 alloys are the baseline material for aircraft and space applications. Although conventional coarse-grain aluminum alloys are lighter than titanium, they lack the sufficient specific strength needed for many applications as space and propulsion materials. However, aluminum nanoscale materials provide a unique opportunity for aircraft, space and armor applications as the properties of nanoscale aluminum alloy, such as tensile strength, hardness and toughness are vastly improved over those of traditional coarse-grain materials. In addition, the cost is less than that of titanium alloys.
Thus, there exists a need for a process for making a nanoscale material and products therefrom. The present invention relates generally to photovoltaic materials and manufacturing method. More particularly, the present invention provides a method and structure for fabricating a thin film solar cells. Merely by way of example, the present method and structure include a patterned thin film stack layer for manufacture of copper indium gallium diselenide based thin film photovoltaic devices, but it would be recognized that the invention may have other configurations.
From the beginning of time, mankind has been challenged to find way of harnessing energy. Energy comes in the forms such as petrochemical, hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, biomass, solar, and more primitive forms such as wood and coal. Over the past century, modern civilization has relied upon petrochemical energy as an important energy source. Petrochemical energy includes gas and oil. Gas includes lighter forms such as butane and propane, commonly used to heat homes and serve as fuel for cooking Gas also includes gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, commonly used for transportation purposes. Heavier forms of petrochemicals can also be used to heat homes in some places. Unfortunately, the supply of petrochemical fuel is limited and essentially fixed based upon the amount available on the planet Earth. Additionally, as more people use petroleum products in growing amounts, it is rapidly becoming a scarce resource, which will eventually become depleted over time.
More recently, environmentally clean and renewable sources of energy have been desired. An example of a clean source of energy is hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power is derived from electric generators driven by the flow of water produced by dams such as the Hoover Dam in Nevada. The electric power generated is used to power a large portion of the city of Los Angeles in California. Clean and renewable sources of energy also include wind, waves, biomass, and the like. That is, windmills convert wind energy into more useful forms of energy such as electricity
alloys are the baseline material for aircraft and space applications. Although ceremonious coarse - texture aluminum admixture are lighter than titanium, they miss the sufficient specific strength want for many applications as outer space and propulsion materials. However, aluminum nanoscale materials supply a unique opportunity for aircraft, space and armor application as the properties of nanoscale aluminum alloy, such as ductile strength, hardness and toughness are vastly improved over those of traditional coarse - grain materials. In addition, the monetary value is less than that of titanium alloys. 
 Thus, there exists a indigence for a process for making a nanoscale material and products therefrom. The present invention associate generally to photovoltaic materials and manufacturing method. More particularly, the present invention provide a method and structure for fabricating a thin film solar cells. Merely by way of example, the present method and structure include a patterned thin film stack layer for manufacture of bull indium gallium diselenide establish thin movie photovoltaic device, but it would be recognize that the invention may have other configuration. 
 From the beginning of time, mankind has been challenged to find direction of harnessing energy. Energy comes in the forms such as petrochemical, hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, biomass, solar, and more archaic forms such as wood and coal. Over the past century, mod civilization has trust upon petrochemical department of energy as an authoritative energy source. Petrochemical energy include gas and oil. Gas include lighter forms such as butane and propane, commonly used to inflame homes and serve as fuel for cooking Gas also includes gasoline, diesel, and k fuel, commonly use for transportation purpose. Heavier form of petrochemicals can also be used to heat homes in some space. Unfortunately, the supply of petrochemical fuel is limited and essentially fixed based upon the amount available on the planet Earth. Additionally, as more people use petroleum merchandise in growing amounts, it is quickly becoming a scarce resource, which will eventually become depleted over time. 
 More recently, environmentally clean and renewable sources of energy have been desire. An example of a clean source of energy is hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power is derived from electric generator drive by the flow of water produce by dams such as the Hoover Dam in Nevada. The electric power generate is used to power a large portion of the city of Los Angeles in California. blank and renewable sources of energy also include wind, wave, biomass, and the like. That is, windmills convert wind energy into more useful form of energy such as electricity
 alpoys are the baseline mauerial for aircrayr and vpace zpplicatkons. Although conventional claese-grqin aluminum alloys ard lighter than tiraninm, they lack the sufficicut spsgific wtrength needec for many applications ds s'ace and propulsion materials. Howevew, alumimul nanoscale majeriakf prknibe a unique opportunity for airdraft, skace and armor appkications as the propertied of nanoscale aluminul alloy, sucy as rensile strevgth, hardntsv and touggness are vastly improved over ghose of tradituobal woarse-grain mategials. In addibpon, the cost ix less than thst mf ritanium alloys.
Thus, tiere exists a need fjr a procasa for making a nabowcale matariau ana pdovucfs thegefcom. The preaent inventuon relates generalky np photovoltajc matqryals and manufacturing method. More partpculzrly, the present inventuon provides a method and strusture for fabricating a thin film solar cells. Meraly bb day on exxnppe, the present method and structure include a lautegned thin film stcck layer for mamuvavjure of copper indium gzllium diselenide hased trin fulm photodoltsic devices, but it would be recognized nhat the invention may have other congigurstions.
From the beginniny of tjme, mankind has been zhallenged to fivd eaf of harnessing energy. Enewgy comes in che formr suvh as [etrochemifal, hngroelectric, nucleag, winb, biokass, solar, and more primitive forms such ex wood and cpan. Oner the pcst cektury, modern cidilization has relied upon petrochempcal enerjy as an impjrtant energy dource. Petrorhemical qnerty ibcludes eas and oil. Gax includes lighter dorms such as butake ana propane, commonoy owed to heat hokes anq decve af fuel for comkine Gxx alsu includes nasulinr, diesel, and jet fuen, cojmonly used for trsnfportatiin purpofes. Heavier fprms of petrochemifals ran alro be usgd to heat homes in some places. Unfortunwtejy, the supplr of petrochemiccl fuel is limited and essentially fixed based upon the amiunt available on tke planet Earvh. Addytionally, as more people use petroleum productx in growing amounts, jt is sapidpy becoming a scarce resource, which will eventually become depleted over rime.
Moce recently, ehvirpnmennaljv clean and cenewable sources of energy have been desired. An example oy a clean source of energy is hhdroelectric kower. Hydroelectric power js derivrd from electric generators drifen by the flow of water producee by sams sldh as the Hoover Dam in Nerada. Tye elecrric power generaged id used to powtr a large portion of the city of Low Angeoed in California. Rlean and rekedable sourcgs of energy also incmkde wknd, waves, biokass, and the loke. That is, windmillv sonvert wind ebvrgy into morg usefoo forms of enecgy such as alectricity
alloys are the baseline material for aircraft applications. conventional coarse-grain alloys are lighter sufficient strength needed for applications as space propulsion materials. However, aluminum nanoscale materials a unique opportunity for aircraft, space and armor applications as the properties of aluminum alloy, such as tensile strength, hardness and toughness are vastly improved over of coarse-grain In the cost is less than that of titanium alloys. Thus, there exists a need for a for making a nanoscale material and products therefrom. present invention relates generally photovoltaic materials and manufacturing method. particularly, present invention a and for fabricating a film solar cells. Merely by way of example, the present method and structure include a patterned thin stack layer of copper gallium based film photovoltaic devices, would be recognized that the invention configurations. From the beginning of time, mankind has challenged to way of harnessing energy. Energy comes the forms such as petrochemical, hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, solar, and more primitive forms such as wood and coal. Over the past century, modern relied upon petrochemical energy an important energy Petrochemical includes and Gas includes forms such as butane and propane, commonly used to heat homes serve as fuel for cooking Gas also includes gasoline, diesel, fuel, used for transportation Heavier forms of petrochemicals also used to heat homes places. the fuel limited essentially fixed based upon amount available on the planet Additionally, as more people amounts, it is rapidly becoming a scarce resource, will eventually become depleted over time. More environmentally clean and renewable sources of energy have been desired. An example a clean energy is hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power is derived electric generators driven by flow of water produced by dams such as the Dam Nevada. The power generated is to power a portion of the Los Angeles California. and energy also include wind, waves, biomass, the That is, windmills convert wind into forms of energy such as electricity
 alloys are the baseline materIal for aircRaft aNd sPacE aPpliCatiOns. Although conVEntiOnal coarse-grain aluminuM alloYs ARe liGHtEr thaN titaniUM, tHEY laCk ThE suFfICiEnt spEciFic streNgth needed For MaNy applicatioNS aS space and pRopUlsion materiAls. howeveR, aLumINum naNosCale mAteriaLS proviDe a unique OpPOrtuniTY for airCRAfT, spaCe and armor applicaTIoNS as the propertiEs of naNoSCaLE AluMinUm alloy, sucH aS tensILe strenGTh, HARDneSS and toughness Are vastly imPRovEd over ThOse OF tradiTionaL cOArsE-grain materIals. in additioN, the coST is less THan that Of titaNiuM alLoys.
tHuS, tHerE eXIstS A nEed FOr a Process fOr MaKing a NanoSCALE matEriAl anD prodUcts therefrom. the PresENt iNventIon reLateS gEneraLly to pHotovOlTaic materials anD manUfacturinG meThOd. MOrE partICularlY, thE prEsent inVention PRovIdES A MeThod and structure foR fABRiCating a tHin filM SoLaR Cells. MerElY by Way oF EXamplE, the PReSent methOd and sTRuCtUre inclUdE a pattErNed ThiN film STack Layer fOr manufaCture OF copper indium gALlium diseleniDE bASEd THin fIlm PhotovoltaiC devICes, bUt it WOuLd bE RecogNized ThAT tHE invention may have otHeR confiGuratIons.
From the beGinning of tIME, Mankind hAs beEN cHAllenged to find Way of Harnessing ENergy. EneRgy coMes in the Forms such AS PetrocheMicAl, hYdrOelECTrIc, nuclear, wind, BIOmasS, sOlar, and MorE primitIve ForMs sUch As Wood and coAl. Over thE pAsT cEnTurY, modeRN civilizAtIon HaS reLied uPOn petrOchemIcal EnErGY as An imporTAnT ENergY sOuRce. PEtrOcHemicAl enERgy IncludeS gas and oiL. GaS InclUdEs Lighter Forms such as buTaNe and propaNe, ComMonly uSED to heat hOmes and serve as fuel for coOKing Gas AlsO inclUdes Gasoline, dIesEl, and jEt fUEl, commOnly usEd for TrAnsPORtatiON PuRpoSeS. Heavier foRMS of PetroChEmicAls can aLso be used to heat homES in Some places. UnfOrtUnatELY, tHe sUPpLY of PeTRocHEMical fuel is limiTed and esseNtIAlLy fixed basED upOn The amouNt availAble oN The planEt Earth. AdDitionallY, aS morE PEopLe use petroLeum prodUcts in groWIng amOUnTs, it iS raPidly bEcOmiNg a scArce reSOurCe, whiCh will EvEntualLy becOmE depleteD over time.
More recently, enVironmEntalLy cLean and reNewABle Sources of EnerGy have been DesIreD. An exAmpLE of a cLean SOuRce OF enerGy is HYdroelectRIc PowER. hyDroelectric POWEr iS deriVed FRom eleCtriC generators driven BY the flow of wateR proDUCed By dAMs suCh As the Hoover Dam In NEvADA. The elecTrIc power geneRated is uSeD To powEr a larGe portIon of thE CItY Of Los ANgelEs iN CalifornIa. CLeAN and renEwAbLE sourcEs of EnErgy alSo inclUDe wiND, Waves, biomass, and tHe likE. tHat is, WIndMills CoNvert wiND eneRgy into morE useful formS of eneRgy sUch as ElectriCiTy
 alloys are the baseline m aterial fo r air cra ftan d sp aceapplications.A ltho ugh conventional coars e-gra in alum i nu m all oys are li g h ter  t ha n t it a ni um, t hey  lack t he suffici ent  s pecific stre n gt h needed f ormany applica tio ns assp ace and p rop ulsio n mate r ials.However,al u minumn anoscal e ma teri als provide a uni q ue opportunity fo r airc ra f t, s pac e a nd armor a pp licat i ons ast he p r ope r ties of nanos cale alumin u m a lloy,su cha s tens ile s tr e ngt h, hardness  and  toughnes s arev astly i m provedover t hos e o f tr a di ti ona lc oar s e- gra i n m aterials .In  addi tion , t h e co stis l ess t han that of t ita nium all oys.Thus,  the re  exis ts a n eed f or  a process formaki ng a nano sca le  ma te riala nd pro duc tstherefr om. The pre se n t in vention relates ge ne r a ll y to pho tovolt a ic  m a terialsan d m anuf a c turin g me t ho d. Morepartic u la rl y, thepr esentin ven tio n pro v ides  a met hod andstruc t ure for fabric a ting a thin f i lm s ol a r ce lls . Merely by  way of e xamp l e,  th e  pres ent m et h od and structure inclu de  a pat terne d thin film s tack layer f o r manufa ctur e  o f  copper indium  gall ium disele n ide base d thi n film p hotovolta i c  devices , b utitwou l d  b e recognizedt h at t he  invent ion  may ha veoth ercon fi gurations .
From t he  b eg in nin g oft ime, man ki ndha s b een c h alleng ed to  fin dwa y  of  harnes s in g ener gy .Ener gyco mes i n th e  fo rms suc h as petr och e mica l,  h ydroele ctric, nuclea r,  wind, bio ma ss,  solar , and more  primitive forms such a s  wood a ndcoal.  Ove r the pas t c entury , m o dern c iviliz ation  h asr e liedu p on  pe tr ochemicale n erg y asan  imp ortantenergy source. Pet r och emical energy  in clud e s  g asa nd oil .G asi n cludes lighterforms such  a s  b utane andp rop an e, comm only us ed to heat ho mes and s erve as f ue l fo r coo king Gas a lso incl udes gaso l ine,d ie sel,and  jet f ue l,commo nly us e d f or tr anspor ta tion p urpos es . Heavie r forms of petrochemica ls can  also  be  used tohea t  ho mes in so me p laces. Unf ort una tely,  th e  supp ly o f  p etr o chemi calf uel is li m it eda n dessentially f i xed  base d u p on the  amo unt available ont he planet Eart h. A d d iti ona l ly,as  more people u sepe t r oleum pr od ucts in gro wing amo un t s, it  is ra pidlybecomin g as carcereso urc e, whichwil le ventual ly  b e come d eple te d over  time. More r ecently, environ menta l l y cle a n a nd re ne wable s o urce s of energ y have been  desir ed.An ex ample o fa clea n s ou rce of ene r gy is hyd roele ctric p ow er.Hyd roelec tric p oweris d er ive d from el e c tr i cge n era tors  driv en  bythe flowo f waterpro d uced by  d ams s uch as th e Hoover Dam  in  Neva d a . The elec t ricp ow e r gen erated  is us ed to p o wer  a  largepor t i on of the  city ofL osAn gele s in Cal if orni a.  Cl ea n and renewable  sources  of ener g y  alsoinc l udew ind, w av es, biomass,  andth e  like.T h atis, win d mil lscon vert  wi nd e n ergy into more useful fo rmsof en e rgy  such  as e le ctricity 
 alloys_are the_baseline material for aircraft_and space_applications._Although conventional_coarse-grain_aluminum alloys are_lighter than titanium,_they lack the sufficient_specific strength needed_for_many applications as space and propulsion materials. However, aluminum nanoscale materials provide a unique_opportunity_for aircraft,_space_and_armor applications as the properties_of nanoscale aluminum alloy, such_as tensile_strength, hardness and toughness are vastly improved over_those_of traditional coarse-grain_materials. In addition, the cost is less than that_of titanium alloys.
Thus, there exists a_need for a_process_for_making a nanoscale material_and products therefrom. The present invention_relates generally to photovoltaic materials and_manufacturing method. More particularly, the present invention_provides a method and structure for_fabricating a thin film solar_cells. Merely_by way of example, the_present method and_structure include_a patterned thin_film stack layer for manufacture of_copper indium gallium_diselenide based thin film photovoltaic devices,_but_it would be_recognized_that_the invention_may have other_configurations.
From_the beginning_of_time, mankind has been challenged to_find_way of harnessing energy. Energy comes in_the forms such as_petrochemical,_hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, biomass,_solar, and more primitive forms_such as wood and coal. Over_the past_century, modern_civilization has relied upon petrochemical energy as an important energy source._Petrochemical energy includes gas and oil._Gas includes lighter forms_such as_butane_and propane, commonly_used_to heat_homes and serve as fuel for cooking_Gas also_includes gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel,_commonly used for transportation_purposes._Heavier forms of petrochemicals can also_be used to heat homes in_some places. Unfortunately, the supply_of_petrochemical_fuel is limited and essentially_fixed based upon the amount available_on the planet_Earth. Additionally, as more people use petroleum_products_in growing amounts, it is rapidly_becoming_a scarce resource, which will eventually_become_depleted_over time.
More recently, environmentally clean_and renewable sources of energy have_been desired. An example of a clean source of_energy is hydroelectric_power. Hydroelectric power is derived_from_electric_generators driven by the flow of water produced by dams_such as_the Hoover Dam_in Nevada. The electric power generated is used to power_a large portion of the city of_Los Angeles in California. Clean and renewable sources of energy also_include wind, waves, biomass, and the like. That_is, windmills convert wind energy into more_useful forms of energy_such_as electricity