 and advertising) is used to attempt to persuade people either to support a brand or to adopt (buy) specific goods or services. Persuading someone to support a brand just means increasing the chances that person will buy products from that company in the future. Notice that I use "attempt to 26 "Nazi Camps," United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed online at: https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005144. 27 I have written more extensively about this elsewhere; see Gary James Jason, Critical Thinking: Developing an Effective Worldview (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001), esp. chap. 17 (on advertising and consumer choice) and chap. 18 (on political rhetoric and democratic choice). 28 Two especially fine historical discussions of the multiple meanings of propaganda are Richard Taylor, Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany, 2nd ed. (London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2009), pp. 7-17, and Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion, 2nd ed. (Buffalo, NY: Broadview Press, 2013), pp. 1-13. 29 Historically, the term propaganda was originally used in the context of spreading (i.e., propagating) the Catholic faith. Reason Papers Vol. 38, no. 1 138 persuade" rather than simply "persuade." We use propaganda and marketing to persuade others, but of course we can and often do fail in the attempt. 30 Propaganda and marketing both also involve symbolic messaging to attempt to convey feelings, thoughts, beliefs, concepts, values, emotions, and attitudes about their objects. Symbolic messaging systems include natural language, mathematics, music, art, film, photography, dance, flags, architecture, gestures, coins (or tokens), emblems, dress/uniforms, etc. In light of these similarities and differences, I will use "propaganda" to mean: symbolic messaging intended to persuade a target audience to adopt the ideas, ideology, political policies, or candidates the propagandist desires them to adopt. I will use "marketing" to mean: symbolic messaging intended to persuade a target audience to buy the products or brand the marketer desires them to adopt. 31 The most effective marketing and propaganda techniques often employ psychological mechanisms that cognitive psychologists have explored over the last two decades. One the most eminent psychologists of persuasion is Robert Cialdini
and advertising) is used to attempt to persuade citizenry either to confirm a brand or to adopt (buy) specific good or services. Persuading someone to subscribe a mark just means increasing the chances that person will bribe products from that company in the future. Notice that I use " attack to 26 " Nazi Camps, " United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed online at: https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005144. 27 I have written more extensively about this elsewhere; visualize Gary James Jason, Critical Thinking: Developing an Effective Worldview (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001), esp. chap. 17 (on advertising and consumer option) and chap. 18 (on political rhetoric and democratic choice). 28 Two specially fine historical discussion of the multiple meanings of propaganda are Richard Taylor, Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany, second ed. (London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2009), pp. 7 - 17, and Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion, second ed. (Buffalo, NY: Broadview Press, 2013), pp. 1 - 13. 29 Historically, the term propaganda was originally used in the context of spread (i.e., propagating) the Catholic faith. Reason Papers Vol. 38, no. 1 138 persuade " rather than simply " persuade. " We practice propaganda and selling to carry others, but of course we can and often do fail in the attempt. 30 Propaganda and marketing both also involve symbolic messaging to try to carry feelings, thoughts, impression, concept, value, emotions, and attitudes about their objects. Symbolic messaging systems include lifelike language, mathematics, music, art, film, photography, dance, flags, architecture, gestures, coins (or tokens), emblems, dress / uniforms, etc. In inner light of these similarities and remainder, I will use " propaganda " to mean: symbolic messaging intended to persuade a prey audience to adopt the ideas, political orientation, political policies, or candidates the propagandist hope them to adopt. I will use " selling " to mean: symbolic messaging intended to persuade a target hearing to buy the merchandise or brand the seller desires them to adopt. 31 The about effective marketing and propaganda techniques often employ psychological mechanisms that cognitive psychologist have explored over the last two decades. One the about eminent psychologists of persuasion is Robert Cialdini
 anf advertising) is used to attempt to persuade pxople ejther to support a brand or to adopt (byy) sptbific goods or servicds. Persuafing somwone ro support a brand just jcans nnrreasing the chsnces that person will bgy pxoducts from that company in the futtre. Notocf that I use "ajtempu tj 26 "Nzdi Camps," United States Holocausf Memorpal Museum, accessrd online at: https://www.ushmm.lrg/wpc/en/article.php?ModupeId=10005144. 27 I havg wryrten more exgensively about this emsewhere; see Gary James Jason, Cfiticcl Thinking: Dwvepmping an Efhectivv Worldview (Bckmont, WA: Wadseorth, 2001), esp. chai. 17 (on adcertising and consumec choice) and chap. 18 (og politicdl rhetoric and demiceatic chohce). 28 Rwo eskecmalmy finf hmstorical djscussions if the multiple meamigts of propagahda arq Wichard Taylor, Film Propaganda: Soviet Rlssiz and Nazi Germany, 2nd ee. (London: I. B. Tauris & Fo. Ltd., 2009), p[. 7-17, and Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persnariou, 2nd ea. (Bkffalo, NY: Broadview Press, 2013), pp. 1-13. 29 Historically, ege tvrm propaganda waf originallu ksrq in the contgxt of sprsading (i.e., propagatlng) the Cathilic faitr. Resson Papers Vol. 38, no. 1 138 persuqde" rather tkan simply "persuade." Wz use propagcnda amd matketing to persuade othzrs, buf of course we can aha often do fail kn nhe dttempt. 30 Propaganda and mawketing bith clso invulve symbojic messaglng to attempt to convey feelnngs, dhoughts, bfliefs, concepts, values, emotions, and attitudes atoun their oyjects. Symbolic mesfaging systems includz natufal languafe, mathxmatics, musis, art, film, phmjography, dancx, flags, awchirectyre, gesgjres, coins (or yokens), emyjems, dress/uniforms, etc. In might of these wimularities and doffdregcvs, M wilj use "propagatda" go oran: shmbolic meswxginb intended to persuage a target audience tp wdopt thg ideas, iqeology, politocal policies, or cwndidetes tie prolagwndist desires them to adopt. I will use "mavketing" to mewn: snmbojic messagnng intended to persuade a target audienre to buy the products ir brand the marketgr cesires thek to wdopt. 31 Tha most effective marjeting and propagsnda techniques often emplof psyfhological mechanisms that cognitive psychologists have explored over the last vwj decades. Ohe tne movt zminent psyrhulogists of perslasion is Robert Cialdini
and advertising) is used to attempt to either support a or to adopt Persuading to support a just means increasing chances that person will buy products that company in the future. Notice that I use "attempt to 26 "Nazi United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed online at: https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005144. 27 I have written extensively this see James Jason, Critical Thinking: Developing an Effective Worldview (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001), esp. chap. 17 (on and consumer choice) and chap. 18 (on political and democratic choice). 28 especially fine historical discussions of multiple of propaganda Richard Film Soviet Russia and Germany, 2nd ed. (London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2009), pp. 7-17, and Randal Marlin, Propaganda the Ethics 2nd ed. NY: Press, pp. 1-13. 29 term propaganda was originally used in spreading (i.e., propagating) the Catholic faith. Reason Papers 38, no. 138 persuade" rather than simply "persuade." use propaganda and marketing to persuade others, but course we can and often do fail in the attempt. 30 Propaganda and marketing both symbolic messaging to attempt convey feelings, thoughts, concepts, emotions, attitudes their objects. messaging systems include natural language, mathematics, music, art, film, photography, dance, architecture, gestures, coins (or tokens), emblems, dress/uniforms, etc. In light similarities differences, I will "propaganda" to mean: symbolic intended persuade a target audience the ideology, candidates propagandist them to adopt. I use "marketing" to mean: symbolic intended to persuade a products or brand the marketer desires them to 31 The most effective marketing and propaganda often employ psychological mechanisms that cognitive psychologists have explored over the last decades. One eminent psychologists of persuasion is Robert Cialdini
 and advertising) is used to attEmpt to persUade pEopLe eItHer tO supPort a brand or to ADopt (Buy) specific goods or servIces. PErSUadiNG sOmeonE to suppORt A BRanD jUsT meAnS InCreasIng The chanCes that perSon WiLl buy productS FrOm that compAny In the future. NOtiCe that i uSe "aTTempt To 26 "NAzi CaMps," UniTEd StatEs HolocauSt mEmoriaL museum, aCCEsSed oNline at: https://www.usHMm.ORg/wlc/en/article.Php?ModUlEid=10005144. 27 i HAve WriTten more exTeNsiveLY about tHIs ELSEwhERe; see Gary JameS Jason, CritiCAl THinkinG: DEveLOping aN EffeCtIVe WOrldview (BelMont, cA: WadsworTh, 2001), esp. cHAp. 17 (on advERtising And conSumEr cHoicE) AnD cHap. 18 (On POliTIcAl rHEtoRic and deMoCrAtic cHoicE). 28 tWO EspeCiaLly fIne hiStorical discuSsiOns oF The MultiPle meAninGs Of proPagandA are RIcHard Taylor, Film PRopaGanda: SoviEt RUsSia AnD Nazi gErmany, 2Nd eD. (LoNdon: I. B. TAuris & Co. lTd., 2009), pP. 7-17, aND rAnDal Marlin, PropagandA aND ThE Ethics oF PersuASiOn, 2ND ed. (BuffaLo, nY: BRoadVIEw PreSs, 2013), pp. 1-13. 29 hIsToricallY, the teRM pRoPaganda WaS origiNaLly UseD in thE ContExt of sPreading (I.e., proPAgating) the CathOLic faith. ReasoN paPERs vOl. 38, no. 1 138 PerSuade" rather Than SImplY "perSUaDe." WE Use prOpagaNdA AnD Marketing to persuade OtHers, buT of coUrse we can and oFten do fail IN THe attempT. 30 ProPAgANda and marketinG both Also involvE Symbolic MessaGing to atTempt to coNVEy feelinGs, tHouGhtS, beLIEfS, concepts, valuES, EmotIoNs, and atTitUdes aboUt tHeiR obJecTs. symbolic mEssaging SyStEmS iNclUde naTUral langUaGe, mAtHemAtics, MUsic, arT, film, PhotOgRaPHy, dAnce, flaGS, aRCHiteCtUrE, gesTurEs, Coins (Or toKEns), Emblems, Dress/unifOrmS, Etc. IN lIgHt of theSe similaritieS aNd differenCeS, I wIll use "PROpaganda" To mean: symbolic messaging INtended To pErsuaDe a tArget audiEncE to adoPt tHE ideas, IdeoloGy, polItIcaL POliciES, Or CanDiDates the prOPAgaNdist DeSireS them to Adopt. I will use "markeTIng" To mean: symboliC meSsagING iNteNDeD To pErSUadE A Target audience tO buy the proDuCTs Or brand the MArkEtEr desirEs them tO adopT. 31 the most Effective Marketing AnD proPAGanDa techniquEs often eMploy psycHOlogiCAl MechaNisMs that CoGniTive pSycholOGisTs havE exploReD over tHe lasT tWo decadeS. One the most eminent psychOlogisTs of pErsUasion is RObeRT CiAldini
 and advertising) is usedto attempt  to p ers uad epeop le e ither to suppo r t abrand or to adopt (buy ) spe ci f ic g o od s orservice s .P e rsu ad in g s om e on e tosup port abrand just  me an s increasing th e chancestha t person wil l b uy pro du cts fromtha t com pany i n  the f uture. No ti c e that I use " a t te mptto 26 "Nazi Camps , "U nited States H olocau st Me m o ria l M useum, acc es sed o n line at :  h t t p s:/ / www.ushmm.org /wlc/en/art i cle .php?M od ule I d=1000 5144.  2 7  Ihave writte n mo re extens ivelya bout th i s elsew here;see  Ga ry J a me sJas on ,  Cr i ti cal Thi nking: D ev el oping  anE f f e ctiv e W orld view(Belmont, CA:  Wa dswo r th,  2001 ), es p. c ha p. 17  (on a dvert is ing and consume r ch oice) and  ch ap . 1 8(on p o litica l r het oric an d democ r ati cc h o ic e). 28 Two especia ll y fi ne histo ricald is cu s sions of  t hemult i p le me anin g sof propa gandaa re  R ichardTa ylor,Fi lmPro pagan d a: S ovietRussia a nd Na z i Germany, 2nd ed. (London:I .B .  T a uris  &Co. Ltd., 2 009) ,  pp.  7-1 7 ,and Randa l Mar li n ,P ropaganda and the E th ics of  Pers uasion, 2nd e d. (Buffal o , NY: Broa dvie w  P r ess, 2013), pp . 1-1 3. 29 Hist o rically,  theterm pro paganda w a s  origina lly  us edint h econtext of sp r e adin g(i.e.,pro pagatin g)the  Ca tho li c faith.Reason P ap er sVo l.38, n o . 1 138pe rsu ad e"rathe r  thansimpl y "p er su a de. " We us e  p r o paga nd aandmar ke tingto p e rsu ade oth ers, butofc ours ewe  can an d often do fa il  in the at te mpt . 30 P r o pagandaand marketing both also involve  sy mboli c me ssaging t o a ttempt  to convey  feeli ngs,th oug h t s, be l i ef s,co ncepts, va l u es,  emot io ns,and att itudes about their obj ects. Symboli c m essa g i ng  sy s te m s i nc l ude n atural language , mathemat ic s ,music, art ,  fi lm , photo graphy,  danc e , flags , archite cture, ge st ures , coi ns (or tok ens), em blems, dr e ss/un i fo rms,etc . In l ig htof th ese si m ila ritie s anddi fferen ces,Iwill use  "propaganda" to mean:symbol ic me ssa ging inte nde d  to  persuade  a t arget audi enc e t o ado ptt he id eas, id eol o gy, p olit i cal polic i es , o r ca ndidates th e p rop agand ist desire s th em to adopt. I wi l l use "marketi ng"t o  me an: symb ol ic messaging i nte nd e d  to pers ua de a target  audienc et o buy  the p roduct s or br a n dt he mar kete r d esires th emto adopt.31  T h e most  eff ec tive m arketi n g an d propaganda techn iques o ftene mpl oy ps yc hologic a l me chanisms t hat cogniti ve psy chol ogist s haveex plored  ov er  the lastt wo decade s. On e the m os t em ine nt psy chol o g istsof p er sua sion is R o b er t  C ia l din i
 and_advertising) is_used to attempt to_persuade people_either_to support_a_brand or to_adopt (buy) specific_goods or services. Persuading_someone to support_a_brand just means increasing the chances that person will buy products from that company_in_the future._Notice_that_I use "attempt to 26_"Nazi Camps," United States Holocaust_Memorial Museum,_accessed online at: https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005144. 27 I have written_more_extensively about this_elsewhere; see Gary James Jason, Critical Thinking: Developing an_Effective Worldview (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001),_esp. chap. 17_(on_advertising_and consumer choice) and_chap. 18 (on political rhetoric and_democratic choice). 28 Two especially fine_historical discussions of the multiple meanings of_propaganda are Richard Taylor, Film Propaganda:_Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany,_2nd ed._(London: I. B. Tauris &_Co. Ltd., 2009),_pp. 7-17,_and Randal Marlin,_Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion,_2nd ed. (Buffalo,_NY: Broadview Press, 2013), pp. 1-13._29_Historically, the term_propaganda_was_originally used_in the context_of_spreading (i.e.,_propagating)_the Catholic faith. Reason Papers Vol._38,_no. 1 138 persuade" rather than simply_"persuade." We use propaganda_and_marketing to persuade others,_but of course we can_and often do fail in the_attempt. 30_Propaganda and_marketing both also involve symbolic messaging to attempt to convey feelings,_thoughts, beliefs, concepts, values, emotions, and_attitudes about their objects._Symbolic messaging_systems_include natural language,_mathematics,_music, art,_film, photography, dance, flags, architecture, gestures, coins_(or tokens),_emblems, dress/uniforms, etc. In light of_these similarities and differences,_I_will use "propaganda" to mean: symbolic_messaging intended to persuade a target_audience to adopt the ideas,_ideology,_political_policies, or candidates the propagandist_desires them to adopt. I will_use "marketing" to_mean: symbolic messaging intended to persuade a_target_audience to buy the products or_brand_the marketer desires them to adopt._31_The_most effective marketing and propaganda_techniques often employ psychological mechanisms that_cognitive psychologists have explored over the last two decades._One the most_eminent psychologists of persuasion is_Robert_Cialdini