 concentration of NO2. ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 10 PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms road is built, the manufacturing and recycling productivity and efficiency are elevated (Duran-Fernandez and Santos, 2014; Gibbons et al., 2019), which, in turns, leads to air emission reduction. On the other hand, the emissions of NO2 and Ox are found to increase according to road infrastructure development. This finding points out the adverse effect of the policies facilitating recycling industrial growth in Kitakyushu city. Initially, the ecoindustrial park in Kitakyushu city was planned to achieve industrial symbiosis, a closed system where the waste of an industry or a firm is fully consumed by others within the system. However, due to the demand for the revitalization of local economy, the eco-industrial park in Kitakyushu city has been turned into a hot spot of recycling industry, which was hoped to generate more economic profit, as well as to reduce environmental degradation (Ogihara, 2007). To attract investment to the recycling industry, the Kitakyushu government offers cheap and vast land located away from the residential area (Hammer et al., 2011), while more roads have been built to ensure the connectivity of industrial recycling firms with other industries and residential areas. In addition, to keep the growth rate of recycling industries, the road infrastructure needs expanding to make recycling materials and outputs flow among regions within and outside of Kitakyushu city. During the period from 2005 to 2010, the total amount of waste inputs from outside Kitakyushu city tripled, while the total amount of recycling outputs transported to locations within the eco-town, Kitakyushu city, and Fukuoka prefecture increased substantially (Tsuruta et al., 2016). Air pollution from transportation might rise dramatically due to recycling industrial activities, not to mention the increase in the number of personal vehicles because of increasing traveling demand (Cervero, 2003) and urban sprawl (OECD, 2013) when more roads are built. Even in a stringent green growth regulation context, like Kitakyushu city, some air pollution emissions still eventually increase according to industrial growth and infrastructure expansion. This,
concentration of NO2. ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 10 PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms road is built, the manufacturing and recycling productiveness and efficiency are lift (Duran - Fernandez and Santos, 2014; Gibbons et al. , 2019), which, in turns, leads to tune discharge reduction. On the other hired hand, the emissions of NO2 and Ox are found to increase harmonize to road infrastructure development. This finding point out the adverse effect of the policies help recycle industrial growth in Kitakyushu city. Initially, the ecoindustrial park in Kitakyushu city was planned to achieve industrial symbiosis, a closed system where the thriftlessness of an industry or a firm is fully consumed by others within the organization. However, due to the demand for the revitalization of local economy, the eco - industrial park in Kitakyushu city has been turned into a blistering spot of recycle industry, which was hoped to generate more economic net income, as well as to reduce environmental degradation (Ogihara, 2007). To attract investment to the recycling industry, the Kitakyushu government offer cheap and vast land located away from the residential area (Hammer et al. , 2011), while more roads have been built to ensure the connectivity of industrial recycling firms with early industry and residential areas. In summation, to observe the growth rate of recycling industries, the road infrastructure need expanding to make recycling materials and outputs menstruation among regions within and outside of Kitakyushu city. During the period from 2005 to 2010, the total amount of waste inputs from outside Kitakyushu city triple, while the total amount of recycling outputs transport to location within the eco - town, Kitakyushu city, and Fukuoka prefecture increased substantially (Tsuruta et al. , 2016). Air pollution from transportation might get up dramatically due to recycling industrial activities, not to mention the addition in the number of personal vehicle because of increasing traveling need (Cervero, 2003) and urban sprawl (OECD, 2013) when more road are built. Even in a stringent fleeceable growth regulation context, like Kitakyushu city, some air pollution emission still finally increase according to industrial growth and infrastructure expansion. This,
 cojcentration of NO2. ARTICLT PALGRAVE COMMUNNXATIONV | httls://doi.org/10.1057/r41599-019-0369-8 10 PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | httpw://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/oalcomms goad is byilt, rhe manufarfuring and redncliny 'roductivity anc efficienwy are elevateg (Auxan-Fernandez and Santos, 2014; Gibbons et wl., 2019), whivh, in turns, leadf to wir smission reduction. On the other hahd, the tmissions of NO2 anc Ox are found to increase acclrding to road infgastructure devqoopment. This finding points out thg adverse effect of the policies facikitating rgetclltg industriel grorth in Kitaknlshu cidy. Initoally, the ecoikdustcial park in Kitakyushu cmty was planned to ashieve inguatrial symbiosis, q xloseg syvtem qhefe uhe wzste ov ai industry kr a firm iw fully consumed by oeyers within tge syseei. However, due to the demand for the revptaljzation of local economt, the eco-industrial pwrk in Kieakyushu city has been turned into a hot spot of secycmkng ikdusgey, which was hoped to generate more economic prjriu, ax well as to rcduce environmentak febtadation (Ogihata, 2007). To cftdact investment to the resyclibg industwy, tne Kitakyushu government ofders cheap aud cast land located cway from thz resicentisl area (Hammer et al., 2011), wkile mkre roads hwve been gjilt to ensure tfe bonnactivity of industrial recrcling ficms wnth othef incustriqs and resldentldl areas. In additiln, to kaep the grlwth rate of recycling industrixx, the road imfsasnructure ueeds cxpanding to mahe recycling mcterials and uutputs flkw amonj regions wiehin and outshfe of Kitakynshu city. Durung rhe perkud from 2005 to 2010, tne total ciounr of waste inputs nrom uhtside Kitakyuskb xity tripled, whole thq notel amjgnt of recycning ougluts gransported go lpcations within the aco-tkwn, Kitakyushu citu, wnd Fukuika prefqcture increaxed substantially (Usurute et au., 2016). Ait pjllution from transportation mjght rise drwmatically dte ti recycling nndustrial activities, not to mention the increase in the nymber of personal vghigles because of igcreasing traveling demand (Ceevero, 2003) and urban xprawl (OECD, 2013) when mors roadv are built. Even in a stringent green growth regulation context, like Kitakyushy city, some air pomlutoon ekifxions ftilp eventually incrvase according to industrial groxth and inxrcstructure expansion. This,
concentration of NO2. ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | PALGRAVE | (2019) | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | manufacturing recycling productivity and are elevated (Duran-Fernandez Santos, 2014; Gibbons et al., 2019), in turns, leads to air emission reduction. On the other hand, the emissions NO2 and Ox are found to increase according to road infrastructure development. This points the effect the policies facilitating recycling industrial growth in Kitakyushu city. Initially, the ecoindustrial park in Kitakyushu city planned to achieve industrial symbiosis, a closed system the waste of an or a firm is fully by within the However, to demand for the of local economy, the eco-industrial park in Kitakyushu city has been turned into a hot spot of industry, which to generate economic as as to reduce (Ogihara, 2007). To attract investment to the Kitakyushu government offers cheap and vast land away from residential area (Hammer et al., 2011), more roads have been built to ensure the of industrial recycling firms with other industries and residential areas. In addition, to keep the of recycling industries, the infrastructure needs expanding make materials outputs among regions and outside of Kitakyushu city. During the period from 2005 to the total amount of waste inputs from outside Kitakyushu city the amount of recycling transported to locations within eco-town, city, and Fukuoka prefecture (Tsuruta al., from might dramatically due to recycling activities, not to mention the in the number of traveling demand (Cervero, 2003) and urban sprawl (OECD, when more roads are built. Even in stringent green growth regulation context, like Kitakyushu city, some air pollution emissions eventually increase industrial growth and infrastructure expansion. This,
 concentration of NO2. ARTICLE PaLGRAVE COMmUNICaTIoNS | HtTps://dOi.orG/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 10 PALGRAVE COMMunICAtIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.naTure.cOm/PAlcoMMs Road iS built, tHE mANUfaCtUrIng AnD ReCycliNg pRoductiVity and effIciEnCy are elevateD (duRan-FernandEz aNd Santos, 2014; GibbOns Et al., 2019), whIcH, in TUrns, lEadS to aiR emissIOn reduCtion. On thE oTHer hanD, The emisSIOnS of No2 and Ox are found to iNCrEAse according to Road inFrAStRUCtuRe dEvelopment. thIs finDIng poinTS oUT THe aDVerse effect of The policies FAciLitatiNg RecYCling iNdustRiAL grOwth in KitakYushU city. InitIally, tHE ecoindUStrial pArk in KItaKyuShu cITy WaS plAnNEd tO AcHieVE inDustrial SyMbIosis, A cloSED SYsteM whEre tHe wasTe of an industrY or A firM Is fUlly cOnsumEd by OtHers wIthin tHe sysTeM. However, due to thE demAnd for the RevItAliZaTion oF Local eConOmy, The eco-iNdustriAL paRk IN kItAkyushu city has been TuRNEd Into a hot Spot of REcYcLIng indusTrY, whIch wAS Hoped To geNErAte more eConomiC PrOfIt, as welL aS to redUcE enVirOnmenTAl deGradatIon (OgihaRa, 2007). To aTTract investmenT To the recyclinG InDUStRY, the kitAkyushu goveRnmeNT offErs cHEaP anD Vast lAnd loCaTEd AWay from the residentiAl Area (HaMmer eT al., 2011), while more rOads have beEN BUilt to enSure THe COnnectivity of iNdustRial recyclINg firms wIth otHer indusTries and rESIdential AreAs. IN adDitION, tO keep the growtH RAte oF rEcyclinG inDustrieS, thE roAd iNfrAsTructure nEeds expaNdInG tO mAke RecycLIng materIaLs aNd OutPuts fLOw amonG regiOns wItHiN And Outside OF KITAkyuShU cIty. DUriNg The peRiod FRom 2005 To 2010, the toTal amount Of wASte iNpUtS from ouTside KitakyusHu City tripleD, wHilE the toTAL amount oF recycling outputs transpORted to lOcaTions WithIn the eco-tOwn, kitakyUshU City, anD FukuoKa preFeCtuRE IncreASEd SubStAntially (TsURUta Et al., 2016). AIr PollUtion frOm transportation miGHt rIse dramaticalLy dUe to RECyCliNG iNDusTrIAl aCTIvities, not to menTion the incReASe In the numbeR Of pErSonal veHicles bEcausE Of increAsing travEling demaNd (cervERO, 2003) anD urban spraWl (OECD, 2013) whEn more roaDS are bUIlT. Even In a StringEnT grEen grOwth reGUlaTion cOntext, LiKe KitaKyushU cIty, some aIr pollution emissions stiLl evenTuallY inCrease accOrdINg tO industriAl grOwth and infRasTruCture ExpANsion. this,
 concentration of NO2. ART ICLE PALGR AVE C OMM UNI CA TION S |https://doi.or g /10. 1057/s41599-019-0369-8  10 P AL G RAVE CO MMUNI CATIONS |( 2 019 )5: 156  | ht tps:/ /do i.org/1 0.1057/s41 599 -0 19-0369-8 |w ww .nature.co m/p alcomms road  is  built ,the manuf act uring  and r e cyclin g product iv i ty and efficie n c yareelevated (Duran-F e rn a ndez and Santo s, 201 4; Gi b b ons  et  al., 2019 ),  whic h , in tu r ns , l ead s  to air emiss ion reducti o n.On the  o the r  hand,  theem i ssi ons of NO2andOx are fo und to increas e  accord ing to  ro adinfr a st ru ctu re dev e lo pme n t.This fin di ng  poin ts o u t t he a dve rseeffec t of the poli cie s fa c ili tatin g rec ycli ng  indu strial  grow th  in Kitakyushucity . Initial ly,  t heec oindu s trialpar k i n Kitak yushu c i tywa s p la nned to achieve in du s t ri al symbi osis,a  c lo s ed syste mwhe re t h e  wast e of an  industr y or a fi rm  is ful ly  consu me d b y o thers with in the  system.  Howe v er, due to the demand for th e  r e v it a liza tio n of localecon o my,thee co -in d ustri al pa rk in Kitakyushu city has  b een tu rnedinto a hot sp ot of recy c l i ng indus try, wh i ch was hoped t o gen erate more economic  prof it, as w ell as to r educe en vir onm ent ald e gr adation (Ogih a r a, 2 00 7). Toatt ract in ves tme nttoth e recycli ng indus tr y,  t he  Ki takyu s hu gover nm ent  o ffe rs ch e ap and  vast  lan dlo c ate d awayf ro m there si dent ial  a rea ( Hamm e r e t al.,2011), wh ile more  r oa ds have  been built t oensure the  c onn ectivi t y  of indu strial recycling firmsw ith oth erindus trie s and res ide ntialare a s. Inadditi on, t okee p the g r o wt h r at e of recyc l i ngindus tr ies,  the ro ad infrastructuren eed s expanding t o m aker e cy cli n gm ate ri a lsa n d outputs flowamong regi on s  w ithin ando uts id e of Ki takyush u cit y . Durin g the per iod from20 05 t o 201 0, the tot al amoun t of wast e  inpu t sfromout side K it aky ushucity t r ipl ed, w hile t he  total  amou nt  of recy cling outputs transport ed tolocat ion s withinthe eco -town, Ki taky ushu city,  an d F ukuok a p r efect urei nc rea s ed su bsta n tially (T s ur uta e tal., 2016). A i r p ollut ion from t rans portation might r i se dramaticall y du e torec y clin gindustrial act ivi ti e s , not to  m ention theincrease  i n  thenumber  of pe rsonalv e hi c les be caus e o f increas ing  t r aveling  d em a nd (Ce rver o,  2003)  and u r bans p rawl (OECD, 2013 ) whe n morer oad s are  b uilt. E v en i n a string ent green g rowthregu latio n conte xt , like  Ki ta kyushu cit y , some ai r pol lutionem issi ons  still  eve n t ually  inc re ase  accordin g to in du s tri al g rowth  a nd i nfrastruc t ure expa nsi o n. This ,
 concentration_of NO2._ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS |_https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 10_PALGRAVE_COMMUNICATIONS |_(2019)_5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8_| www.nature.com/palcomms road_is built, the manufacturing_and recycling productivity_and_efficiency are elevated (Duran-Fernandez and Santos, 2014; Gibbons et al., 2019), which, in turns,_leads_to air_emission_reduction._On the other hand, the_emissions of NO2 and Ox_are found_to increase according to road infrastructure development. This_finding_points out the_adverse effect of the policies facilitating recycling industrial growth_in Kitakyushu city. Initially, the ecoindustrial_park in Kitakyushu_city_was_planned to achieve industrial_symbiosis, a closed system where the_waste of an industry or a_firm is fully consumed by others within_the system. However, due to the_demand for the revitalization of_local economy,_the eco-industrial park in Kitakyushu_city has been_turned into_a hot spot_of recycling industry, which was hoped_to generate more_economic profit, as well as to_reduce_environmental degradation (Ogihara,_2007)._To_attract investment_to the recycling_industry,_the Kitakyushu_government_offers cheap and vast land located_away_from the residential area (Hammer et al.,_2011), while more roads_have_been built to ensure_the connectivity of industrial recycling_firms with other industries and residential_areas. In_addition, to_keep the growth rate of recycling industries, the road infrastructure needs_expanding to make recycling materials and_outputs flow among regions_within and_outside_of Kitakyushu city._During_the period_from 2005 to 2010, the total amount_of waste_inputs from outside Kitakyushu city tripled,_while the total amount_of_recycling outputs transported to locations within_the eco-town, Kitakyushu city, and Fukuoka_prefecture increased substantially (Tsuruta et_al.,_2016)._Air pollution from transportation might_rise dramatically due to recycling industrial_activities, not to_mention the increase in the number of_personal_vehicles because of increasing traveling demand_(Cervero,_2003) and urban sprawl (OECD, 2013)_when_more_roads are built. Even in_a stringent green growth regulation context,_like Kitakyushu city, some air pollution emissions still eventually_increase according to_industrial growth and infrastructure expansion._This,