 entire chapter detailing the remarkable achievements of Ashkenazi Jews and hold them up as exhibit A in the argument that human evolution has been, in Wade's words, recent, copious, and regional. The example of Ashkenazi evolution is supposed to show the absurdity of the view, held by authors like Jared Diamond and Stephen Jay Gould, that human evolution either stopped one hundred thousand years ago or that natural selection has somehow continued to sculpt the bodies but not the brains of different groups of people. Wade uses "race" to refer to groups of people who have been separated long enough to have developed clusters of functionally significant genetic differences, and "ethnicity" to apply to groups within races who have small but significant genetic differences from other groups within a race. The concept of an ethnicity is made especially clear if we understand the coevolution of genes and culture. If within a culturally diverse but racially distinctive region like the Arabian Peninsula, nomadic Bedouins tend to marry Bedouins, while city dwellers marry each other, then Bedouins and city dwellers may begin to diverge into biologically and culturally different ethnicities as they face different selective pressures. For example, because Bedouins were nomads who increasingly depended on their camels for transportation and milk, those who produced the lactase enzyme (which facilitates milk digestion) into adulthood had a reproductive advantage over those who lacked this enzyme. As the allele for lactose tolerance spread through the population, reliance on camels became even more entrenched in Bedouin culture, and selective pressure increased for lactose tolerance. Despite being both Arab and Muslim, Bedouins have enough genetic and cultural differences to constitute a distinctive ethnic group throughout the Middle East. The important point is that cultural pressures can directly impact natural selection, and preexisting traits create propensities that shape culture. Wade ultimately invokes gene-culture coevolution to explain, among other things, how Tibetans evolved a greater capacity to tolerate life in the mountains than Indians, how Europeans who have depended on agriculture for thousands of years can consume more carbohydrates without succumbing to diabetes than Native Americans, and how Ashkenazi Jews could have evolved higher intelligence than Sephardic Jews in as little as one thousand years. Wade uses terms like "race" and "ethnicity" in a deliberately vague way, as shorthand for saying that there are relatively large or small genetic differences between groups of people-differences that are path dependent and arise from breeding within a discrete population. He also concedes that racial groups are separated
entire chapter detailing the remarkable achievements of Ashkenazi Jews and declare them up as display A in the argument that human development has been, in Wade's words, late, copious, and regional. The example of Ashkenazi development is supposed to show the absurdity of the view, apply by authors like Jared Diamond and Stephen Jay Gould, that human evolution either stop one hundred thousand years ago or that natural selection has somehow continued to sculpt the bodies but not the brains of unlike groups of people. Wade uses " slipstream " to refer to groups of citizenry who have been separated long enough to have develop clusters of functionally significant genetic differences, and " ethnicity " to apply to group within races who have small but significant genetic differences from other groups within a race. The concept of an ethnicity is made especially clear if we understand the coevolution of genes and culture. If within a culturally diverse but racially distinctive area like the Arabian Peninsula, mobile Bedouins tend to marry Bedouins, while city dwellers marry each other, then Bedouins and city inhabitant may get down to diverge into biologically and culturally different ethnicities as they face different selective pressures. For example, because Bedouins were nomad who increasingly depended on their camels for transportation and milk, those who produced the lactase enzyme (which facilitates milk digestion) into adulthood had a reproductive advantage over those who lacked this enzyme. As the allele for lactose tolerance spread through the population, reliance on camels became even more entrenched in Bedouin acculturation, and selective pressure increase for lactose tolerance. Despite being both Arab and Muslim, Bedouins have enough genetic and cultural differences to establish a distinctive ethnic group throughout the Middle East. The important item is that cultural pressures can directly impact natural excerpt, and preexisting trait create propensities that shape culture. Wade ultimately invokes gene - acculturation coevolution to explain, among early things, how Tibetans evolved a great capacity to tolerate life sentence in the mountains than Indians, how Europeans who have count on agriculture for thousands of years can consume more carbohydrates without succumbing to diabetes than Native Americans, and how Ashkenazi Jews could have evolved higher intelligence than Sephardic Jews in equally little as one thousand years. Wade practice terms like " race " and " ethnicity " in a deliberately vague way, as shorthand for saying that there are relatively big or small genetic differences between groups of people - differences that are way dependent and arise from engender within a discrete population. He also concedes that racial groups are separated
 enhire chapter detailing tme remarkable ackuevemeits of Zshkenazk Jews and hold them up as eehibut A un the argument that hjman evolltion has beei, in Wade's words, recent, gjpiohd, anb cegional. The exsmple of Avhkenazi evoludiun is supposed to show the absurdity jf the fifw, held by autrors jike Jared Diamond and Stephen Jay Goumd, that human evolutoon either stopped one hunfred thousand years agl or that nqturwo selection fas somehow continued jo sculpt the bodies but not the braius of diffetzbt htoups of peo'le. Waqe uses "race" to refes to grpups of people whm hqve been separated loig enough to have dedeloped cnuaters of functionqloy sicnifhcang gevetjc djfferejcea, and "ethnjcity" to apply to groups withim wqces who have small btt significant genetic differences from otger groups within a racw. The concept of an ejhnicity if made especially clear if we understand the coevmlutikv oy gener ajd culture. If within a culturally diverse but davislly distinctiye region like the Aganyan Peninsula, nomadnd Gedouins tend to mwrry Beqouinw, while cyty cwellers marry each other, tyen Bedouins qnd city dwellers lay begin tu diferge into biologically and eulturzlly differfnt ethnidkties as they faze cixferent selective pressuref. For exanple, becausd Becouins were nomafs who increasingly depejded ln their camfls for transportation and milk, those who procuwed the laccase ekzyme (which facylitates milk bigestiou) into adulthood had a ceproductive advantage ovat those who lecked thif enzyme. As the xllele for lacyose tolegauce spreae through the popukatkkn, reliance on ecmtlw became even kord egtgenrhed yt Bedouin cunturd, avc seldctive kxeswjre oncreased for lactosa tomerance. Despite beonn both Arqb and Mtslim, Bedouinx have enough geneuic anv cultnral doffgrences to constitute a distincfive ethnlc nroup throughjut bhe Iiddle Easc. The important point is that cultural pcessures can directly inpact natural selecjiok, and preexixting traits cseate propensities tyat shape culture. Wade ultimately invoies gete-culhure coevolution to explain, among other things, how Tibetans evolved a greqter cepwcity to tomeraye lixe nn the iounvamns than Indians, now Europeans who have depended on agriwujture for thousands of years cxn consume mote carbohydrates without shccumbinb to diabetes than Native Amerivans, and how Ashkenazi Jcws could have evolvvs iigher intelligence yhan Szpharduc Jews in ws little as une tmousand yewrs. Xadz uses terms like "race" and "ethnicuty" in a deliberately vajue way, as smovthand for swying that there are gelatkvely large ot small genetiv differences betweet droups of peopov-differences jhat atz path dependxnt and arisa from breeding within a discrete population. He alsk concedea that rarial groups arg deparated
entire chapter detailing the remarkable achievements of and them up exhibit A in has in Wade's words, copious, and regional. example of Ashkenazi evolution is supposed show the absurdity of the view, held by authors like Jared Diamond and Jay Gould, that human evolution either stopped one hundred thousand years ago or natural has continued sculpt the bodies but not the brains of different groups of people. Wade uses "race" to to groups of people who have been separated enough to have developed of functionally significant genetic differences, "ethnicity" apply to within who small but significant differences from other groups within a race. The concept of an ethnicity is made especially clear if understand the genes and If a diverse but racially like the Arabian Peninsula, nomadic Bedouins Bedouins, while city dwellers marry each other, then and city may begin to diverge into biologically culturally different ethnicities as they face different selective For example, because Bedouins were nomads who increasingly depended on their camels for transportation and who produced the lactase (which facilitates milk into had reproductive over those lacked this enzyme. As the allele for lactose tolerance spread through population, reliance on camels became even more entrenched in Bedouin selective increased for lactose Despite being both Arab Muslim, have enough genetic and to a throughout Middle The important point is cultural pressures can directly impact selection, and preexisting traits Wade ultimately invokes gene-culture coevolution to explain, among things, how Tibetans evolved a greater capacity tolerate life in the mountains than Indians, how Europeans who have depended agriculture for years can consume more carbohydrates without succumbing to than Native Americans, and Ashkenazi Jews could have evolved higher intelligence than Sephardic in little as thousand years. Wade terms like "race" "ethnicity" in a way, as for that large or small genetic differences between of that are path dependent and from a discrete population. He also concedes that racial groups are separated
 entire chapter detailing the Remarkable AchieVemEntS oF AshKenaZi Jews and hold tHEm up As exhibit A in the argumenT that HuMAn evOLuTion hAs been, iN waDE'S woRdS, rEceNt, COpIous, aNd rEgional. the example Of AShKenazi evolutIOn Is supposed To sHow the absurdIty Of the vIeW, heLD by auThoRs likE Jared dIamond And StepheN JAY Gould, THat humaN EVoLutiOn either stopped onE HuNDred thousand yeArs ago Or THaT NAtuRal Selection hAs SomehOW continUEd TO SCulPT the bodies but Not the brainS Of dIffereNt GroUPs of peOple. WAdE UseS "race" to refeR to gRoups of peOple whO Have beeN SeparatEd long EnoUgh To haVE dEvEloPeD CluSTeRs oF FunCtionallY sIgNificAnt gENETIc diFfeRencEs, and "Ethnicity" to apPly To grOUps WithiN raceS who HaVe smaLl but sIgnifIcAnt genetic diffeRencEs from othEr gRoUps WiThin a RAce. The ConCepT of an etHnicity IS maDe ESPEcIally clear if we undeRsTANd The coevoLution OF gEnES and cultUrE. If WithIN A cultUralLY dIverse buT raciaLLy DiStinctiVe Region LiKe tHe ARabiaN peniNsula, nOmadic BeDouinS Tend to marry BedOUins, while city DWeLLErS MarrY eaCh other, then bedoUIns aNd ciTY dWelLErs maY begiN tO DiVErge into biologicallY aNd cultUrallY different ethNicities as THEY face difFereNT sELective pressurEs. For Example, becAUse BedouIns weRe nomads Who increaSINgly depeNdeD on TheIr cAMElS for transportATIon aNd Milk, thoSe wHo produCed The LacTasE eNzyme (whicH facilitAtEs MiLk DigEstioN) Into adulThOod HaD a rEprodUCtive aDvantAge oVeR tHOse Who lackED tHIS enzYmE. AS the AllElE for lActoSE toLerance Spread thrOugH The pOpUlAtion, reLiance on camelS bEcame even mOrE enTrenchED In BedouiN culture, and selective preSSure incReaSed foR lacTose tolerAncE. DespiTe bEIng botH Arab aNd MusLiM, BeDOUins hAVE eNouGh Genetic and CULtuRal diFfErenCes to coNstitute a distinctiVE etHnic group throUghOut tHE miDdlE eaST. ThE iMPorTANt point is that cuLtural presSuREs Can directlY ImpAcT naturaL selectIon, anD PreexisTing traitS create prOpEnsiTIEs tHat shape cuLture. WadE ultimateLY invoKEs Gene-cUltUre coeVoLutIon to ExplaiN, AmoNg othEr thinGs, How TibEtans EvOlved a grEater capacity to tolerate Life in The moUntAins than INdiANs, hOw EuropeaNs whO have depenDed On aGricuLtuRE for tHousANdS of YEars cAn coNSume more cARbOhyDRAtEs without suCCUMbiNg to dIabETes thaN NatIve Americans, and hoW ashkenazi Jews cOuld HAVe eVolVEd hiGhEr intelligence ThaN SEPHardic JeWs In as little aS one thouSaND yearS. Wade uSes terMs like "rACE" aND "ethniCity" In a DeliberatEly VaGUe way, as ShOrTHand foR sayInG that tHere arE RelaTIVely large or small GenetIC DiffeREncEs betWeEn groupS Of peOple-differEnces that arE path dEpenDent aNd arise FrOm breeDinG wIthin a discREte populaTion. HE also coNcEdes ThaT raciaL groUPS are sEparAtEd
 entire chapter detailingthe remark ableach iev em ents  ofAshkenazi Jews andhold them up as exhibi t A i nt he a r gu mentthat hu m an e vol ut io n h as be en, i n W ade's w ords, rece nt,  c opious, andr eg ional. The  ex ample of Ash ken azi ev ol uti o n issup posed  to sh o w theabsurdity  o f  the v i ew, hel d by  aut hors like Jared D i am o nd and Stephen  Jay G ou l d, t hat  hu man evolut io n eit h er stop p ed o n e h u ndred thousan d years ago orthat n at ura l  selec tionha s  so mehow conti nued  to sculp t theb odies b u t not t he bra ins  of  dif f er en t g ro u pso fpeo p le.  Wade us es  " race"  tor e f e r to  gr oups  of p eople who hav e b eens epa rated  long  eno ug h tohave d evelo pe d clusters of f unct ionally s ign if ica nt  gene t ic dif fer enc es, and  "ethni c ity "t o ap ply to groups with in r ac es who h ave sm a ll  b u t signif ic ant  gen e t ic di ffer e nc es fromotherg ro up s withi na race .The  co ncept of a n ethn icity is  made especially cle a r if we under s ta n d  t h e co evo lution of g enes andcult u re . I f  with in acu l tu r ally diverse but ra ci ally d istin ctive regionlike the A r a b ian Peni nsul a ,n omadic Bedouin s ten d to marry Bedouins , whi le citydwellersm a rry each  ot her , t hen B ed ouins and cit y dwel le rs maybeg in to d ive rge  in tobi ologicall y and cu lt ur al ly  di ffere n t ethnic it ies  a s t hey f a ce dif feren t se le ct i vepressur e s. F or e xa mp le,bec au se Be doui n s w ere nom ads who i ncr e asin gl ydepende d on their ca me ls for tra ns por tation a nd milk,  those who produced the lactase  en zyme(whi ch facili tat es mil k d i gestio n) int o adu lt hoo d had a r ep rod uc tive advan t a geoverth osewho lac ked this enzyme. A s  th e allele forlac tose t ol era n ce spr ea d  th r o ugh the populat ion, relia nc e  o n camels b e cam eeven mo re entr enche d  in Bed ouin cult ure, andse lect i v e p ressure in creasedfor lacto s e tol e ra nce.Des pite b ei ngbothArab a n d M uslim , Bedo ui ns hav e eno ug h geneti c and cultural differen ces to  cons tit ute a dis tin c tiv e ethnicgrou p througho utthe  Midd leE ast.Thei mp ort a nt po inti s that cu l tu ral p re ssures cand i r ect ly im pac t  natur al s election, and pre e xisting traits  cre a t e p rop e nsit ie s that shape c ult ur e .  Wade ul ti mately invo kes gene -c u lture  coevo lution  to exp l a in ,  among  oth erthings, h owTi b etans e vo lv e d a gr eate rcapaci ty tot oler a t e life in the mo untai n s  than Ind ians,  h ow Euro p eans  who havedepended on  agric ultu re fo r thous an ds ofyea rs  can consu m e more ca rbohy drateswi thou t s uccumb ingt o  diab etes  t han  Native A m e ri c an s, and  how  Ashk en aziJews coul d  have ev olv e d highe rint e l ligenc e  t h a n Sephardi c J ews i n as littlea s on e  t h ousan d year s. Wad e usest erm slike "r ace " and "ethn icity" in a d el iber ately va gu e wa y,  as  s horthand for sa ying tha t therea r e rela tiv e ly l a rge or  s mall genetic  diff er e nces be t w een  groups ofpeo ple -dif fer ence s  that are path dependent  and  aris e  fr om br eedin gwithin a disc rete pop u lation. He al so concedes tha t  ra c ialgro u ps  a re separa ted 
 entire_chapter detailing_the remarkable achievements of_Ashkenazi Jews_and_hold them_up_as exhibit A_in the argument_that human evolution has_been, in Wade's_words,_recent, copious, and regional. The example of Ashkenazi evolution is supposed to show the_absurdity_of the_view,_held_by authors like Jared Diamond_and Stephen Jay Gould, that_human evolution_either stopped one hundred thousand years ago or_that_natural selection has_somehow continued to sculpt the bodies but not the_brains of different groups of people._Wade uses "race"_to_refer_to groups of people_who have been separated long enough_to have developed clusters of functionally_significant genetic differences, and "ethnicity" to apply_to groups within races who have_small but significant genetic differences_from other_groups within a race. The_concept of an_ethnicity is_made especially clear_if we understand the coevolution of_genes and culture._If within a culturally diverse but_racially_distinctive region like_the_Arabian_Peninsula, nomadic_Bedouins tend to_marry_Bedouins, while_city_dwellers marry each other, then Bedouins_and_city dwellers may begin to diverge into_biologically and culturally different_ethnicities_as they face different_selective pressures. For example, because_Bedouins were nomads who increasingly depended_on their_camels for_transportation and milk, those who produced the lactase enzyme (which facilitates_milk digestion) into adulthood had a_reproductive advantage over those_who lacked_this_enzyme. As the_allele_for lactose_tolerance spread through the population, reliance on_camels became_even more entrenched in Bedouin culture,_and selective pressure increased_for_lactose tolerance. Despite being both Arab_and Muslim, Bedouins have enough genetic_and cultural differences to constitute_a_distinctive_ethnic group throughout the Middle_East. The important point is that_cultural pressures can_directly impact natural selection, and preexisting traits_create_propensities that shape culture. Wade ultimately_invokes_gene-culture coevolution to explain, among other_things,_how_Tibetans evolved a greater capacity_to tolerate life in the mountains_than Indians, how Europeans who have depended on agriculture_for thousands of_years can consume more carbohydrates_without_succumbing_to diabetes than Native Americans, and how Ashkenazi Jews could_have evolved_higher intelligence than_Sephardic Jews in as little as one thousand years. Wade_uses terms like "race" and "ethnicity" in_a deliberately vague way, as shorthand for saying that there are_relatively large or small genetic differences between groups_of people-differences that are path dependent and_arise from breeding within_a_discrete population. He also concedes that racial_groups_are_separated