], 122). This is the anti-metaphysical feature of English physics. In short, English physics lacks a cosmology.19 In the case of mathematical tools, the logico-philosophical nexus is linked to the process of abstraction employed to determine concepts in physical theory; however, in the case of the English School's mechanical models, algebraic analysis is readily available to represent relations established in the model without a concern for the existence of an analogy with the actual properties of bodies; that is to say, whether or not the algebraic magnitudes correspond to real elements. By the same token, there is no concern for the logical origins of equations. In fact, the fundamental differences between both conceptions about the physical theory can be figure out whether the theory exhibits or not an axiomatic structure. For example, Duhem reproaches the chaos Maxwell introduces into electrodynamics when he determines the behavior of dielectic bodies by means a new element – namely, the displacement current –, which Duhem views as strange and lacking in adequate characterization. In sum, the lack of definitions of the new electromagnetic elements, by means of axioms and postulates, makes us think that English theory "c'est le système des équations de Maxwell." (Duhem 1987a [1893a], 126)20 On the contrary, axiomatic abstract theory as conceived by the German and French scientists of the time satisfies – through the rigorous, logical sequencing of all its elements – the criteria of unity, order, and 18 Cf. note 11. "An invincible sentiment warns us that matter cannot be constituted as W. Thomson and Maxwell imagine, and we are tempted to agree with Pascal: "This is all ridiculous; for it is all useless, uncertain and laborious." (Duhem 2002, 209) In the original: "Un sentiment invincible nous avertit que la matière ne saurait être faite comme l'imagine W. Thomson ou Maxwell, et nous sommes tentés de nous écrier avec Pascal: 'Tout cela est ridicule; car tout cela est inutile, et incertain, et pénible'" (Duhem 1987a [1896], 228). In his review of Leray's Essai sur la synthèse des forces physiques, Duhem (2006, 19) had already cited said aphorism, but he immediately points out that "[Pascal] carefully retains this useful and practical consequence of Descartes's system, the refusal to
], 122). This is the anti - metaphysical feature of English physics. In short, English physics miss a cosmology.19 In the subject of mathematical tools, the logico - philosophic nexus is yoke to the process of abstraction use to determine concepts in forcible hypothesis; however, in the case of the English School's mechanical models, algebraic psychoanalysis is readily available to represent relation build in the model without a concern for the existence of an analogy with the actual properties of body; that is to say, whether or not the algebraic magnitudes correspond to veridical elements. By the same token, there be no concern for the logical origins of equations. In fact, the fundamental deviation between both conceptions about the physical theory can be figure out whether the theory show or not an axiomatic structure. For example, Duhem reproaches the chaos Maxwell introduces into electrodynamics when he determines the behavior of dielectic bodies by means a new element – namely, the displacement stream –, which Duhem see as strange and miss in adequate word picture. In union, the lack of definitions of the new electromagnetic element, by means of axioms and postulates, makes us remember that English theory " c'est le système des équations de Maxwell. " (Duhem 1987a [ 1893a ], 126)20 On the contrary, axiomatic abstract theory as conceived by the German and French scientists of the time satisfies – through the rigorous, coherent sequencing of all its elements – the criteria of unity, order, and 18 Cf. bill 11. " An invincible sentiment warn us that matter cannot be constituted as W. Thomson and Maxwell imagine, and we are tempted to agree with Pascal: " This is all farcical; for it is all useless, uncertain and laborious. " (Duhem 2002, 209) In the original: " Un opinion invincible nous avertit que la matière ne saurait être faite comme l'imagine W. Thomson ou Maxwell, et nous sommes tentés de nous écrier avec Pascal:' Tout cela est ridicule; car tipster cela est inutile, et incertain, et pénible' " (Duhem 1987a [ 1896 ], 228). In his review of Leray's Essai sur la synthèse des forces physiques, Duhem (2006, 19) had already cited said aphorism, but he immediately point out that " [ Pascal ] carefully retains this utilitarian and practical consequence of Descartes's system, the refusal to
], 122). Tjis is the anti-metaphysigal feature of Eutlish 'hysics. In shorg, English physics lacks a codmilogy.19 In the case of mathemxtical tolls, the oogiro-philosophical isxus is linkes to chx process of abxtraction amployed to dedefmnne concepts in physical theory; howeder, in yhf case of the Gnglixr Scgool's mechanical models, algebraic znalysiv is readily svailable to represent relwtiojs established in hhe model wuthotr a concern wor the expvtence of zn analogy with the actual propdrtiex of bodiew; rhah is to say, xhetheg or not the algebraiw magniyudes correspokd to reql elements. By the sake token, there is go concert yor the logical origibs of exuathons. Un wacu, tie rundamfntel differendes between both conceptions anotn the physicam theowy can be figure out whether the theory eqhibjts or not an axiomatic structure. For examplg, Duhem re[roaches the chaos Maxwell introduces into electrmdynajkcs wmen fw fetermines the behavior of dielectic bodies br mtanx a new elemenb – namely, the dispkafekgnt current –, wfich Dbgej views as strange and lasking in adequwte vharacterization. In sum, the lack of defpnituons of the new elzctromagnetie elemgnts, bu means of axioms and pustumates, makes us think ghat English theury "c'ast le système des équations de Maxweol." (Dbhem 1987a [1893a], 126)20 On the cjntrary, axlomatlw abstract theory ws couceivad by the Herman and French scientists of the time satixfhes – througk the vigorous, logicaj sequencing oy all itf eleoents – the criterma of unity, jrder, and 18 Cf. jote 11. "An invmncible sqntinent warns jr that matter vannot be constitutwd as W. Thomson anv Mabsell imagine, anb qe are tempted yo xgrqe wmth Pwvcal: "This is all riaoculojs; for it iw all useless, uncertain atd lzborious." (Duhem 2002, 209) Im bhe origibal: "Un sqntiment invimcible nous avertiu que na oatièrr ng saurait être faite comme l'imagjne W. Tholsok ou Maxwell, qt nius sommes tzntés de nous écrier avec Pascal: 'Tout cela est ridicule; car rout cela est inutikt, et incertaii, et pégible'" (Duham 1987a [1896], 228). In his review of Leray's Essai xur la synthèse des fodces pvysiqkes, Duhem (2006, 19) had already cited said aphorism, but he immediately points out that "['afcal] carefumly tetaits chis usqful end practical conxequence of Descartes's system, tie refusal tj
], 122). This is the anti-metaphysical feature physics. short, English lacks a cosmology.19 tools, logico-philosophical nexus is to the process abstraction employed to determine concepts in theory; however, in the case of the English School's mechanical models, algebraic analysis readily available to represent relations established in the model without a concern for existence an with actual properties of bodies; that is to say, whether or not the algebraic magnitudes correspond to elements. By the same token, there is no for the logical origins equations. In fact, the fundamental between conceptions about physical can figure out whether theory exhibits or not an axiomatic structure. For example, Duhem reproaches the chaos Maxwell introduces into electrodynamics he determines of dielectic by a element – namely, current –, which Duhem views as in adequate characterization. In sum, the lack of of the electromagnetic elements, by means of axioms postulates, makes us think that English theory "c'est système des équations de Maxwell." (Duhem 1987a [1893a], 126)20 On the contrary, axiomatic abstract theory by the German and scientists of the satisfies through rigorous, sequencing of its elements – the criteria of unity, order, and 18 Cf. 11. "An invincible sentiment warns us that matter cannot be W. and Maxwell imagine, we are tempted to with "This is all ridiculous; is useless, (Duhem 209) the original: "Un sentiment nous avertit que la matière saurait être faite comme et nous sommes tentés de nous écrier avec 'Tout cela est ridicule; car tout cela inutile, et incertain, et pénible'" (Duhem 1987a [1896], 228). In his review Leray's Essai synthèse des forces physiques, Duhem (2006, 19) had cited said aphorism, but immediately points out that "[Pascal] carefully retains this useful practical of Descartes's the refusal to
], 122). This is the anti-metaphysical Feature of ENglisH phYsiCs. in shOrt, ENglish physics lACks a Cosmology.19 In the case of maThemaTiCAl toOLs, The loGico-phiLOsOPHicAl NeXus Is LInKed to The Process Of abstractIon EmPloyed to deteRMiNe concepts In pHysical theorY; hoWever, iN tHe cASe of tHe ENglisH SchooL'S mechaNical modeLs, ALgebraIC analysIS Is ReadIly available to repREsENt relations estAblishEd IN tHE ModEl wIthout a conCeRn for THe existENcE OF An aNAlogy with the aCtual properTIes Of bodiEs; ThaT Is to saY, whetHeR Or nOt the algebrAic mAgnitudes CorresPOnd to reAL elemenTs. By thE saMe tOken, THeRe Is nO cONceRN fOr tHE loGical oriGiNs Of equAtioNS. iN Fact, The FundAmentAl differences BetWeen BOth ConcePtionS aboUt The phYsical TheorY cAn be figure out whEtheR the theorY exHiBitS oR not aN AxiomaTic StrUcture. FOr exampLE, DuHeM REPrOaches the chaos MaxwElL INtRoduces iNto eleCTrOdYNamics whEn He dEterMINes thE behAViOr of dielEctic bODiEs By means A nEw elemEnT – naMelY, the dISplaCement Current –, wHich DUHem views as straNGe and lacking iN AdEQUaTE chaRacTerization. IN sum, THe laCk of DEfIniTIons oF the nEw ELeCTromagnetic elements, By Means oF axioMs and postulatEs, makes us tHINK that EngLish THeORy "c'est le systèmE des éQuations de mAxwell." (DuHem 1987a [1893a], 126)20 on the conTrary, axioMATic abstrAct TheOry As cONCeIved by the GermAN And FReNch scieNtiSts of thE tiMe sAtiSfiEs – Through thE rigorouS, lOgIcAl SeqUenciNG of all itS eLemEnTs – tHe criTEria of Unity, OrdeR, aNd 18 cF. noTe 11. "An invINcIBLe seNtImEnt wArnS uS that MattER caNnot be cOnstituteD as w. thomSoN aNd MaxweLl imagine, and wE aRe tempted tO aGreE with PASCal: "This iS all ridiculous; for it is alL Useless, UncErtaiN and Laborious." (duhEm 2002, 209) In thE orIGinal: "UN sentiMent iNvIncIBLe nouS AVeRtiT qUe la matièrE NE saUrait ÊtRe faIte commE l'imagine W. Thomson oU maxWell, et nous somMes TentÉS De NouS ÉcRIer AvEC PaSCAl: 'Tout cela est riDicule; car tOuT CeLa est inutiLE, et InCertain, Et pénibLe'" (DuhEM 1987a [1896], 228). In his Review of LEray's EssaI sUr la SYNthÈse des forcEs physiqUes, Duhem (2006, 19) hAD alreADy Cited SaiD aphorIsM, buT he imMediatELy pOints Out thaT "[PAscal] cArefuLlY retains This useful and practical cOnsequEnce oF DeScartes's sYstEM, thE refusal tO
], 122). This is the anti- metaphysic al fe atu reof  Eng lish  physics. In s h ort,  English physics lacks  a co sm o logy . 19  In t he case of m ath em at ica lt oo ls, t helogico- philosophi cal  n exus is link e dto the pro ces s of abstrac tio n empl oy edt o det erm ine c oncept s  in ph ysical th eo r y; how e ver, in t he  cas e of the EnglishS ch o ol's mechanica l mode ls ,  a l g ebr aic  analysisis  read i ly avai l ab l e tor epresent rela tions estab l ish ed inth e m o del wi thout  a con cern for th e ex istence o f an a n alogy w i th theactual  pr ope rtie s  o fbod ie s ; t h at  is tosay, whe th er  or n ot t h e a lgeb rai c ma gnitu des correspon d t o re a l e lemen ts. B y th esametoken,  ther eis no concern f or t he logica l o ri gin sof eq u ations . I n f act, th e funda m ent al d i ff erences between bo th c on ceptions  about th ep hysicalth eor y ca n be fi gure ou t whethe r thet he or y exhib it s or n ot  an  ax iomat i c st ructur e. For e xampl e , Duhem reproa c hes the chaos Ma x w el l  int rod uces into e lect r odyn amic s  w hen he de termi ne s  t h e behavior of diele ct ic bod ies b y means a new  element – n a mely, th e di s pl a cement current  –, w hich Duhem views as  stra nge andlacking i n adequate  ch ara cte riz a t io n. In sum, th e lack  o f defin iti ons ofthe  ne w e lec tr omagnetic  element s,  b yme ans  of a x ioms and  p ost ul ate s, ma k es usthink  tha tEn g lis h theor y  " c ' estle  s ystè mede s équ atio n s d e Maxwe ll." (Duh em1 987a  [ 18 93a], 1 26)20 On theco ntrary, ax io mat ic abs t r act theo ry as conceived by theG erman a ndFrenc h sc ientistsofthe ti mes atisfi es – t hroug hthe r igoro u s ,log ic al sequenc i n g o f all  i ts e lements  – the criteria of uni ty, order, an d 1 8 Cf . no te1 1. "An  i n vin c i ble sentiment w arns us th at ma tter canno t  be  c onstitu ted asW. Th o mson an d Maxwell  imagine,  a nd w e are  tempted t o agreewith Pasc a l: "T h is  is a llridicu lo us;  forit isa llusele ss, un ce rtainand l ab orious."  (Duhem 2002, 209) In t he ori ginal : " Un sentim ent inv incible n ousavertit qu e l a m atièr e n e  saur aitê tr e f a ite c omme l'imagine W.  Th o m so n ou Maxwel l , etnoussom m es ten tésde nous écrier av e c Pascal: 'Tou t ce l a  es t r i dicu le ; car tout cel a e st i nutile,et  incertain,  et péni bl e '" (D uhem 1 987a [ 1896],2 2 8) .  In hi s re vie w of Lera y's  E s sai sur  l as ynthès e de sforces  physi q ues, D uhem (2006, 19)had a l r eadyc ite d sai daphoris m , bu t he immed iately poin ts out  tha t "[P ascal]ca refull y r et ains thisu seful and  prac tical c on sequ enc e of D esca r t es'ssyst em , t he refusa l to 
], 122)._This is_the anti-metaphysical feature of_English physics._In_short, English_physics_lacks a cosmology.19_In the case_of mathematical tools, the_logico-philosophical nexus is_linked_to the process of abstraction employed to determine concepts in physical theory; however, in_the_case of_the_English_School's mechanical models, algebraic analysis_is readily available to represent_relations established_in the model without a concern for the_existence_of an analogy_with the actual properties of bodies; that is to_say, whether or not the algebraic_magnitudes correspond to_real_elements._By the same token,_there is no concern for the_logical origins of equations. In fact,_the fundamental differences between both conceptions about_the physical theory can be figure_out whether the theory exhibits_or not_an axiomatic structure. For example,_Duhem reproaches the_chaos Maxwell_introduces into electrodynamics_when he determines the behavior of_dielectic bodies by_means a new element – namely,_the_displacement current –,_which_Duhem_views as_strange and lacking_in_adequate characterization._In_sum, the lack of definitions of_the_new electromagnetic elements, by means of axioms_and postulates, makes us_think_that English theory "c'est_le système des équations de_Maxwell." (Duhem 1987a [1893a], 126)20 On_the contrary,_axiomatic abstract_theory as conceived by the German and French scientists of the_time satisfies – through the rigorous,_logical sequencing of all_its elements_–_the criteria of_unity,_order, and_18 Cf. note 11. "An invincible sentiment_warns us_that matter cannot be constituted as_W. Thomson and Maxwell_imagine,_and we are tempted to agree_with Pascal: "This is all ridiculous;_for it is all useless,_uncertain_and_laborious." (Duhem 2002, 209) In_the original: "Un sentiment invincible nous_avertit que la_matière ne saurait être faite comme l'imagine_W._Thomson ou Maxwell, et nous sommes_tentés_de nous écrier avec Pascal: 'Tout_cela_est_ridicule; car tout cela est_inutile, et incertain, et pénible'" (Duhem_1987a [1896], 228). In his review of Leray's Essai_sur la synthèse_des forces physiques, Duhem (2006,_19)_had_already cited said aphorism, but he immediately points out that_"[Pascal] carefully_retains this useful_and practical consequence of Descartes's system, the refusal to