.2 population is produced by selfing one or several F.sub.1's or by intercrossing two F.sub.1's (sib mating). Selection of the best individuals may begin in the F.sub.2 population; then, beginning in the F.sub.3, the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F.sub.4 generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F.sub.6 and F.sub.7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new varieties.
Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes for simply inherited, highly heritable traits into a desirable homozygous variety or inbred line that is utilized as the recurrent parent. The source of the traits to be transferred is called the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the desired traits of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., variety) and the desirable traits transferred from the donor parent. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease resistant varieties.
Each breeding program should include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successful varieties produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollar expended, etc.).
Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.
Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for three or more years. The best lines are candidates for new commercial varieties; those still deficient in a few traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection.
Publically available or newly-released varieties of soybean can also be used as parental lines or starting materials for breeding or as source populations from which to develop other soybean varieties or breeding lines. These varieties or lines derived from publically available or newly-released
.2 population is produced by selfing one or several F.sub.1's or by intercrossing two F.sub.1's (sib mating). Selection of the good person may begin in the F.sub.2 population; then, beginning in the F.sub.3, the best individual in the best families are choose. Replicated testing of families can get down in the F.sub.4 coevals to improve the potency of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stagecoach of inbreeding (i.e., F.sub.6 and F.sub.7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are test for potential release as new variety show. 
 Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes for merely inherited, highly heritable traits into a desirable homozygous variety or inbred line that is use as the recurrent parent. The source of the traits to be transferred is called the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the desired traits of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the property of the recurrent parent (e.g., kind) and the desirable trait remove from the donor parent. This approach has been used extensively for breed disease resistant varieties. 
 Each breeding program should admit a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparison to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advance education lines, and number of successful varieties produced per unit of measurement of input (e.g., per year, per dollar use, etc .). 
 Various recurrent selection techniques are used to better quantitatively inherited trait controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self - pollinate crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the issue of hybrid offspring from each successful cross. 
 Promising advanced breeding agate line are thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for three or more years. The best lineage are candidates for new commercial assortment; those still deficient in a few traits may be used as parents to produce new population for further selection. 
 Publically available or newly - released varieties of soybean can also be used as parental line or begin materials for breeding or as source populations from which to develop other soy varieties or breeding lines. These variety show or lines derived from publically available or newly - released
.2 pooulation is produced by relfing one or several F.sub.1's or by ivtercrossing two F.sub.1's (sib metint). Seltbtion of the best indkviduals lay begib in rhe F.sub.2 populatiok; theh, begnniing in the F.sun.3, the best hndividuals in tfe best families are selected. Replicaeed tesyijg of families can fegih in the F.sub.4 generation to improvs the ehfectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At aj advanced wtagq of inbreedivg (i.e., F.sub.6 and F.sub.7), thg best lines or mixtures of phenutypieally similqr lijgs are testev for iotential relcsse as new vatieties.
Backcroxs ureeeing has been used to transfer genes fot simply ithzrited, highly heritaboe traijs indo a eeskraglx hkmozyglus variety od inbred libe that is utilized af the recurrenf paregt. The source of the traits to be transfegred is called the donor paeent. After the initiap cross, igdividuals possessing the desired traits of the dmnor 'afenu qre sdoefted and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to thq rtcugrent parent. The vesulting plant is edprsted to have jhe attxjbhtes of the recurrfnt pargnt (e.g., variety) wnd yhe desirable traits transfwrred from tke eonor parent. This cpproach has beem usec extensively for breednng diaease resishant varisgies.
Each breedine pgogrdm should include a periodyc, objectmve eraluatiov of the esficiency lf thc breeding procedurf. Evapudtion critfria vary depending on the goal and objectivex, tut should nncludc gain from selqction per yeat based ou compxrisons to an appcopriate stagdard, overall galue of the advanceq brwedibg liner, and number of successfll varueties produced pev unij kf input (e.g., per yeqr, per dollar ecpevdeq, vtc.).
Tariotv recurrent veleztium tecfniques are jsed to improve quantitadivemy inherited traitx gontrollee by numqrous genes. Tne use of recurrenu selertion mn selg-pojlinating crops depends on the ease of ooljination, the frewuency of suecessful hybrids from each pollination, aid the number of hybrid offspring from eack xuccessful rross.
Pwomising ddvanced breeding libes are thoroughln tested and compared fo appsopriwte standards in environments representative of the commercial target areq(s) for three or mode yrars. Nhe yest liges erx candidates for mew commercial varieties; those rtill dexieient in a few traits may be isdd as parents to produce new populatikns for gurther selection.
Publically avaolable or newly-released yarieties of skybean can also be used as psrentan linws or srartlng materials wor bveeding or as xobrce populations from which to decelop itjer soybean varixties or brecdlng lihes. Thgse varieties or minea derixed from publocally availabke or newly-released
.2 population is produced by selfing one F.sub.1's by intercrossing F.sub.1's (sib mating). may in the F.sub.2 then, beginning in F.sub.3, the best individuals in the families are selected. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F.sub.4 generation improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced of (i.e., and the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes simply inherited, highly heritable into a desirable homozygous variety inbred that is as recurrent The source of traits to be transferred is called the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the desired of the are selected repeatedly (backcrossed) the recurrent parent. plant is expected to have the recurrent parent (e.g., variety) and the desirable traits from the parent. This approach has been used for breeding disease resistant varieties. Each breeding program include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary the goal and objectives, should include gain selection year on to an standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of varieties produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per etc.). recurrent selection techniques used to improve quantitatively traits by numerous genes. The recurrent in on ease pollination, the frequency of hybrids from each pollination, and number of hybrid offspring advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared appropriate standards in environments representative of the target area(s) for three or more years. The best lines are candidates new commercial still deficient in a few traits may be as parents to produce populations for further selection. Publically available or newly-released varieties soybean also be as parental lines starting materials for or as source which to other varieties These varieties or lines derived from available newly-released
.2 population is produced by selFing one or sEveraL F.sUb.1's Or By inTercRossing two F.sub.1'S (Sib mAting). Selection of the besT indiViDUals MAy Begin In the F.sUB.2 pOPUlaTiOn; TheN, bEGiNning In tHe F.sub.3, tHe best indiVidUaLs in the best fAMiLies are selEctEd. Replicated TesTing of FaMilIEs can BegIn in tHe F.sub.4 GEneratIon to imprOvE The effECtiveneSS Of SeleCtion for traits witH LoW Heritability. At An advaNcED sTAGe oF inBreeding (i.e., f.sUb.6 and f.Sub.7), the bESt LINEs oR Mixtures of pheNotypically SImiLar linEs Are TEsted fOr potEnTIal Release as neW varIeties.
BacKcross BReeding HAs been uSed to tRanSfeR genES fOr SimPlY InhERiTed, HIghLy heritaBlE tRaits Into A DESIrabLe hOmozYgous Variety or inbrEd lIne tHAt iS utilIzed aS the ReCurreNt pareNt. The SoUrce of the traits To be TransferrEd iS cAllEd The doNOr pareNt. AFteR the iniTial croSS, inDiVIDUaLs possessing the desIrED TrAits of thE donor PArEnT Are selecTeD anD repEATedly CrosSEd (BackcrosSed) to tHE rEcUrrent pArEnt. The ReSulTinG planT Is exPected To have thE attrIButes of the recuRRent parent (e.g., vARiETY) aND the DesIrable traitS traNSferRed fROm The DOnor pArent. thIS aPProach has been used exTeNsivelY for bReeding diseasE resistant VARIeties.
EaCh brEEdINg program shoulD inclUde a periodIC, objectiVe evaLuation oF the efficIENcy of the BreEdiNg pRocEDUrE. Evaluation crITEria VaRy depenDinG on the gOal And ObjEctIvEs, but shouLd includE gAiN fRoM seLectiON per year BaSed On ComParisONs to an ApproPriaTe StANdaRd, overaLL vALUe of ThE aDvanCed BrEedinG linES, anD number Of successFul VArieTiEs ProduceD per unit of inpUt (E.g., per year, pEr DolLar expENDed, etc.).
VaRious recurrent selection TEchniquEs aRe useD to iMprove quaNtiTativeLy iNHeriteD traitS contRoLleD BY numeROUs GenEs. the use of reCURreNt selEcTion In self-pOllinating crops depENds On the ease of poLliNatiON, ThE frEQuENcy Of SUccESSful hybrids from Each pollinAtIOn, And the numbER of HyBrid offSpring fRom eaCH succesSful cross.
promising AdVancED BreEding lines Are thoroUghly testED and cOMpAred tO apPropriAtE stAndarDs in enVIroNmentS repreSeNtativE of thE cOmmerciaL target area(s) for three or mOre yeaRs. The BesT lines are CanDIdaTes for new CommErcial variEtiEs; tHose sTilL DeficIent IN a Few TRaits May bE Used as parENtS to PROdUce new populATIOns For fuRthER selecTion.
publically availabLE or newly-releasEd vaRIEtiEs oF SoybEaN can also be used As pArENTal lines Or Starting matErials foR bREedinG or as sOurce pOpulatiONS fROm whicH to dEveLop other sOybEaN VarietiEs Or BReedinG linEs. these vArietiES or lINEs derived from pubLicalLY AvailABle Or newLy-ReleaseD
.2 population is producedby selfing  oneorsev er al F .sub .1's or by int e rcro ssing two F.sub.1's (s ib ma ti n g).S el ectio n of th e  b e s t i nd iv idu al s  m ay be gin  in the  F.sub.2 p opu la tion; then,b eg inning inthe  F.sub.3, th e b est in di vid u als i n t he be st fam i lies a re select ed .  Repli c ated te s t in g of  families can beg i ni n the F.sub.4genera ti o nt o  im pro ve the eff ec tiven e ss of s e le c t i onf or traits wit h low herit a bil ity. A tana dvance d sta ge ofinbreeding(i.e ., F.sub. 6 andF .sub.7) ,  the be st lin esormixt u re sofph e not y pi cal l y s imilar l in es  aretest e d f or p ote ntia l rel ease as new v ari etie s .
B ackcr oss b reed in g has  beenusedto  transfer genes  for  simply i nhe ri ted ,highl y  herit abl e t raits i nto a d e sir ab l e ho mozygous variety o ri n br ed linethat i s  u ti l ized asth e r ecur r e nt pa rent .  T he sourc e of t h etr aits to  b e tran sf err edis ca l ledthe do nor pare nt. A f ter the initia l  cross, indiv i du a l sp osse ssi ng the desi redt rait s of th e d o nor p arent  a r es elected and repeate dl y cros sed ( backcrossed)to the rec u r r ent pare nt.T he resulting plan t isexpected t o  have th e att ributesof the re c u rrent pa ren t ( e.g .,v a ri ety) and thed e sira bl e trait s t ransfer red  fr omthe  d onor pare nt. This  a pp ro ac h h as be e n used e xt ens iv ely  forb reedin g dis ease  r es i sta nt vari e ti e s .
Ea ch  b reed ing  p rogra m sh o uld  includ e a perio dic ,  obj ec ti ve eval uation of the  e fficiencyof  th e bree d i ng proce dure. Evaluation criter i a varydep endin g on  the goal  an d obje cti v es, bu t shou ld in cl ude g ain f r o msel ec tion per y e a r b asedon  com parison s to an appropriat e  st andard, overa llvalu e of  th e  a d van ce d  br e e ding lines, and  number of  s u cc essful var i eti es  produc ed perunito f input  (e.g., p er year,pe r do l l arexpended,etc.).
V arious re c urren t  s elect ion  techn iq ues  areused t o  im prove  quant it ativel y inh er ited tra its controlled by numer ous ge nes.The  use of r ecu r ren t selecti on i n self-pol lin ati ng cr ops depen ds o n  t hee ase o f po l lination, th e f r e qu ency of suc c e s sfu l hyb rid s  fromeach  pollination, and the number ofhybr i d  of fsp r ingfr om each succes sfu lc r oss.
Pro mi sing advanc ed breed in g  line s arethorou ghly te s t ed and co mpar edto approp ria te standar ds  i n  envir onme nt s repr esenta t iveo f  the commercialtarge t area( s ) f or th re e or mo r e ye ars. The b est lines a re can dida tes f or newco mmerci alva rieties; t h ose still  defi cient i na fe w t raitsmayb e  used  aspa ren ts to pro d u ce ne wp opu lati ons f or  fur ther sele c tion.
Pu bli c ally av ai lab l e  or ne w ly - r eleased va rie tieso f  soybean c a n al s ob e use d as p arenta l lines orst artingmat e r ials forbreedingo r a ssour ce popul at ions  f rom  w hich to develop  other s oybean v a r ieties  or bree d ing li ne s. These var ietie so r lines d eri ved fro m  pu bli cal ly a vai labl e  or newly-released
.2 population_is produced_by selfing one or_several F.sub.1's_or_by intercrossing_two_F.sub.1's (sib mating)._Selection of the_best individuals may begin_in the F.sub.2_population;_then, beginning in the F.sub.3, the best individuals in the best families are selected._Replicated_testing of_families_can_begin in the F.sub.4 generation_to improve the effectiveness of_selection for_traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage_of_inbreeding (i.e., F.sub.6_and F.sub.7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically_similar lines are tested for potential_release as new_varieties.
Backcross_breeding_has been used to_transfer genes for simply inherited, highly_heritable traits into a desirable homozygous_variety or inbred line that is utilized_as the recurrent parent. The source_of the traits to be_transferred is_called the donor parent. After_the initial cross,_individuals possessing_the desired traits_of the donor parent are selected_and repeatedly crossed_(backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The_resulting_plant is expected_to_have_the attributes_of the recurrent_parent_(e.g., variety)_and_the desirable traits transferred from the_donor_parent. This approach has been used extensively_for breeding disease resistant_varieties.
Each_breeding program should include_a periodic, objective evaluation of_the efficiency of the breeding procedure._Evaluation criteria_vary depending_on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection_per year based on comparisons to_an appropriate standard, overall_value of_the_advanced breeding lines,_and_number of_successful varieties produced per unit of input_(e.g., per_year, per dollar expended, etc.).
Various recurrent_selection techniques are used_to_improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by_numerous genes. The use of recurrent_selection in self-pollinating crops depends_on_the_ease of pollination, the frequency_of successful hybrids from each pollination,_and the number_of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.
Promising_advanced_breeding lines are thoroughly tested and_compared_to appropriate standards in environments representative_of_the_commercial target area(s) for three_or more years. The best lines_are candidates for new commercial varieties; those still deficient_in a few_traits may be used as_parents_to_produce new populations for further selection.
Publically available or newly-released varieties_of soybean_can also be_used as parental lines or starting materials for breeding or_as source populations from which to develop_other soybean varieties or breeding lines. These varieties or lines derived_from publically available or newly-released