making and falsemaking conditions (Fine 2017). A sentence S then has as its meaning a pair \pos(S), neg(S)[ consisting of a positive denotation, the set pos(S) of verifiers of S, and a negative denotation, the set neg(S) of falsifiers of S. In this paper, I will disregard negation and focus entirely on non-negated sentences. Given that, it will suffice to make use only of the positive denotation of sentences, which will simply be given as '[S]' for a sentence S. 2.2 Extensions of truthmaker semantics 2.2.1 Kinds of situations as truthmakers For the purpose of the semantics of case-constructions, Fine's truthmaker semantics needs to be extended so as to allow kinds of situations to be truthmakers (the referents of kind-referring case-NPs). Kinds of situations as truthmakers are involved in examples such as (9a) as opposed to (9b), repeated below: (15) a. the two cases in which someone arrives late or someone does not come b. the case in which someone arrives late or someone does not come In (15a), the two kinds of cases, the case in which someone arrives late and the case in which someone cannot come, act as the truthmakers of the complex caseclause and together form the plural referent of the entire NP. (15b), by contrast, refers to a single kind whose instances are the situations that are the truthmakers of the disjunctive case-clause. Kinds of cases are considered entities sui generis, but which are strictly individuated by their instances. First, the identity of kinds of cases strictly depends on their instances, as below, where I is the relation of instantiation: (16) For any two kinds k and k  of truthmakers, k=k  iff for all s, s I k ↔ s I k. Just as any bare plural or mass noun defines as a kind as its referent, every sentence defines a kind whose instances are the sentence's truthmakers: (17) For any sentence S, there is a kind of truthmakers of S, k(S), such that for every situation s, s I k(S) iff s ⊩ S. Like kinds in general (referents of bare plurals and mass nouns), kinds of cases inherit properties from their instances. In the present context,
making and falsemaking conditions (Fine 2017). A sentence S then has as its meaning a couple \pos(S), neg(S) [ consist of a positive denotation, the hardening pos(S) of voucher of S, and a negative denotation, the set neg(S) of falsifier of S. In this newspaper, I will disregard negation and concentrate entirely on non - negated sentences. give that, it will suffice to make use entirely of the positivist denotation of prison term, which will simply be given as' [ S ]' for a conviction S. 2.2 Extensions of truthmaker semantics 2.2.1 Kinds of situations as truthmakers For the purpose of the semantics of case - structure, Fine's truthmaker semantics needs to be extended so as to allow kinds of situation to be truthmakers (the referents of kind - referring case - NPs). Kinds of situation as truthmakers are involved in examples such as (9a) as opposed to (9b), repeated below: (15) a. the two case in which someone arrives late or someone does not come b. the case in which someone arrives late or someone does not come In (15a), the two kinds of subject, the case in which someone arrives late and the subject in which someone cannot come, act as the truthmakers of the complex caseclause and together imprint the plural referent of the entire NP. (15b), by contrast, refers to a single kind whose case are the situations that are the truthmakers of the disjunctive case - clause. Kinds of cases are considered entity sui generis, but which are strictly individuated by their instances. First, the identity of kinds of cases strictly depend on their instances, as below, where I is the relation of instantiation: (16) For any two kinds k and k   of truthmakers, k = k   iff for all randomness, s I k ↔ s I k. Just as any bare plural or mass noun defines as a kind as its referent, every sentence defines a kind whose instances are the sentence's truthmakers: (17) For any sentence S, there be a kind of truthmakers of S, k(S), such that for every situation s, s I k(S) iff s ⊩ S. Like kind in general (referents of bare plurals and mass noun), kinds of character inherit properties from their example. In the present context,
maklng and falsemaking condltions (Fine 2017). A sgnrence V then has as kts meaning a pair \pos(S), neg(S)[ cinsisupng of a positive denutation, tje set pis(S) id verifiers of S, akb a nsnativz venotation, the xet neg(S) ox falsifiers ox R. Nn this paper, I will disregard negatyon and flcus entirely jn npg-negzneb sentences. Given that, it will auffice to make use pnly of the positive denotwtioj of sentences, whifh will simkmy fw given as '[S]' for a senueuce S. 2.2 Extehsions of truthmaker semantics 2.2.1 Kindx of situajnins ds truthmakxrs Fog the purpose of the vemantivs of case-consbructmons, Fine's truthmaker sementics needs to be evtended sm cs to allow kinds of wiruatimns do bd trjthjaleds (the reherents of iind-referribg case-NPs). Kinds of syniations as tduthmahews are involved in examples such as (9a) av olposed to (9b), repeated beoow: (15) a. the two cases ln which fomeone arrives late or someone does not come b. tve caad iu whicf slmeone arrives late or someone does not come Yh (15s), nhe two kinds of gases, the case in ehlcn someone arrixes lacs znd the case in whlch somgone cqnnot comt, act as the truthmakers of the xomplex caseblauwe and together foxm the plurau regereny of the entire NP. (15b), by confrast, referd to a sihele kind whose ivstsnwes are ufe situations thae are the truchmakers of jhe distunctive cwse-clause. Kinds of cases are eonsigered entihies sui generis, but which are strictly indivodgatvd by thenr insbances. First, thq identity of linds oy caser strictly dependv on their ynstances, as tglow, where I ms the rejatiin od instavgiation: (16) For amy two kiubs k and j  of truthmakers, l=k  jff for all s, s I j ↔ s I k. Just ax avy fage 'luraj or mass nout dewindx as x kind as ibs fefetent, every sentence gefihes a kind whose imsbances arg the seneence's truthmskers: (17) For any senuence V, tiere ix a kind of truthmakers of S, k(S), shch that vor every situaeion s, s I k(S) ify s ⊩ S. Like kinds in general (referents oh bare plurals and mass nouns), kinds of casgs lnherit propxrties from thehr instances. In the present context,
making and falsemaking conditions (Fine 2017). A then as its a pair \pos(S), denotation, set pos(S) of of S, and negative denotation, the set neg(S) of of S. In this paper, I will disregard negation and focus entirely on sentences. Given that, it will suffice to make use only of the positive of which simply given as '[S]' for a sentence S. 2.2 Extensions of truthmaker semantics 2.2.1 Kinds of situations truthmakers For the purpose of the semantics of Fine's truthmaker semantics needs be extended so as to kinds situations to truthmakers referents kind-referring case-NPs). Kinds situations as truthmakers are involved in examples such as (9a) as opposed to (9b), repeated below: (15) the two which someone late someone not come b. in which someone arrives late or come In (15a), the two kinds of cases, case in someone arrives late and the case which someone cannot come, act as the truthmakers the complex caseclause and together form the plural referent of the entire NP. (15b), by to a single kind instances are the that the of disjunctive case-clause. of cases are considered entities sui generis, but which are strictly by their instances. First, the identity of kinds of cases on instances, as below, I is the relation instantiation: For any two kinds k truthmakers, all s k ↔ s I Just as any bare plural mass noun defines as every sentence defines a kind whose instances are sentence's truthmakers: (17) For any sentence S, is a kind of truthmakers of S, k(S), such that for every s, s iff s ⊩ S. Like kinds in general of bare plurals and nouns), kinds of cases inherit properties from their instances. the context,
making and falsemaking condiTions (Fine 2017). A SenteNce s thEn Has aS its Meaning a pair \poS(s), neg(s)[ consisting of a positive DenotAtIOn, thE SeT pos(S) Of verifIErS OF S, aNd A nEgaTiVE dEnotaTioN, the set Neg(S) of falsIfiErS of S. In this paPEr, i will disreGarD negation and FocUs entiReLy oN Non-neGatEd senTences. gIven thAt, it will sUfFIce to mAKe use onLY Of The pOsitive denotation OF sENtences, which wiLl simpLy BE gIVEn aS '[S]' fOr a sentencE S. 2.2 extenSIons of tRUtHMAKer SEmantics 2.2.1 Kinds Of situationS As tRuthmaKeRs FOR the puRpose Of THe sEmantics of cAse-cOnstructiOns, FinE'S truthmAKer semaNtics nEedS to Be exTEnDeD so As TO alLOw KinDS of SituatioNs To Be truThmaKERS (The rEfeRentS of kiNd-referring caSe-Nps). KiNDs oF situAtionS as tRuThmakErs are InvolVeD in examples such As (9a) aS opposed tO (9b), rEpEatEd Below: (15) A. The two CasEs iN which sOmeone aRRivEs LATE oR someone does not comE b. THE cAse in whiCh someONe ArRIves late Or SomEone DOEs not Come iN (15a), The two kiNds of cASeS, tHe case iN wHich soMeOne ArrIves lATe anD the caSe in whicH someONe cannot come, acT As the truthmakERs OF ThE CompLex Caseclause aNd toGEtheR forM ThE plURal reFerenT oF ThE Entire NP. (15b), by contrast, ReFers to A singLe kind whose inStances are THE SituatioNs thAT aRE the truthmakerS of thE disjunctiVE case-claUse. KiNds of casEs are consIDEred entiTieS suI geNerIS, BuT which are striCTLy inDiViduateD by Their inStaNceS. FiRst, ThE identity Of kinds oF cAsEs StRicTly dePEnds on thEiR inStAncEs, as bELow, wheRe I is The rElAtIOn oF instanTIaTIOn: (16) FoR aNy Two kIndS k And k  oF truTHmaKers, k=k  iFf for all s, S I k ↔ S i k. JuSt As Any bare Plural or mass nOuN defines as A kInd As its rEFErent, eveRy sentence defines a kind wHOse instAncEs are The sEntence's tRutHmakerS: (17) FoR Any senTence S, There Is A kiND Of truTHMaKerS oF S, k(S), such thAT For Every SiTuatIon s, s I k(s) iff s ⊩ S. Like kinds in gENerAl (referents of BarE pluRALs And MAsS NouNs), KIndS OF cases inherit prOperties frOm THeIr instanceS. in tHe Present Context,
making and falsemaking con ditions (F ine 2 017 ).Asent ence  S then has as itsmeaning a pair \pos(S) , neg (S ) [ co n si sting  of a p o si t i vede no tat io n ,the s etpos(S)of verifie rsof  S, and a ne g at ive denota tio n, the set n eg( S) offa lsi f iersofS. In  thisp aper,I will di sr e gard n e gationa n dfocu s entirely on non - ne g ated sentences . Give nt ha t ,  it  wi ll suffice  t o mak e  use on l yo f the positive deno tation of s e nte nces,wh ich will s imply  b e  gi ven as '[S] ' fo r a sente nce S. 2.2 Ext e nsionsof tru thm ake r se m an ti cs2. 2 .1K in dso f s ituation sas  trut hmak e r s Forthe  pur poseof the semant ics  ofc ase -cons truct ions ,Fine' s trut hmake rsemantics needs  tobe extend edso  as  t o all o w kind s o f s ituatio ns to b e  tr ut h m a ke rs (the referentsof k in d-referr ing ca s e- NP s ). Kinds  o f s itua t i ons a s tr u th makers a re inv o lv ed  in exa mp les su ch  as  (9 a) as oppo sed to  (9b), r epeat e d below: (15)a . the two cas e si n  w h ichsom eone arrive s la t e or  som e on e d o es no t com eb .t he case in which so me one ar rives  late or some one does n o t come In(15a ) ,t he two kinds o f cas es, the ca s e in whi ch so meone ar rives lat e and thecas e i n w hic h so meone cannotc o me,ac t as th e t ruthmak ers  of  th e c om plex case clause a nd  t og et her  form the plur al  re fe ren t oft he ent ire N P. ( 15 b) ,  by  contra s t, r efer sto  a s ing le  kind  who s e i nstance s are the  si t uati on sthat ar e the truthma ke rs of thedi sju nctive c ase-clau se. Kinds of cases arec onsider edentit iessui gener is,  but w hic h  are s trictl y ind iv idu a t ed by t he irin stances. F i r st,  theid enti ty of k inds of cases stri c tly  depends on t hei r in s t an ces ,  a s  be lo w , w h e re I is the rel ation of i ns t an tiation: ( 1 6)Fo r any t wo kind s k a n d k  of  truthmak ers, k=k i ff f o r  al l s, s I k  ↔ s I k . Just as any b a re  plur alor mas snou n def ines a s  akindas its  r eferen t, ev er y senten ce defines a kind whose  insta ncesare  the sent enc e 'struthmake rs:(17) For a nysen tence  S, there  isa  k ind of tr uthm a kers of S ,  k (S) , su ch that for e v ery  situ ati o n s, s  I k (S) iff s ⊩ S. Li k e kinds in gen eral ( ref ere n ts o fbare plurals a ndma s s  nouns),  k inds of cas es inher it prope rtiesfrom t heir in s t an c es. In  the  pr esent con tex t, 
making and_falsemaking conditions_(Fine 2017). A sentence_S then_has_as its_meaning_a pair \pos(S),_neg(S)[ consisting of_a positive denotation, the_set pos(S) of_verifiers_of S, and a negative denotation, the set neg(S) of falsifiers of S. In_this_paper, I_will_disregard_negation and focus entirely on_non-negated sentences. Given that, it_will suffice_to make use only of the positive denotation_of_sentences, which will_simply be given as '[S]' for a sentence S._2.2 Extensions of truthmaker semantics 2.2.1_Kinds of situations_as_truthmakers_For the purpose of_the semantics of case-constructions, Fine's truthmaker_semantics needs to be extended so_as to allow kinds of situations to_be truthmakers (the referents of kind-referring_case-NPs). Kinds of situations as_truthmakers are_involved in examples such as_(9a) as opposed_to (9b),_repeated below: (15)_a. the two cases in which_someone arrives late_or someone does not come b._the_case in which_someone_arrives_late or_someone does not_come_In (15a),_the_two kinds of cases, the case_in_which someone arrives late and the case_in which someone cannot_come,_act as the truthmakers_of the complex caseclause and_together form the plural referent of_the entire_NP. (15b),_by contrast, refers to a single kind whose instances are the_situations that are the truthmakers of_the disjunctive case-clause. Kinds_of cases_are_considered entities sui_generis,_but which_are strictly individuated by their instances. First,_the identity_of kinds of cases strictly depends_on their instances, as_below,_where I is the relation of_instantiation: (16) For any two kinds_k and k  of_truthmakers,_k=k_ iff for all s,_s I k ↔ s I_k. Just as_any bare plural or mass noun defines_as_a kind as its referent, every_sentence_defines a kind whose instances are_the_sentence's_truthmakers: (17) For any sentence_S, there is a kind of_truthmakers of S, k(S), such that for every situation_s, s I_k(S) iff s ⊩ S._Like_kinds_in general (referents of bare plurals and mass nouns), kinds_of cases_inherit properties from_their instances. In the present context,