 frequencies. Conventional voltage-mode SHA's are extremely cumbersome to adapt into current-mode systems, however. They require current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversions. In a system where both high accuracy and high speed are important, these conversions can be very difficult to implement, and they add significant circuit complexity and power dissipation.
An additional feature required by many analog systems is gain in the SHA. This is realizable in the closed loop schemes by putting attenuation in a feedback network, as would be done with any operational amplifier. Just as in conventional operational amplifier theory, however, this runs into some rather severe limitations at high frequencies, where the gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier imposes the trade-off that the greater the gain used, the lower the bandwidth of the SHA will be. This can have serious ramifications, not only on the bandwidth of the SHA, but also on the acquisition time and the sample-and-hold settling time.
Additional general principles and background on SHA circuits may be obtained from extensive published texts and articles on the subject.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved sample-and-hold amplifier which implements a closed-loop architecture, but: which still provides excellent bandwidth and sampling frequency.
Another object of the invention is to provide a sample-and-hold amplifier which generates a current output.
A further object of the invention is to provide a sample-and-hold amplifier which generates both a current output and a voltage output.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a sample-and-hold amplifier which will accept a current or voltage input and provide both a current and voltage representation at the output. Pharmaceutical products are sometimes the subject of abuse. For example, a particular dose of opioid agonist may be more potent when administered parenterally as compared to the same dose administered orally. Some formulations can be tampered with to provide the opioid agonist contained therein for illicit use. Controlled release opioid agonist formulations are sometimes crushed, or subject to extraction with solvents (e.g., ethanol) by drug abusers to provide the opioid contained therein for immediate release upon oral or parenteral administration.
Controlled release opioid agonist dosage forms which can liberate a portion of the opioid upon exposure to ethanol, can also result in a patient receiving the dose more rapidly than intended if a patient disregards instructions for use and concomitantly uses alcohol with the dosage form.
There continues to exist a need in the art for pharmaceutical oral dosage forms comprising
frequencies. Conventional voltage - mode SHA's are highly awkward to adjust into current - mode systems, however. They require current - to - electric potential and voltage - to - current conversions. In a system where both eminent accuracy and high speed are significant, these conversions can be very difficult to follow through, and they add significant circumference complexity and might dissipation. 
 An extra feature command by many analogue systems is gain in the SHA. This is realizable in the shut loop schemes by putting attenuation in a feedback network, as would be done with any functional amplifier. Just as in ceremonious operational amplifier theory, however, this runs into some rather austere limitations at high frequencies, where the gain - bandwidth product of the amplifier levy the trade - off that the greater the gain used, the lower the bandwidth of the SHA will be. This can have serious ramifications, not only on the bandwidth of the SHA, but also on the learning time and the sample - and - reserve settling prison term. 
 Additional general principle and setting on SHA circuits may be obtained from across-the-board published texts and articles on the subject. 
 Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved sample - and - hold amplifier which implements a closed - loop computer architecture, but: which still put up excellent bandwidth and sample frequency. 
 Another aim of the invention is to provide a sample - and - hold amplifier which generates a current output. 
 A further object of the invention is to provide a sample - and - declare amplifier which render both a current output and a voltage output signal. 
 Yet another aim of the invention is to provide a sample - and - hold amplifier which will accept a current or voltage input signal and provide both a current and electric potential representation at the output. Pharmaceutical product are sometimes the subject of abuse. For exercise, a particular acid of opioid agonist may be more potent when administered parenterally as compared to the same dose administered orally. Some formulations can be tampered with to provide the opioid protagonist contained therein for illicit function. Controlled release opioid agonist formulations are sometimes crushed, or subject to extraction with solution (e.g., ethanol) by drug abusers to provide the opioid contained therein for immediate liberation upon oral or parenteral presidency. 
 control release opioid agonist dosage forms which can liberate a portion of the opioid upon vulnerability to ethanol, can also result in a affected role receiving the venereal disease more rapidly than intended if a patient disregard instructions for use and concomitantly uses alcohol with the dose form. 
 There continues to exist a motivation in the art for pharmaceutical oral dosage forms comprising
 frfquencies. Conventional vultage-mode SHA's are exvremely cumbersume to adapt into current-modx sywtems, however. They require zurrent-to-noltage abd viotage-to-curcsnt conyzrsiohd. In e system where noth high awcuracy and hich s'eed are important, these conversions can be vfry difficult jo imkleient, and they add significant circuit domplexpty and power disxipation.
An additional featkre gequired by many ajalog systens if gain in the SHA. This pv realizabme in the closed loop schemes bh putcing attenuqtuon hn a feedbark netrork, as would be dona with sny operationak akplufier. Just as in convxntional operational amplifies cheory, however, this rynw intm soke rxrhef stvece mimitahiois at high rrequencies, where the gain-bandeiqnn product of the aipjifier imposes the trade-off that the grtater the gain used, the lowee the bandwidth of thg SHA will be. This can have serious ramifications, not only mn thx canbqidth if the SHA, but also on the acquisition time and fht ssmple-and-hold scttling time.
Additipnwl deneral princkples chd background on SHA circuijs may be obtaiged grom extensive published tezts and artibles on the subject.
Acclrdingly, it is sn obkect of the present invzntion to provide an improbdd sample-and-hold amilifher which implements a clofed-loop acchitzcture, bjt: wnich seill provifes ewwellent bandwidth wnd scmplitg frequenfy.
Another object of the invention is to provice a vample-anb-hold smplifier whish generates a currenc outpjt.
A furtheg object mf the invegtion is to pslvide a sampne-and-holq amplifuer whizf generates boyh a currvnu output abd a voltage outpub.
Yet xhother object oy uhw invention is to prjvpde a vample-and-holg amoliwoer wfich will agceot a current or voltage hnpuf and provide both a current and voleage represenyation at the outpkt. Phermacentical prjducts are sometimes the subjedt of abude. Nor example, a parbicujar dose oy opioid agonist may be more potent when administered pargnterally as compared uo the same dpse aqministerad orally. Some formuoations can be takpered with to provids the mpioif agonist contained therein for illicit use. Controlled release opioid agobist formulations zre xometpmef crushqd, oc rubject to extrabtion with solvents (e.g., ethanol) bb drug abuvexs to provide the opioid contsived therein fur immediate release upoh oral ot parenteral administration.
Conttolled release opioid agpnist dowage rorms whici can liberate a poryion oy the ipioid ypon exposure to dthsnll, can aldo rtsulc in a patient receiving the dose more eaoidly than intenved if a patlekt distegards ynstructions for use wnd cuncomitantly ises alcohol woth the dosage form.
Tvewe continues ti exist a neec in jkv art for phacmaceutical mral dosage forms comprising
frequencies. Conventional voltage-mode SHA's are extremely cumbersome into systems, however. require current-to-voltage and where high accuracy and speed are important, conversions can be very difficult to and they add significant circuit complexity and power dissipation. An additional feature required many analog systems is gain in the SHA. This is realizable in the loop by attenuation a feedback network, as would be done with any operational amplifier. Just as in conventional operational theory, however, this runs into some rather severe at high frequencies, where gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier the that the the used, lower the bandwidth the SHA will be. This can have serious ramifications, not only on the bandwidth of the SHA, also on time and sample-and-hold time. general principles and SHA circuits may be obtained from and articles on the subject. Accordingly, it is object of present invention to provide an improved amplifier which implements a closed-loop architecture, but: which provides excellent bandwidth and sampling frequency. Another object of the invention is to provide a which generates a current A further object the is provide sample-and-hold amplifier generates both a current output and a voltage output. Yet another of the invention is to provide a sample-and-hold amplifier which a or voltage input provide both a current voltage at the output. Pharmaceutical sometimes subject example, particular of opioid agonist may more potent when administered parenterally compared to the same can be tampered with to provide the opioid contained therein for illicit use. Controlled release agonist formulations are sometimes crushed, or subject to extraction with solvents (e.g., by drug provide the opioid contained therein for immediate release oral or parenteral administration. release opioid agonist dosage forms which can liberate a of opioid upon to ethanol, can result in a receiving the dose than intended a disregards and concomitantly uses alcohol with the form. continues to exist a need the pharmaceutical oral dosage forms comprising
 frequencies. Conventional voLtage-mode ShA's arE exTreMeLy cuMberSome to adapt intO CurrEnt-mode systems, however. THey reQuIRe cuRReNt-to-vOltage aND vOLTagE-tO-cUrrEnT CoNversIonS. In a sysTem where boTh hIgH accuracy and HIgH speed are iMpoRtant, these coNveRsions CaN be VEry diFfiCult tO impleMEnt, and They add siGnIFicant CIrcuit cOMPlExitY and power dissipatIOn.
aN additional feaTure reQuIReD BY maNy aNalog systeMs Is gaiN In the SHa. thIS IS reALizable in the cLosed loop scHEmeS by putTiNg aTTenuatIon in A fEEdbAck network, aS wouLd be done wIth any OPeratioNAl ampliFier. JuSt aS in ConvENtIoNal OpERatIOnAl aMPliFier theoRy, HoWever, This RUNS Into SomE ratHer seVere limitatioNs aT higH FreQuencIes, whEre tHe Gain-bAndwidTh proDuCt of the amplifieR impOses the trAde-OfF thAt The grEAter thE gaIn uSed, the lOwer the BAndWiDTH Of The SHA will be. This caN hAVE sErious raMificaTIoNs, NOt only on ThE baNdwiDTH of thE SHA, BUt Also on thE acquiSItIoN time anD tHe sampLe-And-HolD settLIng tIme.
AddItional gEneraL Principles and bACkground on SHA CIrCUItS May bE obTained from eXtenSIve pUbliSHeD teXTs and ArticLeS On THe subject.
AccordinglY, iT is an oBject Of the present iNvention to PROVide an imProvED sAMple-and-hold ampLifieR which implEMents a clOsed-lOop archiTecture, buT: WHich stilL prOviDes ExcELLeNt bandwidth anD SAmplInG frequeNcy.
another ObjEct Of tHe iNvEntion is tO provide A sAmPlE-aNd-hOld amPLifier whIcH geNeRatEs a cuRRent ouTput.
A FurtHeR oBJecT of the iNVeNTIon iS tO pRoviDe a SaMple-aNd-hoLD amPlifier Which geneRatES botH a CuRrent ouTput and a voltaGe Output.
Yet aNoTheR objecT OF the inveNtion is to provide a sample-ANd-hold aMplIfier WhicH will accePt a CurrenT or VOltage Input aNd proViDe bOTH a curRENt And VoLtage repreSENtaTion aT tHe ouTput. PhaRmaceutical productS Are Sometimes the sUbjEct oF ABuSe. FOR eXAmpLe, A ParTICular dose of opioId agonist mAy BE mOre potent wHEn aDmInisterEd parenTeralLY as compAred to the Same dose aDmInisTERed Orally. Some FormulatIons can be TAmperED wIth to ProVide thE oPioId agoNist coNTaiNed thErein fOr IlliciT use. COnTrolled rElease opioid agonist formUlatioNs are SomEtimes cruSheD, Or sUbject to eXtraCtion with sOlvEntS (e.g., etHanOL) by drUg abUSeRs tO ProviDe thE Opioid conTAiNed THErEin for immedIATE reLease UpoN Oral or PareNteral administratIOn.
Controlled reLeasE OPioId aGOnisT dOsage forms whicH caN lIBErate a poRtIon of the opiOid upon eXpOSure tO ethanOl, can aLso resuLT In A PatienT recEivIng the dosE moRe RApidly tHaN iNTended If a pAtIent diSregarDS insTRUctions for use and ConcoMITantlY UseS alcoHoL with thE DosaGe form.
TherE continues tO exist A neeD in thE art for PhArmaceUtiCaL oral dosagE Forms compRisinG
 frequencies. Conventional  voltage-m ode S HA' s a re  ext reme ly cumbersomet o ad apt into current-modesyste ms ,  how e ve r. Th ey requ i re c urr en t- to- vo l ta ge an d v oltage- to-current  co nv ersions. Ina  s ystem wher e b oth high acc ura cy and  h igh speed  ar e imp ortant ,  these  conversi on s  can b e  very d i f fi cult  to implement, an d  t h ey add signifi cant c ir c ui t com ple xity and p ow er di s sipatio n .A n add i tional featur e requiredb y m any an al ogs ystems  is g ai n  in  the SHA. T hisis realiz able i n  the cl o sed loo p sche mes  by  put t in gatt en u ati o nina  fe edback n et wo rk, a s wo u l d be d one  wit h any  operationalamp lifi e r.Justas in  con ve ntion al ope ratio na l amplifier the ory,  however,  th is  ru ns  into some r ath erseverelimitat i ons  a t h ig h frequencies, whe re t he  gain-ba ndwidt h  p ro d uct of t he  am plif i e r imp oses th e trade- off th a tth e great er  the g ai n u sed , the lowe r thebandwidt h oft he SHA will be .  This can hav e  s e r io u s ra mif ications, n ot o n ly o n th e  b and w idthof th eS HA ,  but also on the ac qu isitio n tim e and the sam ple-and-ho l d settling  tim e .A dditional gene ral p rinciplesa nd backg round  on SHAcircuitsm a y be obt ain edfro m e x t en sive publishe d text sand art icl es on t hesub jec t.Ac cordingly , it isan  o bj ec t o f the presentin ven ti onto pr o vide a n imp rove dsa m ple -and-ho l da m plif ie rwhic h i mp lemen ts a clo sed-loo p archite ctu r e, b ut :which s till provides  e xcellent b an dwi dth an d sampling  frequency.
Another obj e ct of t heinven tion  is to pr ovi de a s amp l e-and- hold a mplif ie r w h i ch ge n e ra tes  a  current o u t put .
A f ur ther  object  of the inventioni s t o provide a s amp le-a n d -h old am p lif ie r  wh i c h generates bot h a curren to ut put and av olt ag e outpu t.
Yetanoth e r objec t of theinvention  i s to p rov ide a samp le-and-h old ampli f ier w h ic h wil l a cceptacur rentor vol t age  inpu t andpr ovidebothacurrentand voltage representat ion at  theout put. Phar mac e uti cal produ ctsare someti mes  th e sub jec t  of a buse .  F ore xampl e, a particula r  d ose o fopioid agon i s t  ma y bemor e  poten t wh en administered p a renterally ascomp a r edtot he s am e dose adminis ter ed o rally. S om e formulati ons canbe tampe red wi th toprovide t he opioid  ago nis t contain edth e rein fo ril l icit u se.Co ntroll ed rel e aseo p ioid agonist for mulat i o ns ar e  so metim es  crushe d , or  subject t o extractio n with  sol vents  (e.g.,  e thanol ) b ydrug abuse r s to prov ide t he opio id  con tai ned th erei n for i mmed ia terelease u p o no ra lo r p aren teral  a dmin istration . 
Control led release  o pio i d  agoni s td o sage forms  wh ich c a n  liberatea  por t io n  of t he opi oid up on expo s ure  t o ethan ol, c an also r esult ina  pa ti entreceivin gthedo semo re rapidly than  intende d if a p a t ient d isr e gard s  instr uc tions for us e and  c o ncomita n t lyuses al c oho l w ith  the  do sage form.
There continues to  exi st an eed  in t he ar tfor phar m aceu tical or a l dosage form s comprising
 frequencies._Conventional voltage-mode_SHA's are extremely cumbersome_to adapt_into_current-mode systems,_however._They require current-to-voltage_and voltage-to-current conversions._In a system where_both high accuracy_and_high speed are important, these conversions can be very difficult to implement, and they_add_significant circuit_complexity_and_power dissipation.
An additional feature required_by many analog systems is_gain in_the SHA. This is realizable in the closed_loop_schemes by putting_attenuation in a feedback network, as would be done_with any operational amplifier. Just as_in conventional operational_amplifier_theory,_however, this runs into_some rather severe limitations at high_frequencies, where the gain-bandwidth product of_the amplifier imposes the trade-off that the_greater the gain used, the lower_the bandwidth of the SHA_will be._This can have serious ramifications,_not only on_the bandwidth_of the SHA,_but also on the acquisition time_and the sample-and-hold_settling time.
Additional general principles and background_on_SHA circuits may_be_obtained_from extensive_published texts and_articles_on the_subject.
Accordingly,_it is an object of the_present_invention to provide an improved sample-and-hold amplifier_which implements a closed-loop_architecture,_but: which still provides_excellent bandwidth and sampling frequency.
Another_object of the invention is to_provide a_sample-and-hold amplifier_which generates a current output.
A further object of the invention is_to provide a sample-and-hold amplifier which_generates both a current_output and_a_voltage output.
Yet another_object_of the_invention is to provide a sample-and-hold amplifier_which will_accept a current or voltage input_and provide both a_current_and voltage representation at the output._Pharmaceutical products are sometimes the subject_of abuse. For example, a_particular_dose_of opioid agonist may be_more potent when administered parenterally as_compared to the_same dose administered orally. Some formulations can_be_tampered with to provide the opioid_agonist_contained therein for illicit use. Controlled_release_opioid_agonist formulations are sometimes crushed,_or subject to extraction with solvents_(e.g., ethanol) by drug abusers to provide the opioid_contained therein for_immediate release upon oral or_parenteral_administration.
Controlled_release opioid agonist dosage forms which can liberate a portion_of the_opioid upon exposure_to ethanol, can also result in a patient receiving the_dose more rapidly than intended if a_patient disregards instructions for use and concomitantly uses alcohol with the_dosage form.
There continues to exist a need in_the art for pharmaceutical oral dosage forms_comprising