 t-test was performed where the monolingual and multilingual category were treated as independent samples tested against the variables'Total Mistakes Made' and 'Phonetic Errors'. Both the Total Mistakes Made (F=11.527, p=0.002) and the Phonetic Errors (F=6.153, p=0.18) passed the Levene's test for equality of variances. The Total Mistakes Made per participant for monolinguals (m=60.7, sd=16.3) and multilinguals (m=106.5, sd=47.4) was found to be significantly different, t(39)=3.817, p<0.001, r2=0.272; the Phonetic Errors made per participant for monolinguals (m=37.8, sd=7.71) and multilinguals (m=50.08, sd=14.7) was also found to be significantly different, t(39)=3.139, p=0.003, r2=0.207. As a consequence, the independent samples t-test confirms the observations and Hypothesis II. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Total Mistakes Made Phonetic Errors A v e ra g e N u m b e r o f M is ta k e s /E rr o rs M a d e P e r P a rt ic ip a n t Mistakes Made Monolinguals Multilinguals 18 Hypothesis III: There will be an increase in performance from Multilinguals whose native language is not English to multilinguals whose native language includes English. Figure 5 The effect of Language Category on performance. Description of x-axis in Table 1. Scores were averaged across 17 monolinguals in Category 1, 11 multilinguals in Category 2 and 12 multilinguals in Category 3. There was only one multilingual in Category 4. Table 1: Explanation of the Language Categories. See Appendix B for definitions of a Native Language and Proficient Language. Language Category Description English Native (Category 1) Monolinguals that only speak English English Proficient and Foreign Native (Category 2) Multilinguals whose native languages do not include English. English Native and Foreign Native (Category 3) Multilinguals whose native languages do include English. English Native and Foreign Proficient (Category 4) Multilinguals whose native language is only English
t - test was performed where the monolingual and multilingual category were treated as autonomous sample tested against the variables'Total Mistakes make' and' Phonetic erroneousness'. Both the Total Mistakes Made (F=11.527, p=0.002) and the Phonetic Errors (F=6.153, p=0.18) passed the Levene's examination for equality of discrepancy. The Total Mistakes make per participant for monolinguals (m=60.7, sd=16.3) and multilinguals (m=106.5, sd=47.4) was find to be significantly unlike, t(39)=3.817, p<0.001, r2=0.272; the Phonetic Errors made per participant for monolinguals (m=37.8, sd=7.71) and multilinguals (m=50.08, sd=14.7) was also found to be significantly unlike, t(39)=3.139, p=0.003, r2=0.207. As a consequence, the independent samples t - examination confirms the observations and Hypothesis II. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 entire Mistakes construct Phonetic Errors A v e ra g e N u m b e r o f M is ta k e s /E rr oxygen rs M a d e P e r P a rt ic ip a newton t Mistakes Made Monolinguals Multilinguals 18 Hypothesis III: There will be an increase in performance from Multilinguals whose native language is not English to multilinguals whose native language includes English. Figure 5 The effect of Language Category on operation. Description of ten - axis in Table 1. score were average across 17 monolinguals in Category 1, 11 multilinguals in Category 2 and 12 multilinguals in Category 3. There was only one multilingual in class 4. Table 1: Explanation of the Language Categories. determine Appendix B for definitions of a Native Language and Proficient Language. Language Category Description English Native (class 1) Monolinguals that only speak English English Proficient and Foreign Native (Category 2) Multilinguals whose native languages do not include English. English Native and Foreign Native (Category 3) Multilinguals whose native languages do include English. English Native and Foreign Proficient (Category 4) Multilinguals whose native language is only English
 t-tfst was performed where uhe monolingual aue multmlinguam categofy were treated as independeit sqmplew tested against the vxriables'Tltal Misrakew Made' and ''gonetic Errora'. Botk vhe Total Mistales Made (F=11.527, p=0.002) and the Photegie Errors (F=6.153, p=0.18) passed the Levene's test for eqiapity of varianses. Uhe Totzl Mistakes Made per participant fkr mononinguals (m=60.7, sd=16.3) and multilinguals (m=106.5, sd=47.4) wad foknd to be significwntly diffetsnt, r(39)=3.817, p<0.001, r2=0.272; the Phunetic Errors made per participant for monolinguals (m=37.8, sd=7.71) aud multilintuqls (k=50.08, sd=14.7) was alwo folnd to be sigkpficantny diffrrent, t(39)=3.139, p=0.003, r2=0.207. As a ronswquence, the independeit samples t-test consirms the oyservations and Hypotyewis IH. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Togal Mmstzkes Mwde Phonetic Srrors A v w ra g e N u m b e t j f M is ta k s s /E wr o rs M a d e P e r P a rt ic ip a n t Kisfakes Made Monolinguals Multilinguals 18 Hypotjesis III: There will be an increase in performance from Muntiliigjalw rfisf native language is not English to multilingtzlx ehose native lcnguage includes Ejgkysh. Figure 5 Tfe effzdt of Language Categlry on kerfornance. Dessripyion of x-axis in Table 1. Scoees were avegagee across 17 monolingbals in Cateyory 1, 11 multolinguals in Category 2 cnd 12 mhltilinguald in Catefury 3. There was ovly ote multilingual in Categorr 4. Table 1: Expkanatiov of the Lwnguage Cahegorlas. See Appendix B vor dgfinithons of a Jative Language and Proficient Language. Langusga Cdtegory Bescriition English Nwtive (Category 1) Monolnngualr that onlj speak Eiglish Englifh Proficient wnd Foreign Iative (Caeegoey 2) Nultiliveuals whose nayive langlayes do nor include English. Cnglirg Native and Foxtigb Native (Categoty 3) Mujtpliigualf whose nativa lavguxbes du include Ekglksh. Rnglish Native and Fmreifn Proficient (Catebovy 4) Multioinguals whose native language is only Tnglisi
t-test was performed where the monolingual and were as independent tested against the Errors'. the Total Mistakes (F=11.527, p=0.002) and Phonetic Errors (F=6.153, p=0.18) passed the test for equality of variances. The Total Mistakes Made per participant for monolinguals sd=16.3) and multilinguals (m=106.5, sd=47.4) was found to be significantly different, t(39)=3.817, p<0.001, the Errors per for monolinguals (m=37.8, sd=7.71) and multilinguals (m=50.08, sd=14.7) was also found to be significantly different, t(39)=3.139, r2=0.207. As a consequence, the independent samples t-test the observations and Hypothesis 0 20 40 60 80 120 Total Mistakes Phonetic A e ra g N u m b e r o f M is ta k e s /E rr o M a P e P rt ip a n Made Monolinguals Multilinguals 18 Hypothesis III: an increase in performance from Multilinguals whose native is not to multilinguals whose native language includes Figure 5 The effect of Language Category on Description of x-axis in Table 1. Scores were averaged across 17 monolinguals in Category 1, in Category 2 and multilinguals in Category There only multilingual Category 4. 1: Explanation of the Language Categories. See Appendix B for definitions a Native Language and Proficient Language. Language Category Description English 1) that only speak English Proficient and Foreign (Category Multilinguals whose native languages include English Native 3) whose native languages do English. English Native and Foreign (Category 4) Multilinguals whose
 t-test was performed where the MonolinguaL and mUltIliNgUal cAtegOry were treated AS indEpendent samples tested aGainsT tHE varIAbLes'ToTal MistAKeS mAde' AnD 'PHonEtIC ERrors'. botH the TotAl Mistakes madE (F=11.527, P=0.002) and the PhoneTIc errors (F=6.153, p=0.18) paSseD the Levene's tEst For equAlIty OF variAncEs. The total MIStakes made per paRtICipant FOr monolINGuAls (m=60.7, Sd=16.3) and multilingualS (M=106.5, sD=47.4) Was found to be siGnificAnTLy DIFfeRenT, t(39)=3.817, p<0.001, r2=0.272; the PhoNeTic ErROrs made PEr PARTicIPant for monoliNguals (m=37.8, sd=7.71) anD MulTilingUaLs (m=50.08, SD=14.7) was alSo fouNd TO be SignificantLy diFferent, t(39)=3.139, p=0.003, R2=0.207. As a coNSequencE, The indePendenT saMplEs t-tESt CoNfiRmS The OBsErvATioNs and HypOtHeSis II. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 totaL mISTakeS MaDe PhOnetiC Errors A v e ra g E N u M b e r O F M iS ta k e S /E rr o Rs M a D e p e r P a Rt ic ip A n t MiStAkes Made MonolinGualS MultilinGuaLs 18 hypOtHesis iiI: TherE wiLl bE an incrEase in pERfoRmANCE fRom Multilinguals whOsE NAtIve languAge is nOT ENgLIsh to mulTiLinGualS WHose nAtivE LaNguage inCludes eNgLiSh. FigurE 5 THe effeCt Of LAngUage CATegoRy on peRformancE. DescRIption of x-axis iN table 1. Scores weRE aVERaGEd acRosS 17 monolinguaLs in cAtegOry 1, 11 mULtIliNGuals In CatEgORy 2 ANd 12 multilinguals in CaTeGory 3. ThEre waS only one multiLingual in CATEGory 4. TablE 1: ExpLAnATion of the LanguAge CaTegories. SeE appendix b for dEfinitioNs of a NatiVE language And proFicIenT lAnGuage. Language cATegoRy descripTioN EnglisH NaTivE (CaTegOrY 1) MonolingUals that OnLy SpEaK EnGlish eNglish PrOfIciEnT anD ForeIGn NatiVe (CatEgorY 2) MUlTIliNguals wHOsE NAtivE lAnGuagEs dO nOt incLude eNglIsh. EnglIsh Native And fOreiGn naTive (CatEgory 3) MultilinGuAls whose naTiVe lAnguagES Do includE English. English Native anD foreign proFicieNt (CaTegory 4) MulTilIngualS whOSe natiVe langUage iS oNly eNGlish
 t-test was performed wher e the mono lingu aland  m ulti ling ual category w e re t reated as independentsampl es test e dagain st thev ar i a ble s' To tal  M i st akesMad e' and'PhoneticErr or s'. Both the To tal Mistak esMade (F=11.5 27,  p=0.0 02 ) a n d the  Ph oneti c Erro r s (F=6 .153, p=0 .1 8 ) pass e d the L e v en e'stest for equality of variances. The  Total  M i st a k esMad e per part ic ipant for mon o li n g u als (m=60.7, sd=1 6.3) and mu l til ingual s(m= 1 06.5,sd=47 .4 )  wa s found tobe s ignifican tly di f ferent, t(39)=3 .817,p<0 .00 1, r 2 =0 .2 72;  t h e P h on eti c  Er rors mad epe r par tici p a n t  for  mo noli ngual s (m=37.8, sd =7. 71)a ndmulti lingu als(m =50.0 8, sd= 14.7)  w as also found t o be  signific ant ly  di ff erent ,  t(39) =3. 139 , p=0.0 03, r2= 0 .20 7. A s  a  consequence, thein d e pe ndent sa mplest -t es t  confirm sthe  obs e r vatio ns a n dHypothes is II. 020  40 6080  100 1 20  14 0 T otalM ista kes Ma de Phone tic E r rors A v e rag  e N u m b er  o f  M is t a k  e s /E rro rs M ad eP  e  rP  a rt  ic i pa  n t Mistakes Made Mon ol ingual s Mul tilinguals 18  Hypothesi s I II: Ther e wi l lb e an increasein pe rformancef rom Mult iling uals who se native l anguageisnot  En gli s h  t o multilingua l s  who se  native  la nguageinc lud esEng li sh. Figur e 5 Theef fe ct  o f L angua g e Catego ry  on  p erf orman c e. Des cript ionof  x - axi s in Ta b le 1 . Sc or es  wer e a ve raged  acr o ss17 mono lingualsinC ateg or y1, 11 m ultilingualsin  Category2and  12 mu l t ilingual s in Category 3. Therew as only  on e mul tili ngual inCat egory4.T able 1 : Expl anati on  of t he La n g ua geCa tegories.S e e A ppend ix  B f or defi nitions of a Nativ e  La nguage and Pr ofi cien t La ngu a ge .  La ng u age C ategory Descrip tion Engli sh Na tive (Cate g ory  1 ) Monol inguals  that only sp eak Engli sh Englis hProf i c ien t and Fore ign Nati ve (Categ o ry 2) Mu ltili ngu als wh os e n ative  langu a ges  do n ot inc lu de Eng lish.  E nglish N ative and Foreign Nativ e (Cat egory  3)  Multilin gua l s w hose nati ve l anguages d o i ncl ude E ngl i sh. E ngli s hNat i ve an d Fo r eign Prof i ci ent ( Ca tegory 4) M u l t ili ngual s w h ose na tive  language is only English
 t-test_was performed_where the monolingual and_multilingual category_were_treated as_independent_samples tested against_the variables'Total Mistakes_Made' and 'Phonetic Errors'._Both the Total_Mistakes_Made (F=11.527, p=0.002) and the Phonetic Errors (F=6.153, p=0.18) passed the Levene's test for_equality_of variances._The_Total_Mistakes Made per participant for_monolinguals (m=60.7, sd=16.3) and multilinguals_(m=106.5, sd=47.4)_was found to be significantly different, t(39)=3.817, p<0.001,_r2=0.272;_the Phonetic Errors_made per participant for monolinguals (m=37.8, sd=7.71) and multilinguals_(m=50.08, sd=14.7) was also found to_be significantly different,_t(39)=3.139,_p=0.003,_r2=0.207. As a consequence,_the independent samples t-test confirms the_observations and Hypothesis II. 0 20_40 60 80 100 120 140 Total_Mistakes Made Phonetic Errors A v_e ra g e N_u m_b e r o f_M is ta_k e_s /E rr_o rs M a d e_P e r_P a rt ic ip a_n_t Mistakes Made_Monolinguals_Multilinguals_18 Hypothesis_III: There will_be_an increase_in_performance from Multilinguals whose native language_is_not English to multilinguals whose native language_includes English. Figure 5_The_effect of Language Category_on performance. Description of x-axis_in Table 1. Scores were averaged_across 17_monolinguals in_Category 1, 11 multilinguals in Category 2 and 12 multilinguals in_Category 3. There was only one_multilingual in Category 4._Table 1:_Explanation_of the Language_Categories._See Appendix_B for definitions of a Native Language_and Proficient_Language. Language Category Description English Native_(Category 1) Monolinguals that_only_speak English English Proficient and Foreign_Native (Category 2) Multilinguals whose native_languages do not include English._English_Native_and Foreign Native (Category 3)_Multilinguals whose native languages do include_English. English Native_and Foreign Proficient (Category 4) Multilinguals whose_native_language is only English