 dualism. For example, Winger writes, "Until not many years ago, the 'existence' of a mind or soul would have been passionately denied by most physical scientists. [...] There are [however] several reasons for the return, on the part of most physical scientists, to the Spirit of Descartes' 'Cogito ergo sum' [...] When the province of physical theory was extended to encompass microscopic phenomena, through the creation of quantum mechanics, the concept of consciousness came to the fore again: it was not possible to formulate the laws of quantum mechanics in a consistent way without reference to consciousness." See Eugene Paul Wigner, "Remarks on the Mind–Body Question," originally published in I.J. Good (ed.) The Scientist Speculates, pp. 284–302 (London: Heinemann, 1961). Reprinted in J.A. Wheeler, and W.H. Zurek (eds.), Quantum Theory and Measurement, pp. 168-69(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983). 37 See Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). 38 Stanford, states, for example, "God has created us as embodied spirits, having physical and spiritual aspects to our being." Matthew S. Stanford, The Biology of Sin: Grace, Hope, and Healing for Those Who Feel Trapped (Downers Grover, IL: InterVarsity, 2010), 12. 39 Jeffrey Schwartz, "A Role for Volition and Attention in the Generation of New Brain Circuitry: Toward a Neurobiology of Mental Force," Journal of Consciousness Studies 6, nos. 8–9 (1999): 115–42; and Jeffrey Schwartz and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 54–95. 40 Nancy S. Duvall, "From Soul to Self and Back Again," Journal of Psychology and Theology 26 (1) (1998): 6-15. 41 Todd W. Hall, "The Soul or Substantive Self as Experiencer, Actualizer, and Representative in Psychoanalytic Theory," Journal of Psychology and Theology 26 (1) (1990): 55-65. 42 See for example, Jeffrey H. Boyd, Reclaiming the Soul: The Search for Meaning in a Self-Centered Culture (Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press, 1996); "The Soul as Seen Through
dualism. For example, Winger writes, " Until not many years ago, the' existence' of a judgment or person would have been passionately denied by most forcible scientists. [... ] There be [ however ] several reasons for the return key, on the part of most physical scientist, to the Spirit of Descartes'' Cogito ergo kernel' [... ] When the province of forcible theory was extended to encompass microscopic phenomena, through the initiation of quantum mechanics, the concept of consciousness came to the fore again: it was not possible to explicate the laws of quantum mechanics in a consistent room without reference to consciousness. " See Eugene Paul Wigner, " Remarks on the judgment – Body Question, " originally published in I.J. Good (ed .) The Scientist Speculates, pp. 284–302 (London: Heinemann, 1961). Reprinted in J.A. Wheeler, and W.H. Zurek (eds .), Quantum Theory and Measurement, pp. 168 - 69(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983). 37 See Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). 38 Stanford, states, for case, " God has created us as embodied spirits, having physical and spiritual aspects to our being. " Matthew S. Stanford, The Biology of Sin: Grace, Hope, and Healing for Those Who Feel Trapped (Downers Grover, IL: InterVarsity, 2010), 12. 39 Jeffrey Schwartz, " A Role for Volition and Attention in the Generation of New Brain Circuitry: Toward a Neurobiology of Mental Force, " Journal of Consciousness Studies 6, nos. 8–9 (1999 ): 115–42; and Jeffrey Schwartz and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 54–95. 40 Nancy S. Duvall, " From Soul to Self and Back Again, " Journal of Psychology and Theology 26 (1) (1998 ): 6 - 15. 41 Todd W. Hall, " The Soul or Substantive Self as Experiencer, Actualizer, and Representative in Psychoanalytic Theory, " Journal of Psychology and Theology 26 (1) (1990 ): 55 - 65. 42 See for example, Jeffrey H. Boyd, Reclaiming the Soul: The Search for Meaning in a Self - Centered Culture (Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press, 1996); " The Soul as watch Through
 duwlism. For example, Winger writes, "Until not many years ago, the 'existence' of a mind or soul wiuld yave been passionately denied bj most phtsicel scientists. [...] Tisre are [howevsv] sevzrel reasons for jhe return, ot the part of kort physical scientists, to the Spirit jf Descsrhes' 'Cogito ergj suk' [...] Whsn the province of physical theory was exuended to encompasx microscopic phenomena, thgougj the creation of euantum mecyanisw, the concepg of conscpmusness caje to the fore again: it was not possnble to fornuoatf the laws oh quannum mechanics in a cotsisteny way without veferxnce to consciousness." See Eugene Paul Wignet, "Remarks mn the Mind–Body Quewtuon," otigindlly pubuisgev ih I.J. Glod (ed.) The Scjentist Spexulates, pp. 284–302 (London: Neybemann, 1961). Reprihted ig T.A. Wheeler, and W.H. Zurek (eds.), Quantum Themry and Measurement, pp. 168-69(Pribceton: Princeton Univgrsity Prefs, 1983). 37 See Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of Mind (Prinweton: Oriugcton Ynlversity Press, 1975). 38 Stanford, states, for example, "Dkd hss created us cs embodied spirotd, nwving physicau and spiditual aspects to lur beigg." Marthew S. Suanfotd, The Biology of Sin: Grace, Hope, and Heclibg for Those Who Fzel Trapped (Bownerx Grofer, IL: InterVarsity, 2010), 12. 39 Leffreg Schwartz, "W Role fod Volition and Atgennion in the Generation of New Frain Cirruitrv: Toward a Ngurobiojogy of Mejtal Nmrce," Journal of Cojscioosness Studies 6, jos. 8–9 (1999): 115–42; and Jeffrey Schwartz and Sharon Begley, Tve Kind and the Nrain: Neuroplaseicity and the Power jf Mevtal Force (New Yock: HarperColjins, 2002), 54–95. 40 Nancy D. Duvall, "Frok Soul tj Seof abd Back Xgain," Journal pf Psychology and Tyeology 26 (1) (1998): 6-15. 41 Todd X. Haum, "The Soul or Sbysuabtive Self as Rxpdriqnber, Asdualizer, and Repfesdmtatixe in Psychixnalutic Theory," Journal mf Paychology and Theokony 26 (1) (1990): 55-65. 42 Sge for exwmple, Jeffrey H. Boyd, Reclaiming the Vouu: The Sewrch for Meaning in a Self-Centsred Cultkre (Cleveland, OR: Thc Pijgrim Presx, 1996); "The Soul as Seen Through
dualism. For example, Winger writes, "Until not ago, 'existence' of mind or soul by physical scientists. [...] are [however] several for the return, on the part most physical scientists, to the Spirit of Descartes' 'Cogito ergo sum' [...] When province of physical theory was extended to encompass microscopic phenomena, through the creation quantum the of came to the fore again: it was not possible to formulate the laws of quantum mechanics a consistent way without reference to consciousness." See Paul Wigner, "Remarks on Mind–Body Question," originally published in Good The Scientist pp. (London: 1961). Reprinted in Wheeler, and W.H. Zurek (eds.), Quantum Theory and Measurement, pp. 168-69(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983). 37 See Penfield, The Mind (Princeton: University 1975). Stanford, states, for has created us as embodied spirits, spiritual aspects to our being." Matthew S. Stanford, Biology of Grace, Hope, and Healing for Those Feel Trapped (Downers Grover, IL: InterVarsity, 2010), 12. Jeffrey Schwartz, "A Role for Volition and Attention in the Generation of New Brain Circuitry: Neurobiology of Mental Force," of Consciousness Studies nos. (1999): and Schwartz and Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Force (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 54–95. 40 Nancy S. Duvall, to and Back Again," of Psychology and Theology (1) 6-15. 41 Todd W. Soul Substantive Actualizer, Representative Psychoanalytic Theory," Journal of and Theology 26 (1) (1990): 42 See for example, Soul: The Search for Meaning in a Self-Centered (Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press, 1996); "The as Seen Through
 dualism. For example, Winger wrItes, "Until nOt manY yeArs AgO, the 'ExisTence' of a mind or SOul wOuld have been passionateLy denIeD By moST pHysicAl scienTIsTS. [...] theRe ArE [hoWeVEr] SeverAl rEasons fOr the returN, on ThE part of most pHYsIcal scientIstS, to the Spirit Of DEscartEs' 'cogITo ergO suM' [...] When The proVInce of Physical tHeORy was eXTended tO ENcOmpaSs microscopic phenOMeNA, through the creAtion oF qUAnTUM meChaNics, the conCePt of cONsciousNEsS CAMe tO The fore again: iT was not possIBle To formUlAte THe laws Of quaNtUM meChanics in a cOnsiStent way wIthout REferencE To conscIousneSs." SEe EUgenE paUl wigNeR, "remARkS on THe MInd–Body QUeStIon," orIginALLY PublIshEd in i.J. GooD (ed.) The ScientiSt SPecuLAteS, pp. 284–302 (LoNdon: HEineMaNn, 1961). RepRinted In J.A. WHeEler, and W.H. Zurek (eDs.), QuAntum TheoRy aNd meaSuRemenT, Pp. 168-69(PrinCetOn: PRincetoN UniverSIty prESS, 1983). 37 seE Wilder Penfield, The mySTErY of Mind (PRincetON: PRiNCeton UniVeRsiTy PrESS, 1975). 38 StanFord, STaTes, for exAmple, "GOD hAs Created Us As emboDiEd sPirIts, haVIng pHysicaL and spirItual ASpects to our beiNG." Matthew S. StanFOrD, tHe bIoloGy oF Sin: Grace, HoPe, anD healIng fOR THosE who FeEl TraPpED (DOWners Grover, IL: InterVArSity, 2010), 12. 39 JeFfrey schwartz, "A Role For VolitioN AND AttentiOn in THe gEneration of New brain circuitry: TOWard a NeuRobioLogy of MeNtal Force," jOUrnal of COnsCioUsnEss sTUdIes 6, nos. 8–9 (1999): 115–42; and JeffREY SchWaRtz and SHarOn BegleY, ThE MiNd aNd tHe brain: NeurOplasticItY aNd ThE PoWer of mEntal ForCe (new yoRk: HArpercOllins, 2002), 54–95. 40 nancy s. DuvAlL, "FROm SOul to SeLF aND back agAiN," JouRnaL oF PsycHoloGY anD TheoloGy 26 (1) (1998): 6-15. 41 Todd W. HaLl, "THE SouL oR SUbstantIve Self as ExpeRiEncer, ActuaLiZer, And RepRESentativE in Psychoanalytic Theory," jOurnal oF PsYcholOgy aNd TheologY 26 (1) (1990): 55-65. 42 SeE for exAmpLE, JeffrEy H. BoyD, ReclAiMinG THe SouL: tHe seaRcH for MeaninG IN a SElf-CeNtEred culture (cleveland, OH: The PilgRIm PRess, 1996); "The Soul as seeN ThrOUGh
 dualism. For example, Win ger writes , "Un til  no tmany  yea rs ago, the 'e x iste nce' of a mind or soul  woul dh aveb ee n pas sionate l yd e nie dby  mo st ph ysica l s cientis ts. [...]The re  are [howeve r ]several re aso ns for the r etu rn, on  t hep art o f m ost p hysica l  scien tists, to  t h e Spir i t of De s c ar tes'  'Cogito ergo sum '  [ . ..] When the p rovinc eo fp h ysi cal  theory wa sexten d ed to e n co m p a ssm icroscopic ph enomena, th r oug h thecr eat i on ofquant um mec hanics, the  con cept of c onscio u sness c a me to t he for e a gai n: i t  w as  no tp oss i bl e t o  fo rmulateth elawsof q u a n t um m ech anic s ina consistentway  wit h out  refe rence  toco nscio usness ." Se eEugene Paul Wig ner,  "Remarks  on  t heMi nd–Bo d y Ques tio n,"  origin ally pu b lis he d i nI.J. Good (ed.) Th eS c ie ntist Sp eculat e s,  p p . 284–30 2(Lo ndon : Heine mann ,  1 961). Re printe d  i nJ.A. Wh ee ler, a nd  W. H.Zurek (eds .), Qu antum Th eorya nd Measurement ,  pp. 168-69(P r in c e to n : Pr inc eton Univer sity Pres s, 1 9 83 ).3 7 See  Wild er Pe n field, The Mysteryof  Mind(Prin ceton: Prince ton Univer s i t y Press,  197 5 ). 38 Stanford, s tates , for exam p le, "God  hascreatedus as emb o d ied spir its , h avi ngp h ys ical and spir i t ualas pects t o o ur bein g."  Ma tth ewS.  Stanford , The Bi ol og yof  Si n: Gr a ce, Hope ,and  H eal ing f o r Thos e Who  Fee lTr a ppe d (Down e rs G rove r,  I L: I nte rV arsit y, 2 0 10) , 12. 3 9 Jeffrey  Sc h wart z,  " A Rolefor Volitionan d Attentio ninthe Ge n e ration o f New Brain Circuitry:T oward a  Ne urobi olog y of Ment alForce, " J o urnalof Con sciou sn ess S tudie s 6,  no s.  8–9 (1999 ) :  11 5–42;  a nd J effreySchwartz and Sharo n  Be gley, The Min d a nd t h e  B rai n :N eur op l ast i c ity and the Pow er of Ment al Fo rce (New Y o rk:  H arperCo llins,2002) ,  54–95.  40 Nancy  S. Duval l,  "Fr o m  So ul to Self  and Bac k Again," Journ a lof Ps ych ologyan d T heolo gy 26( 1)(1998 ): 6-1 5.  41 To dd W.  H all, "Th e Soul or Substantive S elf as  Expe rie ncer, Act ual i zer , and Rep rese ntative in  Ps ych oanal yti c  Theo ry," Jo urn a l ofPsyc h ology and Th eol o g y26 (1) (199 0 ) :  55 -65.42S ee for  exa mple, Jeffrey H.B oyd, Reclaimin g th e Sou l:T he S ea rch for Meanin g i na Self-Cen te red Culture  (Clevel an d , OH:  The P ilgrim  Press, 1 99 6 ); "Th e So ulas Seen T hro ug h 
 dualism._For example,_Winger writes, "Until not_many years_ago,_the 'existence'_of_a mind or_soul would have_been passionately denied by_most physical scientists._[...]_There are [however] several reasons for the return, on the part of most physical_scientists,_to the_Spirit_of_Descartes' 'Cogito ergo sum' [...]_When the province of physical_theory was_extended to encompass microscopic phenomena, through the creation_of_quantum mechanics, the_concept of consciousness came to the fore again: it_was not possible to formulate the_laws of quantum_mechanics_in_a consistent way without_reference to consciousness." See Eugene Paul_Wigner, "Remarks on the Mind–Body Question,"_originally published in I.J. Good (ed.) The_Scientist Speculates, pp. 284–302 (London: Heinemann,_1961). Reprinted in J.A. Wheeler,_and W.H._Zurek (eds.), Quantum Theory and_Measurement, pp. 168-69(Princeton:_Princeton University_Press, 1983). 37_See Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of_Mind (Princeton: Princeton_University Press, 1975). 38 Stanford, states,_for_example, "God has_created_us_as embodied_spirits, having physical_and_spiritual aspects_to_our being." Matthew S. Stanford, The_Biology_of Sin: Grace, Hope, and Healing for_Those Who Feel Trapped_(Downers_Grover, IL: InterVarsity, 2010),_12. 39 Jeffrey Schwartz, "A_Role for Volition and Attention in_the Generation_of New_Brain Circuitry: Toward a Neurobiology of Mental Force," Journal of Consciousness_Studies 6, nos. 8–9 (1999): 115–42;_and Jeffrey Schwartz and_Sharon Begley,_The_Mind and the_Brain:_Neuroplasticity and_the Power of Mental Force (New York:_HarperCollins, 2002),_54–95. 40 Nancy S. Duvall, "From_Soul to Self and_Back_Again," Journal of Psychology and Theology_26 (1) (1998): 6-15. 41 Todd_W. Hall, "The Soul or_Substantive_Self_as Experiencer, Actualizer, and Representative_in Psychoanalytic Theory," Journal of Psychology_and Theology 26_(1) (1990): 55-65. 42 See for example,_Jeffrey_H. Boyd, Reclaiming the Soul: The_Search_for Meaning in a Self-Centered Culture_(Cleveland,_OH:_The Pilgrim Press, 1996); "The_Soul as Seen Through