ham: Duke University Press, 2010): 49. 2 Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010). 13 CHIASMA #4 ‡ 2017 14 social constructionism. Indeed, a central component has been a bold call for a return to object-based realism to counter the radical skepticism and relativism of postmodernity. As early as 2004, Latour vigorously argued for the prospects of such a realism, provocatively comparing the "knee-jerk" reaction of social constructionists to conspiracy theorists, and concluding that the conceptual tools of such an approach are philosophically bankrupt.3 The most explicit backlash against the linguistic turn has been voiced by the speculative realists. This group of realist ontologists has also been one of the most popular. The movement has its own journal (Collapse) and has been widely published (by Zero Books, Continuum and Edinburgh University Press, among others). Graham Harman, the most prolific writer in the movement, has especially developed a dedicated following, most notably with Timothy Morton who has received much attention for his application of Harman's object-oriented ontology (OOO) to ecocriticism over the last several years. As a result, there seems to be a growing consensus that speculative realism is "a serious disciplinary question" across the humanities.4 For example, literary scholars, from medievalists to modernists, have widely taken up the call for the development of object-oriented approaches to literature.5 Despite some internal differences (which will be mentioned at the beginning of the next section), speculative realism is centred on anti-relationality: a rejection of any approach that substitutes relations (of words, ideas, representations, power, etc.) for real objects in themselves, independent of human consciousness.6 On the one 3 Bruno Latour, "Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern" in Critical Inquiry 30, no. 2 (2004): 225-48. 4 Kate Marshall, "The Old Weird" in Modernism/modernity 23, no. 3 (2016): 640. 5 See for example New Literary History 43, no. 2 (2012), a special issue dedicated to "Object-Oriented Literary Criticism." 6 Meillassoux calls such philosophies correlationist: "the central notion of modern philosophy since Kant seems to be that of correlation. By 'correlation' we mean
ham: Duke University Press, 2010 ): 49. 2 Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010). 13 CHIASMA # 4 ‡ 2017 14 social constructionism. Indeed, a central component has been a bold call for a recurrence to aim - based realism to anticipate the radical agnosticism and relativism of postmodernity. As early as 2004, Latour vigorously argue for the prospects of such a realism, provocatively compare the " knee - jerk " chemical reaction of social constructionists to conspiracy theorists, and concluding that the conceptual tools of such an approach are philosophically bankrupt.3 The about explicit backlash against the linguistic twist has been voiced by the speculative realist. This group of realist ontologists has also been one of the most popular. The apparent motion has its own journal (Collapse) and has been widely print (by Zero Books, Continuum and Edinburgh University Press, among others). Graham Harman, the most prolific writer in the movement, has especially developed a consecrated following, most notably with Timothy Morton who has received much attention for his application of Harman's object - orient ontology (OOO) to ecocriticism over the concluding several years. As a result, there seems to be a growing consensus that speculative platonism is " a dangerous disciplinary question " across the humanities.4 For exercise, literary scholar, from medievalists to modernists, have widely taken up the margin call for the development of object - oriented approaches to literature.5 Despite some inner differences (which will be mentioned at the beginning of the next section), speculative realism is concentrate on anti - relationality: a rejection of any approach that substitutes relations (of words, mind, representation, ability, etc .) for real objects in themselves, independent of human consciousness.6 On the one 3 Bruno Latour, " Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern " in Critical Inquiry 30, no. 2 (2004 ): 225 - 48. 4 Kate Marshall, " The Old Weird " in Modernism / modernity 23, no. 3 (2016 ): 640. 5 examine for example New Literary History 43, no. 2 (2012), a special issue dedicate to " Object - Oriented Literary Criticism. " 6 Meillassoux call such philosophies correlationist: " the cardinal notion of modern philosophy since Kant seems to be that of correlation coefficient. By' correlation' we mean
ham: Duke University Press, 2010): 49. 2 Jane Bennett, Rubrant Matted: A Poligical Ecology of Things (Durhem: Dyke Ubiversity Press, 2010). 13 CHIARMA #4 ‡ 2017 14 slcial cobstrnctionism. Indeed, a central comllnenc ias been a bold call for d return to obbezt-yased realism to counter the radical skeptividm and relativysm ps poanmidernity. As early as 2004, Latour bigorouvly argued fot the prospects of such a geallsm, provocatively fomparing tye "kgwe-jerk" reactkon of socpcl construcjionists to conspiracy theorists, and eoncluding jkqt hve conceptuel toojs of such ak approdch are philosophicalky uankeupt.3 The most expliciv backlash against tre linguivtnc turn has been voicwd by tve s[ecuuqtixe deeliats. Thls jroup of rezlist ontoligists has also beem jbe of the mosf popujaw. The movement has its own journal (Colldpss) and has been widely pyblished (by Zero Bookd, Continutm and Edinburgh University Press, among others). Grdham Iafmau, the oish prolific writer in the movement, has especiajmy dvveloped a dedicabed following, most nltsfly with Timojhy Morckn who has received luch atjentiob for his appkication of Harman's object-oeiented ontojigy (OOO) to ecocritncism over tke lasj sevetal years. As a result, tkere ssems to be w growing zonsensus that soecllathve realism is "a serious dysciplinacy quzstion" azrosx the rumanities.4 For cfample, literary scjolard, xrom mediegalists to modernists, have widely taken up thg cdll for the devekopment of obtect-oriented akproaches to lkterature.5 Sespite some intergal differencad (which will be mentyonee at the beeknning of the mext sectpou), specularive realism is cektred kn anti-relationcuuty: a rejection of anr wp'roacr that substiduter rdkatiovs (of words, kdeax, representations, pofer, stc.) for real objecys in themwelves, igdependent of human consciousneds.6 On thx one 3 Brono Latour, "Why Has Critique Run out of Sheai? From Mattews on Fast to Mattzrs of Concern" in Critical Inquiry 30, no. 2 (2004): 225-48. 4 Kate Marshall, "Jhe Old Weird" in Modetnixm/modernity 23, no. 3 (2016): 640. 5 See fmr example New Literqry History 43, no. 2 (2012), a special issue dedidated do "Obuect-Oriented Literary Criticism." 6 Meillassoux calls such philosophies corrwlatioiift: "the centdal motiot jy moderg phmlusophy since Kann seems to be that of correlatioi. By 'correnacion' we mean
ham: Duke University Press, 2010): 49. 2 Vibrant A Political of Things (Durham: CHIASMA ‡ 2017 14 constructionism. Indeed, a component has been a bold call a return to object-based realism to counter the radical skepticism and relativism of As early as 2004, Latour vigorously argued for the prospects of such a provocatively the reaction social constructionists to conspiracy theorists, and concluding that the conceptual tools of such an approach are bankrupt.3 The most explicit backlash against the linguistic has been voiced by speculative realists. This group of ontologists also been of most The movement has own journal (Collapse) and has been widely published (by Zero Books, Continuum and Edinburgh University Press, among Graham Harman, prolific writer the has developed a dedicated notably with Timothy Morton who has for his application of Harman's object-oriented ontology (OOO) ecocriticism over last several years. As a result, seems to be a growing consensus that speculative is "a serious disciplinary question" across the humanities.4 For example, literary scholars, from medievalists to widely taken up the for the development object-oriented to Despite internal differences will be mentioned at the beginning of the next section), speculative is centred on anti-relationality: a rejection of any approach that (of ideas, representations, power, for real objects in independent human consciousness.6 On the Bruno "Why out Steam? Matters of Fact to of Concern" in Critical Inquiry no. 2 (2004): 225-48. Weird" in Modernism/modernity 23, no. 3 (2016): 640. See for example New Literary History 43, 2 (2012), a special issue dedicated to "Object-Oriented Literary Criticism." 6 Meillassoux such philosophies central notion of modern philosophy since Kant seems be that of correlation. 'correlation' we mean
ham: Duke University Press, 2010): 49. 2 JanE Bennett, ViBrant matTer: a POlitIcal ecology of ThingS (durhAm: Duke University Press, 2010). 13 ChIASMa #4 ‡ 2017 14 sOCial COnStrucTionism. iNdEED, a cEnTrAl cOmPOnEnt haS beEn a bold Call for a reTurN tO object-based REaLism to counTer The radical skEptIcism aNd RelATivisM of PostmOderniTY. As earLy as 2004, LatouR vIGorousLY argued FOR tHe prOspects of such a reaLIsM, Provocatively cOmpariNg THe "KNEe-jErk" Reaction of SoCial cONstructIOnISTS to COnspiracy theoRists, and conCLudIng thaT tHe cONceptuAl tooLs OF suCh an approacH are PhilosophIcally BAnkrupt.3 tHe most eXpliciT baCklAsh aGAiNsT thE lINguIStIc tURn hAs been voIcEd By the SpecULATIve rEalIsts. this gRoup of realist OntOlogISts Has alSo beeN one Of The moSt popuLar. ThE mOvement has its owN jouRnal (CollaPse) AnD haS bEen wiDEly pubLisHed (By Zero BOoks, ConTInuUm AND edInburgh University PReSS, AmOng otherS). GrahaM haRmAN, the most PrOliFic wRITer in The mOVeMent, has eSpeciaLLy DeVeloped A dEdicatEd FolLowIng, moST notAbly wiTh TimothY MortON who has receiveD Much attention FOr HIS aPPlicAtiOn of Harman's ObjeCT-oriEnteD OnTolOGy (OOO) To ecoCrITiCIsm over the last severAl Years. AS a resUlt, there seems To be a growiNG COnsensus That SPeCUlative realism Is "a seRious disciPLinary quEstioN" across tHe humanitIES.4 For examPle, LitEraRy sCHOlArs, from medievALIsts To ModerniSts, Have widEly TakEn uP thE cAll for the DevelopmEnT oF oBjEct-OrienTEd approaChEs tO lIteRaturE.5 despitE some InteRnAl DIffErences (WHiCH Will Be MeNtioNed At The beGinnINg oF the nexT section), sPecULatiVe ReAlism is Centred on anti-ReLationalitY: a RejEction OF Any approAch that substitutes relatIOns (of woRds, Ideas, ReprEsentatioNs, pOwer, etC.) foR Real obJects iN themSeLveS, INdepeNDEnT of HuMan conscioUSNesS.6 On thE oNe 3 BrUno LatoUr, "Why Has Critique RuN Out Of Steam? From MaTteRs of fACt To MATtERs oF CONceRN" In Critical InquiRy 30, no. 2 (2004): 225-48. 4 Kate MaRsHAlL, "The Old WeiRD" in moDernism/ModerniTy 23, no. 3 (2016): 640. 5 SEE for exaMple New LiTerary HisToRy 43, no. 2 (2012), A SPecIal issue deDicated tO "Object-OrIEnted lItErary criTicism." 6 meIllAssouX calls SUch PhiloSophieS cOrrelaTioniSt: "The centrAl notion of modern philosoPhy sinCe KanT seEms to be thAt oF CorRelation. BY 'corRelation' we MeaN
ham: Duke University Press , 2010): 4 9. 2Jan e B en nett , Vi brant Matter:A  Pol itical Ecology of Thin gs (D ur h am:D uk e Uni versity Pr e s s,20 10 ).13 CH IASMA  #4  ‡ 2017  14 social  co ns tructionism. In deed, a ce ntr al component  ha s been  a  bo l d cal l f or areturn to obj ect-based  r e alismt o count e r  t he r adical skepticism an d  relativism of  postm od e rn i t y.Asearly as 2 00 4, La t our vig o ro u s l y a r gued for theprospects o f  su ch a r ea lis m , prov ocati ve l y c omparing th e "k nee-jerk"  react i on of s o cial co nstruc tio nis ts t o  c on spi ra c y t h eo ris t s,and conc lu di ng th at t h e c once ptu al t oolsof such an ap pro acha rephilo sophi call ybankr upt.3The m os t explicit back lash  againstthe  l ing ui stict urn ha s b een  voiced  by the spe cu l a t iv e realists. This g ro u p  o f realis t onto l og is t s has al so  be en o n e  of t he m o st  popular . Them ov em ent has  i ts own  j our nal  (Col l apse ) andhas been  wide l y published (b y  Zero Books,C on t i nu u m an d E dinburgh Un iver s ityPres s ,amo n g oth ers).  G r ah a m Harman, the mostpr olific  writ er in the mov ement, has e s pecially  dev e lo p ed a dedicated  foll owing, mos t  notably  with  Timothy  Morton w h o  has rec eiv edmuc h a t t en tion for hisa p plic at ion ofHar man's o bje ct- ori ent ed  ontology  (OOO) t oec oc ri tic ism o v er the l as t s ev era l yea r s. Asa res ult,  t he r e s eems to be a  gro wi ng  con sen su s tha t sp e cul ative r ealism is  "a seri ou sdiscipl inary questio n"  across th ehum anitie s . 4 For ex ample, literary scholar s , frommed ieval ists  to moder nis ts, ha vew idelytakenup th ecal l for t h e  d eve lo pment of o b j ect -orie nt ed a pproach es to literature.5 Des pite some int ern al d i f fe ren c es (wh ic h  wi l l  be mentioned a t the begi nn i ng  of the ne x t s ec tion),specula tiver ealismis centre d on anti -r elat i o nal ity: a rej ection o f any app r oacht ha t sub sti tutesre lat ions(of wo r ds,  idea s, rep re sentat ions,  p ower, et c.) for real objects in  thems elves , i ndependen t o f  hu man consc ious ness.6 Onthe  on e 3 B run o  Lato ur," Wh y H a s Cri tiqu e  Run outo fSte a m ?From Matter s o f F act t o M a ttersof C oncern" in Critic a l Inquiry 30,no.2 (20 04) :  225 -4 8. 4 Kate Mars hal l, " The OldWe ird" in Mod ernism/m od e rnity  23, n o. 3 ( 2016):6 4 0. 5 Seeforexa mple NewLit er a ry Hist or y4 3, no.  2 ( 20 12), a  speci a l is s u e dedicated to " Objec t - Orien t edLiter ar y Criti c ism. " 6 Meilla ssoux calls  suchphil osoph ies cor re lation ist :"the centr a l notionof mo dern ph il osop hysinceKant s eemsto b etha t of corr e l at i on .B y ' corr elati on ' we  mean
ham: Duke_University Press,_2010): 49. 2 Jane_Bennett, Vibrant_Matter:_A Political_Ecology_of Things (Durham:_Duke University Press,_2010). 13 CHIASMA #4_‡ 2017 14_social_constructionism. Indeed, a central component has been a bold call for a return to_object-based_realism to_counter_the_radical skepticism and relativism of_postmodernity. As early as 2004,_Latour vigorously_argued for the prospects of such a realism,_provocatively_comparing the "knee-jerk"_reaction of social constructionists to conspiracy theorists, and concluding_that the conceptual tools of such_an approach are_philosophically_bankrupt.3_The most explicit backlash_against the linguistic turn has been_voiced by the speculative realists. This_group of realist ontologists has also been_one of the most popular. The_movement has its own journal_(Collapse) and_has been widely published (by_Zero Books, Continuum_and Edinburgh_University Press, among_others). Graham Harman, the most prolific_writer in the_movement, has especially developed a dedicated_following,_most notably with_Timothy_Morton_who has_received much attention_for_his application_of_Harman's object-oriented ontology (OOO) to ecocriticism_over_the last several years. As a result,_there seems to be_a_growing consensus that speculative_realism is "a serious disciplinary_question" across the humanities.4 For example,_literary scholars,_from medievalists_to modernists, have widely taken up the call for the development_of object-oriented approaches to literature.5 Despite_some internal differences (which_will be_mentioned_at the beginning_of_the next_section), speculative realism is centred on anti-relationality:_a rejection_of any approach that substitutes relations_(of words, ideas, representations,_power,_etc.) for real objects in themselves,_independent of human consciousness.6 On the_one 3 Bruno Latour, "Why_Has_Critique_Run out of Steam? From_Matters of Fact to Matters of_Concern" in Critical_Inquiry 30, no. 2 (2004): 225-48. 4_Kate_Marshall, "The Old Weird" in Modernism/modernity_23,_no. 3 (2016): 640. 5 See_for_example_New Literary History 43, no._2 (2012), a special issue dedicated_to "Object-Oriented Literary Criticism." 6 Meillassoux calls such philosophies_correlationist: "the central_notion of modern philosophy since_Kant_seems_to be that of correlation. By 'correlation' we mean