 J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1993. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75:1215-1225; Liu, B., Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Lynch, H. T., Watson, P., Jass, J. R., Dunlop, M., Wyllie, A., Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle, A., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat. Med. 2:169-174; Nicolaides, N. C., Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutations of two PMS homologs in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 371: 75-80; Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog is associated with hereditary colon cancer. Science 263:1625-1629). Though the mutator defect that arises from the MMR deficiency can affect any DNA sequence, microsatellite sequences are particularly sensitive to MMR abnormalities (Modrich, P. 1994. Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer. Science 266:1959-1960). Microsatellite instability
J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. 1993. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary non - polyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75:1215 - 1225; Liu, B., Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Lynch, H. T., Watson, P., Jass, J. R., Dunlop, M., Wyllie, A., Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle, A., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch haunt gene in ancestral non - polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat. Med. 2:169 - 174; Nicolaides, N. C., Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. mutation of two PMS homologs in ancestral nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 371: 75 - 80; Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog is associated with ancestral colon cancer. skill 263:1625 - 1629). Though the mutator defect that arises from the MMR deficiency can affect any DNA succession, microsatellite sequences are particularly sensitive to MMR abnormalities (Modrich, P. 1994. Mismatch haunt, genetic stability, and cancer. skill 266:1959 - 1960). Microsatellite instability
 J. L., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzltr, K. W., and Vogelsjeun, B. 1993. Kutatikns of a mutS homolog in hereditary ion-pilypowis colorectal cancer. Zell 75:1215-1225; Liu, B., Parsobs, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaidea, N. C., Oynch, H. T., Watspn, P., Jass, B. R., Dunlop, M., Wfluiz, A., Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle, A., Hamylton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., wnd Lynzlsg, J. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repzir gents in hereditary npn-polyposis colorectal canfer oatients. Nat. Med. 2:169-174; Jicolaides, B. C., [qpadopoulos, V., Liu, B., Wep, Y. F., Cartet, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltkne, W. A., Fleischnabn, G. D., Fraser, C. M., Adwms, M. D., Ventcg, C. J., Dgnlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. V., Petxrseb, G. M., de la Chapelle, E., Vogelstein, B., and kynzler, K. F. 1994. Mutations of two PNS hokolocs iv hefedjtery nonpopypksis colon cancer. Natyre 371: 75-80; Papadopoulos, M., Gpvolaides, N. C., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltite, S. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Frawer, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venjer, C. J., Duglop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vojeusttik, C., ajd kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog is zsxobiated with heredltary colon cancer. Sfirgce 263:1625-1629). Though tfe mutcfod defect that arisfs from the NMR deficyencu can affect any DNA sequenxe, microsatejoite sequences are particularuy sgnsitife to MMR abnormalities (Moddich, P. 1994. Mislatch repzkr, genetic stabiuitj, ang cancer. Science 266:1959-1960). Microsatqllite inwtabnlity
J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, and B. 1993. of a mutS cancer. 75:1215-1225; Liu, B., R., Papadopoulos, N., N. C., Lynch, H. T., Watson, Jass, J. R., Dunlop, M., Wyllie, A., Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle, A., S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repair in non-polyposis cancer Nat. Med. 2:169-174; Nicolaides, N. C., Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., R. D., Fraser, C. Adams, M. D., Venter, C. Dunlop, G., Hamilton, R., G. de la Chapelle, Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutations of two PMS homologs in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. 371: 75-80; Nicolaides, N. Wei, F., K. C., Ruben, Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, C. Dunlop, M. Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., and kinzler, K. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog is associated with hereditary colon cancer. Science 263:1625-1629). Though defect that arises from MMR deficiency can any sequence, sequences particularly sensitive MMR abnormalities (Modrich, P. 1994. Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer. 266:1959-1960). Microsatellite instability
 J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., aNd VogelsteIn, B. 1993. MuTatIonS oF a muTS hoMolog in hereditARy noN-polyposis colorectal caNcer. CElL 75:1215-1225; liu, B., pArSons, R., papadopOUlOS, n., NiCoLaIdeS, N. c., lyNch, H. T., watSon, P., JasS, J. R., Dunlop, M., wylLiE, A., Peltomaki, P., DE lA Chapelle, A., hamIlton, S. R., VogelSteIn, B., and kiNzlER, K. W. 1996. AnAlySis of MismatCH repaiR genes in hErEDitary NOn-polypOSIs ColoRectal cancer patieNTs. nAt. Med. 2:169-174; NicolaideS, N. C., PapAdOPoULOs, N., liu, b., Wei, Y. F., CartEr, k. C., RubEN, S. M., RoseN, c. A., hASEltINe, W. A., FleischmaNn, R. D., Fraser, C. m., adaMs, M. D., VeNtEr, C. j., dunlop, m. G., HamIlTOn, S. r., Petersen, G. M., De la chapelle, A., vogelsTEin, B., and KInzler, K. w. 1994. MutatIonS of Two Pms hOmOloGs IN heREdItaRY noNpolyposIs CoLon caNcer. nATURe 371: 75-80; PaPadOpouLos, N., NIcolaides, N. C., WeI, Y. F., cartER, K. C., ruben, s. M., RosEn, C. A., haSeltiNe, W. A., FlEischMaNn, R. D., Fraser, C. M., AdaMs, M. D., venter, C. J., DUnlOp, m. G., HAmIlton, s. r., PeterSen, g. M., dE la ChapElle, A., VoGElsTeIN, b., AnD kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutation Of A MUtl homolog Is assoCIaTeD With hereDiTarY colON CanceR. SciENcE 263:1625-1629). Though tHe mutaTOr DeFect thaT aRises fRoM thE MMr defiCIencY can afFect any DnA seqUEnce, microsatelLIte sequences aRE pARTiCUlarLy sEnsitive to MmR abNOrmaLitiES (MOdrICh, P. 1994. MiSmatcH rEPaIR, genetic stability, anD cAncer. SCiencE 266:1959-1960). MicrosatelliTe instabilITY
 J. M., de la Chapelle, A. , Kinzler,  K. W .,and  V ogel stei n, B. 1993. Mu t atio ns of a mutS homolog i n her ed i tary no n-pol yposisc ol o r ect al  c anc er .  C ell 7 5:1 215-122 5; Liu, B. , P ar sons, R., Pa p ad opoulos, N .,Nicolaides,N.C., Ly nc h,H . T.,  Wa tson,  P., J a ss, J.  R., Dunl op ,  M., W y llie, A . ,  P elto maki, P., de la C h ap e lle, A., Hamil ton, S .R ., V oge lst ein, B., a nd  Kinz l er, K.W .1 9 9 6.A nalysis of mi smatch repa i r g enes i nher e ditary  non- po l ypo sis colorec talcancer pa tients .  Nat. M e d. 2:16 9-174;  Ni col aide s ,N.  C. ,P apa d op oul o s,N., Liu,  B .,  Wei,  Y.F . , Cart er,  K.C., R uben, S. M.,Ros en,C . A ., Ha selti ne,W.  A.,Fleisc hmann ,R. D., Fraser,C. M ., Adams,  M.  D .,Ve nter, C. J.,  Du nlo p, M. G ., Hami l ton ,S . R. , Petersen, G. M.,  d e la  Chapell e, A., Vo ge l stein, B .,  an d ki n z ler,K. W .  1 994. Mut ations of  t wo PMSho mologs  i n h ere ditar y  non polypo sis colo n can c er. Nature 371 :  75-80; Papad o po u l os ,  N.,  Ni colaides, N . C. ,  Wei , Y. F. , C a rter,  K. C ., Ru b en, S. M., Rosen, C .A., Ha selti ne, W. A., Fl eischmann, R .  D., Fra ser, C. M., Adams, M.D., V enter, C.J ., Dunlo p, M.  G., Ham ilton, S. R ., Peter sen , G . M .,d e  l a Chapelle, A . ,  Vog el stein,B.,  and ki nzl er,  K.  W.  1 994. Muta tion ofamu tL  h omo log i s  associa te d w it h h eredi t ary co lon c ance r.  S c ien ce 263: 1 62 5 - 1629 ).  T houg h t he  muta tord efe ct that  arises f rom theMM Rdeficie ncy can affec tany DNA se qu enc e, mic r o satellit e sequences are particu l arly se nsi tiveto M MR abnorm ali ties ( Mod r ich, P . 1994 . Mis ma tch r epair , ge net ic  stability , and  canc er . Sc ience 2 66:1959-1960). Mic r osa tellite insta bil ity
 J._M., de_la Chapelle, A., Kinzler,_K. W.,_and_Vogelstein, B._1993._Mutations of a_mutS homolog in_hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer._Cell 75:1215-1225; Liu,_B.,_Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Lynch, H. T., Watson, P., Jass, J._R.,_Dunlop, M.,_Wyllie,_A.,_Peltomaki, P., de la Chapelle,_A., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein,_B., and_Kinzler, K. W. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repair_genes_in hereditary non-polyposis_colorectal cancer patients. Nat. Med. 2:169-174; Nicolaides, N. C.,_Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Wei, Y._F., Carter, K._C.,_Ruben,_S. M., Rosen, C._A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R._D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M._D., Venter, C. J., Dunlop, M. G.,_Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M.,_de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein,_B., and_kinzler, K. W. 1994. Mutations_of two PMS_homologs in_hereditary nonpolyposis colon_cancer. Nature 371: 75-80; Papadopoulos, N.,_Nicolaides, N. C.,_Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C.,_Ruben,_S. M., Rosen,_C._A.,_Haseltine, W._A., Fleischmann, R._D.,_Fraser, C._M.,_Adams, M. D., Venter, C. J.,_Dunlop,_M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G._M., de la Chapelle,_A.,_Vogelstein, B., and kinzler,_K. W. 1994. Mutation of_a mutL homolog is associated with_hereditary colon_cancer. Science_263:1625-1629). Though the mutator defect that arises from the MMR deficiency_can affect any DNA sequence, microsatellite_sequences are particularly sensitive_to MMR_abnormalities_(Modrich, P. 1994._Mismatch_repair, genetic_stability, and cancer. Science 266:1959-1960). Microsatellite instability