, and it may occupy up to several GHz of bandwidth, at a maximum power spectral density of about −41.3 dBm/MHz. This difference in bandwidth and power spectral density naturally leads to modulation schemes that may be quite different from conventional narrowband wireless communications.
The ultra-wide-band environment also has several important differences when compared to the home phoneline environment. For example, the total available bandwidth for ultra-wide-band is much larger the home phoneline environment. This enables much larger ratios of signal bandwidth to symbol rate for ultra-wide-band. Additionally, the expected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is much lower, making higher-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations less useful. As a result, ultra-wide-band systems may typically employ quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or bi-orthogonal phase shift keying (BPSK), although other constellations may be utilized. Furthermore, an ultra-wide-band system is very likely to encounter interference from similar ultra-wide-band systems that may be operating in the same frequency band. Accordingly, while the frequency diverse single carrier modulation disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,311 to Ojard is very useful for home phoneline environments, there is additional benefit to be gained by adapting it specifically to ultra-wide-band applications.
In a wireless personal area network (WPAN) environment, individual devices may form piconets. Within a single piconet, devices may communicate with each other, and communication may be coordinated among these devices so that the devices do not transmit at the same time. Although communication among devices within a piconet may be coordinated, communication among neighboring piconets may not be coordinated. Since neighboring piconets will not be coordinated, there is a strong potential for interference from adjacent uncoordinated piconets. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to minimize the effect of such interference.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings. The use of cryptographic authentication with the IS-IS protocol has been defined and periodically extended. Specifically, the IS-IS protocol was updated to enable the authentication of all IS-IS Protocol Data Units (PDUs) by including authentication information as part of the PDU. This
, and it may occupy up to several GHz of bandwidth, at a maximum exponent apparitional density of about −41.3 dBm / MHz. This remainder in bandwidth and office spectral density naturally precede to intonation schemes that may be quite unlike from ceremonious narrowband wireless communications. 
 The ultra - broad - band environment also experience several important differences when compare to the home phoneline environment. For example, the total available bandwidth for extremist - wide - band is a lot larger the home plate phoneline environment. This enables a lot larger ratios of signal bandwidth to symbol rate for ultra - wide-eyed - band. Additionally, the expected signal - to - noise ratio (SNR) is much humble, making higher - order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations less useful. As a result, ultra - wide - band systems may typically use quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or bi - orthogonal phase fault keying (BPSK), although early constellations may be utilized. Furthermore, an ultra - wide - band system is very likely to encounter noise from similar ultra - wide - band systems that may be operating in the like frequency band. Accordingly, while the frequency diverse single carrier modulation disclosed in U.S. Pat. nobelium. 6,327,311 to Ojard is very utilitarian for base phoneline environments, there is additional benefit to be gain by adapting it specifically to ultra - wide - isthmus applications. 
 In a wireless personal area network (WPAN) environment, individual devices may shape piconets. Within a single piconet, devices may convey with each other, and communication may be organize among these devices so that the device do not transmit at the like time. Although communication among devices within a piconet may be coordinated, communication among neighboring piconets may not be align. Since neighboring piconets will not be coordinated, there be a strong potential for interference from adjacent uncoordinated piconets. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to minimize the effect of such interference. 
 Further limitations and disadvantage of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the artwork, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present invention as set forth in the end of the present application with reference to the drawings. The use of cryptographic authentication with the IS - IS protocol has been defined and periodically extended. Specifically, the IS - IS protocol was updated to enable the authentication of all IS - IS Protocol Data Units (PDUs) by including authentication information as region of the PDU. This
, anf it may occupy up to seyeral GHz of banbqidth, et a masimum poder spectral density of abouv −41.3 dVm/MHz. This difference in bavdwidth ajd power spertral density navhrally leads fl mobuoation schemes that may te quite diffesevt from conventional narrowband wirelqss comkujications.
The ujtra-eyde-bznd environment also has several ijportanu differences when compared to the home phonflinf environment. For fxample, the totwo available candwidth for ultra-widg-band is much larger the home phuneliue environmgur. Tjhs enables nuch jarger ratios of sigtal bancwidth to symbpl cate for ultra-wide-band. Advitionally, the expecjed signal-do-uoise ratio (SNR) is muxh lowet, makhng fughdr-oddxr suadrahurx amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations lqws useful. As z resujt, ultra-wide-band systems may typically emkloy suadrature phase shift jeying (QPSK) or bi-orthlgonal phwse shift keying (BPSK), although other constellatiots mab ce bbllizde. Vurthermore, an ultra-wide-band system is very lyieky to encounter lnterference from xilikwr ultra-wide-bxnd systejs that may be opegating yn thw same frtquenvy band. Accordingly, while tye frequency eiverse single carxier modulatnon dixclosrd in U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,311 to Ojaxd is bery useful for home ohoneline envirovmekts, there is additional benefyt to be jaineb by adaotinb it s[ecificallj to mntra-wide-band applifatious.
In d wireless personal area network (WPAN) envmconment, indivodgal devices may norm piconets. Wythin a single piconec, devizes may cojmunicave with each other, and coklunication mey be coowdinqted among gfese devices sp that thv bevices di not transmit at bhe sxje time. Althougk xommunication akone dqvpcex rhthin a picotet oay ne courdinattb, ciomunocation among neighbmrinf piconets may not bc coordinqted. Sinse neighborinb piconets will nou be cmorvinatec, trere is a strong potential for interferfncc from adjacegt ukcootdinated pieonets. Accordingly, it is highly desirablx to minimize the effecr of such interfereuct.
Further limivationf and disddvantages of convenrional and traditlonal approaches will gecome appagent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with sime as'ests of the lresrnt itvzntnon as fet hocth in the remaincer of the present application xith referanee to the drawings. The use of cfyptographic xuthentication with the JS-IS proyocol has been defined and peripdically extended. Speciflcally, thw IS-IA protocol was updated to ensble tke autyenticarion of all IS-IS Oroyogol Data Ujits (PBUs) by including authentication ibformariln as part of thx PDU. This
, and it may occupy up to of at a power spectral density difference bandwidth and power density naturally leads modulation schemes that may be quite from conventional narrowband wireless communications. The ultra-wide-band environment also has several important differences compared to the home phoneline environment. For example, the total available bandwidth for is larger home environment. This enables much larger ratios of signal bandwidth to symbol rate for ultra-wide-band. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is much lower, making higher-order amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations useful. As a result, ultra-wide-band may employ quadrature shift (QPSK) bi-orthogonal phase shift (BPSK), although other constellations may be utilized. Furthermore, an ultra-wide-band system is very likely to encounter interference similar ultra-wide-band may be in same band. Accordingly, while diverse single carrier modulation disclosed in 6,327,311 to Ojard is very useful for home environments, there additional benefit to be gained by it specifically to ultra-wide-band applications. In a wireless area network (WPAN) environment, individual devices may form piconets. Within a single piconet, devices may each other, and communication be coordinated among devices that devices not transmit the same time. Although communication among devices within a piconet may coordinated, communication among neighboring piconets may not be coordinated. Since will be coordinated, there a strong potential for from uncoordinated piconets. Accordingly, it desirable minimize such Further and disadvantages of conventional traditional approaches will become apparent one of skill in such systems with some aspects of the present as set forth in the remainder of present application with reference to the drawings. The use of cryptographic authentication the IS-IS been defined and periodically extended. Specifically, the IS-IS was updated to enable authentication of all IS-IS Protocol Data Units (PDUs) by authentication as part the PDU. This
, and it may occupy up to several gHz of bandwIdth, aT a mAxiMuM powEr spEctral density oF AbouT −41.3 dBm/MHz. This difference iN bandWiDTh anD PoWer spEctral dENsITY naTuRaLly LeADs To modUlaTion schEmes that maY be QuIte different FRoM conventioNal Narrowband wiRelEss comMuNicATions.
the Ultra-Wide-baND envirOnment alsO hAS severAL importANT dIffeRences when compareD To THe home phonelinE envirOnMEnT. fOr eXamPle, the totaL aVailaBLe bandwIDtH FOR ulTRa-wide-band is mUch larger thE HomE phoneLiNe eNVironmEnt. ThIs ENabLes much largEr raTios of sigNal banDWidth to SYmbol raTe for uLtrA-wiDe-baND. ADdItiOnALly, THe ExpECteD signal-tO-nOiSe ratIo (SNr) IS MUch lOweR, makIng hiGher-order quadRatUre aMPliTude mOdulaTion (qAm) consTellatIons lEsS useful. As a resulT, ultRa-wide-banD syStEms MaY typiCAlly emPloY quAdraturE phase sHIft KeYING (QpSK) or bi-orthogonal pHaSE ShIft keyinG (BPSK), aLThOuGH other coNsTelLatiONS may bE utiLIzEd. FurtheRmore, aN UlTrA-wide-baNd System Is VerY liKely tO EncoUnter iNterfereNce frOM similar ultra-wIDe-band systems THaT MAy BE opeRatIng in the samE freQUencY banD. acCorDIngly, While ThE FrEQuency diverse single CaRrier mOdulaTion disclosed In U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,311 tO oJArd is verY useFUl FOr home phonelinE enviRonments, thERe is addiTionaL benefit To be gaineD BY adaptinG it SpeCifIcaLLY tO ultra-wide-banD APpliCaTions.
In A wiReless pErsOnaL arEa nEtWork (WPAN) eNvironmeNt, InDiViDuaL deviCEs may forM pIcoNeTs. WIthin A Single PiconEt, deViCeS May CommuniCAtE WIth eAcH oTher, And CoMmuniCatiON maY be coorDinated amOng THese DeViCes so thAt the devices dO nOt transmit At The Same tiME. although Communication among devicES within A piConet May bE coordinaTed, CommunIcaTIon amoNg neigHboriNg PicONEts maY NOt Be cOoRdinated. SiNCE neIghboRiNg piConets wIll not be coordinateD, TheRe is a strong poTenTial FOR iNteRFeREncE fROm aDJAcent uncoordinaTed piconetS. ACCoRdingly, it iS HigHlY desiraBle to miNimizE The effeCt of such iNterferenCe.
furtHER liMitations aNd disadvAntages of COnvenTIoNal anD trAditioNaL apProacHes wilL BecOme apParent To One of sKill iN tHe art, thrOugh comparison of such sysTems wiTh somE asPects of thE prESenT inventioN as sEt forth in tHe rEmaInder Of tHE presEnt aPPlIcaTIon wiTh reFErence to tHE dRawINGs. the use of cryPTOGraPhic aUthENticatIon wIth the IS-IS protocoL Has been defined And pERIodIcaLLy exTeNded. SpecificalLy, tHe is-iS protocOl Was updated tO enable tHe AUthenTicatiOn of alL IS-IS PrOTOcOL Data UNits (pDUS) by includIng AuTHenticaTiOn INformaTion As Part of The PDU. tHis
, and it may occupy up toseveral GH z ofban dwi dt h, a t amaximum powers pect ral density of about − 41.3dB m /MHz .  T his d ifferen c ei n  ba nd wi dth  a n dpower  sp ectraldensity na tur al ly leads tom od ulation sc hem es that maybequitedi ffe r ent f rom  conv ention a l narr owband wi re l ess co m municat i o ns .
Th e ultra-wide-band en v ironment alsohas se ve r al i mpo rta nt differe nc es wh e n compa r ed t o  th e  home phoneli ne environm e nt.  For e xa mpl e , thetotal  a v ail able bandwi dthfor ultra -wide- b and ism uch lar ger th e h ome  pho n el in e e nv i ron m en t.T his  enables  m uc h lar gerr a t i os o f s igna l ban dwidth to sym bol  rat e  fo r ult ra-wi de-b an d. Ad dition ally,  t he expected sig nal- to-noiserat io  (S NR ) ism uch lo wer , m aking h igher-o r der  q u a d ra ture amplitude mod ul a t io n (QAM)conste l la ti o ns lessus efu l. A s a res ult, ul tra-wide -bands ys te ms mayty picall yemp loy  quad r atur e phas e shiftkeyin g  (QPSK) or bi- o rthogonal pha s es h if t  key ing  (BPSK), al thou g h ot herc on ste l latio ns ma yb eu tilized. Furthermor e,  an ul tra-w ide-band syst em is very l i kely toenco u nt e r interference  from  similar u l tra-wide -band  systems  that may b e operat ing  in  th e s a m efrequency ban d .  Acc or dingly,  wh ile the  fr equ enc y d iv erse sing le carri er  m od ul ati on di s closed i nU.S .Pat . No. 6,327, 311 t o Oj ar di s v ery use f ul f or h om ephon eli ne  envi ronm e nts , there  is addit ion a l be ne fi t to be  gained by ad ap ting it sp ec ifi callyt o  ultra-w ide-band applications.I n a wir ele ss pe rson al area n etw ork (W PAN )  envir onment , ind iv idu a l  devi c e smay  f orm picone t s . W ithin  a  sin gle pic onet, devices mayc omm unicate witheac h ot h e r,  an d  c o mmu ni c ati o n  may be coordin ated among  t h es e devicess o t ha t the d evicesdo no t  transm it at the  same tim e.  Alt h o ugh  communica tion amo ng device s  with i na pic one t maybe  co ordin ated,c omm unica tion a mo ng nei ghbor in g picone ts may not be coordinat ed. Si nce n eig hboring p ico n ets  will not  becoordinate d,the re is  as trong  pot e nt ial for i nter f erence fr o madj a c en t uncoordin a t e d p icone ts. Accord ingl y, it is highly d e sirable to min imiz e the  ef f ectof  such interfer enc e. F urther l im itations an d disadv an t agesof con ventio nal and t ra d itiona l ap pro aches wil l b ec o me appa re nt to one  ofsk ill in  the a r t, t h r ough comparisonof su c h  syst e mswithso me aspe c ts o f the pres ent inventi on assetforth  in the  r emaind erof  the prese n t applica tionwith re fe renc e t o thedraw i n gs. T he u se  of  cryptogr a p hi c  a ut h ent icat ion w it h th e IS-IS p r otocol h asb een def in eda n d peri o di c a lly extend ed.  Spec i f ically, th e  IS- I Sp rotoc ol was  updat ed to e n abl ethe aut hen t i cation of  all IS-I S  Pr ot ocol  Data Un it s (P DU s)by  including auth enticati on infor m a tion a s p a rt o f  the P DU . This
, and_it may_occupy up to several_GHz of_bandwidth,_at a_maximum_power spectral density_of about −41.3_dBm/MHz. This difference in_bandwidth and power_spectral_density naturally leads to modulation schemes that may be quite different from conventional narrowband_wireless_communications.
The ultra-wide-band_environment_also_has several important differences when_compared to the home phoneline_environment. For_example, the total available bandwidth for ultra-wide-band is_much_larger the home_phoneline environment. This enables much larger ratios of signal_bandwidth to symbol rate for ultra-wide-band._Additionally, the expected_signal-to-noise_ratio_(SNR) is much lower,_making higher-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)_constellations less useful. As a result,_ultra-wide-band systems may typically employ quadrature phase_shift keying (QPSK) or bi-orthogonal phase_shift keying (BPSK), although other_constellations may_be utilized. Furthermore, an ultra-wide-band_system is very_likely to_encounter interference from_similar ultra-wide-band systems that may be_operating in the_same frequency band. Accordingly, while the_frequency_diverse single carrier_modulation_disclosed_in U.S._Pat. No. 6,327,311_to_Ojard is_very_useful for home phoneline environments, there_is_additional benefit to be gained by adapting_it specifically to ultra-wide-band_applications.
In_a wireless personal area_network (WPAN) environment, individual devices_may form piconets. Within a single_piconet, devices_may communicate_with each other, and communication may be coordinated among these devices_so that the devices do not_transmit at the same_time. Although_communication_among devices within_a_piconet may_be coordinated, communication among neighboring piconets may_not be_coordinated. Since neighboring piconets will not_be coordinated, there is_a_strong potential for interference from adjacent_uncoordinated piconets. Accordingly, it is highly_desirable to minimize the effect_of_such_interference.
Further limitations and disadvantages of_conventional and traditional approaches will become_apparent to one_of skill in the art, through comparison_of_such systems with some aspects of_the_present invention as set forth in_the_remainder_of the present application with_reference to the drawings. The use_of cryptographic authentication with the IS-IS protocol has been_defined and periodically_extended. Specifically, the IS-IS protocol_was_updated_to enable the authentication of all IS-IS Protocol Data Units_(PDUs) by_including authentication information_as part of the PDU. This