-relative truth. Furthermore, ist der Fall is fine with adverbs of quantification, with which ist wahr is hardly acceptable or at least conveys a particular metasemantic notion of time-relative truth: (71) a. Es ist immer mehr der Fall, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas vergiβt. 'It is more and more the case that the Alzheimer patient forgets something.' b.??? Es ist immer mehr wahr, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas vergiβt. 'It is be more and more true that the Alzheimer patient forgets something.' (72) a. Es war zweimal der Fall, dass jemand von der Versammlung abwesend war. 'It was twice the case that someone was absent from the meeting.' b.??? Es war zweimal wahr, dass jemand von der Versammlung abwesend war. 'It was twice true that someone was absent.' In contrast to ist der Fall, with ist wahr, the subject clause needs to be (more or less) truth-conditionally complete, that is, complete regarding context-dependent elements (such as quantifier restrictions and temporal or spatial locations). A further difference between is true and is the case shows up with adverbs that may act as degree quantifiers such as German kaum 'hardly'. With is the case, such 40 This may be because English is true is actually polysemous, permitting also a use equivalent to is the case. 41 These differences are discussed already in Moltmann (2015a). 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of 'cases' adverbs can act only as adverbs of quantification, whereas with is true they most naturally act as degree modifiers: (73) a. Es ist kaum der Fall, dass Hans Kaffee trinkt. 'It is hardly the case that John drinks coffee.' b.??? Es ist kaum wahr, dass Hans Kaffee trinkt. 'It is hardly true that John drinks coffee.' Whereas (73a) means that there are only rare cases of John drinking coffee, (73b) means something like 'it can hardly be said that John drinks coffee'. The semantics of is the case involves quantification over truthmakers, that is, exact truthmakers. That exact truthmaking is involved is apparent from the way adverbs of quantification are understood42: (74) a. It was twice the
-relative truth. Furthermore, ist der Fall is fine with adverbs of quantification, with which ist wahr is hardly satisfactory or at least convey a particular metasemantic notion of meter - proportional truth: (71) a. Es ist immer mehr der Fall, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas vergiβt.' It is more and more the case that the Alzheimer patient forget something.' b.? ?? Es ist immer mehr wahr, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas vergiβt.' It is be more and more true that the Alzheimer patient forget something.' (72) a. Es war zweimal der Fall, dass jemand von der Versammlung abwesend war.' It was twice the case that someone was lacking from the meeting.' b.? ?? Es war zweimal wahr, dass jemand von der Versammlung abwesend war.' It was twice true that someone was absent.' In line to ist der Fall, with ist wahr, the subject clause need to be (more or less) truth - conditionally complete, that is, accomplished regarding context - dependent elements (such as quantifier restriction and temporal or spatial locations). A further difference between is truthful and is the case shows up with adverbs that may act as degree quantifier such as German kaum' hardly'. With is the case, such 40 This may be because English is true is actually polysemous, permitting also a use equivalent to is the case. 41 These differences are discussed already in Moltmann (2015a). 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of' cases' adverbs can act only as adverbs of quantification, whereas with is true they about naturally work as degree modifier: (73) a. Es ist kaum der Fall, hyrax Hans Kaffee trinkt.' It is barely the case that John drinks coffee.' b.? ?? Es ist kaum wahr, dass Hans Kaffee trinkt.' It is hardly true that John drinks coffee.' Whereas (73a) means that there constitute only rare cases of John drinking coffee, (73b) means something like' it can hardly be suppose that John drinks coffee'. The semantics of is the case involves quantification over truthmakers, that is, exact truthmakers. That exact truthmaking is involve is apparent from the way adverbs of quantification are understood42: (74) a. It was twice the
-relwtive truth. Furthermore, lst der Fall is yune wivh advedbs of qjantification, with which ist wqhr iw hardly acceptable or at least conveys a perticular metasemantic notion kn timz-rxlative truth: (71) s. Es ist ikmer mehr der Xaul, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas vewgiβt. 'It id more and morg the sase nhct the Alzheimer patient forgeta sometiing.' b.??? Es ist ikmer mehr wahr, dass der Alxheilerpatient etwas vfrgiβt. 'It is be iire and more true that the Alzheimgr patient forgets something.' (72) a. Ds wax zweimal dgx Fapn, dass jemaid von der Versammlung abwasend wsr. 'It was twicc the cawe that someone was ausent from the meetigg.' b.??? Es wdr zweimal wahr, dasw hemang vot def Vefsajmkuhg abwfseid war. 'It wzs twice trye that someone was afwent.' In contrzst to ift der Fall, with ist wahr, the subject cnauae needs to be (more or oess) truth-conditionalpy compleee, that is, complete regarding context-dependent elamenta (suem xw euantifier restrictions and temporal or spatiwm kobations). A further difference bftegen is true ana is tks dase shows up with adverbf thar may act as cegree quantifiers such as Terman kaum 'karely'. With is the cade, such 40 Thns may be brcause English is true ns acthally polysfmous, perjktting also a usd eauhvalent uu is the case. 41 Thqse diffecencex are dkscuxsed ajready in Loltmann (2015a). 123 Situations, apternctivev, and the demantics of 'cases' adverbs can ert only as adfesbs of quancificabion, whereas wieh is true thei most nacurallh act as dvgree modmfiers: (73) a. Es ist kaum der Vall, dass Hais Kaffee tribkt. 'Ut is hxfdly the case yhat John drinks codfee.' b.??? Es ist kaum wafd, dass Hans Kafyte urunkt. 'It is harcly trte tiat Jjvn drinks coxfee.' Whdteas (73x) means thab tfere are only rare cases of Nohn drinking coffre, (73b) means somethigg like 'it cam hardly be said tjat Jmhn drinls soffee'. The semantics of is the case invllvcs quantificaeion over truthmckers, that is, exact truthmakers. That exart truthmaking is involced is apparent frok the way adterbs jf quantixication are understiod42: (74) a. It was twige the
-relative truth. Furthermore, ist der Fall is adverbs quantification, with ist wahr is conveys particular metasemantic notion time-relative truth: (71) Es ist immer mehr der Fall, der Alzheimerpatient etwas vergiβt. 'It is more and more the case that the patient forgets something.' b.??? Es ist immer mehr wahr, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas 'It be and true that the Alzheimer patient forgets something.' (72) a. Es war zweimal der Fall, dass jemand der Versammlung abwesend war. 'It was twice the that someone was absent the meeting.' b.??? Es war wahr, jemand von Versammlung war. was twice true someone was absent.' In contrast to ist der Fall, with ist wahr, the subject clause needs to (more or complete, that complete context-dependent (such as quantifier temporal or spatial locations). A further true and is the case shows up with that may as degree quantifiers such as German 'hardly'. With is the case, such 40 This be because English is true is actually polysemous, permitting also a use equivalent to is 41 These differences are already in Moltmann 123 alternatives, the of 'cases' can act only as adverbs of quantification, whereas with is true most naturally act as degree modifiers: (73) a. Es ist Fall, Hans Kaffee trinkt. is hardly the case John coffee.' b.??? Es ist dass Kaffee hardly that drinks coffee.' Whereas (73a) that there are only rare of John drinking coffee, can hardly be said that John drinks coffee'. semantics of is the case involves quantification truthmakers, that is, exact truthmakers. That exact truthmaking is involved is apparent the way quantification are understood42: (74) a. It was twice
-relative truth. Furthermore, iSt der Fall iS fine WitH adVeRbs oF quaNtification, witH WhicH ist wahr is hardly acceptAble oR aT LeasT CoNveys A particULaR MEtaSeMaNtiC nOTiOn of tIme-RelativE truth: (71) a. Es iSt iMmEr mehr der FalL, DaSs der AlzheImeRpatient etwaS veRgiβt. 'IT iS moRE and mOre The caSe that THe AlzhEimer patiEnT ForgetS SomethiNG.' B.??? ES ist Immer mehr wahr, dass DEr aLzheimerpatienT etwas VeRGiΒT. 'it iS be More and morE tRue thAT the AlzHEiMER PatIEnt forgets somEthing.' (72) a. Es waR ZweImal deR FAll, DAss jemAnd voN dER VeRsammlung abWeseNd war. 'It waS twice THe case tHAt someoNe was aBseNt fRom tHE mEeTinG.' b.??? eS waR ZwEimAL waHr, dass jeMaNd Von deR VerSAMMLung AbwEsenD war. 'IT was twice true ThaT somEOne Was abSent.' IN conTrAst to Ist der fall, wItH ist wahr, the subjEct cLause needS to Be (MorE oR less) TRuth-coNdiTioNally coMplete, tHAt iS, cOMPLeTe regarding context-DePENdEnt elemeNts (sucH As QuANtifier rEsTriCtioNS And teMporAL oR spatial LocatiONs). a fUrther dIfFerencE bEtwEen Is truE And iS the caSe shows uP with ADverbs that may aCT as degree quanTIfIERs SUch aS GeRman kaum 'harDly'. WITh is The cASe, SucH 40 this mAy be bEcAUsE english is true is actuAlLy polySemouS, permitting alSo a use equiVALEnt to is tHe caSE. 41 THEse differences Are diScussed alrEAdy in MolTmann (2015A). 123 SituatiOns, alternATIves, and tHe sEmaNtiCs oF 'CAsEs' adverbs can aCT Only As Adverbs Of qUantifiCatIon, WheReaS wIth is true They most NaTuRaLlY acT as deGRee modifIeRs: (73) a. es Ist Kaum dER Fall, dAss HaNs KaFfEe TRinKt. 'It is hARdLY The cAsE tHat JOhn DrInks cOffeE.' B.??? Es Ist kaum Wahr, dass HAns kAffeE tRiNkt. 'It is Hardly true thaT JOhn drinks cOfFee.' whereaS (73A) Means thaT there are only rare cases oF john driNkiNg cofFee, (73b) Means someThiNg like 'It cAN hardlY be saiD that joHn dRINks coFFEe'. the SeMantics of iS THe cAse inVoLves QuantifIcation over truthmaKErs, That is, exact trUthMakeRS. thAt eXAcT TruThMAkiNG Is involved is appArent from tHe WAy Adverbs of qUAntIfIcation Are undeRstooD42: (74) A. It was tWice the
-relative truth. Furthermo re, ist de r Fal l i s f in e wi th a dverbs of quan t ific ation, with which istwahris hard l yaccep table o r  a t lea st  c onv ey s  a  part icu lar met asemanticnot io n of time-re l at ive truth:  (7 1) a. Es ist  im mer me hr  de r  Fall , d ass d er Alz h eimerp atient et wa s  vergi β t. 'Iti s  m oreand more the case th a t the Alzheime r pati en t  f o r get s s omething.'  b .???E s ist i m me r m ehr wahr, dass de r Alzheimer p ati ent et wa s v e rgiβt.  'Itis bemore and mo re t rue thatthe Al z heimerp atientforget s s ome thin g .'  ( 72)  a .  Es wa r z w eim al der F al l,  dass  jem a n d vonder  Ver samml ung abwesendwar . 'I t  wa s twi ce th e ca se  that  someo ne wa sabsent from the  mee ting.' b. ???  E s w ar  zwei m al wah r,das s jeman d von d e r V er s a m ml ung abwesend war.'I t wa s twicetrue t h at  s o meone wa sabs ent. ' In co ntra s tto ist d er Fal l ,wi th istwa hr, th esub jec t cla u se n eeds t o be (mo re or less) truth-co n ditionally co m pl e t e, that  is , completerega r ding  con t ex t-d e pende nt el em e nt s  (such as quantifie rrestri ction s and tempora l or spati a l location s).A  f u rther differen ce be tween is t r ue and i s the  case sh ows up wi t h  adverbs  th atmay  ac t as  degree quant i f iers  s uch asGer man kau m ' har dly '.Wi th is the  case, s uc h40  T his  mayb e becaus eEng li shis tr u e is a ctual ly p ol ys e mou s, perm i tt i n g al so  a  use  eq ui valen t to isthe cas e. 41 The sed iffe re nc es arediscussed alr ea dy in Molt ma nn(2015a ) .  123 Sit uations, alternatives,a nd thesem antic s of  'cases'adv erbs c ana ct onl y as a dverb sofq u antif i c at ion ,whereas wi t h  is  true  t heymost na turally act as deg r eemodifiers: (7 3)a. E s is t k a um der  F a ll, d ass Hans Kaffee  trinkt. ' It is  hardly th e  ca se  that J ohn dri nks c o ffee.'b.??? Esist kaumwa hr,d a ssHans Kaffe e trinkt . 'It ish ardly tr ue th atJohn d ri nks  coff ee.' W h ere as (7 3a) me an s that  ther eare only  rare cases of John dri nkingcoffe e,(73b) mea nss ome thing lik e 'i t can hard lybesaidtha t  John  dri n ks  co f fee'.  The semantics of  is t he  case invol v e s  qu antif ica t ion ov er t ruthmakers, thati s, exact truth make r s . T hat exac ttruthmaking is  in vo l v ed is ap pa rent from t he way a dv e rbs o f quan tifica tion ar e un d erstoo d42:  (7 4) a. Itwas  t w ice the 
-relative truth._Furthermore, ist_der Fall is fine_with adverbs_of_quantification, with_which_ist wahr is_hardly acceptable or_at least conveys a_particular metasemantic notion_of_time-relative truth: (71) a. Es ist immer mehr der Fall, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas_vergiβt._'It is_more_and_more the case that the_Alzheimer patient forgets something.' b.???_Es ist_immer mehr wahr, dass der Alzheimerpatient etwas vergiβt._'It_is be more_and more true that the Alzheimer patient forgets something.'_(72) a. Es war zweimal der_Fall, dass jemand_von_der_Versammlung abwesend war. 'It_was twice the case that someone_was absent from the meeting.' b.???_Es war zweimal wahr, dass jemand von_der Versammlung abwesend war. 'It was_twice true that someone was_absent.' In_contrast to ist der Fall,_with ist wahr,_the subject_clause needs to_be (more or less) truth-conditionally complete,_that is, complete_regarding context-dependent elements (such as quantifier_restrictions_and temporal or_spatial_locations)._A further_difference between is_true_and is_the_case shows up with adverbs that_may_act as degree quantifiers such as German_kaum 'hardly'. With is_the_case, such 40 This_may be because English is_true is actually polysemous, permitting also_a use_equivalent to_is the case. 41 These differences are discussed already in Moltmann_(2015a). 123 Situations, alternatives, and the_semantics of 'cases' adverbs_can act_only_as adverbs of_quantification,_whereas with_is true they most naturally act as_degree modifiers:_(73) a. Es ist kaum der_Fall, dass Hans Kaffee_trinkt._'It is hardly the case that_John drinks coffee.' b.??? Es ist_kaum wahr, dass Hans Kaffee_trinkt._'It_is hardly true that John_drinks coffee.' Whereas (73a) means that_there are only_rare cases of John drinking coffee, (73b)_means_something like 'it can hardly be_said_that John drinks coffee'. The semantics_of_is_the case involves quantification over_truthmakers, that is, exact truthmakers. That_exact truthmaking is involved is apparent from the way_adverbs of quantification_are understood42: (74) a. It_was_twice_the