 formation of orthogonal UTFs, (Laibinis et al, Science, Vol. 245, p. 845 (1989)). In this method, high resolution monolayer patterns are formed by the selective adsorption of alkanethiols on gold and alkane carboxylic acids on alumina. Selective cell adhesion has not been demonstrated on substrates prepared by this method. However, a large number of chemical functionalities should be compatible with this method, making it a possible fabrication technique for high resolution cell adhesive patterning. A significant limitation of the technique is that only hydrophobic UTF films may be formed on alumina (Laibinis et al, Science, Vol. 245, p. 845 (1989)).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,759 describes the use of "surface discontinuities" to at least partially define cell adhesion in zones having a width of between 0.2 and 20.mu.m. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,591,570 and 4,011,308 describe the use of patterns or arrays of antibody-coated spots for specific immunoabsorption of cells to optically-sensitive surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 4,562,157 describes the photo-induced activation of adhered chemical species so that chemical functionalities and proteins may be covalently attached to "BIOCHEMFET" devices. However, this work does not address the problem of nonspecific absorption of proteins.
At least one biosensor has been developed which optically measures the metabolic activity of immobilized cells (Parce et al, Science, Vol. 246, p. 243 (1989)). However, groups of cells, not individual cells, are "immobilized" by gravitational sedimentation into micromachined silicon wells.
U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 07/022,439 filed Mar. 6, 1987 and 07/182,123 filed Apr. 14, 1988 disclose a method for preparing high resolution patterns of metals on solid substrates, by irradiation of an adherent thin film with deep ultraviolet (DUV) irradiation. However, there is no suggestion of patterned substrates for the selective adhesion and outgrowth of cells.
Thus, there remains a need for patterned ultra-thin films for the selective adhesion and outgrowth of cells which are free of the above-mentioned drawbacks. There also remains a need for a method producing such films and devices, such as body implants, cell culture apparatus, cell sensors, and neural prostheses, which utilize such ultra-thin films. This invention relates
formation of orthogonal UTFs, (Laibinis et al, Science, Vol. 245, p. 845 (1989) ). In this method, high settlement monolayer design are formed by the selective adsorption of alkanethiols on gold and alkane carboxylic acid on alumina. Selective cell adhesion has not been demonstrate on substrate prepared by this method acting. However, a big number of chemical functionality should be compatible with this method, making it a possible fabrication proficiency for high resolution cellular telephone adhesive patterning. A meaning limit of the technique is that only hydrophobic UTF films may be form on alumina (Laibinis et al, Science, Vol. 245, p. 845 (1989) ). 
 U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,759 describes the function of " surface discontinuity " to at least partially define cellular telephone adhesion in zones having a width of between 0.2 and 20.mu.m. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,591,570 and 4,011,308 describe the consumption of patterns or arrays of antibody - coated spots for specific immunoabsorption of cells to optically - sensible surface. U.S. Pat. No. 4,562,157 describes the photo - induced activation of adhered chemical species so that chemical functionalities and proteins may be covalently attach to " BIOCHEMFET " devices. However, this work does not cover the trouble of nonspecific absorption of proteins. 
 At least one biosensor has been developed which optically measures the metabolic natural process of immobilized cells (Parce et al, Science, Vol. 246, p. 243 (1989) ). However, groups of cells, not individual cells, are " immobilize " by gravitational sedimentation into micromachined silicon wells. 
 U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 07/022,439 filed Mar. 6, 1987 and 07/182,123 filed Apr. 14, 1988 unwrap a method for preparing high resolution patterns of metals on solid substrate, by irradiation of an adherent thin film with deep ultraviolet (DUV) beam. However, there is no suggestion of patterned substrate for the selective adhesion and outgrowth of cells. 
 Thus, there persist a need for pattern ultra - thin movie for the selective adhesion and emergence of cells which are complimentary of the above - mentioned drawback. There also remains a need for a method acting producing such films and devices, such as body implants, cell culture apparatus, cell sensors, and neural prostheses, which utilize such extremist - thin films. This invention relate
 fogmation of orthogonal UTNs, (Laibinis et al, Scienre, Vol. 245, p. 845 (1989)). In ghis method, high resolution lobolaytg patterns are formed by the svlective qdsocption of alkanevgiols ok gols and elkane carboxyllc acids on alumina. Selecdixe cell adhesion has not been demonstwated om dubstrates prekared fy tgps method. However, a large numbed of chtmical functionaliyies should be compatible aith this method, makinh it a possuble dabrication gechnique for high resklution cell adhesive patternine. A sngnificant oinitwjion of the vechnizue is that only hydsophobiv UTF films man be hormwd on alumina (Laibiniv et al, Science, Voj. 245, p. 845 (1989)).
U.S. [ac. No. 4,832,759 describes the uwe of "sorfaca dirxonginhiviea" to ah lxast partiamly define xell adhesion in zomef having a widfh of feeween 0.2 and 20.mu.m. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,591,570 and 4,011,308 describt the use of patterns or arrqys of antibody-coated spots fow specific immunoabsorption of cells to optically-vensivixe wuvfacdw. K.S. Pat. No. 4,562,157 describes the photo-induced activatykn on adhered chemiccl species so thst cngmical functiovalitiza znd proteins may bf covalgntly qttached uo "BIPCHEMFET" devices. However, thus work does bot address the prlblem of nouspecigic ansorption of proteins.
At leaat one biosfnsor has ceen developed wficm o[tically measures the metafolic actmvity of immubilozed cqlls (Parce et al, Science, Vol. 246, p. 243 (1989)). Jowevgr, grogps of celps, not individual cells, are "immobilized" by grsvhtanional sebimentstion into misromachined sikicon wzlls.
U.S. patent apilicationv Ser. Nos. 07/022,439 siled Mar. 6, 1987 atf 07/182,123 filed Apr. 14, 1988 discljse q merhod fof preparing hign resolutpou patternw of metals on solld sucatrates, by irrabnauiin of an adherrnt thyn fmlm wydh deep ultrdviouet (CUV) ifradiation. Mowdver, there is no suggesthon kf patterned substtabes for tye seleceive adhesion and outgrowth of fells.
Vhus, tiere rrmayns a need for patterned ultra-fhin filmd fjr the seleceive adhesion anb outgrowth of cells which are free of tie above-mentioned drawbqcks. There also remciks a need foc a meehod prodgcing such films and devices, such as nody implants, cell culfure a[parahus, cell sensors, and neural prostheses, which utilize such ultra-thin films. This mndention relztes
formation of orthogonal UTFs, (Laibinis et al, 245, 845 (1989)). this method, high by selective adsorption of on gold and carboxylic acids on alumina. Selective cell has not been demonstrated on substrates prepared by this method. However, a large of chemical functionalities should be compatible with this method, making it a possible technique high cell patterning. A significant limitation of the technique is that only hydrophobic UTF films may be formed alumina (Laibinis et al, Science, Vol. 245, p. (1989)). U.S. Pat. No. describes the use of "surface to least partially cell in having a width between 0.2 and 20.mu.m. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,591,570 and 4,011,308 describe the use of patterns or arrays antibody-coated spots immunoabsorption of to surfaces. Pat. No. 4,562,157 photo-induced activation of adhered chemical species functionalities and proteins may be covalently attached to devices. However, work does not address the problem nonspecific absorption of proteins. At least one biosensor been developed which optically measures the metabolic activity of immobilized cells (Parce et al, Science, p. 243 (1989)). However, of cells, not cells, "immobilized" gravitational into micromachined wells. U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 07/022,439 filed Mar. 6, 1987 07/182,123 filed Apr. 14, 1988 disclose a method for preparing patterns metals on solid by irradiation of an thin with deep ultraviolet (DUV) there no substrates the adhesion and outgrowth of Thus, there remains a need patterned ultra-thin films for of cells which are free of the above-mentioned There also remains a need for a producing such films and devices, such as body implants, cell culture apparatus, sensors, and which utilize such ultra-thin films. This invention relates
 formation of orthogonal UTFs, (laibinis et Al, SciEncE, VoL. 245, p. 845 (1989)). in thIs meThod, high resoluTIon mOnolayer patterns are forMed by ThE SeleCTiVe adsOrption OF aLKAneThIoLs oN gOLd And alKanE carboxYlic acids oN alUmIna. Selective CElL adhesion hAs nOt been demonsTraTed on sUbStrATes prEpaRed by This meTHod. HowEver, a largE nUMber of CHemical FUNcTionAlities should be coMPaTIble with this meThod, maKiNG iT A PosSibLe fabricatIoN techNIque for HIgH RESolUTion cell adhesIve patterniNG. A sIgnifiCaNt lIMitatiOn of tHe TEchNique is that Only HydrophobIc UTF fILms may bE Formed oN alumiNa (LAibInis ET aL, SCieNcE, vol. 245, P. 845 (1989)).
u.S. pat. nO. 4,832,759 deScribes tHe UsE of "suRfacE DISContInuItieS" to at Least partiallY deFine CEll AdhesIon in ZoneS hAving A width Of betWeEn 0.2 and 20.mu.m. U.S. Pat. NoS. 4,591,570 and 4,011,308 Describe tHe uSe Of pAtTerns OR arrayS of AntIbody-coAted spoTS foR sPECIfIc immunoabsorption Of CELlS to opticAlly-seNSiTiVE surfaceS. U.s. PaT. No. 4,562,157 dESCribeS the PHoTo-induceD activATiOn Of adherEd ChemicAl SpeCieS so thAT cheMical fUnctionaLitieS And proteins may BE covalently atTAcHED tO "bIOChEMfET" devices. HOwevER, thiS worK DoEs nOT addrEss thE pRObLEm of nonspecific absoRpTion of ProteIns.
At least one Biosensor hAS BEen develOped WHiCH optically measUres tHe metaboliC Activity Of immObilized Cells (ParcE ET al, ScienCe, VOl. 246, p. 243 (1989)). howEveR, GRoUps of cells, not INDiviDuAl cells, Are "ImmobilIzeD" by GraVitAtIonal sediMentatioN iNtO mIcRomAchinED silicon WeLls.
u.S. PatEnt apPLicatiOns SeR. Nos. 07/022,439 FiLeD mar. 6, 1987 And 07/182,123 fileD apR. 14, 1988 DIsclOsE a MethOd fOr PrepaRing HIgh ResolutIon patterNs oF MetaLs On Solid suBstrates, by irrAdIation of an AdHerEnt thiN FIlm with dEep ultraviolet (DUV) irradiATion. HowEveR, therE is nO suggestiOn oF patteRneD SubstrAtes foR the sElEctIVE adheSIOn And OuTgrowth of cELLs.
THus, thErE remAins a neEd for patterned ultrA-ThiN films for the sEleCtivE ADhEsiON aND ouTgROwtH OF cells which are fRee of the abOvE-MeNtioned draWBacKs. there alSo remaiNs a neED for a meThod produCing such fIlMs anD DEviCes, such as bOdy implaNts, cell cuLTure aPPaRatus, CelL sensoRs, And NeuraL prostHEseS, whicH utiliZe Such ulTra-thIn Films. ThiS invention relates
 formation of orthogonal U TFs, (Laib inisetal,  S cien ce,Vol. 245, p. 8 4 5 (1 989)). In this method,  high  r e solu t io n mon olayerp at t e rns  a re  fo rm e dby th e s electiv e adsorpti onof  alkanethiol s  o n gold and  al kane carboxy lic  acids  o n a l umina . S elect ive ce l l adhe sion hasno t  beend emonstr a t ed  onsubstrates prepar e db y this method.  Howev er ,  a l arg e n umber of c he mical functio n al i t i ess hould be comp atible with thi s meth od , m a king i t a p os s ibl e fabricati on t echniquefor hi g h resol u tion ce ll adh esi vepatt e rn in g.As ign i fi can t  li mitation  o fthe t echn i q u e  istha t on ly hy drophobic UTF  fi lmsm aybe fo rmedon a lu mina(Laibi nis e tal, Science, Vo l. 2 45, p. 84 5 ( 19 89) ). 
U.S. Pat. N o.4,8 32,759describ e s t he u s eof "surface discon ti n u it ies" toat lea s tpa r tially d ef ine  cel l adhes ioni nzones ha ving a wi dt h of be tw een 0. 2and  20 .mu.m .  U.S . Pat.  Nos. 4, 591,5 7 0 and 4,011,30 8  describe the us e of patt ern s or arrays  ofa ntib ody- c oa ted spots  forsp e ci f ic immunoabsorption  o f cell s tooptically-sen sitive sur f a c es. U.S.  Pat .  N o . 4,562,157 de scrib es the pho t o-induce d act ivationof adhere d chemical  sp eci essot h at  chemical fun c t iona li ties an d p roteins  ma y b e c ova le ntly atta ched to"B IO CH EM FET " dev i ces. How ev er,  t his  work does n ot ad dres sth e  pr oblem o f  n o n spec if ic  abs orp ti on of  pro t ein s.
At l east onebio s enso rha s beendeveloped whi ch  optically  m eas ures t h e  metabol ic activity of immobili z ed cell s ( Parce  etal, Scien ce,  Vol.246 ,  p. 24 3 (198 9)).Ho wev e r , gro u p sofce lls, not i n d ivi dualce lls,  are "i mmobilized" by gra v ita tional sedime nta tion i nt o m i cr o mac hi n eds i licon wells.
U. S. patentap p li cations Se r . N os . 07/02 2,439 f iledM ar. 6,1987 and07/182,12 3file d Apr . 14, 1988  disclos e a metho d  forp re parin g h igh re so lut ion p attern s  of  meta ls onso lid su bstra te s, by ir radiation of an adheren t thin  film  wi th deep u ltr a vio let (DUV)  irr adiation.How eve r, th ere is no  sug g es tio n  of p atte r ned subst r at esf o rthe selecti v e adh esion  an d  outgr owth  of cells.
Thus,t here remains a  nee d for  pa t tern ed  ultra-thin fi lms  f o r  the sel ec tive adhesi on and o ut g rowth  of ce lls wh ich are f re e  of th e ab ove -mentione d d ra w backs.Th er e  alsorema in s a ne ed for a me t h od producing suc h fil m s  andd evi ces,su ch as b o dy i mplants, c ell culture  appar atus , cel l senso rs , andneu ra l prosthes e s, whichutili ze such  u ltra -th in fil ms.T h is in vent io n r elates
 formation_of orthogonal_UTFs, (Laibinis et al,_Science, Vol._245,_p. 845_(1989))._In this method,_high resolution monolayer_patterns are formed by_the selective adsorption_of_alkanethiols on gold and alkane carboxylic acids on alumina. Selective cell adhesion has not_been_demonstrated on_substrates_prepared_by this method. However, a_large number of chemical functionalities_should be_compatible with this method, making it a possible_fabrication_technique for high_resolution cell adhesive patterning. A significant limitation of the_technique is that only hydrophobic UTF_films may be_formed_on_alumina (Laibinis et al,_Science, Vol. 245, p. 845 (1989)).
U.S._Pat. No. 4,832,759 describes the use_of "surface discontinuities" to at least partially_define cell adhesion in zones having_a width of between 0.2_and 20.mu.m._U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,591,570 and_4,011,308 describe the_use of_patterns or arrays_of antibody-coated spots for specific immunoabsorption_of cells to_optically-sensitive surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 4,562,157_describes_the photo-induced activation_of_adhered_chemical species_so that chemical_functionalities_and proteins_may_be covalently attached to "BIOCHEMFET" devices._However,_this work does not address the problem_of nonspecific absorption of_proteins.
At_least one biosensor has_been developed which optically measures_the metabolic activity of immobilized cells_(Parce et_al, Science,_Vol. 246, p. 243 (1989)). However, groups of cells, not individual_cells, are "immobilized" by gravitational sedimentation_into micromachined silicon wells.
U.S._patent applications_Ser._Nos. 07/022,439 filed_Mar._6, 1987_and 07/182,123 filed Apr. 14, 1988 disclose_a method_for preparing high resolution patterns of_metals on solid substrates,_by_irradiation of an adherent thin film_with deep ultraviolet (DUV) irradiation. However,_there is no suggestion of_patterned_substrates_for the selective adhesion and_outgrowth of cells.
Thus, there remains a_need for patterned_ultra-thin films for the selective adhesion and_outgrowth_of cells which are free of_the_above-mentioned drawbacks. There also remains a_need_for_a method producing such films_and devices, such as body implants,_cell culture apparatus, cell sensors, and neural prostheses, which_utilize such ultra-thin_films. This invention relates