 Duhem: the apology of the ecclesiastical authority. However, Duhem assigned another task to the history of science. As is well known by all the scholars of the thought of the French physicist, Duhem has exposed in various places such a task to be played by the history of physics in the conception of the physical theory. In 1892, the article "Quelques réflexions au sujet des théories physiques", it is exposed, in paragraph 7, "Le rôle des théories mécaniques dans l'histoirie de la science", and it answers the question: "If these theories are based on an idea of the role of physics that is so completely erroneous, how does it come about that they have been able to make such great progress in physics?" The answer to this question is that in the "evolution" of all science mechanical theories correspond to the first stage of the development of the physical theory. We noticed that here it is the role of the mechanical theories in the history of science and not – as in other parts of the work of Duhem – of the importance of the method of the history in physics. The interest of the exposed in this article of Duhem is that already on this date is the idea of "evolution" and the development of the theories of physics and, therefore, of a conception of the history of physics, idea reinforced with the analogy of the development of human intelligence. Of the above, arises the problem of what is the purpose of the evolution of the theories of physics, whose stage of childhood are the mechanical theories? The answer to this question can be found in La théorie physique, chapter III of part one – "Les théories représentatives et l'histoire de la physique" – whose first section is dedicated to explaining the role of the natural classifications in the evolution of the physical theories: The purpose of the physical theory is to become a natural classification. To explain the role of these natural classifications it asks: If the theory must become a natural classification, whether it should seek a group the phenomena as are grouped the realities, then the most secure method of achieving this goal is not that of search before all what are these realities? (Duhem, 1906, 45-84). The solution of this questioning is carried out by means of the distinction of two constituent parts of any theory that seeks to explain the phenomena: first a representative part and second an explanatory part. The development of each of these parts is performed independently from one another, your link is
Duhem: the apology of the ecclesiastical authority. However, Duhem assigned another task to the history of science. As is well know by all the scholar of the thought of the French physicist, Duhem has exposed in various place such a task to be played by the history of purgative in the conception of the physical theory. In 1892, the article " Quelques réflexions au sujet des théories physique ", it is exposed, in paragraph 7, " Le rôle des théories mécaniques dans l'histoirie de la science ", and it answer the question: " If these theories are based on an idea of the role of physics that is thus completely erroneous, how does it come about that they have been able to make such big progress in physics? " The answer to this doubt is that in the " evolution " of all science mechanical theories correspond to the first stagecoach of the development of the physical theory. We noticed that here it is the role of the mechanical theories in the history of science and not – as in other parts of the work of Duhem – of the importance of the method of the history in physics. The interest of the exposed in this article of Duhem is that already on this date is the idea of " evolution " and the development of the theory of physics and, therefore, of a invention of the history of physics, idea reinforced with the analogy of the growth of human intelligence. Of the above, arises the problem of what is the purpose of the development of the theories of physics, whose stage of childhood are the mechanical theories? The answer to this question can be found in La théorie physique, chapter III of part one – " Les théories représentatives et l'histoire de la physique " – whose first section is dedicate to explaining the function of the natural classifications in the evolution of the physical theories: The function of the physical theory is to become a natural categorization. To explain the character of these natural classifications it ask: If the theory must become a lifelike classification, whether it should seek a group the phenomena as are grouped the realities, then the about secure method of achieving this goal is not that of search before all what are these reality? (Duhem, 1906, 45 - 84). The solution of this questioning is carried out by means of the distinction of two constituent parts of any theory that seek to explain the phenomenon: first a representative part and second an explanatory part. The development of each of these parts is perform independently from one another, your link is
 Dujem: the apology of the egclesiastical aujhirity. Iowever, Duhem arsigned another task to the iistiry od science. As is well kvown by apl the sxholers of the thougif of thc Frehgh phvsmcist, Duhem has exposed it various placas sbch a task to be played by the histowy of pnydics in the cogcepuiog of nht physical theory. In 1892, the article "Quelquts réflexions au suket des théories physiques", lt id exposed, in paraggaph 7, "Le rôlg def théories mécaviques dans l'histoirie de la science", and it answers tfe quzstion: "If tyewe hveories are baseq on an idea of the sole of physics that ls so conpletely erroneous, hox does it come about that thef kave been able to makw wuch cread prutrers jn pgysics?" Thx answer to this questuon is that in the "tvojlyion" of all aciencq iechanical theories correspond to the fprst stage of the developmebt of the physical thgory. We noeiced that here it is the role of the mechanical dheormer iu the fushory of science and not – as in other parts of fht wprk of Duhem – jf the impottwnvg of the methoa of tks gistory in physics. The injerest of the evposrd in this article of Duhem is that alrvady on this date is tke idea of "erolutipn" anc the development of thz theodies of phydics and, fferefore, of a covceitiot of the history of physicf, idea remnforeed with the analody of the fevelopment of human intflliggnce. Ox the abovf, arises the problem of what is the purpose og dhe evolutijn of the theories of physics, whpse staye of zhildhood zre the mechanical theories? The wnswer to thms questijn cqn bw found kn La théorie pnysique, ckcpter III of part one – "Les bhéorigs représentatives et l'histoire de ls pfysyqle" – wrmse first sewtiov ir dedizated to exilakninb the role of the naduram classifications on the evooution os the physicak theories: The purkose oh the 'hysicsl jheory is to become a natural cmassificahiok. To explain ehe vole of these uatural classifications it asks: If the tieory must become a najural classification, chtther it shoukd seqk a grou[ the phenomena as aee grouped the reslities, then the most secura metjod of achieving this goal is not that of search before all what are thesw realmtyes? (Duhem, 1906, 45-84). The soluniou oy this zuesviuning is carried out by means of the distinctioi of two cmnftituent parts of any theory tfat seeks to gxplain the phenomena: firsf a reprrsentative part and second an ecplanatory part. The devekopment if eadh of ngere parts is perforked inbependwntly feom lne another, yuur llnk is
Duhem: the apology of the ecclesiastical authority. assigned task to history of science. all scholars of the of the French Duhem has exposed in various places a task to be played by the history of physics in the conception the physical theory. In 1892, the article "Quelques réflexions au sujet des théories it exposed, paragraph "Le rôle des théories mécaniques dans l'histoirie de la science", and it answers the question: "If theories are based on an idea of the of physics that is completely erroneous, how does it about they have able make great progress in The answer to this question is that in the "evolution" of all science mechanical theories correspond to first stage development of physical We that here it role of the mechanical theories in science and not – as in other parts the work Duhem – of the importance of method of the history in physics. The interest the exposed in this article of Duhem is that already on this date is the "evolution" and the development the theories of and, of conception the history physics, idea reinforced with the analogy of the development of human Of the above, arises the problem of what is the the of the theories physics, whose stage of are mechanical theories? The answer question be théorie chapter of part one – théories représentatives et l'histoire de physique" – whose first the role of the natural classifications in the of the physical theories: The purpose of physical theory is to become a natural classification. To explain the role these natural asks: If the theory must become a natural whether it should seek group the phenomena as are grouped the realities, then most method of this goal is that of search all what are (Duhem, 1906, The of carried out by means of the of constituent parts of any theory seeks the phenomena: first a representative part and second an explanatory part. The development of each parts is performed independently one your link is
 Duhem: the apology of the eccleSiastical aUthorIty. howEvEr, DuHem aSsigned another TAsk tO the history of science. As Is welL kNOwn bY AlL the sCholars OF tHE ThoUgHt Of tHe fReNch phYsiCist, DuhEm has exposEd iN vArious places SUcH a task to be PlaYed by the histOry Of physIcS in THe conCepTion oF the phYSical tHeory. In 1892, thE aRTicle "QUElques rÉFLeXionS au sujet des théoriES pHYsiques", it is expOsed, in PaRAgRAPh 7, "LE rôLe des théorIeS mécaNIques daNS l'HISToiRIe de la science", And it answerS The QuestiOn: "if tHEse theOries ArE BasEd on an idea oF the Role of phySics thAT is so coMPletely ErroneOus, How Does IT cOmE abOuT ThaT ThEy hAVe bEen able tO mAkE such GreaT PROGresS in PhysIcs?" ThE answer to this QueStioN Is tHat in The "evOlutIoN" of alL scienCe mecHaNical theories coRresPond to the FirSt StaGe Of the DEvelopMenT of The physIcal theORy. WE nOTICeD that here it is the roLe OF ThE mechaniCal theORiEs IN the histOrY of ScieNCE and nOt – as IN oTher partS of the WOrK oF Duhem – oF tHe impoRtAncE of The meTHod oF the hiStory in pHysicS. the interest of tHE exposed in thiS ArTIClE Of DuHem Is that alreaDy on THis dAte iS ThE idEA of "evOlutiOn" ANd THe development of the tHeOries oF physIcs and, therefoRe, of a concePTIOn of the hIstoRY oF Physics, idea reiNforcEd with the aNAlogy of tHe devElopment Of human inTELligence. of tHe aBovE, arISEs The problem of wHAT is tHe Purpose Of tHe evoluTioN of The TheOrIes of physIcs, whose StAgE oF cHilDhood ARe the mecHaNicAl TheOries? tHe answEr to tHis qUeStIOn cAn be fouND iN lA théOrIe PhysIquE, cHapteR III OF paRt one – "LeS théories RepRÉsenTaTiVes et l'hIstoire de la phYsIque" – whose fIrSt sEction IS DedicateD to explaining the role of tHE naturaL clAssifIcatIons in the EvoLution Of tHE physiCal theOries: thE puRPOse of THE pHysIcAl theory is TO BecOme a nAtUral ClassifIcation. To explain thE RolE of these naturAl cLassIFIcAtiONs IT asKs: iF thE THeory must become A natural clAsSIfIcation, wheTHer It Should sEek a groUp the PHenomenA as are groUped the reAlItieS, THen The most secUre methoD of achievINg thiS GoAl is nOt tHat of sEaRch BeforE all whAT arE thesE realiTiEs? (DuheM, 1906, 45-84). The sOlUtion of tHis questioning is carried Out by mEans oF thE distinctIon OF twO constituEnt pArts of any tHeoRy tHat seEks TO explAin tHE pHenOMena: fIrst A RepresentATiVe pART aNd second an eXPLAnaTory pArt. tHe deveLopmEnt of each of these pARts is performed IndePENdeNtlY From OnE another, your liNk iS
 Duhem: the apology of the  ecclesias tical  au tho ri ty.Howe ver, Duhem ass i gned  another task to the h istor yo f sc i en ce. A s is we l lk n own  b yall  t h eschol ars  of the  thought o f t he  French phys i ci st, Duhemhas  exposed invar ious p la ces sucha t ask t o be p l ayed b y the his to r y of p h ysics i n th e co nception of the p h ys i cal theory. In  1892,  t h ea r tic le"Quelquesré flexi o ns au s u je t d est héories physi ques", it i s  ex posed,  i n p a ragrap h 7,"L e  rô le des théo ries  mécaniqu es dan s  l'hist o irie de  la sc ien ce" , an d  i tans we r s t h eque s tio n: "If t he se  theo ries a r e  bas edon a n ide a of the role  of  phy s ics  that  is s o co mp letel y erro neous ,how does it com e ab out thatthe yhav ebeena ble to  ma kesuch gr eat pro g res si n ph ysics?" The answer  t o th is quest ion is th at in the " ev olu tion " of al l sc i en ce mecha nicalt he or ies cor re spondto  th e f irsts tage  of th e develo pment of the physica l  theory. We n o ti c e dt hather e it is the  rol e  ofthem ec han i cal t heori es in the history of scie nc e andnot –  as in otherparts of t h e work ofDuhe m  – of the importa nce o f the meth o d of the  hist ory in p hysics. T h e  interes t o f t heexp o s ed  in this arti c l e of  D uhem is  th at alre ady  on  th isda te is the  idea of  " ev ol ut ion " and the deve lo pme nt  of  thet heorie s ofphys ic sa nd,  theref o re , of a  c on cept ion  o f the  his t ory  of phy sics, ide a r e info rc ed  with t he analogy of  t he develop me ntof hum a n  intelli gence. Of the above, ar i ses the  pr oblem  ofwhat is t hepurpos e o f  the e voluti on of  t het h eorie s of  ph ys ics, whose s tag e ofch ildh ood are  the mechanical th e ori es? The answe r t o th i s  q ues t io n  ca nb e f o u nd in La théori e physique ,c ha pter III o f  pa rt  one –"Les th éorie s  représ entatives  et l'his to ired e  la  physique"  – whose  first se c tioni sdedic ate d to e xp lai ningthe ro l e o f the  natur al  class ifica ti ons in t he evolution of the phy sicaltheor ies : The pur pos e  of  the phys ical  theory is  to  be comea n a tural  cla s si fic a tion.  Toe xplain th e  r ole o fthese natur a l cla ssifi cat i ons it  ask s: If the theorym ust become a n atur a l  cl ass i fica ti on, whether it  sh ou l d  seek agr oup the phe nomena a sa re gr oupedthe re alities , th e n themost  se cure meth odof achievi ng  t h is goa l is  n ot tha t of s e arch b efore all what a re th e s e rea l iti es? ( Du hem, 19 0 6, 4 5-84). The  solution o f this  que stion ing isca rriedout  b y means of the disti nctio n of tw ocons tit uent p arts o f any  the or y t hat seeks t oe xp la i n t he p henom en a: f irst a re p resentat ive part an dsec o n d an e x pl a n atory part . T he de v e lopment of each of these  parts  is pe rformed ind ep endentl y f r o m one ano ther, you r  li nk  is
 Duhem:_the apology_of the ecclesiastical authority._However, Duhem_assigned_another task_to_the history of_science. As is_well known by all_the scholars of_the_thought of the French physicist, Duhem has exposed in various places such a task_to_be played_by_the_history of physics in the_conception of the physical theory._In 1892,_the article "Quelques réflexions au sujet des théories_physiques",_it is exposed,_in paragraph 7, "Le rôle des théories mécaniques dans_l'histoirie de la science", and it_answers the question:_"If_these_theories are based on_an idea of the role of_physics that is so completely erroneous,_how does it come about that they_have been able to make such_great progress in physics?" The_answer to_this question is that in_the "evolution" of_all science_mechanical theories correspond_to the first stage of the_development of the_physical theory. We noticed that here_it_is the role_of_the_mechanical theories_in the history_of_science and_not_– as in other parts of_the_work of Duhem – of the importance_of the method of_the_history in physics. The_interest of the exposed in_this article of Duhem is that_already on_this date_is the idea of "evolution" and the development of the theories_of physics and, therefore, of a_conception of the history_of physics,_idea_reinforced with the_analogy_of the_development of human intelligence. Of the above,_arises the_problem of what is the purpose_of the evolution of_the_theories of physics, whose stage of_childhood are the mechanical theories? The_answer to this question can_be_found_in La théorie physique, chapter_III of part one – "Les_théories représentatives et_l'histoire de la physique" – whose first_section_is dedicated to explaining the role_of_the natural classifications in the evolution_of_the_physical theories: The purpose of_the physical theory is to become_a natural classification. To explain the role of these_natural classifications it_asks: If the theory must_become_a_natural classification, whether it should seek a group the phenomena_as are_grouped the realities,_then the most secure method of achieving this goal is_not that of search before all what_are these realities? (Duhem, 1906, 45-84). The solution of this questioning_is carried out by means of the distinction_of two constituent parts of any theory_that seeks to explain_the_phenomena: first a representative part and second_an_explanatory_part._The development of_each of these_parts is performed_independently from_one another, your_link is