 atomism from chemist, deriving this indistinction from the non-methodological unificationism of Duhem. Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez makes a thorough analysis of the roles that the finesse and geometry minds play in the Duhemian style, and insists at the same time that the scope of the second is greater than one thinks and, conversely, that the Pascalian influence on the formation of the author's thought is less than some interpreters suspect. In turn, Eduardo Barra and Ricardo Santos argue that Duhem's critical exam of the Newtonian method, in spite of the replications and amendments received, still remains generally valid, and that, after all, Newton and Duhem tried to defend, with different terminologies, the autonomy of physics in the face of metaphysics. A similar spirit stirs up the article by Amélia Oliveira, when she tries to acknowledge contemporaneity, never sufficiently recognized – particularly by Thomas Kuhn –, of the historical methodology defended and practiced by Duhem, that would approach the so called "new historiography of science." More neutral analyzes are made by José Chiappin and Cássio Laranjeiras, who focus on the question of methodological constraints (such as the refusal of mechanicism, Dossier Pierre Duhem - Introduction 5 the demands of theoretical testability and continuity) demanded by Duhem for theories to evolve according to an acceptable standard of rationality. For his part, Roberto Olguin, in a suggestive way, examines the historical and conceptual clusters between the very important Duhemian notion of bon sens, which links the philosopher directly to Pascal, and the Aristotelian notion of noûs, supposedly situated at the root of the other, when apprehending the first principles. Reading Duhem with "Duhemian eyes," Stefano Bordoni seeks to link Duhem to a tradition whose philosophical and historical sophistication, in which scientific practice would be taken seriously, would go back to Cournot, Naville, and Paul Tannery. Following this same path of contextualization, João Príncipe elaborates an analysis of the crisscrossing genesis of Poincaré and Duhem philosophies, relying on the thesis of the existence of a consensus among philosophers of the late nineteenth century about the hypothetical nature of theories. Roberto Maiocchi compiles the references to Duhem in the period before the First World War in the Italian academic sphere, marked by idealism
atomism from chemist, deriving this indistinction from the non - methodological unificationism of Duhem. Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez makes a thorough psychoanalysis of the function that the finesse and geometry minds toy in the Duhemian expressive style, and insists at the same prison term that the telescope of the second is greater than one thinks and, conversely, that the Pascalian influence on the formation of the author's opinion is less than some interpreters suspect. In go, Eduardo Barra and Ricardo Santos argue that Duhem's critical exam of the Newtonian method acting, in spite of the replication and amendment received, still remains broadly valid, and that, after all, Newton and Duhem tried to defend, with unlike terminologies, the autonomy of purgative in the face of metaphysics. A similar spirit stirs up the article by Amélia Oliveira, when she test to acknowledge contemporaneity, never sufficiently recognized – particularly by Thomas Kuhn –, of the historical methodology maintain and practiced by Duhem, that would approach the so called " new historiography of science. " More neutral analyzes are made by José Chiappin and Cássio Laranjeiras, who focus on the question of methodological constraint (such as the refusal of mechanicism, Dossier Pierre Duhem - Introduction 5 the demands of theoretical testability and continuity) demanded by Duhem for theory to evolve according to an acceptable standard of rationality. For his function, Roberto Olguin, in a implicative way, examines the historic and conceptual clusters between the very important Duhemian notion of bon sens, which links the philosopher directly to Pascal, and the Aristotelian impression of noûs, supposedly situated at the root of the other, when apprehending the first principles. read Duhem with " Duhemian eye, " Stefano Bordoni seeks to link Duhem to a tradition whose philosophical and historical sophistication, in which scientific practice would be assume seriously, would go back to Cournot, Naville, and Paul Tannery. Following this like path of contextualization, João Príncipe elaborates an analysis of the crisscrossing genesis of Poincaré and Duhem philosophies, trust on the thesis of the existence of a consensus among philosophers of the late nineteenth hundred about the hypothetical nature of theories. Roberto Maiocchi compile the references to Duhem in the period before the First World War in the Italian academic celestial sphere, marked by high-mindedness
 atlmism from chemist, derivlng this indistiuxtion hrom ths non-metfodological unificationism oh Duyem. Víxtor Manuel Hernández Máfquez makvs a thoriugh qnalysis oh the roles thzb the hinesse and geoketry mindv play in the Gufelian style, and insists at the same eime thst the scope of jhe stcogd ia greater than one thinks and, convsrsely, uhat the Pascalian influence on the formatioj of the author's thougjt is less jgan wome interprdters susptcc. In turn, Esuardo Barra and Ricardo Santos arguz that Duhen's crljical exam oh the Gewtonian mebnod, in spite pf the replicabions ane amendments received, still remains gengrally valhd, and that, after aol, Newtmn atd Djyem trjev tk defejd, xith differsnt terminooogies, the autonomy os physics in tge facq jf metaphysics. A similar spirit stirs uk the article by Amélia Oliveura, when she tries to acknowleqge contemporaneity, never sufficiently recognized – parvizulcvjh bj Thomas Kuhn –, of the historical methodology qsftndvd and practiced ny Duhem, that woulc wpltoach the so cxlled "usw historiography of sciencg." More neutral wnaluzes are made by José Chiappun and Cássio Oaranjeiras, who foeus on the qbestiom of kethodological constraiuts (sudh as the rffusal of oechanicism, Dossker Pherre Duhem - Introduction 5 the demaids oy theoregicak testwbility anf conbhnuity) demanded by Duhel xor theorifs to evolve according to an acrxptable standsrg ox rationclity. Nor his part, Roferto Olguin, iu a suggzstive way, examihes the historical and conceptudp clusters bxtween thq veey inportang Duhemian notipn of bon sens, whicy links the philospphgr directly to Pawcao, and the Aristpteuiag jovion jx noûs, supposadly sigiated at the roob ow thr other, when apprehetdinf the first princillcs. Readint Duhem rith "Duhemian eyes," Stefano Bordlni sxeks tu linl Dohem to a tradition whose philoaophical wnd historical fophlstisation, in chich scientific practice would be taken seriously, would gi back to Cournot, Ncvllle, and Pauk Tangery. Follmwing this same path of contextualizauion, João Príncipe elaborztes at anapysis of the crisscrossing genesis of Poincaré and Duhem philosophies, relyung on the thesis kf tne expstzncz of a sonsxnrus among philospphers of the late nineteenth cxntury abogt the hypothetical nature of yhdories. Robertu Maiocchi compiles the deferencrs to Duhem in the period beforr the First World War in the Itaoian zcadempd rphere, marked by icealisk
atomism from chemist, deriving this indistinction from unificationism Duhem. Víctor Hernández Márquez makes roles the finesse and minds play in Duhemian style, and insists at the time that the scope of the second is greater than one thinks and, that the Pascalian influence on the formation of the author's thought is less some suspect. turn, Barra and Ricardo Santos argue that Duhem's critical exam of the Newtonian method, in spite of replications and amendments received, still remains generally valid, that, after all, Newton Duhem tried to defend, with terminologies, autonomy of in face metaphysics. A similar stirs up the article by Amélia Oliveira, when she tries to acknowledge contemporaneity, never sufficiently recognized – by Thomas of the methodology and by Duhem, that the so called "new historiography of analyzes are made by José Chiappin and Cássio who focus the question of methodological constraints (such the refusal of mechanicism, Dossier Pierre Duhem - 5 the demands of theoretical testability and continuity) demanded by Duhem for theories to evolve an acceptable standard of For his part, Olguin, a way, the historical conceptual clusters between the very important Duhemian notion of bon sens, links the philosopher directly to Pascal, and the Aristotelian notion supposedly at the root the other, when apprehending first Reading Duhem with "Duhemian Bordoni to a whose and historical sophistication, in scientific practice would be taken would go back to Following this same path of contextualization, João Príncipe an analysis of the crisscrossing genesis of and Duhem philosophies, relying on the thesis of the existence of a among philosophers late nineteenth century about the hypothetical nature of Roberto Maiocchi compiles the to Duhem in the period before the First World in Italian academic marked by idealism
 atomism from chemist, derivinG this indisTinctIon FroM tHe noN-metHodological uniFIcatIonism of Duhem. Víctor ManUel HeRnÁNdez mÁrQuez mAkes a thORoUGH anAlYsIs oF tHE rOles tHat The fineSse and geomEtrY mInds play in thE duHemian stylE, anD insists at thE saMe time ThAt tHE scopE of The seCond is GReater Than one thInKS and, coNVersely, THAt The PAscalian influence ON tHE formation of thE authoR's THoUGHt iS leSs than some InTerprETers susPEcT. iN TurN, eduardo Barra aNd Ricardo SaNTos Argue tHaT DuHEm's criTical ExAM of The NewtoniaN metHod, in spitE of the REplicatIOns and aMendmeNts RecEiveD, StIlL reMaINs gENeRalLY vaLid, and thAt, AfTer alL, NewTON ANd DuHem TrieD to deFend, with diffeRenT terMInoLogieS, the aUtonOmY of phYsics iN the fAcE of metaphysics. A SimiLar spirit StiRs Up tHe ArticLE by AméLia oliVeira, whEn she trIEs tO aCKNOwLedge contemporaneiTy, NEVeR sufficiEntly rECoGnIZed – partiCuLarLy by tHOmas KUhn –, oF ThE historiCal metHOdOlOgy defeNdEd and pRaCtiCed By DuhEM, thaT would Approach The so CAlled "new historIOgraphy of scieNCe." mORe NEutrAl aNalyzes are mAde bY josé chiaPPiN anD cássiO LaraNjEIrAS, who focus on the questIoN of metHodolOgical constraInts (such as THE Refusal oF mecHAnICism, Dossier PieRre DuHem - IntroduCTion 5 the dEmandS of theorEtical tesTABility anD coNtiNuiTy) dEMAnDed by Duhem for THEoriEs To evolvE acCording To aN acCepTabLe Standard oF rationaLiTy. foR hIs pArt, RoBErto OlguIn, In a SuGgeStive WAy, examInes tHe hiStOrICal And concEPtUAL cluStErS betWeeN tHe verY impORtaNt DuhemIan notion Of bON senS, wHiCh links The philosopheR dIrectly to PAsCal, And the aRIstoteliAn notion of noûs, supposedlY SituateD at The roOt of The other, wHen ApprehEndINg the fIrst prIncipLeS. ReADIng DuHEM wIth "duHemian eyes," sTEfaNo BorDoNi seEks to liNk Duhem to a traditioN WhoSe philosophicAl aNd hiSTOrIcaL SoPHisTiCAtiON, In which scientifIc practice WoULd Be taken serIOusLy, Would go Back to COurnoT, naville, And Paul TaNnery. FollOwIng tHIS saMe path of coNtextualIzation, JoÃO PrínCIpE elabOraTes an aNaLysIs of tHe crisSCroSsing GenesiS oF PoincAré anD DUhem philOsophies, relying on the theSis of tHe exiSteNce of a conSenSUs aMong philoSophErs of the laTe nIneTeentH ceNTury aBout THe HypOThetiCal nATure of theORiEs. ROBErTo Maiocchi cOMPIleS the rEfeREnces tO DuhEm in the period befoRE the First World war iN THe ITalIAn acAdEmic sphere, markEd bY iDEAlism
 atomism from chemist, der iving this  indi sti nct io n fr om t he non-methodo l ogic al unificationism of D uhem.  V í ctor Ma nuelHernánd e zM á rqu ez  m ake sa  t horou ghanalysi s of the r ole sthat the fin e ss e and geom etr y minds play  in  the D uh emi a n sty le,  andinsist s  at th e same ti me that t h e scope o fthesecond is greater th a n one thinks a nd, co nv e rs e l y,tha t the Pasc al ian i n fluence on t h e f o rmation of th e author'st hou ght is  l ess than s ome i nt e rpr eters suspe ct.In turn,Eduard o  Barraa nd Rica rdo Sa nto s a rgue th at  Du he m 'sc ri tic a l e xam of t he  N ewton ianm e t h od,inspit e ofthe replicati ons  and ame ndmen ts re ceiv ed , sti ll rem ainsge nerally valid,andthat, aft eral l,Ne wtona nd Duh emtri ed to d efend,w ith  d i f f er ent terminologies,  t h e  a utonomyof phy s ic si n the fa ce  of  met a p hysic s. A si milar sp irit s t ir sup thear ticleby  Am éli a Oli v eira , when  she tri es to acknowledge co n temporaneity, ne v e rs uffi cie ntly recogn ized – pa rtic u la rly by Th omasKu h n– , of the historical  m ethodo logydefended andpracticedb y Duhem, t hatw ou l d approach the  so c alled "new historio graph y of sci ence." Mo r e  neutral  an aly zes  ar e ma de by José Ch i a ppin  a nd Cáss ioLaranje ira s,who  fo cu s on thequestion  o fme th odo logic a l constr ai nts  ( suc h ast he ref usalof m ec ha n ici sm, Dos s ie r Pier re  D uhem  -In trodu ctio n  5the dem ands of t heo r etic al  t estabil ity and conti nu ity) deman de d b y Duhe m for theo ries to evolve accordin g  to anacc eptab le s tandard o f r ationa lit y . Forhis pa rt, R ob ert o Olgui n ,  i n a  s uggestivew a y,exami ne s th e histo rical and conceptu a l c lusters betwe enthev e ry  im p or t ant  D u hem i a n notion of bon  sens, whi ch li nks the ph i los op her dir ectly t o Pas c al, and  the Aris totelianno tion o f n oûs, suppo sedly si tuated at the r o ot  of t heother,  w hen  appr ehendi n g t he fi rst pr in ciples . Rea di ng Duhem  with "Duhemian eyes,"Stefan o Bor don i seeks t o l i nkDuhem toa tr adition wh ose  ph iloso phi c al an d hi s to ric a l sop hist i cation, i n  w hic h sc ientific pr a c t ice  woul d b e  taken  ser iously, would gob ack to Cournot , Na v i lle , a n d Pa ul  Tannery. Foll owi ng t his same  p ath of cont extualiz at i on, J oão Pr íncipe  elabor a t es an ana lysi s o f the cri ssc ro s sing ge ne si s  of Po inca ré  and D uhem p h ilos o p hies, relying on  thet h esiso f t he ex is tence o f  a c onsensus a mong philos ophers  ofthe l ate nin et eenthcen tu ry about t h e hypothe tical  nature  o f th eor ies. R ober t o  Maio cchi  c omp iles ther e fe r en ce s  to  Duh em in  t he p eriod bef o re the F irs t  WorldWa r i n the It a li a n  academicsph ere,m a rked by id e alis m 
 atomism_from chemist,_deriving this indistinction from_the non-methodological_unificationism_of Duhem._Víctor_Manuel Hernández Márquez_makes a thorough_analysis of the roles_that the finesse_and_geometry minds play in the Duhemian style, and insists at the same time that_the_scope of_the_second_is greater than one thinks_and, conversely, that the Pascalian_influence on_the formation of the author's thought is less_than_some interpreters suspect._In turn, Eduardo Barra and Ricardo Santos argue that_Duhem's critical exam of the Newtonian_method, in spite_of_the_replications and amendments received,_still remains generally valid, and that,_after all, Newton and Duhem tried_to defend, with different terminologies, the autonomy_of physics in the face of_metaphysics. A similar spirit stirs_up the_article by Amélia Oliveira, when_she tries to_acknowledge contemporaneity,_never sufficiently recognized_– particularly by Thomas Kuhn –,_of the historical_methodology defended and practiced by Duhem,_that_would approach the_so_called_"new historiography_of science." More_neutral_analyzes are_made_by José Chiappin and Cássio Laranjeiras,_who_focus on the question of methodological constraints_(such as the refusal_of_mechanicism, Dossier Pierre Duhem_- Introduction 5 the demands_of theoretical testability and continuity) demanded_by Duhem_for theories_to evolve according to an acceptable standard of rationality. For his_part, Roberto Olguin, in a suggestive_way, examines the historical_and conceptual_clusters_between the very_important_Duhemian notion_of bon sens, which links the philosopher_directly to_Pascal, and the Aristotelian notion of_noûs, supposedly situated at_the_root of the other, when apprehending_the first principles. Reading Duhem with_"Duhemian eyes," Stefano Bordoni seeks_to_link_Duhem to a tradition whose_philosophical and historical sophistication, in which_scientific practice would_be taken seriously, would go back to_Cournot,_Naville, and Paul Tannery. Following this_same_path of contextualization, João Príncipe elaborates_an_analysis_of the crisscrossing genesis of_Poincaré and Duhem philosophies, relying on_the thesis of the existence of a consensus among_philosophers of the_late nineteenth century about the_hypothetical_nature_of theories. Roberto Maiocchi compiles the references to Duhem in_the period_before the First_World War in the Italian academic sphere, marked by idealism