 be as meaningful words, but the order of items on my shopping list, or the order of stores in a mall or on a strip has no bearing on their being what they are. The order on the list or in the mall may be important for some effects: you are more likely to notice the items at the beginning of a list or the entrance to the mall. But one particular order or another is not essential to the being of the list or of the items that compose it. Items on a local strip list may be franchises of a world-wide brands such as McDonalds. Those represent a life-style, a sub-world, a corporation, but while this provides some depth to the item on the local list, the connection to a larger entity does not provide any syntax for the list as a whole, since lifestyles and brands are just items on other lists. There are some exceptions where juxtaposition is forbidden. Upscale residential areas insist on their isolation from the list. Toxic activities do not appear at all. In part we can live the list-world because we have repressed big messy industry, extractive operations, and other demanding activities. These are no longer zones within the city; they do not appear at all. But the absences created by these and other exclusions do not give syntax to the cities. Contrast the way a missing verb leaves a sentence incomplete, or the way a missing auditorium is felt as an absence in a school building, with the way we do not feel the absence of ecologically damaging activities that are going on elsewhere. Cities as lists lack syntax. They lack internal structure that might impose limits and connections. Some places in the city may have their own complex internal grammar and organization, but there is little grammar for the relation of places to one another. Syntactic articulation is replaced by next-to, 3 juxtaposition. You know the story about an older, perhaps mythical, centered community where each person saw how their individual life fitted into an organic communal whole. Recall the images from Heidegger and Norberg-Schulz and Harries: the church in the center, the town hall, articulated space with each person able to locate their lives by accepting their part in the norms and roles of the community.2 This is breaking down (if it ever fully existed). Some theorists mourn; others celebrate. This change accelerated when modernism tried replacing the old hierarchical centered syntax with unified functional zones, but even these zones are melting away in suburban sprawl
be as meaningful words, but the order of items on my shopping tilt, or the decree of stores in a mall or on a airstrip have no bearing on their being what they are. The order on the tilt or in the mall may be important for some effects: you are more probable to detect the items at the beginning of a tilt or the entrance to the mall. But one particular order or another is not essential to the organism of the list or of the items that write it. Items on a local strip tilt may be franchises of a world - wide brand such as McDonalds. Those represent a life - stylus, a sub - universe, a corporation, but while this provides some depth to the item on the local list, the association to a larger entity does not provide any syntax for the list as a whole, since lifestyles and brands are just items on other lists. There are some exceptions where juxtaposition is forbidden. Upscale residential areas insist on their isolation from the list. Toxic activities do not appear at wholly. In region we can live the tilt - populace because we have repress big messy industry, extractive operation, and other demanding activities. These are no longer zone within the city; they do not appear at all. But the absences created by these and other exclusions do not render syntax to the cities. Contrast the way a missing verb leaves a sentence incomplete, or the way a miss auditorium is feel as an absence in a school building, with the way we do not feel the absence of ecologically damaging natural process that are going on elsewhere. Cities as lists lack syntax. They lack internal structure that might impose limit and connections. Some plaza in the city may have their own complex internal grammar and arrangement, but there is small grammar for the relation of place to one another. Syntactic articulation is substitute by next - to, 3 juxtaposition. You know the story about an older, perhaps fabulous, centered community where each person saw how their individual liveliness fitted into an organic communal whole. Recall the images from Heidegger and Norberg - Schulz and Harries: the church in the center field, the town hall, joint space with each person able to locate their lives by accepting their part in the norms and role of the community.2 This is breaking down (if it ever fully existed). Some theorists mourn; others celebrate. This variety accelerated when modernism tried replace the old hierarchical centered syntax with unified functional zones, but even these zones are melt away in suburban sprawl
 be as meaningful words, but the order of ijens on ky sholping lirt, or the order of stores in a mall or on a strip has no cearing oj their veinj what they are. Vge ordev on fme livv or in the malk may be ikportant for smmd zffects: you are more likely to noticq the iyels at the begigninb of z list or the entrance to the mall. But ont particular order or another is not essentiwl tl the being of the list or of the utems that cumpose it. Pcems on a lkcal strip list may be franchisds of a world-wiee brwtds such as McDogalds. Those vvpresend a lifr-style, a sub-wovld, a coeporation, but while tiis provides some dekth to the icem on the local list, tye cotnecdion ro x lzrjer entitj dkes not prkvide any stntax for the list ss q whole, since lifeseyjes and brands are just items on other nisfs. There are some exceprions where juxtaposijion is fowbidden. Upscale residential areas insist on their isoletkon fvom gye list. Toxic activities do not appear at all. Ig psrn we can live the list-world nefaife we have rekressed bif messy industry, edtractide opwrations, wnd pther demanding activities. Rhese are no oonger zones withiu the city; tkey do not sppear at all. But the aysencea created bj these aha other exclusiovs co not givt syntax to the cieies. Contcast che way x mixsing derb leaved a scttence incomplete, lr thg way d missing wuditorium is felt as an absencx in a school bgilging, witk the eay we do not feel the abseuce of eeologizally damafing acvivities thae are going ot elsewhere. Cmties as jistw laxk syntxb. They lack inyernal stgueture thar might impose limlts avs connections. Sime places in the vith mwy heve trair own compnex kntdtnal erammar and urgamization, but there iv liftle grammar for tne relatiob of plases to one anpther. Syntactic aruiculavion ir repkacgd by next-to, 3 juxtaposition. You know the stjry about an oldcr, pgrhaps mythncal, centered community where each persoi saw how their individyal life fitted intp an organic commtnal whola. Recall the images drom Heidegger anc Norberg-Schulz and Hzrries: the fhurch in the center, the town hall, articulated space with each person ablw to locate their mivex by dceepcing thqir 'act in the norms amd roles of the community.2 This ms breakinc bown (if it ever fully existed). Sume theorists mourn; others celebrate. Fhis chamge accelerated when modernism yried replacing the old mierarchixal csntered syitax with unified fumctioncl zonws, but wven these zones xre mclting awaj in sbburban sprawl
be as meaningful words, but the order on shopping list, the order of on strip has no on their being they are. The order on the or in the mall may be important for some effects: you are more to notice the items at the beginning of a list or the entrance the But particular or another is not essential to the being of the list or of the items that it. Items on a local strip list may franchises of a world-wide such as McDonalds. Those represent life-style, sub-world, a but this some depth to item on the local list, the connection to a larger entity does not provide any syntax for list as since lifestyles brands just on other lists. some exceptions where juxtaposition is forbidden. insist on their isolation from the list. Toxic do not at all. In part we can the list-world because we have repressed big messy extractive operations, and other demanding activities. These are no longer zones within the city; they appear at all. But absences created by and exclusions not syntax to cities. Contrast the way a missing verb leaves a sentence incomplete, the way a missing auditorium is felt as an absence school with the way do not feel the of damaging activities that are elsewhere. as They internal that might impose limits connections. Some places in the may have their own but there is little grammar for the relation places to one another. Syntactic articulation is by next-to, 3 juxtaposition. You know the story about an older, perhaps centered community person saw how their individual life fitted into organic communal whole. Recall images from Heidegger and Norberg-Schulz and Harries: the church the the town articulated space with person able to their lives by part in norms roles This is breaking down (if it fully Some theorists mourn; others celebrate. change modernism tried replacing the old hierarchical centered syntax with unified functional zones, but even these melting away in suburban
 be as meaningful words, but the Order of iteMs on mY shOppInG lisT, or tHe order of storeS In a mAll or on a strip has no bearIng on ThEIr beINg What tHey are. THE oRDEr oN tHe LisT oR In The maLl mAy be impOrtant for sOme EfFects: you are mORe Likely to noTicE the items at tHe bEginniNg Of a LIst or The EntraNce to tHE mall. BUt one partIcULar ordER or anotHER iS not Essential to the beiNG oF The list or of the Items tHaT CoMPOse It. ITems on a locAl Strip LIst may bE FrANCHisES of a world-wide Brands such aS mcDOnalds. thOse REpreseNt a liFe-STylE, a sub-world, a CorpOration, buT while THis provIDes some Depth tO thE itEm on THe LoCal LiST, thE CoNneCTioN to a largEr EnTity dOes nOT PROvidE anY synTax foR the list as a whOle, SincE LifEstylEs and BranDs Are juSt itemS on otHeR lists. There are sOme eXceptions WheRe JuxTaPositIOn is foRbiDdeN. UpscalE resideNTiaL aREAS iNsist on their isolatIoN FRoM the list. toxic aCTiViTIes do not ApPeaR at aLL. in parT we cAN lIve the liSt-worlD BeCaUse we haVe RepresSeD biG meSsy inDUstrY, extraCtive opeRatioNS, and other demanDIng activities. tHeSE ArE No loNgeR zones withiN the CIty; tHey dO NoT apPEar at All. BuT tHE aBSences created by thesE aNd otheR exclUsions do not giVe syntax to THE Cities. CoNtraST tHE way a missing veRb leaVes a sentenCE incomplEte, or The way a mIssing audITOrium is fElt As aN abSenCE In A school buildiNG, With ThE way we dO noT feel thE abSenCe oF ecOlOgically dAmaging aCtIvItIeS thAt are GOing on elSeWheRe. citIes as LIsts laCk synTax. THeY lACk iNternal STrUCTure ThAt MighT imPoSe limIts aND coNnectioNs. Some plaCes IN the CiTy May have Their own complEx Internal grAmMar And orgANIzation, bUt there is little grammar fOR the relAtiOn of pLaceS to one anoTheR. SyntaCtiC ArticuLation Is repLaCed BY Next-tO, 3 JUxTapOsItion. You knOW The Story AbOut aN older, pErhaps mythical, centERed Community wherE eaCh peRSOn Saw HOw THeiR iNDivIDUal life fitted inTo an organiC cOMmUnal whole. RECalL tHe imageS from HeIdeggER and NorBerg-SchulZ and HarriEs: The cHURch In the centeR, the town Hall, articULated SPaCe witH eaCh persOn AblE to loCate thEIr lIves bY accepTiNg theiR part In The norms And roles of the community.2 THis is bReakiNg dOwn (if it evEr fULly Existed). SoMe thEorists mouRn; oTheRs celEbrATe. ThiS chaNGe AccELeratEd whEN modernisM TrIed REPlAcing the old HIERarChicaL ceNTered sYntaX with unified functIOnal zones, but evEn thESE zoNes ARe meLtIng away in suburBan SpRAWl
 be as meaningful words, b ut the ord er of  it ems  o n my  sho pping list, or theorder of stores in a m all o ro n as tr ip ha s no be a ri n g  on  t he irbe i ng  what  th ey are.  The order  on  t he list or i n  t he mall ma y b e importantfor  someef fec t s: yo u a re mo re lik e ly tonotice th ei tems a t  the be g i nn ingof a list or thee nt r ance to the ma ll. Bu to ne p art icu lar orderor  anot h er is n o te s s ent i al to the bei ng of the l i stor ofth e i t ems th at co mp o seit. Items o n alocal str ip lis t  may be franchi ses of  awor ld-w i de  b ran ds suc h  a s M c Don alds. Th os erepre sent a l ife- sty le,a sub -world, a cor por atio n , b ut wh ile t hispr ovide s some  dept hto the item onthelocal lis t,th e c on necti o n to a  la rge r entit y doesn otpr o v i de  any syntax for th el i st  as a wh ole, s i nc el ifestyle sand  bra n d s are  jus t  i tems onotherl is ts . There  a re som eexc ept ionsw here  juxta position  is f o rbidden. Upsca l e residential ar e a si nsis t o n their iso lati o n fr om t h elis t . Tox ic ac ti v it i es do not appear at  a ll. In  part  we can livethe list-w o r l d becaus e we ha v e repressed bi g mes sy industr y , extrac tiveoperatio ns, and o t h er deman din g a cti vit i e s.  These are no l onge rzones w ith in thecit y;the y d onot appea r at all .Bu tth e a bsenc e s create dbyth ese  ando ther e xclus ions  d on otgive sy n ta x to t he  c itie s.Co ntras t th e  wa y a mis sing verb  le a vesase ntenceincomplete, o rthe way ami ssi ng aud i t orium is  felt as an absence ina  school  bu ildin g, w ith the w aywe donot feel t he abs enceof  ec o l ogica l l ydam ag ing activi t i esthatar e go ing onelsewhere. Citiesa s l ists lack syn tax . Th e y  l ack in t ern al str u c ture that might  impose li mi t sand connec t ion s.  Some p laces i n the city ma y have th eir own c om plex i nte rnal gramm ar and o rganizati o n, bu t  t hereislittle  g ram mar f or the rel ation  of pl ac es toone a no ther. Sy ntactic articulation is  repla ced b y n ext-to, 3  ju x tap osition.Youknow the s tor y a boutano lder,  per h ap s m y thica l, c e ntered co m mu nit y wh ere each pe r s o n s aw ho w t h eir in divi dual life fittedi nto an organic  com m u nal  wh o le.Re call the image s f ro m Heidegge rand Norberg -Schulzan d  Harr ies: t he chu rch int h ec enter,  the  to wn hall,art ic u lated s pa ce with e achpe rson a ble to loca t e  their lives byaccep t i ng th e irpartin  the no r ms a nd roles o f the commu nity.2  Thi s isbreakin gdown ( ifit  ever full y  existed) . Som e theor is ts m our n; oth ersc e lebra te.Th ischange ac c e le r at ed whe n mo derni sm  tri ed replac i ng the o ldh ierarch ic alc e ntered sy n t ax with un ifi ed fu n c tional zon e s, b u te ven t hese z ones a re melt i ngaw ay in s ubu r b an sprawl 
 be_as meaningful_words, but the order_of items_on_my shopping_list,_or the order_of stores in_a mall or on_a strip has_no_bearing on their being what they are. The order on the list or in_the_mall may_be_important_for some effects: you are_more likely to notice the_items at_the beginning of a list or the entrance_to_the mall. But_one particular order or another is not essential to_the being of the list or_of the items_that_compose_it. Items on a_local strip list may be franchises_of a world-wide brands such as_McDonalds. Those represent a life-style, a sub-world,_a corporation, but while this provides_some depth to the item_on the_local list, the connection to_a larger entity_does not_provide any syntax_for the list as a whole,_since lifestyles and_brands are just items on other_lists._There are some_exceptions_where_juxtaposition is_forbidden. Upscale residential_areas_insist on_their_isolation from the list. Toxic activities_do_not appear at all. In part we_can live the list-world_because_we have repressed big_messy industry, extractive operations, and_other demanding activities. These are no_longer zones_within the_city; they do not appear at all. But the absences created_by these and other exclusions do_not give syntax to_the cities._Contrast_the way a_missing_verb leaves_a sentence incomplete, or the way a_missing auditorium_is felt as an absence in_a school building, with_the_way we do not feel the_absence of ecologically damaging activities that_are going on elsewhere. Cities_as_lists_lack syntax. They lack internal_structure that might impose limits and_connections. Some places_in the city may have their own_complex_internal grammar and organization, but there_is_little grammar for the relation of_places_to_one another. Syntactic articulation is_replaced by next-to, 3 juxtaposition. You_know the story about an older, perhaps mythical, centered_community where each_person saw how their individual_life_fitted_into an organic communal whole. Recall the images from Heidegger_and Norberg-Schulz_and Harries: the_church in the center, the town hall, articulated space with_each person able to locate their lives_by accepting their part in the norms and roles of the_community.2 This is breaking down (if it ever_fully existed). Some theorists mourn; others celebrate._This change accelerated when_modernism_tried replacing the old hierarchical centered syntax_with_unified_functional_zones, but even_these zones are_melting away in_suburban sprawl