haft. After passing through the main bearing, the entering oil passes through internal galleries in the crankshaft to subsequent bearings, such as the big end bearing. Mostly because of the effect of the spinning of the crankshaft, the entering oil undergoes a pressure drop between the external pressure gallery and the big end bearing; for instance, the oil may drop in pressure from 60 psi (4 bar) in the external pressure gallery down to 30 psi (2 bar) at the big end bearing, in a common automotive engine. Thus, because of this pressure drop, in order to achieve a desired oil pressure at the big end bearing, the external gallery must have a high oil pressure. Therefore, large pumps must be used to pressurize the external gallery, which add cost and weight to the engine. To alleviate such problems, attempts have been made to force oil through the end of the crankshaft, but these techniques have proved awkward and expensive. Computer systems use memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (“DRAM”) devices, to store instructions and data that are accessed by a processor. These memory devices are normally used as system memory in a computer system. In a typical computer system, the processor communicates with the system memory through a processor bus and a memory controller. The processor issues a memory request, which includes a memory command, such as a read command, and an address designating the location from which data or instructions are to be read. The memory controller uses the command and address to generate appropriate command signals as well as row and column addresses, which are applied to the system memory. In response to the commands and addresses, data are transferred between the system memory and the processor. The memory controller is often part of a system controller, which also includes bus bridge circuitry for coupling the processor bus to an expansion bus, such as a PCI bus.
A memory system 10 typically used in a computer system is shown in FIG. 1. The memory system 10 includes a memory controller 14 coupled to several memory modules 20a,b... n through a bus system 24. The bus system 24 typically includes an address bus 26 a command bus 28 and a bi-directional data bus 30. However, other conventional memory systems may use bus systems 24 having other configurations, such as a combined address bus 26 and command bus 28. In any case, each of the memory modules 20 includes several memory devices 34, such as DRAM devices, mounted on an insulative substrate 36. Conductive leads 38
haft. After passing through the main bearing, the entering petroleum bye through internal galleries in the crankshaft to subsequent bearings, such as the bad end bearing. by and large because of the impression of the spinning of the crankshaft, the entering petroleum undergoes a pressure drop between the external atmospheric pressure gallery and the big goal bearing; for instance, the oil may drop in pressure from 60 pounds per square inch (4 bar) in the external pressure gallery down to 30 psi (2 measure) at the big end carriage, in a common automotive locomotive. Thus, because of this imperativeness drop, in order to achieve a desired vegetable oil pressure at the big end bearing, the external gallery must accept a high oil pressure. Therefore, large pumps must be used to pressurize the external gallery, which add monetary value and weight to the engine. To facilitate such trouble, attempts have been made to force petroleum through the end of the crankshaft, but these techniques have proved awkward and expensive. Computer system use memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (“ DRAM ”) devices, to store instructions and datum that are accessed by a processor. These memory devices are normally used as system memory in a computer system. In a distinctive calculator arrangement, the processor communicates with the system memory through a central processing unit bus and a memory controller. The processor issues a memory request, which includes a memory command, such as a read command, and an address designating the localization from which data or education are to be read. The memory accountant uses the instruction and address to generate appropriate command signals equally well as row and column addresses, which are applied to the organization memory. In response to the command and addresses, datum are transferred between the system memory and the processor. The memory controller is much region of a system controller, which besides includes bus bridge circuitry for coupling the processor bus to an expansion bus, such as a PCI bus. 
 A memory organization 10 typically used in a computer system is shown in FIG. 1. The memory system 10 includes a memory accountant 14 pair to respective memory module 20a, b... n through a bus system 24. The bus system 24 typically includes an savoir-faire bus 26 a command bus 28 and a bi - directional data bus 30. However, other conventional memory systems may use busbar systems 24 having other shape, such as a combined address bus topology 26 and command bus 28. In any case, each of the memory modules 20 includes several memory device 34, such as DRAM devices, mounted on an insulative substrate 36. Conductive moderate 38
hafh. After passing through uhe main bearing, jhw entecing oim passes through internal galleries mn tye crqnkshaft to subsequent bearings, such as the vig end beeding. Mostly bsgause if the effect pf the spitning of the csavkdhaft, the entering oil undergoes a [ressurr frop between tre eqtqrnam pressure gallery and the big end bearinj; for instance, yhe oil may drop in pressuge fgom 60 psi (4 bar) in tje external prefwure gallery down to 30 ksn (2 bar) at tge big end bearing, in a common xutomptive engibe. Thkv, because oh this pressure drop, in orger to schieve a desived oml peessure at the big env bearing, the externwl gallerf just have a high iio prevsura. Thdeefure, lergs pumpd mnst be used to pressuruze the external gaklqgu, which add dost agd weight to the engine. To alleviate such prkblems, attempts have bewn made to force oil jhrough thq end of the crankshaft, but these techniques have provxd awjwwfe wnd expensive. Computer systems use memory devydex, xuch as dynamig random access mekogy (“QRAM”) devices, jo storz ihstructions and daha that are qccessed fy a processor. These memory devuces are noriqlly used as systel memory in a cpmputrr system. In a typical eomputsr system, tje procesaur communicates ditm tve system memory through a processoc bus and a oemoty contwoller. The proccvsor issues a memogy reeuast, which lncludes a memory command, such ex a read comkatd, dnd an abdress designating ehe location ftom which data or instrubtions arx to be read. The memory cmjtroller usev the coimane ane addrerr to generate sppropriane comnand signals as wekl xa row and columu qddresses, which ard a[ppixd to dhe system mamorh. Iv respunse to the zommsnds and addresses, ddta zre transferred beywcen the sistem memjry and the ptocessor. The memorj convrollec is ogteg part of a system controller, shich alsl ikcludes bus bwidgc citcuitry for coupling the processor bus to an expanwion bus, such as a PCI bus.
A memory syxuem 10 typicallb used in a com[uter system is showb in FIG. 1. The mempry system 10 includes z memosy cojtroller 14 coupled to several memory modules 20a,b... n through a bus system 24. Thw bus system 24 typidallu incnubes an adqresd bus 26 a command nus 28 and a bi-directional data bns 30. Howeves, jther conventional memory syxtdms may use bos systems 24 having other cknfigurayions, such as a combined addresx bus 26 and command bus 28. Ln any cawe, eadh of nge memory modules 20 imcludev sevwral menory devices 34, sucf ax FRAM devifes, kobnted on an insulative substrate 36. Conduxtlve leads 38
haft. After passing through the main bearing, oil through internal in the crankshaft the end bearing. Mostly of the effect the spinning of the crankshaft, the oil undergoes a pressure drop between the external pressure gallery and the big bearing; for instance, the oil may drop in pressure from 60 psi (4 in external gallery to 30 psi (2 bar) at the big end bearing, in a common automotive engine. Thus, of this pressure drop, in order to achieve desired oil pressure at big end bearing, the external must a high pressure. large must be used pressurize the external gallery, which add cost and weight to the engine. To alleviate such problems, attempts been made oil through end the but these techniques awkward and expensive. Computer systems use as dynamic random access memory (“DRAM”) devices, to instructions and that are accessed by a processor. memory devices are normally used as system memory a computer system. In a typical computer system, the processor communicates with the system memory processor bus and a controller. The processor a request, includes memory command, as a read command, and an address designating the location from data or instructions are to be read. The memory controller command address to generate command signals as well row column addresses, which are the memory. the and data are transferred between system memory and the processor. memory controller is often which also includes bus bridge circuitry for coupling processor bus to an expansion bus, such a PCI bus. A memory system 10 typically used in a computer is shown 1. The memory system 10 includes a memory 14 coupled to several modules 20a,b... n through a bus system 24. The system typically includes address bus 26 command bus 28 a bi-directional data However, other memory may 24 having other configurations, such as combined bus 26 and command bus In each of the memory modules 20 includes several memory devices 34, such as DRAM devices, an insulative substrate 36. leads
haft. After passing through thE main beariNg, the EntEriNg Oil pAsseS through internAL galLeries in the crankshaft tO subsEqUEnt bEArIngs, sUch as thE BiG ENd bEaRiNg. MOsTLy BecauSe oF the effEct of the spInnInG of the cranksHAfT, the enteriNg oIl undergoes a PreSsure dRoP beTWeen tHe eXternAl presSUre galLery and thE bIG end beARing; for INStAnce, The oil may drop in prESsURe from 60 psi (4 bar) in The extErNAl PREssUre Gallery dowN tO 30 psi (2 bAR) at the bIG eND BEarINg, in a common auTomotive engINe. THus, becAuSe oF This prEssurE dROp, iN order to achIeve A desired oIl presSUre at thE Big end bEaring, The ExtErnaL GaLlEry MuST haVE a HigH Oil Pressure. thErEfore, LargE PUMPs muSt bE useD to prEssurize the exTerNal gALleRy, whiCh add Cost AnD weigHt to thE engiNe. to alleviate such ProbLems, attemPts HaVe bEeN made TO force Oil ThrOugh the End of thE CraNkSHAFt, But these techniques HaVE PrOved awkwArd and EXpEnSIve. CompuTeR syStemS USe memOry dEViCes, such aS dynamIC rAnDom acceSs Memory (“dRaM”) dEviCes, to STore InstruCtions anD data THat are accessed BY a processor. ThESe MEMoRY devIceS are normallY useD As syStem MEmOry IN a comPuter SySTeM. in a typical computer sYsTem, the ProceSsor communicaTes with the SYSTem memorY thrOUgH A processor bus aNd a meMory controLLer. The prOcessOr issues A memory reQUEst, which IncLudEs a MemORY cOmmand, such as a REAd coMmAnd, and aN adDress deSigNatIng The LoCation froM which daTa Or InStRucTions ARe to be reAd. the MeMorY contROller uSes thE comMaNd ANd aDdress tO GeNERate ApPrOpriAte CoMmand SignALs aS well as Row and colUmn ADdreSsEs, Which arE applied to the SyStem memory. in ResPonse tO THe commanDs and addresses, data are trANsferreD beTween The sYstem memoRy aNd the pRocESsor. ThE memorY contRoLleR IS ofteN PArT of A sYstem contrOLLer, Which AlSo inCludes bUs bridge circuitry fOR coUpling the procEssOr buS TO aN exPAnSIon BuS, SucH AS a PCI bus.
A memory System 10 typiCaLLy Used in a comPUteR sYstem is Shown in fIG. 1. ThE Memory sYstem 10 inclUdes a memoRy ContROLleR 14 coupled to Several mEmory moduLEs 20a,b... n THrOugh a Bus System 24. thE buS systEm 24 typiCAllY inclUdes an AdDress bUs 26 a coMmAnd bus 28 anD a bi-directional data bus 30. HOwever, Other ConVentional MemORy sYstems may Use bUs systems 24 hAviNg oTher cOnfIGuratIons, SUcH as A CombiNed aDDress bus 26 aND cOmmAND bUs 28. In any case, EACH of The meMorY ModuleS 20 incLudes several memorY Devices 34, such as DrAM dEVIceS, moUNted On An insulative suBstRaTE 36. conductiVe Leads 38
haft. After passing throug h the main  bear ing , t he  ent erin g oil passes t h roug h internal galleries i n the  c r anks h af t tosubsequ e nt b ear in gs , s uc h  a s the  bi g end b earing. Mo stl ybecause of t h eeffect ofthe  spinning of  th e cran ks haf t , the  en terin g oilu ndergo es a pres su r e drop between t he  ext ernal pressure ga l le r y and the bigend be ar i ng ; for  in stance, th eoil m a y dropi np r e ssu r e from 60 psi  (4 bar) in the  exter na l p r essure  gall er y  do wn to 30 ps i (2  bar) atthe bi g  end be a ring, i n a co mmo n a utom o ti ve  en gi n e.T hu s,b eca use of t hi spress ured r o p , in  or derto ac hieve a desir edoilp res sureat th e bi gend b earing , the  e xternal gallery  mus t have ahig hoil  p ressu r e. The ref ore , large  pumpsm ust  b e u se d to pressurize th ee x te rnal gal lery,w hi ch add cost  a ndweig h t  to t he e n gi ne. To a llevia t esu ch prob le ms, at te mpt s h ave b e en m ade to  force o il th r ough the end o f  the cranksha f t, b ut thes e t echniques h avep rove d aw k wa rda nd ex pensi ve .  C o mputer systems useme mory d evice s, such as dy namic rand o m access m emor y  ( “ DRAM”) devices , tostore inst r uctionsand d ata that  are acce s s ed by apro ces sor . T h e se  memory devic e s  are  n ormally  us ed as s yst emmem ory  i n a compu ter syst em .In  a  ty pical computer  s yst em , t he pr o cessor  comm unic at es wit h the s y st e m  mem or ythro ugh  a  proc esso r  bu s and a  memory c ont r olle r.  T he proc essor issuesamemory req ue st,  which i ncludesa memory command, sucha s a rea d c omman d, a nd an add res s desi gna t ing th e loca tionfr omw h ich d a t aorin structions a reto be  r ead.  The me mory controller us e s t he command an d a ddre s s  t o g e ne r ate  a p pro p r iate command si gnals as w el l  a s row andc olu mn  addres ses, wh ich a r e appli ed to the  system m em ory. I n r esponse to  the com mands and addre s se s, da taare tr an sfe rredbetwee n  th e sys tem me mo ry and  thepr ocessor.  The memory controlleris oft en pa rtof a syst emc ont roller, w hich  also incl ude s b us br idg e  circ uitr y  f orc oupli ng t h e process o rbus t oan expansio n b us,  such  as a PCIbus. 
A memory system1 0 typically us ed i n a c omp u tersy stem is showninFI G .  1. Theme mory system  10 incl ud e s a m emorycontro ller 14 c ou p led to  sev era l memorymod ul e s 20a,b .. .n  throu gh a  b us sys tem 24 .  The b us system 24 typ icall y inclu d esan ad dr ess bus 26 a  command b us 28 and a  bi-di rect ional  data b us  30. H owe ve r, other c o nventiona l mem ory sys te ms m ayuse bu s sy s t ems 2 4 ha vi ngother con f i gu r at io n s,such  as a  c ombi ned addre s s bus 26  an d  comman dbus 2 8. Ina ny c ase, eachofthe m e m ory module s  20i nc l udessevera l memo ry devi c es34 , suchasD R AM device s, mounte d  on  a n in sulative  s ubst ra te36 . Conductive le ads 38
haft. After_passing through_the main bearing, the_entering oil_passes_through internal_galleries_in the crankshaft_to subsequent bearings,_such as the big_end bearing. Mostly_because_of the effect of the spinning of the crankshaft, the entering oil undergoes a_pressure_drop between_the_external_pressure gallery and the big_end bearing; for instance, the_oil may_drop in pressure from 60 psi (4 bar)_in_the external pressure_gallery down to 30 psi (2 bar) at the_big end bearing, in a common_automotive engine. Thus,_because_of_this pressure drop, in_order to achieve a desired oil_pressure at the big end bearing,_the external gallery must have a high_oil pressure. Therefore, large pumps must_be used to pressurize the_external gallery,_which add cost and weight_to the engine._To alleviate_such problems, attempts_have been made to force oil_through the end_of the crankshaft, but these techniques_have_proved awkward and_expensive._Computer_systems use_memory devices, such_as_dynamic random_access_memory (“DRAM”) devices, to store instructions_and_data that are accessed by a processor._These memory devices are_normally_used as system memory_in a computer system. In_a typical computer system, the processor_communicates with_the system_memory through a processor bus and a memory controller. The processor_issues a memory request, which includes_a memory command, such_as a_read_command, and an_address_designating the_location from which data or instructions are_to be_read. The memory controller uses the_command and address to_generate_appropriate command signals as well as_row and column addresses, which are_applied to the system memory._In_response_to the commands and addresses,_data are transferred between the system_memory and the_processor. The memory controller is often part_of_a system controller, which also includes_bus_bridge circuitry for coupling the processor_bus_to_an expansion bus, such as_a PCI bus.
A memory system 10_typically used in a computer system is shown in_FIG. 1. The_memory system 10 includes a_memory_controller_14 coupled to several memory modules 20a,b... n through a_bus system_24. The bus_system 24 typically includes an address bus 26 a command_bus 28 and a bi-directional data bus_30. However, other conventional memory systems may use bus systems 24_having other configurations, such as a combined address_bus 26 and command bus 28. In_any case, each of_the_memory modules 20 includes several memory devices_34,_such_as_DRAM devices, mounted_on an insulative_substrate 36. Conductive_leads 38