ed by his critical statements. 1 Eduardo Salles O. Barra is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the Federal University of Paraná UFPR. Address: Rua Dr. Faivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D. Pedro II – Curitiba – PR, Brazil – CEP 80060-140. Email: eduardosobarra@gmail.com 2 Ricardo Batista dos Santos is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Philosophy at the Federal University of Paraná UFPR. Address: Rua Dr. Faivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D. Pedro II – Curitiba – PR, Brazil – CEP 80060-140. E-mail: ricardobat2000@gmail.com Duhem's Analysis of Newtonian Method and the Logical Priority of Physics over Metaphysics Eduardo Salles O. Barra – Ricardo Batista dos Santos 8 Thus, the objective of this paper is to highlight the positive Duhemian analysis of Newton's method from the confrontation with some historical studies on the methodology of the Principia. More specifically, the chief aim of this paper is to show that, although Duhem's criticisms of the Newtonian method are challenged by current studies, such disputes have little impact in his positive analysis; on the contrary, in some cases they even reinforce it. In order to achieve the goal here set out, we first will present an overview of the Principia and Duhem's critique, especially those aimed at Newton's pronouncements in the General Scholium. Next, we will present objections to the Duhemian critique from four different authors. Finally, we will offer the aforementioned positive analysis, in conjunction with recent studies of the methodology of the Principia. As we intend to show, recent interpretations of Newton's methodological pronouncements in the General Scholium suggest a reorientation of the interpretation of this text in the direction of the positive conclusions of Duhem. The Principia and Duhem's Critique to the Newtonian Method In the Principia, Isaac Newton presents one of the most celebrated and successful physical theories ever conceived, the theory of universal gravitation. This theory emerged with the goal of solving the famous Two chief world systems problem, that is, the problem of deciding between the geocentric and the heliocentric world systems (Harper 2011, 2). Astronomical observations at that time reported that planets
ed by his critical statements. 1 Eduardo Salles O. Barra is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the Federal University of Paraná UFPR. Address: Rua Dr. Faivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D. Pedro II – Curitiba – PR, Brazil – CEP 80060 - 140. Email: eduardosobarra@gmail.com 2 Ricardo Batista dos Santos is a ph Candidate in the Department of Philosophy at the Federal University of Paraná UFPR. savoir-faire: Rua Dr. Faivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D. Pedro II – Curitiba – PR, Brazil – CEP 80060 - 140. vitamin e - mail: ricardobat2000@gmail.com Duhem's Analysis of Newtonian Method and the Logical Priority of Physics over Metaphysics Eduardo Salles O. Barra – Ricardo Batista dos Santos 8 therefore, the objective of this paper is to highlight the cocksure Duhemian analysis of Newton's method from the confrontation with some historic studies on the methodology of the Principia. More specifically, the chief aim of this newspaper is to show that, although Duhem's criticisms of the Newtonian method acting are challenged by current studies, such disputes have little impact in his positive psychoanalysis; on the contrary, in some cases they even reinforce it. In order to achieve the finish here set out, we first will present an overview of the Principia and Duhem's critique, especially those aim at Newton's pronouncements in the General Scholium. Next, we will present objections to the Duhemian critique from four different writer. Finally, we will offer the aforementioned positive analysis, in conjunction with recent studies of the methodology of the Principia. As we intend to show, recent interpretations of Newton's methodological pronouncements in the General Scholium suggest a reorientation of the interpretation of this text in the guidance of the positive conclusions of Duhem. The Principia and Duhem's Critique to the Newtonian Method In the Principia, Isaac Newton deliver one of the about celebrated and successful forcible theories ever conceived, the theory of universal gravitation. This theory emerged with the finish of solving the famous Two chief world systems problem, that is, the problem of deciding between the geocentric and the heliocentric world systems (Harper 2011, 2). Astronomical observations at that meter reported that planet
ed hy his critical statemenus. 1 Eduardo Salles O. Barca is a Professur in the Department of Phillsiphy qt the Federal Universkty of Paganá UFPR. Qddrtss: Rua Dr. Faivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. F. Pebri II – Curitiba – PR, Brazin – CEP 80060-140. Email: adjaxdosobarra@gmail.com 2 Ricardo Batista qos Sanyod is a PhD Canqidaue yn tgv Bepartment of Philosophy at the Federan University pf Paraná UFPR. Address: Rua Fr. Fwivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ef. D. Pedro IU – Cteitiba – PR, Bfazil – CEP 80060-140. E-mail: ricatdobat2000@gmail.com Duhem's Analysis ow Newconian Methid anf the Logicao Prijrity of Physics oves Metapnysics Eduardo Sanlew O. Barra – Ricardo Bavista dos Santos 8 Thos, the objaccive of this paper is ti higvligvt tfw pusiuivx Dhhemiaj aialysis of Hewton's metyod from the confromtwnoon with soms histjrycal studies on the methodology of the Krincjpia. More specifically, rhe chief aim of this paper is to show that, although Duhem's criticisms of the Nawtonmav mttmja age challenged by current studies, such disputef hsvv little impact ik his positive anakydix; on the contrxry, in soje cases they even reinfotce it. In order to schieve the goal here set oyt, we first cilo present an overvnew of the Pxincipoa anc Duhem's critique, especnally fhose aimed at Newtoh'r pronouncements in tve General Scholium. Next, wq will prxsent objectkons to thq Duhemian critlxue from four difffrent agthors. Finwlly, we will offer the aforemenvmoned positivg ataljsis, in cjnjungtion with recegt studies of jhe methobology of the Prpncipia. Av we intend to show, recetj interpretatmons of Nqwtob's mwthodolueical pronouncrments in the Generql Scholium suggesb a rgodientation of tkt ibterpretation og tfis tvxt ig the directimn ow tfr posktive conclmsiuns pf Duhem. The Principha ahd Duhem's Critique tj the Neqtonian Iethod In the Principia, Isaac Ntwton 'resenvs one of the most celebrated and succeasful phydicwl theories qver conceived, tke theory of universal gravitation. This vheory emerged with thg goal of solving the namous Two ciief wjrld systams problem, that is, rhe problem of degiding between the geodentriw and the heliocentric world systems (Harper 2011, 2). Astronomical observations at thar time reported thzt pkanetv
ed by his critical statements. 1 Eduardo Barra a Professor the Department of of UFPR. Address: Rua Faivre, 405 – andar – Ed. D. Pedro II Curitiba – PR, Brazil – CEP 80060-140. Email: eduardosobarra@gmail.com 2 Ricardo Batista dos is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Philosophy at the Federal University Paraná Address: Dr. 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D. Pedro II – Curitiba – PR, Brazil – CEP E-mail: ricardobat2000@gmail.com Duhem's Analysis of Newtonian Method and Logical Priority of Physics Metaphysics Eduardo Salles O. Barra Ricardo dos Santos Thus, objective this paper is highlight the positive Duhemian analysis of Newton's method from the confrontation with some historical studies on the of the specifically, the aim this is to show Duhem's criticisms of the Newtonian method current studies, such disputes have little impact in positive analysis; the contrary, in some cases they reinforce it. In order to achieve the goal set out, we first will present an overview of the Principia and Duhem's critique, especially at Newton's pronouncements in General Scholium. Next, will objections the critique from different authors. Finally, we will offer the aforementioned positive analysis, in with recent studies of the methodology of the Principia. As to recent interpretations of methodological pronouncements in the Scholium a reorientation of the this in the conclusions Duhem. The Principia and Critique to the Newtonian Method the Principia, Isaac Newton celebrated and successful physical theories ever conceived, the of universal gravitation. This theory emerged with goal of solving the famous Two chief world systems problem, that is, problem of the geocentric and the heliocentric world systems (Harper 2). Astronomical observations at time reported that planets
ed by his critical statements. 1 eduardo SalLes O. BArrA is A PRofeSsor In the DepartmenT Of PhIlosophy at the Federal UnIversItY Of PaRAnÁ UFPR. address: rUa dR. faiVrE, 405 – 6o AndAr – eD. D. pedro iI – CUritiba – pR, Brazil – CEp 80060-140. EmAiL: eduardosobaRRa@Gmail.com 2 RiCarDo Batista dos sanTos is a phd CaNDidatE in The DePartmeNT of PhiLosophy at ThE federaL universITY oF ParAná UFPR. Address: Rua dR. FAIvre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D. PEdro II – cuRItIBA – PR, braZil – CEP 80060-140. E-maiL: rIcardOBat2000@gmaiL.CoM dUHem'S analysis of NewTonian MethoD And The LogIcAl PRIority Of PhySiCS ovEr MetaphysiCs EdUardo SallEs O. BarRA – RicardO batista Dos SanTos 8 thuS, the OBjEcTivE oF ThiS PaPer IS to HighlighT tHe PositIve DUHEMIan aNalYsis Of NewTon's method froM thE conFRonTatioN with Some HiStoriCal stuDies oN tHe methodology of The PRincipia. MOre SpEciFiCally, THe chieF aiM of This papEr is to sHOw tHaT, ALThOugh Duhem's criticisMs OF ThE NewtoniAn methOD aRe CHallengeD bY cuRrenT STudieS, sucH DiSputes haVe littLE iMpAct in hiS pOsitivE aNalYsiS; on thE ContRary, in Some caseS they EVen reinforce it. iN order to achieVE tHE GoAL herE seT out, we first Will PReseNt an OVeRviEW of thE PrinCiPIa ANd Duhem's critique, espEcIally tHose aImed at Newton's PronouncemENTS in the GeNeraL scHOlium. Next, we wilL presEnt objectiONs to the DUhemiAn critiqUe from fouR DIfferent AutHorS. FiNalLY, We Will offer the aFORemeNtIoned poSitIve analYsiS, in ConJunCtIon with reCent studIeS oF tHe MetHodolOGy of the PRiNciPiA. As We intENd to shOw, recEnt iNtErPRetAtions oF neWTOn's mEtHoDoloGicAl PronoUnceMEntS in the GEneral SchOliUM sugGeSt A reorieNtation of the iNtErpretatioN oF thIs text IN The direcTion of the positive concluSIons of DUheM. The PRincIpia and DuHem'S CritiQue TO the NeWtoniaN MethOd in tHE princIPIa, isaAc newton presENTs oNe of tHe Most CelebraTed and successful phYSicAl theories eveR coNceiVED, tHe tHEoRY of UnIVerSAL gravitation. ThiS theory emeRgED wIth the goal OF soLvIng the fAmous TwO chieF World syStems probLem, that is, ThE proBLEm oF deciding bEtween thE geocentrIC and tHE hEliocEntRic worLd SysTems (HArper 2011, 2). ASTroNomicAl obseRvAtions At thaT tIme reporTed that planets
ed by his critical stateme nts. 1 Edu ardoSal les  O . Ba rrais a Professor in t he Department of Philo sophy  a t  the Fe deral  Univer s it y ofPa ra náUF P R.  Addr ess : Rua D r. Faivre,  40 5– 6o andar – Ed . D. Pedro  II  – Curitiba– P R, Bra zi l – CEP 8 006 0-140 . Emai l : edua rdosobarr a@ g mail.c o m 2 Ric a r do  Bat ista dos Santos i s  a PhD Candidatein the  D e pa r t men t o f Philosop hy  at t h e Feder a lU n i ver s ity of Paraná  UFPR. Addr e ss:  Rua D r.  Fa i vre, 4 05 –6o and ar – Ed. D.  Ped ro II – C uritib a  – PR,B razil –  CEP 8 006 0-1 40.E -m ai l:ri c ard o ba t20 0 0@g mail.com  D uh em'sAnal y s i s  ofNew toni an Me thod and theLog ical Pri ority  of P hysi cs  over  Metap hysic sEduardo SallesO. B arra – Ri car do  Ba ti sta d o s Sant os8 T hus, th e objec t ive  o f t hi s paper is to high li g h tthe posi tive D u he mi a n analys is  of  New t o n's m etho d  f rom theconfro n ta ti on with  s ome hi st ori cal  stud i es o n themethodol ogy o f  the Principia .  More specifi c al l y ,t he c hie f aim of th is p a peris t o  s how that,  alth ou g hD uhem's criticisms o fthe Ne wtoni an method are  challenge d b y curren t st u di e s, such disput es ha ve littlei mpact in  hispositive  analysis ; on the c ont rar y,ins o me  cases they e v e n re in force i t.In orde r t o a chi eve  t he goal h ere setou t,  w efir st wi l l presen tanov erv iew o f  the P rinci piaan dD uhe m's cri t iq u e , es pe ci ally  th os e aim ed a t  Ne wton'spronounce men t s in  t he  Genera l Scholium. N ex t, we will  p res ent ob j e ctions t o the Duhemian critique from fo urdiffe rent  authors.  Fi nally,  we will o ffer t he af or eme n t ioned p os iti ve  analysis, i n c onjun ct ionwith re cent studies of th e  me thodology ofthe  Pri n c ip ia. As wein t end t o show, recentinterpreta ti o ns  of Newton ' s m et hodolog ical pr onoun c ementsin the Ge neral Sch ol iums u gge st a reori entation  of the i n terpr e ta tionofthis t ex t i n the  direc t ion  of t he pos it ive co nclus io ns of Du hem. The Principia andDuhem' s Cri tiq ue to the  Ne w ton ian Metho d In  the Princ ipi a,Isaac  Ne w ton p rese n ts  on e  of t he m o st celebr a te d a n d  s uccessful p h y s ica l the ori e s ever  con ceived, the theor y  of universalgrav i t ati on. This  t heory emergedwit ht h e goal o fsolving the  famousTw o  chie f worl d syst ems pro b l em ,  thatis,the  problemofde c iding b et we e n thegeoc en tric a nd the heli o c entric world sys tems( H arper 201 1, 2) .Astrono m ical  observati ons at that  timerepo rtedthat pl an ets
ed by_his critical_statements. 1 Eduardo Salles_O. Barra_is_a Professor_in_the Department of_Philosophy at the_Federal University of Paraná_UFPR. Address: Rua_Dr._Faivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D. Pedro II – Curitiba – PR,_Brazil_– CEP_80060-140._Email:_eduardosobarra@gmail.com 2 Ricardo Batista dos_Santos is a PhD Candidate_in the_Department of Philosophy at the Federal University of_Paraná_UFPR. Address: Rua_Dr. Faivre, 405 – 6o andar – Ed. D._Pedro II – Curitiba – PR,_Brazil – CEP_80060-140._E-mail:_ricardobat2000@gmail.com Duhem's Analysis of_Newtonian Method and the Logical Priority_of Physics over Metaphysics Eduardo Salles_O. Barra – Ricardo Batista dos Santos_8 Thus, the objective of this_paper is to highlight the_positive Duhemian_analysis of Newton's method from_the confrontation with_some historical_studies on the_methodology of the Principia. More specifically,_the chief aim_of this paper is to show_that,_although Duhem's criticisms_of_the_Newtonian method_are challenged by_current_studies, such_disputes_have little impact in his positive_analysis;_on the contrary, in some cases they_even reinforce it. In_order_to achieve the goal_here set out, we first_will present an overview of the_Principia and_Duhem's critique,_especially those aimed at Newton's pronouncements in the General Scholium. Next,_we will present objections to the_Duhemian critique from four_different authors._Finally,_we will offer_the_aforementioned positive_analysis, in conjunction with recent studies of_the methodology_of the Principia. As we intend_to show, recent interpretations_of_Newton's methodological pronouncements in the General_Scholium suggest a reorientation of the_interpretation of this text in_the_direction_of the positive conclusions of_Duhem. The Principia and Duhem's Critique_to the Newtonian_Method In the Principia, Isaac Newton presents_one_of the most celebrated and successful_physical_theories ever conceived, the theory of_universal_gravitation._This theory emerged with the_goal of solving the famous Two_chief world systems problem, that is, the problem of_deciding between the_geocentric and the heliocentric world_systems_(Harper_2011, 2). Astronomical observations at that time reported that planets