 is further known, a computer may effectively extend its CPU by using “cloud computing” to perform one or more computing functions (e.g., a service, an application, an algorithm, an arithmetic logic function, etc.) on behalf of the computer. Further, for large services, applications, and/or functions, cloud computing may be performed by multiple cloud computing resources in a distributed manner to improve the response time for completion of the service, application, and/or function. For example, Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports distributed applications enabling application execution by thousands of computers.
In addition to cloud computing, a computer may use “cloud storage” as part of its memory system. As is known, cloud storage enables a user, via its computer, to store files, applications, etc. on an Internet storage system. The Internet storage system may include a RAID (redundant array of independent disks) system and/or a dispersed storage system that uses an error correction scheme to encode data for storage.
Some Internet storage systems can replicate data in different geographic locations to try and prevent data loss in the event of a catastrophic loss to the primary storage location. However, simple replication of data to multiple locations actually increases the likelihood that an unauthorized person can obtain access to that data, because now there are two separate copies of the data, each of which needs to be kept secure, because access to either copy provides access to all of the data. Furthermore, in conventional systems that store portions of data at different locations, storage allocation can be “lopsided,” such that the failure of a single storage location can result in the full data set being unrecoverable. In the transmission of multiple phase-shift keyed (MPSK) signals, phase jitter caused by the transmission medium is a common problem. To reduce the performance loss caused by phase jitter, differential MPSK is often used, wherein the difference between the phases of two successive symbols, rather than the absolute phases of the symbols themselves, represents the information. This differential technique also avoids the necessity of establishing and maintaining a phase reference, a task which is often difficult in MPSK systems due to "node slips" in the reference.
In receiving and decoding MPSK signals, two approaches are commonly employed. The simplest is to take the difference between successive received phases and then compare this phase difference with a set of threshold values to decide upon the transmitted symbols. This technique results in a loss of 3dB in the signal to noise ratio relative
is further known, a computer may effectively cover its central processing unit by using “ cloud computing ” to do one or more computing function (e.g., a serve, an lotion, an algorithm, an arithmetic logic function, etc .) on behalf of the computer. Further, for large serve, applications, and/or functions, swarm computing may be performed by multiple cloud computing resources in a distributed manner to improve the response clock time for completion of the service, application, and/or function. For exercise, Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports distribute applications enabling application execution by thousands of computer. 
 In addition to cloud computing, a computer may use “ cloud storage ” as part of its memory system. As is known, cloud storage enables a user, via its computer, to store files, applications, etc. on an Internet storage system. The Internet storage system may admit a RAID (excess array of independent magnetic disk) arrangement and/or a dispersed storage system that use an mistake correction scheme to encode datum for storage. 
 Some Internet storage systems can replicate data in different geographic locations to try and prevent data loss in the event of a catastrophic loss to the basal storage placement. However, simple replication of data to multiple locations actually increases the likelihood that an unauthorized person can receive access to that data, because now there be two separate copies of the data, each of which needs to be keep dependable, because access to either copy supply access to all of the datum. Furthermore, in conventional systems that store portions of data at unlike locations, storage allocation can be “ askew, ” such that the failure of a single storage location can result in the full data set being unrecoverable. In the transmission of multiple phase - shift keyed (MPSK) signals, phase jitter cause by the transmission medium is a coarse problem. To reduce the operation loss caused by phase jitter, differential MPSK is often used, wherein the difference between the phases of two successive symbols, rather than the absolute phases of the symbols themselves, represent the data. This differential technique also avoids the necessity of establishing and maintaining a phase reference, a task which is often unmanageable in MPSK systems due to " node slips " in the reference. 
 In receiving and decoding MPSK signals, two approaches are commonly employed. The simplest is to aim the difference between successive received phase and then compare this phase difference with a set of doorway values to decide upon the transmitted symbols. This technique results in a loss of 3dB in the signal to make noise proportion relative
 is further known, a computev may effectiveli wxtend its CLU by uskng “cloud computing” to perfocm obe or more computing functiuns (e.g., a dervice, qn akplication, an algorithm, ak arifmmetie oogic function, etc.) on bevalf of the cokpjtzr. Further, for large services, applicwtions, snf/or functions, slouc comlltlng may be performed by multiple cloud bomputing resourcrs in a distributed manner to lmprove the responde time for com[oetion of thd service, application, znd/or function. For example, Hadoup is an open siuece voftware fremeworh that suppovns distsibuted applications cnablmng qpplication execution by thousands of cjmputers.
It cddition to cloud compuring, d cokputde mxy hsx “cmoud shorege” as part of its memiry system. As is knpwg, cloud storags enabjef a user, via its computer, to store filev, alplications, etc. on an Ibternet storage systel. The Intqrnet storage system may include a RAID (redundant arrab uf nkqdpejdent disks) system and/or a dispersed storage fgsuem that uses an crror correction svhfmr to encode daja for stodage.
Some Internet dtorage systwms can rtplicste data in different geogrqphic locatijbs to try and prevznt data losr in the rvent of a catastrophic losa to the prlmary stodxge location. Howdveg, sikple replication of data tj multiplx locctions aztuakly insreases thf likcnihood that an unakthornzed [erson can obtain access to that data, becense now there ase nwo separcte coiies of the datw, each of whick needs co be yept securv, because access to qither copy pslvides accesv to all of rhe eata. Fufghermore, in comventional systems rhat store portionx ow data at differzut locations, storsge aljobatmon cwt be “lopsideg,” suzh gnat tfe failure iw a xingle storage locathon dan result in the gujl data wet beind unrecoverabke. In the transmisdion mf oultille phase-shift keyed (MPSK) signals, phase jihtev caused by tre tvansiission mebium is a common problem. To reduce the pxrformance loss caused vy phase jitter, difyevential MPSK is osten used, wherein the differebce between the pmases of two successivs symbmls, rwther than the absolute phases of the symbols themselves, represents the ibformavijn. This difreremtial tzchuique ajso evuids the necessiny of establishing and maintainiig a phase rzference, a task which is oftem aifficult in OPSK systems due to "node slips" im the reference.
In receiving and decoding MPSK signals, teo approqches are commoily employed. The simllest ns to rake thw dinference betwedn xugcessive rfceited phases and then compare this phqse didffrence with a sev of threshopa valoes to dgcide upon the trznsmjhted rymbols. This yechnique resukts in a loss of 3dB pn ehe signal to bkise ratio rglativg
is further known, a computer may effectively CPU using “cloud to perform one a an application, an an arithmetic logic etc.) on behalf of the computer. for large services, applications, and/or functions, cloud computing may be performed by multiple computing resources in a distributed manner to improve the response time for completion the application, function. example, Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports distributed applications enabling application execution by of computers. In addition to cloud computing, a may use “cloud storage” part of its memory system. is cloud storage a via computer, to store applications, etc. on an Internet storage system. The Internet storage system may include a RAID (redundant array independent disks) a dispersed system uses error correction scheme data for storage. Some Internet storage data in different geographic locations to try and data loss the event of a catastrophic loss the primary storage location. However, simple replication of to multiple locations actually increases the likelihood that an unauthorized person can obtain access to because now there are separate copies of data, of needs be kept because access to either copy provides access to all of the Furthermore, in conventional systems that store portions of data at storage can be “lopsided,” that the failure of single location can result in data being transmission multiple keyed (MPSK) signals, phase caused by the transmission medium a common problem. To by phase jitter, differential MPSK is often used, the difference between the phases of two symbols, rather than the absolute phases of the symbols themselves, represents the This differential avoids the necessity of establishing and maintaining a reference, a task which often difficult in MPSK systems due to "node slips" the In receiving decoding MPSK signals, approaches are commonly The simplest is the difference successive phases this phase difference with a set threshold to decide upon the transmitted This in a loss of 3dB in the signal to noise ratio relative
 is further known, a computer maY effectiveLy extEnd Its cPu by uSing “Cloud computing” TO perForm one or more computing FunctIoNS (e.g., a SErVice, aN applicATiON, An aLgOrIthM, aN ArIthmeTic Logic fuNction, etc.) oN beHaLf of the compuTEr. further, for LarGe services, apPliCationS, aNd/oR FunctIonS, clouD compuTIng may Be performEd BY multiPLe cloud COMpUtinG resources in a distRIbUTed manner to impRove thE rESpONSe tIme For completIoN of thE Service, APpLICAtiON, and/or functioN. For example, hAdoOp is an OpEn sOUrce soFtwarE fRAmeWork that supPortS distribuTed appLIcationS EnablinG appliCatIon ExecUTiOn By tHoUSanDS oF coMPutErs.
In addItIoN to clOud cOMPUTing, A coMputEr may Use “cloud storaGe” aS parT Of iTs memOry syStem. as Is knoWn, clouD storAgE enables a user, viA its Computer, tO stOrE fiLeS, applICationS, etC. on An InterNet storAGe sYsTEM. thE Internet storage syStEM MaY include A RAID (rEDuNdANt array oF iNdePendENT diskS) sysTEm And/or a diSperseD StOrAge systEm That usEs An eRroR corrECtioN schemE to encodE data FOr storage.
Some INTernet storage SYsTEMs CAn rePliCate data in dIffeREnt gEogrAPhIc lOCatioNs to tRy ANd PRevent data loss in the EvEnt of a CatasTrophic loss to The primary STORage locaTion. hOwEVer, simple repliCatioN of data to mULtiple loCatioNs actualLy increasES The likelIhoOd tHat An uNAUtHorized person CAN obtAiN access To tHat data, BecAusE noW thErE are two seParate coPiEs Of ThE daTa, eacH Of which nEeDs tO bE kePt secURe, becaUse acCess To EiTHer Copy proVIdES AcceSs To All oF thE dAta. FuRtheRMorE, in convEntional sYstEMs thAt StOre portIons of data at dIfFerent locaTiOns, StoragE ALlocatioN can be “lopsided,” such that tHE failurE of A singLe stOrage locaTioN can reSulT In the fUll datA set bEiNg uNREcoveRABlE. In ThE transmissION of MultiPlE phaSe-shift Keyed (MPSK) signals, phASe jItter caused by The TranSMIsSioN MeDIum Is A ComMON problem. To reducE the perforMaNCe Loss caused BY phAsE jitter, DiffereNtial mpSK is ofTen used, whErein the dIfFereNCE beTween the phAses of twO successiVE symbOLs, RatheR thAn the aBsOluTe phaSes of tHE syMbols ThemseLvEs, reprEsentS tHe informAtion. This differential teChniquE also AvoIds the necEssITy oF establisHing And maintaiNinG a pHase rEfeREnce, a Task WHiCh iS Often DiffICult in MPSk SySteMS DuE to "node slipS" IN The ReferEncE.
in receIvinG and decoding MPSK sIGnals, two approaChes ARE coMmoNLy emPlOyed. The simplesT is To TAKe the difFeRence betweeN successIvE ReceiVed phaSes and Then comPARe THis phaSe diFfeRence with A seT oF ThreshoLd VaLUes to dEcidE uPon the TransmITted SYMbols. This techniqUe resULTs in a LOss Of 3dB iN tHe signaL To noIse ratio reLative
 is further known, a compu ter may ef fecti vel y e xt enditsCPU by using “ c loud  computing” to perform  oneor more co mputi ng func t io n s  (e .g .,  ase r vi ce, a n a pplicat ion, an al gor it hm, an arith m et ic logic f unc tion, etc.)onbehalf  o f t h e com put er. F urther ,  for l arge serv ic e s, app l ication s ,  a nd/o r functions, clou d  c o mputing may be  perfo rm e db y  mu lti ple cloudco mputi n g resou r ce s i n a distributed m anner to im p rov e there spo n se tim e for  c o mpl etion of th e se rvice, ap plicat i on, and / or func tion.For  ex ampl e ,Ha doo pi s a n  o pen sou rce soft wa re  fram ewor k t h at s upp orts  dist ributed appli cat ions ena bling  appl icat io n exe cution  by t ho usands of compu ters .
In addi tio ntocl oud c o mputin g,a c omputer  may us e  “c lo u d st orage” as part ofit s me mory sys tem. A s  i sk nown, cl ou d s tora g e  enab lesa  u ser, via  its c o mp ut er, tost ore fi le s,app licat i ons,  etc.on an In terne t  storage syste m . The Interne t  s t o ra g e sy ste m may inclu de a RAID  (re d un dan t  arra y ofin d ep e ndent disks) system  a nd/ora dis persed storag e system t h a t  uses an  err o rc orrection sche me to  encode da t a for st orage .
Some I nternet s t o rage sys tem s c anrep l i ca te data in di f f eren tgeograp hic  locati ons  to  tr y a nd  preventdata los sin  t he  ev ent o f  a catas tr oph ic  lo ss to the pr imary  sto ra ge loc ation.H ow e v er,si mp le r epl ic ation  ofd ata  to mul tiple loc ati o ns a ct ua lly inc reases the li ke lihood tha tanunauth o r ized per son can obtain access t o  that d ata , bec ause  now ther e a re two  se p aratecopies  of t he  da t a , eac h of  wh ic h needs to b e k ept s ec ure,  becaus e access to either cop y provides ac ces s to a ll  of th e  da ta .  Fu r t hermore, in con ventionalsy s te ms that st o repo rtionsof data  at d i fferent  location s, storag eallo c a tio n can be “ lopsided ,” such t h at th e  f ailur e o f a si ng lestora ge loc a tio n can  resul tin the  full  d ata setbeing unrecoverable. In  the t ransm iss ion of mu lti p lephase-shi ft k eyed (MPSK ) s ign als,pha s e jit terc au sed by th e tr a nsmission me diu m is  a common p r o b lem . Tored u ce the  per formance loss cau s ed by phase ji tter , dif fer e ntia lMPSK is oftenuse d, w herein t he  difference  between  t h e pha ses of  two s uccessi v e  s y mbols,  rat her  than the  ab so l ute pha se so f thesymb ol s them selves ,  rep r e sents the inform ation . Thisd iff erent ia l techn i quealso avoid s the neces sity o f es tabli shing a nd  maint ain in g a phaser eference,  a ta sk whic his o fte n diff icul t in MP SK s ys tem s due to" n od e  s li p s"in t he re fe renc e.
In rec e iving an d d e codingMP SKs i gnals, tw o approaches  ar e com m o nly employ e d. T h es imple st isto tak e the d i ffe re nce bet wee n successiv e receive d  ph as es a nd thenco mpar ethi sphase differenc e with a  set oft h reshol d v a lues to dec id e upon the t ransm it t ed symb o l s.This te c hni que  re sult s i n al oss of 3dB in the signal  tonoise rat io re lativ e
 is_further known,_a computer may effectively_extend its_CPU_by using_“cloud_computing” to perform_one or more_computing functions (e.g., a_service, an application,_an_algorithm, an arithmetic logic function, etc.) on behalf of the computer. Further, for large_services,_applications, and/or_functions,_cloud_computing may be performed by_multiple cloud computing resources in_a distributed_manner to improve the response time for completion_of_the service, application,_and/or function. For example, Hadoop is an open source_software framework that supports distributed applications_enabling application execution_by_thousands_of computers.
In addition to_cloud computing, a computer may use_“cloud storage” as part of its_memory system. As is known, cloud storage_enables a user, via its computer,_to store files, applications, etc._on an_Internet storage system. The Internet_storage system may_include a_RAID (redundant array_of independent disks) system and/or a_dispersed storage system_that uses an error correction scheme_to_encode data for_storage.
Some_Internet_storage systems_can replicate data_in_different geographic_locations_to try and prevent data loss_in_the event of a catastrophic loss to_the primary storage location._However,_simple replication of data_to multiple locations actually increases_the likelihood that an unauthorized person_can obtain_access to_that data, because now there are two separate copies of the_data, each of which needs to_be kept secure, because_access to_either_copy provides access_to_all of_the data. Furthermore, in conventional systems that_store portions_of data at different locations, storage_allocation can be “lopsided,”_such_that the failure of a single_storage location can result in the_full data set being unrecoverable._In_the_transmission of multiple phase-shift keyed_(MPSK) signals, phase jitter caused by_the transmission medium_is a common problem. To reduce the_performance_loss caused by phase jitter, differential_MPSK_is often used, wherein the difference_between_the_phases of two successive symbols,_rather than the absolute phases of_the symbols themselves, represents the information. This differential technique_also avoids the_necessity of establishing and maintaining_a_phase_reference, a task which is often difficult in MPSK systems_due to_"node slips" in_the reference.
In receiving and decoding MPSK signals, two approaches are_commonly employed. The simplest is to take_the difference between successive received phases and then compare this phase_difference with a set of threshold values to_decide upon the transmitted symbols. This technique_results in a loss_of_3dB in the signal to noise ratio_relative