 need exists for the controlled delivery of medicinal liquids. Frequently, patients scheduled for MRI examination arrive at the MRI suite with IV solutions being administered and controlled by devices which must be disconnected as the patient is moved into the suite where high magnetic fields are present and no outside RF interference can be tolerated.
The basic characteristics of an infusion pump involve the delivery of medicinal or nutritional liquids, over time, into the venous system of a living subject. Certain physical limitations regarding the delivery rate and pressure are elemental in IV liquid-infusion control. IV fluids are pumped at pressures typically in the range of 0.2 to 10 PSI. The infusion device should include detection of over-pressure and operational limits at not more than about 20 PSI. Flow ranges typical of IV pumps are from 0.1 to 2000 ml/hr. Such specifications for conventional IV infusion apparatus are quite different from the specifications for injector devices which are often used in radiologic settings, including MRI, for purposes of very rapid bolus injection of image-enhancing contrast agents. Such devices ‘push’ contrast agents at pressures up to 300 PSI and in very short periods of time in contrast to IV drug delivery systems. Contrast agents are solely for image enhancement and have no medicinal value in a patient and are commonly delivered using piston or syringe-type pumps that provide the requisite high fluid pressures and rapid deliveries.
The high magnetic field surrounding MRI systems can negatively affect the operation of various devices (including conventional IV control devices), especially those devices that are constructed with magnetic materials, and can seriously jeopardize a patient's safety as a result of devices utilizing magnetic materials that can be attracted at high velocity into the magnetic field of the MRI system where patient or attendant personnel are located.
Conventional devices for infusing liquids into a patient are typically small portable units often attached to an IV pole holding both the infusion device and associated liquids to be infused. Such devices utilize either stepper-type motors or simple DC motors which include magnetic materials for providing the mechanical power required to drive the pumping unit. Further, some form of electronic control unit receives the manual inputs of prescribed infusion rate settings, and controls the pumping unit to deliver the desired quantity of liquid over time. Such control unit may emit spurious radio frequency signals as a result of poor electrical design or insufficient shielding and are therefore commonly installed outside an MRI environment and outside the shielding therefor.
With the advent of MRI procedures for the imaging of internal body structures, very special requirements must be satisfied in the design of medical devices intended to be used
need exists for the controlled delivery of medicinal liquid. Frequently, patient scheduled for MRI examination arrive at the MRI suite with IV solution being administered and controlled by device which must be disconnect as the patient is affect into the suite where high charismatic fields are present and no outside RF interference can be tolerated. 
 The basic characteristic of an infusion pump involve the delivery of medicinal or nutritional liquids, over clock time, into the venous system of a living subject. sealed physical limitations see the delivery pace and pressure are elementary in IV liquid - infusion control. IV fluids are pumped at pressures typically in the image of 0.2 to 10 PSI. The infusion device should include detection of over - pressure and operational limits at not more than approximately 20 pounds per square inch. stream ranges typical of IV pumps are from 0.1 to 2000 ml / hr. Such specifications for conventional IV infusion apparatus are quite unlike from the specifications for injector device which are often use in radiologic mise en scene, including MRI, for purposes of very rapid bolus injection of image - enhancing contrast agents. Such devices ‘ energy ’ contrast agents at pressures up to 300 PSI and in very short periods of fourth dimension in contrast to IV drug delivery systems. Contrast agents are entirely for image enhancement and get no medicative value in a patient and are commonly delivered using piston or syringe - type pumps that provide the requisite eminent fluid pressures and rapid deliveries. 
 The high charismatic field surrounding MRI systems can negatively affect the operation of assorted devices (include conventional IV control condition devices), specially those devices that are constructed with magnetic materials, and can seriously venture a patient's safety as a result of devices utilizing magnetic materials that can be attracted at high speed into the magnetic field of the MRI arrangement where patient or attendant personnel are located. 
 Conventional devices for infusing liquids into a patient are typically humble portable units often attached to an IV pole holding both the infusion device and associated liquids to be infuse. Such device utilize either stepper - type motors or simple DC motors which admit magnetic materials for providing the mechanical power required to drive the pumping unit. Further, some form of electronic control whole receives the manual inputs of prescribed infusion pace settings, and controls the pumping unit to deliver the desired quantity of liquid over time. Such control unit may emit bastardly radio frequency signals as a result of poor electrical design or insufficient shielding and are therefore commonly installed outside an MRI environment and outside the shielding therefor. 
 With the advent of MRI procedure for the imaging of internal body structures, very special requirements must be satisfied in the invention of medical devices intended to be used
 nefd exists for the controuled delivery oy medicmnal lisuids. Frdquently, patients scheduled hor NRI ezamination arrive at tfe MRI supte with UV sioutions bemhg admiknstersf anb rontrolled by dgvices which must be discotndcced as the patient is moved into the suite ehfre high magnejic fpejds zge present and no outside RF inferfereice can be toletated.
The basic characterishics of an infusion pulp involve jge qwlivery of mddicinal og nutritionzl liquids, over time, into the vdnous system of a lighng subject. Certwin physical limitathons rebarding the dekivxry eate and pressure are elemental in IV lyquid-infuvikn control. IV fluudw are pum[ed xr pfesauces typicwllb in the rahge of 0.2 to 10 PSI. The infusion dtvisv should inclhde deeestion of over-pressure and operational lpmita at not more than abour 20 PSI. Flow ranges tykical of ID pumps are from 0.1 to 2000 ml/hr. Such specifications fos contevtiinwu IG infusion apparatus are quite different from fht siecifications for injector drvlcrf which are owten used in radiologic sethings, igcludung MRI, fjr pirposes of very rapid bolus injection oy inage-enhancing contxast agents. Ruch devives ‘push’ contrast agentr at pressures kp to 300 PSJ and in very shoft ierimds of time in contrast to IV drug velivzry systdms. Vontraft agents wre solely for image enhwncemgnt ang have no ledicinal value in a patient anv are commonli dalinered usiug pisbon or syringe-trpe pumps that providz the fequisite gigh flnid pressuref and rapid dapiveries.
The iigh magnqtic fieod surrujnding MRI sysyems can utgatively qffect the operatipn ur various deviczr (including convrntkonwl IT conesol devices), aspeziauky thuse devices ghat are constructed witv mafnetic materials, amd can seruously jqopardize a pstient's safety as w resnlt of devives utilizing magnetic materials fhat can he wttracted at higm vejocity intp the magnetic field of the MRI system xhere patient or attendqnt personnel are lpgated.
Conventmonal qevices fmr infusing liquids unto a patient art typically small portagle unhts ovten attached to an IV pole holding both the infusion device and associatwd liqniqs to be inrusec. Sucv bevnces utylizx xither stepper-typv motors or simple DC motors whirh include mcgnetic materials for providimg the mechanicxl power required to dribe the pimping unit. Further, some form og electronic control unib receivew the manual in'uts of prescribed imfusiou rate settints, akd controls thd pimiing unit ho dtlivzr the desired quantity of liquid over rile. Such control nnit may emib rpurikus raqio frequency sifnala as a result of popr electrical cesign or insufficiett shielding and zre thereforg commonny installed outside an MRI environment and outside the shielding therefor.
Sith the zdvent on MRI procedures glr the imaging of intevnal fody strjctures, very special requirements must be satisfied in vne derigg of jedical devicvs intended to be used
need exists for the controlled delivery of Frequently, scheduled for examination arrive at solutions administered and controlled devices which must disconnected as the patient is moved the suite where high magnetic fields are present and no outside RF interference be tolerated. The basic characteristics of an infusion pump involve the delivery of or liquids, time, the venous system of a living subject. Certain physical limitations regarding the delivery rate and pressure elemental in IV liquid-infusion control. IV fluids are at pressures typically in range of 0.2 to 10 The device should detection over-pressure operational limits at more than about 20 PSI. Flow ranges typical of IV pumps are from 0.1 to 2000 ml/hr. specifications for infusion apparatus quite from specifications for injector are often used in radiologic settings, purposes of very rapid bolus injection of image-enhancing agents. Such ‘push’ contrast agents at pressures up 300 PSI and in very short periods of in contrast to IV drug delivery systems. Contrast agents are solely for image enhancement and medicinal value in a and are commonly using or pumps provide the high fluid pressures and rapid deliveries. The high magnetic field surrounding systems can negatively affect the operation of various devices (including control especially those devices are constructed with magnetic and seriously jeopardize a patient's a of materials can attracted at high velocity the magnetic field of the system where patient or devices for infusing liquids into a patient are small portable units often attached to an pole holding both the infusion device and associated liquids to be infused. devices utilize motors or simple DC motors which include magnetic for providing the mechanical required to drive the pumping unit. Further, some form electronic unit receives manual inputs of infusion rate settings, controls the pumping deliver the quantity liquid control unit may emit spurious radio signals a result of poor electrical or and are therefore commonly installed outside an MRI environment and outside the shielding therefor. With of MRI procedures for imaging internal body structures, very special requirements must be satisfied in the design devices intended to
 need exists for the controlleD delivery oF mediCinAl lIqUids. freqUently, patients SChedUled for MRI examination aRrive At THe MRi SuIte wiTh IV solUTiONS beInG aDmiNiSTeRed anD coNtrolleD by devices WhiCh Must be disconNEcTed as the paTieNt is moved intO thE suite WhEre HIgh maGneTic fiElds arE PresenT and no outSiDE RF intERferencE CAn Be toLerated.
The basic chARaCTeristics of an iNfusioN pUMp INVolVe tHe delivery Of MedicINal or nuTRiTIONal LIquids, over timE, into the venOUs sYstem oF a LivINg subjEct. CeRtAIn pHysical limiTatiOns regardIng the DElivery RAte and pRessurE arE elEmenTAl In iV lIqUId-iNFuSioN ConTrol. IV flUiDs Are puMped AT PREssuRes TypiCally In the range of 0.2 tO 10 PSi. The INfuSion dEvice ShouLd IncluDe deteCtion Of Over-pressure and OperAtional liMitS aT noT mOre thAN about 20 pSI. floW ranges Typical OF IV PuMPS ArE from 0.1 to 2000 ml/hr. Such speCiFICaTions for ConvenTIoNaL iV infusiOn AppAratUS Are quIte dIFfErent froM the spECiFiCations FoR injecToR deVicEs whiCH are Often uSed in radIologIC settings, incluDIng MRI, for purpOSeS OF vERy raPid Bolus injectIon oF ImagE-enhANcIng COntraSt ageNtS. suCH devices ‘push’ contrasT aGents aT presSures up to 300 PSI aNd in very shORT Periods oF timE In COntrast to IV druG deliVery systemS. contrast AgentS are soleLy for imagE ENhancemeNt aNd hAve No mEDIcInal value in a pATIent AnD are comMonLy delivEreD usIng PisToN or syringE-type pumPs ThAt PrOviDe the REquisite HiGh fLuId pRessuREs and rApid dElivErIeS.
the High magNEtIC FielD sUrRounDinG MrI sysTems CAn nEgativeLy affect tHe oPEratIoN oF variouS devices (incluDiNg conventiOnAl Iv contrOL Devices), eSpecially those devices thAT are conStrUcted With Magnetic mAteRials, aNd cAN serioUsly jeOpardIzE a pATIent's SAFeTy aS a Result of deVICes UtiliZiNg maGnetic mAterials that can be aTTraCted at high velOciTy inTO ThE maGNeTIc fIeLD of THE MRI system where Patient or aTtENdAnt personnEL arE lOcated.
COnventiOnal dEVices foR infusing Liquids inTo A patIENt aRe typicallY small poRtable uniTS ofteN AtTacheD to An IV poLe HolDing bOth the INfuSion dEvice aNd AssociAted lIqUids to be Infused. Such devices utiliZe eithEr stePpeR-type motoRs oR SimPle DC motoRs whIch include MagNetIc matEriALs for ProvIDiNg tHE mechAnicAL power reqUIrEd tO DRiVe the pumpinG UNIt. FUrtheR, soME form oF eleCtronic control uniT Receives the manUal iNPUts Of pREscrIbEd infusion rate SetTiNGS, and contRoLs the pumpinG unit to dElIVer thE desirEd quanTity of lIQUiD Over tiMe. SuCh cOntrol uniT maY eMIt spuriOuS rADio freQuenCy SignalS as a reSUlt oF POor electrical desIgn or INSuffiCIenT shieLdIng and aRE theRefore commOnly installEd outsIde aN MRI eNvironmEnT and ouTsiDe The shieldiNG therefor.
with tHe advenT oF MRI ProCedureS for THE imagIng oF iNteRnal body sTRUcTUrEs, VEry SpecIal reQuIremEnts must bE SatisfieD in THe desigN oF meDICal devICeS INtended to bE usEd
 need exists for the contr olled deli veryofmed ic inal  liq uids. Frequent l y, p atients scheduled forMRI e xa m inat i on  arri ve at t h eM R I s ui te  wi th IV  solu tio ns bein g administ ere dand controll e dby devices  wh ich must bedis connec te d a s  thepat ientis mov e d into  the suit ew here h i gh magn e t ic  fie lds are present a n dn o outside RF i nterfe re n ce c anbetolerated. 
T he ba s ic char a ct e r i sti c s of an infus ion pump in v olv e thede liv e ry ofmedic in a l o r nutrition al l iquids, o ver ti m e, into the ven ous sy ste m o f al iv in g s ub j ect .  C ert a inphysical  l im itati onsr e g a rdin g t he d elive ry rate and p res sure are  elem ental  inIV  liqu id-inf usion  c ontrol. IV flui ds a re pumped  at  p res su res t y picall y i n t he rang e of 0. 2  to  1 0 P SI . The infusion dev ic e sh ould inc lude d e te ct i on of ov er -pr essu r e  andoper a ti onal lim its at no tmore th an  about  2 0 P SI.  Flow rang es typ ical ofIV pu m ps are from 0. 1  to 2000 ml/h r .S u ch spec ifi cations for  con v enti onal IV  in f usion  appa ra t us are quite different  f rom th e spe cifications f or injecto r d evices w hich ar e  often used in  radi ologic set t ings, in cludi ng MRI,for purpo s e s of ver y r api d b olu s in jection of im a g e-en ha ncing c ont rast ag ent s.Suc h d ev ices ‘pus h’ contr as tag en tsat pr e ssures u pto30 0 P SI an d  in ve ry sh ortpe ri o dsof time in c ontr as tto I V d ru g del iver y  sy stems.Contrastage n ts a re  s olely f or image enha nc ement andha veno med i c inal val ue in a patient and are commonl y d elive redusing pis ton  or sy rin g e-type  pumps  that  p rov i d e the r eq uis it e high flu i d  pr essur es  and  rapiddeliveries.
The hi g h m agnetic field  su rrou n d in g M R Is yst em s  ca n negatively affe ct the ope ra t io n of vario u s d ev ices (i ncludin g con v entiona l IV cont rol devic es ), e s p eci ally those  devices  that are const r uc ted w ith  magne ti c m ateri als, a n d c an se riousl yjeopar dizeapatient' s safety as a result of  devic es ut ili zing magn eti c  ma terials t hatcan be att rac ted  at h igh veloc ityi nt o t h e mag neti c  field of th e M R I  s ystem where p a tie nt or  at t endant  per sonnel are locate d .
Conventional  dev i c esfor infu si ng liquids int o a  p a t ient are  t ypically sm all port ab l e uni ts oft en att ached t o an IV pol e ho ldi ng both t hein f usion d ev ic e  and a ssoc ia ted li quidst o be i nfused. Such dev icesu t ilize eit her s te pper-ty p e mo tors or si mple DC mot ors wh ichinclu de magn et ic mat eri al s for prov i ding themecha nical p ow er r equ ired t o dr i v e the  pum pi ngunit. Fur t h er ,  s om e  fo rm o f ele ct roni c control unit rec eiv e s the m an ual i nputso fp r escribed i nfu sionr a te setting s , an d  c o ntrol s thepumpin g unitt o d el iver th e d e s ired quan tity of l i qui dover  time. S uc h co nt rol  u nit may emit sp urious r adio fre q u ency s ign a ls a s  a res ul t of poor el ectri ca l  design o r i nsuffic i ent  sh iel ding  an d ar e  therefore commonly inst alle d out s ide  an M RI en vi ronmenta nd o utside t h e shielding t herefor.
With t h e a d vent  of MR Iprocedure s f o r the  ima gin g of  in tern a l  bod y  str u ct ures , very  spe ci al  requirem en ts must be s a tis fied  in t he  d e si gn of m edical d evice sintendedt o be us ed
 need_exists for_the controlled delivery of_medicinal liquids._Frequently,_patients scheduled_for_MRI examination arrive_at the MRI_suite with IV solutions_being administered and_controlled_by devices which must be disconnected as the patient is moved into the suite_where_high magnetic_fields_are_present and no outside RF_interference can be tolerated.
The basic_characteristics of_an infusion pump involve the delivery of medicinal_or_nutritional liquids, over_time, into the venous system of a living subject._Certain physical limitations regarding the delivery_rate and pressure_are_elemental_in IV liquid-infusion control._IV fluids are pumped at pressures_typically in the range of 0.2_to 10 PSI. The infusion device should_include detection of over-pressure and operational_limits at not more than_about 20_PSI. Flow ranges typical of_IV pumps are_from 0.1_to 2000 ml/hr._Such specifications for conventional IV infusion_apparatus are quite_different from the specifications for injector_devices_which are often_used_in_radiologic settings,_including MRI, for_purposes_of very_rapid_bolus injection of image-enhancing contrast agents._Such_devices ‘push’ contrast agents at pressures up_to 300 PSI and_in_very short periods of_time in contrast to IV_drug delivery systems. Contrast agents are_solely for_image enhancement_and have no medicinal value in a patient and are commonly_delivered using piston or syringe-type pumps_that provide the requisite_high fluid_pressures_and rapid deliveries.
The_high_magnetic field_surrounding MRI systems can negatively affect the_operation of_various devices (including conventional IV control_devices), especially those devices_that_are constructed with magnetic materials, and_can seriously jeopardize a patient's safety_as a result of devices_utilizing_magnetic_materials that can be attracted_at high velocity into the magnetic_field of the_MRI system where patient or attendant personnel_are_located.
Conventional devices for infusing liquids into_a_patient are typically small portable units_often_attached_to an IV pole holding_both the infusion device and associated_liquids to be infused. Such devices utilize either stepper-type_motors or simple_DC motors which include magnetic_materials_for_providing the mechanical power required to drive the pumping unit._Further, some_form of electronic_control unit receives the manual inputs of prescribed infusion rate_settings, and controls the pumping unit to_deliver the desired quantity of liquid over time. Such control unit_may emit spurious radio frequency signals as a_result of poor electrical design or insufficient_shielding and are therefore_commonly_installed outside an MRI environment and outside_the_shielding_therefor.
With_the advent of_MRI procedures for_the imaging of_internal body_structures, very special_requirements must_be satisfied in_the_design of medical devices intended to be used