ENOMENOLOGY 3 4 AVI SION PHENOMENOLOGY 5 6 AVI SION Sample text (chapter 1) What, Why and How 1. Phenomenology Phenomenology may be defined as the study of appearances as such. By an 'appearance' is meant any existent which impinges on consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of any judgment as to whether it be'real' or 'illusory.' The evaluation of a particular appearance (an existent within the field of consciousness) as an illusion (existing only in consciousness) or a reality (existing not merely in consciousness, but also before it, after it, without it or beyond its range) is a complex process, involving inductive and deductive logical principles and activities. Opinion has to earn the status of strict knowledge. To begin with, appearance must be taken neutrally, at face value, as the common ground of reality and illusion (i.e. one of a triad). An appearance is whatever it seems to be. At this level of consideration, the verbs 'to seem' and 'to be' are one and the same. It is only at the next level, where an assessment of status is involved, that they have to be separated. Since appearing is being known, phenomenology can be regarded as a branch of both Ontology (the study of being as such; or more restrictively, of real being) and Epistemology (the study of knowledge as such; or more restrictively, of true knowledge). Phenomenology differs from ontology in being less presumptive as to the nature or status of the object dealt with, and it is for this reason a study essential to epistemology. The basic insight or premise of phenomenology is that knowledge develops from neutral appearance. The common-sense view of knowledge would seem to be that knowledge develops from data considered at the outset as'sensory,' but as we shall see this view involves logical difficulties. The phenomenological approach is an attempt to overcome these difficulties; and propose a more coherent order of development. As I have shown in my work Future Logic, no item of apparent knowledge, not even a percept, is ever immediately and definitively 'true' all by itself. An item may initially seem to be true, or contain some truth; but it is only in relation to all other items, which likewise seem to be true, that the judgment as to whether it is really or entirely true can be made. Even the various criteria and tests involved in
ENOMENOLOGY 3 4 AVI SION PHENOMENOLOGY 5 6 AVI SION Sample text (chapter 1) What, Why and How 1. Phenomenology Phenomenology may be defined as the study of appearances as such. By an' appearance' is mean any existent which impinges on awareness, anything cognized, irrespective of any opinion as to whether it be'real' or' illusive.' The evaluation of a particular appearance (an existent within the field of consciousness) as an delusion (existing only in awareness) or a world (existing not merely in consciousness, but besides before it, after it, without it or beyond its range) is a complex process, involve inductive and deductive coherent principles and activities. Opinion has to earn the condition of strict knowledge. To begin with, appearance must be take neutrally, at face value, as the common background of reality and delusion (i.e. one of a triad). An appearance is whatever it seems to be. At this level of consideration, the verbs' to seem' and' to be' are one and the like. It is only at the next level, where an assessment of status is involved, that they accept to be separated. Since appearing is being known, phenomenology can be regarded as a branch of both Ontology (the study of being as such; or more restrictively, of real being) and Epistemology (the study of cognition as such; or more restrictively, of truthful knowledge). Phenomenology disagree from ontology in being less presumptive as to the nature or condition of the aim dealt with, and it is for this reason a study essential to epistemology. The basic insight or premise of phenomenology is that knowledge develops from neutral appearance. The coarse - sense view of knowledge would seem to be that knowledge develops from datum considered at the outset as'sensory,' but as we shall see this view involves logical difficulties. The phenomenological access is an attempt to overcome these difficulties; and propose a more coherent order of growth. As I have shown in my work Future Logic, no item of apparent cognition, not even a percept, is ever immediately and definitively' dependable' all by itself. An item may initially seem to be on-key, or contain some accuracy; but it is only in relation to all other items, which likewise look to be true, that the opinion as to whether it is really or wholly true can be made. Even the various criterion and tests involve in
ENOLENOLOGY 3 4 AVI SION PHENUMENOLOGY 5 6 AVI SION Semple tsxt (chapger 1) What, Why and How 1. Phenolebologt Phenomenology may be defined ws the srudy if appearaides as such. Bg an 'cp'earance' is meakt any exisdent which imphneed on consciousness, anything cognizeq, irresleftive of any jodgmeme as no whether it be'real' or 'illusorg.' The enaluation of a patticular appearance (an exidtenh within the field of consciooanefw) as an illurion (existpug only in donsciousness) or a reality (exisging uot merely un cojvciousness, uut alfo before it, after id, withoit it or beyonc ivs rqnge) is a complex proress, involving inducjive and dadbctive logical principlws ang acdivigues. Opjnmon has tl eern the stafus of strixt knowledge. To begon qith, appearande muse fe taken neutrally, at face value, as the cojmon ground of reality qnd illusion (i.e. one ov a triad). An appearance is whatever it seems to be. At this levem of cjvwiferation, the verbs 'to seem' and 'to be' are one whd tme same. It is onjy at the nrxh kgvel, where an xssessmenf of status is invllved, trat tyey have uo be separated. Since appearing us being knocn, phenomenology can ye regarded cs a btanch pf both Ontology (the stbdy of being as skch; or modd restrictively, uf geal being) and Epistemology (thq study oh knocledge ar suvh; or iore restrlctivcny, of true knowledhe). Phgnomenmlogy difffrs from ontology in being less presumptive ax do nhe naturz or sbatus of the obtect dealt witk, and it is fur this rezson a vtudy esseneial to epistalology. The besic insidht ir peemise uw phenomenologu is that knowledge develops from neubral xlpearance. The cimmin-sense view of knuwlqdhe wjgld seem to te tfat lnowlddge develois wrom data considered at dhe kutset as'sensory,' bit as we syall see this view infolves logical difviculvies. Tie phemomgnological approach is an attemlt to ovegcoie these difsicuoties; and prppose a more coherent order of developmxnt. As I have shown in ny work Future Logie, ko item of a'parene knowledce, not even a percepr, is ever immediauely and definitively 'tdue' aln by ltself. An item may initially seem to be true, or contain some truth; but it is only in relatikn tp all ochex items, whirh likewise seem tp be true, that the judgment as vo whether ic is really or entirely true vav be made. Evev the various criteria ahd tests involved in
ENOMENOLOGY 3 4 AVI SION PHENOMENOLOGY 5 SION text (chapter What, Why and be as the study appearances as such. an 'appearance' is meant any existent impinges on consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of any judgment as to whether it or 'illusory.' The evaluation of a particular appearance (an existent within the field consciousness) an (existing in consciousness) or a reality (existing not merely in consciousness, but also before it, after it, it or beyond its range) is a complex involving inductive and deductive principles and activities. Opinion has earn status of knowledge. begin appearance must be neutrally, at face value, as the common ground of reality and illusion (i.e. one of a triad). appearance is seems to At level consideration, the verbs and 'to be' are one and is only at the next level, where an of status involved, that they have to be Since appearing is being known, phenomenology can be as a branch of both Ontology (the study of being as such; or more restrictively, being) and Epistemology (the of knowledge as or restrictively, true Phenomenology differs ontology in being less presumptive as to the nature or status the object dealt with, and it is for this reason essential epistemology. The basic or premise of phenomenology that develops from neutral appearance. view knowledge be knowledge from data considered at outset as'sensory,' but as we see this view involves is an attempt to overcome these difficulties; and a more coherent order of development. As have shown in my work Future Logic, no item of apparent knowledge, even a ever immediately and definitively 'true' all by itself. item may initially seem be true, or contain some truth; but it is in to all items, which likewise to be true, the judgment as it is or true Even the various criteria and tests in
ENOMENOLOGY 3 4 AVI SION PHENOMEnOLOGY 5 6 AVI SiON SaMplE teXt (ChapTer 1) WHat, Why and How 1. PhENomeNology Phenomenology may Be defInED as tHE sTudy oF appearANcES As sUcH. BY an 'ApPEaRance' Is mEant any Existent whIch ImPinges on consCIoUsness, anytHinG cognized, irrEspEctive Of Any JUdgmeNt aS to whEther iT Be'real' Or 'illusorY.' THE evaluATion of a PARtIculAr appearance (an exiSTeNT within the fielD of conScIOuSNEss) As aN illusion (eXiSting ONly in coNScIOUSneSS) or a reality (exIsting not meREly In consCiOusNEss, but Also bEfORe iT, after it, witHout It or beyonD its raNGe) is a coMPlex proCess, inVolVinG indUCtIvE anD dEDucTIvE loGIcaL principLeS aNd actIvitIES. oPiniOn hAs to Earn tHe status of strIct KnowLEdgE. To beGin wiTh, apPeArancE must bE takeN nEutrally, at face vAlue, As the commOn gRoUnd Of RealiTY and ilLusIon (I.e. one of A triad). AN AppEaRANCe Is whatever it seems tO bE. aT tHis level Of consIDeRaTIon, the veRbS 'to Seem' AND 'to be' Are oNE aNd the samE. It is oNLy At The next LeVel, wheRe An aSseSsmenT Of stAtus is Involved, That tHEy have to be sepaRAted. Since appeARiNG Is BEing KnoWn, phenomenoLogy CAn be RegaRDeD as A BrancH of boTh oNtOLogy (the study of being As Such; or More rEstrictively, oF real being) AND epistemoLogy (THe STudy of knowledgE as suCh; or more reSTrictiveLy, of tRue knowlEdge). PhenoMENology diFfeRs fRom OntOLOgY in being less pRESumpTiVe as to tHe nAture or StaTus Of tHe oBjEct dealt wIth, and it Is FoR tHiS reAson a STudy esseNtIal To EpiStemoLOgy. The Basic InsiGhT oR PreMise of pHEnOMEnolOgY iS thaT knOwLedge DeveLOps From neuTral appeaRanCE. The CoMmOn-sense View of knowledGe Would seem tO bE thAt knowLEDge develOps from data considered at THe outseT as'SensoRy,' buT as we shalL seE this vIew INvolveS logicAl difFiCulTIEs. The PHEnOmeNoLogical appROAch Is an aTtEmpt To overcOme these difficultiES; anD propose a more CohErenT ORdEr oF DeVEloPmENt. AS i Have shown in my woRk Future LoGiC, No Item of appaREnt KnOwledge, Not even A percEPt, is eveR immediatEly and defInItivELY 'trUe' all by itsElf. An iteM may initiALly seEM tO be trUe, oR contaIn SomE trutH; but it IS onLy in rElatioN tO all otHer itEmS, which liKewise seem to be true, that tHe judgMent aS to Whether it Is rEAllY or entireLy trUe can be madE. EvEn tHe varIouS CriteRia aND tEstS InvolVed iN
ENOMENOLOGY 3 4 AVI SION P HENOMENOLO GY 56 A VISI ON S ampl e text (chapte r  1)What, Why and How 1. P henom en o logy Ph enome nologym ay b e d ef in edas th e stu dyof appe arances as  su ch . By an 'app e ar ance' is m ean t any existe ntwhichim pin g es on  co nscio usness ,  anyth ing cogni ze d , irre s pective o fanyjudgment as to wh e th e r it be'real'or 'il lu s or y . ' T heevaluation  o f a p a rticula r  a p p e ara n ce (an existe nt within t h e f ield o fcon s ciousn ess)as anillusion (e xist ing onlyin con s ciousne s s) or a  reali ty(ex isti n gno t m er e lyi ncon s cio usness,bu talsobefo r e i t, a fte r it , wit hout it or be yon d it s  ra nge)is acomp le x pro cess,invol vi ng inductive an d de ductive l ogi ca l p ri ncipl e s andact ivi ties. O pinionh asto e a rn  the status of str ic t kn owledge.  To be g in  w i th, appe ar anc e mu s t  be t aken ne utrally,  at fa c eva lue, as  t he com mo n g rou nd of real ity an d illusi on (i . e. one of a tr i ad). An appea r an c e  i s  wha tev er it seems  tob e. A t th i slev e l ofconsi de r at i on, the verbs 'to s ee m' and  'tobe' are one a nd the sam e . It is on ly a t  t h e next level,where  an assess m ent of s tatus  is invo lved, tha t they hav e t o b e s epa r a te d. Since appe a r ingis  beingkno wn, phe nom eno log y c an  be regar ded as a  b ra nc hofbothO ntology(t hest udy  of b e ing as  such ; or  m or e  re stricti v el y ,  ofre al  bei ng)  a nd Ep iste m olo gy (the  study of  kn o wled ge  a s such;  or more rest ri ctively, o ftru e know l e dge). Ph enomenology differs fro m  ontolo gyin be ingless pres ump tive a s t o  the n atureor st at uso f  theo b je ctde alt with,a n d i t isfo r th is reas on a study essenti a l t o epistemolog y.Theb a si c i n si g htor pre m i se of phenomeno logy is th at kn owledge de v elo ps  from n eutralappea r ance. T he common -sense vi ew  ofk n owl edge would  seem to  be thatk nowle d ge  deve lop s from  d ata  cons idered atthe o utsetas 'senso ry,'bu t as weshall see this view inv olveslogic aldifficult ies .  Th e phenome nolo gical appr oac h i s anatt e mpt t o ov e rc ome these  dif f iculties; an d p r o po se a more c o h e ren t ord ero f deve lopm ent. As I have sh o wn in my workFutu r e  Lo gic ,  noit em of apparent  kn ow l e dge, not  e ven a perce pt, is e ve r  imme diatel y anddefinit i v el y  'true ' al l b y itself.  An  i t em mayin it i ally s eemto  be tr ue, or cont a i n some truth; bu t iti s  only inrelat io n to al l  oth er items,which likew ise se em t o betrue, t ha t thejud gm ent as tow hether it  is r eally o renti rel y true  can b e mad e. E ve n t he variou s cr i te ri a  an d te sts i nv olve d in
ENOMENOLOGY 3_4 AVI_SION PHENOMENOLOGY 5 6_AVI SION_Sample_text (chapter_1)_What, Why and_How 1. Phenomenology_Phenomenology may be defined_as the study_of_appearances as such. By an 'appearance' is meant any existent which impinges on consciousness,_anything_cognized, irrespective_of_any_judgment as to whether it_be'real' or 'illusory.' The evaluation_of a_particular appearance (an existent within the field of_consciousness)_as an illusion_(existing only in consciousness) or a reality (existing not_merely in consciousness, but also before_it, after it,_without_it_or beyond its range)_is a complex process, involving inductive_and deductive logical principles and activities._Opinion has to earn the status of_strict knowledge. To begin with, appearance_must be taken neutrally, at_face value,_as the common ground of_reality and illusion_(i.e. one_of a triad)._An appearance is whatever it seems_to be. At_this level of consideration, the verbs_'to_seem' and 'to_be'_are_one and_the same. It_is_only at_the_next level, where an assessment of_status_is involved, that they have to be_separated. Since appearing is_being_known, phenomenology can be_regarded as a branch of_both Ontology (the study of being_as such;_or more_restrictively, of real being) and Epistemology (the study of knowledge as_such; or more restrictively, of true_knowledge). Phenomenology differs from_ontology in_being_less presumptive as_to_the nature_or status of the object dealt with,_and it_is for this reason a study_essential to epistemology. The_basic_insight or premise of phenomenology is_that knowledge develops from neutral appearance._The common-sense view of knowledge_would_seem_to be that knowledge develops_from data considered at the outset_as'sensory,' but as_we shall see this view involves logical_difficulties._The phenomenological approach is an attempt_to_overcome these difficulties; and propose a_more_coherent_order of development. As I_have shown in my work Future_Logic, no item of apparent knowledge, not even a_percept, is ever_immediately and definitively 'true' all_by_itself._An item may initially seem to be true, or contain_some truth;_but it is_only in relation to all other items, which likewise seem_to be true, that the judgment as_to whether it is really or entirely true can be made._Even the various criteria and tests involved in