, if he knew an authority, which was supreme and final, was watching every word he said, and made signs of assent or dissent to each sentence, as he uttered it. Then indeed he would be fighting, as the Persian soldiers, under the lash, and the freedom of his intellect might truly be said to be beaten out of him.29 29 JOHN HENRY CARDINAL NEWMAN, APOLOGIA PRO VITA SUA AND SIX SERMONS 341-42 (Frank M. Turner ed., 2008). 2010] 269 JOURNAL OF CATHOLIC LEGAL STUDIES [Vol. 49:253 IV. THE GIVING OF AWARDS, HONORS, OR PLATFORMS BY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITIES, AND THE RELEVANCE OF DOUBLE EFFECT Let us recall that the bishops' statement does not speak against giving any and all honors to those, whether Catholic or non-Catholic, who act in defiance of the bishops' fundamental moral principles; the statement speaks, rather, against giving awards, honors, or platforms to such persons, whether Catholic or non-Catholic, "which would suggest support for their actions.""o Thus we might now ask: (1) when does giving such awards, honors, or platforms run the risk of suggesting support for the actions of "defiant" individuals or groups?; and (2) if there is any doubt about the matter, who is entitled or authorized to decide whether giving awards, honors, or platforms to a particular "defiant" party suggests support for that party's actions? Here, it is important to observe that the decision of a particular Catholic university or Catholic law school to give awards, honors, or platforms might be motivated by a number of differing concerns. Awards, honors, or platforms might be given to air and discuss contested topics, which, as Newman states, is essential to the discernment of truth; to open up new channels for political dialogue; to provide venues for the pursuit of neglected questions or neglected truths; to call attention to pressing social, political, or religious needs; to enhance the public recognition or stature of the university itself; or even to gain favor with people or groups that control large amounts of power or financial resources. All of these concerns seem to have been operative in the decision by the University of Notre Dame to honor President Obama at the university's commencement exercises in 2009. Just as there may be a number of potential advantages to a university
, if he knew an authority, which was supreme and final, was watch every parole he said, and made signs of assent or protest to each sentence, as he uttered it. Then indeed he would be fighting, as the iranian soldier, under the lash, and the exemption of his intellectual might truly be suppose to be beaten out of him.29 29 JOHN HENRY CARDINAL NEWMAN, APOLOGIA PRO VITA SUA AND SIX SERMONS 341 - 42 (Frank M. Turner ed. , 2008). 2010 ] 269 JOURNAL OF CATHOLIC LEGAL STUDIES [ Vol. 49:253 IV. THE GIVING OF AWARDS, HONORS, OR PLATFORMS BY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITIES, AND THE RELEVANCE OF DOUBLE EFFECT Let us recall that the bishop' statement does not speak against giving any and all honor to those, whether Catholic or non - Catholic, who act in defiance of the bishops' fundamental moral principles; the argument speaks, rather, against giving awards, honors, or platform to such persons, whether Catholic or non - Catholic, " which would suggest support for their actions. ""o Thus we might nowadays ask: (1) when does giving such awards, honors, or platforms run the risk of suggesting support for the actions of " defiant " person or groups? ; and (2) if there is any doubt about the topic, who is ennoble or empower to decide whether giving awards, honor, or platforms to a particular " defiant " party suggests support for that party's actions? Here, it is authoritative to observe that the decision of a particular Catholic university or Catholic law school to give awards, honor, or platforms might be motivated by a number of differing concern. award, honors, or platforms might be given to air and discuss contest topics, which, as Newman states, is essential to the discernment of truth; to open up new channels for political dialogue; to put up venues for the pursuit of neglect questions or neglect truths; to bid attention to press social, political, or religious needs; to enhance the public recognition or stature of the university itself; or even to gain favor with people or group that control big amounts of power or financial resources. All of these concerns look to have been operative in the decision by the University of Notre Dame to respect President Obama at the university's commencement exercises in 2009. Just as there may be a number of potential advantages to a university
, if he knew an authority, whlch was supreme cbd finel, was satching every word he said, and made sugns if assent or dissent tu each sejtence, aw he yttered it. Then indeed hs wounv be fighting, ax the Pershan soldiers, utddr the lash, and the freedom of his ineellect mlght truly be faid eo bs beaten out of him.29 29 JOHN HENRY CADDINAL IEWMAN, APOLOGIA PRO VITA SUA AND SIX SERMLNS 341-42 (Frank M. Turner ed., 2008). 2010] 269 JOURNAL OF SQTHOLIC LEGAU STUDIES [Nml. 49:253 IV. THE GIVING OF AWARDS, HONORS, OR PLAGFORMX BY CATHOOIX UJHVERSITIES, END THV RELEVANCE ON DOUBLA EFFECY Let us recalk tiat rhe bishops' statement does not speak agwinst givhny any and all honors ro thosg, whedher Xatfoljc od non-Cwthklic, who adt in defiabce of the bishops' gugeamental moram prinsi[les; the statement speaks, rather, againsu givjng awards, honors, or plqtforms to such persojs, whethew Catholic or non-Catholic, "which would suggest sup[ort hof tkclr azrilns.""o Thus we might now ask: (1) when does giving fhcn swards, honors, jr platformx gum the risk of ruggescjnf support for the wctions of "dwfiant" inqivicuals or groups?; and (2) if theee is any dolbt qbout the matter, wko is entitlzd or suthotized to decide whether givjng awards, jonors, or olatforms to a pxrtpculdr "defiant" party suggests fupport fir tkat parth's avtions? Here, it id important to observe tjat tke dewision of w particular Catholic universitb or Catholic ldw vchool tj givc awards, honors, or platforms kight bz motixated by a number of differigg concerns. Afwrds, honors, mr platfjrms migyt be gkxen to air and discuss boutested tipics, which, as Newkan atates, is essencnao to the discermmevt jf tcuth; em open up nef chxnndks fof political aialpgue; to provide venuas fkr the pursuit of menlected qoestions jr neglected yruths; to call atttntion to presxind social, political, or religioua needs; tl ekhance the puflic recognition or stature of the university itself; or even to gain favoe with people or grpmps that convrol lwrge amoutts of power or finabcial resources. Akl of these concerns aeem tm havf been operative in the decision by the University of Notre Dame to honor Presivegt Obama at the univvrsnty'x commqncelxnt exercises in 2009. Just as there may be a number uf potendicl advantages to a university
, if he knew an authority, which and was watching word he said, or to each sentence, he uttered it. indeed he would be fighting, as Persian soldiers, under the lash, and the freedom of his intellect might truly said to be beaten out of him.29 29 JOHN HENRY CARDINAL NEWMAN, APOLOGIA VITA AND SERMONS (Frank M. Turner ed., 2008). 2010] 269 JOURNAL OF CATHOLIC LEGAL STUDIES [Vol. 49:253 IV. THE OF AWARDS, HONORS, OR PLATFORMS BY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITIES, THE RELEVANCE OF DOUBLE Let us recall that the statement not speak giving and honors to those, Catholic or non-Catholic, who act in defiance of the bishops' fundamental moral principles; the statement speaks, rather, giving awards, platforms to persons, Catholic non-Catholic, "which would for their actions.""o Thus we might when does giving such awards, honors, or platforms the risk suggesting support for the actions of individuals or groups?; and (2) if there is doubt about the matter, who is entitled or authorized to decide whether giving awards, honors, to a particular "defiant" suggests support for party's Here, is to observe the decision of a particular Catholic university or Catholic law school give awards, honors, or platforms might be motivated by a differing Awards, honors, or might be given to and contested topics, which, as is to truth; open new channels for political to provide venues for the of neglected questions or to pressing social, political, or religious needs; to the public recognition or stature of the itself; or even to gain favor with people or groups that control amounts of financial resources. All of these concerns seem to been operative in the by the University of Notre Dame to honor President at university's commencement in 2009. Just there may be number of potential a university
, if he knew an authority, which wAs supreme aNd finAl, wAs wAtChinG eveRy word he said, anD Made Signs of assent or dissent To eacH sENtenCE, aS he utTered it. tHeN INdeEd He WouLd BE fIghtiNg, aS the PerSian soldieRs, uNdEr the lash, and THe Freedom of hIs iNtellect mighT trUly be sAiD to BE beatEn oUt of hIm.29 29 JOHN heNRY CArDINAL NEWmAn, aPOLOGia PRO VITa suA aND SiX SERMONS 341-42 (Frank M. TuRNeR Ed., 2008). 2010] 269 JOURNAL OF CAThOLIC LeGal StudIEs [VoL. 49:253 IV. THE GIVInG oF AWArdS, HONORs, oR platFOrmS BY CATHOLIC UnIVERSITIES, anD ThE RELEvAnCE of DOUBLe EFFEcT lEt uS recall that The bIshops' staTement DOes not sPEak agaiNst givIng Any And aLL hOnOrs To THosE, WhEthER CaTholic or NoN-CAtholIc, whO ACT In deFiaNce oF the bIshops' fundameNtaL morAL prIncipLes; thE staTeMent sPeaks, rAther, AgAinst giving awarDs, hoNors, or plaTfoRmS to SuCh perSOns, wheTheR CaTholic oR non-CatHOliC, "wHICH wOuld suggest support FoR THeIr actionS.""o Thus WE mIgHT now ask: (1) wHeN doEs giVINg sucH awaRDs, Honors, or PlatfoRMs RuN the risK oF suggeStIng SupPort fOR the ActionS of "defiaNt" indIViduals or groupS?; And (2) if there is aNY dOUBt ABout The Matter, who is EntiTLed oR autHOrIzeD To decIde whEtHEr GIving awards, honors, or PlAtformS to a pArticular "defiAnt" party suGGESts suppoRt foR ThAT party's actions? here, iT is importaNT to obserVe thaT the deciSion of a paRTIcular CaThoLic UniVerSITy Or Catholic law SCHool To Give awaRds, Honors, oR plAtfOrmS miGhT be motivaTed by a nuMbEr Of DiFfeRing cONcerns. AwArDs, hOnOrs, Or plaTForms mIght bE givEn To AIr aNd discuSS cONTestEd ToPics, WhiCh, As NewMan sTAteS, is esseNtial to thE diSCernMeNt Of truth; To open up new chAnNels for polItIcaL dialoGUE; to proviDe venues for the pursuit of NEglecteD quEstioNs or Neglected TruThs; to cAll ATtentiOn to prEssinG sOciAL, PolitICAl, Or rElIgious needS; TO enHance ThE pubLic recoGnition or stature of THe uNiversity itseLf; oR eveN TO gAin FAvOR wiTh PEopLE Or groups that conTrol large aMoUNtS of power or FInaNcIal resoUrces. AlL of thESe conceRns seem to Have been oPeRatiVE In tHe decision By the UniVersity of nOtre DAMe To honOr PResideNt obaMa at tHe univERsiTy's coMmenceMeNt exerCises In 2009. just as thEre may be a number of potentIal advAntagEs tO a universIty
, if he knew an authority,  which was  supr eme  an dfina l, w as watching ev e ry w ord he said, and madesigns  o f  ass e nt  or d issentt oe a chse nt enc e, as  he u tte red it.  Then inde edhe  would be fi g ht ing, as th e P ersian soldi ers , unde rthe lash,  an d the  freed o m of h is intell ec t  might truly b e sa id t o be beaten out o f  h i m.29 29 JOHN H ENRY C AR D IN A L  NE WMA N, APOLOGI APRO V I TA SUAA ND S I X S E RMONS 341-42(Frank M. T u rne r ed.,  2 008 ) . 2010 ] 269  J O URN AL OF CATHO LICLEGAL STU DIES [ V ol. 49: 2 53 IV.THE GI VIN G O F AW A RD S,  HO NO R S,O RPLA T FOR MS BY CA TH OL IC UN IVER S I T I ES,AND  THE  RELE VANCE OF DOUB LEEFFE C T L et us  reca ll t ha t the  bisho ps' s ta tement does not  spe ak agains t g iv ing  a ny an d  all h ono rsto thos e, whet h erCa t h o li c or non-Catholic,  w h o  a ct in de fiance of  t h e bishop s'  fu ndam e n tal m oral pr inciples ; thes ta te ment sp ea ks, ra th er,  ag ainst givi ng awa rds, hon ors,o r platforms to such persons, wh e t he r  Cat hol ic or non-C atho l ic,"whi c hwou l d sug gestsu p po r t for their actions ." "o Thu s wemight now ask : (1) when d o es givin g su c ha wards, honors,  or p latforms r u n the ri sk of  suggest ing suppo r t  for the  ac tio nsof" d ef iant" individ u a ls o rgroups? ; a nd (2)ifthe reisan y doubt a bout the  m at te r,  wh o ise ntitledor  au th ori zed t o  decid e whe ther  g iv i ngawards, ho n o rs,or  p latf orm sto apart i cul ar "def iant" par tys ugge st ssupport  for that par ty 's actions ?Her e, iti s  importa nt to observe that thed ecision  of  a pa rtic ular Cath oli c univ ers i ty orCathol ic la wsch o o l tog i ve  aw ar ds, honors , orplatf or ms m ight be  motivated by a nu m ber  of differing  co ncer n s .Awa r ds ,  ho no r s,o r  platforms migh t be given  t o  a ir and dis c uss  c onteste d topic s, wh i ch, asNewman st ates, ises sent i a l t o the disc ernmentof truth; to op e nup ne w c hannel sfor  poli ticald ial ogue;  to pr ov ide ve nuesfo r the pu rsuit of neglected ques tionsor ne gle cted trut hs; tocall atte ntio n to press ing  so cial,  po l itica l, o r  r eli g iousneed s ; to enha n ce  th e pu blic recogn i t i onor st atu r e of t he u niversity itself; or even to gai n fa v o r w ith peop le  or groups tha t c on t r ol large  a mounts of p ower orfi n ancia l reso urces.  All of t he s e conc erns  se em to hav e b ee n  operat iv ei n thedeci si on bythe Un i vers i t y of Notre Dameto ho n o r Pre s ide nt Ob am a at th e  uni versity'scommencemen t exer cise s in2009. J us t as t her emay be a n u mber of p otent ial adv an tage s t o a un iver s i ty
, if_he knew_an authority, which was_supreme and_final,_was watching_every_word he said,_and made signs_of assent or dissent_to each sentence,_as_he uttered it. Then indeed he would be fighting, as the Persian soldiers, under_the_lash, and_the_freedom_of his intellect might truly_be said to be beaten_out of_him.29 29 JOHN HENRY CARDINAL NEWMAN, APOLOGIA PRO_VITA_SUA AND SIX_SERMONS 341-42 (Frank M. Turner ed., 2008). 2010] 269_JOURNAL OF CATHOLIC LEGAL STUDIES [Vol._49:253 IV. THE_GIVING_OF_AWARDS, HONORS, OR PLATFORMS_BY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITIES, AND THE RELEVANCE_OF DOUBLE EFFECT Let us recall_that the bishops' statement does not speak_against giving any and all honors_to those, whether Catholic or_non-Catholic, who_act in defiance of the_bishops' fundamental moral_principles; the_statement speaks, rather,_against giving awards, honors, or platforms_to such persons,_whether Catholic or non-Catholic, "which would_suggest_support for their_actions.""o_Thus_we might_now ask: (1)_when_does giving_such_awards, honors, or platforms run the_risk_of suggesting support for the actions of_"defiant" individuals or groups?;_and_(2) if there is_any doubt about the matter,_who is entitled or authorized to_decide whether_giving awards,_honors, or platforms to a particular "defiant" party suggests support for_that party's actions? Here, it is_important to observe that_the decision_of_a particular Catholic_university_or Catholic_law school to give awards, honors, or_platforms might_be motivated by a number of_differing concerns. Awards, honors,_or_platforms might be given to air_and discuss contested topics, which, as_Newman states, is essential to_the_discernment_of truth; to open up_new channels for political dialogue; to_provide venues for_the pursuit of neglected questions or neglected_truths;_to call attention to pressing social,_political,_or religious needs; to enhance the_public_recognition_or stature of the university_itself; or even to gain favor_with people or groups that control large amounts of_power or financial_resources. All of these concerns_seem_to_have been operative in the decision by the University of_Notre Dame_to honor President_Obama at the university's commencement exercises in 2009. Just as_there may be a number of potential_advantages to a university