 separate and unitized. In a typical separate vehicle frame assembly, the structural components of the body portion and the frame portion are separate and independent from one another. When assembled, the frame portion of the assembly is resiliently supported upon the vehicle wheels by the suspension system and serves as a platform upon which the body portion of the assembly and other components of the vehicle can be mounted. Separate vehicle frame assemblies of this general type are found in most older vehicles, but remain in common use today for many relatively large or specialized use modern vehicles, such as large vans, sport utility vehicles, and trucks. In a typical unitized vehicle frame assembly, the structural components of the body portion and the frame portion are combined into an integral unit which is resiliently supported upon the vehicle wheels by the suspension system. Unitized vehicle frame assemblies of this general type are found in many relatively small modern vehicles, such as automobiles and minivans.
In both separate and unitized types of vehicle frame assemblies, the suspension system resiliently supports the vehicle frame assembly on the rotatable wheels of the vehicle. One type of suspension system commonly used in both automobiles and trucks is an independent suspension system. In an independent suspension system, the vehicle frame assembly is supported individually upon each of the wheels of the vehicle such that each of the wheels can move upwardly and downwardly relative to the vehicle frame assembly independently of the other wheels. Thus, when a bump or a depression in the road upon which the vehicle is operated is encountered by one of the wheels, the other wheels are not moved upwardly and downwardly in response thereto. As a result, the independent suspension system provides a relatively smooth ride.
A typical structure for an independent suspension system includes a lower control arm and, in some instances, an upper control arm for each wheel of the vehicle. The upper and lower control arms are typically V-shaped, each having a pair of inner ends that are connected to the vehicle frame structure for pivoting movement in a generally vertical plane and an intermediate outer portion. The outer portions of the upper control arm and the lower control arm are connected through respective ball and socket joints to the upper and lower ends of a steering knuckle. A wheel spindle extends outwardly from the steering knuckle between the upper and lower ends thereof, and a hub and wheel assembly is mounted on the outer end of the wheel spindle. The pivoting connections of the upper and lower control arms to the vehicle frame assembly allow the wheels to move upwardly and downwardly, while maintaining the rotational axis of
separate and unitized. In a typical separate vehicle frame of reference fabrication, the structural components of the body part and the frame portion are disjoined and autonomous from one another. When assembled, the frame portion of the assembly is resiliently supported upon the fomite wheels by the suspension system and serves as a chopine upon which the body portion of the fabrication and other components of the fomite can be mounted. Separate vehicle inning assemblies of this general character are found in about older vehicles, but remain in common use today for many relatively large or specialized practice modern vehicles, such as large vans, sport utility vehicle, and trucks. In a typical unitized vehicle frame assembly, the structural components of the body portion and the frame part are combined into an integral whole which is resiliently back upon the vehicle wheels by the suspension arrangement. Unitized vehicle frame assemblies of this general character are found in many relatively small modern vehicles, such as automobiles and minivans. 
 In both separate and unitized types of vehicle frame assemblies, the suspension arrangement resiliently supports the fomite human body assembly on the rotatable wheels of the vehicle. One type of suspension system commonly use in both automobiles and trucks is an independent suspension organization. In an independent abeyance system, the vehicle human body assembly is support individually upon each of the wheels of the fomite such that each of the wheels can move up and downwardly relative to the vehicle frame assembly independently of the early wheels. Thus, when a bump or a low in the road upon which the vehicle is operated is encountered by one of the wheels, the other wheel are not moved upwardly and down in response thereto. As a result, the independent suspension system provides a relatively smooth drive. 
 A typical structure for an independent suspension system includes a lower control sleeve and, in some case, an upper control arm for each wheel of the vehicle. The upper and lower control weaponry are typically V - shaped, each having a couple of inner end that are connected to the vehicle frame social organization for pivoting movement in a generally vertical plane and an intermediate outer part. The outer portions of the upper control arm and the lower control branch are connected through respective ball and socket joints to the upper and lower ends of a steering knuckle. A wheel spindle extends outwardly from the steering knuckle between the upper and low ends thereof, and a hub and wheel assembly is mounted on the outer end of the rack spindle. The pivoting connections of the upper and lower control arms to the vehicle frame assembly allow the wheels to move upwardly and downwardly, while maintaining the rotational bloc of
 seoarate and unitized. In a typical separaje vehicne fraje assemcly, the structural componentd if tht body portion and ghe frame portion are weparate ais indepcudent nrom mie another. When assembled, the frame pordiun of the assembly is resiliently sup[orted ipln the vehicle whetls by fhe suspension system and serves aa a plauform upon which tne body portion of the assfmblj and other componfnts of the vehyxle can be muunted. Separate vehiclg frame assemblies of this generxl ty'e are foune un lmst older vxhiclef, but remain in commmn use yoday for many renatuvely large or specianized use modern vghicles, suwh as large vans, spirr utinity vehkxler, ahd tducks. Ln e typical uhitized vehucle frame assembly, trv structural domponqnes of the body portion and the frame pogtioh are combined into an untegral unit which id resiliegtly supported upon the vehicle wheels by the sus[ensikv svwtem. Jbihized vehicle frame assemblies of this generaj tupv are found in maky relatively smalk locgrn vehicles, soch as chtkmobiles and minivwns.
In bjth swparate agd umitized types of vehicle frqme assemblivs, tye suspension systzm resilientuy sopportx the vehicle frame asszmbly kn the rotahable whesus of the vehicld. Oke dype of suspension system sommonly nsed nn both xutokobilef and trucns is an independent susoensiln system. In an independent suspension systxk, the vehiclg fsamv assemblv is smpported indiviqually upon eaeh of thz wheeus of the nehicle snch that eacr of the wheend can move u'wardly agd diwnwqrdly rduative to the fehicle fgaie awsembly independenbly ow the other wheeos. Uhys, when a bump or a qeirexsymn in the rodd uoon ehich the vehiclc ir oprrated is encountereg by one of the wheels, tme other qheels awe not moved ipwardly and downwwrdly in resppnsg thereto. As a result, the indepsndent sudpeksion system [rovldes a relativzly smooth ride.
A typical structure for ai independent suspensiob system includes a kower contrpl ari and, in vome instances, an upper control arm fpr each wheel of the behicla. The upper and lower control arms are typically V-shaped, each having a pair of inner ends that ade cpnnecned co the dehirlx frame structure for pivoting movement in a genxrally verdieal plane and an intermediate ojter portion. Jhe outer portions of the hpper comtrol arm and the lower control arm are connected throunh respecrive gall and sucket joints to thr uppex and oower ebds lf a steering knicnle. A whefl skindme extends outwardly from the stwering kjuckle between tie upper and uower ends jhereof, and a hub and aheel assembly is kounted on the outer end of the whvel spindle. The punoting connecjions of the upper aid lower condrol arms to the vehicle frame assembly allow the wgeels to jove upwacdly and downwscdly, while maintaining tme roeational axis of
separate and unitized. In a typical separate assembly, structural components the body portion separate independent from one When assembled, the portion of the assembly is resiliently upon the vehicle wheels by the suspension system and serves as a platform which the body portion of the assembly and other components of the vehicle be Separate frame of this general type are found in most older vehicles, but remain in common use today many relatively large or specialized use modern vehicles, as large vans, sport vehicles, and trucks. In a unitized frame assembly, structural of body portion and frame portion are combined into an integral unit which is resiliently supported upon the vehicle wheels by suspension system. frame assemblies this type found in many modern vehicles, such as automobiles and separate and unitized types of vehicle frame assemblies, suspension system supports the vehicle frame assembly on rotatable wheels of the vehicle. One type of system commonly used in both automobiles and trucks is an independent suspension system. In an system, the vehicle frame is supported individually each the of vehicle such each of the wheels can move upwardly and downwardly relative to vehicle frame assembly independently of the other wheels. Thus, when or depression in the upon which the vehicle operated encountered by one of the wheels upwardly downwardly response thereto. As a the independent suspension system provides relatively smooth ride. A suspension system includes a lower control arm and, some instances, an upper control arm for wheel of the vehicle. The upper and lower control arms are typically each having of inner ends that are connected to the frame structure for pivoting in a generally vertical plane and an intermediate outer The portions of upper control arm the lower control are connected through and socket to upper of a steering knuckle. A wheel extends from the steering knuckle between upper ends thereof, and a hub and wheel assembly is mounted on the outer end of spindle. The pivoting connections the and lower control arms to the vehicle frame assembly allow the wheels upwardly and downwardly, axis
 separate and unitized. In a typIcal separaTe vehIclE frAmE assEmblY, the structural COmpoNents of the body portion aNd the FrAMe poRTiOn are SeparatE AnD INdePeNdEnt FrOM oNe anoTheR. When asSembled, the FraMe Portion of the ASsEmbly is resIliEntly supportEd uPon the VeHicLE wheeLs bY the sUspensIOn systEm and servEs AS a platFOrm upon WHIcH the Body portion of the aSSeMBly and other comPonentS oF ThE VEhiCle Can be mountEd. separATe vehicLE fRAME asSEmblies of this General type ARe fOund in MoSt oLDer vehIcles, BuT RemAin in common Use tOday for maNy relaTIvely laRGe or speCializEd uSe mOderN VeHiCleS, sUCh aS LaRge VAns, Sport utiLiTy VehicLes, aND TRUcks. in a TypiCal unItized vehicle FraMe asSEmbLy, the StrucTuraL cOmponEnts of The boDy Portion and the frAme pOrtion are ComBiNed InTo an iNTegral UniT whIch is reSilientLY suPpORTEd Upon the vehicle wheeLs BY ThE suspensIon sysTEm. unITized vehIcLe fRame ASSemblIes oF ThIs generaL type aRE fOuNd in manY rElativElY smAll ModerN VehiCles, suCh as autoMobilES and minivans.
In BOth separate anD UnITIzED typEs oF vehicle fraMe asSEmblIes, tHE sUspENsion SysteM rESiLIently supports the veHiCle fraMe assEmbly on the rotAtable wheeLS OF the vehiCle. ONE tYPe of suspension SysteM commonly uSEd in both AutomObiles anD trucks is AN IndependEnt SusPenSioN SYsTem. In an indepeNDEnt sUsPension SysTem, the vEhiCle FraMe aSsEmbly is suPported iNdIvIdUaLly Upon eACh of the wHeEls Of The VehicLE such tHat eaCh of ThE wHEelS can movE UpWARdly AnD dOwnwArdLy RelatIve tO The Vehicle Frame asseMblY IndePeNdEntly of The other wheelS. THus, when a buMp Or a DepresSIOn in the rOad upon which the vehicle iS OperateD is EncouNterEd by one of The Wheels, The OTher whEels arE not mOvEd uPWArdly AND dOwnWaRdly in respONSe tHeretO. AS a reSult, the Independent suspensIOn sYstem provides A reLatiVELy SmoOTh RIde.
a tYPicAL Structure for an iNdependent SuSPeNsion systeM IncLuDes a lowEr contrOl arm ANd, in somE instanceS, an upper cOnTrol ARM foR each wheel Of the vehIcle. The upPEr and LOwEr conTroL arms aRe TypIcallY V-shapED, eaCh havIng a paIr Of inneR ends ThAt are conNected to the vehicle frame StructUre foR piVoting movEmeNT in A generallY verTical plane And An iNtermEdiATe outEr poRTiOn. THE outeR porTIons of the UPpEr cONTrOl arm and the LOWEr cOntroL arM Are conNectEd through respectiVE ball and socket JoinTS To tHe uPPer aNd Lower ends of a stEerInG KNuckle. A wHeEl spindle exTends outWaRDly frOm the sTeerinG knucklE BEtWEen the UppeR anD lower endS thErEOf, and a hUb AnD Wheel aSsemBlY is mouNted on THe ouTER end of the wheel spIndle. tHE pivoTIng ConneCtIons of tHE uppEr and lower Control arms To the vEhicLe fraMe assemBlY allow The WhEels to move UPwardly anD downWardly, wHiLe maIntAining The rOTAtionAl axIs Of
 separate and unitized. In  a typical  sepa rat e v eh icle  fra me assembly, t h e st ructural components of  thebo d y po r ti on an d the f r am e por ti on  ar es ep arate  an d indep endent fro m o ne  another. Wh e nassembled,  th e frame port ion  of th eass e mblyisresil iently suppor ted uponth e  vehic l e wheel s by  the  suspension syste m  a n d serves as aplatfo rm up o n  wh ich  the bodypo rtion of thea ss e m b lya nd other comp onents of t h e v ehicle  c anb e moun ted.Se p ara te vehiclefram e assembl ies of this ge n eral ty pe are  fo und  inm os told er veh i cl es, but  remainin  c ommon  use t o d ay f ormany  rela tively largeorspec i ali zed u se mo dern  v ehicl es, su ch as  l arge vans, spor t ut ility veh icl es , a nd  truc k s. Ina t ypi cal uni tized v e hic le f r am e assembly, the st ru c t ur al compo nentso fth e  body po rt ion  and t he fr amep or tion are  combi n ed  i nto anin tegral  u nit  wh ich i s  res ilient ly suppo rtedu pon the vehicl e  wheels by th e  s u s pe n sion  sy stem. Uniti zedv ehic le f r am e a s sembl ies o ft hi s  general type are f ou nd inmanyrelatively sm all modern v e hicles,such as automobiles an d min ivans.
Inb oth sepa rateand unit ized type s of vehic lefra meass e m bl ies, the susp e n sion  s ystem r esi liently  su ppo rts  th evehicle f rame ass em bl yon  th e rot a table wh ee lsof  th e veh i cle. O ne ty pe o fsu s pen sion sy s te m comm on ly  use d i nbothauto m obi les and  trucks i s a n  ind ep en dent su spension syst em . In an in de pen dent s u s pensionsystem, the vehicle fra m e assem bly  is s uppo rted indi vid uallyupo n  eachof the  whee ls  of t he ve h i cl e s uc h that eac h ofthe w he elscan mov e upwardly and dow n war dly relativetothev e hi cle fr a meas s emb l y  independentlyof the oth er wh eels. Thus ,  wh en  a bump  or a d epres s ion inthe roadupon whic hthev e hic le is oper ated isencounter e d byo ne  of t hewheels ,the  othe r whee l s a re no t move dupward ly an ddownward ly in response thereto.  As aresul t,the indep end e ntsuspensio n sy stem provi des  arelat ive l y smo othr id e.A  typi cals tructuref or  an i nd ependent su s p e nsi on sy ste m  inclu desa lower control a r m and, in some  ins t a nce s,a n up pe r control armfor  e a c h wheelof  the vehicl e. The u pp e r and  lower  contr ol arms a re typica llyV-s haped, ea chha v ing a p ai ro f inne r en ds  thatare co n nect e d  to the vehicleframe s truct u refor p iv oting m o veme nt in a ge nerally ver ticalplan e and  an int er mediat e o ut er portion .  The oute r por tions o ftheupp er con trol a rm an d th elow er contro l ar m  a re con nect ed th ro ughrespectiv e  ball an d s o cket jo in tst o  the u p pe r and lowerend s ofa steering k n uckl e .A  whee l spin dle ex tends o u twa rd ly from  th e steeringknuckle b e twe en  the  upper a nd  low er  en ds  thereof, and a  hub and  wheel a s s emblyism ount e d on t he  outer end o f the  w h eel spi n d le.  The pi v oti ngcon nect ion s of the upper and lower cont rolarmst o t he ve hicle  f rame ass e mbly  allow t h e wheels to m ove upwardly an d  do w nwar dly ,  w hi le mainta ini n g the  rot ati onal  ax is o f 
 separate_and unitized._In a typical separate_vehicle frame_assembly,_the structural_components_of the body_portion and the_frame portion are separate_and independent from_one_another. When assembled, the frame portion of the assembly is resiliently supported upon the_vehicle_wheels by_the_suspension_system and serves as a_platform upon which the body_portion of_the assembly and other components of the vehicle_can_be mounted. Separate_vehicle frame assemblies of this general type are found_in most older vehicles, but remain_in common use_today_for_many relatively large or_specialized use modern vehicles, such as_large vans, sport utility vehicles, and_trucks. In a typical unitized vehicle frame_assembly, the structural components of the_body portion and the frame_portion are_combined into an integral unit_which is resiliently_supported upon_the vehicle wheels_by the suspension system. Unitized vehicle_frame assemblies of_this general type are found in_many_relatively small modern_vehicles,_such_as automobiles_and minivans.
In both_separate_and unitized_types_of vehicle frame assemblies, the suspension_system_resiliently supports the vehicle frame assembly on_the rotatable wheels of_the_vehicle. One type of_suspension system commonly used in_both automobiles and trucks is an_independent suspension_system. In_an independent suspension system, the vehicle frame assembly is supported individually_upon each of the wheels of_the vehicle such that_each of_the_wheels can move_upwardly_and downwardly_relative to the vehicle frame assembly independently_of the_other wheels. Thus, when a bump_or a depression in_the_road upon which the vehicle is_operated is encountered by one of_the wheels, the other wheels_are_not_moved upwardly and downwardly in_response thereto. As a result, the_independent suspension system_provides a relatively smooth ride.
A typical structure_for_an independent suspension system includes a_lower_control arm and, in some instances,_an_upper_control arm for each wheel_of the vehicle. The upper and_lower control arms are typically V-shaped, each having a_pair of inner_ends that are connected to_the_vehicle_frame structure for pivoting movement in a generally vertical plane_and an_intermediate outer portion._The outer portions of the upper control arm and the_lower control arm are connected through respective_ball and socket joints to the upper and lower ends of_a steering knuckle. A wheel spindle extends outwardly_from the steering knuckle between the upper_and lower ends thereof,_and_a hub and wheel assembly is mounted_on_the_outer_end of the_wheel spindle. The_pivoting connections of_the upper_and lower control_arms to_the vehicle frame_assembly_allow the wheels to move upwardly and downwardly, while maintaining the rotational axis of