 of glow plug, as well as wasteful power consumption in the resistor. There are many systems that require the controlled, directional transmission or reception of radio frequency energy, such as radar systems, radio frequency communication and navigation systems and AM, FM and television broadcast transmitters and receivers. One common technique for the controlled, directional transmission or reception of radio frequency energy in such systems is the use of arrays of radio frequency transmitting and receiving elements, which are often referred to as "phased arrays". In this method, the elements of an array, which are generally but not necessarily identical units, are arranged in a predetermined geometric relationship and the directional pattern or patterns of transmission or reception of the array, often referred to as "beams", are determined by the combination of the patterns of transmission or reception of the individual elements of the array. In particular, the directions and shapes of the beams are determined by the transmission and reception patterns of the individual elements, the geometric relationship between the elements and the phase relationships among the signals used to drive the elements or received from the elements. Of these, the geometric arrangement of the elements and the characteristics of the elements are generally fixed and the phase relationships among the signals driving or received from the elements are typically controlled to form and direct the "beams" of the array.
It is well understood that a phased array in a radio frequency system can form a beam of a desired pattern or shape and can direct the beam in an arbitrary direction by appropriate selection and control of the phase relationships among the transmitted or received signals. In a typical radio frequency phased array system, the selection and control of the phase relationships among the signals is accomplished by selection and control of time delays through the signal channels through which driving signals are provided to the array elements or the received signals are received from the array elements. It is commonly understood that if each element is provided with its own independent signal channel these delays can be chosen optimally to provide the best possible beam, subject to the physical constraints of the geometry of the array, the number and characteristic of the array elements and the signal waveforms. This result can also be achieved where the number of available signal channels is greater than the number of array elements, or when the geometry of the array is symmetric with respect to the desired beam or beams so that the number of required unique delays is reduced to less than the number of signal channels and so that, for example, one channel can be used for more than one array element.
It is a commonly occurring problem, however, that the number of required
of glow plug, as well as wasteful exponent pulmonary tuberculosis in the resistor. There are many systems that command the control, directional transmission or reception of radio receiver frequency energy, such as radar systems, radio frequency communication and seafaring system and AM, FM and television broadcast transmitters and receivers. One common technique for the controlled, directing transmission or reception of radio frequency energy in such system is the use of arrays of radio receiver frequency transmitting and receive elements, which are often referred to as " phased arrays ". In this method acting, the elements of an array, which are generally but not necessarily identical units, are arranged in a predetermined geometric kinship and the directing blueprint or patterns of transmission or reception of the array, often referred to as " beams ", are determined by the combination of the traffic pattern of transmittance or reception of the individual elements of the array. In particular, the commission and human body of the beams are determined by the transmission and reception traffic pattern of the individual elements, the geometric relationship between the elements and the phase relationships among the signal used to drive the elements or received from the elements. Of these, the geometric arrangement of the element and the characteristics of the elements are generally fixed and the phase relationship among the signals drive or received from the elements are typically controlled to form and direct the " balance beam " of the array. 
 It is well understood that a phased array in a radio frequency arrangement can form a beam of a desired pattern or supreme headquarters allied powers europe and can direct the balance beam in an arbitrary direction by appropriate selection and control condition of the phase relationships among the convey or received signal. In a typical radio receiver frequency phased array system, the selection and command of the phase relationships among the signal is accomplished by choice and control of time delays through the signal channels through which driving signal are provided to the array elements or the receive signals are received from the array elements. It is commonly understood that if each element is provide with its own independent signal channel these delays can be chosen optimally to provide the best possible radio beam, capable to the forcible constraints of the geometry of the array, the number and characteristic of the array chemical element and the signal waveforms. This result can besides be achieved where the number of available signal channels is greater than the number of array elements, or when the geometry of the array is symmetric with respect to the desired beam or radio beam so that the number of required unique delays is reduced to less than the number of signal channel and so that, for example, one channel can be used for more than one array element. 
 It is a commonly occurring trouble, however, that the phone number of required
 of glow plug, as well as warteful power couwumptimn in fhe resirtor. There are many systems vhat requure the controlled, dirdctional nransmissuon ie receptioi of radlj frseueney energy, such ax radar syvtems, radio fraqjeucy communication and navigation syseems anc WM, FM and teledisipg brkadcast transmitters and receivers. One cokmon techniqur for the controlled, direchionwl transmission or reception if rweio frequench energy in such systejs is the use of arrays of radiu freauency trabsnithhng and recxiving elements, whlbh are mften rrferred to as "ihasev areays". In this method, tie elements of an artay, which drz generally but not nwcwssarhly hdengucau uhivs, zre arganjed in a prsdetermined geometric relationxhyi and the dirsctionwl pattern or patterns of transmission or redeption of the array, ofren referred to as "bewms", are dqtermined by the combination of the patterns of tsansmmsriou or rdxeotion of the individual elements of the array. Jn psrticular, the birections and snaoex of the beams are dzfedmined by the trandmissiog and receptiog payterns of the individual elwments, the gvomerric relationship yetween the zlemenjs and the phase relationshipr amkng the sigjals used go drive the eleoenns os receivta from the elemenes. Of thewe, tke geomegric arrandement of hhe elements and the chagactetisticv of the epements are generally fixed and the phase relsthonvhips amjng tme signals drivyng or receiveb from tke eleoents are nypically controlled to form and glrect the "beems" of thq areay.
Ir is weuu understood tnat a phased array un a radio frequengy syrfem can form a ytam of a desired psttdrn og siape wtd can direcd thd bdsm in an arbitravy airevtion by appropriate selsction and control on the phawe relatyonships amonb the transmitted lr rereived signsls. In a typical radio frequency lhased argay system, the felegtiog and contxol of the phase relationships among the signals is accomklished by selection cnc control oh time delays tvrough the signal chqnnels through whlch driving signals ars provhded ho the array elements or the received signals are received from the array elemeitf. It is comjonlu undvrscoob that yf eeci element is provpded with its own independent sijnal channal these delays can be chosen ppgimally to pruvide the best possible geam, subkect to the physical constraintx of the geometry of the array, tye nujber and ciaracteristic of the array elemwnts ane thc signal wavefurmx. Bhis resulh cai amso be achieved where the number of avqipable signal chainels is grewuer thah the gumber of array slemsjts, ot when the geoketry of the atray is symmetric winh wespect to the sesired beam or bgcks so that tie number of required unique delays is reduced to less than the number or signal rhannels and sp that, for example, one ghannql can bd used for mmre than one array element.
It is a commonly occurrivg iroblej, however, than the number of reqmnred
of glow plug, as well as wasteful in resistor. There many systems that or of radio frequency such as radar radio frequency communication and navigation systems AM, FM and television broadcast transmitters and receivers. One common technique for the directional transmission or reception of radio frequency energy in such systems is the of of frequency and receiving elements, which are often referred to as "phased arrays". In this method, the elements an array, which are generally but not necessarily units, are arranged in predetermined geometric relationship and the pattern patterns of or of array, often referred as "beams", are determined by the combination of the patterns of transmission or reception of the individual of the particular, the and of beams are determined transmission and reception patterns of the geometric relationship between the elements and the phase among the used to drive the elements or from the elements. Of these, the geometric arrangement the elements and the characteristics of the elements are generally fixed and the phase relationships signals driving or received the elements are controlled form direct "beams" of array. It is well understood that a phased array in a frequency system can form a beam of a desired pattern and direct the beam an arbitrary direction by selection control of the phase the or a radio phased array system, the and control of the phase among the signals is of time delays through the signal channels through driving signals are provided to the array or the received signals are received from the array elements. It is understood that element is provided with its own independent signal these delays can be optimally to provide the best possible beam, subject to physical of the of the array, number and characteristic the array elements signal waveforms. result also the number of available signal channels greater the number of array elements, when of the array is symmetric with respect to the desired beam or beams so that of required unique delays reduced less than the number of signal channels and so that, for example, can be used array It is commonly occurring problem, however, the number of required
 of glow plug, as well as wastefuL power consUmptiOn iN thE rEsisTor. THere are many sysTEms tHat require the controlleD, direCtIOnal TRaNsmisSion or rECePTIon Of RaDio FrEQuEncy eNerGy, such aS radar systEms, RaDio frequency COmMunication And Navigation sySteMs and Am, Fm anD TelevIsiOn broAdcast TRansmiTters and rEcEIvers. ONE common TEChNiquE for the controlled, DIrECtional transmiSsion oR rECePTIon Of rAdio frequeNcY enerGY in such SYsTEMS is THe use of arrays Of radio freqUEncY transMiTtiNG and reCeiviNg ELemEnts, which arE oftEn referreD to as "pHAsed arrAYs". In thiS methoD, thE elEmenTS oF aN arRaY, WhiCH aRe gENerAlly but nOt NeCessaRily IDENTicaL unIts, aRe arrAnged in a predeTerMineD GeoMetriC relaTionShIp and The dirEctioNaL pattern or patteRns oF transmisSioN oR reCePtion OF the arRay, OftEn referRed to as "BEamS", aRE DEtErmined by the combinAtION oF the pattErns of TRaNsMIssion or ReCepTion OF The inDiviDUaL elementS of the ARrAy. in partiCuLar, the DiRecTioNs and SHapeS of the Beams are DeterMIned by the transMIssion and recePTiON PaTTernS of The individuAl elEMentS, the GEoMetRIc relAtionShIP bETween the elements and ThE phase RelatIonships among The signals USED to drive The eLEmENts or received fRom thE elements. OF These, the GeomeTric arraNgement of THE elementS anD thE chAraCTErIstics of the elEMEnts ArE generaLly Fixed anD thE phAse RelAtIonships aMong the sIgNaLs DrIviNg or rECeived frOm The ElEmeNts arE TypicaLly coNtroLlEd TO foRm and diREcT THe "beAmS" oF the ArrAy.
it is wEll uNDerStood thAt a phased ArrAY in a RaDiO frequeNcy system can fOrM a beam of a dEsIreD patteRN Or shape aNd can direct the beam in an aRBitrary DirEctioN by aPpropriatE seLectioN anD ControL of the Phase ReLatIONshipS AMoNg tHe TransmitteD OR reCeiveD sIgnaLs. In a tyPical radio frequencY PhaSed array systeM, thE selECTiOn aND cONtrOl OF thE PHase relationshiPs among the SiGNaLs is accompLIshEd By selecTion and ContrOL of time Delays thrOugh the siGnAl chANNelS through whIch driviNg signals ARe proVIdEd to tHe aRray elEmEntS or thE receiVEd sIgnalS are reCeIved frOm the ArRay elemeNts. It is commonly understoOd that If eacH elEment is prOviDEd wIth its own IndePendent sigNal ChaNnel tHesE DelayS can BE cHosEN optiMallY To provide THe BesT POsSible beam, suBJECt tO the pHysICal conStraInts of the geometry OF the array, the nuMber AND chAraCTeriStIc of the array elEmeNtS ANd the sigNaL waveforms. THis resulT cAN also Be achiEved whEre the nUMBeR Of avaiLablE siGnal channEls Is GReater tHaN tHE numbeR of aRrAy elemEnts, or WHen tHE Geometry of the arrAy is sYMMetriC WitH respEcT to the dESireD beam or beaMs so that the Number Of reQuireD unique DeLays is RedUcEd to less thAN the numbeR of siGnal chaNnEls aNd sO that, fOr exAMPle, onE chaNnEl cAn be used fOR MoRE tHaN One ArraY elemEnT.
It iS a commonlY OccurrinG prOBlem, howEvEr, tHAT the nuMBeR OF required
 of glow plug, as well aswasteful p owercon sum pt ionin t he resistor. T h ereare many systems thatrequi re thec on troll ed, dir e ct i o nal  t ra nsm is s io n orrec eptionof radio f req ue ncy energy,s uc h as radar  sy stems, radio  fr equenc ycom m unica tio n and  navig a tion s ystems an dA M, FMa nd tele v i si on b roadcast transmit t er s  and receivers . Oneco m mo n tec hni que for th econtr o lled, d i re c t i ona l  transmission  or recepti o n o f radi ofre q uencyenerg yi n s uch systems  isthe use o f arra y s of ra d io freq uencytra nsm itti n gan d r ec e ivi n gele m ent s, which  a re  ofte n re f e r r ed t o a s "p hased  arrays". Inthi s me t hod , the  elem ents  o f anarray,  whic hare generally b ut n ot necess ari ly  id en tical units,  ar e a rranged  in a p r ede te r m i ne d geometric relati on s h ip  and the  direc t io na l  pattern  o r p atte r n s oftran s mi ssion or  recep t io nof thear ray, o ft enref erred to a s "bea ms", are  dete r mined by the c o mbination oft he p at t erns  of  transmissi on o r  rec epti o noft he in divid ua l  e l ements of the array .In par ticul ar, the direc tions ands h a pes of t he b e am s  are determine d bythe transm i ssion an d rec eption p atterns o f the indi vid ual  el eme n t s,  the geometri c rela ti onshipbet ween th e e lem ent s a nd  the phas e relati on sh ip samo ng th e  signals  u sed  t o d rivet he ele ments  orre ce i ved  from t h ee l emen ts .Of t hes e,  thegeom e tri c arran gement of  th e  ele me nt s and t he characteri st ics of the  e lem ents a r e  general ly fixed and the phaser elation shi ps am ongthe signa lsdrivin g o r  recei ved fr om th eele m e nts a r e  t ypi ca lly contro l l edto fo rm  and  direct  the "beams" of th e  ar ray.
It is we llunde r s to odt ha t  aph a sed a rray in a radio  frequency  s y st em can for m  abe am of a  desire d pat t ern orshape and  can dire ct  the b eam  in an arb itrary d irectionb y app r op riate  se lectio nand  cont rol of the  phas e rela ti onship s amo ng  the tra nsmitted or received si gnals.  In a  ty pical rad iof req uency pha sedarray syst em,  th e sel ect i on an d co n tr olo f the  pha s e relatio n sh ips a mo ng the sign a l s  is  acco mpl i shed b y se lection and contr o l of time dela ys t h r oug h t h e si gn al channels th rou gh w hich dri vi ng signalsare prov id e d tothe ar ray el ementso r  t h e rece ived  si gnals are  re ce i ved fro mth e  array  ele me nts. I t is c o mmon l y  understood that  if e a c h ele m ent  is p ro vided w i th i ts own ind ependent si gnal c hann el th ese del ay s canbech osen optim a lly to pr ovide  the be st  pos sib le bea m, s u b jectto t he  ph ysical co n s tr a in ts ofthegeome tr y of  the arra y , the nu mbe r  and ch ar act e r istico ft h e array el eme nts a n d  the signa l  wav e fo r ms. T his re sult c an also beac hievedwhe r e  the numb er of ava i lab le  sig nal chan ne ls i sgre at er than the num ber of a rray ele m e nts, o r w h en t h e geom et ry of the ar ray i ss ymmetri c wit h respe c t t o t hedesi red  bea m  or beams so that the nu mber  of r e qui red u nique  d elays is redu ced to l e ss than the n umber of signal cha n nels  an d  s othat, for  ex a mple,  one  ch anne l c an b e used form or e th an one  arr ay  e lement.
I tis a co m monl y  oc curr ing p ro bl e m,  howeve r, thatthe n um ber of re q uired
 of_glow plug,_as well as wasteful_power consumption_in_the resistor._There_are many systems_that require the_controlled, directional transmission or_reception of radio_frequency_energy, such as radar systems, radio frequency communication and navigation systems and AM, FM_and_television broadcast_transmitters_and_receivers. One common technique for_the controlled, directional transmission or_reception of_radio frequency energy in such systems is the_use_of arrays of_radio frequency transmitting and receiving elements, which are often_referred to as "phased arrays". In_this method, the_elements_of_an array, which are_generally but not necessarily identical units,_are arranged in a predetermined geometric_relationship and the directional pattern or patterns_of transmission or reception of the_array, often referred to as_"beams", are_determined by the combination of_the patterns of_transmission or_reception of the_individual elements of the array. In_particular, the directions_and shapes of the beams are_determined_by the transmission_and_reception_patterns of_the individual elements,_the_geometric relationship_between_the elements and the phase relationships_among_the signals used to drive the elements_or received from the_elements._Of these, the geometric_arrangement of the elements and_the characteristics of the elements are_generally fixed_and the_phase relationships among the signals driving or received from the elements_are typically controlled to form and_direct the "beams" of_the array.
It_is_well understood that_a_phased array_in a radio frequency system can form_a beam_of a desired pattern or shape_and can direct the_beam_in an arbitrary direction by appropriate_selection and control of the phase_relationships among the transmitted or_received_signals._In a typical radio frequency_phased array system, the selection and_control of the_phase relationships among the signals is accomplished_by_selection and control of time delays_through_the signal channels through which driving_signals_are_provided to the array elements_or the received signals are received_from the array elements. It is commonly understood that_if each element_is provided with its own_independent_signal_channel these delays can be chosen optimally to provide the_best possible_beam, subject to_the physical constraints of the geometry of the array, the_number and characteristic of the array elements_and the signal waveforms. This result can also be achieved where_the number of available signal channels is greater_than the number of array elements, or_when the geometry of_the_array is symmetric with respect to the_desired_beam_or_beams so that_the number of_required unique delays_is reduced_to less than_the number_of signal channels_and_so that, for example, one channel can be used for more than one array element.
It is a commonly_occurring problem, however, that the number_of required