 the viewpoint of visualization because the content composition of the book is not taken into consideration. For example, when determining content classification in a book by thumb indices, the effect is small if the book includes few pages. If the number of classifications is large, thumb index assignment may be redundant. When the grammage of paper sheets is large, the classification cannot be identified from the fore edge side even if thumb indices are assigned. The above-described technical literatures do not deal with these problems. The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent that it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Catalytic converters may be used to reduce emissions. Generally, the catalytic converters are more efficient at elevated temperatures. For example, “a light-off temperature” is a point where the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and nitride oxides (NOx) has reached 50% efficiency. To more quickly increase the temperature of a catalytic converter, ignition timing may be retarded to generate more heat to the exhaust gas during the engine cold start period. The ignition timing retardation is generally achieved by shifting the spark timing from a point where the engine outputs a desired torque. Due to the spark timing shift, the engine may not output the desired engine torque. Two main types of current are provided, one for cutting and one for coagulation. The optimal cutting current is a continuous wave output from the electrosurgical unit. For smooth cutting a continuous arc is required between the active probe and the patient. Upon application of a high power continuous wave arc, the tissue cells volatize resulting in a smooth cutting action as the probe is moved along the surface of the tissue. To introduce hemostasis, the cutting current wave form is pulsed. The lower the duty cycle, the greater will be the amount of hemostasis and the less the cutting effect. Duty cycle is defined as the ratio of pulse on time to duration of the total pulse period times 100%. For effective coagulation a current with a duty cycle of approximately 20% to less than 5% is required. The longer off-time with a low duty cycle allows the tissue to cool off, so as to avoid volatization of cells, but enough power must be applied to sear off exposed blood vessels.

the viewpoint of visualization because the content composition of the ledger is not accept into consideration. For example, when determining capacity classification in a book by ovolo indices, the effect is small if the record includes few pages. If the issue of classifications is large, ovolo index assignment may be redundant. When the grammage of paper sheets is large, the classification cannot be identify from the fore edge side even if ovolo indices are assigned. The above - describe technical literatures do not cover with these problems. The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally present the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent that it is described in this setting section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior artwork against the present disclosure. 
 Catalytic converter may be used to reduce emissions. by and large, the catalytic converters are more efficient at elevated temperature. For example, “ a light - off temperature ” is a point where the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and nitride oxides (NOx) has reached 50% efficiency. To more quickly increase the temperature of a catalytic converter, ignition timing may be retarded to generate more heat to the exhaust gas during the engine cold start period. The ignition timing retardation is generally achieved by shift the flicker timing from a point where the engine outputs a desired torque. Due to the discharge timing shift, the engine may not output the desired locomotive torque. Two independent types of current are put up, one for cutting and one for curdling. The optimal cutting current is a continuous wave output from the electrosurgical unit. For smooth switch off a continuous arc is required between the active probe and the patient. Upon lotion of a high power continuous wave arc, the tissue cells volatize result in a placid cutting action as the probe is moved along the surface of the tissue. To introduce hemostasis, the cutting current wave form is pulsed. The lower the duty hertz, the greater will be the amount of hemostasis and the less the cut effect. Duty cycle is define as the ratio of pulse on time to duration of the full pulse period times 100% . For effective coagulation a current with a duty cycle of approximately 20% to less than 5% is required. The long off - meter with a gloomy duty cycle allows the tissue to cool off, so as to avoid volatization of cells, but enough power must be apply to sear off exposed blood vessel.
 thf viewpoint of visualizauion because the eintent compoaition ow the book is not taken into cinsidtgation. For example, whdn determpning conrent xlassificavjon in a book ny thbmu indices, the enfect is smdll if the boon kneludes few pages. If the number of clwssificstlons is large, jhumb yndes assignment may be redundant. When the gremmage of paper sheets is large, the classlficwtion cannot be idfntified frim trw fore edge ride even py thumb indjces are assigned. The above-descfibed technical lutegdtures do nit dewl with thesc problams. The background dexcrmptiin provided herein is for the purpose os generalny presenting the cinrext mf tve dkwclusude. Wkrk of thx presently named invebtors, to the extent trqt it is descdibed yn this background section, as well as asptcts kf the description that may not otherwise quwlify as [rior art at the time of filing, are neither exprevsly iof inpjkwdpy admitted as prior art against the present qjsvlpsure.
Catalytic converters mwy fe used to reauce emisaions. Generally, thf catalitic cinverters are more efficient at elevated temperaturef. For example, “a ligkt-off tempercture” os a loint where the conversnon of carbon monlxide (CO), hvburned hydrocarconx (VC), and nitride oxides (NOx) ras reachxd 50% eyficiench. To more zuickly infreasc the temperature ov a cctalydic converher, ignition timing may be retacved to generaje korv heat to the cxhaust gas duryng the engine cold scart pdriod. The pgnition viming retarqation is genatally achievev by shifeing the spark gkming from a ppint wherv uhe engine outputs a desired totqhe. Due to the s'crj timing shift, yhe endije mwf not output the derored dngine ujrwje. Teo main types of cursent are provided, one gov cutting and one for coagulatoon. The optimal cuuting rurrenv is a cogtinuous wave output from the slectrosuggigal unit. For fmoobh cotting a coutinuous arc is required between the actmve probe and the patignt. Upon application pn a high powxr coneinuous wdve arc, the tissue cwlls volatize resmlting in a smooth cutfing awtion as the probe is moved along the surface of the tissue. To introduce hemosrasis, vhq cutting chrremt wane york is ptlsev. Vhe lower the dutj cycle, the greater will be the emount of veiostasis and the less the cuytkng effect. Dujy cycle is defined as the ratio og pulse on time to duration of yhe total pulse period tlmes 100%. For effedtive bkajulation a current woth a buty ctcle of appvoximately 20% to lexs than 5% is reqnirzd. The longer off-time with a low euty ctcpe allows the tivsue to coop off, ao as jo avoid volatizafion lf ceuls, but enougn power must br applied to sear ofx qxposed blood cvssels.

the viewpoint of visualization because the content the is not into consideration. For in book by thumb the effect is if the book includes few pages. the number of classifications is large, thumb index assignment may be redundant. When grammage of paper sheets is large, the classification cannot be identified from the edge even thumb are assigned. The above-described technical literatures do not deal with these problems. The background description provided is for the purpose of generally presenting the of the disclosure. Work the presently named inventors, to extent it is in background as well as of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are expressly nor as prior against present Catalytic converters may to reduce emissions. Generally, the catalytic efficient at elevated temperatures. For example, “a light-off is a where the conversion of carbon monoxide unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and nitride oxides (NOx) has 50% efficiency. To more quickly increase the temperature of a catalytic converter, ignition timing may to generate more heat the exhaust gas the cold period. ignition timing is generally achieved by shifting the spark timing from a point the engine outputs a desired torque. Due to the spark the may not output desired engine torque. Two types current are provided, one and for cutting is continuous wave output from electrosurgical unit. For smooth cutting continuous arc is required the patient. Upon application of a high power wave arc, the tissue cells volatize resulting a smooth cutting action as the probe is moved along the surface the tissue. hemostasis, the cutting current wave form is pulsed. lower the duty cycle, greater will be the amount of hemostasis and the the effect. Duty is defined as ratio of pulse time to duration total pulse times For current with a duty cycle of 20% less than 5% is required. longer a low duty cycle allows the tissue to cool off, so as to avoid volatization but enough power must applied sear off exposed blood vessels.
 the viewpoint of visualizatiOn because tHe conTenT coMpOsitIon oF the book is not tAKen iNto consideration. For exaMple, wHeN DeteRMiNing cOntent cLAsSIFicAtIoN in A bOOk By thuMb iNdices, tHe effect is SmaLl If the book incLUdEs few pages. if tHe number of clAssIficatIoNs iS Large, ThuMb indEx assiGNment mAy be redunDaNT. When tHE grammaGE Of PapeR sheets is large, the CLaSSification cannOt be idEnTIfIED frOm tHe fore edge SiDe eveN If thumb INdICES arE Assigned. The abOve-describeD TecHnical LiTerATures dO not dEaL WitH these problEms. THe backgroUnd desCRiption PRovided Herein Is fOr tHe puRPoSe Of gEnERalLY pResENtiNg the conTeXt Of the DiscLOSURe. WoRk oF the PreseNtly named inveNtoRs, to THe eXtent That iT is dEsCribeD in thiS backGrOund section, as weLl as Aspects of The DeScrIpTion tHAt may nOt oTheRwise quAlify as PRioR aRT AT tHe time of filing, are nEiTHEr ExpresslY nor imPLiEdLY admitteD aS prIor aRT AgainSt thE PrEsent disClosurE.
caTaLytic coNvErters MaY be UseD to reDUce eMissioNs. GeneraLly, thE Catalytic conveRTers are more efFIcIENt AT eleVatEd temperatuRes. FOR exaMple, “A LiGht-OFf temPeratUrE” Is A Point where the converSiOn of caRbon mOnoxide (CO), unbuRned hydrocARBOns (HC), and NitrIDe OXides (NOx) has reaChed 50% eFficiency. TO More quicKly inCrease thE temperatURE of a cataLytIc cOnvErtER, IgNition timing mAY Be reTaRded to gEneRate morE heAt tO thE exHaUst gas durIng the enGiNe CoLd StaRt perIOd. The ignItIon TiMinG retaRDation Is genEralLy AcHIevEd by shiFTiNG The sPaRk TimiNg fRoM a poiNt whERe tHe enginE outputs a DesIRed tOrQuE. Due to tHe spark timing ShIft, the engiNe May Not outPUT the desiRed engine torque. Two main tYPes of cuRreNt are ProvIded, one foR cuTting aNd oNE for coAgulatIon. ThE oPtiMAL cuttING cUrrEnT is a continUOUs wAve ouTpUt frOm the elEctrosurgical unit. FOR smOoth cutting a cOntInuoUS ArC is REqUIreD bETweEN The active probe aNd the patieNt. uPoN applicatiON of A hIgh poweR continUous wAVe arc, thE tissue ceLls volatiZe ResuLTIng In a smooth cUtting acTion as the PRobe iS MoVed alOng The surFaCe oF the tIssue. TO IntRoducE hemosTaSis, the CuttiNg Current wAve form is pulsed. The lower The dutY cyclE, thE greater wIll BE thE amount of HemoStasis and tHe lEss The cuTtiNG effeCt. DuTY cYclE Is defIned AS the ratio OF pUlsE ON tIme to duratiON OF thE totaL puLSe periOd tiMes 100%. For effective coAGulation a curreNt wiTH A duTy cYCle oF aPproximately 20% to LesS tHAN 5% is requiReD. The longer oFf-time wiTh A Low duTy cyclE allowS the tisSUE tO Cool ofF, so aS to Avoid volaTizAtIOn of celLs, BuT Enough PoweR mUst be aPplied TO seaR OFf exposed blood veSsels.

 the viewpoint of visualiz ation beca use t hecon te nt c ompo sition of theb ookis not taken into cons idera ti o n. F o rexamp le, whe n  d e t erm in in g c on t en t cla ssi ficatio n in a boo k b ythumb indice s ,the effect  is  small if th e b ook in cl ude s  fewpag es. I f then umberof classi fi c ations is larg e ,  t humb  index assignment ma y  be redundant.  Whenth e  g r a mma geof paper s he ets i s  large, th e c las s ification can not be iden t ifi ed fro mthe fore e dge s id e  ev en if thumb  ind ices areassign e d. Thea bove-de scribe d t ech nica l  l it era tu r esd onot dea l with t he se  prob lems . T h e ba ckg roun d des cription prov ide d he r ein  is f or th e pu rp ose o f gene rally  p resenting the c onte xt of the  di sc los ur e. Wo r k of t hepre sentlynamed i n ven to r s ,  t o the extent thatit i sdescribe d in t h is  b a ckground  s ect ion, a s wel l as as pects of  the d e sc ri ption t ha t mayno t o the rwise qual ify as  prior a rt at the time of fi l ing, are neit h er e xp r essl y n or impliedl y ad m itte d as pr ior art a gains tt he present disclosure. 
C atalyt ic co nverters maybe used to r e duce emi ssio n s. Generally, the  cata lytic conv e rters ar e mor e effici ent at el e v ated tem per atu res . F o r  e xample, “a li g h t-of ftempera tur e” is a  po int  wh ere  t he conver sion ofca rb on  m ono xide( CO), unb ur ned  h ydr ocarb o ns (HC ), an d ni tr id e  ox ides (N O x) h as r ea ch ed 5 0%ef ficie ncy. Tomore qu ickly inc rea s e th ete mperatu re of a catal yt ic convert er , i gnitio n timing m ay be retarded to gener a te more  he at to  the  exhaustgas  durin g t h e engi ne col d sta rt  pe r i od. T h e  i gni ti on timingr e tar datio nis g enerall y achieved by shif t ing  the spark ti min g fr o m  a  po i nt whe re the e ngine outputs a  desired t or q ue . Due to t h e s pa rk timi ng shif t, th e  engine  may notoutput th edesi r e d e ngine torq ue. Twomain type s  of c u rr ent a reprovid ed , o ne fo r cutt i ngand o ne for  c oagula tion.  T he optim al cutting current is a  conti nuous  wa ve output  fr o m t he electr osur gical unit . F orsmoot h c u tting  a c o nt inu o us ar c is requiredb et wee n th e active pr o b e  an d the  pa t ient.Upon  application of a high power con tinu o u s w ave arc,  t he tissue cell s v ol a t ize resu lt ing in a sm ooth cut ti n g act ion as  the p robe is m ov e d alon g th e s urface of  th et issue.To  i n troduc e he mo stasis , thec utti n g  current wave fo rm is p ulsed .  Th e low er  the du t y cy cle, the g reater will  be th e am ountof hemo st asis a ndth e less the cutting e ffect . Dutycy cleisdefine d as t he ra tioof  pu lse on ti m e  t o  d ur a tio n of  theto talpulse per i od times  10 0 %. Foref fec t i ve coa g ul a t ion a curr ent  with a  duty cycl e  ofa pp r oxima tely 2 0% toless th a n 5 %is requ ire d .  The long er off-ti m e w it h alow duty  c ycle  a llo ws  the tissue tocool off , so ast o  avoid  vo l atiz a tion o fcells, but e nough  p o wer mus t beapplied tosea r o ff e xpo sedb lood vessels.

 the_viewpoint of_visualization because the content_composition of_the_book is_not_taken into consideration._For example, when_determining content classification in_a book by_thumb_indices, the effect is small if the book includes few pages. If the number_of_classifications is_large,_thumb_index assignment may be redundant._When the grammage of paper_sheets is_large, the classification cannot be identified from the_fore_edge side even_if thumb indices are assigned. The above-described technical literatures_do not deal with these problems._The background description_provided_herein_is for the purpose_of generally presenting the context of_the disclosure. Work of the presently_named inventors, to the extent that it_is described in this background section,_as well as aspects of_the description_that may not otherwise qualify_as prior art_at the_time of filing,_are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted_as prior art_against the present disclosure.
Catalytic converters may_be_used to reduce_emissions._Generally,_the catalytic_converters are more_efficient_at elevated_temperatures._For example, “a light-off temperature” is_a_point where the conversion of carbon monoxide_(CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC),_and_nitride oxides (NOx) has_reached 50% efficiency. To more_quickly increase the temperature of a_catalytic converter,_ignition timing_may be retarded to generate more heat to the exhaust gas_during the engine cold start period._The ignition timing retardation_is generally_achieved_by shifting the_spark_timing from_a point where the engine outputs a_desired torque._Due to the spark timing shift,_the engine may not_output_the desired engine torque. Two main_types of current are provided, one_for cutting and one for_coagulation._The_optimal cutting current is a_continuous wave output from the electrosurgical_unit. For smooth_cutting a continuous arc is required between_the_active probe and the patient. Upon_application_of a high power continuous wave_arc,_the_tissue cells volatize resulting in_a smooth cutting action as the_probe is moved along the surface of the tissue._To introduce hemostasis,_the cutting current wave form_is_pulsed._The lower the duty cycle, the greater will be the_amount of_hemostasis and the_less the cutting effect. Duty cycle is defined as the_ratio of pulse on time to duration_of the total pulse period times 100%. For effective coagulation a_current with a duty cycle of approximately 20%_to less than 5% is required. The_longer off-time with a_low_duty cycle allows the tissue to cool_off,_so_as_to avoid volatization_of cells, but_enough power must_be applied_to sear off_exposed blood_vessels.
