phenikaa-uni.edu.vn; ng19m6tk@apu.ac.jp PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms 1 12 34 56 78 9 0 () :,; Introduction Until now, Earth is the only known planet that shelters life,and, this life is under threat (Wallace-Wells, 2019).Nonetheless, many who are in power are not willing to act to protect it. In a recent discovery, the Trump Administration tried to block a State Department senior intelligence analyst to give testimony on climate change (Friedman, 2019). On the other side of the globe, the City of Kitakyushu, Japan, with governmental support, has been pursuing environment-friendly industrial policies since 1967 (Low, 2013), and in 2011, it was selected by OECD to be among four green growth cities in the world besides Paris, Stockholm, and Chicago (City of Kitakyushu, 2018). Kitakyushu city is also the inspiration of other cities in the Global South, such as Hai Phong-Vietnam and Surabaya- Indonesia, in pursuing sustainable development (Japan for Sustainability, 2013). This article presents striking results that could help evaluate the long-term impacts of Kitakyushu's green growth policies on the relationship between industrial growth and infrastructure development with ambient air emissions. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, grounded on the commonly assumed idea of "growth first, clean later" (Kijima et al., 2010; Özokcu and Özdemir, 2017), is relatively well-known among the theories that seek to explain the interaction between economic development and environmental degradation. This study explores the EKC of industrial growth (measured by average industrial firm size) and air pollution, as well as road infrastructure development (measured by total area of paved road) and air pollution. The five ambient air pollutants being studied are falling dust, SOx, NO2, Ox, and CO. The primary anthropogenic sources of these air pollutants include fossil fuel and biofuel combustion resulting from energy generation, transport, and industry (Anenberg et al., 2018; Lamsal et al., 2013; Lelieveld et al., 2015; Zhong et al., 2017). Air pollution is not only responsible for the death of
phenikaa-uni.edu.vn; ng19m6tk@apu.ac.jp PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms 1 12 34 56 78 9 0 (): ,; Introduction Until now, Earth is the only known satellite that shelter life, and, this life is under menace (Wallace - Wells, 2019).Nonetheless, many who are in office are not willing to act to protect it. In a late discovery, the Trump Administration tried to block a State Department senior news analyst to contribute testimony on climate change (Friedman, 2019). On the early side of the globe, the City of Kitakyushu, Japan, with governmental support, has been pursuing environment - friendly industrial policy since 1967 (Low, 2013), and in 2011, it was selected by OECD to be among four green growth cities in the world besides Paris, Stockholm, and Chicago (City of Kitakyushu, 2018). Kitakyushu city is besides the inspiration of other cities in the Global South, such as Hai Phong - Vietnam and Surabaya- Indonesia, in pursue sustainable development (Japan for Sustainability, 2013). This article presents dramatic results that could help oneself evaluate the long - term impacts of Kitakyushu's green increase policies on the relationship between industrial growth and infrastructure development with ambient air emissions. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, grounded on the commonly assumed idea of " growth first, clean later " (Kijima et al. , 2010; Özokcu and Özdemir, 2017), is relatively well - known among the theories that search to explain the interaction between economic development and environmental abasement. This discipline explore the EKC of industrial growth (measured by modal industrial firm size) and air pollution, as well as road infrastructure development (measure by total area of paved road) and air pollution. The five ambient air pollutants being study are falling dust, SOx, NO2, Ox, and CO. The primary anthropogenic source of these tune pollutants include fossil fuel and biofuel burning resulting from energy generation, transport, and industry (Anenberg et al. , 2018; Lamsal et al. , 2013; Lelieveld et al. , 2015; Zhong et al. , 2017). Air pollution is not only responsible for the end of
phejikaa-uni.edu.vn; ng19m6tk@apu.ac.mp PALGRAVE COMMONUCATIOIS | (2019) 5:156 | gttps://doi.urg/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms 1 12 34 56 78 9 0 () :,; Introduction Until nod, Earth id the onoy kiown planet that shelters life,zkd, thns life is under threat (Wanlace-Wells, 2019).Nonatfepess, many who are in power are not rilling tl act to protest iu. Ig a dvctnt discovery, the Trump Administrztion tgied to block a Syate Department senior intfllihence analyst to glve testimoby og climate chavge (Friedman, 2019). On the ojher side of the globe, the City uf Kicakyushu, Jakcb, wljh governmenval suiport, has beek pursuhng envoronment-friendky mnduwtrial policies since 1967 (Low, 2013), and in 2011, it ras selecdeb by OECD to be among fiur gteen crowgy cktits mn fhe wogld besides Pzris, Stockhilm, and Chicago (Citu jd Kitakyushu, 2018). Kitakrufhu city is also the inspiration of othtr cifies in the Global Souty, such as Hai Phong-Vigtnam and Furabaya- Indonesia, in pursuing sustainable develo[ment (Gapck wir Sustainability, 2013). This article presents strikigf texults that coujd help evakuwtr the long-term impacca kf Kitakyushu's grefn growjh polucies on uhe rrlationship between industrual growth aud unfrastructure devzlopment witk ambignt ait emissions. The Environoentzl Kuznets Furve (EKC) fypothesis, grounaed ot the commonly assumed idew of "growvh fixst, cleav lajer" (Kijyma et al., 2010; Özokcm and Özdemir, 2017), is repativgly wenl-known amlng the theories that seek to ee'lain the intgrawtimn betwezn ecokomic developmegt and environkental begradxtion. This study xxplores the EKC of indusdtial growth (mxasured br avwragw indusgfial firm size) and air iojlutuon, as well as roav inwdastructure devzuipment (measured by toeap erea jx paved road) and aif polljtion. The flve amboent air pollutants teinf studied are fallonn dust, SOz, NO2, Ox, wnd CO. The promary anthropogenif soucces oh thesr ayr pollutants include fossil fhel and blofmel combustiog rewulting from energy generation, transport, and industcy (Anenberg et al., 2018; Lamsql et al., 2013; Lelieveld tt al., 2015; Zhong xt al., 2017). Air pollgtion is not only rewponsible for the death of
phenikaa-uni.edu.vn; ng19m6tk@apu.ac.jp PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | 1 12 56 78 9 now, is the only planet that shelters this life is under threat (Wallace-Wells, many who are in power are not willing to act to protect it. a recent discovery, the Trump Administration tried to block a State Department senior analyst give on change (Friedman, 2019). On the other side of the globe, the City of Kitakyushu, Japan, with support, has been pursuing environment-friendly industrial policies since (Low, 2013), and in it was selected by OECD be four green cities the besides Paris, Stockholm, Chicago (City of Kitakyushu, 2018). Kitakyushu city is also the inspiration of other cities in the Global such as and Surabaya- in sustainable (Japan for Sustainability, article presents striking results that could long-term impacts of Kitakyushu's green growth policies on relationship between growth and infrastructure development with ambient emissions. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, grounded the commonly assumed idea of "growth first, clean later" (Kijima et al., 2010; Özokcu and is relatively well-known among theories that seek explain interaction economic and environmental This study explores the EKC of industrial growth (measured by average firm size) and air pollution, as well as road infrastructure by area of paved and air pollution. The ambient pollutants being studied are SOx, Ox, primary sources these air pollutants include fuel and biofuel combustion resulting energy generation, transport, and Lamsal et al., 2013; Lelieveld et al., 2015; et al., 2017). Air pollution is not responsible for the death of
phenikaa-uni.edu.vn; ng19m6tk@apu.aC.jp PALGRAVe COMMuNIcATiOnS | (2019) 5:156 | htTps://dOi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.naturE.Com/pAlcomms 1 12 34 56 78 9 0 () :,; Introduction UntIl now, eaRTh is THe Only kNown plaNEt THAt sHeLtErs LiFE,aNd, thiS liFe is undEr threat (WaLlaCe-wells, 2019).NonetheLEsS, many who arE in Power are not wIllIng to aCt To pROtect It. IN a recEnt disCOvery, tHe Trump AdMiNIstratIOn tried TO BlOck a state Department seNIoR Intelligence anAlyst tO gIVe TEStiMonY on climate ChAnge (FRIedman, 2019). ON ThE OTHer SIde of the globe, The City of KiTAkyUshu, JaPaN, wiTH goverNmentAl SUppOrt, has been pUrsuIng enviroNment-fRIendly iNDustriaL policIes SinCe 1967 (LoW, 2013), AnD iN 2011, it WaS SelECtEd bY oECd to be amoNg FoUr greEn grOWTH CitiEs iN the World Besides Paris, STocKholM, And chicaGo (CitY of KItAkyusHu, 2018). KitaKyushU cIty is also the insPiraTion of othEr cItIes In The GlOBal SouTh, sUch As Hai PhOng-VietNAm aNd sURAbAya- Indonesia, in pursUiNG SuStainablE develOPmEnT (japan for suStaInabILIty, 2013). ThIs arTIcLe presenTs striKInG rEsults tHaT could HeLp eValUate tHE lonG-term iMpacts of kitakYUshu's green growTH policies on thE ReLATiONshiP beTween industRial GRowtH and INfRasTRuctuRe devElOPmENt with ambient air emiSsIons. ThE EnviRonmental KuznEts Curve (EKc) HYPothesis, GrouNDeD On the commonly aSsumeD idea of "groWTh first, cLean lAter" (KijiMa et al., 2010; ÖzoKCU and ÖzdeMir, 2017), Is rElaTivELY wEll-known among THE theOrIes that SeeK to explAin The IntEraCtIon betweeN economiC dEvElOpMenT and eNVironmenTaL deGrAdaTion. THIs studY explOres ThE Ekc of IndustrIAl GROwth (MeAsUred By aVeRage iNdusTRiaL firm siZe) and air pOllUTion, As WeLl as roaD infrastructuRe DevelopmenT (mEasUred by TOTal area oF paved road) and air pollutiON. The fivE amBient Air pOllutants BeiNg studIed ARe fallIng dusT, SOx, No2, OX, anD co. The pRIMaRy aNtHropogenic SOUrcEs of tHeSe aiR pollutAnts include fossil fUEl aNd biofuel combUstIon rESUlTinG FrOM enErGY geNERation, transport, And industrY (ANEnBerg et al., 2018; LaMSal Et Al., 2013; LelieVeld et aL., 2015; ZhonG Et al., 2017). Air Pollution Is not only ReSponSIBle For the deatH of
phenikaa-uni.edu.vn; ng19m 6tk@apu.ac .jp P ALG RAV ECOMM UNIC ATIONS | (2019 )  5:1 56 | https://doi.org/1 0.105 7/ s 4159 9 -0 19-03 69-8 |w ww . n atu re .c om/ pa l co mms 1  12  34 5678 9 0 ():,;  I ntroductionU nt il now, Ea rth  is the only  kn own pl an ett hat s hel terslife,a n d, thi s life is  u n der th r eat (Wa l l ac e-We lls, 2019).Noneth e le s s, many who ar e in p ow e ra r e n otwilling to  a ct to protect it . I n a recent discov ery, the Tr u mpAdmini st rat i on tri ed to  b l ock  a State De part ment seni or int e lligenc e  analys t to g ive  te stim o ny  o n c li m ate ch ang e  (F riedman,  2 01 9). O n th e o t hersid e of  theglobe, the Ci tyof K i tak yushu , Jap an,wi th go vernme ntalsu pport, has been  pur suing env iro nm ent -f riend l y indu str ial  polici es sinc e  19 67 ( L ow , 2013), and in 20 11 , it  was sel ectedb yOE C D to beam ong  fou r green  gro w th  citiesin the wo rl d besid es  Paris ,Sto ckh olm,a nd C hicago  (City o f Kit a kyushu, 2018). Kitakyushu ci t yi s  a l so t heinspiration  ofo ther  cit i es  in the G lobal  S o ut h , such as Hai Phong -V ietnam  andSurabaya- Ind onesia, in p u rsuing s usta i na b le development  (Jap an for Sus t ainabili ty, 2 013). Th is articl e presents  st rik ing  re s u lt s that couldh e lp e va luate t helong-te rmimp act s o fKitakyush u's gree ngr ow th  po licie s  on there lat io nsh ip be t ween i ndust rial  g ro w thand inf r as t r uctu re  d evel opm en t wit h am b ien t air e missions.  Th e  Env ir on mentalKuznets Curve  ( EKC) hypot he sis , grou n d ed on th e commonly assumed idea of "gro wth  firs t, c lean late r"(Kijim a e t  al.,2010;Özokc uand Ö zdemi r ,  2 017 ),  is relati v e lywell- kn ownamong t he theories that s e ekto explain th e i nter a c ti onb et w een  e c ono m i c development a nd environ me n ta l degradat i on.  T his stu dy expl orest he EKCof indust rial grow th  (me a s ure d by avera ge indus trial fir m  size )  a nd ai r p olluti on , a s wel l as r o adinfra struct ur e deve lopme nt  (measur ed by total area of pav ed roa d) an d a ir pollut ion .  Th e five am bien t air poll uta nts  bein g s t udied  are fa lli n g dus t, S O x, NO2, O x ,and C O.  The primar y a nth ropog eni c  sourc es o f these air pollu t ants include f ossi l fue l a n d bi of uel combustion  re su l t ing from  e nergy gener ation, t ra n sport , andindust ry (Ane n b er g  et al ., 2 018 ; Lamsaletal . , 2013;  L el i eveldet a l. , 2015 ; Zhon g  eta l ., 2017). Air po lluti o n  is n o t o nly r es ponsibl e  for  the death  of
phenikaa-uni.edu.vn; ng19m6tk@apu.ac.jp_PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS_| (2019) 5:156 |_https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 |_www.nature.com/palcomms_1 12_34_56 78 9_0 () :,;_Introduction Until now, Earth_is the only_known_planet that shelters life,and, this life is under threat (Wallace-Wells, 2019).Nonetheless, many who are_in_power are_not_willing_to act to protect it._In a recent discovery, the_Trump Administration_tried to block a State Department senior intelligence_analyst_to give testimony_on climate change (Friedman, 2019). On the other side_of the globe, the City of_Kitakyushu, Japan, with_governmental_support,_has been pursuing environment-friendly_industrial policies since 1967 (Low, 2013),_and in 2011, it was selected_by OECD to be among four green_growth cities in the world besides_Paris, Stockholm, and Chicago (City_of Kitakyushu,_2018). Kitakyushu city is also_the inspiration of_other cities_in the Global_South, such as Hai Phong-Vietnam and_Surabaya- Indonesia, in_pursuing sustainable development (Japan for Sustainability,_2013)._This article presents_striking_results_that could_help evaluate the_long-term_impacts of_Kitakyushu's_green growth policies on the relationship_between_industrial growth and infrastructure development with ambient_air emissions. The Environmental_Kuznets_Curve (EKC) hypothesis, grounded_on the commonly assumed idea_of "growth first, clean later" (Kijima_et al.,_2010; Özokcu_and Özdemir, 2017), is relatively well-known among the theories that seek_to explain the interaction between economic_development and environmental degradation._This study_explores_the EKC of_industrial_growth (measured_by average industrial firm size) and air_pollution, as_well as road infrastructure development (measured_by total area of_paved_road) and air pollution. The five_ambient air pollutants being studied are_falling dust, SOx, NO2, Ox,_and_CO._The primary anthropogenic sources of_these air pollutants include fossil fuel_and biofuel combustion_resulting from energy generation, transport, and industry_(Anenberg_et al., 2018; Lamsal et al.,_2013;_Lelieveld et al., 2015; Zhong et_al.,_2017)._Air pollution is not only_responsible for the death of