 a more robust flywheel than normal to compensate for the resultant fluctuations in drive energy. In short, it appears that the approach proposed by the '488 patent was not able to control the engine operation well enough to attain commercial success.
Although existing variable displacement engines work well in many applications, there are continuing efforts to further improve the thermodynamic efficiency of internal combustion engines without necessarily requiring expensive alterations to the engine's design. Robotic machinery provided with an automatic tool exchanging apparatus, for example, is detachably fastened with an automatically exchangeable tool at an end of the manipulating hand, and an acceleration sensor is mounted on the same end of the hand for detecting a motion of the hand. With the advancement of intelligent apparatuses in other fields, acceleration sensors of the same kind are also utilized for detecting the motion of subjects being controlled.
The acceleration sensors are provided with vibration units that vibrate integrally with the motion of the subjects being controlled or detected. As methods of detecting vibration of the vibration units, the acceleration sensors of electromagnetic induction type, electrostatic capacitance type, or of a type utilizing a piezoelectric element, etc. have been generally known to date.
The electromagnetic induction type comprises a magnetic body connected to a vibration unit, and a coil positioned in the magnetic flux that varies by a displacement of the magnetic body, so as to measure acceleration through a voltage output generated across the coil. The electrostatic capacitance type comprises a pair of electrodes arranged to form a capacitive space between a vibration unit side and an absolute stationary side, so as to detect acceleration through a variation of capacitance due to a change of the space gap between the electrodes, when the vibration unit side electrode displaces with respect to the absolute stationary side. The sensor type which uses a piezoelectric element, includes the piezoelectric element mounted on a part of the vibration unit side, which is subject to distortion caused by vibration of a load, and detects acceleration through variation of an output of the piezoelectric element due to the distortion of the vibration unit.
Any acceleration sensor of the above types is considered to have a function suitable for a system that detects acceleration in a moving unit of single-axis. With respect to the acceleration sensors of the electrostatic capacitance type and the piezoelectric element type, a reduction in overall sensor size has been achieved as a result of advances in semiconductor and thin film manufacturing technologies. This allows for production of the electrodes and even the piezoelectric elements in thin-form, including a casing of the acceleration sensor as well as a mass point (mass unit) on the vibration unit provided in it. Also, in a
a more robust flywheel than normal to compensate for the resultant fluctuations in campaign department of energy. In short, it appears that the overture project by the' 488 patent was not able to control the engine mathematical process well enough to reach commercial success. 
 Although exist variable displacement engine work well in many applications, there be continuing efforts to further improve the thermodynamic efficiency of internal combustion engine without necessarily requiring expensive alterations to the locomotive's design. Robotic machinery leave with an automatic tool exchange apparatus, for example, is detachably fastened with an automatically exchangeable tool at an goal of the manipulating hand, and an acceleration sensor is mounted on the same end of the hand for detecting a motion of the hand. With the advancement of intelligent apparatuses in other fields, acceleration sensors of the same kind are also use for detecting the motion of subject being operate. 
 The acceleration sensors are provided with vibration unit that resonate integrally with the motion of the subjects being see or detected. As methods of detecting vibration of the vibration units, the acceleration detector of electromagnetic induction type, electrostatic capacitance type, or of a type utilizing a piezoelectric element, etc. have been by and large known to date. 
 The electromagnetic induction type comprises a magnetic soundbox connected to a vibration unit, and a coil position in the magnetic flux that varies by a displacement of the charismatic body, so as to measure acceleration through a voltage output generated across the coil. The electrostatic capacitor type comprises a pair of electrodes dress to form a capacitive quad between a vibration unit english and an absolute stationary side, so as to detect acceleration through a pas seul of capacitance due to a change of the space gap between the electrodes, when the vibration unit side electrode displaces with respect to the absolute stationary slope. The sensor type which use a piezoelectric element, includes the piezoelectric element mounted on a part of the vibration unit english, which is subject to distortion caused by vibration of a load, and detects acceleration through version of an end product of the piezoelectric component due to the distortion of the vibration unit. 
 Any acceleration sensor of the above types is considered to suffer a function suitable for a system that detect acceleration in a moving unit of measurement of single - axis. With respect to the acceleration detector of the electrostatic capacitance type and the piezoelectric element type, a reduction in overall sensor size has been achieved as a consequence of advances in semiconductor and thin film manufacturing technologies. This give up for production of the electrodes and even the piezoelectric elements in thin - form, including a casing of the acceleration sensor as well as a mass point (batch unit) on the oscillation unit provided in it. Also, in a
 a lore robust flywheel thak normal to compgnwate fmr the resultavt fluctuations in drive enecgy. Un shirt, it appears that thd approacj proposwd bb the '488 patent was not able to dlntrmo the engine okeration weln enough to atdakn commercial success.
Although existind varianlf displacement engpnqs wkgk well in many applications, thsre are continuing egforts to further improve hhe hhermodynamic effifiency of ibtergql combustiov engines without neceasarily requiring expensive altdratipns to the ebgijg's design. Rouotic iachinery provided whth an sutomatic tool exrhanting apparatus, for exemple, is detachably sastened fich an automatically ezcyangedble toou at an eid kf the maiipulating gand, and an acceleration sensot yw mounted on fhe saie end of the hand for detecting a motion of the hand. With the advabcement of intelligenj apparatufes in other fields, acceleration sensors of the sdme kmna axc xosl utilized for detecting the motion of subjecea nepng controlled.
The acceleratipn srgsors are proxided cjtg vibration units hhat vifrate integraljy woth the motion of the subjexts being coutrilled or detected. Cs methods oy detevting vibration of the vibracion uhits, the acfeleratioh sensors of elecgrokacnetic induction type, elecerostatic capccitance typg, or of a type utllizikc a piezoelectric flemeut, etw. have beej generally known to date.
The elxrtromagnetic ongucnion type compvises a magnetis body connectgd to a vnbratiun unit, ans a coin positioneq in the magnajic flux that varies fy a displacemevg of the magneyic body, so as to mwasure acceleratiok thruhgh a voltage obupuu tenerated acroxs ghe clik. Eve electrostdtic caoscitavce typt cioprixes a pair of electrmdes arranged to form s gapacitivg space bqtween a vibrstion unit side anf an ebsoluve stayiogary side, so as to detect accemeration hhrjugh a variaeion of capacitauce due to a change of the space gap betxeen the electrodes, whgn the vibration unit xide electrpde dysplaces fith respect to the qbsolute stationavy side. The sensor typs whicv used a piezoelectric element, includes the piezoelectric element mounted on a part of the vibrafion unit snde, which is dnbject to distortpon caused by vibration of a loav, and detewtf acceleration through variayiun of an outpot of the piezoelectric elsment dur to the distortion of the vibrstion unit.
Any acceleratipn sensoe of fhe above vypes is considered yo havz a fubction wuitwble for a syrtek bhat detechs arcemeration in a moving unit of sintle-axiw. Aith respect to vhe accelerabiun sehsors jf the electrostztic fapacktance type amd the piezoelrctric element type, d weduction in ocvrall sensor xize hav been achieted as a resglt of advances in semiconductor and thin film manuracturing technolojies. This alloed for production of thc elestrodes xnd even the piezoelectric elements in thin-form, includiib a cxsigg of the acceleranion sensor as well as a mass poinn (mass unit) on thw vibration unit ptodided in it. Also, in a
a more robust flywheel than normal to the fluctuations in energy. In short, proposed the '488 patent not able to the engine operation well enough to commercial success. Although existing variable displacement engines work well in many applications, there continuing efforts to further improve the thermodynamic efficiency of internal combustion engines without requiring alterations the design. Robotic machinery provided with an automatic tool exchanging apparatus, for example, is detachably fastened with automatically exchangeable tool at an end of the hand, and an acceleration is mounted on the same of hand for a of hand. With the of intelligent apparatuses in other fields, acceleration sensors of the same kind are also utilized for detecting motion of controlled. The sensors provided vibration units that with the motion of the subjects detected. As methods of detecting vibration of the units, the sensors of electromagnetic induction type, electrostatic type, or of a type utilizing a piezoelectric etc. have been generally known to date. The electromagnetic induction type comprises a magnetic body a vibration unit, and coil positioned in magnetic that by displacement of magnetic body, so as to measure acceleration through a voltage output across the coil. The electrostatic capacitance type comprises a pair arranged form a capacitive between a vibration unit and absolute stationary side, so detect through capacitance to change of the space between the electrodes, when the unit side electrode displaces stationary side. The sensor type which uses a element, includes the piezoelectric element mounted on part of the vibration unit side, which is subject to distortion caused vibration of and detects acceleration through variation of an output the piezoelectric element due the distortion of the vibration unit. Any acceleration sensor the types is to have a suitable for a that detects acceleration moving unit single-axis. respect sensors of the electrostatic capacitance type the element type, a reduction in sensor been achieved as a result of advances in semiconductor and thin film manufacturing technologies. This production of the electrodes even piezoelectric elements in thin-form, including a casing of the acceleration sensor as a mass point vibration provided in Also, in a
 a more robust flywheel than noRmal to compEnsatE foR thE rEsulTant Fluctuations in DRive Energy. In short, it appears That tHe APproACh PropoSed by thE '488 PaTENt wAs NoT abLe TO cOntroL thE engine Operation wEll EnOugh to attain COmMercial sucCesS.
Although exiStiNg variAbLe dISplacEmeNt engInes woRK well iN many applIcATions, tHEre are cONTiNuinG efforts to further IMpROve the thermodyNamic eFfICiENCy oF inTernal combUsTion eNGines wiTHoUT NEceSSarily requiriNg expensive ALteRationS tO thE Engine'S desiGn. rOboTic machinerY proVided with An autoMAtic tooL ExchangIng appAraTus, For eXAmPlE, is DeTAchABlY faSTenEd with an AuToMaticAlly EXCHAngeAblE tooL at an End of the manipUlaTing HAnd, And an AccelEratIoN sensOr is moUnted On The same end of the Hand For detectIng A mOtiOn Of the HAnd. WitH thE adVancemeNt of intELliGeNT APpAratuses in other fieLdS, ACcEleratioN sensoRS oF tHE same kinD aRe aLso uTILized For dETeCting the Motion OF sUbJects beInG contrOlLed.
the AccelERatiOn sensOrs are prOvideD With vibration uNIts that vibratE InTEGrALly wIth The motion of The sUBjecTs beINg ConTRolleD or deTeCTeD. as methods of detectinG vIbratiOn of tHe vibration unIts, the acceLERAtion senSors OF eLEctromagnetic iNductIon type, eleCTrostatiC capaCitance tYpe, or of a tYPE utiliziNg a PieZoeLecTRIc Element, etc. havE BEen gEnErally kNowN to date.
the EleCtrOmaGnEtic inducTion type CoMpRiSeS a mAgnetIC body conNeCteD tO a vIbratIOn unit, And a cOil pOsItIOneD in the mAGnETIc flUx ThAt vaRieS bY a disPlacEMenT of the mAgnetic boDy, sO As to MeAsUre acceLeration throuGh A voltage ouTpUt gEneratED Across thE coil. The electrostatic caPAcitancE tyPe comPrisEs a pair of EleCtrodeS arRAnged tO form a CapacItIve SPAce beTWEeN a vIbRation unit SIDe aNd an aBsOlutE statioNary side, so as to deteCT acCeleration thrOugH a vaRIAtIon OF cAPacItANce DUE to a change of the Space gap beTwEEn The electroDEs, wHeN the vibRation uNit siDE electrOde displaCes with reSpEct tO THe aBsolute staTionary sIde. The senSOr typE WhIch usEs a PiezoeLeCtrIc eleMent, inCLudEs the PiezoeLeCtric eLemenT mOunted on A part of the vibration unit Side, whIch is SubJect to disTorTIon Caused by vIbraTion of a loaD, anD deTects AccELeratIon tHRoUgh VAriatIon oF An output oF ThE piEZOeLectric elemENT Due To the DisTOrtion Of thE vibration unit.
Any ACceleration senSor oF THe aBovE TypeS iS considered to hAve A fUNCtion suiTaBle for a systEm that deTeCTs accEleratIon in a Moving uNIT oF Single-Axis. witH respect tO thE aCCeleratIoN sENsors oF the ElEctrosTatic cAPaciTANce type and the pieZoeleCTRic elEMenT type, A rEductioN In ovErall sensoR size has beeN achieVed aS a resUlt of adVaNces in SemIcOnductor anD Thin film mAnufaCturing TeChnoLogIes. ThiS allOWS for pRoduCtIon Of the elecTROdES aNd EVen The pIezoeLeCtriC elements IN thin-forM, inCLuding a CaSinG OF the acCElERAtion sensoR as Well aS A Mass point (mASs unIT) oN The viBratioN unit pRovided IN it. alSo, in a
 a more robust flywheel th an normalto co mpe nsa te  for  the  resultant flu c tuat ions in drive energy.In sh or t , it ap pears  that t h ea p pro ac hpro po s ed  by t he'488 pa tent was n otab le to contro l  t he engineope ration welleno ugh to  a tta i n com mer cialsucces s .
Alth ough exis ti n g vari a ble dis p l ac emen t engines work we l li n many applica tions,  t h er e are  co ntinuing e ff ortst o furth e ri m p rov e  the thermody namic effic i enc y of i nt ern a l comb ustio ne ngi nes without  nec essarilyrequir i ng expe n sive al terati ons  to  the en gi ne' sd esi g n.  Ro b oti c machin er yprovi dedw i t h  anaut omat ic to ol exchanging  ap para t us,  forexamp le,is  deta chably  fast en ed with an auto mati cally exc han ge abl etoola t an e ndofthe man ipulati n g h an d , an d an accelerationse n s or  is moun ted on th es ame endof  th e ha n d  fordete c ti ng a mot ion of th ehand. W it h thead van cem ent o f  int ellige nt appar atuse s  in other fiel d s, accelerati o ns e ns o rs o f t he same kin d ar e  als o ut i li zed for d etect in g  t h e motion of subject sbeingcontr olled.
The ac celeration s e nsors ar e pr o vi d ed with vibrat ion u nits thatv ibrate i ntegr ally wit h the mot i o n of the  su bje cts  be i n gcontrolled or d etec te d. As m eth ods ofdet ect ing  vi br ation ofthe vibr at io nun its , the accelera ti onse nso rs of electr omagn etic  i nd u cti on type ,  e l e ctro st at ic c apa ci tance  typ e , o r of atype util izi n g api ez oelectr ic element, e tc . have bee ngen erally k nown todate.
The electromagnet i c induc tio n typ e co mprises a  ma gnetic  bo d y conn ectedto avi bra t i on un i t ,and  a  coil posi t i one d inth e ma gneticflux that varies b y  adisplacementofthem a gn eti c  b o dy,  s o  as t o measure accel eration th ro u gh  a voltage out pu t gener ated ac rosst he coil . The ele ctrostati ccapa c i tan ce type co mprisesa pair of elect r od es ar ran ged to  f orm  a ca paciti v e s pacebetwee na vibr ation  u nit side  and an absolute statio nary s ide,soas to det ect acc eleration  thr ough a var iat ion  of c apa c itanc e du e  t o a chang e of the space ga p b e t we en the elec t r o des , whe n t h e vibr atio n unit side elect r ode displaceswith r esp ect to t he  absolute stat ion ar y side. Th esensor type  which u se s  a pi ezoele ctricelement , in c ludesthepie zoelectri c e le m ent mou nt ed on a p artof  the v ibrati o n un i t  side, which issubje c t  to d i sto rtion  c aused b y  vib ration ofa load, and  detec ts a ccele rationth roughvar ia tion of an output of  thepiezoel ec tric  el ementduet o  thedist or tio n of thev i br a ti on uni t.
A ny ac ce lera tion sens o r of the  ab o ve type sisc o nsider e dt o  have a fu nct ion s u i table fora  sys t em thatdetect s acce leratio n  in  a  moving  un i t  of singl e-axis. W i thre spec t to the  a ccel er ati on  sensors of the  electro static c a p acitan cet ypea nd the  p iezoelectric  elem en t  type,a red uctioni n o ver all  sen sor  siz e  has been achieved as aresu lt of adv ances  in s em iconduct o r an d thin f i lm manufactur ing technologie s . T h is a llo w sfo r product ion of th e el ect rode s a nd e v e n th e  pie z oe lect ric el emen ts  i n thin-fo rm , inclu d inga  ca sing  of t he  a c ce leratio n sensor  as w el l as a ma s s point  (ma ss  unit) on the  vibration u ni t pr ovided init. A lso, in a
 a_more robust_flywheel than normal to_compensate for_the_resultant fluctuations_in_drive energy. In_short, it appears_that the approach proposed_by the '488_patent_was not able to control the engine operation well enough to attain commercial success.
Although_existing_variable displacement_engines_work_well in many applications, there_are continuing efforts to further_improve the_thermodynamic efficiency of internal combustion engines without necessarily_requiring_expensive alterations to_the engine's design. Robotic machinery provided with an automatic_tool exchanging apparatus, for example, is_detachably fastened with_an_automatically_exchangeable tool at an_end of the manipulating hand, and_an acceleration sensor is mounted on_the same end of the hand for_detecting a motion of the hand._With the advancement of intelligent_apparatuses in_other fields, acceleration sensors of_the same kind_are also_utilized for detecting_the motion of subjects being controlled.
The_acceleration sensors are_provided with vibration units that vibrate_integrally_with the motion_of_the_subjects being_controlled or detected._As_methods of_detecting_vibration of the vibration units, the_acceleration_sensors of electromagnetic induction type, electrostatic capacitance_type, or of a_type_utilizing a piezoelectric element,_etc. have been generally known_to date.
The electromagnetic induction type comprises_a magnetic_body connected_to a vibration unit, and a coil positioned in the magnetic_flux that varies by a displacement_of the magnetic body,_so as_to_measure acceleration through_a_voltage output_generated across the coil. The electrostatic capacitance_type comprises_a pair of electrodes arranged to_form a capacitive space_between_a vibration unit side and an_absolute stationary side, so as to_detect acceleration through a variation_of_capacitance_due to a change of_the space gap between the electrodes,_when the vibration_unit side electrode displaces with respect to_the_absolute stationary side. The sensor type_which_uses a piezoelectric element, includes the_piezoelectric_element_mounted on a part of_the vibration unit side, which is_subject to distortion caused by vibration of a load,_and detects acceleration_through variation of an output_of_the_piezoelectric element due to the distortion of the vibration unit.
Any_acceleration sensor_of the above_types is considered to have a function suitable for a_system that detects acceleration in a moving_unit of single-axis. With respect to the acceleration sensors of the_electrostatic capacitance type and the piezoelectric element type,_a reduction in overall sensor size has_been achieved as a_result_of advances in semiconductor and thin film_manufacturing_technologies._This_allows for production_of the electrodes_and even the_piezoelectric elements_in thin-form, including_a casing_of the acceleration_sensor_as well as a mass point (mass unit) on the vibration unit provided in it. Also, in a