010ALLOWEDQPSK225100200012ALLOWEDQPSK250200100018MARGINAL16-QAM42520060020NOTALLOWED64-QAM63340016026NOTALLOWED
Thus it can be seen that we have a choice of up to 3 different modulation formats, likely to be either the 25 Gbaud/100 Gbit/s QPSK or 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit/s QPSK formats, as the 25 Gbaud/BPSK is least spectrally efficient and requires the most number of ports/sub-channels. As 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit/s QPSK is viewed as marginal from a longer term operation perspective, then the preferred choice is likely to be 25 Gbaud/100 Gbit/s QPSK. Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines generally contain a variety of additives to reduce or control deposits, wear, corrosion, etc. Similarly, liquid hydrocarbon fuels for internal composition engines, at a minimum, contain additives which control or reduce the formation of deposits. The present invention is concerned with compositions useful as dispersants or deposit inhibitors.
In lubricating oils, dispersants function to control sludge, carbon, and varnish produced primarily by the incomplete oxidation of the fuel, or impurities in the fuel, or impurities in the base oil used in the lubricating oil composition. Dispersants also control viscosity increase due to the presence of soot in diesel engine lubricating oils.
Deposit inhibitors in fuel control or reduce engine deposits also caused by incomplete combustion of the fuel. Such deposits can form on the carburetor parts, throttle bodies, fuel injectors, intake parts, and valves. Those deposits can present significant problems, including poor acceleration and stalling, and increased fuel consumption and exhaust pollutants.
One of the most effective class of lubricating oil dispersants and fuel deposit inhibitors are polyalkylene succinimides. In some cases, the succinimides have also been found to provide fluid-modifying properties, or a so-called viscosity index credit, in lubricating oil compositions. That results in a reduction in the amount of viscosity index improver which would be otherwise have to be used. A drawback of succinimide dispersants is that they have generally been found to reduce the life of fluorocarbon elastomers. In general, for a given succinimide dispersant, a higher nitrogen content gives better dispersancy but poorer fluorocarbon
010ALLOWEDQPSK225100200012ALLOWEDQPSK250200100018MARGINAL16 - QAM42520060020NOTALLOWED64 - QAM63340016026NOTALLOWED 
 Thus it can be seen that we have a choice of up to 3 unlike transition formats, likely to be either the 25 Gbaud/100 Gbit / s QPSK or 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit / s QPSK format, as the 25 Gbaud / BPSK is least spectrally effective and requires the most number of ports / bomber - channels. As 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit / s QPSK is viewed as fringy from a longer term mathematical process perspective, then the preferred option is likely to be 25 Gbaud/100 Gbit / s QPSK. Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines by and large contain a variety of additives to abridge or control deposits, wear, corrosion, etc. Similarly, liquid hydrocarbon fuel for internal writing engines, at a minimum, contain additives which see or reduce the formation of deposits. The present invention is concerned with compositions useful as dispersants or deposit inhibitors. 
 In lubricating oils, dispersants function to control sludge, carbon, and varnish produced primarily by the incomplete oxidation of the fuel, or impurities in the fuel, or impurities in the foundation oil used in the lubricate oil composition. Dispersants also control viscosity addition due to the bearing of soot in diesel engine lubricating petroleum. 
 Deposit inhibitors in fuel control or reduce engine deposits also caused by incomplete combustion of the fuel. Such deposits can form on the carburetor part, accelerator bodies, fuel injectors, intake parts, and valves. Those deposits can portray significant problems, including hapless acceleration and stalling, and increased fuel consumption and exhaust pollutants. 
 One of the about effective class of lubricating oil dispersants and fuel deposit inhibitors are polyalkylene succinimides. In some subject, the succinimides have also been found to provide fluid - modify properties, or a indeed - called viscosity index credit, in lubricating oil composition. That results in a reduction in the amount of viscosity index improver which would be otherwise have to be used. A drawback of succinimide dispersants is that they have by and large been found to reduce the life sentence of fluorocarbon elastomers. In general, for a give succinimide dispersant, a higher nitrogen content gives well dispersancy but poorer fluorocarbon
010ALLLWEDQPSK225100200012ALLOWEDQPSK250200100018MARGIKAL16-QAM42520060020NOTALLOWED64-QAM63340016026NOTANLOWED
Fhus it zan be seen that we have a cioicw of yp to 3 different modulxtion forlats, likwly uo be either the 25 Gbaud/100 Gnnt/s QLDK ox 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit/s QKSK formats, ds the 25 Gbaud/B[SY ns least spectrally efficient and rezuires yhf most number jf ppwts/shb-channels. As 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit/s QPSK is viewed as marginal grom a longer term operatiln pfrspective, then thf preferred choyxe is likely to be 25 Gbaud/100 Gbit/s QPAK. Lubricating oil compositions for nnternal conbystlmn engines jenerajly contain a varietf of adcitives to redmce oc cobtrol deposits, wear, cmrrosion, etc. Similwrly, liquhd hydrocarbon fuelw dor ittertal zimpusiuioi ehgines, at a minimum, contain adeitives which contrpl ir reduce the formaeijn of deposits. The present invention is cohcerned with compositiobs useful as dispersajts or de[osit inhibitors.
In lubricating oils, dispersants fgnctikv ti gontfil sludge, carbon, and varnish produced primarily gy tme incomplete oxldation of the fuek, lr ympurities in the fbsl, or impurities in hhe basg oil ysed in tre libricating oil composition. Eispersants clsi control viscositv increase dbe to jhe prrsence of soot in dieseu enfine lubricwting oila.
Aeposit inhibitofs pn fgel control or reduce engige deposivs alxo causdd bi incom[lete combkstiok of the fuel. Such feposnts cdn form on the carburetor parts, throttle updies, fuel imjactmrs, intahe pavts, and valves. Ehose deposits can przsent rignificann problemv, including poor accelerdjion and stalning, and inceeaswd fuel zonsumption anc exhaust pollutantw.
One of the most enfectkbe class of lubxncqting oil dispetsavts ajd ftal deposit ithibktofx are polyalkyleke rucconimides. In some casas, tge succinimides hafe also begn found eo provide fliid-modifying propegties, or a so-valjed viscosity index credit, in mubricatijg jil composityons. That resultx in a reduction in the amount of viscowity index improvgr which would be othgrwlse have to ue useq. A drawbdck of succinimide duspersants is thau they have generally bsen fognd tl reduce the life of fluorocarbon elastomers. In general, for a given succibimide dispersant, z hibher ticroyen coneent jives better dispvrsancy but poorer fluorocarbon
010ALLOWEDQPSK225100200012ALLOWEDQPSK250200100018MARGINAL16-QAM42520060020NOTALLOWED64-QAM63340016026NOTALLOWED Thus it can be seen that a of up 3 different modulation the Gbaud/100 Gbit/s QPSK 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit/s formats, as the 25 Gbaud/BPSK is spectrally efficient and requires the most number of ports/sub-channels. As 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit/s is viewed as marginal from a longer term operation perspective, then the preferred is to 25 Gbit/s QPSK. Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines generally contain a variety of additives to or control deposits, wear, corrosion, etc. Similarly, liquid fuels for internal composition at a minimum, contain additives control reduce the of The invention is concerned compositions useful as dispersants or deposit inhibitors. In lubricating oils, dispersants function to control sludge, carbon, and produced primarily incomplete oxidation the or in the fuel, in the base oil used in composition. Dispersants also control viscosity increase due to presence of in diesel engine lubricating oils. Deposit in fuel control or reduce engine deposits also by incomplete combustion of the fuel. Such deposits can form on the carburetor parts, throttle injectors, intake parts, and Those deposits can significant including acceleration stalling, and fuel consumption and exhaust pollutants. One of the most effective class lubricating oil dispersants and fuel deposit inhibitors are polyalkylene succinimides. cases, succinimides have also found to provide fluid-modifying or so-called viscosity index credit, oil That reduction the of viscosity index improver would be otherwise have to used. A drawback of have generally been found to reduce the life fluorocarbon elastomers. In general, for a given dispersant, a higher nitrogen content gives better dispersancy but poorer fluorocarbon
010ALLOWEDQPSK225100200012ALLOWEDQPSK250200100018MARgINAL16-QAM42520060020NOtALLOwED64-qAM63340016026nOtALLoWED
thus it can be seeN That We have a choice of up to 3 difFerenT mODulaTIoN formAts, likeLY tO BE eiThEr The 25 gbAUd/100 gbit/s qPSk or 50 GbauD/200 Gbit/s QPSK ForMaTs, as the 25 Gbaud/bpSk is least spEctRally efficieNt aNd requIrEs tHE most NumBer of Ports/sUB-channEls. As 50 GbauD/200 GBIt/s QPSk Is vieweD AS mArgiNal from a longer terM OpERation perspectIve, theN tHE pREFerRed Choice is liKeLy to bE 25 gbaud/100 GbIT/s qpsk. LuBRicating oil coMpositions fOR inTernal CoMbuSTion enGines GeNEraLly contain a VariEty of addiTives tO Reduce oR Control DeposiTs, wEar, CorrOSiOn, Etc. siMIlaRLy, LiqUId hYdrocarbOn FuEls foR intERNAL comPosItioN engiNes, at a minimum, ConTain ADdiTives Which ContRoL or reDuce thE formAtIon of deposits. ThE preSent invenTioN iS coNcErned WIth comPosItiOns usefUl as disPErsAnTS OR dEposit inhibitors.
In LuBRIcAting oilS, dispeRSaNtS Function To ConTrol SLUdge, cArboN, AnD varnish ProducED pRiMarily bY tHe incoMpLetE oxIdatiON of tHe fuel, Or impuriTies iN The fuel, or impurITies in the base OIl USEd IN the LubRicating oil CompOSitiOn. DiSPeRsaNTs alsO contRoL ViSCosity increase due to ThE preseNce of Soot in diesel eNgine lubriCATIng oils.
DEposIT iNHibitors in fuel ContrOl or reduce ENgine depOsits Also causEd by incomPLEte combuStiOn oF thE fuEL. suCh deposits can FORm on ThE carburEtoR parts, tHroTtlE boDieS, fUel injectOrs, intakE pArTs, AnD vaLves. THOse deposItS caN pResEnt siGNificaNt proBlemS, iNcLUdiNg poor aCCeLERatiOn AnD staLliNg, And inCreaSEd fUel consUmption anD exHAust PoLlUtants.
ONe of the most efFeCtive class Of LubRicatiNG Oil dispeRsants and fuel deposit inhIBitors aRe pOlyalKyleNe succiniMidEs. In soMe cASes, the SuccinImideS hAve ALSo beeN FOuNd tO pRovide fluiD-MOdiFying PrOperTies, or a So-called viscosity iNDex Credit, in lubriCatIng oIL CoMpoSItIOns. thAT reSULts in a reduction In the amounT oF ViScosity indEX imPrOver whiCh would Be othERwise haVe to be useD. A drawbacK oF sucCINimIde dispersAnts is thAt they havE GenerALlY been FouNd to reDuCe tHe lifE of fluORocArbon ElastoMeRs. In geNeral, FoR a given sUccinimide dispersant, a hiGher niTrogeN coNtent giveS beTTer DispersanCy buT poorer fluOroCarBon
010ALLOWEDQPSK225100200012 ALLOWEDQPS K2502 001 000 18 MARG INAL 16-QAM42520060 0 20NO TALLOWED64-QAM63340016 026NO TA L LOWE D 
T hus i t can b e  s e e n t ha tweha v ea cho ice  of upto 3 diffe ren tmodulation f o rm ats, likel y t o be eitherthe  25 Gb au d/1 0 0 Gbi t/s  QPSK  or 50 Gbaud/ 200 Gbit/ sQ PSK fo r mats, a s th e 25  Gbaud/BPSK is le a st spectrally eff icient  a n dr e qui res  the mostnu mbero f ports / su b - c han n els. As 50 Gb aud/200 Gbi t /sQPSK i svie w ed asmargi na l  fr om a longer  ter m operati on per s pective ,  then t he pre fer red  cho i ce  i s l ik e lyt obe2 5 G baud/100  G bi t/s Q PSK. L u b rica tin g oi l com positions for  in tern a l c ombus tionengi ne s gen erally  cont ai n a variety ofaddi tives tored uc e o rcontr o l depo sit s,wear, c orrosio n , e tc . S im ilarly, liquid hyd ro c a rb on fuels  for i n te rn a l compos it ion  eng i n es, a t am in imum, co ntaina dd it ives wh ic h cont ro l o r r educe theformat ion of d eposi t s. The present invention isc on c e rn e d wi thcomposition s us e fulas d i sp ers a nts o r dep os i ti nhibitors.
In lubri ca ting o ils,dispersants f unction to c o ntrol sl udge ,  c a rbon, and varn ish p roduced pr i marily b y the  incompl ete oxida t i on of th e f uel , o r i m p ur ities in thef u el,or  impuri tie s in th e b ase  oi l u se d in thelubricat in goi lcom posit i on. Disp er san ts  al so co n trol v iscos ityin cr e ase  due to th e pres en ce  ofsoo tin di esel eng ine lub ricatingoil s .
De po si t inhib itors in fuel  c ontrol orre duc e engi n e  deposit s also caused by incomp l ete com bus tionof t he fuel.Suc h depo sit s  can f orm on  theca rbu r e tor p a r ts , t hr ottle bodi e s , f uel i nj ecto rs, int ake parts, and val v es.  Those deposi tscanp r es ent si g nif ic a ntp r oblems, includi ng poor ac ce l er ation ands tal li ng, and  increa sed f u el cons umption a nd exhaus tpoll u t ant s.
One ofthe most  effectiv e  clas s  o f lub ric atingoi l d isper santsa ndfueldeposi tinhibi torsar e polyal kylene succinimides. In  somecases , t he succin imi d eshave also  bee n found to  pr ovi de fl uid - modif ying pr ope r ties,  ora  so-calle d  v isc o s it y index cre d i t , i n lub ric a ting o il c ompositions. That results in a r educ t i onint he a mo unt of viscosi tyin d e x improv er  which woul d be oth er w ise h ave to  be us ed. A d r a wb a ck ofsucc ini mide disp ers an t s is th at  t h ey hav e ge ne rallybeen f o undt o  reduce the life  of f l u oroca r bon  elas to mers. I n  gen eral, fora given suc cinimi de d isper sant, a  h ighernit ro gen conten t  gives be tterdispers an cy b utpoorer  flu o r ocarb on
010ALLOWEDQPSK225100200012ALLOWEDQPSK250200100018MARGINAL16-QAM42520060020NOTALLOWED64-QAM63340016026NOTALLOWED
Thus it_can be_seen that we have_a choice_of_up to_3_different modulation formats,_likely to be_either the 25 Gbaud/100_Gbit/s QPSK or_50_Gbaud/200 Gbit/s QPSK formats, as the 25 Gbaud/BPSK is least spectrally efficient and requires_the_most number_of_ports/sub-channels._As 50 Gbaud/200 Gbit/s QPSK_is viewed as marginal from_a longer_term operation perspective, then the preferred choice is_likely_to be 25_Gbaud/100 Gbit/s QPSK. Lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion_engines generally contain a variety of_additives to reduce_or_control_deposits, wear, corrosion, etc._Similarly, liquid hydrocarbon fuels for internal_composition engines, at a minimum, contain_additives which control or reduce the formation_of deposits. The present invention is_concerned with compositions useful as_dispersants or_deposit inhibitors.
In lubricating oils, dispersants_function to control_sludge, carbon,_and varnish produced_primarily by the incomplete oxidation of_the fuel, or_impurities in the fuel, or impurities_in_the base oil_used_in_the lubricating_oil composition. Dispersants_also_control viscosity_increase_due to the presence of soot_in_diesel engine lubricating oils.
Deposit inhibitors in fuel_control or reduce engine_deposits_also caused by incomplete_combustion of the fuel. Such_deposits can form on the carburetor_parts, throttle_bodies, fuel_injectors, intake parts, and valves. Those deposits can present significant problems,_including poor acceleration and stalling, and_increased fuel consumption and_exhaust pollutants.
One_of_the most effective_class_of lubricating_oil dispersants and fuel deposit inhibitors are_polyalkylene succinimides._In some cases, the succinimides have_also been found to_provide_fluid-modifying properties, or a so-called viscosity_index credit, in lubricating oil compositions._That results in a reduction_in_the_amount of viscosity index improver_which would be otherwise have to_be used. A_drawback of succinimide dispersants is that they_have_generally been found to reduce the_life_of fluorocarbon elastomers. In general, for_a_given_succinimide dispersant, a higher nitrogen_content gives better dispersancy but poorer_fluorocarbon