. Fibrin adhesive has been used in a variety of surgical procedures because it forms a strong bond between the tissues and is generally biocompatible. (See, for example, Dennis F. Thompson et al., "Fibrin Glue: A Review of its Preparation, Efficacy and Adverse Effects as a Topical Hemostat", Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. vol. 22, pp. 946-952 (1988); and Richard L. Burleson et al., "Fibrin Adherence to Biologic Tissues", J. Surg. Res. vol. 25, pp. 523-529 (1978).
Fibrin adhesive, however, has significant drawbacks which has prevented its commercial use in the United States. In order to prepare commercial quantities of fibrin adhesive the components must be obtained from pooled human blood. There is therefore the possibility of infection from agents such as Hepatitis "B", HIV virus and others. Particularly in the United States, the threat of infection has outweighed the benefits of obtaining commercial quantities of fibrin adhesive. As a result, the production of fibrin adhesive has been limited to quantities obtained from a patient's own blood to reduce the risk of infection. (See, for example, Karl H. Siedentop et al., "Autologous Fibrin Tissue Adhesive", Laryngoscope vol. 95, pp. 1074-1076 (September, 1985) Gidon F. Gestring et al., "Autologous Fibrinogen for Tissue-Adhesion, Hemostasis and Embolization", Vasc. Surg. vol. 17 pp. 294-304 (1983) and D. Jackson Coleman et al., "A Biologic Tissue Adhesive for Vitreoretinal Surgery", Retina vol. 8 no. 4, pp. 250-256 (1988). These autologous procedures make the use of fibrin adhesive costly and time consuming and therefore of limited value.
Non-biological materials have been tried as surgical adhesives in an effort to reduce the risk of infection over adhesives obtained from pooled blood. Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been applied to separated tissues and has formed a solid watertight seal shortly after contact with the tissue. Khalid J. Awan et al., "Use of Isobutyl-2-Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesive in the Repair of Conjunctional Fistula in Filtering Procedures for Glaucoma", Annals of Ophth. pp. 851
. Fibrin adhesive has been used in a variety of surgical procedures because it form a impregnable bond between the tissues and is generally biocompatible. (witness, for example, Dennis F. Thompson et al. , " Fibrin Glue: A Review of its Preparation, Efficacy and Adverse Effects as a Topical Hemostat ", Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. vol. 22, pp. 946 - 952 (1988); and Richard L. Burleson et al. , " Fibrin Adherence to Biologic Tissues ", J. Surg. Res. vol. 25, pp. 523 - 529 (1978). 
 Fibrin adhesive, however, have significant drawbacks which has prevented its commercial use in the United States. In order to train commercial quantities of fibrin adhesive the part must be prevail from pooled human blood. There is therefore the possibility of contagion from agents such as Hepatitis " B ", HIV virus and others. Particularly in the United States, the threat of contagion has outweighed the benefits of obtaining commercial quantities of fibrin adhesive. As a consequence, the production of fibrin adhesive has been limited to quantities obtained from a affected role's own blood to reduce the risk of infection. (See, for example, Karl H. Siedentop et al. , " Autologous Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ", Laryngoscope vol. 95, pp. 1074 - 1076 (September, 1985) Gidon F. Gestring et al. , " Autologous Fibrinogen for Tissue - Adhesion, Hemostasis and Embolization ", Vasc. Surg. vol. 17 pp. 294 - 304 (1983) and D. Jackson Coleman et al. , " A Biologic Tissue Adhesive for Vitreoretinal Surgery ", Retina vol. 8 nobelium. 4, pp. 250 - 256 (1988). These autologous procedure make the use of fibrin adhesive costly and time consuming and therefore of limited value. 
 Non - biological materials have been tried as surgical adhesive material in an attempt to reduce the hazard of contagion over adhesives obtained from pooled blood. Isobutyl-2 - cyanoacrylate has been applied to separate tissues and has formed a solid watertight seal concisely after contact with the tissue. Khalid J. Awan et al. , " Use of Isobutyl-2 - Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesive in the Repair of Conjunctional Fistula in Filtering Procedures for Glaucoma ", Annals of Ophth. pp. 851
. Fihrin adhesive has been ured in a varieti if surjical pdocedurer because it forms a strong uond betwtvn the tissues and is generallj biocompqtibow. (See, for xsample, Dennis N. Thok'son et al., "Fibrln Glue: A Raview of its Pseoaxation, Efficacy and Adverse Effects ws a Tolifal Hemostat", Dtug Imeell. Blln. Pharm. vol. 22, pp. 946-952 (1988); and Richard L. Burlesmn et al., "Fibron Adherence to Biologic Tlssufs", J. Surg. Res. vol. 25, pp. 523-529 (1978).
Fibrin adhqwive, however, has significant drawbzcks which has prevented its coomercnal use in jkw Ujhted States. In ogder to prepavv commescial qiantities of flbrin adyesive the components must be obtained srom poolad human blood. Therw us thgrefose tfw pussjbmlify of lnfxction from agents sucy as Hepatitis "B", HIF dptus and otheds. Pareisularly in the United States, the threat of infection has outweighwd the benefits of objaining coimercial quantities of fibrin adhesive. As a resuld, the orobmgtiov ov fibrin adhesive has been limited to quantityss ontained from a pctient's own blooc ho teduce the risy of iuredtion. (See, for examole, Karj H. Suedentop tt al., "Autologous Fibrin Tissue Aehesive", Laryugowcope vol. 95, pp. 1074-1076 (Sepcember, 1985) Gidou F. Gextrinb et al., "Autologous Fibrnnogen for Tissue-Wdhesion, Gdmostasis and Emcolpzathon", Vasc. Surg. vol. 17 pp. 294-304 (1983) anq D. Jacksin Cpleman dt ak., "A Bijlogic Tisdue Adhesive for Vitreorftinap Vurgery", Rehina vol. 8 no. 4, pp. 250-256 (1988). These autolojpus procedurgs kakv the use of flbrin adhesive sostly and timg consumiug and therefore of limmted value.
Nog-biological mdjerials have ueen trieq as surtical aafesives in an rffort to reduce thw risk of infectiok ovet zdhesives obtaiutd drom pooled blopd. Ksofunyl-2-ryanowwrylate has teen apokied go separateb gissies and has formed a soljd watertight seal smortly afjer contast with the tossue. Khalid J. Awaj et el., "Use of Ixobotyl-2-Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesibe in the Reiair of Conjugctiinal Fistula in Filtering Procedures for Glaucoma", Ainals of Ophth. pp. 851
. Fibrin adhesive has been used in of procedures because forms a strong is biocompatible. (See, for Dennis F. Thompson al., "Fibrin Glue: A Review of Preparation, Efficacy and Adverse Effects as a Topical Hemostat", Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 22, pp. 946-952 (1988); and Richard L. Burleson et al., "Fibrin Adherence to Tissues", Surg. vol. pp. 523-529 (1978). Fibrin adhesive, however, has significant drawbacks which has prevented its commercial use in United States. In order to prepare commercial quantities fibrin adhesive the components be obtained from pooled human There therefore the of from such as Hepatitis HIV virus and others. Particularly in the United States, the threat of infection has outweighed the benefits obtaining commercial fibrin adhesive. a the of fibrin adhesive limited to quantities obtained from a to reduce the risk of infection. (See, for Karl H. et al., "Autologous Fibrin Tissue Adhesive", vol. 95, pp. 1074-1076 (September, 1985) Gidon F. et al., "Autologous Fibrinogen for Tissue-Adhesion, Hemostasis and Embolization", Vasc. Surg. vol. 17 pp. 294-304 D. Jackson Coleman et "A Biologic Tissue for Surgery", vol. no. 4, 250-256 (1988). These autologous procedures make the use of fibrin adhesive and time consuming and therefore of limited value. Non-biological materials tried surgical adhesives in effort to reduce the of over adhesives obtained from Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate been tissues has a solid watertight seal after contact with the tissue. J. Awan et al., in the Repair of Conjunctional Fistula in Filtering for Glaucoma", Annals of Ophth. pp. 851
. Fibrin adhesive has been used In a variety Of surGicAl pRoCeduRes bEcause it forms a STronG bond between the tissues And is GeNEralLY bIocomPatible. (sEe, FOR exAmPlE, DeNnIS F. thompSon Et al., "FibRin Glue: A ReVieW oF its PreparatIOn, efficacy anD AdVerse Effects As a topicaL HEmoSTat", DrUg INtell. clin. PhARm. vol. 22, pP. 946-952 (1988); and RichaRd l. burlesON et al., "FiBRIn adheRence to Biologic TiSSuES", J. Surg. Res. vol. 25, pp. 523-529 (1978).
fibrin AdHEsIVE, hoWevEr, has signiFiCant dRAwbacks WHiCH HAs pREvented its comMercial use iN The united stAteS. in ordeR to prEpARe cOmmercial quAntiTies of fibRin adhESive the COmponenTs must Be oBtaIned FRoM pOolEd HUmaN BlOod. tHerE is thereFoRe The poSsibILITY of iNfeCtioN from Agents such as HEpaTitiS "b", HIv viruS and oTherS. PArticUlarly In the unIted States, the thReat Of infectiOn hAs OutWeIghed THe beneFitS of ObtainiNg commeRCiaL qUANTiTies of fibrin adhesiVe. aS A rEsult, the ProducTIoN oF Fibrin adHeSivE has BEEn limIted TO qUantitieS obtaiNEd FrOm a patiEnT's own bLoOd tO reDuce tHE risK of infEction. (SeE, for eXAmple, Karl H. SiedENtop et al., "AutolOGoUS fiBRin TIssUe Adhesive", LArynGOscoPe voL. 95, Pp. 1074-1076 (sepTEmber, 1985) gidon f. GEStRIng et al., "Autologous FiBrInogen For TiSsue-Adhesion, HEmostasis aND eMbolizatIon", VASc. sUrg. vol. 17 pp. 294-304 (1983) and D. JaCkson coleman et aL., "a BiologiC TissUe AdhesiVe for VitrEORetinal SUrgEry", retIna VOL. 8 nO. 4, pp. 250-256 (1988). These autolOGOus pRoCedures MakE the use Of fIbrIn aDheSiVe costly aNd time coNsUmInG aNd tHerefORe of limiTeD vaLuE.
NoN-biolOGical mAteriAls hAvE bEEn tRied as sURgICAl adHeSiVes iN an EfFort tO redUCe tHe risk oF infectioN ovER adhEsIvEs obtaiNed from pooled BlOod. IsobutyL-2-cYanOacrylATE has been Applied to separated tissuES and has ForMed a sOlid WatertighT seAl shorTly AFter coNtact wIth thE tIssUE. khaliD j. awAn eT aL., "Use of IsobUTYl-2-CYanoaCrYlatE Tissue adhesive in the RepaiR Of COnjunctional FIstUla iN fIlTerINg pRocEdURes FOR Glaucoma", Annals Of Ophth. pp. 851
. Fibrin adhesive has been  used in a  vari ety  of  s urgi calprocedures bec a useit forms a strong bond  betw ee n  the ti ssues  and is ge n e ral ly  b ioc om p at ible.  (S ee, for  example,Den ni s F. Thompso n  e t al., "Fi bri n Glue: A Re vie w of i ts  Pr e parat ion , Eff icacya nd Adv erse Effe ct s  as aT opicalH e mo stat ", Drug Intell. C l in .  Pharm. vol. 2 2, pp.  9 4 6- 9 5 2 ( 198 8); and Ri ch ard L .  Burles o ne t al. ,  "Fibrin Adhe rence to Bi o log ic Tis su es" ,  J. Su rg. R es .  vo l. 25, pp.523- 529 (1978 ).
Fib r in adhe s ive, ho wever,  ha s s igni f ic an t d ra w bac k swhi c h h as preve nt ed  itscomm e r c i al u sein t he Un ited States.Inorde r  to  prep are c omme rc ial q uantit ies o ffibrin adhesive  the  componen tsmu stbe  obta i ned fr ompoo led hum an bloo d . T he r e is  therefore the pos si b i li ty of in fectio n  f ro m  agentssu chas H e p atiti s "B " ,HIV viru s ando th er s. Part ic ularly  i n t heUnite d  Sta tes, t he threa t ofi nfection has o u tweighed theb en e f it s  ofobt aining comm erci a l qu anti t ie s o f  fibr in ad he s iv e . As a result, thepr oducti on of  fibrin adhes ive has be e n limitedto q u an t ities obtained  from  a patient ' s own bl ood t o reduce  the risk o f infect ion . ( See , f o r  e xample, KarlH .  Sie de ntop et  al ., "Aut olo gou s F ibr in  Tissue A dhesive" ,La ry ng osc ope v o l. 95, p p.  10 74 -10 76 (S e ptembe r, 19 85)Gi do n  F.  Gestri n ge t  al. ,"A utol ogo us  Fibr inog e n f or Tiss ue-Adhesi on, Hemo st as is andEmbolization" ,Vasc. Surg .vol . 17 p p .  294-304  (1983) and D. JacksonC olemanetal.,"A B iologic T iss ue Adh esi v e forVitreo retin al  Su r g ery", R et ina  v ol. 8 no.4 ,  pp . 250 -2 56 ( 1988).These autologous p r oce dures make th e u se o f fi bri n  a d hes iv e  co s t ly and time con suming and  t h er efore of l i mit ed  value. 
Non-bi ologi c al mate rials hav e been tr ie d as s urg ical adhes ives inan effort to re d uc e the  ri sk ofin fec tionover a d hes ivesobtain ed  frompoole dblood. I sobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate  has b een a ppl ied to se par a ted  tissuesandhas formed  asol id wa ter t ightseal sh ort l y aft er c o ntact wit h  t het i ss ue. KhalidJ . Awa n etal. ,  "Useof I sobutyl-2-Cyanoac r ylate Tissue A dhes i v e i n t h e Re pa ir of Conjunct ion al F istula i nFiltering P rocedure sf or Gl aucoma ", Ann als ofO p ht h . pp.851
. Fibrin_adhesive has_been used in a_variety of_surgical_procedures because_it_forms a strong_bond between the_tissues and is generally_biocompatible. (See, for_example,_Dennis F. Thompson et al., "Fibrin Glue: A Review of its Preparation, Efficacy and_Adverse_Effects as_a_Topical_Hemostat", Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm._vol. 22, pp. 946-952 (1988);_and Richard_L. Burleson et al., "Fibrin Adherence to Biologic_Tissues",_J. Surg. Res._vol. 25, pp. 523-529 (1978).
Fibrin adhesive, however, has significant_drawbacks which has prevented its commercial_use in the_United_States._In order to prepare_commercial quantities of fibrin adhesive the_components must be obtained from pooled_human blood. There is therefore the possibility_of infection from agents such as_Hepatitis "B", HIV virus and_others. Particularly_in the United States, the_threat of infection_has outweighed_the benefits of_obtaining commercial quantities of fibrin adhesive._As a result,_the production of fibrin adhesive has_been_limited to quantities_obtained_from_a patient's_own blood to_reduce_the risk_of_infection. (See, for example, Karl H._Siedentop_et al., "Autologous Fibrin Tissue Adhesive", Laryngoscope_vol. 95, pp. 1074-1076_(September,_1985) Gidon F. Gestring_et al., "Autologous Fibrinogen for_Tissue-Adhesion, Hemostasis and Embolization", Vasc. Surg._vol. 17_pp. 294-304_(1983) and D. Jackson Coleman et al., "A Biologic Tissue Adhesive_for Vitreoretinal Surgery", Retina vol. 8_no. 4, pp. 250-256_(1988). These_autologous_procedures make the_use_of fibrin_adhesive costly and time consuming and therefore_of limited_value.
Non-biological materials have been tried as_surgical adhesives in an_effort_to reduce the risk of infection_over adhesives obtained from pooled blood._Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been applied to_separated_tissues_and has formed a solid_watertight seal shortly after contact with_the tissue. Khalid_J. Awan et al., "Use of Isobutyl-2-Cyanoacrylate_Tissue_Adhesive in the Repair of Conjunctional_Fistula_in Filtering Procedures for Glaucoma", Annals_of_Ophth._pp. 851