 functional load (Hockett, 1955), which means there exists an aspect in the word that if not pronounced well takes on a different meaning (e.g. hat, cat and sat). Adjacent words to the word of high functional load contain high functional manipulations of that word as much as grammatically or linguistically possible (e.g.hail halls healing hell). 8 Low Linguistic Load (LinL or L): The words in these sentences have low functional load i.e. there are very few words that sound similar to the words; adjacent words also do cannot contain deliberate functional manipulations. Cognitive Load High Cognitive Load (CogH or H): These sentences are 8 words long Low Cognitive Load (CogL or L): These sentences are 4 words long 9 Sentence Perception-Error Ratio Index (SPERI) and Sentence Perception Indicator (SPIn) To measure the perception of these sentences in noise, 2 measures are used: SPERI: This index ranges from 0 to 1 (0 = completely wrong,1 = perfectly correct with no mistakes). If a sentence scores a SPERI score of 0.5, it intuitively means that the participants correctly identified more than half of the sentence but depending on the number of mistakes made pushed the score down from 0.6 (if a participant got 60% of the words correctly identified) to 0.5. SPERI is calculated using the equation below: I = Wp W + e − ep 2 Where I = SPERI score, Wp = number of correctly identified words, W= total number of words in the original sentence, e = total number of mistakes made, and ep= number of phonetic errors made. SPIn: This is an interpretivist binary measure of whether the sentence written is well perceived or not. This measure is intended to be a more realistic measure on whether a sentence's basic message matched the original semantically or phonetically (e.g. in the case of homophones) or both and could be comprehended (if at all possible). Sentences that phonetically matched, but not semantically, was considered well perceived (see Appendix A1). 10 Design This experiment is a mixed design. Participants were sorted under three independent, between-subjects variables: 'Linguistic Ability' with two levels, Monolingual and Multilingual; 'English Proficiency' with four levels, English Native, English Native and Foreign Native, Foreign Native and English Proficient,
functional load (Hockett, 1955), which means there exists an view in the parole that if not pronounced well takes on a different meaning (for example hat, cat and sat). Adjacent words to the password of high functional cargo contain high running manipulations of that word as much as grammatically or linguistically potential (e.g.hail halls healing hell). 8 depleted Linguistic Load (LinL or L ): The words in these sentences suffer low functional load i.e. there exist very few words that sound similar to the words; adjacent lyric also do cannot contain deliberate functional manipulations. Cognitive Load High Cognitive Load (CogH or H ): These prison term are 8 words long Low Cognitive Load (CogL or L ): These sentences are 4 words long 9 Sentence Perception - Error Ratio Index (SPERI) and Sentence Perception Indicator (SPIn) To measure the perception of these sentences in noise, 2 measures are used: SPERI: This index ranges from 0 to 1 (0 = completely wrong,1 = perfectly correct with no mistake). If a sentence scores a SPERI sexual conquest of 0.5, it intuitively means that the participants correctly identified more than half of the conviction but depending on the number of mistakes made crusade the score down from 0.6 (if a participant got 60% of the words correctly identified) to 0.5. SPERI is calculated use the equation below: I = Wp W + e − ep 2 Where I = SPERI score, Wp = number of correctly name bible, W= total number of words in the original sentence, e = entire number of mistakes made, and ep= numeral of phonetic errors made. SPIn: This is an interpretivist binary measure of whether the prison term written is well perceive or not. This measure is intended to be a more naturalistic measure on whether a sentence's basic message matched the original semantically or phonetically (e.g. in the font of homophones) or both and could be embrace (if at all possible). prison term that phonetically pit, but not semantically, was considered well perceived (see Appendix A1). 10 Design This experiment is a mixed design. Participants were sorted under three independent, between - subject variables:' Linguistic Ability' with two levels, Monolingual and Multilingual;' English Proficiency' with four floor, English Native, English Native and Foreign Native, Foreign Native and English Proficient,
 fujctional load (Hockett, 1955), wmich means there exists an aslect in ghe word that if not pronounred qell uckes on a different oeaning (e.h. hat, car anv sat). Adjacent words to bke wodf of iigh functional load contdin high functhovap manipulations of that word as mucr as grsmlatically or lyngupseicamly possible (e.g.hail halls healing gell). 8 Lmw Linguistic Load (LinL or L): The words ln tjese sentences havf low functuonaj load i.e. thefe are verj few words that sound similar to the wordr; adjccent words aoso go cannot cintaig deliberate functiotal manopulations. Cogkitivx Loqd High Cognitive Loav (CogH or H): These segtences ase 8 words long Low Xotnitiee Lmad (ZigL or L): Tgese sfntxnces are 4 sords long 9 Sentence Perceptiom-Ewgpr Ratio Indsx (SPEWI) and Sentence Perception Indicator (SPIn) To measure the perception of these sentences ij noise, 2 ieasures are used: SPERI: This index ranges from 0 tm 1 (0 = rooplttcjh wgong,1 = perfectly correct with no mistakes). If a aemtvnce scores a SPEVI score of 0.5, it inyultodely means thxt the padticipants correctpy idenjified more thag hakf of the sentence but depebding on the bumber of mistakes made pusheb the xcore down from 0.6 (if a particnpant fot 60% of the words codfectly identifiea) tp 0.5. SPERI is calculated using the equavion yelow: I = Wp E + e − qp 2 Where L = SPCSI score, Wp = numbeg of eorrewtly identlfied words, W= total number of words in the oroghnan sentenee, e = botal number of mistakes made, and ep= numbdr of phonvtic errocs made. SPIn: This is an itjerpretivist uinary mewsurw of whethef the sentence eritten is well perxeived or not. This mexaure is intendeb uo be a more reakisgic mvasnre og whether a santevce'r basiz message mctzhed the original semanthcalmy or phonetically (e.n. in the xase of romophones) or both and could be compcehendxd (if st wll possible). Sentences that phkneticallj mwtched, but njt scmanjically, was considered well perceived (see Appendix A1). 10 Design This experiment is a mixed cesign. Partmcipanes were smrted under three ineependent, between-xubjects variables: 'Lihguisthc Abllity' with two levels, Monolingual and Multilingual; 'English Proficiency' wirh fouc jevels, Engljsh Mativv, Euglnsh Natyve env Foreign Native, Goreign Native and English Profmcient,
functional load (Hockett, 1955), which means there aspect the word if not pronounced meaning hat, cat and Adjacent words to word of high functional load contain functional manipulations of that word as much as grammatically or linguistically possible (e.g.hail healing hell). 8 Low Linguistic Load (LinL or L): The words in these have functional i.e. are very few words that sound similar to the words; adjacent words also do cannot contain functional manipulations. Cognitive Load High Cognitive Load (CogH H): These sentences are words long Low Cognitive Load or These sentences 4 long Sentence Perception-Error Ratio (SPERI) and Sentence Perception Indicator (SPIn) To measure the perception of these sentences in noise, 2 measures used: SPERI: ranges from to (0 completely wrong,1 = with no mistakes). If a sentence score of 0.5, it intuitively means that the correctly identified than half of the sentence but on the number of mistakes made pushed the down from 0.6 (if a participant got 60% of the words correctly identified) to 0.5. calculated using the equation I = Wp + − 2 I = score, Wp = number of correctly identified words, W= total number words in the original sentence, e = total number of and number of phonetic made. SPIn: This is interpretivist measure of whether the is perceived measure intended be a more realistic on whether a sentence's basic matched the original semantically case of homophones) or both and could be (if at all possible). Sentences that phonetically but not semantically, was considered well perceived (see Appendix A1). 10 Design experiment is design. Participants were sorted under three independent, between-subjects 'Linguistic Ability' with two Monolingual and Multilingual; 'English Proficiency' with four levels, English English and Foreign Foreign Native and Proficient,
 functional load (Hockett, 1955), whicH means therE exisTs aN asPeCt in The wOrd that if not prONounCed well takes on a differeNt meaNiNG (e.g. hAT, cAt and Sat). AdjaCEnT WOrdS tO tHe wOrD Of High fUncTional lOad contain HigH fUnctional manIPuLations of tHat Word as much as GraMmaticAlLy oR LinguIstIcallY possiBLe (e.g.haIl halls heAlINg hell). 8 lOw LinguISTiC LoaD (LinL or L): The words iN ThESe sentences havE low fuNcTIoNAL loAd i.E. there are vErY few wORds that SOuND SImiLAr to the words; aDjacent wordS AlsO do canNoT coNTain deLiberAtE FunCtional maniPulaTions. CognItive LOAd High COGnitive load (CoGH oR H): THese SEnTeNceS aRE 8 woRDs LonG low cognitivE LOaD (CogL Or L): THESE SentEncEs arE 4 wordS long 9 Sentence perCeptIOn-ERror RAtio INdex (sPeRI) anD SenteNce PeRcEption Indicator (sPIn) to measure The PeRcePtIon of THese seNteNceS in noisE, 2 measurES arE uSED: sPeRI: This index ranges FrOM 0 To 1 (0 = CompleteLy wronG,1 = PeRfECtly corrEcT wiTh no MIStakeS). If a SEnTence scoRes a SPerI ScOre of 0.5, it InTuitivElY meAns That tHE parTicipaNts correCtly iDEntified more thAN half of the senTEnCE BuT DepeNdiNg on the numbEr of MIstaKes mADe PusHEd the Score DoWN fROm 0.6 (if a participant got 60% Of The worDs corRectly identifIed) to 0.5. SPERI IS CAlculateD usiNG tHE equation below: i = Wp W + e − Ep 2 Where I = SPerI score, WP = numbEr of corrEctly idenTIFied wordS, W= tOtaL nuMbeR OF wOrds in the origINAl seNtEnce, e = toTal Number oF miStaKes MadE, aNd ep= numbeR of phoneTiC eRrOrS maDe. SPIN: this is an InTerPrEtiVist bINary meAsure Of whEtHeR The SentencE WrITTen iS wElL perCeiVeD or noT. ThiS MeaSure is iNtended to Be a MOre rEaLiStic meaSure on whether A sEntence's baSiC meSsage mATChed the oRiginal semantically or phONeticalLy (e.G. in thE casE of homophOneS) or botH anD Could bE comprEhendEd (If aT ALl posSIBlE). SeNtEnces that pHONetIcallY mAtchEd, but noT semantically, was coNSidEred well perceIveD (see aPPeNdiX a1). 10 DESigN THIs eXPEriment is a mixed Design. PartIcIPaNts were sorTEd uNdEr three IndepenDent, bETween-suBjects varIables: 'LinGuIstiC aBilIty' with two Levels, MoNolingual ANd MulTIlInguaL; 'EnGlish PRoFicIency' With foUR leVels, ENglish naTive, EnGlish naTive and FOreign Native, Foreign NatiVe and ENglisH PrOficient,
 functional load (Hockett,  1955), wh ich m ean s t he re e xist s an aspect in theword that if not prono unced  w e ll t a ke s ona diffe r en t mea ni ng  (e .g .  h at, c atand sat ). Adjacen t w or ds to the wo r dof high fu nct ional load c ont ain hi gh  fu n ction almanip ulatio n s of t hat wordas much a s  gramma t i ca llyor linguistically po s sible (e.g.hai l hall sh ea l i nghel l). 8 LowLi nguis t ic Load (L i n L  or L): The words  in these s e nte nces h av e l o w func tiona ll oad  i.e. there  are  very few  words that so u nd simi lar to  th e w ords ;  a dj ace nt wor d sals o  do  cannotco nt ain d elib e r a t e fu nct iona l man ipulations. C ogn itiv e  Lo ad Hi gh Co gnit iv e Loa d (Cog H orH) : These sentenc es a re 8 word s l on g L ow  Cogn i tive L oad  (C ogL orL): The s e s en t e n ce s are 4 words long  9 S en tence Pe rcepti o n- Er r or Ratio  I nde x (S P E RI) a nd S e nt ence Per ceptio n  I nd icator(S PIn) T omea sur e the perc eption  of thes e sen t ences in noise ,  2 measures a r eu s ed :  SPE RI:  This index  ran g es f rom0  t o 1 (0 =compl et e ly wrong,1 = perfectly  c orrect  with  no mistakes) . If a sen t e n ce score s aS PE R I score of 0.5 , itintuitivel y  means t hat t he parti cipants c o r rectly i den tif ied  mo r e  t han half of t h e  sen te nce but  de pending  on  th e n umb er  of mista kes made  p us he dthe  scor e  down fr om  0. 6(if  a pa r ticipa nt go t 60 %of the  wordsc or r e ctly  i de ntif ied )to 0. 5. S P ERI  is cal culated u sin g  the  e qu ation b elow: I = WpW+ e − ep 2  W her e I =S P ERI scor e, Wp = number of corre c tly ide nti fiedword s, W= tot alnumber  of wordsin the  orig in als e ntenc e ,  e  =to tal number o f m istak es  mad e, andep= number of phon e tic  errors made.  SP In:T h is  is an int er p ret i v ist binary meas ure of whe th e rthe senten c e w ri tten is  well p ercei v ed or n ot. Thismeasure i sinte n d edto be a mo re reali stic meas u re on wh ether  asenten ce 'sbasic  messa g e m atche d theor iginal  sema nt ically o r phonetically (e.g. in  the c ase o f h omophones ) o r  bo th and co uldbe compreh end ed(if a t a l l pos sibl e ).  Se n tence s th a t phoneti c al lym a tc hed, but no t s ema ntica lly ,  was c onsi dered well percei v ed (see Append ix A 1 ) . 1 0 D e sign  T his experiment  is  a m ixed des ig n. Particip ants wer es orted  under  three  indepe n d en t , betw een- sub jects var iab le s : 'Ling ui st i c Abil ity'  w ith tw o leve l s, M o n olingual and Mul tilin g u al; ' E ngl ish P ro ficienc y ' wi th four le vels, Engli sh Nat ive,  Engl ish Nat iv e andFor ei gn Native, Foreign N ative  and En gl ishPro ficien t,
 functional_load (Hockett,_1955), which means there_exists an_aspect_in the_word_that if not_pronounced well takes_on a different meaning_(e.g. hat, cat_and_sat). Adjacent words to the word of high functional load contain high functional manipulations_of_that word_as_much_as grammatically or linguistically possible_(e.g.hail halls healing hell). 8_Low Linguistic_Load (LinL or L): The words in these_sentences_have low functional_load i.e. there are very few words that sound_similar to the words; adjacent words_also do cannot_contain_deliberate_functional manipulations. Cognitive Load_High Cognitive Load (CogH or H):_These sentences are 8 words long_Low Cognitive Load (CogL or L): These_sentences are 4 words long 9_Sentence Perception-Error Ratio Index (SPERI)_and Sentence_Perception Indicator (SPIn) To measure_the perception of_these sentences_in noise, 2_measures are used: SPERI: This index_ranges from 0_to 1 (0 = completely wrong,1_=_perfectly correct with_no_mistakes)._If a_sentence scores a_SPERI_score of_0.5,_it intuitively means that the participants_correctly_identified more than half of the sentence_but depending on the_number_of mistakes made pushed_the score down from 0.6_(if a participant got 60% of_the words_correctly identified)_to 0.5. SPERI is calculated using the equation below: I =_Wp W + e − ep_2 Where I =_SPERI score,_Wp_= number of_correctly_identified words,_W= total number of words in the_original sentence,_e = total number of mistakes_made, and ep= number_of_phonetic errors made. SPIn: This is_an interpretivist binary measure of whether_the sentence written is well_perceived_or_not. This measure is intended_to be a more realistic measure_on whether a_sentence's basic message matched the original semantically_or_phonetically (e.g. in the case of_homophones)_or both and could be comprehended_(if_at_all possible). Sentences that phonetically_matched, but not semantically, was considered_well perceived (see Appendix A1). 10 Design This experiment_is a mixed_design. Participants were sorted under_three_independent,_between-subjects variables: 'Linguistic Ability' with two levels, Monolingual and Multilingual;_'English Proficiency'_with four levels,_English Native, English Native and Foreign Native, Foreign Native and_English Proficient,