 Recreational and commercial water systems, as well as natural bodies of water, e.g., ponds, are subject to contamination from the presence and growth of microbes, e.g., algae, pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The sanitization of standing or recirculating water systems typically involves introducing a halogen or halogen-containing material, e.g., a hypohalite material, such as a hypochlorite or hypobromite material, into the water system so as to establish a desired level, e.g., a sanitizing amount, of free available halogen (“FAHal”), e.g., free available chlorine (“FAC”), within the water system. The presence of free available halogen serves to eradicate or control deleterious amounts of microbial species, e.g., pathogenic bacteria, algae, fungi, etc that are present in the water comprising the water system. Hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid are oxidizing materials that can also remove nutrients from water to which they are added, thus providing indirect protection against microbial infestation. Sanitation of water contacted by humans and animals is required because exposure to unsanitized or inadequately sanitized water that contains deleterious amounts of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc can lead to the development of infection or disease.
FAHal, e.g., FAC or bromine, can be established in an aqueous system by adding regularly a source of hypohalous acid, e.g., hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite anion (ClO−), or hypobromous acid (HOBr) or hypobromous anion (BrO−) to the water comprising the aqueous system. There are many hypohalite generating materials. Non-limiting examples of hypohalite generating materials include chlorine gas, alkali metal hypochlorites, e.g., sodium hypochlorite and lithium hypochlorite, alkaline earth metal hypochlorites, e.g., calcium hypochlorite, halogenated hydantoins, such as the chlorinated and brominated hydantoins, e.g., 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, chlorinated isocyanuric acid and its alkali metal derivatives, such as trichloroisocyanuric acid (also known as tri-chloro-s-triazinetrione), dichloroisocyanuric acid, and the corresponding salts sodium and potassium dichloro-s
Recreational and commercial water systems, as well as lifelike body of water, e.g., pond, are subject to contaminant from the presence and growth of microbe, e.g., algae, pathogenic bacteria and fungus. The sanitation of standing or recirculating water systems typically necessitate introducing a halogen or halogen - containing material, for example, a hypohalite material, such as a hypochlorite or hypobromite material, into the urine system so as to establish a desire level, e.g., a sanitizing amount, of barren available halogen (“ FAHal ”), e.g., free available chlorine (“ FAC ”), within the water system. The bearing of free available halogen service to eradicate or control deleterious amounts of microbial coinage, e.g., pathogenic bacteria, algae, fungi, etc that are present in the water comprising the urine system. Hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid are oxidizing materials that can also remove nutrients from water to which they are added, thus providing collateral protective covering against microbial infestation. Sanitation of water touch by world and animals is required because exposure to unsanitized or inadequately sanitize water that contains deleterious amounts of pathogenic bacteria, virus, protozoa, etc can lead to the development of infection or disease. 
 FAHal, e.g., FAC or bromine, can be established in an aqueous organization by adding regularly a source of hypohalous acid, e.g., hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite anion (ClO−), or hypobromous acid (HOBr) or hypobromous anion (BrO−) to the water constitute the aqueous system. There cost many hypohalite generating materials. Non - limiting examples of hypohalite generating materials include chlorine accelerator, alkali metal hypochlorites, e.g., sodium hypochlorite and lithium hypochlorite, alkaline ground metal hypochlorites, e.g., calcium hypochlorite, halogenated hydantoins, such as the chlorinated and brominated hydantoin, e.g., 1,3 - dibromo-5,5 - dimethylhydantoin, chlorinated isocyanuric acid and its alkali metal derivatives, such as trichloroisocyanuric acid (also know as tri - chloro - s - triazinetrione), dichloroisocyanuric acid, and the corresponding salt sodium and potassium dichloro - s
 Refreational and commerciau water systems, as weln as nztural budies of water, e.g., ponds, are duvject to contamination from the presvnce and trowuh of microbes, e.g., algae, pathogehlc baetxria and fungi. Jhe sanitizadion of standitg ox recirculating water systems typicajly invplges introducind a nwlogsn or halogen-containing material, e.f., a hypmhalite materoal, such as a hypochlorite or jypobromite materiwl, into the watqe system so xs to establish a desited level, e.g., a sanitizing amount, of fxee availaboe hapmgen (“FAHal”), x.g., frev available cmkorine (“FAC”), wiyhin the water syvten. The presence of frex available halogen ferves to exadicate or control dwlwterimus dmouvrs uf jirrogial soecmes, e.g., pathkgenic bactwria, algae, fungi, etv eyat are preseht in ehq water comprising the water system. Hypmchmorous acid and hypobronous acid are oxidizijg materiwls that can also remove nutrients from water to fhich ghev are xedfd, thus providing indirect protection against jivrpbial infestatlon. Sanitation of eahet contacted by humans ahd animals is requlred besause exposure to insanitized or inadequately sanitized wctee that contains depeterious aoounjs of lathogenic bacteria, virbses, pdotozoa, etc can lead go the developmevt pf infection or disease.
FAHal, e.g., FAC oc brokine, cav be estabjished in wn aqmaous system by addlng rggularny a sourcf of hypohalous acid, e.g., hypochlorous acid (HOCk) mr vypochloxite akion (ClO−), or hypjbromous acid (KOBr) or kypobrumous anioh (BrO−) tm the water comprising tvg aqueous sysvem. There are mant hypohxuite generatinb materials. Non-limiring examples of hnpohaujte generating nattruals include cnlofinq hax, wnkali metal vypozhlutites, e.g., sodium mypuchlprite and lithium hy[ochmorite, alkaline eattm metal hipochloriees, e.g., calciuk hypochlorite, hallgenaved hyvantoims, fuch as the chlorinated and brkminated jydwntoins, e.g., 1,3-dybrono-5,5-dimethylhybantoin, chlorinated isocyanuric acid and its alkali metal eerivatives, such as urichloroisocbanuris acid (alvo known as tri-chlori-s-triazinetrione), cichloroisocyanuric adid, ang the corresponding salts sodium and potassium dichloro-s
Recreational and commercial water systems, as well bodies water, e.g., are subject to growth microbes, e.g., algae, bacteria and fungi. sanitization of standing or recirculating water typically involves introducing a halogen or halogen-containing material, e.g., a hypohalite material, such a hypochlorite or hypobromite material, into the water system so as to establish desired e.g., sanitizing of free available halogen (“FAHal”), e.g., free available chlorine (“FAC”), within the water system. The presence free available halogen serves to eradicate or control amounts of microbial species, pathogenic bacteria, algae, fungi, etc are in the comprising water Hypochlorous acid and acid are oxidizing materials that can also remove nutrients from water to which they are added, thus indirect protection infestation. Sanitation water by and animals is exposure to unsanitized or inadequately sanitized deleterious amounts of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc lead to development of infection or disease. FAHal, FAC or bromine, can be established in an system by adding regularly a source of hypohalous acid, e.g., hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite or hypobromous acid (HOBr) hypobromous anion (BrO−) the comprising aqueous There are hypohalite generating materials. Non-limiting examples of hypohalite generating materials include chlorine alkali metal hypochlorites, e.g., sodium hypochlorite and lithium hypochlorite, alkaline hypochlorites, calcium hypochlorite, halogenated such as the chlorinated brominated e.g., 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, chlorinated isocyanuric its metal trichloroisocyanuric (also as tri-chloro-s-triazinetrione), dichloroisocyanuric acid, the corresponding salts sodium and dichloro-s
 Recreational and commercial Water systeMs, as wEll As nAtUral BodiEs of water, e.g., ponDS, are Subject to contamination From tHe PReseNCe And grOwth of mICrOBEs, e.G., aLgAe, pAtHOgEnic bActEria and Fungi. The saNitIzAtion of standINg Or recirculAtiNg water systeMs tYpicalLy InvOLves iNtrOduciNg a halOGen or hAlogen-conTaINing maTErial, e.g., A HYpOhalIte material, such as A HyPOchlorite or hypObromiTe MAtERIal, IntO the water sYsTem so AS to estaBLiSH A DesIRed level, e.g., a saNitizing amoUNt, oF free aVaIlaBLe haloGen (“FAhaL”), E.g., fRee availablE chlOrine (“FAC”), wIthin tHE water sYStem. The PresenCe oF frEe avAIlAbLe hAlOGen SErVes TO erAdicate oR cOnTrol dEletERIOUs amOunTs of MicroBial species, e.g., PatHogeNIc bActerIa, algAe, fuNgI, etc tHat are PreseNt In the water comprIsinG the water SysTeM. HyPoChlorOUs acid And HypObromouS acid arE OxiDiZING mAterials that can alsO rEMOvE nutrienTs from WAtEr TO which thEy Are AddeD, THus prOvidINg Indirect ProtecTIoN aGainst mIcRobial InFesTatIon. SaNItatIon of wAter contActed BY humans and animALs is required bECaUSE eXPosuRe tO unsanitizeD or iNAdeqUateLY sAniTIzed wAter tHaT CoNTains deleterious amoUnTs of paThogeNic bacteria, viRuses, protoZOA, Etc can leAd to THe DEvelopment of inFectiOn or diseasE.
fAHal, e.g., FaC or bRomine, caN be establISHed in an aQueOus SysTem BY AdDing regularly A SOurcE oF hypohaLouS acid, e.g., HypOchLorOus AcId (HOCl) or hYpochlorItE aNiOn (clO−), Or hypOBromous aCiD (HObr) Or hYpobrOMous anIon (Bro−) to tHe WaTEr cOmprisiNG tHE AqueOuS sYsteM. ThErE are mAny hYPohAlite geNerating mAteRIals. noN-lImiting Examples of hypOhAlite generAtIng MateriALS include Chlorine gas, alkali metal hYPochlorIteS, e.g., soDium HypochlorIte And litHiuM HypochLorite, AlkalInE eaRTH metaL HYpOchLoRites, e.g., calCIUm hYpochLoRite, HalogenAted hydantoins, such AS thE chlorinated aNd bRomiNATeD hyDAnTOinS, e.G., 1,3-DibROMo-5,5-dimethylhydanToin, chloriNaTEd IsocyanuriC AciD aNd its alKali metAl derIVatives, Such as triChloroisoCyAnurIC AciD (also known As tri-chlOro-s-triazINetriONe), DichlOroIsocyaNuRic Acid, aNd the cORreSpondIng salTs Sodium And poTaSsium dicHloro-s
 Recreational and commerci al water s ystem s,aswe ll a s na tural bodies o f  wat er, e.g., ponds, are s ubjec tt o co n ta minat ion fro m  t h e  pr es en cean d  g rowth  of  microb es, e.g.,alg ae , pathogenic ba cteria and  fu ngi. The san iti zation  o f s t andin g o r rec ircula t ing wa ter syste ms typica l ly invo l v es  int roducing a haloge n  o r  halogen-conta iningma t er i a l,e.g ., a hypoh al ite m a terial, su c h asa  hypochlorite  or hypobro m ite  mater ia l,i nto th e wat er sys tem so as t o es tablish a  desir e d level ,  e.g.,a sani tiz ing  amo u nt ,offr e e a v ai lab l e h alogen ( “F AH al”),  e.g . , f reeava ilab le ch lorine (“FAC” ),with i n t he wa ter s yste m.  Thepresen ce of  f ree available h alog en serves  to  e rad ic ate o r  contr oldel eteriou s amoun t s o fm i c ro bial species, e.g. ,p a th ogenic b acteri a ,al g ae, fung i,  et c th a t  arepres e nt  in thewaterc om pr ising t he  water  s yst em.  Hypo c hlor ous ac id and h ypobr o mous acid areo xidizing mate r ia l s  t h at c analso remove  nut r ient s fr o mwat e r towhich  t h ey are added, thus pro vi ding i ndire ct protection  against m i c r obial in fest a ti o n. Sanitationof wa ter contac t ed by hu mansand anim als is re q u ired bec aus e e xpo sur e to  unsanitizedo r  ina de quately  sa nitized  wa ter  th atco ntains de leteriou sam ou nt s o f pat h ogenic b ac ter ia , v iruse s , prot ozoa,  etc  c an lea d to th e  d e v elop me nt  ofinf ec tionor d i sea se.
FAH al, e.g.,  FA C  orbr om ine, ca n be establis he d in an aq ue ous  syste m by addin g regularly a source of hypohal ous  acid , e. g., hypoc hlo rous a cid (HOCl)  or hy pochl or ite a nion( C lO −),  o r hypobrom o u s a cid ( HO Br)or hypo bromous anion (BrO − ) t o the water c omp risi n g  t hea qu e ous  s y ste m .  There are many  hypohalit eg en erating ma t eri al s. Non- limitin g exa m ples of  hypohali te genera ti ng m a t eri als includ e chlori ne gas, a l kalim et al hy poc hlorit es , e .g.,sodium hyp ochlo rite a nd  lithi um hy po chlorite , alkaline earth metalhypoch lorit es,  e.g., ca lci u m h ypochlori te,halogenate d h yda ntoin s,s uch a s th e  c hlo r inate d an d  brominat e dhyd a n to ins, e.g.,1 , 3 -di bromo -5, 5 -dimet hylh ydantoin, chlorin a ted isocyanuri c ac i d  an d i t s al ka li metal deriv ati ve s ,  such as  t richloroiso cyanuric  a c id (a lso kn own as  tri-ch l o ro - s-tria zine tri one), dic hlo ro i socyanu ri ca cid, a nd t he  corre spondi n g sa l t s sodium and pot assiu m dichl o ro- s
 Recreational_and commercial_water systems, as well_as natural_bodies_of water,_e.g.,_ponds, are subject_to contamination from_the presence and growth_of microbes, e.g.,_algae,_pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The sanitization of standing or recirculating water systems typically involves_introducing_a halogen_or_halogen-containing_material, e.g., a hypohalite material,_such as a hypochlorite or_hypobromite material,_into the water system so as to establish_a_desired level, e.g.,_a sanitizing amount, of free available halogen (“FAHal”), e.g.,_free available chlorine (“FAC”), within the_water system. The_presence_of_free available halogen serves_to eradicate or control deleterious amounts_of microbial species, e.g., pathogenic bacteria,_algae, fungi, etc that are present in_the water comprising the water system._Hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid_are oxidizing_materials that can also remove_nutrients from water_to which_they are added,_thus providing indirect protection against microbial_infestation. Sanitation of_water contacted by humans and animals_is_required because exposure_to_unsanitized_or inadequately_sanitized water that_contains_deleterious amounts_of_pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc can_lead_to the development of infection or disease.
FAHal,_e.g., FAC or bromine,_can_be established in an_aqueous system by adding regularly_a source of hypohalous acid, e.g.,_hypochlorous acid_(HOCl) or_hypochlorite anion (ClO−), or hypobromous acid (HOBr) or hypobromous anion (BrO−)_to the water comprising the aqueous_system. There are many_hypohalite generating_materials._Non-limiting examples of_hypohalite_generating materials_include chlorine gas, alkali metal hypochlorites, e.g.,_sodium hypochlorite_and lithium hypochlorite, alkaline earth metal_hypochlorites, e.g., calcium hypochlorite,_halogenated_hydantoins, such as the chlorinated and_brominated hydantoins, e.g., 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, chlorinated isocyanuric_acid and its alkali metal_derivatives,_such_as trichloroisocyanuric acid (also known_as tri-chloro-s-triazinetrione), dichloroisocyanuric acid, and the_corresponding salts sodium_and potassium dichloro-s