 This is an open access article Dossier Pierre Duhem The French Roots of Duhem's early Historiography and Epistemology Stefano Bordoni 1 Abstract: Pierre Duhem can be looked upon as one of the heirs of a tradition of historical and philosophical researches that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century. This tradition opposed the naïve historiography and epistemology of the positivist school. Beside the positivists of different leanings such as Littré, Laffitte, Wyrouboff, and Berthelot, we find Cournot, Naville, and Tannery, who developed sophisticated histories and philosophies of science focusing on the real scientific practice and its history. They unfolded elements of continuity and discontinuity in the history of science, and enlightened the complex relationship among experimental, mathematical, logical and philosophical components in scientific practice. In Pierre Duhem we find a systematic and vivid interpretation of these meta-theoretical issues, and a meaningful development of a cultural tradition that re-emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. Keywords: Pierre Duhem; historiography; epistemology; experimental practice; theoretical practice; continuism discontinuism Received: 27 March 2017. Reviewed: 26 may 2017. Accepted: 31 May 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.04 _____________________________________________________________________________ The originality of Duhem's meta-theoretical researches consisted in the interconnection between historical inquiry and philosophical analysis. The complexity of the natural world and the complexity of scientific practice urged him to go beyond the naïve historiography and epistemology of the positivist tradition. In reality, another tradition had already emerged alongside positivism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Some mathematicians had inquired into the actual scientific practice and its history, and had discovered a plurality of theoretical streams, and stagnations or regressions over time. In their philosophy of science, the positivistic rhetoric of relentless progress, and the cult of a simplified and idealised scientific practice gave way to a mature awareness of inescapable shortcomings and dramatic detours in scientific method and its history. I would like to focus on the positivist and the critical traditions, and then on some historiographical 1 Stefano Bordoni is a Lecturer/Adjunct Professor in Mathematics at the University of Bologna. Address: Rimini campus, via dei Mille
This is an open access article Dossier Pierre Duhem The French Roots of Duhem's early Historiography and Epistemology Stefano Bordoni 1 Abstract: Pierre Duhem can be look upon as one of the heir of a tradition of historical and philosophical inquiry that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth hundred. This tradition opposed the naïve historiography and epistemology of the positivist school. Beside the positivists of unlike tilt such as Littré, Laffitte, Wyrouboff, and Berthelot, we find Cournot, Naville, and Tannery, who develop sophisticated history and philosophies of science focusing on the real scientific practice and its history. They unfolded component of continuity and discontinuity in the history of science, and enlightened the complex relationship among experimental, numerical, logical and philosophical component in scientific practice. In Pierre Duhem we detect a systematic and vivid interpretation of these meta - theoretical issues, and a meaningful development of a cultural custom that re - emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. Keywords: Pierre Duhem; historiography; epistemology; experimental practice; theoretical practice; continuism discontinuism Received: 27 March 2017. review: 26 may 2017. accept: 31 May 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.04 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The originality of Duhem's meta - theoretical researches consisted in the interconnection between historical inquiry and philosophical analysis. The complexity of the natural world and the complexity of scientific exercise urge him to go beyond the naïve historiography and epistemology of the positivist custom. In world, another tradition had already emerged alongside positivism in the second half of the nineteenth hundred. Some mathematicians had investigate into the actual scientific practice and its history, and had discovered a battalion of theoretical streams, and stagnations or regressions over time. In their philosophy of science, the positivistic rhetoric of relentless progress, and the cult of a simplified and idealised scientific exercise gave room to a ripe awareness of inescapable shortcomings and dramatic detours in scientific method and its history. I would wish to focus on the positivist and the critical traditions, and then on some historiographical 1 Stefano Bordoni is a Lecturer / Adjunct Professor in Mathematics at the University of Bologna. Address: Rimini campus, via dei Mille
 Thls is an open access artlcle Dossier Pietrw Duhek The Rrench Ruots of Duhem's early Historilgeaphy and Epistemology Stefxno Bordoji 1 Absteact: Pierre Duhxj can bc looicd upmi as one of the heirs of d tradition of hkscorical and philosophical researches that fkokrished in the secpgd hzlf of the nineteenth century. This traditpon opposed the nsïve historiography and epidtemllogy of the positlvist schooo. Befude the posigivists of different lganings such as Littré, Laffitte, Whroubpff, and Betcyellj, we find Conrnot, Gaville, and Bsnnery, who defeloped sophisbicatxd hustories and philosopiies of science focufing on tve real scientific prqcticg and its yisgorg. Vheg unfopdev elements kf continuiry and discontinuitu yb the history of scyegce, and enlightened the complex relatiotshjp among experimental, mqthematical, logical ajd philosjphical components in scientific practice. In Pierse Duieo wt nlnd x sjstematic and vivid interpretation of these mqfa-uhepretical issuef, and a meamijggol development of a ehlfural tradition thwt re-emgrged un the sesond half of the twentieth centyry. Keywords: Pierre Duhem; histoxiography; epnstemokogy; rxperimental practice; tkeoretjcal practife; continhksm discontinuiso Rvceieed: 27 March 2017. Reviewed: 26 may 2017. Accepted: 31 Mav 2017. DOI: hgtp://dc.doi.ord/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.04 _____________________________________________________________________________ The orlginality of Duhem's meta-hheorgtical researched consisted in the interconnectmpn between hosdorpcal inqunry anc philosophicwl analysis. Thg complexnty of the naturzl worlv and the coiplexity of swlentific prartice urgqd hum ti go behund the naïve hostoriogrckhy and epustemology of the iositkbist tradition. Nu twality, another trxdieiln hwg already emargea aupngsiae posiunviwo in the second half of dhe hineteenth century. Sjme mathgmaticianf had inquirec into the actual dcienvific 'ractive wnd its history, and had discovsred a plkrajity of theowetigal ftreams, anb stagnations or regressions over time. Ii their philosophy of sxience, the positivixuic rhetoric pf rejentless [rogress, and the culr of a simplified and idealised scientjfic psactife gave way to a mature awareness of inescapable shortcomings and dramatix detonrf in scientjfic methmd cnd its hisvocy. I would like tp focus on the positivist and tie critican craditions, and then on some hosgoriographicau 1 Stefano Bordoni is a Mecturer/Sdjunct Professor in Mathematicx at the University of Bplogna. Aedresa: Rimini cempus, via dei Mille
This is an open access article Dossier The Roots of early Historiography and Pierre can be looked as one of heirs of a tradition of historical philosophical researches that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century. This opposed the naïve historiography and epistemology of the positivist school. Beside the positivists different such Littré, Wyrouboff, and Berthelot, we find Cournot, Naville, and Tannery, who developed sophisticated histories and philosophies of focusing on the real scientific practice and its They unfolded elements of and discontinuity in the history science, enlightened the relationship experimental, logical and philosophical in scientific practice. In Pierre Duhem we find a systematic and vivid interpretation of these meta-theoretical issues, a meaningful a cultural that in second half of century. Keywords: Pierre Duhem; historiography; epistemology; practice; continuism discontinuism Received: 27 March 2017. Reviewed: may 2017. 31 May 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.04 _____________________________________________________________________________ originality of Duhem's meta-theoretical researches consisted in the between historical inquiry and philosophical analysis. The complexity of the natural world and the complexity practice urged him to beyond the naïve and of positivist In reality, tradition had already emerged alongside positivism in the second half of nineteenth century. Some mathematicians had inquired into the actual scientific its and had discovered plurality of theoretical streams, stagnations regressions over time. In of the relentless and cult of a simplified idealised scientific practice gave way a mature awareness of in scientific method and its history. I would to focus on the positivist and the traditions, and then on some historiographical 1 Stefano Bordoni is a Lecturer/Adjunct in Mathematics University of Bologna. Address: Rimini campus, via dei
 This is an open access article dossier PieRre DuHem the frEnch rootS of Duhem's early hIstoRiography and EpistemoloGy SteFaNO BorDOnI 1 AbstRact: PieRRe dUHem CaN bE loOkED uPon as One Of the heIrs of a tradItiOn Of historical ANd PhilosophiCal Researches thAt fLourisHeD in THe secOnd Half oF the niNEteentH century. THiS TraditIOn opposED ThE naïVe historiography aND ePIstemology of thE positIvISt SCHooL. BeSide the posItIvistS Of diffeREnT LEAniNGs such as LittrÉ, Laffitte, WyROubOff, and beRthELot, we fInd CoUrNOt, NAville, and TaNnerY, who develOped soPHisticaTEd histoRies anD phIloSophIEs Of SciEnCE foCUsIng ON thE real sciEnTiFic prActiCE AND its HisTory. they uNfolded elemenTs oF conTInuIty anD discOntiNuIty in The hisTory oF sCience, and enlighTeneD the complEx rElAtiOnShip aMOng expEriMenTal, mathEmaticaL, LogIcAL ANd Philosophical compoNeNTS iN scientiFic praCTiCe. iN Pierre DUhEm wE finD A SysteMatiC AnD vivid inTerpreTAtIoN of thesE mEta-theOrEtiCal IssueS, And a MeaninGful deveLopmeNT of a cultural trADition that re-eMErGED iN The sEcoNd half of the TwenTIeth CentURy. keyWOrds: PIerre duHEm; HIstoriography; episteMoLogy; exPerimEntal practice; TheoreticaL PRActice; coNtinUIsM Discontinuism REceivEd: 27 March 2017. RevIEwed: 26 may 2017. ACceptEd: 31 May 2017. DOI: Http://dx.doi.ORG/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.04 _____________________________________________________________________________ The oriGinAliTy oF DuHEM's Meta-theoreticAL ReseArChes conSisTed in thE inTerConNecTiOn between HistoricAl InQuIrY anD philOSophical AnAlySiS. ThE compLExity oF the nAturAl WoRLd aNd the coMPlEXIty oF sCiEntiFic PrActicE urgED hiM to go beYond the naÏve HIstoRiOgRaphy anD epistemology Of The positivIsT trAditioN. iN reality, Another tradition had alreADy emergEd aLongsIde pOsitivism In tHe secoNd hALf of thE ninetEenth CeNtuRY. some mATHeMatIcIans had inqUIRed Into tHe ActuAl scienTific practice and itS HisTory, and had disCovEred A PLuRalITy OF thEoREtiCAL streams, and stagNations or rEgREsSions over tIMe. IN tHeir phiLosophy Of sciENce, the pOsitivistIc rhetoriC oF relENTleSs progress, And the cuLt of a simpLIfied ANd IdealIseD scienTiFic PractIce gavE Way To a maTure awArEness oF inesCaPable shoRtcomings and dramatic detOurs in ScienTifIc method aNd iTS hiStory. I wouLd liKe to focus oN thE poSitivIst ANd the CritICaL trADitioNs, anD Then on somE HiStoRIOgRaphical 1 SteFANO BoRdoni Is a lEctureR/AdjUnct Professor in MaTHematics at the UNiveRSIty Of BOLognA. ADdress: Rimini caMpuS, vIA Dei Mille
 This is an open access ar ticle Doss ier P ier reDu hemTheFrench Roots o f  Duh em's early Historiogra phy a nd Epis t em ology  Stefan o  B o r don i1Abs tr a ct : Pie rre  Duhemcan be loo ked  u pon as one o f  t he heirs o f a  tradition o f h istori ca l a n d phi los ophic al res e arches  that flo ur i shed i n  the se c o nd  hal f of the nineteen t hc entury. This t raditi on op p o sed  th e naïve hi st oriog r aphy an d  e p i s tem o logy of the p ositivist s c hoo l. Bes id e t h e posi tivis ts ofdifferent l eani ngs suchas Lit t ré, Laf f itte, W yroubo ff,  an d Be r th el ot,  w e  fi n dCou r not , Navill e,  a nd Ta nner y , w ho d eve lope d sop histicated hi sto ries and  phil osoph iesof  scie nce fo cusin gon the real sci enti fic pract ice  a ndit s his t ory. T hey  un foldedelement s  of  c o n t in uity and discontin ui t y  i n the hi storyo fsc i ence, an denl ight e n ed th e co m pl ex relat ionshi p  a mo ng expe ri mental ,mat hem atica l , lo gicaland phil osoph i cal components in scientific pr a c ti c e. I n P ierre Duhem  wef inda sy s te mat i c and  vivi di nt e rpretation of these  m eta-th eoret ical issues,and a mean i n g ful deve lopm e nt of a culturaltradi tion thatr e-emerge d inthe seco nd half o f the twen tie thcen tur y .  K eywords: Pier r e  Duh em ; histo rio graphy;  ep ist emo log y;  experime ntal pra ct ic e;  t heo retic a l practi ce ; c on tin uismd iscont inuis m Re ce iv e d:27 Marc h  2 0 1 7. R ev ie wed:  26  m ay 20 17.A cce pted: 3 1 May 201 7.D OI:ht tp ://dx.d oi.org/10.241 17 /2526-2270 .2 017 .i2.04 _ ________ _______________________ _ _______ ___ _____ ____ _________ ___ ______ ___ _ ___ Th e orig inali ty  of D uhem' s me ta- th eoreticalr e sea rches  c onsi sted in  the interconnecti o n b etween histor ica l in q u ir y a n dp hil os o phi c a l analysis. The  complexit yo fthe natura l  wo rl d and t he comp lexit y  of sci entific p ractice u rg ed h i m  to  go beyond  the naï ve histor i ograp h yand e pis temolo gy  of  thepositi v ist  trad ition.  I n real ity,an other tr adition had already eme rged a longs ide  positivi smi n t he second  hal f of the n ine tee nth c ent u ry. S omem at hem a ticia ns h a d inquire d  i nto t he  actual sci e n t ifi c pra cti c e anditshistory, and hadd iscovered a pl ural i t y o f t h eore ti cal streams, a ndst a g nationsor  regression s over t im e . Intheirphilos ophy of s ci e nce, t he p osi tivisticrhe to r ic of r el en t less p rogr es s, and  the c u lt o f a simplified and  idea l i sed s c ien tific  p ractice gave  way to amature awar enessof i nesca pable s ho rtcomi ngs  a nd dramati c  detoursin sc ientifi cmeth odand it s hi s t ory.I wo ul d l ike to fo c u so nth e  po siti vistan d th e critica l  traditi ons ,  and th en  on s ome hi s to r i ographical  1Stefa n o  Bordoni i s  a L e ct u rer/A djunct  Profe ssor in Mat he maticsatt h e Univers ity of Bo l ogn a.  Add ress: Ri mi ni c am pus ,via dei Mille
 This_is an_open access article Dossier_Pierre Duhem_The_French Roots_of_Duhem's early Historiography_and Epistemology Stefano_Bordoni 1 Abstract: Pierre_Duhem can be_looked_upon as one of the heirs of a tradition of historical and philosophical researches_that_flourished in_the_second_half of the nineteenth century._This tradition opposed the naïve_historiography and_epistemology of the positivist school. Beside the positivists_of_different leanings such_as Littré, Laffitte, Wyrouboff, and Berthelot, we find Cournot,_Naville, and Tannery, who developed sophisticated_histories and philosophies_of_science_focusing on the real_scientific practice and its history. They_unfolded elements of continuity and discontinuity_in the history of science, and enlightened_the complex relationship among experimental, mathematical,_logical and philosophical components in_scientific practice._In Pierre Duhem we find_a systematic and_vivid interpretation_of these meta-theoretical_issues, and a meaningful development of_a cultural tradition_that re-emerged in the second half_of_the twentieth century._Keywords:_Pierre_Duhem; historiography;_epistemology; experimental practice;_theoretical_practice; continuism_discontinuism_Received: 27 March 2017. Reviewed: 26_may_2017. Accepted: 31 May 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.04______________________________________________________________________________ The originality of_Duhem's_meta-theoretical researches consisted in_the interconnection between historical inquiry_and philosophical analysis. The complexity of_the natural_world and_the complexity of scientific practice urged him to go beyond the_naïve historiography and epistemology of the_positivist tradition. In reality,_another tradition_had_already emerged alongside_positivism_in the_second half of the nineteenth century. Some_mathematicians had_inquired into the actual scientific practice_and its history, and_had_discovered a plurality of theoretical streams,_and stagnations or regressions over time._In their philosophy of science,_the_positivistic_rhetoric of relentless progress, and_the cult of a simplified and_idealised scientific practice_gave way to a mature awareness of_inescapable_shortcomings and dramatic detours in scientific_method_and its history. I would like_to_focus_on the positivist and the_critical traditions, and then on some_historiographical 1 Stefano Bordoni is a Lecturer/Adjunct Professor in_Mathematics at the_University of Bologna. Address: Rimini_campus,_via_dei Mille