. (1100.degree. F.). Upon attainment of a desired degree of molecular weight and boiling point reduction the catalyst is separated from the desired catalytic conversion products.
Crude oils in the natural state contain a variety of materials which tend to have quite troublesome effects on FCC processes, and only a portion of these troublesome materials can be economically removed from the crude oil. Among these troublesome materials are coke precursors (such as asphaltenes, polynuclear aromatics, etc.), heavy metals (such as nickel, vanadium, iron, copper, etc.), lighter metals (such as sodium, potassium, etc.), sulfur, nitrogen and others. Certain of these, such as the lighter metals, can be relatively economically removed by desalting operations, which are part of the normal procedure for pretreating crude oil for fluid catalytic cracking. Other materials, such as coke precursors, asphaltenes and the like, tend to break down into coke during the cracking operation, which coke deposits on the catalyst, impairing contact between the hydrocarbon feedstock and the catalyst, and generally reducing its potency or activity level. The heavy metals transfer almost quantitatively from the feedstock to the catalyst surface and deactivate the catalyst.
If the catalyst is reused again and again for processing additional feedstock, which is usually the case, heavy metals in the feedstock can accumulate on the catalyst to the point that they unfavorably alter the composition of the catalyst and/
Because these high boiling components of crude oil boiling above 343.degree. C. (650.degree. F.) and peculiarly above 538.degree. C. (1000.degree. F.) or 552.degree. C. (1025.degree. F.) are inapplicable for inclusion in gasoline and some higher boiling fluid hydrocarbon fuel, the petroleum refining industry has developed processes for separate and/or breaking the molecules of the eminent molecular weight, high boiling compound into smaller molecules which do churn over an appropriate boiling range. The cracking process which is most widely use for this purpose is known as fluid catalytic fracture (FCC). Although the FCC process has reached highly advanced state, many modify forms and variations thereof have been developed. Their unifying agent is identified with processing a restricted boiling range hydrocarbon feedstock which is caused to be cracked at an elevated temperature in contact with a cracking catalyst that is suspended in the feedstock under cracking conditions providing a discharge temperature in the range of 510.degree. C. (950.degree. F.) to 593.degree. C. (1100.degree. F.). Upon attainment of a desired degree of molecular weight and boiling detail reduction the catalyst is separated from the desire catalytic conversion products. 
 Crude oils in the natural department of state contain a variety of materials which tend to have quite troublesome effect on FCC processes, and only a portion of these troublesome materials can be economically removed from the blunt oil. Among these troublesome materials are coke precursors (such as asphaltenes, polynuclear aromatics, etc .), heavy metallic element (such as nickel, vanadium, iron, copper, etc .), light metals (such as sodium, potassium, etc .), sulfur, nitrogen and others. Certain of these, such as the lighter metals, can be relatively economically removed by desalinate operations, which are part of the normal procedure for pretreating crude oil for fluid catalytic cracking. Other materials, such as coca cola precursors, asphaltenes and the like, tend to break down into coke during the cracking process, which coke deposits on the catalyst, impair contact between the hydrocarbon feedstock and the catalyst, and by and large reducing its potential or activity level. The heavy metals transfer about quantitatively from the feedstock to the catalyst surface and deactivate the catalyst. 
 If the catalyst is reused again and again for process additional feedstock, which is usually the case, heavy metals in the feedstock can roll up on the catalyst to the point that they unfavorably alter the typography of the catalyst and/

Becwuse these high boiling gomponents of crodw oil uoiling above 343.ddgree. C. (650.degree. F.) and particupaely avove 538.degree. C. (1000.degree. F.) or 552.degrev. C. (1025.degrew. F.) ere unsuitable for inclusion ih gasmoine and some migher boilhng liquid hydsozaxbon fuels, the petroleum refining inqustry nad developed prjcesxqs fkg weparating and/or breaking the molecunes of the hibh molecular weight, high blilijg compounds into dmaller molgdulqw which do buil over an appropriatg boiling range. The cracking prozess chich is mowt wifgly used for this purpose is known as fluid vatalytic craclinj (FCX). Although the FCC prmcess has reached righly adeauced state, many modifuee forks atd vxeiagiohs tgereof hate been devsloped. Theie unifying factor ix yeentified witg procqsfing a restricted boiling range hydrocagbon feedstock which is cauwed to be cracked at wn elevatqd temperature in contact with a cracking catalysd thav ks wufownfed in the feedstock under cracking conditionf ptoniding a dischargc temperature in tne rsgge of 510.degree. C. (950.degxse. F.) to 593.degree. C. (1100.deggee. F.). Ukon atrainment jf a desired degree of moleculae weight and voiling point reduetion the cacalyst is srparated from the desirzd catzlytic convfrsion prkaucts.
Crude oils kn nhe tatural state contain a vawiety of natexials whkch jend to have quitf tromtlesome effects on FCC krocesves, and onpy a portion of these troublesome materials csn be economieally vemoved from thq crude oil. Ampng thefe truublesome jaterians are coke precursors (sgfh as asphalvenes, polrnucoear aromatkzs, etc.), heavy mrtals (suck as bickel, vanadium, irpn, zkpper, etc.), lightzx netals (such as xodkum, pltessiui, etc.), sulfur, titrugev and uthers. Certciv of these, such as the lhghtsr metals, can be rrlwtively gconomicajly removed bu desalting operatlons, xhich ere patt jf the normal procedure for prstreating crmde oil for fjuid catalytic cxacking. Other materials, such as coke prerursors, asphaltenes and the like, tend to bteal down into coke during tve cracking operatiob, which coke depoxits on the catalyst, jmpairhng clntact between the hydrocarbon feedstock and the catalyst, and generally rwducinj yts potency or sctivpty kevel. Ehe ieevy metals transfvr almost quantitatively from thx feedstocn co the catalyst surface and draztivate the cxtalyst.
If the catalyst ia reused again and again for processing additional feedstock, whlch is usyally the case, ieavy metals in the geedstmck cqn accunulabe on the catauysy bo the poijt tiat they unfavorably alter the compisitiob lf the catalyst end/
Because these high boiling components of crude above C. (650.degree. and particularly above 552.degree. (1025.degree. F.) are for inclusion in and some higher boiling liquid hydrocarbon the petroleum refining industry has developed processes for separating and/or breaking the molecules the high molecular weight, high boiling compounds into smaller molecules which do boil an boiling The process which is most widely used for this purpose is known as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). the FCC process has reached highly advanced state, modified forms and variations have been developed. Their unifying is with processing restricted range feedstock which is to be cracked at an elevated temperature in contact with a cracking catalyst that is suspended in feedstock under providing a temperature the of 510.degree. C. to 593.degree. C. (1100.degree. F.). Upon desired degree of molecular weight and boiling point the catalyst separated from the desired catalytic conversion Crude oils in the natural state contain a of materials which tend to have quite troublesome effects on FCC processes, and only a these troublesome materials can economically removed from crude Among troublesome are coke (such as asphaltenes, polynuclear aromatics, etc.), heavy metals (such as nickel, iron, copper, etc.), lighter metals (such as sodium, potassium, etc.), and Certain of these, as the lighter metals, be economically removed by desalting are of for crude for fluid catalytic cracking. materials, such as coke precursors, and the like, tend during the cracking operation, which coke deposits on catalyst, impairing contact between the hydrocarbon feedstock the catalyst, and generally reducing its potency or activity level. The heavy transfer almost the feedstock to the catalyst surface and deactivate catalyst. If the catalyst reused again and again for processing additional feedstock, which usually case, heavy in the feedstock accumulate on the to the point unfavorably alter composition the

Because these high boiling coMponents of Crude Oil BoiLiNg abOve 343.dEgree. C. (650.degree. F.) aND parTicularly above 538.degree. C. (1000.dEgree. f.) oR 552.DegrEE. C. (1025.DegreE. F.) are unSUiTABle FoR iNclUsIOn In gasOliNe and soMe higher boIliNg Liquid hydrocARbOn fuels, the PetRoleum refiniNg iNdustrY hAs dEVelopEd pRocesSes for SEparatIng and/or bReAKing thE MoleculES Of The hIgh molecular weighT, HiGH boiling compouNds intO sMAlLER moLecUles which dO bOil ovER an apprOPrIATE boILing range. The cRacking procESs wHich is MoSt wIDely usEd for ThIS puRpose is knowN as fLuid catalYtic crACking (FCc). althougH the FCc prOceSs haS ReAcHed HiGHly ADvAncED stAte, many mOdIfIed foRms aND VARiatIonS theReof hAve been develoPed. theiR UniFying FactoR is iDeNtifiEd with ProceSsIng a restricted bOiliNg range hyDroCaRboN fEedstOCk whicH is CauSed to be Cracked AT an ElEVATeD temperature in contAcT WItH a crackiNg cataLYsT tHAt is suspEnDed In thE FEedstOck uNDeR crackinG condiTIoNs ProvidiNg A dischArGe tEmpEratuRE in tHe rangE of 510.degreE. C. (950.degREe. F.) to 593.degree. C. (1100.deGRee. F.). Upon attaiNMeNT Of A DesiRed Degree of molEculAR weiGht aND bOilINg poiNt redUcTIoN The catalyst is separaTeD from tHe desIred catalytic Conversion PRODucts.
CruDe oiLS iN The natural statE contAin a varietY Of materiAls whIch tend tO have quitE TRoublesoMe eFfeCts On Fcc PrOcesses, and onlY A PortIoN of thesE trOublesoMe mAteRiaLs cAn Be economiCally remOvEd FrOm The Crude OIl. Among tHeSe tRoUblEsome MAteriaLs are Coke PrEcURsoRs (such aS AsPHAlteNeS, pOlynUclEaR aromAticS, Etc.), Heavy meTals (such aS niCKel, vAnAdIum, iron, Copper, etc.), lighTeR metals (sucH aS soDium, poTASsium, etc.), Sulfur, nitrogen and others. cErtain oF thEse, suCh as The lighteR meTals, caN be RElativEly ecoNomicAlLy rEMOved bY DEsAltInG operationS, WHicH are pArT of tHe normaL procedure for pretrEAtiNg crude oil for FluId caTALyTic CRaCKinG. OTHer MATerials, such as coKe precursoRs, ASpHaltenes anD The LiKe, tend tO break dOwn inTO coke duRing the crAcking opeRaTion, WHIch Coke deposiTs on the cAtalyst, imPAirinG CoNtact BetWeen thE hYdrOcarbOn feedSTocK and tHe cataLySt, and gEneraLlY reducinG its potency or activity leVel. The Heavy MetAls transfEr aLMosT quantitaTiveLy from the fEedStoCk to tHe cATalysT surFAcE anD DeactIvatE The catalyST.
IF thE CAtAlyst is reusED AGaiN and aGaiN For proCessIng additional feedSTock, which is usuAlly THE caSe, hEAvy mEtAls in the feedstOck CaN ACcumulatE oN the catalysT to the poInT That tHey unfAvorabLy alter THE cOMpositIon oF thE catalyst And/

Because these high boilin g componen ts of  cr ude  o il b oili ng above 343.d e gree . C. (650.degree. F.)and p ar t icul a rl y abo ve 538. d eg r e e.C.  ( 100 0. d eg ree.F.)  or 552 .degree. C . ( 10 25.degree. F . )are unsuit abl e for inclus ion  in ga so lin e  andsom e hig her bo i ling l iquid hyd ro c arbonf uels, t h e  p etro leum refining ind u st r y has develope d proc es s es f orsep arating an d/ or br e aking t h em o l ecu l es of the hig h molecular wei ght, h ig h b o ilingcompo un d s i nto smaller  mol ecules wh ich do boil ov e r an ap propri ate  bo ilin g  r an ge.  T h e c r ac kin g  pr ocess wh ic his mo st w i d e l y us edforthispurpose is kn own  asf lui d cat alyti c cr ac king(FCC).  Alth ou gh the FCC proc esshas reach edhi ghl yadvan c ed sta te,  ma ny modi fied fo r msan d v ar iations thereof ha ve b ee n develo ped. T h ei ru nifyingfa cto r is i denti fied wi th proce ssinga  r es tricted  b oiling  r ang e h ydroc a rbon  feeds tock whi ch is caused to be c r acked at an e l ev a t ed temp era ture in con tact with  a c r ac kin g  cata lystth a ti s suspended in thefe edstoc k und er cracking c onditionsp r o viding a  dis c ha r ge temperature  in t he range o f  510.deg ree.C. (950. degree. F . )  to 593. deg ree . C . ( 1 1 00 .degree. F.). U ponat tainmen t o f a des ire d d egr eeof  molecula r weight  a nd  b oi lin g poi n t reduct io n t he  ca talys t  is se parat ed f ro mt hedesired ca t a lyti cco nver sio nprodu cts. Cru de oils  in the n atu r al s ta te  contai n a variety o fmaterialswh ich  tendt o  have qu ite troublesome effects on FCCpro cesse s, a nd only a  po rtionoft hese t rouble somema ter i a ls ca n be  ec on omically r e m ove d fro mthecrude o il. Among these tr o ubl esome materia lsarec o ke  pr e cu r sor s( suc h as asphaltenes,  polynucle ar ar omatics, e t c.) ,heavy m etals ( sucha s nicke l, vanadi um, iron,  c oppe r ,  et c.), light er metal s (such a s  sodi u m,  pota ssi um, et c. ),sulfu r, nit r oge n and  other s.  Certa in of  t hese, su ch as the lighter metal s, can  be r ela tively ec ono m ica lly remov ed b y desaltin g o per ation s,w hicharep ar t o f  thenorm a l procedu r efor p re treating cr u d e  oi l for  fl u id cat alyt ic cracking. Othe r  materials, su ch a s cok e p r ecur so rs, asphaltene s a nd t he like,  t end to brea k down i nt o  coke  durin g thecrackin g op e ration , wh ich  coke dep osi ts on theca ta l yst, i mpai ri ng con tact b e twee n the hydrocarbonfeeds t o ck an d  th e cat al yst, an d  gen erally red ucing its p otency  oractiv ity lev el . Thehea vy  metals tr a nsfer alm ost q uantita ti vely  fr om the  fee d s tockto t he  ca talyst su r f ac e  a nd dea ctiv ate t he  cat alyst.
If the cata lys t  is reu se d a g a in and ag a i n for proc ess ing a d d itional fe e dsto c k, which  is us uallythe cas e , h ea vy meta lsi n  the feed stock can acc um ulat e on the  c atal ys t t othe point thatthey unf avorably a lter t hec ompo s itionof  the catalys t and /

Because these_high boiling_components of crude oil_boiling above_343.degree._C. (650.degree._F.)_and particularly above_538.degree. C. (1000.degree._F.) or 552.degree. C._(1025.degree. F.) are_unsuitable_for inclusion in gasoline and some higher boiling liquid hydrocarbon fuels, the petroleum refining_industry_has developed_processes_for_separating and/or breaking the molecules_of the high molecular weight,_high boiling_compounds into smaller molecules which do boil over_an_appropriate boiling range._The cracking process which is most widely used for_this purpose is known as fluid_catalytic cracking (FCC)._Although_the_FCC process has reached_highly advanced state, many modified forms_and variations thereof have been developed._Their unifying factor is identified with processing_a restricted boiling range hydrocarbon feedstock_which is caused to be_cracked at_an elevated temperature in contact_with a cracking_catalyst that_is suspended in_the feedstock under cracking conditions providing_a discharge temperature_in the range of 510.degree. C._(950.degree._F.) to 593.degree._C._(1100.degree._F.). Upon_attainment of a_desired_degree of_molecular_weight and boiling point reduction the_catalyst_is separated from the desired catalytic conversion_products.
Crude oils in the_natural_state contain a variety_of materials which tend to_have quite troublesome effects on FCC_processes, and_only a_portion of these troublesome materials can be economically removed from the_crude oil. Among these troublesome materials_are coke precursors (such_as asphaltenes,_polynuclear_aromatics, etc.), heavy_metals_(such as_nickel, vanadium, iron, copper, etc.), lighter metals_(such as_sodium, potassium, etc.), sulfur, nitrogen and_others. Certain of these,_such_as the lighter metals, can be_relatively economically removed by desalting operations,_which are part of the_normal_procedure_for pretreating crude oil for_fluid catalytic cracking. Other materials, such_as coke precursors,_asphaltenes and the like, tend to break_down_into coke during the cracking operation,_which_coke deposits on the catalyst, impairing_contact_between_the hydrocarbon feedstock and the_catalyst, and generally reducing its potency_or activity level. The heavy metals transfer almost quantitatively_from the feedstock_to the catalyst surface and_deactivate_the_catalyst.
If the catalyst is reused again and again for processing_additional feedstock,_which is usually_the case, heavy metals in the feedstock can accumulate on_the catalyst to the point that they_unfavorably alter the composition of the catalyst and/