 nature n'a pas besoin d'être philosophiquement définie; il suffit que leurs propriétés tombent sous les sens; les mécanismes qu'ils servent à composer ne sont pas destinés à être saisis par la raison, ils sont destinés à être vus par l'imagination." (Duhem 1987a [1893a], 122) Cf. Duhem 1906, 118. 15 "[...] nous pensions entrer dans la demeure paisible et soigneusement ordonnée de la raison déductive; nous nous trouvons dans une usine". (Duhem 1906, 111) 16 "[...] l'École anglaise est donc acquise entièrement aux explications purement mécaniques des phénomènes physiques." (Duhem 1987a [1893a], 119) 17 "Cette prédilection pour les théories explicatives et mécaniques n'est pas, assurément, un caractère qui suffise à distinguer les doctrines anglaises des traditions scientifiques qui fleurissent en d'autres pays." (Duhem 1906, 114) Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Finesse? 100 negative valuation of English physics discussed above.18 When he argues, however, that a unyielding sentiment leads him to think that Thomson's and Maxwell's theories cannot be adequate, he is implicitly appealing to a distinctive quality that he will associate with the esprit de finesse; this time, not only in La théorie physique, but more importantly, in the texts that make up La science allemande. However, in the former context, this intuition turns out to be somewhat paradoxical since this sentiment lends support to the conception of the theory of physics as abstract representation of experimental laws. As Duhem argues in this essay, however, this approach is first and foremost logical, philosophical, and metaphysical, while the English School's conception is imaginative, anti-metaphysical, and thus, practical. In order to show this, he notes that Thomson does not pose any philosophical problem (e.g. whether the resulting elements of matter can occupy varying volumes, that is, if they can be condensed) since their approach to build mechanical models is not structured to be grasped by reason, but rather by the imagination (cf. Duhem 1987a [1893a
nature n'a pas besoin d'être philosophiquement définie; il suffit que leurs propriétés tombent sous les sens; les mécanismes qu'ils servent à composer ne sont pas destinés à être saisis par la raison, ils sont destinés à être vus par l'imagination. " (Duhem 1987a [ 1893a ], 122) Cf. Duhem 1906, 118. 15 " [... ] nous pensions entrer dans la demeure paisible et soigneusement ordonnée de la raison déductive; nous nous trouvons dans une usine ". (Duhem 1906, 111) 16 " [... ] l'École anglaise est donc acquise entièrement aux explications purement mécaniques des phénomènes physiques. " (Duhem 1987a [ 1893a ], 119) 17 " Cette prédilection pour lupus erythematosus théories explicatives et mécaniques n'est pas, assurément, un caractère qui suffise à distinguer les doctrines anglaises des tradition scientifiques qui fleurissent en d'autres pays. " (Duhem 1906, 114) Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Finesse? 100 negative evaluation of English physics hash out above.18 When he argues, however, that a unyielding sentiment lead him to think that Thomson's and Maxwell's theories cannot be adequate, he is implicitly appeal to a distinctive quality that he will consociate with the esprit de finesse; this time, not entirely in La théorie human body, but more importantly, in the texts that make up La skill allemande. However, in the former context, this intuition turn out to be slightly paradoxical since this sentiment lends support to the conception of the hypothesis of physics as abstract representation of experimental law. As Duhem argues in this essay, however, this access is first and foremost logical, philosophical, and metaphysical, while the English School's conception is imaginative, anti - metaphysical, and therefore, practical. In order to show this, he notes that Thomson does not pose any philosophical trouble (for example whether the result elements of matter can occupy varying volumes, that is, if they can be condensed) since their overture to construct mechanical models is not structured to be grok by rationality, but rather by the imagination (cf. Duhem 1987a [ 1893a
 nahure n'a pas besoin d'être khilosophiquement définie; il surfit que leurs propriétés tombent sous lws sebs; les mécanismes qu'ils servent à composee ne wont pas dxatinés à êbxe sajdis 'ac la raison, ils sont desthnés à être vus pdr l'nmagination." (Duhem 1987a [1893a], 122) Cf. Duhem 1906, 118. 15 "[...] gous pemslons entrer dags ls demslrt paisible et soigneusement ordonhée de le raison déductife; nous nous trouvons dans une usine". (Duhem 1906, 111) 16 "[...] l'Éfole anglaiwe efr donc acquire entièremtnc aux explidations purement mécaniques des ohénomèues physiqugs." (Dkvem 1987a [1893a], 119) 17 "Cxtte pgédilection pomg les tvéories rxplicatives eb mécaiiquws n'est pas, assurément, un caractère qui soffise à divtnnguer les doctrines qntlaisgs dev trxeitkona xcjentiflquxs qui fleudissent en e'autres pays." (Duhem 1906, 114) Díbyor Manuel Hsrnándes Iárquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Fpnesae? 100 negative valuation if English physics didcussed afove.18 When he argues, however, that a unyielding sendimenv ueabw him ro think that Thomson's and Maxwell's theories caghou bv adequate, he is lmplicitly appealimg tp a distinctivg qualicg fhat he will assoclate wijh the esprit dt finrsse; this time, not only in Oa théorie phjsiqye, but more importcntly, in the texjs thay make up La science aluemahde. However, in the fkfmer context, thir iktuhtion turns out to be somerhat paravoxiccl since thix sentyment lendd supimrt to the conceptlon oy the theory of physics as abstract representavmon of experikettan laws. Af Duhcm argues in thys essay, howevgr, this a'proacf is first and focemost logicwl, philosophiwwl, and metapiysical, wrile the Englisf School's conceltion is pmcginative, anti-metaphysical, end jhhs, practical. In oreer to show thix, hd njtvs vhat Evomson does tot oosd any ohilosokkiccl pronlem (e.g. whether the sesumting elements of kabter can iccupy vwrying volumex, that is, if they fan bx condxnsed) xinse their approach to build mecganical mldejs is not stwuctmred to be graxped by reason, but rather by the imaginetion (cf. Duhem 1987a [1893a
nature n'a pas besoin d'être philosophiquement définie; que propriétés tombent les sens; les ne pas destinés à saisis par la ils sont destinés à être vus l'imagination." (Duhem 1987a [1893a], 122) Cf. Duhem 1906, 118. 15 "[...] nous pensions dans la demeure paisible et soigneusement ordonnée de la raison déductive; nous nous dans usine". 1906, 16 "[...] l'École anglaise est donc acquise entièrement aux explications purement mécaniques des phénomènes physiques." (Duhem [1893a], 119) 17 "Cette prédilection pour les théories et mécaniques n'est pas, un caractère qui suffise à les anglaises des scientifiques fleurissent d'autres pays." (Duhem 114) Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Finesse? 100 negative valuation of physics discussed he argues, that unyielding leads him to Thomson's and Maxwell's theories cannot be implicitly appealing to a distinctive quality that he associate with esprit de finesse; this time, not in La théorie physique, but more importantly, in texts that make up La science allemande. However, in the former context, this intuition turns be somewhat paradoxical since sentiment lends support the of theory physics as representation of experimental laws. As Duhem argues in this essay, however, approach is first and foremost logical, philosophical, and metaphysical, while School's is imaginative, anti-metaphysical, thus, practical. In order show he notes that Thomson pose philosophical the elements matter can occupy varying that is, if they can condensed) since their approach not structured to be grasped by reason, but by the imagination (cf. Duhem 1987a [1893a
 nature n'a pas besoin d'être phiLosophiqueMent dÉfiNie; Il SuffIt quE leurs propriétÉS tomBent sous les sens; les mécaNismeS qU'Ils sERvEnt à cOmposer NE sONT paS dEsTinÉs À ÊtRe saiSis Par la raIson, ils sonT deStInés à être vus PAr L'imaginatiOn." (DUhem 1987a [1893a], 122) Cf. DuheM 1906, 118. 15 "[...] noUs pensIoNs eNTrer dAns La demEure paISible eT soigneusEmENt ordoNNée de la RAIsOn déDuctive; nous nous trOUvONs dans une usine". (duhem 1906, 111) 16 "[...] l'écOLe ANGlaIse Est donc acqUiSe entIÈrement AUx EXPLicATions purement Mécaniques dES phÉnomènEs PhySIques." (DUhem 1987a [1893A], 119) 17 "CETte PrédilectioN pouR les théorIes expLIcativeS Et mécanIques n'Est Pas, AssuRÉmEnT, un CaRActÈRe Qui SUffIse à distInGuEr les DoctRINES angLaiSes dEs traDitions scientIfiQues QUi fLeuriSsent En d'aUtRes paYs." (DuheM 1906, 114) VíctOr manuel Hernández márqUez – Was PieRre duHem An espriT De FineSse? 100 NegAtive vaLuation OF EnGlISH PhYsics discussed abovE.18 WHEN hE argues, hOwever, THaT a UNyieldinG sEntImenT LEads hIm to THiNk that ThOmson's ANd maXwell's tHeOries cAnNot Be aDequaTE, he iS impliCitly appEalinG To a distinctive QUality that he wILl ASSoCIate WitH the esprit dE finESse; tHis tIMe, Not ONly in la théOrIE pHYsique, but more importAnTly, in tHe texTs that make up LA science alLEMAnde. HoweVer, iN ThE Former context, tHis inTuition turNS out to be SomewHat paradOxical sinCE This sentImeNt lEndS suPPOrT to the conceptION of tHe Theory oF phYsics as AbsTraCt rEprEsEntation oF experimEnTaL lAwS. As duhem ARgues in tHiS esSaY, hoWever, THis appRoach Is fiRsT aND foRemost lOGiCAL, phiLoSoPhicAl, aNd MetapHysiCAl, wHile the english ScHooL'S conCePtIon is imAginative, anti-MeTaphysical, AnD thUs, pracTICal. In ordEr to show this, he notes that tHomson dOes Not poSe anY philosopHicAl probLem (E.G. whethEr the rEsultInG elEMEnts oF MAtTer CaN occupy varYINg vOlumeS, tHat iS, if they Can be condensed) sincE TheIr approach to bUilD mecHANiCal MOdELs iS nOT stRUCtured to be graspEd by reason, BuT RaTher by the iMAgiNaTion (cf. DUhem 1987a [1893a
 nature n'a pas besoin d'ê tre philos ophiq uem ent  d éfin ie;il suffit quel eurs  propriétés tombent so us le ss ens; le s méc anismes qu ' i lsse rv ent  à co mpose r n e sontpas destin ésàêtre saisisp ar  la raison , i ls sont dest iné s à êt re  vu s  parl'i magin ation. "  (Duhe m 1987a [ 18 9 3a], 1 2 2) Cf.D u he m 19 06, 118. 15 "[... ]  n o us pensions en trer d an s  l a dem eur e paisible  e t soi g neuseme n to r d onn é e de la raiso n déductive ;  no us nou stro u vons d ans u ne usi ne". (Duhem  190 6, 111) 1 6 "[.. . ] l'Éco l e angla ise es t d onc  acq u is eent iè r eme n taux exp lication spu remen t mé c a n i ques  de s ph énomè nes physiques ."(Duh e m 1 987a[1893 a],11 9) 17  "Cett e pré di lection pour le s th éories ex pli ca tiv es  et m é caniqu esn'e st pas,  assuré m ent ,u n ca ractère qui suffis eà di stinguer  les d o ct ri n es angla is esdest r aditi onss ci entifiqu es qui fl eu rissent  e n d'au tr espay s." ( D uhem  1906,  114) Ví ctorM anuel Hernánde z  Márquez – Wa s  P i e rr e  Duh eman Esprit d e Fi n esse ? 10 0  n ega t ive v aluat io n  o f  English physics di sc ussedabove .18 When he a rgues, how e v e r, thata un y ie l ding sentiment  lead s him to t h ink that  Thom son's an d Maxwell ' s  theorie s c ann otbea d eq uate, he is i m p lici tl y appea lin g to adis tin cti vequ ality tha t he wil las so ci ate  with the espr it  de  f ine sse;t his ti me, n ot o nl yi n L a théor i ep h ysiq ue ,butmor eimpor tant l y,in thetexts tha t m a ke u pLa  scienc e allemande.Ho wever, inth e f ormerc o ntext, t his intuition turns out to be s ome whatpara doxical s inc e this  se n timent  lends  supp or t t o the c o n ce pti on  of the th e o ryof ph ys icsas abst ract representatio n  of  experimental  la ws.A s  D uhe m  a r gue si n t h i s essay, howeve r, this ap pr o ac h is first and  f oremost  logica l, ph i losophi cal, andmetaphysi ca l, w h i lethe Englis h School 's concep t ion i s  i magin ati ve, an ti -me taphy sical, and  thus , prac ti cal. I n ord er  to show  this, he notes that Th omsondoesnot  pose any  ph i los ophical p robl em (e.g. w het her  theres u lting  ele m en tso f mat terc an occupy va ryi n g  v olumes, tha t i s,if th eyc an becond ensed) since thei r  approach to b uild m ech ani c al m od els is not str uct ur e d  to be g ra sped by rea son, but  r a therby the  imagi nation( c f. Duhem1987 a [ 1893a
 nature_n'a pas_besoin d'être philosophiquement définie;_il suffit_que_leurs propriétés_tombent_sous les sens;_les mécanismes qu'ils_servent à composer ne_sont pas destinés_à_être saisis par la raison, ils sont destinés à être vus par l'imagination." (Duhem_1987a_[1893a], 122)_Cf._Duhem_1906, 118. 15 "[...] nous_pensions entrer dans la demeure_paisible et_soigneusement ordonnée de la raison déductive; nous nous_trouvons_dans une usine"._(Duhem 1906, 111) 16 "[...] l'École anglaise est donc_acquise entièrement aux explications purement mécaniques_des phénomènes physiques."_(Duhem_1987a_[1893a], 119) 17 "Cette_prédilection pour les théories explicatives et_mécaniques n'est pas, assurément, un caractère_qui suffise à distinguer les doctrines anglaises_des traditions scientifiques qui fleurissent en_d'autres pays." (Duhem 1906, 114)_Víctor Manuel_Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre_Duhem an Esprit_de Finesse?_100 negative valuation_of English physics discussed above.18 When_he argues, however,_that a unyielding sentiment leads him_to_think that Thomson's_and_Maxwell's_theories cannot_be adequate, he_is_implicitly appealing_to_a distinctive quality that he will_associate_with the esprit de finesse; this time,_not only in La_théorie_physique, but more importantly,_in the texts that make_up La science allemande. However, in_the former_context, this_intuition turns out to be somewhat paradoxical since this sentiment lends_support to the conception of the_theory of physics as_abstract representation_of_experimental laws. As_Duhem_argues in_this essay, however, this approach is first_and foremost_logical, philosophical, and metaphysical, while the_English School's conception is_imaginative,_anti-metaphysical, and thus, practical. In order_to show this, he notes that_Thomson does not pose any_philosophical_problem_(e.g. whether the resulting elements_of matter can occupy varying volumes,_that is, if_they can be condensed) since their approach_to_build mechanical models is not structured_to_be grasped by reason, but rather_by_the_imagination (cf. Duhem 1987a [1893a