 the Subject (pp. 214-249). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yablo, S. (1992). Cause and Essence. Synthese, 93, 403-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01089276 Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best service for you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals) Providing 24-hour high-quality service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift peer-review system Efficient typesetting and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited articles Maximum dissemination of your research work Submit your manuscript at: http://papersubmission.scirp.org/ Or contact ahs@scirp.org Bonnie Zimmerman interviewed by Susan Sayer in San Diego November 15th, 1994 1 In 1973 Jill Johnston's Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution 1 was published with the following dedication: This book is for my mother who should've been a lesbian And for my daughter in hopes she will be Here Lesbian Nation metaphorically represented the responsibility towards lesbianism Johnston assumed for all women. (To me the subtitle bears provocative resemblance to a final solution.) The debate surrounding the term lesbian was roughly divided into arguments for an inclusivity and arguments for an exclusivity in definitional terms. There are however considerable overlaps between these definitions as well as inconsistencies within them. When the concept of Lesbian Nation was being framed what were the criteria for access to it and was there consensus amongst lesbians as to what forms this responsibility toward lesbianism should take? I think the criteria were always contested and the history of lesbian politics in the 1970s are largely about what the criteria are. There were two fundamental criteria. First, that one be biologically female, and secondly that one be self-identified as lesbian. Beyond that, I guess there was a third criterion which is that one be feminist, although the definition of feminism was perhaps so taken-for-granted that it was not specified precisely. And it was all three of those criteria that really were challenged in what we now call the 'lesbian sex wars.' For example, the criterion of what constitutes a biological female being challenged by transsexuals, such as Sandy Stone and the Olivia Records controversy in the late 70s.2 That one must be self-
the Subject (pp. 214 - 249). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yablo, S. (1992). Cause and Essence. Synthese, 93, 403 - 449. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01089276 Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best servicing for you: accept pre - submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. A wide selection of journal (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals) put up 24 - hour gamey - quality military service User - friendly online meekness system Fair and swift peer - review system Efficient typeset and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads and visit, as well as the number of mention articles Maximum dissemination of your research oeuvre Submit your manuscript at: http://papersubmission.scirp.org/ Or contact ahs@scirp.org Bonnie Zimmerman interviewed by Susan Sayer in San Diego November 15th, 1994 1 In 1973 Jill Johnston's Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution 1 was published with the following commitment: This book is for my mother who should've been a lesbian And for my daughter in hopes she will be Here Lesbian Nation metaphorically represented the responsibility towards lesbianism Johnston assumed for all charwoman. (To me the subtitle bears provocative resemblance to a final solution .) The debate surrounding the term lesbian was roughly divided into arguments for an inclusivity and arguments for an exclusivity in definitional terms. There are however considerable overlaps between these definitions as well as inconsistencies within them. When the concept of Lesbian Nation was being framed what were the criteria for entree to it and was there consensus amongst lesbian as to what forms this province toward lesbianism should subscribe? I think the criteria were always contest and the history of lesbian politics in the 1970s are largely about what the standard are. There were two fundamental standard. First, that one be biologically female, and secondly that one be self - identified as lesbian. Beyond that, I guess there was a third criterion which is that one be feminist, although the definition of feminist movement was perhaps so taken - for - granted that it was not specified precisely. And it was all three of those criteria that really were challenge in what we now call the' lesbian sex wars.' For example, the standard of what constitutes a biological female being challenged by transsexuals, such as Sandy Stone and the Olivia Records controversy in the late 70s.2 That one must be self-
 thf Subject (pp. 214-249). Oxford: Oxfurd University Krwss. Yaulo, S. (1992). Dause ana Essence. Synthese, 93, 403-449. https://dom.org/10.1007/VF01089276 Suvmit or recommend next manuscriit to SCIEP aid we will provivs best servics for bou: Accepting pte-submission inquiries thrmueh Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, ets. A widr delection of jjurnsjs (ihblmsive of 9 subjects, more than 200 johrnals) Kroviding 24-hour hign-quality service User-frienfly lnline submission dystem Fair and wwift peer-rexiew system Efficient jypesetting and proofreading prozedurz Display od rhe tesult of doxnloadf and visits, as well as the number of citcd arviclws Maximum disseminatmon of your research work Subkic your manuscript at: ytrp://papgrsubkisskin.szirk.orj/ Od contwct ahs@scirp.odg Bonnie Zummerman interviewec fj Susan Sayer in Sag Qiego November 15th, 1994 1 In 1973 Jill Johnston's Nesgian Nation: The Feminisr Solution 1 was publidhed with the following dedication: This book is for my motver wio shiuja'ce been a lesbian And for my daughter in hopes fge wpll be Here Lesbicn Nation metaphprlcsjly representgd the xsslonsibility towardd lesbiwnism Johnston assimed for all women. (To me thw subtitle bvars provocative resemylance to a yinal xolutoon.) The debate surroundnng ths term lesblan was rkjghly divided ingo srcuments for an inclusivity and argunentx for av exvlusivyty in deflnitional terms. There arf howgver cmnsiderablf overlaps between these definivmons as well ss inbonsisteneies wlthin them. When the concept oy Lesbiau Natiun was beihg framxd what were the criteria vor access tm it and was theee consdvsus amongst lrsbians as to what dorms this responslbilijy toward lesbiannrn should take? I thknk tje cwhteria were dlwahs zpntesged and the fistpry of lesbian polithcs jn the 1970s are largeky about wyat the sriteria are. Yhere were two funfamenval crmteria. Fitst, that one be biologically fejale, and decjndly that oge bc sejf-identifizd as lesbian. Beyond that, I guess there xas a third criterion wyich is that one be neminist, altiough ehe definhtion of feminism waw perhaps so takek-for-granted that it waa not vpecivied precisely. And it was all three of those criteria that really were chqllengxd in what we now call tke 'kesbiag see xars.' For example, nhe criterion of what constituter a biolmgncal female being challenged ny transsexuals, such as Sandy Stone and the Olifia Records controversy in the kate 70s.2 That one must be xelf-
the Subject (pp. 214-249). Oxford: Oxford University S. Cause and Synthese, 93, 403-449. manuscript SCIRP and we provide best service you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more 200 journals) Providing 24-hour high-quality service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift system typesetting proofreading Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited articles dissemination of your research work Submit your manuscript http://papersubmission.scirp.org/ Or contact ahs@scirp.org Zimmerman interviewed by Susan Sayer San November 15th, 1 1973 Johnston's Lesbian Nation: Feminist Solution 1 was published with the following dedication: This book is for my mother who should've a lesbian my daughter hopes will Here Lesbian Nation the responsibility towards lesbianism Johnston assumed (To me the subtitle bears provocative resemblance to final solution.) debate surrounding the term lesbian was divided into arguments for an inclusivity and arguments an exclusivity in definitional terms. There are however considerable overlaps between these definitions as well within them. When the of Lesbian Nation being what the for access it and was there consensus amongst lesbians as to what forms responsibility toward lesbianism should take? I think the criteria were and history of lesbian in the 1970s are about the criteria are. There fundamental First, biologically and that one be self-identified lesbian. Beyond that, I guess was a third criterion feminist, although the definition of feminism was perhaps taken-for-granted that it was not specified precisely. it was all three of those criteria that really were challenged in we now 'lesbian sex wars.' For example, the criterion of constitutes a biological female challenged by transsexuals, such as Sandy Stone and the Records in the 70s.2 That one be self-
 the Subject (pp. 214-249). Oxford: Oxford UNiversity PRess. YAblO, S. (1992). CAuSe anD EssEnce. Synthese, 93, 403-449. htTPs://doI.org/10.1007/BF01089276 Submit or recommenD next MaNUscrIPt To SCIrP and we WIlL PRovIdE bEst SeRViCe for You: acceptiNg pre-submiSsiOn Inquiries thrOUgH Email, FaceBooK, LinkedIn, TwiTteR, etc. A wIdE seLEctioN of JournAls (incLUsive oF 9 subjects, MoRE than 200 jOUrnals) PROViDing 24-Hour high-quality seRViCE User-friendly oNline sUbMIsSIOn sYstEm Fair and sWiFt peeR-Review sYStEM eFfiCIent typesettiNg and proofrEAdiNg procEdUre dIsplay Of the ReSUlt Of downloads And vIsits, as weLl as thE Number oF Cited arTicles maxImuM disSEmInAtiOn OF yoUR rEseARch Work SubmIt YoUr manUscrIPT AT: httP://paPersUbmisSion.scirp.org/ OR coNtacT Ahs@Scirp.Org BoNnie ziMmermAn inteRviewEd By Susan Sayer in SAn DiEgo NovembEr 15tH, 1994 1 IN 1973 JiLl johnsTOn's LesBiaN NaTion: The feminisT solUtION 1 WaS published with the fOlLOWiNg dedicaTion: ThIS bOoK Is for my mOtHer Who sHOUld've Been A LeSbian And For my dAUgHtEr in hopEs She wilL bE HeRe LEsbiaN natiOn metaPhoricalLy repREsented the respONsibility towaRDs LESbIAnisM JoHnston assumEd foR All wOmen. (tO mE thE SubtiTle beArS PrOVocative resemblance To A final SolutIon.) The debate sUrrounding THE Term lesbIan wAS rOUghly divided inTo argUments for aN InclusivIty anD argumenTs for an exCLUsivity iN deFinItiOnaL TErMs. There are howEVEr coNsIderablE ovErlaps bEtwEen TheSe dEfInitions aS well as iNcOnSiStEncIes wiTHin them. WHeN thE cOncEpt of lEsbian natioN was BeInG FraMed what WErE THe crItErIa foR acCeSs to iT and WAs tHere conSensus amoNgsT LesbIaNs As to whaT forms this resPoNsibility tOwArd LesbiaNISm should Take? I think the criteria weRE always ConTesteD and The historY of LesbiaN poLItics iN the 1970s aRe larGeLy aBOUt whaT THe CriTeRia are. TherE WEre Two fuNdAmenTal critEria. First, that one be BIolOgically femalE, anD secONDlY thAT oNE be SeLF-idENTified as lesbian. beyond that, i gUEsS there was a THirD cRiterioN which iS that ONe be femInist, althOugh the deFiNitiON Of fEminism was Perhaps sO taken-for-GRanteD ThAt it wAs nOt specIfIed PreciSely. AnD It wAs all Three oF tHose crIteriA tHat reallY were challenged in what we Now calL the 'lEsbIan sex warS.' FoR ExaMple, the crIterIon of what cOnsTitUtes a BioLOgicaL femALe BeiNG chalLengED by transsEXuAls, SUCh As Sandy StonE AND thE OlivIa RECords cOntrOversy in the late 70s.2 THAt one must be selF-
 the Subject (pp. 214-249) . Oxford:Oxfor d U niv er sity  Pre ss. Yablo, S.( 1992 ). Cause and Essence.Synth es e , 93 ,  4 03-44 9. http s :/ / d oi. or g/ 10. 10 0 7/ BF010 892 76 Subm it or reco mme nd  next manusc r ip t to SCIRP  an d we will pr ovi de bes tser v ice f oryou:Accept i ng pre -submissi on inquir i es thro u g hEmai l, Facebook, Link e dI n , Twitter, etc . A wi de se l e cti onof journal s(incl u sive of 9s u b jec t s, more than200 journal s ) P rovidi ng  24 - hour h igh-q ua l ity  service Us er-f riendly o nlines ubmissi o n syste m Fair  an d s wift pe er -re vi e w s y st emE ffi cient ty pe se tting  and p r o ofre adi ng p roced ure Display o f t he r e sul t ofdownl oads  a nd vi sits,as we ll  as the numberof c ited arti cle sMax im um di s semina tio n o f yourresearc h  wo rk S u bm it your manuscript  a t :  h ttp://pa persub m is si o n.scirp. or g/Or c o n tactahs@ s ci rp.org B onnieZ im me rman in te rviewe dbySus an Sa y er i n SanDiego No vembe r  15th, 1994 1I n 1973 Jill J o hn s t on ' s Le sbi an Nation:TheF emin istS ol uti o n 1 w as pu bl i sh e d with the followin gdedica tion:  This book is  for my mo t h e r who sh ould ' ve been a lesbian  Andfor my dau g hter inhopes  she wil l be Here L esbian N ati onmet aph o r ic ally represen t e d th erespons ibi lity to war dsles bia ni sm Johnst on assum ed  f or  a llwomen .  (To meth e s ub tit le be a rs pro vocat ivere se m bla nce toa  f i n al s ol ut ion. ) T he  deba te s u rro undingthe termles b ianwa sroughly  divided into  a rguments f or  an  inclu s i vity and  arguments for an exclu s ivity i n d efini tion al terms.  Th ere ar e h o weverconsid erabl eove r l aps b e t we enth ese defini t i ons  as w el l as  incons istencies within t h em.  When the con cep t of L es bia n  N a tio nw asb e ing framed what  were thecr i te ria for ac c ess  t o it an d was t herec onsensu s amongst  lesbians  a s to w hat  forms thi s respon sibilityt oward le sbian ism  shoul dtak e? Ithinkt hecrite ria we re  alway s con te sted and  the history of lesbian  polit ics i n t he 1970sare lar gely abou t wh at the cri ter iaare.The r e wer e tw o  f und a menta l cr i teria. Fi r st , t h a tone be biol o g i cal ly fe mal e , andseco ndly that one bes elf-identified  asl e sbi an. Beyo nd  that, I guess  th er e was a th ir d criterion  which i st hat o ne befemini st, alt h o ug h  the d efin iti on of fem ini sm was per ha ps so tak en-f or -grant ed tha t  itw a s not specifiedpreci s e ly. A n d i t was  a ll thre e  ofthose crit eria that r eallywere  chal lengedin  whatweno w call the 'lesbiansex w ars.' F or  exa mpl e, the  cri t e rionof w ha t c onstitute s ab io lo g ica l fe malebe ingchallenge d  by tran sse x uals, s uc h a s SandyS to n e  and the O liv ia Re c o rds contro v ersy in the l ate 70 s.2 Th at onem ust  b e self- 
 the_Subject (pp._214-249). Oxford: Oxford University_Press. Yablo,_S._(1992). Cause_and_Essence. Synthese, 93,_403-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01089276 Submit_or recommend next manuscript_to SCIRP and_we_will provide best service for you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter,_etc._A wide_selection_of_journals (inclusive of 9 subjects,_more than 200 journals) Providing_24-hour high-quality_service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift_peer-review_system Efficient typesetting_and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads_and visits, as well as the_number of cited_articles_Maximum_dissemination of your research_work Submit your manuscript at: http://papersubmission.scirp.org/_Or contact ahs@scirp.org Bonnie Zimmerman interviewed_by Susan Sayer in San Diego November_15th, 1994 1 In 1973 Jill_Johnston's Lesbian Nation: The Feminist_Solution 1_was published with the following_dedication: This book_is for_my mother who_should've been a lesbian And for_my daughter in_hopes she will be Here Lesbian_Nation_metaphorically represented the_responsibility_towards_lesbianism Johnston_assumed for all_women._(To me_the_subtitle bears provocative resemblance to a_final_solution.) The debate surrounding the term lesbian_was roughly divided into_arguments_for an inclusivity and_arguments for an exclusivity in_definitional terms. There are however considerable_overlaps between_these definitions_as well as inconsistencies within them. When the concept of Lesbian_Nation was being framed what were_the criteria for access_to it_and_was there consensus_amongst_lesbians as_to what forms this responsibility toward lesbianism_should take?_I think the criteria were always_contested and the history_of_lesbian politics in the 1970s are_largely about what the criteria are._There were two fundamental criteria._First,_that_one be biologically female, and_secondly that one be self-identified as_lesbian. Beyond that,_I guess there was a third criterion_which_is that one be feminist, although_the_definition of feminism was perhaps so_taken-for-granted_that_it was not specified precisely._And it was all three of_those criteria that really were challenged in what we_now call the_'lesbian sex wars.' For example,_the_criterion_of what constitutes a biological female being challenged by transsexuals,_such as_Sandy Stone and_the Olivia Records controversy in the late 70s.2 That one_must be self-