a), like epistemic modal verbs, involve a shift of the local context to that of the epistemic state in question. This means that the Actuality Condition is to be satisfied with respect to the domain associated with that epistemic state, not the domain of the primary context. To summarize, if the case-clause does not set up a case space itself, then a state of uncertainty, indicated by an (explicit or implicit) modal expression, may set up a case space. In that case, the Actuality Condition needs to be satisfied only with respect to the secondary context introduced by the modal, not the primary context (that of the utterance of the entire sentence). One might try to unify the two sorts of case spaces by taking a case space set up by a sentence to be a special case of an epistemic case space. However, this is implausible for a case-clause with an indefinite as in (4a, b). Rather two distinct sources for a case space need to be distinguished, one being the case-clause itself, the other an epistemic state of uncertainty. Whereas the former is based on a syntactic relation between case and the case-clause, the latter is tied to the local, secondary context of evaluation. Case spaces can also be set up by an overt or implicitly understood future tense: (47) a. The case in which John will return is very unlikely. b. The case in which John returns tomorrow can be excluded. Future tense sets up a case space because it represents different options or at least different epistemic possibilities. Future tense is generally considered a modal, which means it would introduce a modal object whose truthmakers make up the case space, on a par with the epistemic state introduced by an epistemic modal. 5 Case-anaphora with conditionals, disjunctions, and questions Case-anaphora give further support for cases as situations in the role of truthmakers within a space of alternatives. The Case Space Requirement can be satisfied with case-anaphora whose antecedent is introduced by an utterance of a different speaker, by a particular visual situation, by conditionals, by disjunctions, by yes/noquestions, and by particular types of attitude reports and modal sentences. The involvement of a case space manifests itself in the difference it makes whether a case-anaphor relates to a preceding utterance of the same speaker or of a different speaker. The case-anaphor is not very good in the
a), like epistemic modal verbs, involve a shift of the local context to that of the epistemic state in doubt. This mean that the Actuality Condition is to be satisfied with respect to the domain consort with that epistemic state, not the domain of the chief context. To summarize, if the case - article does not rig up a case quad itself, then a state of uncertainty, argue by an (explicit or implicit) modal formula, may set up a case outer space. In that case, the Actuality Condition needs to be satisfied entirely with respect to the secondary context introduced by the modal, not the chief context (that of the utterance of the entire sentence). One might try to unify the two sorts of shell spaces by taking a case space set up by a sentence to be a special case of an epistemic case space. However, this is implausible for a case - clause with an indefinite as in (4a, b). Rather two distinct sources for a case outer space need to be distinguished, one being the casing - article itself, the early an epistemic state of uncertainty. Whereas the former is based on a syntactic relation between case and the case - clause, the latter is marry to the local, secondary context of evaluation. Case spaces can also be set up by an overt or implicitly understood future tense: (47) a. The sheath in which John will return is very unlikely. b. The case in which John returns tomorrow can be exclude. Future tense set up a case space because it represents different options or at least unlike epistemic possibilities. Future tense is generally considered a modal, which means it would introduce a modal object whose truthmakers make up the case distance, on a par with the epistemic state precede by an epistemic modal. 5 event - anaphora with conditionals, disjunction, and questions casing - anaphora give further support for cases as situations in the function of truthmakers within a space of option. The Case Space Requirement can be satisfied with case - anaphora whose antecedent is introduce by an utterance of a unlike speaker, by a particular ocular situation, by conditionals, by disjunctions, by yes / noquestions, and by particular types of attitude reports and modal sentences. The participation of a case space manifests itself in the difference it makes whether a case - anaphor associate to a precede utterance of the like loudspeaker or of a different speaker. The subject - anaphor is not very good in the
a), llke epistemic modal verbr, involve a shiyr of tie locam contexg to that of the epistemic svate in qyestion. This means thag the Actlality Cobditmon is to be satmafied wlch reaiect co the domain asxociated whth that epistamkc state, not the domain of the primarr contect. To summarize, yf tnq caav-coause does not set up a case apace iuself, then a state of uncertainty, indicated hy aj (explicit or impllcit) modal gsprqwsion, may seg up a cast vpace. In tgat case, the Actuality Conditiov neebs to be sajnwfifg only with respvct to the segpndary contexy introduced bn the moeal, not the primary cmntext (that of the utteranca kf the entire senrebce). Ote mhght rry to uiifg the hwo sorts of dase spaces by taking a case skacq set up by a aentense to be a special case of an epistemic cdse space. However, this is umplausible for a casg-clause wieh an indefinite as in (4a, b). Rather two distinct sogrces wor a zqsf space need to be distinguished, one being thq cssv-clause itself, thc other an epistemoc sywte of uncertxinty. Cgedeas the former is based jn a wyntactic relstion between case and the xase-clause, tke oatter is tied to che local, seeondari contrxt of evaluation. Case rpacss can also be set ul by an overt or kmpkiwitly understood future tegse: (47) a. Thx casz in whizh Jphn wijl return ls vevf unlikely. b. The cwse iu whiwh John rehurns tomorrow can be excluded. Hnture tense sgts up a case fpace because it rqpresents diffgrent optnons of at least differxnt epistemis possibilitiad. Future tenve is gegeraoly xonsidefdd a modal, whivh means pt wouod introduce a model ocnect whose trutkoqkers make up tne zasq dpece, og a par with dhe dpiryemic state intriaucec by an epistemic mogal. 5 Case-anaphora with cjnditionqls, disjtnctions, and auestions Case-anapjora jive fnrther sukport for cases as situations ih the rolf on truthmakers witmin w space of alternatives. The Case Space Requiremenv can be satisfied with case-anaphora whose sntecedent ms intwoduced bf an utterance of a eifferent speaker, by a particular visuzl sitgatioj, by conditionals, by disjunctions, by yes/noquestions, and by particular typws of eteitude repodts snd mmdcl xentenses. Vhx involvement of s case space manifests itself ii the diffarznce it makes whether a case-amaohor relates jo a preceding utterance or the sake speaker or of a different spraker. The case-anaphor is not vert goos in the
a), like epistemic modal verbs, involve a the context to of the epistemic that Actuality Condition is be satisfied with to the domain associated with that state, not the domain of the primary context. To summarize, if the case-clause not set up a case space itself, then a state of uncertainty, indicated an or modal may set up a case space. In that case, the Actuality Condition needs to be satisfied with respect to the secondary context introduced by modal, not the primary (that of the utterance of entire One might to the sorts of case by taking a case space set up by a sentence to be a special case of an case space. is implausible a with indefinite as in Rather two distinct sources for a to be distinguished, one being the case-clause itself, other an state of uncertainty. Whereas the former based on a syntactic relation between case and case-clause, the latter is tied to the local, secondary context of evaluation. Case spaces can set up by an or implicitly understood tense: a. case which John return is very unlikely. b. The case in which John returns can be excluded. Future tense sets up a case space represents options or at different epistemic possibilities. Future is considered a modal, which would a truthmakers up case space, on a with the epistemic state introduced an epistemic modal. 5 questions Case-anaphora give further support for cases as in the role of truthmakers within a of alternatives. The Case Space Requirement can be satisfied with case-anaphora whose is introduced utterance of a different speaker, by a particular situation, by conditionals, by by yes/noquestions, and by particular types of attitude reports modal The involvement a case space itself in the it makes whether relates to preceding of or of a different speaker. The is very good in the
a), like epistemic modal verbs, iNvolve a shiFt of tHe lOcaL cOnteXt to That of the epistEMic sTate in question. This meanS that ThE actuALiTy ConDition iS To BE SatIsFiEd wItH ReSpect To tHe domaiN associateD wiTh That epistemiC StAte, not the dOmaIn of the primaRy cOntext. to SumMArize, If tHe casE-clausE Does noT set up a caSe SPace itSElf, then A STaTe of Uncertainty, indicaTEd BY an (explicit or iMpliciT) mODaL EXprEssIon, may set uP a Case sPAce. In thAT cASE, The aCtuality CondiTion needs to BE saTisfieD oNly WIth resPect tO tHE seCondary contExt iNtroduced By the mODal, not tHE primarY conteXt (tHat Of thE UtTeRanCe OF thE EnTirE SenTence). One MiGhT try tO uniFY THE two SorTs of Case sPaces by taking A caSe spACe sEt up bY a senTencE tO be a sPecial Case oF aN epistemic case sPace. however, thIs iS iMplAuSible FOr a casE-clAusE with an IndefinITe aS iN (4A, B). raTher two distinct souRcES FoR a case spAce neeD To Be DIstinguiShEd, oNe beING the cAse-cLAuSe itself, The othER aN ePistemiC sTate of UnCerTaiNty. WhEReas The forMer is basEd on a SYntactic relatiON between case aND tHE CaSE-claUse, The latter is Tied TO the LocaL, SeConDAry coNtext Of EVaLUation. Case spaces can AlSo be seT up by An overt or implIcitly undeRSTOod futurE tenSE: (47) a. tHe case in which JOhn wiLl return is VEry unlikEly. b. THe case in Which John RETurns tomOrrOw cAn bE exCLUdEd. Future tense SETs up A cAse spacE beCause it RepResEntS diFfErent optiOns or at lEaSt DiFfEreNt epiSTemic posSiBilItIes. futurE Tense iS geneRallY cOnSIdeRed a modAL, wHICh meAnS iT wouLd iNtRoducE a moDAl oBject whOse truthmAkeRS makE uP tHe case sPace, on a par witH tHe epistemiC sTatE introDUCed by an ePistemic modal. 5 Case-anaphoRA with coNdiTionaLs, diSjunctionS, anD questIonS case-anAphora Give fUrTheR SUpporT FOr CasEs As situatioNS In tHe rolE oF truThmakerS within a space of altERnaTives. The Case SPacE ReqUIReMenT CaN Be sAtISfiED With case-anaphorA whose anteCeDEnT is introduCEd bY aN utteraNce of a dIfferENt speakEr, by a partIcular visUaL sitUATioN, by conditiOnals, by dIsjunctioNS, by yeS/NoQuestIonS, and by PaRtiCular Types oF AttItude ReportS aNd modaL sentEnCes. The inVolvement of a case space maNifestS itseLf iN the diffeRenCE it Makes whetHer a Case-anaphoR reLatEs to a PreCEding UtteRAnCe oF The saMe spEAker or of a DIfFerENT sPeaker. The caSE-ANapHor is Not VEry gooD in tHe
a), like epistemic modal v erbs, invo lve a  sh ift  o f th e lo cal context to that  of the epistemic stat e inqu e stio n .Thismeans t h at t heAc tu ali ty Co nditi onis to b e satisfie d w it h respect to th e domain a sso ciated withtha t epis te mic state , n ot th e doma i n of t he primar yc ontext .  To sum m a ri ze,if the case-claus e  d o es not set upa case  s p ac e its elf , then a s ta te of uncerta i nt y , ind i cated by an ( explicit or imp licit)  m oda l  expre ssion ,m ayset up a ca se s pace. Inthat c a se, the Actuali ty Con dit ion  nee d sto  be  s a tis f ie d o n lywith res pe ct  to t he s e c o n dary  co ntex t int roduced by th e m odal ,  no t the  prim aryco ntext  (that  of t he  utterance of t he e ntire sen ten ce ).On e mig h t trytouni fy thetwo sor t s o fc a s espaces by taking a  c a s espace se t up b y  a  s e ntence t obea sp e c ial c aseo fan epist emic c a se  s pace. H ow ever,th isisimpla u sibl e fora case-c lause with an indefi n ite as in (4a ,  b ) .  R a ther  tw o distinctsour c es f or a ca ses paceneedto be distinguished, onebe ing th e cas e-clause itse lf, the ot h e r  an epis temi c  s t ate of uncerta inty.  Whereas t h e former  is b ased ona syntact i c  relatio n b etw een  ca s e  a nd the case-c l a use,  t he latt eris tied  to  th e l oca l,  secondar y contex tof  e va lua tion. Case spa ce s c an  al so be set up  by a n ov er to r i mplicit l yu n ders to od  fut ure  t ense:  (47 )  a.  The ca se in whi chJ ohnwi ll  return  is very unli ke ly. b. The  c ase  in wh i c h John r eturns tomorrow can bee xcluded . F uture  ten se sets u p a  casespa c e beca use it  repr es ent s diffe r e nt  op ti ons or atl e ast  diff er entepistem ic possibilities.F utu re tense is g ene rall y co nsi d er e d a  m o dal , which means itwould intr od u ce  a modal o b jec twhose t ruthmak ers m a ke up t he case s pace, onaparw i ththe episte mic stat e introdu c ed by an  epis tem ic mod al . 5  Case -anaph o rawithcondit io nals,disju nc tions, a nd questions Case-anaph ora gi ve fu rth er suppor t f o r c ases as s itua tions in t herol e oftru t hmake rs w i th ina  spac e of alternati v es . T h e  C ase Space R e q u ire mentcan be sat isfi ed with case-anap h ora whose ante cede n t  is  in t rodu ce d by an uttera nce  o f a differ en t speaker,by a par ti c ularvisual  situa tion, b y co n dition als,  by  disjunct ion s, by yes/ no qu e stions , an dby par ticula r  typ e s  of attitude rep ortsa n d mod a l s enten ce s. Thei nvol vement ofa case spac e mani fest s its elf inth e diff ere nc e it makes whether a  case -anapho rrela tes  to aprec e d ing u tter an ceof the sa m e  s p ea ke r  or  ofa dif fe rent  speaker. The case -an a phor is  n otv e ry goo d  i n the
a), like_epistemic modal_verbs, involve a shift_of the_local_context to_that_of the epistemic_state in question._This means that the_Actuality Condition is_to_be satisfied with respect to the domain associated with that epistemic state, not the_domain_of the_primary_context._To summarize, if the case-clause_does not set up a_case space_itself, then a state of uncertainty, indicated by_an_(explicit or implicit)_modal expression, may set up a case space. In_that case, the Actuality Condition needs_to be satisfied_only_with_respect to the secondary_context introduced by the modal, not_the primary context (that of the_utterance of the entire sentence). One might_try to unify the two sorts_of case spaces by taking_a case_space set up by a_sentence to be_a special_case of an_epistemic case space. However, this is_implausible for a_case-clause with an indefinite as in_(4a,_b). Rather two_distinct_sources_for a_case space need_to_be distinguished,_one_being the case-clause itself, the other_an_epistemic state of uncertainty. Whereas the former_is based on a_syntactic_relation between case and_the case-clause, the latter is_tied to the local, secondary context_of evaluation._Case spaces_can also be set up by an overt or implicitly understood_future tense: (47) a. The case_in which John will_return is_very_unlikely. b. The_case_in which_John returns tomorrow can be excluded. Future_tense sets_up a case space because it_represents different options or_at_least different epistemic possibilities. Future tense_is generally considered a modal, which_means it would introduce a_modal_object_whose truthmakers make up the_case space, on a par with_the epistemic state_introduced by an epistemic modal. 5 Case-anaphora_with_conditionals, disjunctions, and questions Case-anaphora give_further_support for cases as situations in_the_role_of truthmakers within a space_of alternatives. The Case Space Requirement_can be satisfied with case-anaphora whose antecedent is introduced_by an utterance_of a different speaker, by_a_particular_visual situation, by conditionals, by disjunctions, by yes/noquestions, and by_particular types_of attitude reports_and modal sentences. The involvement of a case space manifests_itself in the difference it makes whether_a case-anaphor relates to a preceding utterance of the same speaker_or of a different speaker. The case-anaphor is_not very good in the