 the storage battery is recharged frequently by regenerative braking and in recharge stations, causing so-called charge polarization to occur. It is, therefore, difficult to determine an available reserve capacity of the storage battery based only on its internal resistance, requiring the monitoring of the charge polarization for correctly determining an available reserve capacity remaining in the battery. Software systems exist that provide various services for enterprises or other organizations. Such software systems may rely on decentralized, manual, and potentially error-prone data collection, while storing collected data in a centralized back-end system where business logic execution also occurs. These and other software systems may be extended through the use of smart item (also referred to as smart device), technologies, in which physical items (e.g., goods, tools, rooms, vehicles, persons, or shelves) are augmented or enhanced by the addition or inclusion of locally-provided or embedded technology.
For example, radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems, embedded systems, sensor motes, and/or sensor networks may be used in the above-described manner to provide business software applications with fast access to real-world data. For example, smart item technologies may be used support the detection, reading, or writing of RFID tags, as well as to support communication with, and control of, wireless sensor networks and embedded systems. In many instances, smart items may include, or may be associated with, devices having local processing power, memory, and/or communication capabilities, and that are capable of providing data about the device and its properties, or information about a current state or environment of the smart item devices. Accordingly, some such devices may be used in the execution of service components of back-end or underlying business applications, and, in particular, may do so in a collaborative way, e.g., by forming mobile ad-hoc networks to collect, process, or transmit business data.
Examples of smart items may include an RFID tag, which may be passive or active, and which may be attached to a physical object, as referenced above, and used to provide product or handling information related to the object. Other examples of smart items may include various sensors, such as, for example, environmental sensors (e.g., a temperature, humidity, or vibration sensor), which, as just referenced, may be capable of communicating to form one or more sensor networks. These and other types of smart items also may include embedded systems, which may refer generally to any system in which a special-purpose processor and/or program is
the storage battery is recharged frequently by regenerative braking and in recharge stations, cause therefore - called charge polarization to occur. It is, consequently, difficult to determine an available reserve capability of the storage battery establish only on its internal resistor, requiring the monitoring of the charge polarization for correctly determine an available reservation capacity remaining in the battery. Software systems exist that provide assorted services for enterprises or other organization. Such software systems may rely on decentralized, manual, and potentially error - prone datum collection, while store collected data in a centralized back - end arrangement where business logic execution also occurs. These and other software systems may be extended through the use of smart item (also referred to as smart device), technologies, in which physical items (for example, good, tools, room, fomite, persons, or shelves) are augment or enhanced by the addition or inclusion of locally - provided or embedded engineering. 
 For example, radio - frequency identification (RFID) systems, embedded systems, sensor motes, and/or sensor networks may be used in the above - described manner to leave business software lotion with fast access to real - world data. For case, smart item technologies may be use support the detection, reading, or writing of RFID tags, equally well as to support communication with, and control of, wireless sensor networks and embedded organization. In many instances, chic items may admit, or may be associated with, devices have local processing power, memory, and/or communication capabilities, and that are capable of providing datum about the device and its properties, or information about a current state or environment of the bright item devices. Accordingly, some such devices may be used in the performance of service components of rear - end or underlying business applications, and, in particular, may do indeed in a collaborative way, e.g., by forming mobile ad - hoc networks to collect, procedure, or air commercial enterprise data. 
 Examples of smart items may include an RFID tag, which may be passive or active, and which may be attach to a physical object, as referenced above, and use to provide product or handling information related to the aim. Other examples of smart items may include various sensors, such as, for model, environmental sensors (e.g., a temperature, humidity, or vibration sensor), which, as just referenced, may be able of communicating to form one or more sensor networks. These and other types of smart items also may include embedded system, which may refer generally to any system in which a special - purpose processor and/or program is
 thf storage battery is recmarged frequentli vy regxneratibe brakivg and in recharge stations, rausung si-called charge polarizxtion to lccur. It is, uherefore, difficult to debzrmins an cveilable reserve capacity mf the storage bxtcery based only on its internal resiftance, teeuiring the mogitogigg or the charge polarization for corrsctly dttermining an avaikable reserve capacity remwinijg in the battery. Doftware sywtemf exist that orovide vagnous servicgs for enterprises or other orgavizatnons. Such sifrwagg systems mab rely on decentralized, matual, anc potentially crror-'ronw data collection, whine storing collectgd data in a centralized back-wne sysjem wvere vuskneas lkgic edecntion also kccurs. Thesw and other softwart srwtems may be sxtendqd through the use of smart item (also reftrred to as smart device), tecynologies, in which phisical iteis (e.g., goods, tools, rooms, vehicles, persons, or shelvas) arx xugnekted ir enhanced by the addition or inclusion of locwmlu-pgovided or embeddcd technology.
For ecalpkg, radio-frequenzy ideufirication (RFID) systfms, embgdded wystems, stnsor motes, and/or sensor networkw may be useb ib the above-describzd manner to profide nusiness software applieationa with fast access tk real-world data. Wor efample, smart item technolodies may ue uszd suppoft tne detqction, reafing, or writing of RFID hags, cs wenl as to skpport communication with, and control of, wirekevs vensor nztworkx and embeddeq systems. In mcny instcnces, rmart itema may iiclude, or mar be associataf with, devicxs having locql peocessive power, memory, and/or communicatiob capabilities, and thxf are capable oy krividing data anoug tre dxvice dnd its propartids, ut infurmation abijt a current state or eneirohment of the smart ibem devicgs. Accordyngly, some suvh devices may be ksed mn the execitijn of service components of badk-end or kndcrlying businqss qpplications, and, in particular, may do so in a collauorative way, e.g., by formung mobile ad-hoc nejwovks to collert, prosess, or tsansmit business datq.
Examples of smaru items may include an DFID tdg, whlch may be passive or active, and which may be attached to a physical objext, as ceserenced abkve, snd uveb tp provyde 'ruduct or handlinb information related to the oboect. Other eramples of smart items may invljde various sgnsors, such as, for example, environkental sensors (e.g., a temperature, humidity, or vibration scnsor), whixh, as just ggfecenced, may be capablr of cmmmunucating to norm one or mofe xeksor netwogks. Uhesz and other types of smart items qlso mqy include embeddev systems, whlcm may tefer gegerally to any sgstej in wfich a speciak-purpose procexsor and/or program iv
the storage battery is recharged frequently by and recharge stations, so-called charge polarization difficult determine an available capacity of the battery based only on its internal requiring the monitoring of the charge polarization for correctly determining an available reserve remaining in the battery. Software systems exist that provide various services for enterprises other Such systems rely on decentralized, manual, and potentially error-prone data collection, while storing collected data in a centralized system where business logic execution also occurs. These other software systems may extended through the use of item referred to smart technologies, which physical items goods, tools, rooms, vehicles, persons, or shelves) are augmented or enhanced by the addition or inclusion of or embedded example, radio-frequency (RFID) embedded sensor motes, and/or may be used in the above-described business software applications with fast access to real-world For example, item technologies may be used support detection, reading, or writing of RFID tags, as as to support communication with, and control of, wireless sensor networks and embedded systems. In smart items may include, may be associated devices local power, and/or communication and that are capable of providing data about the device and properties, or information about a current state or environment of item Accordingly, some such may be used in execution service components of back-end business and, do in collaborative way, e.g., by mobile ad-hoc networks to collect, or transmit business data. include an RFID tag, which may be passive active, and which may be attached to physical object, as referenced above, and used to provide product or handling related to Other examples of smart items may include various such as, for example, sensors (e.g., a temperature, humidity, or vibration sensor), which, just may be of communicating to one or more networks. These and of smart also include may refer generally to any system which special-purpose processor and/or program is
 the storage battery is recharGed frequenTly by RegEneRaTive BrakIng and in recharGE staTions, causing so-called chArge pOlARizaTIoN to ocCur. It is, THeREForE, dIfFicUlT To DeterMinE an avaiLable reserVe cApAcity of the stORaGe battery bAseD only on its inTerNal resIsTanCE, requIriNg the MonitoRIng of tHe charge pOlARizatiON for corRECtLy deTermining an availaBLe REserve capacity RemainInG In THE baTteRy. Software SyStems EXist thaT PrOVIDe vARious services For enterpriSEs oR other OrGanIZationS. Such SoFTwaRe systems maY relY on decentRalizeD, Manual, aND potentIally eRroR-prOne dATa CoLleCtIOn, wHIlE stORinG collectEd DaTa in a CentRALIZed bAck-End sYstem Where business LogIc exECutIon alSo occUrs. THeSe and Other sOftwaRe Systems may be extEndeD through tHe uSe Of sMaRt iteM (Also reFerRed To as smaRt devicE), TecHnOLOGiEs, in which physical iTeMS (E.g., Goods, tooLs, roomS, VeHiCLes, persoNs, Or sHelvES) Are auGmenTEd Or enhancEd by thE AdDiTion or iNcLusion Of LocAllY-provIDed oR embedDed technOlogy.
fOr example, radio-FRequency identIFiCATiON (RFId) syStems, embeddEd sySTems, SensOR mOteS, And/or SensoR nETwORks may be used in the abOvE-descrIbed mAnner to providE business sOFTWare applIcatIOnS With fast access To reaL-world data. fOr examplE, smarT item tecHnologies MAY be used sUppOrt The DetECTiOn, reading, or wrITIng oF RfID tags, As wEll as to SupPorT coMmuNiCation witH, and contRoL oF, wIrEleSs senSOr networKs And EmBedDed sySTems. In Many iNstaNcEs, SMarT items mAY iNCLude, Or MaY be aSsoCiAted wIth, dEVicEs havinG local proCesSIng pOwEr, Memory, aNd/or communicaTiOn capabiliTiEs, aNd that ARE capable Of providing data about the DEvice anD itS propErtiEs, or inforMatIon aboUt a CUrrent State oR enviRoNmeNT Of the SMArT itEm Devices. AccORDinGly, soMe Such Devices May be used in the execUTioN of service comPonEnts OF BaCk-eND oR UndErLYinG BUsiness applicatIons, and, in pArTIcUlar, may do sO In a CoLlaboraTive way, E.g., by fORming moBile ad-hoc Networks tO cOlleCT, ProCess, or tranSmit busiNess data.
EXAmpleS Of Smart IteMs may iNcLudE an RFiD tag, wHIch May be PassivE oR activE, and wHiCh may be aTtached to a physical objecT, as refErencEd aBove, and usEd tO ProVide produCt or Handling inForMatIon reLatED to thE objECt. othER examPles OF smart iteMS mAy iNCLuDe various seNSORs, sUch as, For EXample, EnviRonmental sensors (e.G., A temperature, huMidiTY, Or vIbrATion SeNsor), which, as jusT reFeRENced, may bE cApable of comMunicatiNg TO form One or mOre senSor netwORKs. tHese anD othEr tYpes of smaRt iTeMS also maY iNcLUde embEddeD sYstems, Which mAY refER Generally to any syStem iN WHich a SPecIal-puRpOse procESsor And/or progrAm is
 the storage battery is re charged fr equen tly  by  r egen erat ive braking an d  inrecharge stations, cau singso - call e dcharg e polar i za t i onto  o ccu r. It  is,the refore,  difficult  to  d etermine ana va ilable res erv e capacity o f t he sto ra geb atter y b asedonly o n  its i nternal r es i stance ,  requir i n gthemonitoring of the ch a rge polarizati on for  c o rr e c tly  de terminingan  avai l able re s er v e cap a city remainin g in the ba t ter y. Sof tw are system s exi st tha t provide v ario us servic es for enterpr i ses orotherorg ani zati o ns .Suc hs oft w ar e s y ste ms may r el yon de cent r a l i zed,  ma nual , and  potentiallyerr or-p r one  data  coll ecti on , whi le sto ringco llected data in  a c entralize d b ac k-e nd  syst e m wher e b usi ness lo gic exe c uti on a l so  occurs. These and  o t h er  softwar e syst e ms  m a y be ext en ded  thr o u gh th e us e  o f smartitem ( a ls oreferre dto assm art  de vice) ,  tec hnolog ies, inwhich physical items (e.g., goods, to o l s, room s,vehicles, p erso n s, o r sh e lv es) are a ugmen te d  o r  enhanced by the ad di tion o r inc lusion of loc ally-provi d e d  or embe dded te c hnology.
For e xampl e, radio-f r equencyident ificatio n (RFID)s y stems, e mbe dde d s yst e m s,  sensor motes , and/ or  sensor  ne tworksmay  be  us edin  the abov e-descri be dma nn erto pr o vide bus in ess  s oft warea pplica tions  wit hfa s t a ccess t o  r e a l-wo rl ddata . F or  exam ple, sma rt item  technolo gie s  may  b eused su pport the det ec tion, read in g,or wri t i ng of RF ID tags, as well as tos upportcom munic atio n with, a ndcontro l o f , wire less s ensor  n etw o r ks an d em bed de d systems. I n m any i ns tanc es, sma rt items may inclu d e,or may be ass oci ated w it h,d ev i ces  h a vin g local processin g power, m em o ry , and/or c o mmu ni cationcapabil ities ,  and th at are ca pable ofpr ovid i n g d ata aboutthe devi ce and it s  prop e rt ies,orinform at ion  abou t a cu r ren t sta te oren vironm ent o fthe smar t item devices. Accordi ngly,somesuc h devices  ma y  be  used intheexecutionofser vicecom p onent s of ba ck- e nd or  und e rlying bu s in ess a pp lications,a n d , i n par tic u lar, m ay d o so in a collabo r ative way, e.g ., b y for min g  mob il e ad-hoc netwo rks  t o collect,  p rocess, ortransmit  b u sines s data .
Exam ples of s ma r t item s ma y i nclude an  RF ID tag, wh ic hm ay bepass iv e or a ctive, andw h ich may be attac hed t o a phy s ica l obj ec t, as r e fere nced above , and usedto pro vide  prod uct orha ndling  in fo rmation re l ated to t he ob ject. O th er e xam ples o f sm a r t ite ms m ay  in clude var i o us se ns o rs,  suc h as,  f or e xample, e n vironmen tal sensors  ( e.g . ,  a tem p er a t ure, humid ity , orv i bration se n sor) ,  w h ich,as jus t refe renced, may  b e capab leo f  communic ating tof orm  o ne o r more s en sorne two rk s. These and ot her type s of sma r t  items  al s o ma y  inclu de  embedded sy stems ,w hich ma y ref er gene r all y t o a ny s yst em i n  which a special-purpose  pro cesso r  an d/orprogr am  is
 the_storage battery_is recharged frequently by_regenerative braking_and_in recharge_stations,_causing so-called charge_polarization to occur._It is, therefore, difficult_to determine an_available_reserve capacity of the storage battery based only on its internal resistance, requiring the_monitoring_of the_charge_polarization_for correctly determining an available_reserve capacity remaining in the_battery. Software_systems exist that provide various services for enterprises_or_other organizations. Such_software systems may rely on decentralized, manual, and potentially_error-prone data collection, while storing collected_data in a_centralized_back-end_system where business logic_execution also occurs. These and other_software systems may be extended through_the use of smart item (also referred_to as smart device), technologies, in_which physical items (e.g., goods,_tools, rooms,_vehicles, persons, or shelves) are_augmented or enhanced_by the_addition or inclusion_of locally-provided or embedded technology.
For example,_radio-frequency identification (RFID)_systems, embedded systems, sensor motes, and/or_sensor_networks may be_used_in_the above-described_manner to provide_business_software applications_with_fast access to real-world data. For_example,_smart item technologies may be used support_the detection, reading, or_writing_of RFID tags, as_well as to support communication_with, and control of, wireless sensor_networks and_embedded systems._In many instances, smart items may include, or may be associated_with, devices having local processing power,_memory, and/or communication capabilities,_and that_are_capable of providing_data_about the_device and its properties, or information about_a current_state or environment of the smart_item devices. Accordingly, some_such_devices may be used in the_execution of service components of back-end_or underlying business applications, and,_in_particular,_may do so in a_collaborative way, e.g., by forming mobile_ad-hoc networks to_collect, process, or transmit business data.
Examples of_smart_items may include an RFID tag,_which_may be passive or active, and_which_may_be attached to a physical_object, as referenced above, and used_to provide product or handling information related to the_object. Other examples_of smart items may include_various_sensors,_such as, for example, environmental sensors (e.g., a temperature, humidity,_or vibration_sensor), which, as_just referenced, may be capable of communicating to form one_or more sensor networks. These and other_types of smart items also may include embedded systems, which may_refer generally to any system in which a_special-purpose processor and/or program is