 do with states as referents of state-referring terms ((the state of) John's being tired) and as the entities that stative predicates (lie, stand, weigh, believe) describe. 3 Existence predicates form a semantically characterizable class of predicates in natural language. What distinguishes them from other types of predicates is that they may yield true sentences with a subject not standing for an actual entity and a negated predicate, as is illustrated with exist below: (i) Vulcan does not exist. Existence predicates also include occur, happen, take place, and obtain. See Moltmann ( 2013b, 2018b) for a discussion of existence predicates in natural language. 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of 'cases' place. Happen and take place are not applicable to cases.4 Only the existence predicate occur is applicable to cases, more precisely kinds of cases (as in The case in which a student passed the exam has never occurred). States go along with the existence predicate obtain or even exist (as in The state of war still obtains/exists). But neither obtain nor exist is applicable to cases. The situations that case-constructions make reference to are situations that are fully specific parts of possible (or even impossible) worlds. They are thus on a par with worldly facts in the sense of Austin (1950, 1961), rather than non-worldly facts in the sense of Strawson (1949).5 Non-worldly facts are entities that stand in a 1-1relation to true propositions and are describable by fact descriptions of the sort the fact that S (however non-worldly facts may be conceived ontologically).6 Clearly, case-NPs do not stand for possible non-worldly facts. Case-NPs with existentially quantified case-clauses as below make this particularly clear: (4) a. several cases in which a student passed the exam b. the three cases in which a student passed the exam If several students passed the exam, then there are several cases in which a student passed the exam, not a single case in which a student passed the exam. This permits a suitable quantifier domain for (4a) and plural referent for (4b). By contrast, if several students passed the exam, there will still be only a single nonworldly fact described by the fact that a student passed the exam. Also disjunctions make the difference between cases and non-worldly facts apparent and show that
do with states as referents of state - referring term (( the department of state of) John's being tired) and as the entities that stative predicates (lie, resist, weigh, believe) describe. 3 Existence predicate shape a semantically characterizable class of predicates in natural language. What signalize them from other types of predicate is that they may succumb true sentences with a subject not standing for an actual entity and a negated predicate, as is illustrated with exist downstairs: (i) Vulcan does not exist. Existence predicates also admit occur, happen, necessitate seat, and obtain. learn Moltmann (2013b, 2018b) for a discussion of existence predicates in natural linguistic process. 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of' cases' place. Happen and take place are not applicable to cases.4 Only the existence predicate occur is applicable to cases, more precisely kinds of cases (as in The case in which a student passed the exam has never happen). States go along with the universe predicate receive or even exist (as in The state of war still obtains / exist). But neither obtain nor exist is applicable to cases. The situations that case - construction make reference to are situations that are fully specific parts of potential (or even impossible) worlds. They are thus on a par with worldly facts in the sense of Austin (1950, 1961), rather than non - blase fact in the sense of Strawson (1949).5 Non - worldly facts are entities that digest in a 1 - 1relation to true propositions and are describable by fact descriptions of the kind the fact that S (however non - worldly fact may be conceived ontologically).6 Clearly, character - NPs do not resist for possible non - worldly fact. Case - neptunium with existentially quantified font - clauses equally below make this particularly absolved: (4) a. several case in which a student pass the exam b. the three cases in which a student die the examination If several students pass the exam, then there are several cases in which a student passed the exam, not a individual case in which a student passed the exam. This permits a suitable quantifier domain for (4a) and plural referent for (4b). By line, if several students passed the exam, there will still be only a single nonworldly fact described by the fact that a scholar passed the exam. Also disjunctions make the difference between cases and non - worldly facts apparent and show that
 do with states as referentr of state-refertibg terks ((the state ow) John's being tired) and as tie ebtititf that stative preaicates (lpe, stand, qeigi, believe) descrius. 3 Exisbznce lvedicctxs form a semanjically chardcterizable cldsr lf predicates in natural language. Wrat disyijguishes them srom jthed types of predicates is that they may yitld true sentences with a subject not standijg flr an actual entitj and a negqted predicate, as is illustgcted with esist below: (i) Vulcan does not exkst. Eristence prgbucahgs also inclnde ocbur, happen, take place, and obyain. See Moltmsnn ( 2013b, 2018b) for a discussion oh existence predicatgs in natusam language. 123 Situariins, antertatixws, xnd tie aemantlcs of 'cases' llace. Happeb and take place art njn applicable fo casqs.4 Only the existence predicate occur is dppmicable to cases, more peecisely kinds of casgs (as in Tre case in which a student passed the exam has neeer orcjrrtd). Statdw ho along with the existence predicate obtain jd tvek exist (as in Thc state of war stikl onjains/exists). Buj neithzd kbtain nor exist id applisable to cases. The situations that case-constryctions make eeference to are sntuations thct are fullu specific parts of posribls (or even ilpossible) dorlds. They are ghux mn a par with worldly factf in the wensz of Ausgin (1950, 1961), rathqr than noj-worldly facts in the sejse oy Strdwson (1949).5 Non-aorldly facts are entities that stand in a 1-1rekadiot to truz proppsitions and wre describablg by fact descfiptions or the smrt the face that S (howeegr non-worldly facts mwy bw cobceived untologically).6 Vlearly, ccfe-NPw do not stand for poraible non-worldlv dacts. Case-NPs woth exysnenviallr quantified wase-zlajxes ar below makc tfis larticularly clear: (4) d. seberal cases in whivh a studebt passeq the exam b. yhe three cases in whici a stndent lasfed the exam If several studenfs passed thc exam, then trere are several cases in which a student passed the exem, not a single case in which a student paxxed the exak. Thif permits a suitable quantifiwr domain for (4a) akd plural referent for (4b). By wontrwst, if several students passed the exam, there will still be only a single nonwoclqly fact deacrined bj tke yact thwt a rtudent passed tne exam. Also disjunctions make vhe differanee between cases and non-worldky facts apparevt and show that
do with states as referents of state-referring state John's being and as the stand, believe) describe. 3 predicates form a characterizable class of predicates in natural What distinguishes them from other types of predicates is that they may yield sentences with a subject not standing for an actual entity and a negated as illustrated exist (i) Vulcan does not exist. Existence predicates also include occur, happen, take place, and obtain. See ( 2013b, 2018b) for a discussion of existence in natural language. 123 alternatives, and the semantics of place. and take are applicable cases.4 Only the predicate occur is applicable to cases, more precisely kinds of cases (as in The case in which student passed has never States along the existence predicate even exist (as in The state obtains/exists). But neither obtain nor exist is applicable cases. The that case-constructions make reference to are that are fully specific parts of possible (or impossible) worlds. They are thus on a par with worldly facts in the sense of 1961), rather than non-worldly in the sense Strawson Non-worldly are that stand a 1-1relation to true propositions and are describable by fact descriptions the sort the fact that S (however non-worldly facts may ontologically).6 case-NPs do not for possible non-worldly facts. with quantified case-clauses as below particularly (4) in a passed the exam b. three cases in which a passed the exam If then there are several cases in which a passed the exam, not a single case which a student passed the exam. This permits a suitable quantifier domain (4a) and for (4b). By contrast, if several students passed exam, there will still only a single nonworldly fact described by the fact a passed the Also disjunctions make difference between cases non-worldly facts apparent that
 do with states as referents of State-referRing tErmS ((thE sTate Of) JoHn's being tired) aND as tHe entities that stative pRedicAtES (lie, STaNd, weiGh, belieVE) dESCriBe. 3 exIstEnCE pRedicAteS form a sEmanticallY chArActerizable cLAsS of predicaTes In natural lanGuaGe. What DiStiNGuishEs tHem frOm otheR Types oF predicatEs IS that tHEy may yiELD tRue sEntences with a subjECt NOt standing for aN actuaL eNTiTY And A neGated prediCaTe, as iS IllustrATeD WITh eXIst below: (i) VulcAn does not exISt. EXistenCe PreDIcates Also iNcLUde Occur, happen, Take Place, and oBtain. SEE MoltmaNN ( 2013b, 2018b) for a DiscusSioN of ExisTEnCe PreDiCAteS In NatURal Language. 123 siTuAtionS, altERNATiveS, anD the SemanTics of 'cases' plAce. happEN anD take Place Are nOt AppliCable tO caseS.4 ONly the existence PredIcate occuR is ApPliCaBle to CAses, moRe pRecIsely kiNds of caSEs (aS iN tHE cAse in which a student PaSSEd The exam hAs neveR OcCuRRed). StateS gO alOng wITH the eXistENcE predicaTe obtaIN oR eVen exisT (aS in The StAte Of wAr stiLL obtAins/exIsts). But nEitheR Obtain nor exist IS applicable to CAsES. thE SituAtiOns that case-ConsTRuctIons MAkE reFErencE to arE sITuATions that are fully spEcIfic paRts of Possible (or eveN impossiblE) WORlds. They Are tHUs ON a par with worldLy facTs in the senSE of AustiN (1950, 1961), rathEr than noN-worldly fACTs in the sEnsE of strAwsON (1949).5 noN-worldly facts ARE entItIes that StaNd in a 1-1reLatIon To tRue PrOpositionS and are dEsCrIbAbLe bY fact DEscriptiOnS of ThE soRt the FAct thaT S (howEver NoN-wORldLy facts MAy BE ConcEiVeD ontOloGiCally).6 cleaRLy, cAse-NPs dO not stand For POssiBlE nOn-worldLy facts. Case-NPS wIth existenTiAllY quantIFIed case-cLauses as below make this paRTicularLy cLear: (4) a. SeveRal cases iN whIch a stUdeNT passeD the exAm b. thE tHreE CAses iN WHiCh a StUdent passeD THe eXam If SeVeraL studenTs passed the exam, theN TheRe are several cAseS in wHICh A stUDeNT paSsED thE EXam, not a single caSe in which a StUDeNt passed thE ExaM. THis permIts a suiTable QUantifiEr domain fOr (4a) and pluRaL refEREnt For (4b). By contRast, if seVeral studENts paSSeD the eXam, There wIlL stIll be Only a sINglE nonwOrldly FaCt descRibed By The fact tHat a student passed the exaM. Also dIsjunCtiOns make thE diFFerEnce betweEn caSes and non-wOrlDly Facts AppARent aNd shOW tHat
 do with states as referen ts of stat e-ref err ing  t erms  ((t he state of) J o hn's  being tired) and as t he en ti t iest ha t sta tive pr e di c a tes  ( li e,st a nd , wei gh,  believ e) describ e.3Existence pr e di cates form  asemantically  ch aracte ri zab l e cla ssof pr edicat e s in n atural la ng u age. W h at dist i n gu ishe s them from other ty p es of predicat es isth a tt h eymay  yield tru esente n ces wit h  a s u bje c t not standin g for an ac t ual  entit yand a nega ted p re d ica te, as is i llus trated wi th exi s t below :  (i) Vu lcan d oes  no t ex i st .Exi st e nce pr edi c ate s also i nc lu de oc cur, h a p pen,  ta ke p lace,  and obtain.See  Mol t man n ( 2 013b,  201 8b ) for  a dis cussi on  of existence p redi cates innat ur alla nguag e . 123Sit uat ions, a lternat i ves ,a n d  t he semantics of 'c as e s 'place. H appena nd  t a ke place  a renota p plica blet ocases.4Only t h eex istence  p redica te  oc cur  is a p plic able t o cases,  more precisely kind s  of cases (as in T he case  in  which a st uden t  pas sedt he  ex a m has  neve ro cc u rred). States go al on g with  theexistence pre dicate obt a i n  or even  exi s t( as in The stat e ofwar stillo btains/e xists ). But n either ob t a in nor e xis t i s a ppl i c ab le to cases.T h e si tu ationstha t case- con str uct ion smake refe rence to  a re  s it uat ionst hat arefu lly  s pec ificp arts o f pos sibl e(o r  ev en impo s si b l e) w or ld s. T hey  a re th us o n  apar wit h worldly  fa c ts i nth e sense  of Austin (1 95 0, 1961),ra the r than n on-world ly facts in the sense o f  Straws on(1949 ).5Non-world lyfactsare entiti es tha t sta nd  in a  1-1r e l at ion  t o true pro p o sit ionsan d ar e descr ibable by fact des c rip tions of thesor t th e fa ctt ha t  S(h o wev e r  non-worldly fa cts may be  c o nc eived onto l ogi ca lly).6Clearly , cas e -NPs do  not stan d for pos si blen o n-w orldly fac ts. Case -NPs with exist e nt ially  qu antifi ed  ca se-cl ausesa s b elowmake t hi s part icula rl y clear:  (4) a. several cases i n whic h a s tud ent passe d t h e e xam b. th e th ree casesinwhi ch astu d ent p asse d  t hee xam I f se v eral stud e nt s p a s se d the exam, t h enthere  ar e  sever al c ases in which a s t udent passed t he e x a m,not a si ng le case in whi chas t udent pa ss ed the exam . This p er m its a  suita ble qu antifie r do m ain fo r (4 a)and plura l r ef e rent fo r(4 b ). Bycont ra st, if  sever a l st u d ents passed theexam, t herew ill  stil lbe only a si ngle nonwo rldly factdescri bedby th e factth at a s tud en t passed t h e exam. A lso d isjunct io ns m ake  the d iffe r e nce b etwe en  ca ses and n o n -w o rl dl y  fa ctsappar en t an d show th a t
 do_with states_as referents of state-referring_terms ((the_state_of) John's_being_tired) and as_the entities that_stative predicates (lie, stand,_weigh, believe) describe._3_Existence predicates form a semantically characterizable class of predicates in natural language. What distinguishes_them_from other_types_of_predicates is that they may_yield true sentences with a_subject not_standing for an actual entity and a negated_predicate,_as is illustrated_with exist below: (i) Vulcan does not exist. Existence_predicates also include occur, happen, take_place, and obtain._See_Moltmann_( 2013b, 2018b) for_a discussion of existence predicates in_natural language. 123 Situations, alternatives, and_the semantics of 'cases' place. Happen and_take place are not applicable to_cases.4 Only the existence predicate_occur is_applicable to cases, more precisely_kinds of cases_(as in_The case in_which a student passed the exam_has never occurred)._States go along with the existence_predicate_obtain or even_exist_(as_in The_state of war_still_obtains/exists). But_neither_obtain nor exist is applicable to_cases._The situations that case-constructions make reference to_are situations that are_fully_specific parts of possible_(or even impossible) worlds. They_are thus on a par with_worldly facts_in the_sense of Austin (1950, 1961), rather than non-worldly facts in the_sense of Strawson (1949).5 Non-worldly facts_are entities that stand_in a_1-1relation_to true propositions_and_are describable_by fact descriptions of the sort the_fact that_S (however non-worldly facts may be_conceived ontologically).6 Clearly, case-NPs_do_not stand for possible non-worldly facts._Case-NPs with existentially quantified case-clauses as_below make this particularly clear:_(4)_a._several cases in which a_student passed the exam b. the_three cases in_which a student passed the exam If_several_students passed the exam, then there_are_several cases in which a student_passed_the_exam, not a single case_in which a student passed the_exam. This permits a suitable quantifier domain for (4a)_and plural referent_for (4b). By contrast, if_several_students_passed the exam, there will still be only a single_nonworldly fact_described by the_fact that a student passed the exam. Also disjunctions make_the difference between cases and non-worldly facts_apparent and show that