cis-9-octadecenoic acid, 18:1 (OH)). Its hydroxyl functional group is highly valued since it provides a site for facile chemical derivatization. Unfortunately, castor plant surfaces harbor allergenic compounds that harm workers harvesting these plants. An additional concern is residual ricin, a toxic byproduct from castor oil production. Ricinoleic acid is used in high-volume products that include coatings, surfactants, polymers and cosmetics. Competitive chemical routes to ricinoleic analogs require multiple steps, use harsh chemical reagents, and generally lack selectivity. Furthermore, there is a need for a broadened spectrum of agro-based hydroxyl fatty acids that are more reactive primary substituents.
Unlike rinoleic acid, the ω-hydroxyfatty acids produced by the novel method described herein can be derived from a wide range of oil sources while also providing hydroxyl functional groups. Furthermore, ω-hydroxyfatty acids have primary instead of secondary hydroxyl groups which increase their reactivity for esterification and urethane synthesis. As such, they can replace ricinoleic acid and hydrostearic acid in certain applications requiring higher performance.
Owing to their unique attributes of new functional ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, they can be used in a wide variety of applications including as monomers to prepare next generation polyethylene-like polyhydroxyalkanoates, surfactants, emulsifiers, cosmetic ingredients and lubricants. They also can serve as precursors for vinyl monomers used in a wide-variety of carbon back bone polymers. Direct polymerization of ω-hydroxy fatty acids via condensation polymerization gives next generation polyethylene-like polyhydroxyalkanoates that can be used for a variety of commodity plastic applications. Alternatively, the polymers can be designed for use as novel bioresorbable medical materials. Functional groups along polymers provide sites to bind or chemically link bioactive moieties to regulate the biological properties of these materials. Another use of functional polyesters is in industrial coating formulations, components in drug delivery vehicles and scaffolds that support cell growth during tissue engineering and other regenerative medicine strategies.
2.1 Polymer Properties
Aliphatic polyesters are a group of biodegradable polymers that may be synthesized from readily renewable building blocks such as lactic acid and fatty acid-derived materials. Such polyesters can be synthesized via polycondensation reactions between aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with diols, transesterification of diesters with diols, polymerization of hydroxy acids, and ring-opening polymerization
cis-9 - octadecenoic acid, 18:1 (OH) ). Its hydroxyl functional group is highly valued since it provides a site for eloquent chemical derivatization. Unfortunately, beaver plant surfaces harbor allergenic compounds that harm worker harvest these plants. An additional business is residual ricin, a toxic byproduct from castor oil product. Ricinoleic acid is used in high - book products that include coating, wetting agent, polymers and cosmetics. Competitive chemical path to ricinoleic analogs require multiple tone, use harsh chemical reagents, and broadly lack selectivity. Furthermore, there is a need for a broadened spectrum of agro - establish hydroxyl fatty acids that are more reactive primary substituents. 
 Unlike rinoleic acid, the ω - hydroxyfatty acids produced by the novel method acting described herein can be derived from a wide range of oil sources while besides supply hydroxyl functional groups. Furthermore, ω - hydroxyfatty acids have primary instead of secondary hydroxyl groups which increase their reactivity for esterification and urethane deduction. As such, they can supplant ricinoleic acid and hydrostearic acid in certain application requiring higher performance. 
 Owing to their alone attributes of new functional ω - hydroxy fatty acid and α, ω - dicarboxylic acids, they can be used in a wide variety of applications including as monomer to prepare next generation polyethylene - like polyhydroxyalkanoates, surfactants, emulsifiers, cosmetic ingredients and lubricant. They besides can service as precursors for vinyl monomers used in a broad - variety of carbon back bone polymers. lineal polymerization of ω - hydroxy fatty acid via condensation polymerization gives adjacent generation polyethylene - like polyhydroxyalkanoates that can be use for a variety of commodity credit card applications. Alternatively, the polymers can be designed for use as fresh bioresorbable medical materials. Functional group along polymer provide sites to bind or chemically connect bioactive moieties to regulate the biological properties of these materials. Another use of running polyesters is in industrial coating formulation, components in drug delivery vehicles and scaffolds that support cell growth during tissue technology and other regenerative medicine strategies. 
 2.1 Polymer Properties 
 Aliphatic polyesters are a group of biodegradable polymers that may be synthesized from readily renewable building auction block such as lactic acid and fatty acid - derive materials. Such polyesters can be synthesized via polycondensation reactions between aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with diols, transesterification of diesters with diol, polymerization of hydroxy acids, and ring - opening polymerization
cis-9-lctadecenoic acid, 18:1 (OH)). Itr hydroxyl funcjiinal gcoup is highly xalued since it provides a smte dor fqcile chemical derivatkzation. Ujfortunarely, xastor plaif surfagzs hadnor anoergenic compoonds that hasm workers hareertnng these plants. An additional concewn is rrsldual ricin, a joxic fyprkduct from castor oil production. Rjcinolepc acid is used im high-volume products that incpude coatings, surfwctants, polijerf and cosmetizs. Competiuire chemical routes to ricinoleic analogs rdquirz multiple wtwps, ose harsh chxmical reagents, and generanly lacl selectivity. Nurthxrmoee, there is a need foc a broadened spectrom of agro-taaed hydroxyl fattt qcids thad ard mofe deectjve prlmacy substitusnts.
Unlike einoleic acid, the ω-hudwixyfatty acida prodtcqd by the novel method described herein cah be derived from a widw range of oil sourced while ajso providing hydroxyl functional groups. Furthermmre, ω-hbdfoxvnwgry acids have primary instead of secondary hydrjsyk nroups which incvease their reactifihy sor esterificxtion chd urethane synthesid. As sush, thwy can reklace ricinoleic acid and hydrosrearic acid pn cwrtain applicationd requiring higner prrformance.
Owing to theix uniqhe attributfs of new wunctional ω-hydroby natdy acids and α,ω-dicarboxylic wcids, theb can be usea in a widq variety lf apinications includinh as lotomers to orepare next generation polyethbkene-like polihygroqyalkanoaces, suvfactants, emulsyfiers, cosmetie ingrednents xnd lubricznts. Thxy also can ferve as precgtsors for vinbl monomews uwed un a wiad-variety of catbon back bone polyners. Direct polymevizatkkn of ω-hydroxy fcuty acids via condrnsxtijn pplrkerization ghves neby gendration polnetfyleme-like polyhydroxyalnanoztes that can be uxeq for a cariety jf commodity llastic applicatiojs. Alvernatmvely, yhe polymers can be designed for hse as nogel bioresorbabje mcdicwl materiaks. Functional groups along polymers protide sites to bind or cyemically link bioaetlve moieties to rqgulate tve biological properries of these mattrials. Another use of fhnctiotal pllyesters is in industrial coating formulations, components in drug deliveey vehmcjes and scarfolcs thdt xuppore cepu growth during nissue engineering and other regxnerative kebicine strategies.
2.1 Polymer Prolefties
Aliphatiz polyesters are a group of biodrgradable polymers that may be xynthesized from readily renewaboe bujlding blorks such as lactic avid anb fattt acid-dwrivcd materials. Sjch pllyesters can bz synthesized via polycondensatiob reacrilns between alipiatic dicarblwylic zcids rith diols, transsstedlficajion of diestets with diols, lolymerization of hygrjxy acids, and epng-opening pokymerizdtion
cis-9-octadecenoic acid, 18:1 (OH)). Its hydroxyl functional highly since it a site for plant harbor allergenic compounds harm workers harvesting plants. An additional concern is residual a toxic byproduct from castor oil production. Ricinoleic acid is used in high-volume that include coatings, surfactants, polymers and cosmetics. Competitive chemical routes to ricinoleic analogs multiple use chemical and generally lack selectivity. Furthermore, there is a need for a broadened spectrum of agro-based hydroxyl acids that are more reactive primary substituents. Unlike acid, the ω-hydroxyfatty acids by the novel method described can derived from wide of sources while also hydroxyl functional groups. Furthermore, ω-hydroxyfatty acids have primary instead of secondary hydroxyl groups which increase their reactivity esterification and As such, can ricinoleic and hydrostearic acid applications requiring higher performance. Owing to of new functional ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-dicarboxylic they can used in a wide variety of including as monomers to prepare next generation polyethylene-like surfactants, emulsifiers, cosmetic ingredients and lubricants. They also can serve as precursors for vinyl monomers a wide-variety of carbon bone polymers. Direct of fatty via polymerization gives generation polyethylene-like polyhydroxyalkanoates that can be used for a variety of plastic applications. Alternatively, the polymers can be designed for use bioresorbable materials. Functional groups polymers provide sites to or link bioactive moieties to biological of use functional is in industrial coating components in drug delivery vehicles scaffolds that support cell other regenerative medicine strategies. 2.1 Polymer Properties Aliphatic are a group of biodegradable polymers that be synthesized from readily renewable building blocks such as lactic acid and acid-derived materials. can be synthesized via polycondensation reactions between aliphatic acids with diols, transesterification diesters with diols, polymerization of hydroxy acids, and ring-opening
cis-9-octadecenoic acid, 18:1 (OH)). Its hYdroxyl funCtionAl gRouP iS higHly vAlued since it prOVideS a site for facile chemicaL deriVaTIzatIOn. unforTunatelY, CaSTOr pLaNt SurFaCEs HarboR alLergeniC compounds ThaT hArm workers haRVeSting these PlaNts. An additioNal ConcerN iS reSIdual RicIn, a toXic bypROduct fRom castor OiL ProducTIon. RiciNOLeIc acId is used in high-volUMe PRoducts that incLude coAtINgS, SUrfActAnts, polymeRs And coSMetics. COMpETITivE Chemical routeS to ricinoleIC anAlogs rEqUirE MultipLe stePs, USe hArsh chemicaL reaGents, and gEneralLY lack seLEctivitY. FurthErmOre, TherE Is A nEed FoR A brOAdEneD SpeCtrum of aGrO-bAsed hYdroXYL FAtty AciDs thAt are More reactive pRimAry sUBstItuenTs.
UnlIke rInOleic Acid, thE ω-hydRoXyfatty acids proDuceD by the novEl mEtHod DeScribED hereiN caN be Derived From a wiDE raNgE OF OiL sources while also pRoVIDiNg hydroxYl funcTIoNaL Groups. FuRtHerMore, Ω-HYdroxYfatTY aCids have PrimarY InStEad of seCoNdary hYdRoxYl gRoups WHich IncreaSe their rEactiVIty for esterifiCAtion and urethANe SYNtHEsis. as sUch, they can rEplaCE ricInolEIc AciD And hyDrostEaRIc ACid in certain applicaTiOns reqUirinG higher perforMance.
Owing TO THeir uniqUe atTRiBUtes of new functIonal Ω-hydroxy faTTy acids aNd α,ω-dIcarboxyLic acids, tHEY can be usEd iN a wIde VarIETy Of applicationS INcluDiNg as monOmeRs to preParE neXt gEneRaTion polyeThylene-lIkE pOlYhYdrOxyalKAnoates, sUrFacTaNts, EmulsIFiers, cOsmetIc inGrEdIEntS and lubRIcANTs. ThEy AlSo caN seRvE as prEcurSOrs For vinyL monomers UseD In a wIdE-vAriety oF carbon back boNe Polymers. DiReCt pOlymerIZAtion of ω-Hydroxy fatty acids via conDEnsatioN poLymerIzatIon gives nExt GeneraTioN PolyetHylene-Like pOlYhyDROxyalKANoAteS tHat can be usED For A variEtY of cOmmoditY plastic applicatioNS. AlTernatively, thE poLymeRS CaN be DEsIGneD fOR usE AS novel bioresorbAble medicaL mATeRials. FunctIOnaL gRoups alOng polyMers pROvide siTes to bind Or chemicaLlY linK BIoaCtive moietIes to regUlate the bIOlogiCAl PropeRtiEs of thEsE maTeriaLs. AnotHEr uSe of fUnctioNaL polyeSters Is In industRial coating formulations, ComponEnts iN drUg deliverY veHIclEs and scafFoldS that suppoRt cEll GrowtH duRIng tiSsue ENgIneERing aNd otHEr regenerATiVe mEDIcIne strategiES.
2.1 pOlyMer PrOpeRTies
AlIphaTic polyesters are a GRoup of biodegraDablE POlyMerS That MaY be synthesized FroM rEADily reneWaBle building Blocks suCh AS lactIc acid And fatTy acid-dERIvED materIals. sucH polyesteRs cAn BE syntheSiZeD Via polYconDeNsatioN reactIOns bETWeen aliphatic dicArboxYLIc aciDS wiTh dioLs, TransesTErifIcation of dIesters with Diols, pOlymErizaTion of hYdRoxy acIds, AnD ring-openiNG polymeriZatioN
cis-9-octadecenoic acid, 1 8:1 (OH)).  Itshyd rox yl  fun ctio nal group is h i ghly  valued since it provi des a  s i te f o rfacil e chemi c al d eri va ti zat io n .Unfor tun ately,castor pla ntsu rfaces harbo r  a llergeniccom pounds thathar m work er s h a rvest ing  thes e plan t s. Anadditiona lc oncern is resi d u al  ric in, a toxic bypro d uc t  from castor o il pro du c ti o n . R ici noleic aci dis us e d in hi g h- v o l ume products that  include co a tin gs, su rf act a nts, p olyme rs and  cosmetics.  Com petitivechemic a l route s  to ric inolei c a nal ogsr eq ui remu l tip l este p s,use hars hch emica l re a g e n ts,and  gen erall y lack select ivi ty.F urt hermo re, t here  i s a n eed fo r a b ro adened spectrum  ofagro-base d h yd rox yl  fatt y  acids  th atare mor e react i vepr i m a ry  substituents.
Unl ik e ri noleic a cid, t h eω- h ydroxyfa tt y a cids p roduc ed b y  t he novel  metho d  d es cribedhe rein c an  be  de rived from  a wid e rangeof oi l  sources while also providin g  h y d ro x yl f unc tional grou ps.F urth ermo r e,  ω- h ydrox yfatt ya ci d s have primary inst ea d of s econd ary hydroxylgroups whi c h increase  the i rr eactivity forester ificationa nd ureth ane s ynthesis . As such , they can  re pla ceric i n ol eic acid andh y dros te aric ac idin cert ain  ap pli cat io ns requir ing high er  p er fo rma nce.O wing toth eir  u niq ue at t ribute s ofnewfu nc t ion al ω-hy d ro x y  fat ty  a cids  an dα,ω-d icar b oxy lic aci ds, theycan be u se din a wi de variety of  a pplication sinc luding a s monome rs to prepare next gene r ation p oly ethyl ene- like poly hyd roxyal kan o ates,surfac tants ,emu l s ifier s ,  c osm et ic ingredi e n tsand l ub rica nts. Th ey also can servea s p recursors for  vi nylm o no mer s  u s edin a w i d e-variety of ca rbon backbo n epolymers.D ire ct  polyme rizatio n ofω -hydrox y fatty a cids viaco nden s a tio n polymeri zation g ives next gener a ti on po lye thylen e- lik e pol yhydro x yal kanoa tes th at  can b e use dfor a va riety of commodity plas tic ap plica tio ns. Alter nat i vel y, the po lyme rs can bedes ign ed fo r u s e asnove l  b ior e sorba blem edical ma t er ial s .  F unctional g r o u psalong  po l ymersprov ide sites to bind or chemicallylink b ioa cti v e mo ie ties to regula teth e biologic al  properties  of thes em ateri als. A nother  use of f un c tional  pol yes ters is i n i nd u strialco at i ng for mula ti ons, c ompone n ts i n drug delivery ve hicle s and s c aff oldsth at supp o rt c ell growth  during tis sue en gine ering  and ot he r rege ner at ive medici n e strateg ies.2.1 Pol ym er P rop erties 
Ali p h aticpoly es ter s are a g r o up of  b i ode grad ablepo lyme rs that m a y be syn the s ized fr om  re a d ily re n ew a b le buildin g b locks s uch as lac t ic a c id and f atty a cid-de rived m a ter ia ls. Suc h p o l yesters c an be syn t hes iz ed v ia polyc on dens at ion  r eactions betwee n alipha tic dica r b oxylic  ac i ds w i th dio ls , transester ifica ti o n of di e s ter s withd iol s,pol ymer iza tion of hydroxy acids, and ri ng-o penin g  po lymer izati on 
cis-9-octadecenoic acid,_18:1 (OH))._Its hydroxyl functional group_is highly_valued_since it_provides_a site for_facile chemical derivatization._Unfortunately, castor plant surfaces_harbor allergenic compounds_that_harm workers harvesting these plants. An additional concern is residual ricin, a toxic byproduct_from_castor oil_production._Ricinoleic_acid is used in high-volume_products that include coatings, surfactants,_polymers and_cosmetics. Competitive chemical routes to ricinoleic analogs require_multiple_steps, use harsh_chemical reagents, and generally lack selectivity. Furthermore, there is_a need for a broadened spectrum_of agro-based hydroxyl_fatty_acids_that are more reactive_primary substituents.
Unlike rinoleic acid, the ω-hydroxyfatty_acids produced by the novel method_described herein can be derived from a_wide range of oil sources while_also providing hydroxyl functional groups._Furthermore, ω-hydroxyfatty_acids have primary instead of_secondary hydroxyl groups_which increase_their reactivity for_esterification and urethane synthesis. As such,_they can replace_ricinoleic acid and hydrostearic acid in_certain_applications requiring higher_performance.
Owing_to_their unique_attributes of new_functional_ω-hydroxy fatty_acids_and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, they can be_used_in a wide variety of applications including_as monomers to prepare_next_generation polyethylene-like polyhydroxyalkanoates, surfactants,_emulsifiers, cosmetic ingredients and lubricants._They also can serve as precursors_for vinyl_monomers used_in a wide-variety of carbon back bone polymers. Direct polymerization of_ω-hydroxy fatty acids via condensation polymerization_gives next generation polyethylene-like_polyhydroxyalkanoates that_can_be used for_a_variety of_commodity plastic applications. Alternatively, the polymers can_be designed_for use as novel bioresorbable medical_materials. Functional groups along_polymers_provide sites to bind or chemically_link bioactive moieties to regulate the_biological properties of these materials._Another_use_of functional polyesters is in_industrial coating formulations, components in drug_delivery vehicles and_scaffolds that support cell growth during tissue_engineering_and other regenerative medicine strategies.
2.1 Polymer_Properties
Aliphatic_polyesters are a group of biodegradable_polymers_that_may be synthesized from readily_renewable building blocks such as lactic_acid and fatty acid-derived materials. Such polyesters can be_synthesized via polycondensation_reactions between aliphatic dicarboxylic acids_with_diols,_transesterification of diesters with diols, polymerization of hydroxy acids, and_ring-opening polymerization