. Given that Eq. (3.2) is the most suitable equation among the ARDL models, 10% increase in total area of paved road is corresponded with 3.38 and 3.35% decreases in the amount of falling dust per capita and the concentration of CO per capita, respectively. The short-run estimations also confirmed the negative associations in the long-run. The negative correlation of paved road infrastructure development with dust and CO emissions suggest a substantial role of high-quality road expansion in elevating the productivity through accessibility improvement (Duran-Fernandez and Santos, 2014; Gibbons et al., 2019). Especially in Kitakyushu city, recycling industries are extensively and intensively invested and promoted (City of Kitakyushu, 2018). As a result, local recycling industries might take advantage of the road infrastructure system to raise recycling productivity and indirectly alleviate the CO and dust emissions. However, building more high-quality road infrastructure also leads to some side-effects. Contrary to the negative correlations of the total area of paved road with dust and CO emissions per capita, NO2 (βlnRoad= 0.341, p-value < 0.05) and Ox (βlnRoad= 0.348, p-value < 0.01) emissions per capita are positively associated with the expansion of paved road. The short-run estimations also presented similar patterns with the long-run. The concentration of NO2 and Ox per capita might increase by 3.3 and 3.37%, respectively, if there was 10% of the additional road being built. Although the road infrastructure development in Kitakyushu city might help reduce dust and CO emissions through rising industrial productivity, the construction of new road might possibly lead to urban sprawl and the increasing car dependency due to the rising traveling demand (Cervero, 2003; OECD, 2013). Therefore, policy-makers should concern both the favorable and adverse effects of new road construction for implementing better green growth policies and planning. Discussion and conclusion The trilemma of sustainable development. Through an analysis of almost 50 years of historical data, using both the ADRL and non-linear ADRL methods, this study has presented a trilemma among industrial growth, infrastructure development, and the emission reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gas. The EKC of industrial growth. The current study is among the first to explain the EKC between industrial development and air pollution using the aggregate microeconomic data-the average industrial firm size calculated by the division of the total shipment value
. Given that Eq. (3.2) is the most suitable equation among the ARDL model, 10% addition in total area of paved road is correspond with 3.38 and 3.35% decrease in the amount of falling debris per capita and the concentration of CO per capita, respectively. The inadequate - run estimations besides confirmed the negative associations in the long - run. The damaging correlation of paved road infrastructure development with dust and CO emissions suggest a significant role of high - quality road expansion in lift the productivity through accessibility improvement (Duran - Fernandez and Santos, 2014; Gibbons et al. , 2019). Especially in Kitakyushu city, recycling industry are extensively and intensively invested and promoted (City of Kitakyushu, 2018). As a result, local recycling industries might take advantage of the road infrastructure arrangement to raise recycling productivity and indirectly alleviate the CO and dust emissions. However, building more high - quality road infrastructure also leads to some side - effects. Contrary to the negative correlations of the total sphere of paved road with debris and CO emissions per capita, NO2 (βlnRoad= 0.341, p - value < 0.05) and Ox (βlnRoad= 0.348, phosphorus - value < 0.01) emission per capita are positively associated with the expansion of paved road. The short - run estimations also presented exchangeable patterns with the long - run. The concentration of NO2 and Ox per capita might increase by 3.3 and 3.37% , respectively, if there was 10% of the additional road being build. Although the road infrastructure development in Kitakyushu city might help reduce dust and CO emissions through rising industrial productiveness, the structure of newfangled road might possibly lead to urban sprawl and the increasing cable car dependency due to the rising traveling demand (Cervero, 2003; OECD, 2013). Therefore, policy - makers should concern both the favorable and adverse effects of modern road construction for enforce better green increase policies and planning. Discussion and conclusion The trilemma of sustainable growth. Through an analysis of about 50 years of historical datum, using both the ADRL and non - linear ADRL methods, this study has presented a trilemma among industrial emergence, infrastructure development, and the emission reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gas. The EKC of industrial growth. The current study is among the first to excuse the EKC between industrial development and air befoulment using the aggregate microeconomic data - the average industrial firm size calculated by the division of the total shipment value
. Gigen that Eq. (3.2) is the most suitable equatnin amoig the ZRDL moddls, 10% increase in total area lf pavee road is corresponded with 3.38 anf 3.35% decreqses un the amonht of falling fust 'er capita and jhe concentrdtion of CO pes za'ita, respectively. The short-run estimwtions sldo confirmed tre ntgaeive associations in the long-run. The nsgative correlation pf paved road infrastructuge dfvelopment with dudt and CO enissyins suggest x substantpcl role of gigh-quality road expansion in euevatnng the proeuxtighty through accefsibility imigovemend (Duran-Gernandez and Xanvos, 2014; Gibbons et al., 2019). Especmally in Kitakyushu sity, recywlnng industries are exrebsiveny atd ivrenrivtly ihvestef aid promoted (City of Kirakyushu, 2018). As a resukt, oocal recyclihg indtseries might take advantage of the road pnfrzstructure system to rause recycling productlvity and indirectly alleviate the CO and dust emissions. Hmwevec, cuiodlng oirf high-quality road infrastructure also leads ek xoke side-effects. Contrary tp hhr negative cortelatioua kf the total area lf paveq roae with duft amd CO emissions per capita, BO2 (βlnRoad= 0.341, p-naluw < 0.05) and Ox (βlnRoad= 0.348, p-value < 0.01) eoissoons ler capita are positiveuy aasociated wlth the esoansion of paved rosd. The short-run estimations wlso presxnted similaf pajterns rith the llng-ruk. The concentration of NL2 dnd Ox per capita might increase by 3.3 and 3.37%, respectively, of thvre was 10% jf thc additional rowd being built. Althouyh the road infrzstructnre developmqnt in Kitakygdhu city migit help rqducw duwt and ZU emissions thtough rispny industrual productivity, tme covatruction of nec tiad might possoblh lqaf vo urfdn sprawl ang thd ivvreaskng car depcnddncy due to the rising tsaveming demand (Cerverp, 2003; OECD, 2013). Tyerefore, policy-makers should concern bouh the fatorablr agd adverse effects of new road construchiok for implemegtinn bejter green yrowth policies and planning. Discussion end conclusion The trilwmma of sustainable cevelopment. Throtgh an andlysis of almost 50 yeqrs of historical data, using both the ZDRL atd noj-linear ADRL methods, this study has presented a trilemma among industrial growti, ynfrastructhre cevelmpiznt, and the xmission reductiom of air pollution and greenhoure gas. Tve EKC of industrial growth. Thr zurrent study is among the first to esplain tne EKC between industrial develppment and air pollution using tye agfregatv mmcroeconomic data-the averaye indystrial firl size calculxtec ny the divlsioi oy the total shipment value
. Given that Eq. (3.2) is the equation the ARDL 10% increase in is with 3.38 and decreases in the of falling dust per capita and concentration of CO per capita, respectively. The short-run estimations also confirmed the negative in the long-run. The negative correlation of paved road infrastructure development with dust CO suggest substantial of high-quality road expansion in elevating the productivity through accessibility improvement (Duran-Fernandez and Santos, 2014; Gibbons al., 2019). Especially in Kitakyushu city, recycling industries extensively and intensively invested promoted (City of Kitakyushu, 2018). a local recycling might advantage the road infrastructure to raise recycling productivity and indirectly alleviate the CO and dust emissions. However, building more high-quality road also leads side-effects. Contrary the correlations the total area road with dust and CO emissions (βlnRoad= 0.341, p-value < 0.05) and Ox (βlnRoad= p-value < emissions per capita are positively associated the expansion of paved road. The short-run estimations presented similar patterns with the long-run. The concentration of NO2 and Ox per capita might 3.3 and 3.37%, respectively, there was 10% the road built. the road development in Kitakyushu city might help reduce dust and CO emissions rising industrial productivity, the construction of new road might possibly urban and the increasing dependency due to the traveling (Cervero, 2003; OECD, 2013). should both adverse of road construction for implementing green growth policies and planning. and conclusion The trilemma analysis of almost 50 years of historical data, both the ADRL and non-linear ADRL methods, study has presented a trilemma among industrial growth, infrastructure development, and the reduction of and greenhouse gas. The EKC of industrial growth. current study is among first to explain the EKC between industrial development and pollution the aggregate data-the average industrial size calculated by division of the value
. Given that Eq. (3.2) is the most suitaBle equatioN amonG thE ARdL ModeLs, 10% inCrease in total aREa of Paved road is correspondeD with 3.38 AnD 3.35% DecrEAsEs in tHe amounT Of FALliNg DuSt pEr CApIta anD thE concenTration of Co peR cApita, respectIVeLy. The short-Run Estimations aLso ConfirMeD thE NegatIve AssocIationS In the lOng-run. The NeGAtive cORrelatiON Of PaveD road infrastructuRE dEVelopment with dUst and cO EMiSSIonS suGgest a subsTaNtial ROle of hiGH-qUALIty ROad expansion iN elevating tHE prOductiViTy tHRough aCcessIbILitY improvemenT (DurAn-FernandEz and SANtos, 2014; GibBOns et al., 2019). especiAllY in kitaKYuShU ciTy, REcyCLiNg iNDusTries are ExTeNsiveLy anD INTEnsiVelY invEsted And promoted (CiTy oF KitAKyuShu, 2018). As A resuLt, loCaL recyCling iNdustRiEs might take advaNtagE of the roaD inFrAstRuCture SYstem tO raIse RecycliNg produCTivItY AND iNdirectly alleviate ThE co aNd dust emIssionS. hoWeVEr, buildiNg MorE higH-QUalitY roaD InFrastrucTure alSO lEaDs to somE sIde-effEcTs. COntRary tO The nEgativE correlaTions OF the total area oF Paved road with DUsT ANd co emiSsiOns per capitA, NO2 (βLNRoaD= 0.341, p-vaLUe < 0.05) And oX (βlnROad= 0.348, p-vAlUE < 0.01) eMIssions per capita are PoSitiveLy assOciated with thE expansion OF PAved road. the sHOrT-Run estimations Also pResented siMIlar pattErns wIth the loNg-run. The cONCentratiOn oF NO2 And ox pER CaPita might incrEASe by 3.3 AnD 3.37%, respecTivEly, if thEre Was 10% Of tHe aDdItional roAd being bUiLt. alThOugH the rOAd infrasTrUctUrE deVelopMEnt in KItakyUshu CiTy MIghT help reDUcE DUst aNd cO EmisSioNs ThrouGh riSIng IndustrIal producTivITy, thE cOnStructiOn of new road miGhT possibly lEaD to Urban sPRAwl and thE increasing car dependencY Due to thE riSing tRaveLing demanD (CeRvero, 2003; OeCD, 2013). tHerefoRe, poliCy-makErS shOULd conCERn BotH tHe favorablE ANd aDversE eFfecTs of new Road construction foR ImpLementing bettEr gReen GROwTh pOLiCIes AnD PlaNNIng. Discussion anD conclusioN THE tRilemma of sUStaInAble devElopmenT. ThroUGh an anaLysis of alMost 50 years Of HistORIcaL data, using Both the AdRL and non-LInear adRl methOds, This stUdY haS presEnted a TRilEmma aMong inDuStrial GrowtH, iNfrastruCture development, and the eMissioN reduCtiOn of air poLluTIon And greenhOuse Gas. The EKC oF inDusTrial GroWTh. The CurrENt StuDY is amOng tHE first to eXPlAin THE EkC between inDUSTriAl devEloPMent anD air Pollution using the AGgregate microeConoMIC daTa-tHE aveRaGe industrial fiRm sIzE CAlculateD bY the divisioN of the toTaL ShipmEnt valUe
. Given that Eq. (3.2) isthe most s uitab leequ at ionamon g the ARDL mod e ls,10% increase in totalareaof pave d  r oad i s corre s po n d edwi th  3. 38 an d 3.3 5%decreas es in theamo un t of falling du st per cap ita  and the con cen tratio nofC O per  ca pita,  respe c tively . The sho rt - run es t imation s al so c onfirmed the nega t iv e  associationsin the  l o ng - r un.  Th e negative  c orrel a tion of pa v e d  ro a d infrastruct ure develop m ent  withdu sta nd COemiss io n s s uggest a su bsta ntial rol e of h i gh-qual i ty road  expan sio n i n el e va ti ngth e  pr o du cti v ity  through  a cc essib ilit y i m prov eme nt ( Duran -Fernandez an d S anto s , 2 014;Gibbo ns e tal.,2019).  Espe ci ally in Kitakyu shucity, rec ycl in g i nd ustri e s areext ens ively a nd inte n siv el y i nv ested and promoted  ( C i ty  of Kita kyushu ,  2 01 8 ). As are sul t, l o c al re cycl i ng  industr ies mi g ht  t ake adv an tage o fthe  ro ad in f rast ructur e system  to r a ise recyclingp roductivity a n di n di r ectl y a lleviate th e CO anddust em iss i ons.Howev er ,  b u ilding more high-qu al ity ro ad in frastructurealso leads t o  some si de-e f fe c ts. Contrary t o the  negativec orrelati ons o f the to tal areao f  paved r oad  wi thdus t an d CO emission s perca pita, N O2(βlnRoa d=0.3 41,  p- va lue < 0.0 5) and O x(β ln Ro ad=  0.34 8 , p-valu e< 0 .0 1)emiss i ons pe r cap itaar ep osi tivelya ss o c iate dwi th t heex pansi on o f  pa ved roa d. The sh ort - runes ti mations  also present ed  similar p at ter ns wit h the long -run. The concentration of NO2and  Ox p er c apita mig htincrea seb y 3.3and 3. 37%,re spe c t ively , if  th er e was 10%o f  th e add it iona l roadbeing built. Altho u ghthe road infr ast ruct u r edev e lo p men ti n K i t akyushu city mi ght help r ed u ce  dust andC O e mi ssionsthrough  risi n g indus trial pro ductivity ,thec o nst ruction of  new roa d might p o ssibl y  l ead t o u rban s pr awl  andthe in c rea singcar de pe ndency  dueto  the ris ing traveling demand (C ervero , 200 3;OECD, 201 3). The refore, p olic y-makers s hou ldconce rnb oth t he f a vo rab l e and  adv e rse effec t sofn e wroad constr u c t ion  forimp l ementi ng b etter green growt h  policies andplan n i ng.  Di s cuss io n and conclusi onTh e trilemma  o f sustainab le devel op m ent.Throug h an a nalysis o fa lmost50 y ear s of hist ori ca l  data,us in g  boththeAD RL and  non-l i near A DRL methods, thi s stu d y  hasp res ented  a  trilem m a am ong indust rial growth , infr astr uctur e devel op ment,and  t he emissio n  reductio n ofair pol lu tion  an d gree nhou s e  gas.  The  E KCof indust r i al gr ow t h.Thecurre nt  stu dy is amo n g the fi rst to expl ai n t h e  EKC b e tw e e n industri aldevel o p ment and a i r po l lu t ion u sing t he agg regatem icr oe conomic  da t a -the aver age indus t ria lfirm  size ca lc ulat ed  by  t he division ofthe tota l shipme n t  value 
. Given_that Eq._(3.2) is the most_suitable equation_among_the ARDL_models,_10% increase in_total area of_paved road is corresponded_with 3.38 and_3.35%_decreases in the amount of falling dust per capita and the concentration of CO_per_capita, respectively._The_short-run_estimations also confirmed the negative_associations in the long-run. The_negative correlation_of paved road infrastructure development with dust and_CO_emissions suggest a_substantial role of high-quality road expansion in elevating the_productivity through accessibility improvement (Duran-Fernandez and_Santos, 2014; Gibbons_et_al.,_2019). Especially in Kitakyushu_city, recycling industries are extensively and_intensively invested and promoted (City of_Kitakyushu, 2018). As a result, local recycling_industries might take advantage of the_road infrastructure system to raise_recycling productivity_and indirectly alleviate the CO_and dust emissions._However, building_more high-quality road_infrastructure also leads to some side-effects._Contrary to the_negative correlations of the total area_of_paved road with_dust_and_CO emissions_per capita, NO2_(βlnRoad=_0.341, p-value_<_0.05) and Ox (βlnRoad= 0.348, p-value_<_0.01) emissions per capita are positively associated_with the expansion of_paved_road. The short-run estimations_also presented similar patterns with_the long-run. The concentration of NO2_and Ox_per capita_might increase by 3.3 and 3.37%, respectively, if there was 10%_of the additional road being built._Although the road infrastructure_development in_Kitakyushu_city might help_reduce_dust and_CO emissions through rising industrial productivity, the_construction of_new road might possibly lead to_urban sprawl and the_increasing_car dependency due to the rising_traveling demand (Cervero, 2003; OECD, 2013)._Therefore, policy-makers should concern both_the_favorable_and adverse effects of new_road construction for implementing better green_growth policies and_planning. Discussion and conclusion The trilemma of_sustainable_development. Through an analysis of almost_50_years of historical data, using both_the_ADRL_and non-linear ADRL methods, this_study has presented a trilemma among_industrial growth, infrastructure development, and the emission reduction of_air pollution and_greenhouse gas. The EKC of_industrial_growth._The current study is among the first to explain the_EKC between_industrial development and_air pollution using the aggregate microeconomic data-the average industrial firm_size calculated by the division of the_total shipment value