 I take it that the question must be directed at the status of photographs and the photographic process. A photograph is, necessarily, the product of the photographic process. 'Photograph' is ambiguous between at least two senses.14 In one use of the term, 'photograph' refers to the numerically distinct material object which is the product of a photographic process. Examples of these objects include polished metal plates marked by raised chemical deposits; sheets of paper with uniformly glossy chemically-treated surfaces and LCD screens (Liquid Crystal Displays) which display an image when electronic pixels of the screen emit light of different wavelengths. Some products of the photographic process are valued just for their material properties.15 However, a material object is properly called a photograph when it displays a photograph, in the second sense of the term. In its second sense, 'photograph' refers to a visual image that is displayed.16 Thus a photograph (image) is available to be viewed insofar as it is displayed by a 14 I later introduce the idea that 'photograph' can also be used with a third sense: as a term for photopictures. The present account is neutral about this possibility. 15 Computer chips are the products of a photographic process, but they do not display images. We would not standardly call them 'photographs', although it would be possible to do so. I suggest we instead acknowledge them as 'photo-objects' and reserve the term 'photograph' for photo-objects that display a photo-image. 16 In highlighting a distinction between the photo-object and photo-image, I am influenced by Lambert Wiesing's work on the Philosophy of the Image; though I am not employing these terms in ways that he has defined. See Wiesing, L. (2009). DAWN M. PHILLIPS 10 photograph (object). In what follows, where it is important to distinguish these senses, I use the terms photo-object and photo-image. Importantly both uses of the term presuppose a specific causal history: a photograph (in either sense) is the product of a photographic process. Whilst the photo-object has some of its material properties (e.g. size and shape) independently of the photographic process, the photographic process enables it to acquire the specific properties which cause it to display a photo-image. The visible properties of the photo-image are determined by the material properties of the photo-object after it has undergone the photographic process. If we are concerned with establishing that a photograph is mind-
I take it that the question must be directed at the status of photograph and the photographic procedure. A photograph is, necessarily, the product of the photographic procedure.' Photograph' is equivocal between at least two senses.14 In one use of the term,' photograph' refers to the numerically discrete material object which is the merchandise of a photographic process. Examples of these object include polished alloy plate marked by raised chemical deposits; sheets of paper with uniformly glistening chemically - treated surfaces and LCD screens (Liquid Crystal Displays) which expose an image when electronic pixels of the screen emit light of different wavelength. Some products of the photographic process are valued just for their material properties.15 However, a corporeal object is properly called a photograph when it displays a photograph, in the second sense of the term. In its second sense,' photograph' refers to a visual image that is displayed.16 Thus a photograph (image) is available to be viewed insofar as it is displayed by a 14 I later introduce the idea that' photograph' can besides be use with a third sense: as a terminus for photopictures. The present explanation is neutral about this possibility. 15 Computer chips are the product of a photographic procedure, but they do not display images. We would not standardly predict them' photographs', although it would be possible to do so. I suggest we rather acknowledge them as' photo - objects' and reserve the condition' photograph' for photo - object that display a photo - image. 16 In highlighting a distinction between the photograph - object and photo - image, I am influenced by Lambert Wiesing's work on the Philosophy of the Image; though I am not employing these terms in ways that he has define. See Wiesing, L. (2009). DAWN M. PHILLIPS 10 photograph (aim). In what follows, where it is important to distinguish these senses, I use the terminus photo - aim and photo - image. Importantly both use of the term presuppose a specific causal history: a photograph (in either sense) is the intersection of a photographic process. Whilst the photograph - object has some of its material property (e.g. size and shape) independently of the photographic process, the photographic process enables it to get the specific properties which cause it to expose a photo - image. The visible properties of the photo - image are determined by the material place of the photo - object after it has undergone the photographic process. If we are concerned with establishing that a photograph is mind-
 I hake it that the questiok must be directgd at thx statua of phogographs and the photographir pricess. A photograph is, necesrarily, thv product of uhe photographic 'docess. 'Ikotogdwph' ns ambiguous beteeen at ledst two senses.14 Iv lne use of the term, 'photograph' refews to tne numerically dystimst mznevial object which is the product of a piotographic provess. Examples of these objfcts include polished letal platew mawjed by raisea chemical deposits; shgets of paper with uniformly glorsy ckemically-trgcred vurfaces anv LCD fcreens (Liqulc Crysdal Disllays) which dixpley ab image when electronmc pixels of the scrgen emit lhgkt of different wavelwntths. Vome proayctr or vhe photohra'hic procesa are valuee just for their maueryql properties.15 Howevqr, a material object is properly called a phktograph when it displats a photograph, in thg second sqnse of the term. In its second sense, 'photograph' rafers go c visuxo lmage that is displayed.16 Thus a photograph (imads) os available to ne viewed insofar ss iy is displayed by a 14 I mater introduce thf idea jhat 'pyotograph' can also be used with a third wense: as a tvrm dor photopictures. Che present cccounj is nrutral about this possiyility. 15 Computer fhips are ghe products of x pmotmgraphic process, but they qo not diwplav images. We eould got standagdly gdll them 'photograpjs', aljhough it would he possible to do so. I suggest xx instead ackmoflegge them as 'pmoto-objects' and reserve the tgrm 'photoyraph' wor photo-ogjects vhat display a photo-image. 16 In highlighving a diftinxtiob betwedv the photo-objrct and pkjto-inage, I am influenccd by Mambert Wiesing'w wirk on the Philpsoohy ov vhe Iidge; though I am vot rmplohing thtfe germx in ways that he hav derined. See Wiesing, K. (2009). DAWN M. KHILLIPS 10 photograph (onject). In what folllws, wiere iv is ikpottant to distinguish these sensss, I use hhe terms photo-jbjegt agd photo-imcge. Importantly both uses of the term prxsuppose a specific caosal history: a photogtapm (in either xense) is the psoduct of a photographic process. Whilxt the photo-object haa some of ihs material properties (e.g. size and shape) independently of the photographix procxsf, the photofrapnic pgoczss enablqs iv vo acquire the spvcific properties which cause it to dispnav a photo-image. The visible prppdrties of the photo-image are determinsd by thr material properties of the phpto-object after it has ukdergone rhe pgotographir process. If we are voncerued wirh estavlisming that a phutobrwph is mijd-
I take it that the question must at status of and the photographic the of the photographic 'Photograph' is ambiguous at least two senses.14 In one of the term, 'photograph' refers to the numerically distinct material object which is product of a photographic process. Examples of these objects include polished metal plates by chemical sheets paper with uniformly glossy chemically-treated surfaces and LCD screens (Liquid Crystal Displays) which display an image electronic pixels of the screen emit light of wavelengths. Some products of photographic process are valued just their properties.15 However, material is called a photograph it displays a photograph, in the second sense of the term. In its second sense, 'photograph' refers a visual is displayed.16 a (image) available to be as it is displayed by a introduce the idea that 'photograph' can also be with a sense: as a term for photopictures. present account is neutral about this possibility. 15 chips are the products of a photographic process, but they do not display images. We standardly call them 'photographs', it would be to so. suggest instead acknowledge as 'photo-objects' and reserve the term 'photograph' for photo-objects that display photo-image. 16 In highlighting a distinction between the photo-object and am by Lambert Wiesing's on the Philosophy of Image; I am not employing in that See L. DAWN M. PHILLIPS 10 (object). In what follows, where is important to distinguish terms photo-object and photo-image. Importantly both uses of term presuppose a specific causal history: a (in either sense) is the product of a photographic process. Whilst the has some material properties (e.g. size and shape) independently of photographic process, the photographic enables it to acquire the specific properties which cause to a photo-image. visible properties of photo-image are determined the material properties photo-object after has the we are concerned with establishing that photograph mind-
 I take it that the question musT be directeD at thE stAtuS oF phoTogrAphs and the photOGrapHic process. A photograph iS, neceSsARily, THe ProduCt of the PHoTOGraPhIc ProCeSS. 'PHotogRapH' is ambiGuous betweEn aT lEast two senseS.14 in One use of thE teRm, 'photograph' RefErs to tHe NumERicalLy dIstinCt mateRIal objEct which iS tHE produCT of a phoTOGrAphiC process. Examples oF ThESe objects incluDe poliShED mETAl pLatEs marked by RaIsed cHEmical dEPoSITS; shEEts of paper witH uniformly gLOssY chemiCaLly-TReated SurfaCeS And lCD screens (LIquiD Crystal DIsplayS) Which diSPlay an iMage whEn eLecTronIC pIxEls Of THe sCReEn eMIt lIght of diFfErEnt waVeleNGTHS. SomE prOducTs of tHe photographiC prOcesS Are ValueD just For tHeIr matErial pRoperTiEs.15 However, a materIal oBject is prOpeRlY caLlEd a phOTograpH whEn iT displaYs a photOGraPh, IN THe Second sense of the teRm. iN ItS second sEnse, 'phOToGrAPh' refers To A viSual IMAge thAt is DIsPlayed.16 ThUs a phoTOgRaPh (image) Is AvailaBlE to Be vIewed INsofAr as it Is displaYed by A 14 i later introducE The idea that 'phOToGRApH' Can aLso Be used with a ThirD SensE: as a TErM foR PhotoPictuReS. thE Present account is neuTrAl abouT this Possibility. 15 CoMputer chipS ARE the prodUcts OF a PHotographic proCess, bUt they do noT Display iMages. we would nOt standarDLY call theM 'phOtoGraPhs', ALThOugh it would be POSsibLe To do so. I SugGest we iNstEad AckNowLeDge them as 'Photo-objEcTs' AnD rEseRve thE Term 'photOgRapH' fOr pHoto-oBJects tHat diSplaY a PhOTo-iMage. 16 In hIGhLIGhtiNg A dIstiNctIoN betwEen tHE phOto-objeCt and photO-imAGe, I aM iNfLuenced By Lambert WiesInG's work on thE PHilOsophy OF The Image; Though I am not employing thESe terms In wAys thAt he Has defineD. SeE WiesiNg, L. (2009). daWN M. PHiLLIPS 10 PhotoGrAph (OBJect). IN WHaT foLlOws, where it IS ImpOrtanT tO disTinguisH these senses, I use thE TerMs photo-object And PhotO-IMaGe. IMPoRTanTlY BotH USes of the term preSuppose a spEcIFiC causal hisTOry: A pHotograPh (in eitHer seNSe) is the Product of A photograPhIc prOCEss. whilst the pHoto-objeCt has some OF its mATeRial pRopErties (E.g. SizE and sHape) inDEpeNdentLy of thE pHotogrAphic PrOcess, the Photographic process enabLes it tO acquIre The specifIc pROpeRties whicH cauSe it to dispLay A phOto-imAge. tHe visIble PRoPerTIes of The pHOto-image aRE dEteRMInEd by the mateRIAL prOpertIes OF the phOto-oBject after it has unDErgone the photoGrapHIC prOceSS. If wE aRe concerned witH esTaBLIshing thAt A photograph Is mind-
 I take it that the questi on must be  dire cte d a tthestat us of photogra p hs a nd the photographic pr ocess .A  pho t og raphis, nec e ss a r ily ,th e p ro d uc t ofthe  photog raphic pro ces s.  'Photograph '  i s ambiguou s b etween at le ast  two s en ses . 14 In  on e use  of th e  term,  'photogr ap h ' refe r s to th e nu meri cally distinct ma t er i al object whic h is t he pr o d uct  of  a photogr ap hic p r ocess.E xa m p l eso f these objec ts includep oli shed m et alp latesmarke db y r aised chemi caldeposits;  sheet s  of pap e r withunifor mly  gl ossy ch em ica ll y -tr e at eds urf aces and  L CD  scre ens( L i q uidCry stal  Disp lays) which d isp laya n i magewhenelec tr onicpixels  of t he  screen emit li ghtof differ ent  w ave le ngths .  Somepro duc ts of t he phot o gra ph i c pr ocess are valued j us t fo r theirmateri a lpr o perties. 15  Ho weve r ,  a ma teri a lobject i s prop e rl ycalledaphotog ra phwhe n itd ispl ays aphotogra ph, i n  the second se n se of the ter m .I n  i t s se con d sense, 'p hoto g raph ' re f er s t o  a vi sualim a ge that is displayed.1 6Thus a  phot ograph (image ) is avail a b l e to beview e di nsofar as it i s dis played bya  14 I la ter i ntroduce  the idea t hat 'pho tog rap h'can a ls o be used wit h a th ir d sense : a s a ter m f orpho top ic tures. Th e presen tac co un t i s neu t ral abou tthi spos sibil i ty. 15  Comp uter  c hi p s a re thep ro d u ctsof  a  pho tog ra phicproc e ss,  but th ey do not  di s play  i ma ges. We  would not st an dardly cal lthe m 'pho t o graphs',  although it would be p o ssibletodo so . Isuggest w e i nstead  ac k nowled ge the m as'p hot o - objec t s 'and  r eserve the t erm  'pho to grap h' forphoto-objects that dis play a photo- ima ge.1 6  I n h i gh l igh ti n g a d istinction betw een the ph ot o -o bject andp hot o- image,I am in fluen c ed by L ambert Wi esing's w or k on t hePhilosophy  of theImage; th o ugh I am  notemp loying  t hes e ter ms inw ays  that  he ha sdefine d. Se eWiesing,  L. (2009). DAWN M. PHI LLIPS10 ph oto graph (ob jec t ).In what f ollo ws, whereitisimpor tan t  to d isti n gu ish these  sen s es, I use th e t e r ms  photo-obje c t and  phot o-i m age. I mpor tantly both useso f the term pre supp o s e a  sp e cifi ccausal history : a  p h o tograph(i n either se nse) isth e  prod uct of  a pho tograph i c  p r ocess.  Whi lst  the phot o-o bj e ct hasso me of its  mat er ial pr operti e s (e . g . size and shape ) ind e p enden t lyof th ephotogr a phic  process,the photogr aphicproc ess e nablesit  to ac qui re  the speci f ic proper tieswhich c au se i t t o disp laya photo -ima ge . T he visibl e pr o pe rt i esof t he ph ot o-im age are d e termined  by the mat er ial p ropert i es o f the phot o-o bject a fter it ha s  und e rg o ne th e phot ograph ic proc e ss.  I f we ar e c o n cerned wi th establ i shi ng  tha t a phot og raph  i s m in d-
 I_take it_that the question must_be directed_at_the status_of_photographs and the_photographic process. A_photograph is, necessarily, the_product of the_photographic_process. 'Photograph' is ambiguous between at least two senses.14 In one use of the_term,_'photograph' refers_to_the_numerically distinct material object which_is the product of a_photographic process._Examples of these objects include polished metal plates_marked_by raised chemical_deposits; sheets of paper with uniformly glossy chemically-treated surfaces_and LCD screens (Liquid Crystal Displays)_which display an_image_when_electronic pixels of the_screen emit light of different wavelengths._Some products of the photographic process_are valued just for their material properties.15_However, a material object is properly_called a photograph when it_displays a_photograph, in the second sense_of the term._In its_second sense, 'photograph'_refers to a visual image that_is displayed.16 Thus_a photograph (image) is available to_be_viewed insofar as_it_is_displayed by_a 14 I_later_introduce the_idea_that 'photograph' can also be used_with_a third sense: as a term for_photopictures. The present account_is_neutral about this possibility._15 Computer chips are the_products of a photographic process, but_they do_not display_images. We would not standardly call them 'photographs', although it would_be possible to do so. I_suggest we instead acknowledge_them as_'photo-objects'_and reserve the_term_'photograph' for_photo-objects that display a photo-image. 16 In_highlighting a_distinction between the photo-object and photo-image,_I am influenced by_Lambert_Wiesing's work on the Philosophy of_the Image; though I am not_employing these terms in ways_that_he_has defined. See Wiesing, L._(2009). DAWN M. PHILLIPS 10 photograph_(object). In what_follows, where it is important to distinguish_these_senses, I use the terms photo-object_and_photo-image. Importantly both uses of the_term_presuppose_a specific causal history: a_photograph (in either sense) is the_product of a photographic process. Whilst the photo-object has_some of its_material properties (e.g. size and_shape)_independently_of the photographic process, the photographic process enables it to_acquire the_specific properties which_cause it to display a photo-image. The visible properties of_the photo-image are determined by the material_properties of the photo-object after it has undergone the photographic process._If we are concerned with establishing that a_photograph is mind-