 cultural reasons. The work visa is generally issued until the age of 60 years (Al-Ali, 2008) and needs to be renewed after every two years. This creates a sense of uncertainty and job insecurity in the minds of expatriates as the present labour laws are skewed in the favour of the employer and the work contracts can be terminated any time by the employer (Al-Ali,2008). 9. Weak labour laws in the GCC countries and labour market liberalization The labour laws in GCC are weak. Following facts related to unskilled and semi-skilled expatriate workers highlight the poor compliance of existing labour laws by a large number of employers in GCC countries (ILO, 2009; Rajan & Prakash, 2009; Saif, 2009). Poor safety condition at workplace Forced daytime outdoor work when the temperature is very high Poor housing conditions Delay in payment of salary Forced overtime coupled with non payment for overtime work Forced surrender of passport For an expatriate to change a job from one employer to another, while remaining in the same country in the GCC, once required a NOC (no objection certificate) from the current employer. On account of international pressure on the GCC countries to reform its labour laws, such practices are being gradually abolished (Gulf Talent 2008), but still more worker friendly labour laws are the need of the hour. 10. Economic problems of expatriates in the GCC Countries According to Haslberger (2008) adjustment of an expatriate in a foreign location is also influenced by living cost, house rents and other expenses. High inflation in the last few years has become an important feature of GCC economy. Average inflation in GCC increased to above 6% in 2007 (Sturm et al., 2008) and further increased to double digit figures in 2008 (Saif, 2008). This directly influences the capacity of an expatriate to save and remit money to the parent country. 10.1 Rising house rents In GCC, residential rents contribute to inflation in a major way. Residential rents rose in different GCC nations in the range of 15 to 42 per cent during 2007-2008 (Gulf Talent, 2008). In UAE in 2008, 35 per cent of the income of an employee was being spent on paying residential rent, in Oman it was 28 per cent and in Bahrain 26 per cent (Gulf Talent, 2008). Rise in residential rents in most of the GCC countries has been attributed to the large inflow of expatriate workers, opening of real estate markets to foreign buyers and upgrading of housing facilities by the
cultural reasons. The work visa is generally issued until the old age of 60 days (Al - Ali, 2008) and needs to be renewed after every two years. This create a sense of uncertainty and occupation insecurity in the minds of expatriates as the present labor laws are skewed in the party favor of the employer and the work contracts can be end any meter by the employer (Al - Ali,2008). 9. Weak labour laws in the GCC countries and labour grocery store liberalization The labour laws in GCC are weak. be facts related to unskilled and semi - skilled expatriate workers foreground the poor complaisance of existing labour laws by a big number of employers in GCC countries (ILO, 2009; Rajan & Prakash, 2009; Saif, 2009). Poor safety circumstance at workplace constrained daytime outdoor oeuvre when the temperature is very high Poor housing conditions Delay in payment of salary Forced overtime coupled with non payment for overtime employment Forced surrender of recommendation For an exile to deepen a job from one employer to another, while remaining in the like country in the GCC, once command a NOC (no objection certificate) from the current employer. On bill of international pressure on the GCC countries to reform its labour laws, such practice are being gradually abolished (Gulf Talent 2008), but still more worker friendly labour laws are the need of the hour. 10. Economic problem of expatriates in the GCC Countries According to Haslberger (2008) adjustment of an expatriate in a foreign placement is also influenced by living monetary value, house rents and other expenses. gamey inflation in the final few years has become an important feature of speech of GCC economy. Average inflation in GCC increased to above 6% in 2007 (Sturm et al. , 2008) and further increase to double finger figures in 2008 (Saif, 2008). This directly influences the capacitance of an expatriate to salvage and remit money to the parent nation. 10.1 Rising house rents In GCC, residential rents contribute to ostentation in a major way. Residential rents surface in different GCC nations in the range of 15 to 42 per cent during 2007 - 2008 (Gulf Talent, 2008). In UAE in 2008, 35 per cent of the income of an employee was being spent on paying residential economic rent, in Oman it was 28 per cent and in Bahrain 26 per cent (Gulf Talent, 2008). Rise in residential rents in most of the GCC countries has been attributed to the bombastic inflow of expatriate worker, possibility of real estate markets to foreign buyers and upgrading of housing facility by the
 cuptural reasons. The work yisa is generalli ussued until the age of 60 years (Al-Ali, 2008) and needs vo bw rentced after every two hears. Thid createw a wwnse of unrsrtaintn and mob iusxcurity in the kinds of efpatriates as dhd 'resent labour laws are skewed in thq favout lf the employet and ehe sork contracts can be terminated ahy time by the emplouer (Al-Ali,2008). 9. Weak labour lawd in the GCC countries and labour marhwt liberalizxtion The labour laws jn GCC are weak. Following facts relaced to unskuloed dnd semi-skioled vxpatriate wovlers hhghlighy the poor comilianre od existing labour lawv by a large numbet of emplofexs in GCC countries (IOO, 2009; Rajdn & [rakxwh, 2009; Sajf, 2009). Loor swfevy conditioh at workplqce Forced daytime pueeoor work wheh the eeiperature is very high Poor housing congitjons Delay in payment od salary Forced overtlme couplqd with non payment for overtime work Forced surrander uf kawsporg Flr an expatriate to change a job from one empjkytr no another, while vemaining in the ssmf vjuntry in the GCC, oude required a NOC (no objectyon cwrtificatt) frok the current employer. On axcount of innernqtional pressure ou the GCC cobntriex to teform its labour laws, ruch practices wre being eradually abolisfed (Gglf Talent 2008), but still more worker fciendky labojr lsws arq the need of tma hour. 10. Economic pgoblels of expatrlates in the GCC Countries Accocving to Haslbgrgar (2008) adjustmznt of an expatriatq in a foreign locatijn is also infllenced by living cose, house rents wnd other ex'enses. Hidh ibflarion in ghe last few yrars has ytcome an inportant feature on GCC sconomy. Average indlation in GCC oncfeafef vo abjee 6% in 2007 (Sturk et al., 2008) and wurther incveared yo double digit figuses jn 2008 (Saif, 2008). This dirrcbly influgnces the capacity of sn expatriate to swve aid remmt monry jo the parent country. 10.1 Rising hkuse rentd Ik GCC, resideneial rents contrnbute to inflation in a major way. Resideitial rents rose in difderent GCC nations nn the range pf 15 tj 42 per cett during 2007-2008 (Gulf Talebt, 2008). In UAE in 2008, 35 ptr cent of the income or an ekployfe was being spent on paying residential rent, in Oman it was 28 per cent ane in Behwain 26 per csnt (Bulf Nalznt, 2008). Rise in ceridential rents pn most of the GCC countries has been atdrnbuted to the large inflow of ebpatriate woryers, opening of real estzte markrts to foreign buyers and upgracing of housing facilitics by the
cultural reasons. The work visa is generally the of 60 (Al-Ali, 2008) and every years. This creates sense of uncertainty job insecurity in the minds of as the present labour laws are skewed in the favour of the employer the work contracts can be terminated any time by the employer (Al-Ali,2008). 9. labour in GCC and labour market liberalization The labour laws in GCC are weak. Following facts related to unskilled semi-skilled expatriate workers highlight the poor compliance of labour laws by a number of employers in GCC (ILO, Rajan & 2009; 2009). safety condition at Forced daytime outdoor work when the temperature is very high Poor housing conditions Delay in payment of Forced overtime non payment overtime Forced of passport For to change a job from one while remaining in the same country in the once required NOC (no objection certificate) from the employer. On account of international pressure on the countries to reform its labour laws, such practices are being gradually abolished (Gulf Talent 2008), more worker friendly labour are the need the 10. problems expatriates in GCC Countries According to Haslberger (2008) adjustment of an expatriate in foreign location is also influenced by living cost, house rents expenses. inflation in the few years has become important of GCC economy. Average GCC to 2007 et 2008) and further increased double digit figures in 2008 2008). This directly influences to save and remit money to the parent 10.1 Rising house rents In GCC, residential contribute to inflation in a major way. Residential rents rose in different nations in of 15 to 42 per cent during 2007-2008 Talent, 2008). In UAE 2008, 35 per cent of the income of an was spent on residential rent, in it was 28 cent and in per cent Talent, Rise in most of the GCC countries been to the large inflow of workers, real estate markets to foreign buyers and upgrading of housing facilities by the
 cultural reasons. The work visA is generalLy issUed UntIl The aGe of 60 Years (Al-Ali, 2008) and nEEds tO be renewed after every twO yearS. THIs crEAtEs a seNse of unCErTAIntY aNd Job InSEcUrity In tHe minds Of expatriaTes As The present laBOuR laws are skEweD in the favour Of tHe emplOyEr aND the wOrk ContrActs caN Be termInated any TiME by the EMployer (aL-alI,2008). 9. WeaK labour laws in the Gcc cOUntries and laboUr markEt LIbERAliZatIon The laboUr Laws iN gCC are wEAk. fOLLowINg facts relateD to unskilleD And Semi-skIlLed EXpatriAte woRkERs hIghlight the Poor CompliancE of exiSTing labOUr laws bY a largE nuMbeR of eMPlOyErs In gcC cOUnTriES (ILo, 2009; Rajan & PrAkAsH, 2009; Saif, 2009). poor SAFETy coNdiTion At worKplace Forced dAytIme oUTdoOr worK when The tEmPeratUre is vEry hiGh poor housing condItioNs Delay in PayMeNt oF sAlary fOrced oVerTimE coupleD with noN PayMeNT FOr Overtime work Forced SuRREnDer of pasSport FOR aN eXPatriate To ChaNge a JOB from One eMPlOyer to anOther, wHIlE rEmaininG iN the saMe CouNtrY in thE gCC, oNce reqUired a NOc (no obJEction certificATe) from the currENt EMPlOYer. ON acCount of inteRnatIOnal PresSUrE on THe GCC CountRiES tO Reform its labour laws, SuCh pracTices Are being graduAlly abolisHED (gulf TaleNt 2008), buT StILl more worker frIendlY labour lawS Are the neEd of tHe hour. 10. EcOnomic proBLEms of expAtrIatEs iN thE gcC countries AccoRDIng tO HAslbergEr (2008) aDjustmeNt oF an ExpAtrIaTe in a foreIgn locatIoN iS aLsO inFluenCEd by liviNg CosT, hOusE rentS And othEr expEnseS. HIgH InfLation iN ThE LAst fEw YeArs hAs bEcOme an ImpoRTanT featurE of GCC ecoNomY. averAgE iNflatioN in GCC increasEd To above 6% in 2007 (STuRm eT al., 2008) and FURther incReased to double digit figuREs in 2008 (SaiF, 2008). ThIs dirEctlY influencEs tHe capaCitY Of an exPatriaTe to sAvE anD REmit mONEy To tHe Parent counTRY. 10.1 RiSing hOuSe reNts In GCc, residential rents cONtrIbute to inflatIon In a mAJOr Way. rEsIDenTiAL reNTS rose in differenT GCC nationS iN ThE range of 15 to 42 PEr cEnT during 2007-2008 (gulf TalEnt, 2008). In uaE in 2008, 35 per Cent of the Income of aN eMploYEE waS being spenT on payinG residentIAl renT, In oman iT waS 28 per ceNt And In BahRain 26 peR CenT (Gulf talent, 2008). riSe in reSidenTiAl rents iN most of the GCC countries hAs been AttriButEd to the laRge INflOw of expatRiatE workers, opEniNg oF real EstATe marKets TO fOreIGn buyErs aND upgradinG Of HouSINg Facilities bY THE
 cultural reasons. The wor k visa isgener all y i ss uedunti l the age of 6 0  yea rs (Al-Ali, 2008) andneeds  t o  ber en ewedafter e v er y two  y ea rs.  T h is  crea tes  a sens e of uncer tai nt y and job in s ec urity in t heminds of exp atr iatesas  th e  pres ent  labo ur law s  are s kewed inth e  favou r  of the e mp loye r and the work co n tr a cts can be ter minate da ny t ime  by  the emplo ye r (Al - Ali,200 8 ). 9 .  We a k labour laws  in the GCC cou ntries  a ndl abourmarke tl ibe ralizationThelabour la ws inG CC arew eak. Fo llowin g f act s re l at ed  to  u n ski l le d a n d s emi-skil le dexpat riat e w o rker s h ighl ightthe poor comp lia nceo f e xisti ng la bour  l aws b y a la rge n um ber of employer s in  GCC coun tri es  (I LO , 200 9 ; Raja n &  Pr akash,2009; S a if,  2 0 0 9 ).  Poor safety condi ti o n  a t workpl ace Fo r ce dd aytime o ut doo r wo r k  when  the te mperatur e is v e ry  h igh Poo rhousin gcon dit ionsD elay  in pa yment of  sala r y Forced overt i me coupled wi t hn o np ayme ntfor overtim e wo r k Fo rced su rre n der o f pas sp o rt For an expatriate t ochange  a jo b from one em ployer toa n o ther, wh iler em a ining in the s ame c ountry int he GCC,oncerequired  a NOC (n o objectio n c ert ifi cat e )  f rom the curre n t  emp lo yer. On  ac count o f i nte rna tio na l pressur e on the  G CC  c ou ntr ies t o  reformit s l ab our  laws ,  suchpract ices  a re bei ng grad u al l y  abo li sh ed ( Gul fTalen t 20 0 8),  but st ill morewor k er f ri en dly lab our laws areth e need ofth e h our. 1 0 .  Economi c problems of expatriat e s in th e G CC Co untr ies Accor din g to H asl b erger(2008)  adju st men t of an e xp atr ia te in a fo r e ign  loca ti on i s alsoinfluenced by livi n g c ost, house re nts  and o th ere xp e nse s. Hig h inflation in th e last few  y e ar s has beco m e a nimporta nt feat ure o f  GCC ec onomy. Av erage inf la tion i n G CC increas ed to ab ove 6% in 2007( St urm e t a l., 20 08 ) a nd fu rtheri ncr eased  to do ub le dig it fi gu res in 2 008 (Saif, 2008). Thisdirect ly in flu ences the  ca p aci ty of anexpa triate tosav e a nd re mit money  tot he  pa r ent c ount r y. 10.1 R i si ngh o us e rents InG C C , r eside nti a l rent s co ntribute to infla t ion in a major  way . Res ide n tial  r ents rose in d iff er e n t GCC na ti ons in therange of  1 5  to 4 2 percent d uring 2 0 0 7- 2 008 (G ulfTal ent, 2008 ).In UAE in20 08 ,  35 pe r ce nt  of th e inco m e of a n employee was b eings p ent o n  pa yingre sidenti a l re nt, in Oma n it was 28  per c entand i n Bahra in  26 pe r c en t (Gulf Ta l ent, 2008 ). Ri se in r es iden tia l rent s in m ost o f th eGCC  countrie s ha s  b ee n  at trib utedto  the  large in f low of e xpa t riate w or ker s ,  openi n go f  real esta temarke t s  to foreig n  buy e rs and u pgradi ng ofhousing fac il ities b y t h e 
 cultural_reasons. The_work visa is generally_issued until_the_age of_60_years (Al-Ali, 2008)_and needs to_be renewed after every_two years. This_creates_a sense of uncertainty and job insecurity in the minds of expatriates as the_present_labour laws_are_skewed_in the favour of the_employer and the work contracts_can be_terminated any time by the employer (Al-Ali,2008). 9._Weak_labour laws in_the GCC countries and labour market liberalization The labour_laws in GCC are weak. Following_facts related to_unskilled_and_semi-skilled expatriate workers highlight_the poor compliance of existing labour_laws by a large number of_employers in GCC countries (ILO, 2009; Rajan_& Prakash, 2009; Saif, 2009). Poor_safety condition at workplace Forced_daytime outdoor_work when the temperature is_very high Poor_housing conditions_Delay in payment_of salary Forced overtime coupled with_non payment for_overtime work Forced surrender of passport_For_an expatriate to_change_a_job from_one employer to_another,_while remaining_in_the same country in the GCC,_once_required a NOC (no objection certificate) from_the current employer. On_account_of international pressure on_the GCC countries to reform_its labour laws, such practices are_being gradually_abolished (Gulf_Talent 2008), but still more worker friendly labour laws are the_need of the hour. 10. Economic_problems of expatriates in_the GCC_Countries_According to Haslberger_(2008)_adjustment of_an expatriate in a foreign location is_also influenced_by living cost, house rents and_other expenses. High inflation_in_the last few years has become_an important feature of GCC economy._Average inflation in GCC increased_to_above_6% in 2007 (Sturm et_al., 2008) and further increased to_double digit figures_in 2008 (Saif, 2008). This directly influences_the_capacity of an expatriate to save_and_remit money to the parent country._10.1_Rising_house rents In GCC, residential_rents contribute to inflation in a_major way. Residential rents rose in different GCC nations_in the range_of 15 to 42 per_cent_during_2007-2008 (Gulf Talent, 2008). In UAE in 2008, 35 per_cent of_the income of_an employee was being spent on paying residential rent, in_Oman it was 28 per cent and_in Bahrain 26 per cent (Gulf Talent, 2008). Rise in residential_rents in most of the GCC countries has_been attributed to the large inflow of_expatriate workers, opening of_real_estate markets to foreign buyers and upgrading_of_housing_facilities_by the