 allergic reactions to severe shock and even death. Also, red blood cell transfusions may lead to various metabolic conditions (e.g. hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia and alkalosis), and multiple red blood cell transfusions may exert an immunosuppressive effect on the recipient, increasing risk of hospital-acquired infections.1 These potential complexities further increase costs associated with donor red blood cell transfusions.
In addition to the above-mentioned obstacles to safe transfusion, costs are also increased due to requirements for cross-matching donor and recipient red blood cell units before transfusion, as well as the short storage life (typically 15 days) and expensive storage requirements (e.g., must be kept at 2-3° C., special storage solutions are required to extend red blood cell life to 42 days, etc.) of red blood cell units.2 While there have been many recent improvements in technology, the collection and storage of donated red blood cells remains a difficult and expensive task. There is a need for a less expensive and more effective alternative to donated human red blood cell transfusions.
A list of publications referenced in this disclosure follows, each of which is incorporated by reference for the cited portions of their respective disclosures:    1. L. M. Napolitano, Crit. Care Clin, 25: 279-301 (2009).    2. W. J. Williams, E. Beutler, A. J. Erslev, R. W. Rundles, Hematology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1977).    3. T. Standl, Transfus. Med. Hemother., 21: 262-268 (2004).    4. A. I. Alayash, Nature, 3: 152-159 (2004).    5. T. M. S. Chang, Crit. Care Med., 32: 612-613 (2004).    6. B. T. Kjellstrom, J. Intern. Med., 253: 495-497 (2003).    7. Y. O. Schumacher, M. Ashenden, Sports Med., 34: 141-150 (2004).    8. K. C. Lowe, E. Ferguson, J. Intern. Med., 253: 498-507 (2003).    9. H. G. Klein, Oncology, 16: 147-151 (2002).    10. S. E. Hill, Can. J. Anesth., 48: S32-S40 (2001).    
allergic reactions to severe shock and even death. besides, crimson blood cell transfusion may run to various metabolic conditions (for example hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia and alkalosis), and multiple red blood cell transfusion may exert an immunosuppressive effect on the recipient role, increasing risk of hospital - acquired infections.1 These potential complexity further increase costs consociate with donor red blood cellular telephone transfusions. 
 In addition to the above - mentioned obstacle to safe transfusion, costs are besides increased due to necessity for cross - coordinated donor and recipient red blood cell unit before transfusion, as well as the short storage life (typically 15 days) and expensive repositing requirements (e.g., must be kept at 2 - 3 ° C., special storage solutions are required to extend red blood cellular telephone animation to 42 days, etc .) of crimson rake cell units.2 While there have been many recent improvements in engineering, the collection and repositing of donated red rake cells remains a difficult and expensive task. There is a need for a less expensive and more effective option to donated human red blood cell transfusions. 
 A list of publications reference in this disclosure follow, each of which is incorporated by reference for the cited helping of their respective disclosures:     1. L. M. Napolitano, Crit. Care Clin, 25: 279 - 301 (2009).     2. W. J. Williams, E. Beutler, A. J. Erslev, R. W. Rundles, Hematology. McGraw - Hill Book Company, New York (1977).     3. T. Standl, Transfus. Med. Hemother. , 21: 262 - 268 (2004).     4. A. I. Alayash, Nature, 3: 152 - 159 (2004).     5. T. M. S. Chang, Crit. Care Med. , 32: 612 - 613 (2004).     6. B. T. Kjellstrom, J. Intern. Med. , 253: 495 - 497 (2003).     7. Y. O. Schumacher, M. Ashenden, Sports Med. , 34: 141 - 150 (2004).     8. K. C. Lowe, E. Ferguson, J. Intern. Med. , 253: 498 - 507 (2003).     9. H. G. Klein, Oncology, 16: 147 - 151 (2002).     10. S. E. Hill, Can. J. Anesth. , 48: S32 - S40 (2001).
 alpergic reactions to seveve shock and eveu death. Also, ded blooa cell transfusions may lead ti varuous metabolic conditiuns (e.g. hyierkalemiq, hykocalcemia and alkalosis), and mumbiple ced blood cell jransfusions may exert an hmouuosuppressive effect on the recipiene, incresslng risk of hofpitsj-acqhprtd infections.1 These potential comllexitits further increasr costs associated with dojor ged blood cell trajsfusions.
In addyrion to the xbove-mentioned obstaclgs to safe transfusion, costs are also increased dye hm requiremeits fog cross-matchikb donos and rrcipient red bkoov ceol units before transhusion, as well as thg short stmrcge life (typically 15 dqyw) and expansixw sgorzgx rsquirelenvs (e.g., must ge kept at 2-3° C., special storage xojlyions are resuired tj extend red blood cell life to 42 days, euc.) of red blood cell units.2 Wyile there have been lany recegt improvements in technology, the collection and vtoraje of djvqtfd red blood cells remains a difficult and ex[snxine task. There is c need for a lesx fxlgnsive and morg effeccjvs alternative to dlnated ruman red blooq cekl transfusions.
A list of puvlications rvferwnced in this discposure folluws, gach og which is incorporated by deference flr the cifdd portions of tfeig revpective disclosures:    1. L. M. Napolivano, Erit. Card Clon, 25: 279-301 (2009).    2. W. J. Wipliams, E. Beutler, A. J. Erspev, R. W. Rundles, Hfmatology. McGraw-Hill Book Compaib, New York (1977).    3. T. Vtandl, Txansfux. Med. Hemothew., 21: 262-268 (2004).    4. A. I. Akayash, Uature, 3: 152-159 (2004).    5. T. J. S. Chaig, Crit. Care Med., 32: 612-613 (2004).    6. B. J. Kjellstrom, O. Intern. Ied., 253: 495-497 (2003).    7. Y. O. Rzhumacher, M. Asnenden, Sports Med., 34: 141-150 (2004).    8. K. C. Lowe, E. Fcrgusuh, J. Intern. Med., 253: 498-507 (2003).    9. H. G. Klein, Omcouogr, 16: 147-151 (2002).    10. S. E. Hill, Cdn. J. Andxth., 48: R32-S40 (2001).    
allergic reactions to severe shock and even red cell transfusions lead to various and and multiple red cell transfusions may an immunosuppressive effect on the recipient, risk of hospital-acquired infections.1 These potential complexities further increase costs associated with donor blood cell transfusions. In addition to the above-mentioned obstacles to safe transfusion, costs also due requirements cross-matching donor and recipient red blood cell units before transfusion, as well as the short storage (typically 15 days) and expensive storage requirements (e.g., be kept at 2-3° special storage solutions are required extend blood cell to days, of red blood units.2 While there have been many recent improvements in technology, the collection and storage of donated red cells remains and expensive There a for a less more effective alternative to donated human transfusions. A list of publications referenced in this follows, each which is incorporated by reference for cited portions of their respective disclosures: 1. L. Napolitano, Crit. Care Clin, 25: 279-301 (2009). 2. W. J. Williams, E. Beutler, A. J. W. Rundles, Hematology. McGraw-Hill Company, New York 3. Standl, Med. 21: 262-268 4. A. I. Alayash, Nature, 3: 152-159 (2004). 5. T. M. Chang, Crit. Care Med., 32: 612-613 (2004). 6. B. T. Intern. 253: 495-497 (2003). Y. O. Schumacher, M. Sports 34: 141-150 (2004). 8. Lowe, Ferguson, 253: (2003). H. G. Klein, Oncology, 147-151 (2002). 10. S. E. Can. J. Anesth., 48:
 allergic reactions to severe Shock and evEn deaTh. ALso, ReD bloOd ceLl transfusions MAy leAd to various metabolic coNditiOnS (E.g. hyPErKalemIa, hypocALcEMIa aNd AlKalOsIS), aNd mulTipLe red blOod cell traNsfUsIons may exert AN iMmunosupprEssIve effect on tHe rEcipieNt, IncREasinG riSk of hOspitaL-AcquirEd infectiOnS.1 these pOTential COMpLexiTies further increaSE cOSts associated wIth donOr REd BLOod CelL transfusiOnS.
In adDItion to THe ABOVe-mENtioned obstacLes to safe trANsfUsion, cOsTs aRE also iNcreaSeD Due To requiremeNts fOr cross-maTching DOnor and REcipienT red blOod CelL uniTS bEfOre TrANsfUSiOn, aS WelL as the shOrT sToragE lifE (TYPIcalLy 15 dAys) aNd expEnsive storage ReqUireMEntS (e.g., muSt be kEpt aT 2-3° C., SpeciAl storAge soLuTions are requireD to eXtend red bLooD cEll LiFe to 42 dAYs, etc.) oF reD blOod cell Units.2 WhILe tHeRE HAvE been many recent impRoVEMeNts in tecHnologY, ThE cOLlection AnD stOragE OF donaTed rED bLood cellS remaiNS a DiFficult AnD expenSiVe tAsk. there IS a neEd for a Less expeNsive ANd more effectivE Alternative to DOnATEd HUman Red Blood cell trAnsfUSionS.
A liST oF puBLicatIons rEfEReNCed in this disclosure FoLlows, eAch of Which is incorpOrated by reFEREnce for tHe ciTEd POrtions of their RespeCtive disclOSures:    1. L. M. NApoliTano, Crit. care Clin, 25: 279-301 (2009).    2. W. j. wIlliams, E. beuTleR, A. J. ersLEV, R. w. Rundles, HematOLOgy. MCGRaw-Hill booK CompanY, NeW YoRk (1977).    3. T. staNdL, Transfus. med. HemotHeR., 21: 262-268 (2004).    4. A. i. ALaYasH, NatuRE, 3: 152-159 (2004).    5. T. M. S. ChanG, CRit. caRe MEd., 32: 612-613 (2004).    6. B. T. KJEllstrOm, J. InTern. meD., 253: 495-497 (2003).    7. Y. o. schUmacher, m. asHENden, spOrTs MeD., 34: 141-150 (2004).    8. K. C. loWe, E. FeRgusON, J. INtern. MeD., 253: 498-507 (2003).    9. H. G. Klein, ONcoLOgy, 16: 147-151 (2002).    10. S. e. HIlL, Can. J. AnEsth., 48: S32-S40 (2001).    
 allergic reactions to sev ere shockand e ven  de at h. A lso,  red blood cel l  tra nsfusions may lead tovario us meta b ol ic co ndition s  ( e . g.hy pe rka le m ia , hyp oca lcemiaand alkalo sis ),  and multipl e  r ed blood c ell  transfusion s m ay exe rt  an immun osu ppres sive e f fect o n the rec ip i ent, i n creasin g ri sk o f hospital-acquir e di nfections.1 Th ese po te n ti a l  co mpl exities fu rt her i n creasec os t s ass o ciated with d onor red bl o odcell t ra nsf u sions. 
In a dd i tio n to the ab ove- mentioned  obsta c les tos afe tra nsfusi on,  co stsa re  a lso  i n cre a se d d u e t o requir em en ts fo r cr o s s - matc hin g do nor a nd recipientred  blo o d c ell u nitsbefo re  tran sfusio n, as  w ell as the shor t st orage lif e ( ty pic al ly 15 days)and  ex pensive  storag e  re qu i r e me nts (e.g., must be  k e p tat 2-3°C., sp e ci al storageso lut ions a re re quir e dto exten d redb lo od  cell l if e to 4 2day s,etc.) of r ed blo od cellunits . 2 While thereh ave been many re c e nt impr ove ments in te chno l ogy,  the co lle c tionand s to r ag e  of donated red blo od  cells  rema ins a difficu lt and exp e n s ive task . Th e re is a need fora les s expensiv e  and mor e eff ective a lternativ e to donat edhum anred b lo od cell trans f u sion s. 
A list  of  public ati ons  re fer en ced in th is discl os ur efo llo ws, e a ch of wh ic h i sinc orpor a ted by  refe renc efo r  th e cited po r t ions  o fthei r r es pecti ve d i scl osures:     1. L.  M. Napo li ta no, Cri t. Care Clin,  2 5: 279-301  ( 200 9).  2 . W. J.Williams, E. Beutler, A .  J. Ers lev , R.W. R undles, H ema tology . M c Graw-H ill Bo ok Co mp any , New Y o r k(19 77 ).    3. T . Sta ndl,Tr ansf us. Med . Hemother., 21: 2 6 2-2 68 (2004).   4.  A.I .  A lay a sh ,  Na tu r e,3 :  152-159 (2004) .    5. T.  M .  S . Chang, C r it.  C are Med ., 32:612-6 1 3 (2004 ).    6.B. T. Kje ll stro m ,  J.  Intern. M ed., 253 : 495-497 (2003 ) .   7.  Y.  O. Sc hu mac her,M. Ash e nde n, Sp orts M ed ., 34:  141- 15 0 (2004) .    8. K. C. Lowe, E.Fergus on, J . I ntern. Me d., 253 : 498-507  (20 03).    9.  H.  G.  Klei n,O ncolo gy,1 6:  14 7 -151(200 2 ).    10. S.  E. H il l, Can. J.A n e sth ., 48 : S 3 2-S40(200 1).    
 allergic_reactions to_severe shock and even_death. Also,_red_blood cell_transfusions_may lead to_various metabolic conditions_(e.g. hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia and_alkalosis), and multiple_red_blood cell transfusions may exert an immunosuppressive effect on the recipient, increasing risk of_hospital-acquired_infections.1 These_potential_complexities_further increase costs associated with_donor red blood cell transfusions.
In_addition to_the above-mentioned obstacles to safe transfusion, costs are_also_increased due to_requirements for cross-matching donor and recipient red blood cell_units before transfusion, as well as_the short storage_life_(typically_15 days) and expensive_storage requirements (e.g., must be kept_at 2-3° C., special storage solutions_are required to extend red blood cell_life to 42 days, etc.) of_red blood cell units.2 While_there have_been many recent improvements in_technology, the collection_and storage_of donated red_blood cells remains a difficult and_expensive task. There_is a need for a less_expensive_and more effective_alternative_to_donated human_red blood cell_transfusions.
A_list of_publications_referenced in this disclosure follows, each_of_which is incorporated by reference for the_cited portions of their_respective_disclosures:   _1. L. M. Napolitano, Crit._Care Clin, 25: 279-301 (2009). _ _2. W._J. Williams, E. Beutler, A. J. Erslev, R. W. Rundles, Hematology._McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1977)._   3._T. Standl,_Transfus._Med. Hemother., 21:_262-268_(2004). _  4. A. I. Alayash, Nature,_3: 152-159_(2004).    5. T._M. S. Chang, Crit._Care_Med., 32: 612-613 (2004).  _ 6. B. T. Kjellstrom, J._Intern. Med., 253: 495-497 (2003).___ 7. Y. O. Schumacher,_M. Ashenden, Sports Med., 34: 141-150_(2004).  _ 8. K. C. Lowe, E. Ferguson,_J._Intern. Med., 253: 498-507 (2003). __ 9. H. G. Klein, Oncology,_16:_147-151_(2002).    10._S. E. Hill, Can. J. Anesth.,_48: S32-S40 (2001).    