 possible complication that can result from vaccinia inoculation is post vaccination encephalitis. Most of these reactions resulted from inoculating individuals with skin diseases such as eczema or with impaired immune systems, or individuals in households with others who had eczema or impaired immunological responses. Vaccinia is a live virus, and is normally harmless to a healthy individual. However, it can be transmitted between individuals for several weeks after inoculation. If an individual with an impairment of the normal immune response is infected either by inoculation or by contagious transmission from a recently inoculated individual, the consequences can be serious.
Thus, it can be appreciated that a method which confers on the art the advantages of live virus inoculation but which reduces or eliminates the previously discussed problems would be a highly desirable advance over the current state of technology. This is even more important today with the advent of the disease known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Victims of this disease suffer from severe immunological dysfunction and could easily be harmed by an otherwise safe live virus preparation if they came in contact with such virus either directly or via contact with a person recently immunized with a vaccine comprising such a live virus.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a vaccine which is capable of immunizing vertebrates against a pathogenic organism, which has the advantages of a live virus vaccine, and which has few or none of the disadvantages of either a live virus vaccine or a killed virus vaccine as enumerated above, particularly when used to immunize non-avian vertebrates.
It is a further object of this invention to provide synthetic recombinant avipox viruses for use in such vaccines.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for inducing an immunological response in avian and non-avian vertebrates to an antigen by inoculating the vertebrate with a synthetic recombinant avipox virus which, in the case of non-avian vertebrates such as mammals, cannot productively replicate in the animal with the production of infectious virus. In this case, the virus is self-limiting, reducing the possibility of spreading to non-vaccinated hosts.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a method for inducing an immunological response in a vertebrate to an antigen, which method comprises inoculating the vertebrate with a vaccine including synthetic recombinant avipox virus which comprises and expresses the antigenic determinant of a pathogen for said vertebrate.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method for expressing a gene product in a vertebrate by inoculating the vertebrate with a recombinant virus containing DNA which encodes for
possible complication that can result from vaccinia inoculation is post inoculation encephalitis. Most of these reaction resulted from inoculating person with peel diseases such as eczema or with impaired immune arrangement, or individuals in households with others who have eczema or impaired immunological responses. Vaccinia is a alive virus, and is normally harmless to a healthy individual. However, it can be transmitted between person for several weeks after inoculation. If an individual with an impairment of the normal immune response is infect either by inoculation or by contagious transmission from a recently inoculated person, the consequences can be serious. 
 therefore, it can be appreciated that a method acting which confers on the art the advantages of live virus inoculation but which reduces or eliminates the previously discourse problems would be a highly desirable advance over the current state of technology. This is even more important today with the advent of the disease known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Victims of this disease suffer from severe immunological dysfunction and could easily be harmed by an otherwise safe live virus formulation if they came in contact with such virus either immediately or via liaison with a person recently immunized with a vaccine comprising such a live virus. 
 It is an object of the present invention to leave a vaccine which is capable of immunizing vertebrates against a pathogenic organism, which get the advantages of a live virus vaccine, and which has few or none of the disadvantages of either a bouncy virus vaccine or a killed virus vaccine as enumerated above, particularly when used to immunize non - avian vertebrate. 
 It is a further object of this invention to supply synthetic recombinant avipox viruses for use in such vaccines. 
 It is a further object of this invention to leave a method for inducing an immunological response in avian and non - avian vertebrates to an antigen by immunize the vertebrate with a synthetic recombinant avipox virus which, in the case of non - avian vertebrates such as mammals, cannot productively duplicate in the animal with the production of infectious virus. In this sheath, the virus is self - limiting, reducing the hypothesis of spreading to non - vaccinated hosts. 
 It is a still further aim of the invention to provide a method for induce an immunological response in a vertebrate to an antigen, which method constitute inoculate the vertebrate with a vaccine including celluloid recombinant avipox virus which comprises and expresses the antigenic determinant of a pathogen for said vertebrate. 
 It is another object of the invention to supply a method for expressing a gene intersection in a vertebrate by inoculating the vertebrate with a recombinant virus containing deoxyribonucleic acid which encodes for
 podsible complication that can result from vacciiia inodulation is post vaccination encephapiris. Mist of these reactions resulted from iniculeting individuals with skin diacases wuch as eczema or with ikpaired immune shscems, or individuals in households wieh othets who had eczemw or ympajgeb immunological responses. Vaccihia is e live virus, anc is normally harmless to w hewlthy individual. Hlwever, it cqn bq transmitted between individuals fkr several weeks after inoculatkon. Iy an indivieuql ahth an impamrment of the normal immuna respomse is infectec emthee by inoculation or bb contagious transmifsion frok c recently inoculated ibdivigual, the xonreqheicea can he aerious.
Thua, it can be appreciated that a mqnnod which cohfers jn the art the advantages of live virus itochlation but which reducws or eliminates the kreviously discussed problems would be a highly desirable agvancx uvex the zyrgent state of technology. This is even more im[kruann today with the cdvent of the dixewsr known as acqoired immuhe deficiency syndgome (AIQS). Vixtims of uhis cisease suffer from severe ummunologicaj dysfunction and cluld easily be narmec by an otherwise safe uive virus prepwration ir they came in covtabt whth such virus either direstly or vma coutact wigh a persog recently immukhzed with a vaccinf comkrisinc such a llve virus.
It is an object of the present invenjiot tm providz a vagcine which is sapable of immonizing vzrtebrxtes againat a pavhogenic orgwnism, which hdd the advanteges of a livw vieus vaczkne, and which nas few og uone of tye disadvantages on eitfsr a live virus vaxcine or a killrd xirts veccinq as enumeratad acovd, partkcularly whcn jsed to immunize non-aviat vedtebrates.
It is a firbher objext of thys invention yo provide synthetlc rerombinent avopov viruses for use in such vaccjnes.
It is a nurther objece of this inventnon to provide a method for inducing an mmmunological response un avian and non-avicn vertebratex to wn antiget by inoculating the vertebrate with s synthetic recombinaht avi[ox vlrus which, in the case of non-avian vertebrates such as mammals, cannot proeuctivxlr replicate in yhe atiicl with the 'roduction of infvctious virus. In this case, the vmrus is senf-jimiting, reducing the possibolkty of spreadkng to non-vaccinated hosfs.
It is s still further object of the imvention to provide a mebhod for unducjng an immnnological response on a vzrtebrqte to qn aktigen, which mdthpd comprised inpcblating the vertebrate with a vacxine ibcpuding synthetic recombinanb xvipoq virus which comprises and fxprerses the antibenic determinsnt of a pathogen fog swid vertebrate.
Un is another pbjecj of the inventmon to provige a method for expressing a gene product in a vertgbrate by ihoculatikg the vertebrate xith a recombinant virus cjntainine DNA which ancodes for
possible complication that can result from vaccinia post encephalitis. Most these reactions resulted diseases as eczema or impaired immune systems, individuals in households with others who eczema or impaired immunological responses. Vaccinia is a live virus, and is normally to a healthy individual. However, it can be transmitted between individuals for several after If individual an impairment of the normal immune response is infected either by inoculation or by contagious transmission a recently inoculated individual, the consequences can be Thus, it can be that a method which confers the the advantages live inoculation which reduces or the previously discussed problems would be a highly desirable advance over the current state of technology. This even more with the of disease as acquired immune (AIDS). Victims of this disease suffer dysfunction and could easily be harmed by an safe live preparation if they came in contact such virus either directly or via contact with person recently immunized with a vaccine comprising such a live virus. It is an object present invention to provide vaccine which is of vertebrates a organism, which the advantages of a live virus vaccine, and which has few none of the disadvantages of either a live virus vaccine killed vaccine as enumerated particularly when used to non-avian It is a further this to avipox for in such vaccines. It a further object of this to provide a method in avian and non-avian vertebrates to an antigen inoculating the vertebrate with a synthetic recombinant virus which, in the case of non-avian vertebrates such as mammals, cannot replicate in with the production of infectious virus. In this the virus is self-limiting, the possibility of spreading to non-vaccinated hosts. It is still object of invention to provide method for inducing immunological response in to an which comprises with a vaccine including synthetic recombinant virus comprises and expresses the antigenic of for said vertebrate. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for gene product in a by the vertebrate with a recombinant virus containing DNA which encodes for
 possible complication that cAn result frOm vacCinIa iNoCulaTion Is post vaccinatIOn enCephalitis. Most of these rEactiOnS ResuLTeD from InoculaTInG INdiViDuAls WiTH sKin diSeaSes such As eczema or WitH iMpaired immunE SyStems, or indIviDuals in houseHolDs with OtHerS Who haD ecZema oR impaiREd immuNological ReSPonses. vAccinia IS A lIve vIrus, and is normally HArMLess to a healthy IndiviDuAL. HOWEveR, it Can be transMiTted bETween inDIvIDUAls FOr several weekS after inocuLAtiOn. If an InDivIDual wiTh an iMpAIrmEnt of the norMal iMmune respOnse is INfected EIther by InoculAtiOn oR by cONtAgIouS tRAnsMIsSioN FroM a recentLy InOculaTed iNDIVIduaL, thE conSequeNces can be seriOus.
thus, IT caN be apPreciAted ThAt a meThod whIch coNfErs on the art the aDvanTages of liVe vIrUs iNoCulatIOn but wHicH reDuces or EliminaTEs tHe PREViOusly discussed probLeMS WoUld be a hiGhly deSIrAbLE advance OvEr tHe cuRREnt stAte oF TeChnology. this is EVeN mOre impoRtAnt todAy WitH thE adveNT of tHe diseAse known As acqUIred immune defiCIency syndrome (aiDs). vIcTIms oF thIs disease suFfer FRom sEverE ImMunOLogicAl dysFuNCtIOn and could easily be hArMed by aN otheRwise safe live Virus prepaRATIon if theY camE In COntact with such Virus Either direCTly or via ContaCt with a pErson receNTLy immuniZed WitH a vAccINE cOmprising such A LIve vIrUs.
It is aN obJect of tHe pResEnt InvEnTion to proVide a vacCiNe WhIcH is CapabLE of immunIzIng VeRteBrateS AgainsT a patHogeNiC oRGanIsm, whicH HaS THe adVaNtAges Of a LiVe virUs vaCCinE, and whiCh has few oR noNE of tHe DiSadvantAges of either a LiVe virus vacCiNe oR a killED Virus vacCine as enumerated above, paRTicularLy wHen usEd to Immunize nOn-aVian veRteBRates.
IT is a fuRther ObJecT OF this INVeNtiOn To provide sYNTheTic reCoMbinAnt avipOx viruses for use in sUCh vAccines.
It is a fUrtHer oBJEcT of THiS InvEnTIon TO Provide a method fOr inducing An IMmUnological REspOnSe in aviAn and noN-aviaN VertebrAtes to an aNtigen by iNoCulaTINg tHe vertebraTe with a sYnthetic rECombiNAnT avipOx vIrus whIcH, in The caSe of noN-AviAn verTebratEs Such as MammaLs, Cannot prOductively replicate in thE animaL with The ProductioN of INfeCtious virUs. In This case, thE viRus Is selF-liMIting, ReduCInG thE PossiBiliTY of spreadINg To nON-VaCcinated hosTS.
iT is A stilL fuRTher obJect Of the invention to pROvide a method foR indUCIng An iMMunoLoGical response iN a vErTEBrate to aN aNtigen, which Method coMpRIses iNoculaTing thE vertebRATe WIth a vaCcinE inCluding syNthEtIC recombInAnT Avipox ViruS wHich coMpriseS And eXPResses the antigenIc detERMinanT Of a PathoGeN for saiD VertEbrate.
It is Another objeCt of thE invEntioN to provIdE a methOd fOr Expressing A Gene produCt in a VertebrAtE by iNocUlatinG the VERtebrAte wItH a rEcombinanT VIrUS cOnTAinIng DnA whiCh EncoDes for
 possible complication tha t can resu lt fr omvac ci niainoc ulation is pos t  vac cination encephalitis.  Most  o f  the s ereact ions re s ul t e d f ro mino cu l at ing i ndi viduals  with skin  di se ases such as ec zema or wi thimpaired imm une  syste ms , o r  indi vid ualsin hou s eholds  with oth er s  who h a d eczem a or  imp aired immunologic a lr esponses. Vacc inia i sa  l i v e v iru s, and isno rmall y  harmle s st o a h e althy individ ual. Howeve r , i t canbe  tr a nsmitt ed be tw e enindividuals  for  severalweeksa fter in o culatio n. Ifanind ivid u al  w ith  a n  im p ai rme n t o f the no rm al  immu ne r e s p o nseisinfe ctedeither by ino cul atio n  or  by c ontag ious  t ransm ission  from  a  recently inocu late d individ ual ,the  c onseq u encescan  be  seriou s.
Thus ,  it  c a n be  appreciated thatam e th od which  confe r son the artth e a dvan t a ges o f li v evirus in oculat i on  b ut whic hreduce soreli minat e s th e prev iously d iscus s ed problems wo u ld be a highl y  d e s ir a bleadv ance over t he c u rren t st a te  of techn ology .T hi s  is even more impor ta nt tod ay wi th the advent  of the di s e a se known  asa cq u ired immune de ficie ncy syndro m e (AIDS) . Vic tims ofthis dise a s e suffer  fr omsev ere i mm unological dy s f unct io n and c oul d easil y b e h arm edby  an other wise saf eli ve  v iru s pre p arationif  th ey  ca me in contac t wit h su ch  v i rus  either di r e ctly  o rviacon ta ct wi th a per son rec ently imm uni z ed w it ha vacci ne comprising  s uch a live  v iru s.
Iti s  an obje ct of the present inven t ion topro videa va ccine whi chis cap abl e  of im munizi ng ve rt ebr a t es ag a i ns t a  p athogenico r gan ism,wh ichhas the  advantages of a l i vevirus vaccine , a nd w h i ch  ha s  f e w o rn one o f the disadvant ages of ei th e ra live vir u s v ac cine or  a kill ed vi r us vacc ine as en umeratedab ove, p art icularly w hen used  to immun i ze no n -a vianver tebrat es .
I t isa furt h erobjec t of t hi s inve ntion  t o provid e synthetic recombinant  avipo x vir use s for use  in suc h vaccine s.
I t is a fur the r o bject  of thisinve n ti ont o pro vide a methodf or  in d u ci ng an immun o l o gic al re spo n se inavia n and non-avian v e rtebrates to a n an t i gen  by inoc ul ating the vert ebr at e with a s yn thetic reco mbinantav i pox v irus w hich,in thec a se of non -avi anvertebrat essu c h as ma mm al s , cann ot p ro ductiv ely re p lica t e  in the animal w ith t h e  prod u cti on of  i nfectio u s vi rus. In th is case, th e viru s is  self -limiti ng , redu cin gthe possib i lity of s pread ing tono n-va cci natedhost s . 
It i s ast ill  furthero b je c tof the  inv entio nto p rovide am ethod fo r i n ducingan  im m u nologi c al r esponse in  averte b r ate to ana ntig e n, which  metho d comp rises i n ocu la ting th e v e r tebrate w ith a vac c ine  i nclu ding syn th etic  r eco mb inant avipox vi rus whic h compri s e s andexp r esse s  the a nt igenic deter minan to f a pat h o gen  for sa i d v ert ebr ate. 
It  isa nother object of the inv enti on to pro videa met ho d for ex p ress ing a ge n e product ina vertebrate by ino c ulat ing th evertebrat e w i th areco mbi nant  vi rusc o ntai n ingD NA  whi ch enc odes  f or 
 possible_complication that_can result from vaccinia_inoculation is_post_vaccination encephalitis._Most_of these reactions_resulted from inoculating_individuals with skin diseases_such as eczema_or_with impaired immune systems, or individuals in households with others who had eczema or_impaired_immunological responses._Vaccinia_is_a live virus, and is_normally harmless to a healthy_individual. However,_it can be transmitted between individuals for several_weeks_after inoculation. If_an individual with an impairment of the normal immune_response is infected either by inoculation_or by contagious_transmission_from_a recently inoculated individual,_the consequences can be serious.
Thus, it_can be appreciated that a method_which confers on the art the advantages_of live virus inoculation but which_reduces or eliminates the previously_discussed problems_would be a highly desirable_advance over the_current state_of technology. This_is even more important today with_the advent of_the disease known as acquired immune_deficiency_syndrome (AIDS). Victims_of_this_disease suffer_from severe immunological_dysfunction_and could_easily_be harmed by an otherwise safe_live_virus preparation if they came in contact_with such virus either_directly_or via contact with_a person recently immunized with_a vaccine comprising such a live_virus.
It is_an object_of the present invention to provide a vaccine which is capable_of immunizing vertebrates against a pathogenic_organism, which has the_advantages of_a_live virus vaccine,_and_which has_few or none of the disadvantages of_either a_live virus vaccine or a killed_virus vaccine as enumerated_above,_particularly when used to immunize non-avian_vertebrates.
It is a further object of_this invention to provide synthetic_recombinant_avipox_viruses for use in such_vaccines.
It is a further object of_this invention to_provide a method for inducing an immunological_response_in avian and non-avian vertebrates to_an_antigen by inoculating the vertebrate with_a_synthetic_recombinant avipox virus which, in_the case of non-avian vertebrates such_as mammals, cannot productively replicate in the animal with_the production of_infectious virus. In this case,_the_virus_is self-limiting, reducing the possibility of spreading to non-vaccinated hosts.
It_is a_still further object_of the invention to provide a method for inducing an_immunological response in a vertebrate to an_antigen, which method comprises inoculating the vertebrate with a vaccine including_synthetic recombinant avipox virus which comprises and expresses_the antigenic determinant of a pathogen for_said vertebrate.
It is another_object_of the invention to provide a method_for_expressing_a_gene product in_a vertebrate by_inoculating the vertebrate_with a_recombinant virus containing_DNA which_encodes for