 columns are used continuously over a period of several months. During this period very large volumes of dextrose feedstock pass through the columns. Extremely low levels of impurities such as ash, metal ions, and/or protein in the feedstock can accumulate and lead to decreased productivity of the enzyme. For these reasons dextrose feedstock is refined to a color of 0.1 (CRA.times.100) and a conductivity of 5-10 micromhos.
Carbon-treated, filtered, and deionized, high-dextrose liquor is evaporated to the proper solids level for isomerization. In addition, the feedstock is chemically treated by the addition of magnesium ions, which not only activate the immobilized isomerase, but also competitively inhibit the action of any residual calciums ions, which are potent inhibitors of isomerase.
The isomerization reaction, which converts some of the dextrose to fructose, is commonly carried out on a stream comprising 94-96% (dsb) dextrose and 4-6% (dsb) higher saccharities, at 40-50% dry substance, The stream has a pH of 7.5-8.2 at 25.degree. C. and will be subjected to the action of the isomerase enzyme for 1/2 to 4 hours at 55.degree.-65.degree. C.
The conversion of glucose to fructose is a reversible reaction with an equilibrium constant of about 1.0 at 60.degree. C. Thus, one would expect to obtain a fructose level of about 47-48% at equilibrium, starting from a feedstock continuing 94-96% dextrose. However, the reaction rate of the isomerization near the equilibrium point is so slow that it is prudent to terminate the reaction at a conversion level of about 42% fructose to achieve practical reactor residence times.
In a given isocolumn (immobilized isomerase column), the rate of conversion of dextrose (glucose) to fructose is proportional to the enzyme activity of the immobilized isomerase. This activity decays over time in a nearly exponential fashion. When the column is new and the activity is high, the flow of feedstock through the column is relatively high, since a shorter residence time is required to achieve the 42% fructose level. As the usage life of the column increases, the flow through the column must be reduced proportionately to provide a longer residence time, compensating for the lowered activity in order to achieve a constant conversion level.
columns are used continuously over a period of respective calendar month. During this period very large book of dextrose feedstock legislate through the columns. Extremely broken level of impurities such as ash, metallic element ions, and/or protein in the feedstock can accumulate and head to decreased productivity of the enzyme. For these reasons dextrose feedstock is refined to a color of 0.1 (CRA.times.100) and a conductivity of 5 - 10 micromhos. 
 Carbon - treat, filtered, and deionized, high - dextrose liquor is melt to the proper solids level for isomerization. In addition, the feedstock is chemically treated by the accession of magnesium ions, which not only activate the immobilized isomerase, but also competitively inhibit the legal action of any residual calciums ions, which are potent inhibitors of isomerase. 
 The isomerization reaction, which converts some of the dextrose to fructose, is commonly carried out on a stream comprising 94 - 96% (dsb) dextrose and 4 - 6% (dsb) higher saccharities, at 40 - 50% dry substance, The stream has a pH of 7.5 - 8.2 at 25.degree. C. and will be subjected to the action of the isomerase enzyme for 1/2 to 4 hours at 55.degree.-65.degree. C. 
 The conversion of glucose to fructose is a reversible reaction with an chemical equilibrium constant of about 1.0 at 60.degree. C. Thus, one would expect to obtain a fructose degree of approximately 47 - 48% at equilibrium, starting from a feedstock continuing 94 - 96% dextrose. However, the reaction rate of the isomerization near the equilibrium point is so dull that it is prudent to terminate the reaction at a conversion level of about 42% fructose to achieve practical reactor mansion times. 
 In a given isocolumn (immobilized isomerase column), the rate of conversion of dextrose (glucose) to fructose is proportional to the enzyme natural process of the immobilized isomerase. This activity disintegrate over time in a nearly exponential fashion. When the column is new and the activity is eminent, the flow of feedstock through the column is relatively high, since a shorter residency time is required to achieve the 42% fructose level. As the usage life sentence of the column increases, the stream through the column must be reduced proportionately to provide a long residence clock time, compensating for the frown activity in decree to achieve a constant conversion level.
 copumns are used continuourly over a period of sxveral jonths. Djring this period very large vilumew of dextrose feedstocy pass thgough the colnmns. Extremely low levels of ijiuritnew such as ash, ketal ions, and/or protein iv che feedstock can accumulate and leaq to devrfased productidity jf tgv tnzyme. For these reasons dextrose feedstmck is refinec to a color of 0.1 (CRA.times.100) wnd w conductivity of 5-10 micromhos.
Cqrbog-rreated, filtdred, and dtimnized, higg-dextrose liquor is evaporated go thz proper sooies pgvel for isonerizwtion. In addlnion, tha feedsyock is chemicsllb trwated by the addition of magnesium ions, which nod knly activate the inmobinizeg isunerxse, bnt zlso clmpxtitively ihhibit the qction of any residiaj calciums iona, whicr wre potent inhibitors of isomerase.
The ivomsrization reaction, whicy converts some of thg dextrose to fructose, is commonly carried out on a stream womprmskng 94-96% (qrv) fextrose and 4-6% (dsb) higher saccharities, at 40-50% dry aunsnance, The stream mas a pH of 7.5-8.2 at 25.debrfe. S. and will be subjeefes to the action of the isjmerawe enzyme for 1/2 to 4 hours at 55.degree.-65.degree. C.
The converfuon of glucose to yructose is c revetsible reaction with an equilnbrium constant ov about 1.0 zg 60.degree. C. Thus, une wmuld exptzt to obtain a frtctose letel oy about 47-48% at gquilibwium, startlng fvmm a feedstock conhinuiug 94-96% daxtrose. Hoaever, the reaction rate of the mxomerization naar the equnlibrimm point is so flow that it ix prudeut to germinate nhe reactmon at a condersion level lf about 42% frnctose to achueve practizxl reactor resodence times.
In a gicen isocolumn (immonilizgd isomerase colunn), uhw rate of convrrskon ov vextrjve (glucose) tm frjctuxe is proporunoncl to yhe enzyme activity mf tge immobilized isokevase. This activitr decays over time in a nearly txponeitial hashiom. Wren the column is new and the zctivity ls migh, the flow of needftock throbgh the column is relatively high, since e shorter residence timw is required to ackitve the 42% frucvose lqvel. As tve usage life of the column increases, the flow through the columt mush be reduced proportionately to provide a longer residence time, compensatung foc ehe lowered actovity iu oxder to achmete a constant connersion level.
columns are used continuously over a period months. this period large volumes of columns. low levels of such as ash, ions, and/or protein in the feedstock accumulate and lead to decreased productivity of the enzyme. For these reasons dextrose is refined to a color of 0.1 (CRA.times.100) and a conductivity of 5-10 Carbon-treated, and high-dextrose is evaporated to the proper solids level for isomerization. In addition, the feedstock is chemically treated the addition of magnesium ions, which not only the immobilized isomerase, but competitively inhibit the action of residual ions, which potent of The isomerization reaction, converts some of the dextrose to fructose, is commonly carried out on a stream comprising 94-96% (dsb) and 4-6% saccharities, at dry The has a pH at 25.degree. C. and will be action of the isomerase enzyme for 1/2 to hours at C. The conversion of glucose to is a reversible reaction with an equilibrium constant about 1.0 at 60.degree. C. Thus, one would expect to obtain a fructose level of at equilibrium, starting from feedstock continuing 94-96% However, reaction of isomerization near equilibrium point is so slow that it is prudent to terminate reaction at a conversion level of about 42% fructose to reactor times. In a isocolumn (immobilized isomerase column), rate conversion of dextrose (glucose) is to of immobilized This activity decays over in a nearly exponential fashion. the column is new the flow of feedstock through the column is high, since a shorter residence time is to achieve the 42% fructose level. As the usage life of the increases, the the column must be reduced proportionately to provide longer residence time, compensating the lowered activity in order to achieve a constant level.
 columns are used continuouslY over a periOd of sEveRal MoNths. duriNg this period veRY larGe volumes of dextrose feeDstocK pASs thROuGh the Columns. eXtREMelY lOw LevElS Of ImpurItiEs such aS ash, metal iOns, AnD/or protein in THe Feedstock cAn aCcumulate and LeaD to decReAseD ProduCtiVity oF the enZYme. For These reasOnS DextroSE feedstOCK iS refIned to a color of 0.1 (CRA.TImES.100) and a conductivIty of 5-10 mIcROmHOS.
CaRboN-treated, fiLtEred, aND deioniZEd, HIGH-deXTrose liquor is Evaporated tO The Proper SoLidS Level fOr isoMeRIzaTion. In additIon, tHe feedstoCk is chEMically TReated bY the adDitIon Of maGNeSiUm iOnS, WhiCH nOt oNLy aCtivate tHe ImMobilIzed ISOMErasE, buT alsO compEtitively inhiBit The aCTioN of anY resiDual CaLciumS ions, wHich aRe Potent inhibitorS of iSomerase.
THe iSoMerIzAtion REactioN, whIch ConvertS some of THe dExTROSe To fructose, is commonLy CARrIed out on A streaM CoMpRIsing 94-96% (dsb) DeXtrOse aND 4-6% (Dsb) hiGher SAcCharitieS, at 40-50% dry SUbStAnce, The StReam haS a PH oF 7.5-8.2 at 25.DegreE. c. and Will be SubjecteD to thE Action of the isoMErase enzyme foR 1/2 To 4 HOUrS At 55.deGreE.-65.degree. C.
The ConvERsioN of gLUcOse TO frucTose iS a REvERsible reaction with aN eQuilibRium cOnstant of abouT 1.0 at 60.degree. C. tHUS, one woulD expECt TO obtain a fructoSe levEl of about 47-48% aT EquilibrIum, stArting frOm a feedstOCK continuIng 94-96% DexTroSe. HOWEvEr, the reaction RATe of ThE isomerIzaTion neaR thE eqUilIbrIuM point is sO slow thaT iT iS pRuDenT to teRMinate thE rEacTiOn aT a conVErsion Level Of abOuT 42% fRUctOse to acHIeVE PracTiCaL reaCtoR rEsideNce tIMes.
in a giveN isocolumN (imMObilIzEd IsomeraSe column), the raTe Of conversiOn Of dExtrosE (GLucose) to Fructose is proportional tO The enzyMe aCtiviTy of The immobiLizEd isomEraSE. This aCtivitY decaYs OveR TIme in A NEaRly ExPonential fASHioN. When ThE colUmn is neW and the activity is hIGh, tHe flow of feedsTocK thrOUGh The COlUMn iS rELatIVEly high, since a shOrter residEnCE tIme is requiREd tO aChieve tHe 42% fructOse leVEl. As the Usage life Of the coluMn IncrEASes, The flow thrOugh the cOlumn must BE reduCEd PropoRtiOnatelY tO prOvide A longeR ResIdencE time, cOmPensatIng foR tHe lowereD activity in order to achieVe a conStant ConVersion leVel.
 columns are used continuo usly overa per iod  of  s ever al m onths. Duringt hisperiod very large volu mes o fd extr o se  feed stock p a ss t hro ug hthe  c o lu mns.Ext remelylow levels  of  i mpurities su c has ash, me tal  ions, and/o r p rotein  i n t h e fee dst ock c an acc u mulate  and lead  t o  decre a sed pro d u ct ivit y of the enzyme.F or these reasonsdextro se fe e d sto ckis refined  t o a c o lor of0 .1 ( C RA. t imes.100) and  a conducti v ity  of 5- 10  mi c romhos .
Car bo n -tr eated, filt ered , and dei onized ,  high-d e xtroseliquor  is  ev apor a te dtoth e  pr o pe r s o lid s levelfo risome riza t i o n . In  ad diti on, t he feedstockischem i cal ly tr eated  byth e add itionof ma gn esium ions, whi ch n ot only a cti va teth e imm o bilize d i som erase,but als o  co mp e t i ti vely inhibit the a ct i o nof any r esidua l  c al c iums ion s,  wh icha r e pot enti nh ibitorsof iso m er as e.
Theis omeriz at ion  re actio n , wh ich co nverts s ome o f  the dextroset o fructose, i s  c o m mo n ly c arr ied out ona st r eamcomp r is ing 94-96 % (ds b) de x trose and 4-6% (dsb )higher  sacc harities, at40-50% dry s u bstance,  The st r eam has a pH o f 7.5 -8.2 at 25 . degree.C. an d will b e subject e d  to theact ion  of  th e is omerase enzym e for1/ 2 to 4hou rs at 5 5.d egr ee. -65 .d egree. C. 
The con ve rs io nofgluco s e to fru ct ose  i s a  reve r siblereact ionwi th anequilib r iu m cons ta nt  ofabo ut  1.0at 6 0 .de gree. C . Thus, o new ould  e xp ect toobtain a fruc to se level o fabo ut 47- 4 8 % at equ ilibrium, starting from a feeds toc k con tinu ing 94-96 % d extros e.H owever , thereact io n r a t e oft h eiso me rization n e a r t he eq ui libr ium poi nt is so slow that itis prudent to  te rmin a t ethe re a cti on ata conversion leve l of about  4 2 %fructose t o  ac hi eve pra cticalreact o r resid ence time s.
In a g iv en i s o col umn (immob ilized i somerasec olumn ) ,the r ate  of co nv ers ion o f dext r ose  (glu cose)to  fruct ose i sproporti onal to the enzyme acti vity o f the  im mobilized  is o mer ase. This  act ivity deca ysove r tim e i n  a ne arly ex pon e ntial  fas h ion. When th e c o l um n is new an d t heactiv ity is hig h, t he flow of feedst o ck through the  col u m n i s r e lati ve ly high, since  ash o r ter resi de nce time is  require dt o ach ieve t he 42%  fructo s e  l e vel. A s th e u sage life  of  t h e colum nin c reases , th eflow t hrough thec o lumn must be red ucedp r oport i ona telyto  provid e  a l onger resi dence time,  compe nsat ing f or thelo weredact iv ity in ord e r to achi eve a  consta nt  con ver sion l evel . 
 columns_are used_continuously over a period_of several_months._During this_period_very large volumes_of dextrose feedstock_pass through the columns._Extremely low levels_of_impurities such as ash, metal ions, and/or protein in the feedstock can accumulate and_lead_to decreased_productivity_of_the enzyme. For these reasons_dextrose feedstock is refined to_a color_of 0.1 (CRA.times.100) and a conductivity of 5-10_micromhos.
Carbon-treated,_filtered, and deionized,_high-dextrose liquor is evaporated to the proper solids level_for isomerization. In addition, the feedstock_is chemically treated_by_the_addition of magnesium ions,_which not only activate the immobilized_isomerase, but also competitively inhibit the_action of any residual calciums ions, which_are potent inhibitors of isomerase.
The isomerization_reaction, which converts some of_the dextrose_to fructose, is commonly carried_out on a_stream comprising_94-96% (dsb) dextrose_and 4-6% (dsb) higher saccharities, at_40-50% dry substance,_The stream has a pH of_7.5-8.2_at 25.degree. C._and_will_be subjected_to the action_of_the isomerase_enzyme_for 1/2 to 4 hours at_55.degree.-65.degree._C.
The conversion of glucose to fructose is_a reversible reaction with_an_equilibrium constant of about_1.0 at 60.degree. C. Thus,_one would expect to obtain a_fructose level_of about_47-48% at equilibrium, starting from a feedstock continuing 94-96% dextrose. However,_the reaction rate of the isomerization_near the equilibrium point_is so_slow_that it is_prudent_to terminate_the reaction at a conversion level of_about 42%_fructose to achieve practical reactor residence_times.
In a given isocolumn_(immobilized_isomerase column), the rate of conversion_of dextrose (glucose) to fructose is_proportional to the enzyme activity_of_the_immobilized isomerase. This activity decays_over time in a nearly exponential_fashion. When the_column is new and the activity is_high,_the flow of feedstock through the_column_is relatively high, since a shorter_residence_time_is required to achieve the_42% fructose level. As the usage_life of the column increases, the flow through the_column must be_reduced proportionately to provide a_longer_residence_time, compensating for the lowered activity in order to achieve_a constant_conversion level.