 for his comments on an early draft of this article. RESEARCH ARTICLE Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of 'cases' Friederike Moltmann1 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract This paper argues that NPs with case as head noun stand for situations in their role as truthmakers within a sentential or epistemic case space. The paper develops a unified semantic analysis of case-constructions of the various sorts within a truthmaker-based version of alternative semantics. Keywords Situation semantics * Situations * Alternative semantics * Association with focus * Truthmaker semantics * Propositional attitudes * Clausal complements Situations have come to play a significant role in semantic theory. They have been advocated as an alternative to possible worlds for a more fine-grained notion of sentence meaning, in situation semantics (Barwise and Perry 1981; Kratzer 2014) and, more recently, truthmaker semantics (Fine 2012, 2014, 2017), or else for the analysis of particular linguistic phenomena, such as perception reports, definite descriptions, E-type pronouns, conditionals, adverbs of quantification and generic sentences. Yet while situations are generally considered important for semantics, their semantic role is generally considered an implicit one, with situations acting as parameters of evaluation, implicit arguments, or truthmakers, but not as semantic values of referential NPs. This paper is about constructions that do involve explicit reference to situations, namely noun phrases with the noun case as head (case-NPs). Case-NPs, this paper will argue, involve reference to situations in their role as truthmakers within a space of alternatives, that is, 'cases'. Case-constructions in English (and corresponding constructions in other languages) take the form of NPs with case as head noun and a & Friederike Moltmann fmoltmann@univ-paris1.fr 1 CNRS, Paris, France 123 Linguistics and Philosophy https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-019-09282-7(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) clausal modifier (a case-clause) as in (1), of case-anaphora as in (2), and of the predicate is the case, as in (3): Case-NPs with a case-clause as modifier (1) a. the cases in which a student failed the exam b. the case in which it might rain tomorrow Case-anaphora (2) a.
for his comments on an early draft of this article. RESEARCH ARTICLE Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of' cases' Friederike Moltmann1 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract This newspaper argue that NPs with case as head noun resist for situations in their role as truthmakers within a sentential or epistemic character distance. The paper develops a unified semantic analysis of character - constructions of the various sort within a truthmaker - free-base version of alternative semantics. Keywords Situation semantics * Situations * Alternative semantics * Association with focus * Truthmaker semantics * Propositional attitude * Clausal complements Situations have come to dally a significant role in semantic theory. They have been advocated as an option to possible earth for a more fine - grained notion of conviction meaning, in situation semantics (Barwise and Perry 1981; Kratzer 2014) and, more recently, truthmaker semantics (Fine 2012, 2014, 2017), or else for the analysis of particular linguistic phenomena, such as perception reports, definite descriptions, E - type pronouns, conditionals, adverbs of quantification and generic sentences. Yet while situations are generally considered important for semantics, their semantic role is generally consider an implicit one, with situations acting as parameter of evaluation, implicit argument, or truthmakers, but not as semantic values of referential NPs. This paper is about construction that do involve explicit reference to situations, namely noun idiom with the noun case as head (case - NPs). Case - NPs, this newspaper will argue, involve reference to situations in their role as truthmakers within a quad of alternatives, that is,' character'. Case - constructions in English (and corresponding constructions in other language) take the form of NPs with case as head noun and a & Friederike Moltmann fmoltmann@univ-paris1.fr 1 CNRS, Paris, France 123 Linguistics and Philosophy https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-019-09282-7(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) clausal modifier (a case - clause) as in (1), of character - anaphora as in (2), and of the predicate is the sheath, as in (3 ): Case - NPs with a event - clause as changer (1) a. the cases in which a student failed the exam b. the casing in which it might rain tomorrow Case - anaphora (2) a.
 fog his comments on an earuy draft of this articne. RESSARCH ARGICLE Situations, alternatived, qnd tye semantics of 'cases' Wriederikv Moltmanb1 © Tie Author(s) 2019 Abstczct This paped argbew that NPs witm case as haad noun stand fur situations in their role as truthmwkers wotjin a sententiwl og qpisfvmlc case space. The paper develops a unifped semantic analusis of case-constructions lf tje various sorts wlthin a trujgmahwr-based verskon of alttruative semahtics. Keywords Situation semantkcs * Xituations * Qltftnative semaitics * Association with fowus * Trithmaker semanbics * Pripositional attitudes * Clausal complemegts Situadikns have come to plqy a vignhficxbt folt ii ssmantif tieory. They gave been aevocated as an altetnwnove to possigle wowlqs for a more fine-grained notion of senuence meaning, in situation swmantics (Barwise and Kerry 1981; Kraezer 2014) and, more recently, truthmaker semantics (Fine 2012, 2014, 2017), oc dlst njf tje analysis of particular linguistic phenomenw, sicm as perception veports, definite drsfroktions, E-type ptonouns, cohditionals, adverbs of quagtifixation anq gemeric sentences. Yet while sutuations arv geberally considered important yor sekantivs, their semantic role ns gensrally consldered an kmplicit one, witf sptuadions acukng as parameters of evaluetion, implickt atgumentf, or truthlakers, but not as semantlc vapuas of refegential NPs. This paper is about constructions tvat do invojve ewplicit referense to situatious, namelv noun phrases wpth the nmun case as head (case-NPs). Fase-NPs, this paper wyll qrguw, involxd reference to situatiouf in their role as trubhmakgra within a spacz if alternatives, thxt ys, 'ceses'. Sdse-constructhons in Rnglirh (and corrcspundimg constructions in mthed languages) take tne form of NPs witr case as heac noun and a & Frieferikx Moltoann gmojtmann@univ-paris1.fr 1 CNRS, Paris, Rrance 123 Llngmistics and Prilowophy https://dpi.org/10.1007/s10988-019-09282-7(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) clausal modifier (a case-coause) as in (1), of cawe-anaphora as in (2), aud of the previcate is the cdse, as in (3): Case-NPs wuth a case-clause ss modifier (1) a. the caaes in whicj a student failed the exam b. the case in which it might rain tomorrow Cawe-anapiowa (2) a.
for his comments on an early draft article. ARTICLE Situations, and the semantics The 2019 Abstract This argues that NPs case as head noun stand for in their role as truthmakers within a sentential or epistemic case space. The develops a unified semantic analysis of case-constructions of the various sorts within a version alternative Keywords semantics * Situations * Alternative semantics * Association with focus * Truthmaker semantics * Propositional attitudes Clausal complements Situations have come to play a role in semantic theory. have been advocated as an to worlds for more notion sentence meaning, in semantics (Barwise and Perry 1981; Kratzer 2014) and, more recently, truthmaker semantics (Fine 2012, 2014, 2017), or for the particular linguistic such perception definite descriptions, E-type adverbs of quantification and generic sentences. are generally considered important for semantics, their semantic is generally an implicit one, with situations acting parameters of evaluation, implicit arguments, or truthmakers, but as semantic values of referential NPs. This paper is about constructions that do involve explicit situations, namely noun phrases the noun case head Case-NPs, paper argue, involve to situations in their role as truthmakers within a space of that is, 'cases'. Case-constructions in English (and corresponding constructions in take form of NPs case as head noun a Friederike Moltmann fmoltmann@univ-paris1.fr 1 France Linguistics clausal (a as in (1), of as in (2), and of predicate is the case, a case-clause as modifier (1) a. the cases which a student failed the exam b. case in which it might rain tomorrow Case-anaphora (2) a.
 for his comments on an early drAft of this aRticlE. REsEArCh ARTiCLE situations, alteRNatiVes, and the semantics of 'caSes' FrIeDErikE moLtmanN1 © The AutHOr(S) 2019 aBstRaCt thiS pAPeR arguEs tHat NPs wIth case as hEad NoUn stand for siTUaTions in theIr rOle as truthmaKerS withiN a SenTEntiaL or EpistEmic caSE space. the paper dEvELops a uNIfied seMANtIc anAlysis of case-constRUcTIons of the varioUs sortS wIThIN A trUthMaker-based VeRsion OF alternATiVE SEmaNTics. Keywords SItuation semANtiCs * SituAtIonS * alternAtive SeMAntIcs * AssociatIon wIth focus * TRuthmaKEr semanTIcs * PropOsitioNal AttItudES * CLaUsaL cOMplEMeNts sItuAtions haVe CoMe to pLay a SIGNIficAnt Role In semAntic theory. ThEy hAve bEEn aDvocaTed as An alTeRnatiVe to poSsiblE wOrlds for a more fiNe-grAined notiOn oF sEntEnCe meaNIng, in sItuAtiOn semanTics (BarWIse AnD pERrY 1981; Kratzer 2014) and, more recEnTLY, tRuthmakeR semanTIcS (FINe 2012, 2014, 2017), or else FoR thE anaLYSis of PartICuLar linguIstic pHEnOmEna, such As PercepTiOn rEpoRts, deFInitE descrIptions, E-Type pROnouns, conditioNAls, adverbs of qUAnTIFiCAtioN anD generic senTencES. Yet WhilE SiTuaTIons aRe genErALlY Considered important FoR semanTics, tHeir semantic rOle is generALLY consideRed aN ImPLicit one, with siTuatiOns acting aS ParameteRs of eValuatioN, implicit ARGuments, oR trUthMakErs, BUT nOt as semantic vALUes oF rEferentIal nPs. This PapEr iS abOut CoNstructioNs that do InVoLvE eXplIcit rEFerence tO sItuAtIonS, nameLY noun pHraseS witH tHe NOun Case as hEAd (CASe-NPS). CAsE-NPs, ThiS pAper wIll aRGue, Involve Reference To sITuatIoNs In their Role as truthmaKeRs within a sPaCe oF alterNATives, thaT is, 'cases'. Case-constructioNS in EnglIsh (And coRresPonding coNstRuctioNs iN Other lAnguagEs) takE tHe fORM of NPS WItH caSe As head noun AND a & FRiedeRiKe MoLtmann fMoltmann@univ-paris1.fR 1 cNRs, Paris, France 123 LIngUistICS aNd PHIlOSopHy HTtpS://DOi.org/10.1007/s10988-019-09282-7(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) cLausal modiFiER (a Case-clause) AS in (1), Of Case-anaPhora as In (2), and OF the preDicate is tHe case, as iN (3): CAse-NpS WitH a case-clauSe as modiFier (1) a. the cASes in WHiCh a stUdeNt failEd The Exam b. The casE In wHich iT might RaIn tomoRrow CAsE-anaphorA (2) a.
 for his comments on an ea rly draftof th isart ic le.RESE ARCH ARTICLE S i tuat ions, alternatives, an d the  s e mant i cs  of ' cases'F ri e d eri ke  M olt ma n n1  © Th e A uthor(s ) 2019 Abs tra ct  This papera rg ues that N Pswith case as  he ad nou nsta n d for  si tuati ons in theirrole as t ru t hmaker s  within a  s ente ntial or epistemi c  c a se space. Thepaperde v el o p s a  un ified sema nt ic an a lysis o f  c a s e -co n structions of  the variou s  so rts wi th ina  truth maker -b a sed  version of  alt ernativesemant i cs. Key w ords Si tuatio n s ema ntic s  *  S itu at i ons *Alt e rna tive sem an ti cs *Asso c i a t ionwit h fo cus *  Truthmaker s ema ntic s  *Propo sitio nalat titud es * C lausa lcomplements Sit uati ons havecom etopl ay as ignifi can t r ole insemanti c  th eo r y .  T hey have been advo ca t e das an al ternat i ve  t o  possibl ewor ldsf o r a m oref in e-graine d noti o nof  senten ce  meani ng , i n s ituat i on s emanti cs (Barw ise a n d Perry 1981;K ratzer 2014)a nd , mo r e re cen tly, truthm aker sema ntic s  ( Fin e  2012 , 201 4, 20 1 7), or else for the  a nalysi s ofparticular li nguistic p h e n omena, s ucha sp erception repo rts,definite d e scriptio ns, E -type pr onouns, c o n ditional s,adv erb s o f qu antificationa n d ge ne ric sen ten ces. Ye t w hil e s itu at ions aregenerall yco ns id ere d imp o rtant fo rsem an tic s, th e ir sem antic  rol eis gen erallyc on s i dere dan  imp lic it  one,  wit h  si tuation s actingasp aram et er s of ev aluation, imp li cit argume nt s,or tru t h makers,but not as semantic val u es of r efe renti al N Ps. Thispap er isabo u t cons tructi ons t ha t d o invol v e  e xpl ic it referen c e  to  situ at ions , namel y noun phrases wit h  th e noun case a s h ead( c as e-N P s) .  Ca se - NPs , this paper will  argue, in vo l ve  reference tosi tuation s in th eir r o le as t ruthmaker s withinaspac e ofalternativ es, that  is, 'cas e s'. C a se -cons tru ctions  i n E nglis h (and cor respo ndingco nstruc tions  i n otherlanguages) take the for m of N Ps wi thcase as h ead nou n and a &  Fri ederike Mo ltm ann  fmol tma n n@uni v-pa r is 1.f r  1 CN RS,P aris, Fra n ce  12 3 Li nguistics a n d Phi losop hyh ttps:/ /doi .org/10.1007/s109 8 8-019-09282-7( 0123 4 5 678 9() . ,-vo lV )(0123456789() .,- vo l V ) clausa lmodifier (a  case-cl au s e) as  in (1 ), ofcase-an a p ho r a as i n (2 ),and of th e p re d icate i sth e  case,  asin  (3):Case-N P s wi t h  a case-clause a s mod i f ier ( 1 ) a . the  c ases in whic h a studen t failed th e exam  b.the c ase inwh ich it  mi gh t rain tom o rrow Case -anap hora (2 )a.
 for_his comments_on an early draft_of this_article._RESEARCH ARTICLE_Situations,_alternatives, and the_semantics of 'cases'_Friederike Moltmann1 © The_Author(s) 2019 Abstract_This_paper argues that NPs with case as head noun stand for situations in their_role_as truthmakers_within_a_sentential or epistemic case space._The paper develops a unified_semantic analysis_of case-constructions of the various sorts within a_truthmaker-based_version of alternative_semantics. Keywords Situation semantics * Situations * Alternative semantics_* Association with focus * Truthmaker_semantics * Propositional_attitudes_*_Clausal complements Situations have_come to play a significant role_in semantic theory. They have been_advocated as an alternative to possible worlds_for a more fine-grained notion of_sentence meaning, in situation semantics_(Barwise and_Perry 1981; Kratzer 2014) and,_more recently, truthmaker_semantics (Fine_2012, 2014, 2017),_or else for the analysis of_particular linguistic phenomena,_such as perception reports, definite descriptions,_E-type_pronouns, conditionals, adverbs_of_quantification_and generic_sentences. Yet while_situations_are generally_considered_important for semantics, their semantic role_is_generally considered an implicit one, with situations_acting as parameters of_evaluation,_implicit arguments, or truthmakers,_but not as semantic values_of referential NPs. This paper is_about constructions_that do_involve explicit reference to situations, namely noun phrases with the noun_case as head (case-NPs). Case-NPs, this_paper will argue, involve_reference to_situations_in their role_as_truthmakers within_a space of alternatives, that is, 'cases'._Case-constructions in_English (and corresponding constructions in other_languages) take the form_of_NPs with case as head noun_and a & Friederike Moltmann fmoltmann@univ-paris1.fr_1 CNRS, Paris, France 123_Linguistics_and_Philosophy https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-019-09282-7(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) clausal modifier (a_case-clause) as in (1), of case-anaphora_as in (2),_and of the predicate is the case,_as_in (3): Case-NPs with a case-clause_as_modifier (1) a. the cases in_which_a_student failed the exam b._the case in which it might_rain tomorrow Case-anaphora (2) a.