 Tsuboi et al., “Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects mediated via parasympathetic ganglia in the dog heart,” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H1201-H1207 (2000)
Furukawa Y et al., “Differential blocking effects of atropine and gallamine on negative chronotropic and dromotropic responses to vagus stimulation in anesthetized dogs,” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251(3): 797-802 (1989)
Bluemel K M, “Parasympathetic postganglionic pathways to the sinoatrial node,” J Physiol 259(5 Pt 2): H1504-10 (1990)
Mazgalev T N, “AV Nodal Physiology,” Heart Rhythm Society (www.hrsonline.org) (no date)
Bibevski S et al., “Ganglionic Mechanisms Contribute to Diminished Vagal Control in Heart Failure,” Circulation 99: 2958-2963 (1999)
Hirose M et al., “Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide-27 Causes a Biphasic Chronotropic Effect and Atrial Fibrillation in Autonomically Decentralized, Anesthetized Dogs,” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283(2): 478-87 (1997)
Chen S A et al., “Intracardiac stimulation of human parasympathetic nerve fibers induces negative dromotropic effects: implication with the lesions of radiofrequency catheter ablation,” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9(3): 245-52 (1998)
Cooper et al., “Neural effects on sinus rate and atrial ventricular conduction produced by electrical stimulation from a transvenous electrode catheter in the canine right pulmonary artery” Circ Res Vol. 46(1): 48-57 (1980)
Heart rate variability is considered an important determinant of cardiac function. Heart rate normally fluctuates within a normal range in order to accommodate constantly changing physiological needs. For example, heart rate increases during waking hours, exertion, and inspiration, and decreases during sleeping, relaxation, and expiration. Two representations of heart rate variability are commonly used: (a) the standard deviation of beat-to-beat R-R interval differences within a certain time window (i.e., variability in the time domain), and (b) the magnitude of variability as a function of frequency (i.e., variability in the
Tsuboi et al. , “ Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects mediated via parasympathetic ganglia in the dog affection, ” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H1201 - H1207 (2000) 
 Furukawa Y et al. , “ Differential block effects of atropine and gallamine on negative chronotropic and dromotropic responses to vagus foreplay in anesthetized dogs, ” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251(3 ): 797 - 802 (1989) 
 Bluemel K M, “ Parasympathetic postganglionic pathways to the sinoatrial node, ” J Physiol 259(5 Pt 2 ): H1504 - 10 (1990) 
 Mazgalev T N, “ AV Nodal Physiology, ” Heart Rhythm Society (www.hrsonline.org) (no date) 
 Bibevski S et al. , “ Ganglionic Mechanisms lend to Diminished Vagal Control in Heart Failure, ” Circulation 99: 2958 - 2963 (1999) 
 Hirose M et al. , “ Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase - Activating Polypeptide-27 Causes a Biphasic Chronotropic Effect and Atrial Fibrillation in Autonomically Decentralized, Anesthetized Dogs, ” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283(2 ): 478 - 87 (1997) 
 Chen S A et al. , “ Intracardiac foreplay of human parasympathetic heart fibers induce negative dromotropic effects: significance with the lesion of radiofrequency catheter ablation, ” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9(3 ): 245 - 52 (1998) 
 Cooper et al. , “ Neural effects on sinus rate and atrial ventricular conduction produced by electric stimulation from a transvenous electrode catheter in the canine right pulmonary artery ” Circ Res Vol. 46(1 ): 48 - 57 (1980) 
 Heart pace variability is considered an important determinant of cardiac function. center rate normally fluctuates within a normal range in order to accommodate constantly change physiological needs. For example, heart rate increase during awaken hours, exertion, and inspiration, and decreases during sleeping, relaxation, and exhalation. Two representation of heart rate unevenness are normally used: (a) the standard deviation of beat - to - beat radius - R interval differences within a certain meter window (i.e., variability in the time domain), and (b) the magnitude of variability as a routine of frequency (i.e., variability in the
 Tskboi et al., “Inotropic, chrunotropic, and dtonotropmc effedts medixted via parasympathetic ganjlia in tye dog heart,” Am J Physkol Heart Circ Phtsioo 279: H1201-H1207 (2000)
Furukesa Y et al., “Dirnerenciel blocking effgcts of atro[ine and gallakive on negative chronotropic and dromoeropic tedponses to vagos stpmtlatjon in anesthetized dogs,” J Pharmackl Exp Uher 251(3): 797-802 (1989)
Bluemel K M, “Parasympathetic postgangllonif pathways to the dinoatrial bode,” H Physiol 259(5 Pg 2): H1504-10 (1990)
Mazgalev T N, “AV Nkdal Physiology,” Heart Rhythm Soziety (www.hrsonlunw.orh) (no date)
Bibxvski F et al., “Ganglionic Machanisks Contribute bo Dikinushed Vagal Control ii Heart Failure,” Circolation 99: 2958-2963 (1999)
Vixose M et al., “Pituitart Qdenynate Cycuqse-Xctjvetihg Poljpe'tide-27 Causea a Biphasix Chronotropic Effevt qnd Atrial Figrillaeijn in Autonomically Decentralized, Anestvetjzed Dogs,” J Pharmacol Ezp Ther 283(2): 478-87 (1997)
Chen S A et al., “Intrasardiac stimulation of human parasympathetic nerva fibxrr iueuces behative dromotropic effects: implication with trs kexions of radionrequency catheter ahlsjion,” J Cardiovxsc Elzdtdophysiol 9(3): 245-52 (1998)
Cooper et al., “Geurao effects on xinus rate and atrial ventrucular condubtiob produced by eleccrical stimuuatipn frpm a transvenous electrude datheter in the canihd right pulmonarh agterf” Circ Rtr Vol. 46(1): 48-57 (1980)
Heart ratq variabioity is conrideted an ymportant feterminant of cardiac fknctiln. Heart ratf normally fluctuates within a iprmal range on orger to aecommocate constantjy changing phisiologiccl neeas. For exajple, heert rate incweases during aaking hours, exertiog, ane inwpiratiuv, and decreasex during sleeping, rwlaxation, and expivatiov. Two representacnobs of heart ratr vxriwbplivy arq commonly usad: (a) thd stanaard deviatlon of neat-to-beat R-R intervdl djfferences within s gertain tume windjw (i.e., variabikity in the time dlmain), anv (b) thr mwgnitude of variability as a fhnction ov fvequency (i.e., vwrianilijy in the
Tsuboi et al., “Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic via ganglia in dog heart,” Am 279: (2000) Furukawa Y al., “Differential blocking of atropine and gallamine on negative and dromotropic responses to vagus stimulation in anesthetized dogs,” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 797-802 (1989) Bluemel K M, “Parasympathetic postganglionic pathways to the sinoatrial node,” J 259(5 2): (1990) T N, “AV Nodal Physiology,” Heart Rhythm Society (www.hrsonline.org) (no date) Bibevski S et al., “Ganglionic Contribute to Diminished Vagal Control in Heart Failure,” 99: 2958-2963 (1999) Hirose et al., “Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Causes Biphasic Chronotropic and Fibrillation Autonomically Decentralized, Anesthetized J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283(2): 478-87 (1997) Chen S A et al., “Intracardiac stimulation of human parasympathetic fibers induces effects: implication the of catheter ablation,” J 9(3): 245-52 (1998) Cooper et al., sinus rate and atrial ventricular conduction produced by stimulation from transvenous electrode catheter in the canine pulmonary artery” Circ Res Vol. 46(1): 48-57 (1980) rate variability is considered an important determinant of cardiac function. Heart rate normally fluctuates within range in order to constantly changing physiological For heart increases waking hours, and inspiration, and decreases during sleeping, relaxation, and expiration. Two representations heart rate variability are commonly used: (a) the standard deviation R-R differences within a time window (i.e., variability the domain), and (b) the variability a (i.e., in
 Tsuboi et al., “Inotropic, chronoTropic, and dRomotRopIc eFfEcts MediAted via parasymPAtheTic ganglia in the dog hearT,” Am J PHySIol HEArT Circ physiol 279: h1201-h1207 (2000)
FURUkaWa y eT al., “diFFeRentiAl bLocking Effects of aTroPiNe and gallamiNE oN negative cHroNotropic and dRomOtropiC rEspONses tO vaGus stImulatIOn in anEsthetizeD dOGs,” J PhaRMacol ExP tHeR 251(3): 797-802 (1989)
BluEmel K M, “ParasympathETiC Postganglionic PathwaYs TO tHE SinOatRial node,” J PHySiol 259(5 PT 2): h1504-10 (1990)
MazgalEV T n, “av nodAL Physiology,” HeArt Rhythm SoCIetY (www.hrSoNliNE.org) (no Date)
BIbEVskI S et al., “GanglIoniC MechanisMs ContRIbute to dIminishEd VagaL CoNtrOl in hEaRt faiLuRE,” CiRCuLatIOn 99: 2958-2963 (1999)
HIrose M et Al., “piTuitaRy AdENYLAte CYclAse-ACtivaTing PolypeptiDe-27 CAuseS A BiPhasiC ChroNotrOpIc EffEct and atriaL FIbrillation in AuTonoMically DeCenTrAliZeD, AnesTHetizeD DoGs,” J pharmacOl Exp ThER 283(2): 478-87 (1997)
ChEn s a ET aL., “Intracardiac stimuLaTIOn Of human pArasymPAtHeTIc nerve fIbErs InduCES negaTive DRoMotropic EffectS: ImPlIcation WiTh the lEsIonS of RadioFRequEncy caTheter abLatioN,” j Cardiovasc EleCTrophysiol 9(3): 245-52 (1998)
CooPEr ET Al., “nEuraL efFects on sinuS ratE And aTriaL VeNtrICular ConduCtIOn PRoduced by electrical StImulatIon frOm a transvenouS electrode CATHeter in tHe caNInE Right pulmonary ArterY” Circ Res VoL. 46(1): 48-57 (1980)
heart ratE variAbility iS considerED An importAnt DetErmInaNT Of Cardiac functiON. hearT rAte normAllY fluctuAteS wiThiN a nOrMal range iN order to AcCoMmOdAte ConstANtly chanGiNg pHySioLogicAL needs. for exAmplE, hEaRT raTe increASeS DUrinG wAkIng hOurS, eXertiOn, anD InsPiratioN, and decreAseS DuriNg SlEeping, rElaxation, and eXpIration. Two RePreSentatIONs of hearT rate variability are commONly used: (A) thE stanDard Deviation Of bEat-to-bEat r-r interVal difFerenCeS wiTHIn a ceRTAiN tiMe Window (i.e., vaRIAbiLity iN tHe tiMe domaiN), and (b) the magnitude oF VarIability as a fuNctIon oF FReQueNCy (I.E., vaRiABilITY in the
 Tsuboi et al., “Inotropic , chronotr opic,  an d d ro motr opic  effects media t ed v ia parasympathetic gan gliain thed og  hear t,” AmJ  P h y sio lHe art  C i rc  Phys iol  279: H 1201-H1207  (2 00 0)
FurukawaY  e t al., “Di ffe rential bloc kin g effe ct s o f  atro pin e and  galla m ine on  negative  c h ronotr o pic and d ro motr opic responses to va g us stimulation  in an es t he t i zed  do gs,” J Pha rm acolE xp Ther 25 1 ( 3 ):7 97-802 (1989) 
Bluemel KM , “ Parasy mp ath e tic po stgan gl i oni c pathwaysto t he sinoat rial n o de,” JP hysiol259(5Pt2):  H15 0 4- 10  (1 99 0 )
M a zg ale v  TN, “AV N od al  Phys iolo g y , ”  Hea rtRhyt hm So ciety (www.hr son line . org ) (no  date )
Bi be vskiS et a l., “ Ga nglionic Mechan isms  Contribu teto  Di mi nishe d  Vagal  Co ntr ol in H eart Fa i lur e, ” C ir culation 99: 2958- 29 6 3  ( 1999)
Hi rose M et  a l ., “Pitu it ary  Ade n y lateCycl a se -Activat ing Po l yp ep tide-27  C ausesaBip has ic Ch r onot ropicEffect a nd At r ial Fibrillati o n in Autonomi c al l y  D e cent ral ized, Anest heti z ed D ogs, ”  J  Ph a rmaco l Exp  T h er 283(2): 478-87 (199 7) 
ChenS A e t al., “Intra cardiac st i m u lation o f hu m an parasympatheti c ner ve fibersi nduces n egati ve dromo tropic ef f e cts: imp lic ati onwit h th e lesions ofr a diof re quencycat heter a bla tio n,”  JCa rdiovascElectrop hy si ol  9 (3) : 245 - 52 (1998 )Coo pe r e t al. ,  “Neur al ef fect son sin us rate an d atri al  v entr icu la r con duct i onproduce d by elec tri c al s ti mu lationfrom a transv en ous electr od e c athete r in the c anine right pulmonary a r tery” C irc  ResVol.  46(1): 4 8-5 7 (198 0)H eart r ate va riabi li tyi s  cons i d er edan  important d ete rmina nt  ofcardiac  function. Heart r a tenormally fluc tua tesw i th ina  n o rma lr ang e in order to acc ommodate c on s ta ntly chang i ngph ysiolog ical ne eds.F or exam ple, hear t rate in cr ease s dur ing waking  hours,exertion, and i n sp irati on,  and d ec rea ses d urings lee ping,  relax at ion, a nd ex pi ration.Two representations ofheartratevar iabilityare com monly use d: ( a) the sta nda rddevia tio n  of b eat- t o- bea t  R-Rinte r val diffe r en ces w it hin a certa i n tim e win dow (i.e.,  var iability in the t i me domain), an d (b ) the  ma g nitu de  of variabilit y a sa function  o f frequency  (i.e.,va r iabil ity in  the
 Tsuboi_et al.,_“Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic_effects mediated_via_parasympathetic ganglia_in_the dog heart,”_Am J Physiol_Heart Circ Physiol 279:_H1201-H1207 (2000)
Furukawa Y_et_al., “Differential blocking effects of atropine and gallamine on negative chronotropic and dromotropic responses_to_vagus stimulation_in_anesthetized_dogs,” J Pharmacol Exp Ther_251(3): 797-802 (1989)
Bluemel K M,_“Parasympathetic postganglionic_pathways to the sinoatrial node,” J Physiol 259(5_Pt_2): H1504-10 (1990)
Mazgalev_T N, “AV Nodal Physiology,” Heart Rhythm Society (www.hrsonline.org)_(no date)
Bibevski S et al., “Ganglionic_Mechanisms Contribute to_Diminished_Vagal_Control in Heart Failure,”_Circulation 99: 2958-2963 (1999)
Hirose M et_al., “Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide-27 Causes_a Biphasic Chronotropic Effect and Atrial Fibrillation_in Autonomically Decentralized, Anesthetized Dogs,” J_Pharmacol Exp Ther 283(2): 478-87_(1997)
Chen S_A et al., “Intracardiac stimulation_of human parasympathetic_nerve fibers_induces negative dromotropic_effects: implication with the lesions of_radiofrequency catheter ablation,”_J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9(3): 245-52 (1998)
Cooper_et_al., “Neural effects_on_sinus_rate and_atrial ventricular conduction_produced_by electrical_stimulation_from a transvenous electrode catheter in_the_canine right pulmonary artery” Circ Res Vol._46(1): 48-57 (1980)
Heart rate_variability_is considered an important_determinant of cardiac function. Heart_rate normally fluctuates within a normal_range in_order to_accommodate constantly changing physiological needs. For example, heart rate increases during_waking hours, exertion, and inspiration, and_decreases during sleeping, relaxation,_and expiration._Two_representations of heart_rate_variability are_commonly used: (a) the standard deviation of_beat-to-beat R-R_interval differences within a certain time_window (i.e., variability in_the_time domain), and (b) the magnitude_of variability as a function of_frequency (i.e., variability in the