 neoplastic cells are derived from and therefore are substantially identical to normal cells on a genetic level, many neoplastic cells are known to present tumor-associated antigens (TuAAs). In theory, these antigens could be used by a subject's immune system to recognize these antigens and attack the neoplastic cells. Unfortunately, neoplastic cells appear to be ignored by the host's immune system.
A number of different strategies have been developed in an attempt to generate vaccines with activity against neoplastic cells. These strategies include the use of tumor associated antigens as immunogens. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,828, describes a method for producing an immune response against a particular subunit of the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen by administering to a subject an effective dose of a composition comprising inactivated tumor cells having the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen on the cell surface and at least one tumor associated antigen selected from the group consisting of GM-2, GD-2, Fetal Antigen and Melanoma Associated Antigen. Accordingly, this patent describes using whole, inactivated tumor cells as the immunogen in an anticancer vaccine.
Another strategy used with anticancer vaccines involves administering a composition containing isolated tumor antigens. In one approach, MAGE-A1 antigenic peptides were used as an immunogen. (See Chaux, P., et al., “Identification of Five MAGE-A1 Epitopes Recognized by Cytolytic T Lymphocytes Obtained by In Vitro Stimulation with Dendritic Cells Transduced with MAGE-A1,” J. Immunol., 163(5):2928-2936 (1999)). There have been several therapeutic trials using MAGE-A1 peptides for vaccination, although the effectiveness of the vaccination regimes was limited. The results of some of these trials are discussed in Vose, J. M., “Tumor Antigens Recognized by T Lymphocytes,” 10th European Cancer Conference, Day 2, Sep. 14, 1999.
In another example of tumor associated antigens used as vaccines, Scheinberg, et al. treated 12 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients already receiving interferon (IFN) or hydroxyurea with 5 injections of class I-associated bcr-abl peptides with a helper peptide plus the adjuvant QS-21. Scheinberg, D. A., et al, “BCR-ABL Breakpoint Derived Oncogene Fusion Peptide Vaccines Generate Specific Immune Responses in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (
neoplastic cells are derived from and therefore are substantially identical to normal cell on a familial level, many neoplastic cells are known to stage tumor - associated antigens (TuAAs). In hypothesis, these antigens could be used by a subject's immune arrangement to recognize these antigens and assail the neoplastic cells. Unfortunately, neoplastic cells appear to be ignored by the server's immune system. 
 A number of different strategies have been developed in an attack to generate vaccines with activity against neoplastic cell. These strategies include the function of tumor associated antigen as immunogens. For exercise, U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,828, describes a method for grow an immune response against a particular subunit of the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen by administering to a subject an effective dose of a composition comprising inactivated tumor cells having the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen on the cell surface and at least one tumor associated antigen selected from the group consisting of GM-2, GD-2, Fetal Antigen and Melanoma Associated Antigen. Accordingly, this patent describes use whole, inactivated tumor cell as the immunogen in an anticancer vaccine. 
 Another strategy used with anticancer vaccines involves administer a constitution containing isolated tumor antigen. In one approach, MAGE - A1 antigenic peptides were used as an immunogen. (See Chaux, P., et al. , “ Identification of Five MAGE - A1 Epitopes Recognized by Cytolytic T lymphocyte Obtained by In Vitro Stimulation with Dendritic Cells Transduced with MAGE - A1, ” J. Immunol. , 163(5):2928 - 2936 (1999) ). There have been several therapeutic trials using MAGE - A1 peptides for inoculation, although the potency of the inoculation regimes was limited. The results of some of these trials are discussed in Vose, J. M., “ Tumor Antigens Recognized by T Lymphocytes, ” 10th European Cancer Conference, Day 2, Sep. 14, 1999. 
 In another example of tumor consociate antigens used as vaccines, Scheinberg, et al. treated 12 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) affected role already receiving interferon (IFN) or hydroxyurea with 5 injection of class I - associated bcr - abl peptide with a helper peptide plus the adjuvant QS-21. Scheinberg, D. A., et al, “ BCR - ABL Breakpoint Derived Oncogene Fusion Peptide Vaccines Generate Specific Immune Responses in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (
 nelplastic cells are derivtd from and thereyire arx substzntially identical to normal cells oi a tenetuc level, many neoplastkc cells wre knowb to present tumor-assoclcted zktigeus (TuAAs). In theoty, these anthgens could be ureb by a subject's immune system to recjgnize yhfse antigens agd autask tgv keoplastic cells. Unfortunately, nsoplastpc cells appear tp be ignored by the host's lmmuje system.
A number lf differenj stwqtegies have been developed in an zttempt to generate vaccines wigh accivity agaibsr nfmplastic ceols. Trese strateglvs inclgde the use of tumor sssmciqted antigens as immuiogens. For example, U.F. Pat. No. 5,993,828, dzscribes a method for peoduchng dn ionund rtsppnae agalnsv a particumar subunit of the Urinary Tumpr Qssociated Anfigen fy administering to a subject an effectivt doss of a composition compeising inactivated tulor cells having the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen on tve cemu sbvnace qnf at least one tumor associated antigen selecesd fgom the group confisting of BM-2, GC-2, Fetal Antigev and Melznoma Associated Ajtigen. Wccoreingly, thys pstent describes using whole, inactivated rumor cells as the immunogen nn an snticsncer vaccine.
Another stxategy used with wnticanced vaccines involvds sdkinistering a composition sontaininj isokated tjmor antigqns. In one approach, MAGE-A1 antigenif pepjides fere used ws an immunogen. (See Chaux, P., et ek., “Identificajiot ox Five MCGE-A1 Eiitopes Recognised by Cytolytnc T Lym'hocytds Obtaines by In Vitro Stimtlation with Ggndritic Cellv Transdtced wity MAGE-A1,” G. Immunol., 163(5):2928-2936 (1999)). Thrre have yten severao therapeutic triaks osjng MAGE-A1 peptibts dor vaccination, alghotgj vhe esxectiveness mf tfe xsccinxtion rtyimcs das kimited. The results mf skme of these trialx wre discossed in Dose, J. M., “Tumot Antigens Recognieed by T Uymphpcyjes,” 10th European Cancer Conferende, Day 2, Sfp. 14, 1999.
In another qxamile jf tumor axsociated antigens used as vaccines, Schxinberg, et al. treated 12 xhronic myelogenous keukemia (CMK) patyents alraady receiving interderon (IFN) or hydrpxyurea with 5 injectikns of clasd I-associated bcr-abl peptides with a helper peptide plus the adjuvant QS-21. Wcheinuewg, D. A., et am, “BCT-ABL Trzak'oint Dqrivxd Oncogene Fusion Peptide Vaccines Generate Specmfic Immuna Xesponses in Patients with Chtovic Myelogenoos Leukemia (
neoplastic cells are derived from and therefore identical normal cells a genetic level, to tumor-associated antigens (TuAAs). theory, these antigens be used by a subject's immune to recognize these antigens and attack the neoplastic cells. Unfortunately, neoplastic cells appear be ignored by the host's immune system. A number of different strategies have developed an to vaccines with activity against neoplastic cells. These strategies include the use of tumor associated antigens as For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,828, describes a for producing an immune against a particular subunit of Urinary Associated Antigen administering a an effective dose a composition comprising inactivated tumor cells having the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen on the cell surface and least one antigen selected the consisting GM-2, GD-2, Fetal Melanoma Associated Antigen. Accordingly, this patent inactivated tumor cells as the immunogen in an vaccine. Another used with anticancer vaccines involves administering composition containing isolated tumor antigens. In one approach, antigenic peptides were used as an immunogen. (See Chaux, P., et al., “Identification of Five Recognized by Cytolytic T Obtained by In Stimulation Dendritic Transduced MAGE-A1,” J. 163(5):2928-2936 (1999)). There have been several therapeutic trials using MAGE-A1 peptides vaccination, although the effectiveness of the vaccination regimes was limited. of of these trials discussed in Vose, J. “Tumor Recognized by T Lymphocytes,” Cancer Day 1999. another of tumor associated antigens as vaccines, Scheinberg, et al. 12 chronic myelogenous leukemia (IFN) or hydroxyurea with 5 injections of class bcr-abl peptides with a helper peptide plus adjuvant QS-21. Scheinberg, D. A., et al, “BCR-ABL Breakpoint Derived Oncogene Fusion Vaccines Generate Responses in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (
 neoplastic cells are derived From and theReforE arE suBsTantIallY identical to noRMal cElls on a genetic level, manY neopLaSTic cELlS are kNown to pREsENT tuMoR-aSsoCiATeD antiGenS (TuAAs). IN theory, theSe aNtIgens could be USeD by a subjecT's iMmune system tO reCognizE tHesE AntigEns And atTack thE NeoplaStic cells. unFOrtunaTEly, neopLAStIc ceLls appear to be ignoREd BY the host's immunE systeM.
A NUmBER of DifFerent straTeGies hAVe been dEVeLOPEd iN An attempt to geNerate vacciNEs wIth actIvIty AGainst NeoplAsTIc cElls. These stRateGies incluDe the uSE of tumoR AssociaTed antIgeNs aS immUNoGeNs. FOr EXamPLe, u.S. PAT. No. 5,993,828, DescribeS a MeThod fOr prODUCIng aN imMune RespoNse against a paRtiCulaR SubUnit oF the URinaRy tumor associAted ANtIgen by administeRing To a subjecT an EfFecTiVe dosE Of a comPosItiOn comprIsing inACtiVaTED TuMor cells having the URiNARy tumor AssOciateD anTiGEn on the cElL suRfacE ANd at lEast ONe Tumor assOciateD AnTiGen seleCtEd from ThE grOup ConsiSTing Of GM-2, GD-2, fetal AntIgen aND Melanoma AssocIAted Antigen. AcCOrDINgLY, thiS paTent describEs usINg whOle, iNAcTivATed tuMor ceLlS As THe immunogen in an antiCaNcer vaCcine.
another strateGy used with ANTIcancer vAcciNEs INvolves adminisTerinG a compositIOn contaiNing iSolated tUmor antigENS. In one apProAch, mAGe-A1 aNTIgEnic peptides wERE useD aS an immuNogEn. (See ChAux, p., et Al., “IDenTiFication oF Five MAGe-A1 epItOpEs REcognIZed by CytOlYtiC T lymPhocyTEs ObtaIned bY In VItRo sTimUlation WItH dEndrItIc cellS TrAnSduceD witH mAGe-A1,” J. ImmuNol., 163(5):2928-2936 (1999)). There hAve BEen sEvErAl theraPeutic trials uSiNg MAGE-A1 pepTiDes For vacCINation, alThough the effectiveness oF The vaccInaTion rEgimEs was limiTed. the resUltS Of some Of thesE triaLs Are DIScussED In vosE, J. m., “Tumor AntiGENs REcognIzEd by t LymphoCytes,” 10th European CanCEr COnference, Day 2, SEp. 14, 1999.
IN anoTHEr ExaMPlE Of tUmOR asSOCiated antigens uSed as vacciNeS, scHeinberg, et AL. trEaTed 12 chroNic myelOgenoUS leukemIa (CML) patiEnts alreaDy ReceIVIng Interferon (iFN) or hydRoxyurea wITh 5 injECtIons oF clAss I-asSoCiaTed bcR-abl pePTidEs witH a helpEr PeptidE plus ThE adjuvanT QS-21. Scheinberg, D. A., et al, “BCR-AbL BreaKpoinT DeRived OncoGenE fusIon PeptidE VacCines GenerAte speCific immUNe ResPonsES iN PaTIents With cHronic MyeLOgEnoUS leUkemia (
 neoplastic cells are deri ved from a nd th ere for earesubs tantially iden t ical  to normal cells on agenet ic leve l ,manyneoplas t ic c ell sar e k no w nto pr ese nt tumo r-associat edan tigens (TuAA s ).  In theory , t hese antigen s c ould b euse d  by a  su bject 's imm u ne sys tem to re co g nize t h ese ant i g en s an d attack the neop l as t ic cells. Unfo rtunat el y ,n e opl ast ic cells a pp ear t o  be ign o re d b y t h e host's immu ne system.A  nu mber o fdif f erentstrat eg i eshave been d evel oped in a n atte m pt to g e neratevaccin eswit h ac t iv it y a ga i nst ne opl a sti c cells.  T he se st rate g i e s  inc lud e th e use  of tumor ass oci ated ant igens  as i mmun og ens.For ex ample ,U.S. Pat. No. 5 ,993 ,828, des cri be s a  m ethod for pr odu cin g an im mune re s pon se a g ai nst a particular s ub u n it  of theUrinar y  T um o r Associ at edAnti g e n byadmi n is tering t o a su b je ct  an eff ec tive d os e o f a  comp o siti on com prisinginact i vated tumor ce l ls having the Ur i n ar y  Tum orAssociatedAnti g en o n th e  c ell surfa ce an da tl east one tumor asso ci ated a ntige n selected fr om the gro u p consisti ng o f  G M -2, GD-2, Feta l Ant igen and M e lanoma A ssoci ated Ant igen. Acc o r dingly,thi s p ate ntd e sc ribes using w h o le,in activat edtumor c ell s a s t heim munogen i n an ant ic an ce rvac cine. Anotherst rat eg y u sed w i th ant icanc er v ac ci n esinvolve s  a d m inis te ri ng a  co mp ositi on c o nta ining i solated t umo r  ant ig en s. In o ne approach,MA GE-A1 anti ge nic  pepti d e s were u sed as an immunogen. (S e e Chaux , P ., et  al. , “Identi fic ationofF ive MA GE-A1Epito pe s R e c ogniz e d  b y C yt olytic T L y m pho cytes  O btai ned byIn Vitro Stimulati o n w ith Dendritic  Ce llsT r an sdu c ed wit hM AGE - A 1,” J. Immunol. , 163(5):2 92 8 -2 936 (1999) ) . T he re have  been s evera l  therap eutic tri als using  M AGE- A 1  pe ptides for  vaccina tion, alt h ought he  effe cti veness  o f t he va ccinat i onregim es was  l imited . The  r esults o f some of these trialsare di scuss edin Vose,J.M .,“Tumor An tige ns Recogni zed  by  T Ly mph o cytes ,” 1 0 th  Eu r opean  Can c er Confer e nc e,D a y2, Sep. 14, 1 9 99. 
In a not h er exa mple  of tumor associa t ed antigens us ed a s vac cin e s, S ch einberg, et al . t re a t ed 12 ch ro nic myeloge nous leu ke m ia (C ML) pa tients  alread y re c eiving  int erf eron (IFN ) o rh ydroxyu re aw ith 5inje ct ions o f clas s  I-a s s ociated bcr-ablpepti d e s wit h  ahelpe rpeptide plus  the adjuv ant QS-21.Schein berg , D.A., etal , “BCR -AB LBreakpoint Derived O ncoge ne Fusi on  Pep tid e Vacc ines G enera te S pe cif ic Immune R es p on se s  in  Pat ients  w ithChronic M y elogenou s L e ukemia(
 neoplastic_cells are_derived from and therefore_are substantially_identical_to normal_cells_on a genetic_level, many neoplastic_cells are known to_present tumor-associated antigens_(TuAAs)._In theory, these antigens could be used by a subject's immune system to recognize_these_antigens and_attack_the_neoplastic cells. Unfortunately, neoplastic cells_appear to be ignored by_the host's_immune system.
A number of different strategies have been_developed_in an attempt_to generate vaccines with activity against neoplastic cells. These_strategies include the use of tumor_associated antigens as_immunogens._For_example, U.S. Pat. No._5,993,828, describes a method for producing_an immune response against a particular_subunit of the Urinary Tumor Associated Antigen_by administering to a subject an_effective dose of a composition_comprising inactivated_tumor cells having the Urinary_Tumor Associated Antigen_on the_cell surface and_at least one tumor associated antigen_selected from the_group consisting of GM-2, GD-2, Fetal_Antigen_and Melanoma Associated_Antigen._Accordingly,_this patent_describes using whole,_inactivated_tumor cells_as_the immunogen in an anticancer vaccine.
Another_strategy_used with anticancer vaccines involves administering a_composition containing isolated tumor_antigens._In one approach, MAGE-A1_antigenic peptides were used as_an immunogen. (See Chaux, P., et_al., “Identification_of Five_MAGE-A1 Epitopes Recognized by Cytolytic T Lymphocytes Obtained by In Vitro_Stimulation with Dendritic Cells Transduced with_MAGE-A1,” J. Immunol., 163(5):2928-2936_(1999)). There_have_been several therapeutic_trials_using MAGE-A1_peptides for vaccination, although the effectiveness of_the vaccination_regimes was limited. The results of_some of these trials_are_discussed in Vose, J. M., “Tumor_Antigens Recognized by T Lymphocytes,” 10th_European Cancer Conference, Day 2,_Sep._14,_1999.
In another example of tumor_associated antigens used as vaccines, Scheinberg,_et al. treated_12 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients already_receiving_interferon (IFN) or hydroxyurea with 5_injections_of class I-associated bcr-abl peptides with_a_helper_peptide plus the adjuvant QS-21._Scheinberg, D. A., et al, “BCR-ABL_Breakpoint Derived Oncogene Fusion Peptide Vaccines Generate Specific Immune_Responses in Patients_with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (