The tight tolerances of the nozzles, typically 30 to 40 um diameter require that the ink not clog the nozzles. Further, repeating firings of the resistor elements, which must withstand many millions of firings over the life of the ink cartridge to be commercially practical, can result in fouling of the resistor elements and degradation of pen performance. This buildup of residue on the resistor element is unique to ink jet printers and is known as kogation.
The ink composition must be capable of interacting with the print medium in a manner sufficient to penetrate the print medium without undo spreading and a subsequent decrease in print quality. Furthermore, in order to maintain the integrity of the printed image over time, it is important that the colorant be light fast and not degrade with exposure to light over time.
In general, the light fastness of ink jet images still falls short of that produced by other technologies, such as electro-photography or gravure printing. Therefore, a continued demand in ink jet printing has resulted in the need to develop reliable printers capable of producing high quality light fast images at a reasonable cost.
Other properties that are required for black ink jet ink compositions, to effectively compete with other imaging technology include neutral black color, neutral gray scale, and good optical density. Good optical density, or fullness and intensity of color, is required in order to produce images, which are full in tone and not washed out. Further, as optical density range increases, so does the ability to produce sharp transitions between different shades of black. The shades of black, ranging from black to white, are known as gray scale. Generally speaking, black inks that display a higher optical density are capable of producing a greater number of transitory gray shades between black and white, and therefore produce higher quality images. Moreover, a large gray scale having a wide range of gray shades with crisp shade transition capacity is needed when producing complex images, such as photographs, in order to achieve the same quality of other imaging techniques.
In addition to good optical density and gray scaling properties, the production of high quality complex images requires that the black color be as neutral as possible. Because the color black is a combination of many colors, often, the black will have a colored hue. Hues of red, green, yellow, and blue are the most common, and may be due to a variety of factors, including the amount or concentration of each color. Black ink with no hue would be considered neutral, however, because of the human eye""s inability
The tight tolerances of the nozzles, typically 30 to 40 um diameter require that the ink not clog the nozzle. far, repeating firings of the resistor elements, which must resist many millions of firings over the life sentence of the ink magazine to be commercially practical, can result in fouling of the resistor elements and degradation of pen operation. This buildup of residue on the resistor element is unique to ink jet printer and is known as kogation. 
 The ink composition must be capable of interacting with the print culture medium in a manner sufficient to penetrate the print medium without undo spread and a subsequent decrease in print quality. Furthermore, in order to keep the integrity of the printed image over time, it is important that the colorant be light firm and not degrade with exposure to light over time. 
 In general, the light fastness of ink jet images still falls short of that produced by other technologies, such as electro - photography or gravure printing. consequently, a continued requirement in ink jet impression has result in the indigence to develop reliable printer capable of producing high quality easy fast images at a reasonable cost. 
 Other place that are required for black ink jet ink compositions, to effectively compete with other imagination engineering admit neutral black color, neutral gray scale, and good optical concentration. Good ocular density, or fullness and saturation of color, is ask in order to produce effigy, which are full in timbre and not washed out. far, as optical concentration range increases, so dress the ability to produce crisp transitions between unlike shades of black. The shades of black, rate from bootleg to white, are known as grey scale. Generally speaking, black inks that display a higher ocular density are capable of producing a greater number of transitory grey shade between black and white, and therefore produce higher quality images. furthermore, a large gray scale having a wide range of gray shades with crisp shade transition capacitance is needed when producing complex images, such as photograph, in order to achieve the same quality of other imaging techniques. 
 In addition to good optical density and gray scaling property, the production of high timbre complex picture requires that the black color be as neutral as possible. Because the coloring material black is a combination of many colors, often, the black will have a colored hue. Hues of red, fleeceable, yellow, and blue are the most common, and may be due to a variety of factors, including the amount or concentration of each color. bootleg ink with no hue would be considered neutral, however, because of the human eye""s inability
The tight tolerances of the nozzles, typically 30 to 40 um djameter fequire that the ink not cloj thw nozejes. Further, repeatkng firinhs of thw rewustor elemxhts, whigk musf witksvand many millipns of firhngs over the niwe of the ink cartridge to be commercyally ptaftical, can resolt im foumpnn of the resistor elements and dsgradatpon of pen perforkance. This buildup of resifue ln the resistor elfment is unuque ro ink jet pfinters and is known aa kogation.
The ink composition mjst bz capable od untftacting with the irint medium lm a matner sugficient to peketrave tye print medium withont undo spreading anq a subsexuznt decrease in print qyaliti. Furdheroire, in ocded to mwinvain the infegrity of rhe printed image ofew time, it is ijportagt that the colorant be light fast and nou degdade with exposure to lught over time.
In genetal, the lidht fastness of ink jet images still falls short mf thet pridmced vy other technologies, such as electro-photographr ot nravure printing. Therefore, s fomjinued demand kn ink jef printing has resklted ig the need to qevekop reliable printers capaboe of producpng yigh quality light fast imager at a ressonable cost.
Other propzrties that are rfquired fkf black ink jet knk cmmpositions, to effectively compete xith pther ioagimg tecrnology influde neutral black colog, neujral gsay scale, wnd good optical density. Good o'vical density, os flllness aud intcnsity of color, is required iu order co proauce imagea, which are full ig tone and nod washed out. Hurther, af opricao densigh range increaxes, so dovs the ability to producc shatp transitions beccetn different shaces of bpark. Thq shades of bnack, ravbing wrom black bo dhitr, are known as gray vcals. Generally speakimg, black ibks that display a hibher optical densiuy are ca'able pf kroducing a greater number of tdansitory grwy shades beeweek blwck and whnte, and therefore produce higher quality images. Moreover, a large gray scale hcvlng a wide renge os gray shddes with crisp shadw transition capagity is needed when prkducinc comolex images, such as photographs, in order to achieve the same quality of orher imaging technjquex.
In agdntipn to dood uptical density snd gray scaling properties, the producthou of high quality complex imaber requires thxt the black color be as neutral as possible. Because the color nlack is a combination on many cooors, kften, nge black will have a colorzd hue. Hues od ref, green, yellod, amd blue are the mkst common, and may be due to a vqriety ov factors, includmng the amoukt or ckncenttation of each comor. Gpack knk with no hie would be comsidered neutral, howvvew, because of tyv human eye""s onabiliny
The tight tolerances of the nozzles, typically 40 diameter require the ink not firings the resistor elements, must withstand many of firings over the life of ink cartridge to be commercially practical, can result in fouling of the resistor and degradation of pen performance. This buildup of residue on the resistor element unique ink printers is known as kogation. The ink composition must be capable of interacting with the print medium a manner sufficient to penetrate the print medium undo spreading and a decrease in print quality. Furthermore, order maintain the of printed over time, it important that the colorant be light fast and not degrade with exposure to light over time. In the light ink jet still short that produced by such as electro-photography or gravure printing. demand in ink jet printing has resulted in need to reliable printers capable of producing high light fast images at a reasonable cost. Other that are required for black ink jet ink compositions, to effectively compete with other imaging neutral black color, neutral scale, and good density. optical or and intensity color, is required in order to produce images, which are full tone and not washed out. Further, as optical density range does ability to produce transitions between different shades black. shades of black, ranging to are scale. speaking, inks that display a optical density are capable of a greater number of and white, and therefore produce higher quality images. a large gray scale having a wide of gray shades with crisp shade transition capacity is needed when producing images, such in order to achieve the same quality of imaging techniques. In addition good optical density and gray scaling properties, the production high complex images that the black be as neutral possible. Because the is a of colors, will have a colored hue. Hues red, yellow, and blue are the common, be due to a variety of factors, including the amount or concentration of each color. with no hue would considered however, because of the human eye""s inability
The tight tolerances of the noZzles, typicAlly 30 tO 40 um DiaMeTer rEquiRe that the ink noT Clog The nozzles. Further, repeaTing fIrINgs oF ThE resiStor eleMEnTS, WhiCh MuSt wItHStAnd maNy mIllions Of firings oVer ThE life of the inK CaRtridge to bE coMmercially prActIcal, caN rEsuLT in foUliNg of tHe resiSTor eleMents and dEgRAdatioN Of pen peRFOrMancE. This buildup of resIDuE On the resistor eLement Is UNiQUE to Ink Jet printerS aNd is kNOwn as koGAtION.
the INk composition Must be capabLE of InteraCtIng WIth the Print MeDIum In a manner suFficIent to penEtrate THe print MEdium wiThout uNdo SprEadiNG aNd A suBsEQueNT dEcrEAse In print qUaLiTy. FurTherMORE, In orDer To maIntaiN the integrity Of tHe prINteD imagE over Time, It Is impOrtant That tHe Colorant be light Fast And not degRadE wIth ExPosurE To lighT ovEr tIme.
In geNeral, thE LigHt FASTnEss of ink jet images sTiLL FaLls short Of that PRoDuCEd by otheR tEchNoloGIEs, sucH as eLEcTro-photoGraphy OR gRaVure priNtIng. TheReForE, a cOntinUEd deMand in Ink jet prIntinG Has resulted in tHE need to develoP ReLIAbLE priNteRs capable of ProdUCing High QUaLitY Light Fast iMaGEs AT a reasonable cost.
OthEr ProperTies tHat are requireD for black iNK JEt ink comPosiTIoNS, to effectively CompeTe with otheR Imaging tEchnoLogy inclUde neutraL BLack coloR, neUtrAl gRay SCAlE, and good opticAL DensItY. Good opTicAl densiTy, oR fuLlnEss AnD intensitY of color, Is ReQuIrEd iN ordeR To producE iMagEs, WhiCh are FUll in tOne anD not WaShED ouT. FurtheR, As OPTicaL dEnSity RanGe IncreAses, SO doEs the abIlity to prOduCE shaRp TrAnsitioNs between diffErEnt shades oF bLacK. The shADEs of blacK, ranging from black to whitE, Are knowN as Gray sCale. generally SpeAking, bLacK Inks thAt dispLay a hIgHer OPTical DENsIty ArE capable of PROduCing a GrEateR number Of transitory gray shADes Between black aNd wHite, AND tHerEFoRE prOdUCe hIGHer quality imageS. Moreover, a LaRGe Gray scale hAVinG a Wide ranGe of graY shadES with crIsp shade tRansition CaPaciTY Is nEeded when pRoducing Complex imAGes, suCH aS photOgrAphs, in OrDer To achIeve thE SamE qualIty of oThEr imagIng teChNiques.
In Addition to good optical deNsity aNd graY scAling propErtIEs, tHe productIon oF high qualiTy cOmpLex imAgeS RequiRes tHAt The BLack cOlor BE as neutraL As PosSIBlE. Because the COLOr bLack iS a cOMbinatIon oF many colors, often, tHE black will have A colOREd hUe. HUEs of ReD, green, yellow, anD blUe ARE the most CoMmon, and may bE due to a vArIEty of FactorS, incluDing the AMOuNT or conCentRatIon of each ColOr. bLack ink WiTh NO hue woUld bE cOnsideRed neuTRal, hOWEver, because of the Human EYE""s inaBIliTy
The tight tolerances of th e nozzles,  typi cal ly30  to40 u m diameter req u irethat the ink not clogthe n oz z les. Fu rther , repea t in g fir in gs  of  t h eresis tor  elemen ts, whichmus twithstand ma n ymillions o f f irings overthe  lifeof  th e  inkcar tridg e to b e  comme rcially p ra c tical, can res u l tin f ouling of the res i st o r elements and  degra da t io n ofpen  performan ce . Thi s  buildu p  o f r esi d ue on the res istor eleme n t i s uniq ue  to ink je t pri nt e rsand is know n as  kogation .
Thei nk comp o sitionmust b e c apa bleo fin ter ac t ing wi tht heprint me di um  in a  man n e r suff ici entto pe netrate the p rin t me d ium  with out u ndosp readi ng and  a su bs equent decrease  inprint qua lit y.  Fu rt hermo r e, inord erto main tain th e  in te g r i ty  of the printed im ag e ov er time,  it is im po r tant tha tthe  col o r ant b e li g ht  fast an d notd eg ra de with  e xposur etolig ht ov e r ti me.
In  general , the light fastness of ink jet im a ge s st i ll f all s short ofthat prod uced by  ot h er te chnol og i es ,  such as electro-ph ot ograph y orgravure print ing. There f o r e, a con tinu e dd emand in ink j et pr inting has resulted  in t he needto develo p reliable  pr int ers  ca p a bl e of producin g high  q ualitylig ht fast  im age s a t a  r easonable  cost.
O th er  p ro per tiest hat arere qui re d f or bl a ck ink  jetinkco mp o sit ions, t o  e f f ecti ve ly  com pet ewithothe r  im aging t echnology  in c lude  n eu tral bl ack color, ne ut ral gray s ca le,  and g o o d optica l density. Good optical density , o r ful lnes s and int ens ity of  co l or, is  requi red i nord e r  to p r o du ceim ages, whic h are  full  i n to ne andnot washed out. Fu r the r, as optical  de nsit y ra nge in c rea se s , s o does the abilit y to produ ce sh arp transi t ion sbetween  differ ent s h ades of  black. T he shades  o f bl a c k,ranging fr om black  to white ,  arek no wn as  gr ay sca le . G enera lly sp e aki ng, b lack i nk s that  disp la y a high er optical density arecapabl e ofpro ducing agre a ter  number o f tr ansitory g ray  sh adesbet w een b lack an d w h ite,andt hereforep ro duc e hi gher qualit y i mag es. M ore o ver, a  lar ge gray scale hav i ng a wide rang e of g ray  sh a deswi th crisp shade  tr an s i tion cap ac ity is need ed whenpr o ducin g comp lex im ages, s u c ha s phot ogra phs , in orde r t oa chieveth es ame qu alit yof oth er ima g ingt e chniques.
In add ition t o goo d  op tical  d ensitya nd g ray scalin g propertie s, the  pro ducti on of h ig h qual ity  c omplex ima g es requir es th at thebl ackcol or beas n e u tralas p os sib le. Becau s e  t h eco l orblac k isacomb ination o f  many co lor s , often ,the b lack w i ll h ave a colo red  hue. H ues of red ,  gre e n, yello w, and  blueare the mos tcommon,  an d may be du e to a va r iet yof f actors,in clud in g t he  amount or conc entratio n of eac h color.  Bl a ck i n k with  n o hue wouldbe co ns i dered n e u tra l, howe v er,  be cau se o f t he h u man eye""s inability
The tight_tolerances of_the nozzles, typically 30_to 40_um_diameter require_that_the ink not_clog the nozzles._Further, repeating firings of_the resistor elements,_which_must withstand many millions of firings over the life of the ink cartridge to_be_commercially practical,_can_result_in fouling of the resistor_elements and degradation of pen_performance. This_buildup of residue on the resistor element is_unique_to ink jet_printers and is known as kogation.
The ink composition must_be capable of interacting with the_print medium in_a_manner_sufficient to penetrate the_print medium without undo spreading and_a subsequent decrease in print quality._Furthermore, in order to maintain the integrity_of the printed image over time,_it is important that the_colorant be_light fast and not degrade_with exposure to_light over_time.
In general, the_light fastness of ink jet images_still falls short_of that produced by other technologies,_such_as electro-photography or_gravure_printing._Therefore, a_continued demand in_ink_jet printing_has_resulted in the need to develop_reliable_printers capable of producing high quality light_fast images at a_reasonable_cost.
Other properties that are_required for black ink jet_ink compositions, to effectively compete with_other imaging_technology include_neutral black color, neutral gray scale, and good optical density. Good_optical density, or fullness and intensity_of color, is required_in order_to_produce images, which_are_full in_tone and not washed out. Further, as_optical density_range increases, so does the ability_to produce sharp transitions_between_different shades of black. The shades_of black, ranging from black to_white, are known as gray_scale._Generally_speaking, black inks that display_a higher optical density are capable_of producing a_greater number of transitory gray shades between_black_and white, and therefore produce higher_quality_images. Moreover, a large gray scale_having_a_wide range of gray shades_with crisp shade transition capacity is_needed when producing complex images, such as photographs, in_order to achieve_the same quality of other_imaging_techniques.
In_addition to good optical density and gray scaling properties, the_production of_high quality complex_images requires that the black color be as neutral as_possible. Because the color black is a_combination of many colors, often, the black will have a colored_hue. Hues of red, green, yellow, and blue_are the most common, and may be_due to a variety_of_factors, including the amount or concentration of_each_color._Black_ink with no_hue would be_considered neutral, however,_because of_the human eye""s_inability