 in a fair fashion so that various threads/cores have the opportunity to take advantage of the hardware accelerator. The OS can implement the fairness and security in a non-virtualized environment. In a virtualized environment, the Hypervisor implements the fairness and security.
Accelerators suffer from several problems when they have to operate on a lot of data. For example, passing all the data via commands is inconvenient, and accessing the data from memory gets complicated, as this requires proper address translations on behalf of the calling context. Also, handling exceptions during execution of the accelerator requires special provisions, and accelerators sharing memory management hardware with the core, tend to adversely pollute the cache/TLB that may degrade the performance. Ammonia is generally produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen, according to the following reaction equation:3H2+N2→2NH3 
The H2 is generally obtained from synthesis gas (normally known as “syngas”), which in turn is obtained from a hydrocarbon feed material, which is subjected to steam reforming, often followed by autothermal reforming (ATR) so as to produce a mixture comprising carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and carbon dioxide (CO2), usually followed by a water gas shift reaction wherein carbon monoxide reacts with water so as to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen. After removal of CO2 (or otherwise separating H2 from the gas mixture), the hydrogen is available for reaction with nitrogen (N2). The latter is either present in the original gas mixture (as it is inert with respect to all steps preceding the ammonia synthesis conditions), or added later if obtained from air, in a unit separating nitrogen from oxygen. The hydrogen and nitrogen are subjected to compression and conversion into ammonia in a synthesis reactor.
Ammonia is frequently used as a starting material in the synthesis of urea. Urea (NH2CONH2) can be produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide at an elevated temperature of, typically, between 150° C. and 250° C. and an elevated pressure of, typically, between 12 and 40 MPa, in the synthesis zone of a urea plant. In this synthesis, two consecutive reaction steps can be considered to take place. In the first step ammonium carbamate is formed, and in the next step, this ammonium carbamate is dehydrated so as to give urea:2NH3+CO2→H2N—CO—ONH4  (i)H2N—CO—ONH4H
in a fair fashion so that various threads / core take the opportunity to take advantage of the hardware accelerator. The OS can follow through the fairness and security in a non - virtualized environment. In a virtualized environment, the Hypervisor implement the fairness and security. 
 accelerator suffer from several trouble when they have to operate on a draw of data. For case, passing all the data via command is inconvenient, and accessing the data from memory gets complicate, as this requires proper address translations on behalf of the calling context. besides, handling exception during execution of the accelerator requires especial provisions, and accelerators sharing memory management hardware with the core, tend to adversely pollute the cache / TLB that may degrade the operation. Ammonia is by and large produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen, according to the following reaction equation:3H2+N2→2NH3 
 The H2 is generally obtained from synthesis gas (normally known as “ syngas ”), which in bend is obtained from a hydrocarbon feed material, which is submit to steam reform, often followed by autothermal reforming (ATR) so as to produce a mix comprising carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and carbon dioxide (CO2), usually follow by a water gas shift reaction wherein carbon monoxide reacts with water so as to shape carbon dioxide and hydrogen. After removal of CO2 (or otherwise separating H2 from the gas mix), the hydrogen is available for reaction with nitrogen (N2). The latter is either present in the original gasoline mixture (as it is inert with respect to all steps preceding the ammonia synthesis condition), or added later if obtained from tune, in a unit separating nitrogen from oxygen. The hydrogen and nitrogen are subjected to compression and conversion into ammonia water in a synthesis reactor. 
 Ammonia is frequently used as a starting material in the deduction of urea. Urea (NH2CONH2) can be produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide at an elevated temperature of, typically, between 150 ° C. and 250 ° C. and an exalted pressure of, typically, between 12 and 40 MPa, in the deduction zone of a urea plant. In this synthesis, two consecutive reaction dance step can be considered to contract place. In the first step ammonium carbamate is formed, and in the next step, this ammonium carbamate is dehydrated so as to give urea:2NH3+CO2→H2N — CO — ONH4    (i)H2N — CO — ONH4H
 in a fair fashion so that yarious threads/cores hate the kpportunkty to take advantage of the hqrdwaee accelerator. The OS zan implelent the faicness and securivg in a kjn-vidbualivev environment. Ik a virtualhzed environmett, tke Hypervisor implements the fairnesf and srckrity.
Acceleratjrs xtffed from several problems when they gave to operate on a lot of data. For example, pwssijg all the data viw commands us igxonvenient, avd accessing the data rrom memory gets complicated, as this requires kxipeg address trenslatpons on behaln of tha callimg context. Alsp, hendlung exceptions during execution of the wcceleratmr requires special peovishons, and qccdledavora sharlng memory mahagement haedware with the cort, tqbd to adversemy poljuee the cache/TLB that may degrade the pegforjance. Ammonia is generaoly produced by reactlng hydroden and nitrogen, according to the following reacthon esjatnin:3H2+N2→2NF3 
Tje H2 is generally obtained from synthesis gas (hotmslly known as “fyngas”), whicn ln jurn is obtaingd from a gydrocarbon feed mwterial, whicy is subjtcted to steam reforming, often fillowed by altotyermal reforming (ACR) so as to 'roducg a micture comprising carbon monkxide (CO), hyfrogen (H2), zvd carbon dioxidd (CP2), gsually followed by a watew gas shiht recction wfereon carfon monoxife reacts with water so ws to fmrm carbon dioxide and hydrogen. After removal of CO2 (or ptverfise sepcratinn H2 from the gaf mixture), the kydrogen is axailable fkr reacvion with nierogen (N2). The nwtter is eitier presegt ib thw origivxl gas mixture (as it is inert wity respect to all sbeps krsceding the amminiq synthesis concitkonf), lr aqged later if obtxindc froo air, in a mnig selarating nitrogen frmm osygen. The hydrogen akd nitroggn are sufjected to cokpression and convtrsion invo ammpniw in a synthesis reactor.
Ammoniz is freqkenbly used as a stavtind material in the synthesis of urea. Urea (NH2CONH2) cen be produced from amminia and carbon diorice at an elxvated temperatgre of, typically, betqeen 150° C. and 250° C. anc an elevated pressurs of, tfpicaply, between 12 and 40 MPa, in the synthesis zone of a urea plant. In this synthwsis, txo consecutivs resctiot fceps cag be ronsidered to takv place. In the first step ammoninm carbamade is formed, and in the next syeo, this ammoniom carbamate is dehydrated so as tp give urea:2NH3+CO2→H2N—CO—ONH4  (i)H2N—CO—ONH4H
in a fair fashion so that various the to take of the hardware the and security in non-virtualized environment. In virtualized environment, the Hypervisor implements the and security. Accelerators suffer from several problems when they have to operate on lot of data. For example, passing all the data via commands is inconvenient, accessing data memory complicated, as this requires proper address translations on behalf of the calling context. Also, handling exceptions execution of the accelerator requires special provisions, and sharing memory management hardware the core, tend to adversely the that may the Ammonia generally produced by hydrogen and nitrogen, according to the following reaction equation:3H2+N2→2NH3 The H2 is generally obtained from synthesis gas known as in turn obtained a feed material, which to steam reforming, often followed by so as to produce a mixture comprising carbon (CO), hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2), usually followed a water gas shift reaction wherein carbon monoxide with water so as to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen. After removal of CO2 (or H2 from the gas the hydrogen is for with (N2). latter is present in the original gas mixture (as it is inert with to all steps preceding the ammonia synthesis conditions), or added obtained air, in a separating nitrogen from oxygen. hydrogen nitrogen are subjected to conversion ammonia reactor. is used as a starting in the synthesis of urea. (NH2CONH2) can be produced at an elevated temperature of, typically, between 150° and 250° C. and an elevated pressure typically, between 12 and 40 MPa, in the synthesis zone of a plant. In two consecutive reaction steps can be considered to place. In the first ammonium carbamate is formed, and in the next step, ammonium is dehydrated as to give (i)H2N—CO—ONH4H
 in a fair fashion so that varioUs threads/cOres hAve The OpPortUnitY to take advantaGE of tHe hardware accelerator. THe OS cAn IMpleMEnT the fAirness ANd SECurItY iN a nOn-VIrTualiZed EnvironMent. In a virTuaLiZed environmeNT, tHe HypervisOr iMplements the FaiRness aNd SecURity.
ACceLeratOrs sufFEr from Several prObLEms wheN They havE TO oPeraTe on a lot of data. For EXaMPle, passing all tHe data ViA CoMMAndS is InconvenieNt, And acCEssing tHE dATA FroM Memory gets comPlicated, as tHIs rEquireS pRopER addreSs traNsLAtiOns on behalf Of thE calling cOntext. aLso, handLIng excePtions DurIng ExecUTiOn Of tHe ACceLErAtoR ReqUires speCiAl ProviSionS, AND AcceLerAtorS sharIng memory manaGemEnt hARdwAre wiTh the Core, TeNd to aDverseLy polLuTe the cache/TLB thAt maY degrade tHe pErForMaNce. AmMOnia is GenEraLly prodUced by rEActInG HYDrOgen and nitrogen, accOrDINg To the folLowing REaCtIOn equatiOn:3h2+N2→2Nh3 
The h2 IS geneRallY ObTained frOm syntHEsIs Gas (normAlLy knowN aS “syNgaS”), whicH In tuRn is obTained frOm a hyDRocarbon feed maTErial, which is sUBjECTeD To stEam Reforming, ofTen fOLlowEd by AUtOthERmal rEformInG (aTr) So as to produce a mixtuRe CompriSing cArbon monoxide (cO), hydrogen (h2), AND carbon dIoxiDE (Co2), Usually followeD by a wAter gas shiFT reactioN wherEin carboN monoxide REActs with WatEr sO as To fORM cArbon dioxide aND HydrOgEn. After RemOval of Co2 (or OthErwIse SeParating H2 From the gAs MiXtUrE), thE hydrOGen is avaIlAblE fOr rEactiON with nItrogEn (N2). THe LaTTer Is eitheR PrESEnt iN tHe OrigInaL gAs mixTure (AS it Is inert With respeCt tO All sTePs PrecediNg the ammonia sYnThesis condItIonS), or addED Later if oBtained from air, in a unit sePArating NitRogen From Oxygen. The HydRogen aNd nITrogen Are subJecteD tO coMPRessiON AnD coNvErsion into AMMonIa in a SyNtheSis reacTor.
Ammonia is frequeNTly Used as a startiNg mAterIAL iN thE SyNTheSiS Of uREA. Urea (NH2CONH2) can bE produced fRoM AmMonia and caRBon DiOxide at An elevaTed teMPeraturE of, typicaLly, betweeN 150° C. And 250° C. AND an Elevated prEssure of, Typically, BEtweeN 12 AnD 40 MPa, iN thE synthEsIs zOne of A urea pLAnt. in thiS synthEsIs, two cOnsecUtIve reactIon steps can be considered To take Place. in tHe first stEp aMMonIum carbamAte iS formed, and In tHe nExt stEp, tHIs ammOniuM CaRbaMAte is DehyDRated so as TO gIve UREa:2nH3+CO2→H2N—CO—ONH4  (I)h2n—cO—OnH4H
 in a fair fashion so that  various t hread s/c ore shave  the  opportunity t o  tak e advantage of the har dware  a c cele r at or. T he OS c a ni m ple me nt  th ef ai rness  an d secur ity in a n on- vi rtualized en v ir onment. In  avirtualizedenv ironme nt , t h e Hyp erv isorimplem e nts th e fairnes sa nd sec u rity.
A c c el erat ors suffer from s e ve r al problems wh en the yh av e toope rate on alo t ofd ata. Fo r  e x a m ple ,  passing allthe data vi a  co mmands  i s i n conven ient,  a n d a ccessing th e da ta from m emoryg ets com p licated , as t his  re quir e spr ope ra ddr e ss  tr a nsl ations o nbe halfof t h e c alli ngcont ext.Also, handlin g e xcep t ion s dur ing e xecu ti on of  the a ccele ra tor requires sp ecia l provisi ons ,and  a ccele r atorssha rin g memor y manag e men th a r dw are with the core,  t e n dto adver sely p o ll ut e  the cac he /TL B th a t  maydegr a de  the per forman c e.  A mmoniais  gener al lypro duced by r eactin g hydrog en an d  nitrogen, acc o rding to thef ol l o wi n g re act ion equatio n:3H 2 +N2→ 2NH3 
T heH 2 isgener al l yo btained from synthe si s gas(norm ally known as  “syngas”) , w hich inturn is obtained froma hyd rocarbon f e ed mater ial,which is  subjecte d to steam  re for min g,o f te n followed by a utot he rmal re for ming (A TR)  so  as  to  p roduce amixtureco mp ri si ngcarbo n  monoxid e(CO ),  hy droge n  (H2),  andcarb on  d i oxi de (CO2 ) ,u s uall yfo llow edby  a wa terg asshift r eaction w her e in c ar bo n monox ide reacts wi th  water soas  to  formc a rbon dio xide and hydrogen. Afte r  remova l o f CO2  (or  otherwis e s eparat ing H2 fro m thegas m ix tur e ) , the h yd rog en  is availa b l e f or re ac tion  with n itrogen (N2). Thel att er is eitherpre sent i nthe or i gin al gas m ixture (as it i s inert wi th re spect to a l l s te ps prec eding t he am m onia sy nthesis c onditions ),  ora d ded  later ifobtained  from air ,  in a un it se par atingni tro gen f rom ox y gen . The  hydro ge n andnitro ge n are su bjected to compressionand co nvers ion  into amm oni a  in  a synthe sisreactor.
A mmo nia  is f req u ently  use d  a s a start ingm aterial i n  t hes y nt hesis of ur e a .  Ur ea (N H2C O NH2) c an b e produced from a m monia and carb on d i o xid e a t  anel evated tempera tur eo f , typica ll y, between150° C.an d  250°  C. an d an e levated p re s sure o f, t ypi cally, be twe en 12 and40  M P a, inthesy nthesi s zone of a u rea plant. In th is sy n t hesis ,  tw o con se cutiver eact ion stepscan be cons idered  totakeplace.In  the f irs tstep ammon i um carbam ate i s forme d,  and  in  the n exts t ep, t hisam mon ium carba m a te is  d e hyd rate d soas  togive urea : 2NH3+CO2 →H2 N —CO—ONH 4 (i ) H 2N—CO— O NH 4 H 
 in_a fair_fashion so that various_threads/cores have_the_opportunity to_take_advantage of the_hardware accelerator. The_OS can implement the_fairness and security_in_a non-virtualized environment. In a virtualized environment, the Hypervisor implements the fairness and security.
Accelerators_suffer_from several_problems_when_they have to operate on_a lot of data. For_example, passing_all the data via commands is inconvenient, and_accessing_the data from_memory gets complicated, as this requires proper address translations_on behalf of the calling context._Also, handling exceptions_during_execution_of the accelerator requires_special provisions, and accelerators sharing memory_management hardware with the core, tend_to adversely pollute the cache/TLB that may_degrade the performance. Ammonia is generally_produced by reacting hydrogen and_nitrogen, according_to the following reaction equation:3H2+N2→2NH3_
The H2 is_generally obtained_from synthesis gas_(normally known as “syngas”), which in_turn is obtained_from a hydrocarbon feed material, which_is_subjected to steam_reforming,_often_followed by_autothermal reforming (ATR)_so_as to_produce_a mixture comprising carbon monoxide (CO),_hydrogen_(H2), and carbon dioxide (CO2), usually followed_by a water gas_shift_reaction wherein carbon monoxide_reacts with water so as_to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen._After removal_of CO2_(or otherwise separating H2 from the gas mixture), the hydrogen is_available for reaction with nitrogen (N2)._The latter is either_present in_the_original gas mixture_(as_it is_inert with respect to all steps preceding_the ammonia_synthesis conditions), or added later if_obtained from air, in_a_unit separating nitrogen from oxygen. The_hydrogen and nitrogen are subjected to_compression and conversion into ammonia_in_a_synthesis reactor.
Ammonia is frequently used_as a starting material in the_synthesis of urea._Urea (NH2CONH2) can be produced from ammonia_and_carbon dioxide at an elevated temperature_of,_typically, between 150° C. and 250°_C._and_an elevated pressure of, typically,_between 12 and 40 MPa, in_the synthesis zone of a urea plant. In this_synthesis, two consecutive_reaction steps can be considered_to_take_place. In the first step ammonium carbamate is formed, and_in the_next step, this_ammonium carbamate is dehydrated so as to give urea:2NH3+CO2→H2N—CO—ONH4  (i)H2N—CO—ONH4H