i] return] c. [the case in which John might return]c=the situation s such that ∃s (\s, s[∈ [in]e &\s, CS(e)[∈ [case]e & s  ∈ [S]e), for a relevant epistemic state e, such that e ∈ [might]c In (42c), the Actuality Condition is to be satisfied with respect to D(e) and case takes the case space determined by e as its second argument. Also descriptions of mathematical uncertainties (at the relevant point in time) can be case-constitutive, with or without overt epistemic modal: (43) a. The case in which there is a solution to the equation cannot be excluded. b. The case in which there might be a largest prime number has long been ruled out. By contrast, sentences describing known mathematical facts cannot set up a case space: (44) a.??? The case in which 2 is a prime number is interesting. b.??? The case in which there is no largest prime number is well known. Epistemic case space may also be indicated by adjectival modifiers of case-NPs. Case-NPs are fine with adjectival modifiers indicating epistemic uncertainty, as in (45a), but are less good with those indicating a stronger form of acceptance, as in (45b): (45) a. in the unlikely/improbable/unforeseeable case in which the treasure is returned b.??? in the likely/probable/foreseeable case in which the treasure is returned 26 The motivations for that syntactic view include connectivity effects, such as the antecedent of each other being inside the relative clause below: (i) the respect for each otheri [that [Sue and Mary]i display] 27 For an elaboration of the view on which modals are predicates of epistemic states or more generally modal objects see Moltmann (2015b, 2017a, 2018a). 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of 'cases' Case-NPs exclude factive modifiers: (46)??? the fortunate/regrettable case in which Mary returns The epistemic states indicated in (45a) are clearly associated with a case space, less so the ones indicated in (45b) and certainly not the ones in (46), which exclude alternatives. Epistemic modal adjectives as in (45
i ] return ] c. [ the case in which John might return]c = the situation s such that ∃s (\s, s[∈ [ in]e & \s, CS(e)[∈ [ case]e & s   ∈ [ S]e), for a relevant epistemic state e, such that east ∈ [ might]c In (42c), the Actuality Condition is to be quenched with respect to D(e) and case lead the lawsuit space determined by vitamin e as its second argument. Also description of mathematical uncertainties (at the relevant compass point in time) can be case - constituent, with or without overt epistemic modal: (43) a. The case in which there is a solution to the equation cannot be excluded. b. The case in which there might be a largest premier number has long been ruled out. By contrast, prison term describing known mathematical facts cannot put up a case space: (44) a.? ?? The case in which 2 is a prime number is interesting. b.? ?? The shell in which there is no largest prime number is well known. Epistemic case space may also be indicated by adjectival modifiers of case - NPs. Case - NPs are fine with adjectival modifiers indicating epistemic uncertainty, as in (45a), but are less full with those indicating a stronger mannequin of acceptance, as in (45b ): (45) a. in the unlikely / improbable / unforeseeable case in which the treasure is return b.? ?? in the likely / probable / foreseeable case in which the treasure is returned 26 The motivation for that syntactic view include connectivity effects, such as the antecedent of each other being inside the relative article below: (i) the respect for each otheri [ that [ Sue and Mary]i display ] 27 For an elaboration of the view on which modals are predicates of epistemic states or more by and large modal objects see Moltmann (2015b, 2017a, 2018a). 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of' cases' shell - NPs exclude factive modifiers: (46)? ?? the fortunate / regrettable subject in which Mary returns The epistemic states indicated in (45a) are clearly consort with a case space, less so the one indicated in (45b) and surely not the ones in (46), which exclude alternatives. Epistemic modal adjective as in (45
i] rfturn] c. [the case in whicm John might retorb]c=the vituatjon s suzh that ∃s (\s, s[∈ [in]e &\s, CS(e)[∈ [case]x & s  ∈ [S]e), for a relevant episteoic state e, such rhat w ∈ [might]c Mh (42c), the Actuamlty Cmidition is to bg satisfied fith respect tm A(e) and case takes the case space detewmined ny e as its secogd aggtmenf. Also descriptions of mathematicam unceruainties (at the rekevant point in time) can bf cade-constitutive, witj or withouj ovqet epistemic modal: (43) a. Uhz case in wgich there is a solution to the equacion cannot bw edwluded. b. Thx case in which thcge mighd be a kargest prime kumbec haw long been ruled out. By contrast, sentegces descsiying known mathematicql factv catnot wet up a czse spwce: (44) a.??? The caae in which 2 is a prime number if interesting. g.??? The safe in which there is no largest prime nlmbed is well known. Epistemuc case space may alsl be indisated by adjectival modifiers of case-NPs. Case-NPs dre fmnd wnbm adgwchival modifiers indicating epistemic uncertaigfy, ax in (45a), but are less good eihh jhose indicativg a scdohger form of accephance, af in (45v): (45) a. in tre umlikely/improbable/unforeseeavle case in chixh the treasure is returned b.??? in jhe lilely/probable/foreseeable cass in which hhe treashfe is returned 26 Ghe mmtivations for that syntaceic view mnclube conneztivoty efsects, such as tma antecedent of eafh otker baing insidf the relative clause below: (i) tix respect for edch otheri [chat [Sme and Mary]i difplay] 27 For an glaboratijn of the view kn whici modals are predicates ox epistemic svates or iore genwrally oudal objects sre Moltmauu (2015b, 2017a, 2018a). 123 Wituations, alternabives, znd the semantier of 'cases' Case-NLs dxcjufe fwwtive modifiars: (46)??? thd fortjnate/regretbabue csse in which Mary redurna The epistemic ststcs indicajed in (45a) wre clearly axsociated with a cwse s'ace, lxss so thg ones indicated in (45b) and certajnly not hhe ones in (46), whych cxclode alternacives. Epistemic modal adjectives as in (45
i] return] c. [the case in which return]c=the s such ∃s (\s, s[∈ s [S]e), for a epistemic state e, that e ∈ [might]c In (42c), Actuality Condition is to be satisfied with respect to D(e) and case takes case space determined by e as its second argument. Also descriptions of mathematical (at relevant in can be case-constitutive, with or without overt epistemic modal: (43) a. The case in which there a solution to the equation cannot be excluded. The case in which might be a largest prime has been ruled By sentences known mathematical facts set up a case space: (44) a.??? The case in which 2 is a prime number is b.??? The which there no prime is well known. space may also be indicated by case-NPs. Case-NPs are fine with adjectival modifiers indicating uncertainty, as (45a), but are less good with indicating a stronger form of acceptance, as in (45) a. in the unlikely/improbable/unforeseeable case in which the treasure is returned b.??? in the in which the treasure returned 26 The for syntactic include effects, such the antecedent of each other being inside the relative clause below: the respect for each otheri [that [Sue and Mary]i display] an of the view which modals are predicates epistemic or more generally modal Moltmann 2017a, alternatives, the of 'cases' Case-NPs exclude modifiers: (46)??? the fortunate/regrettable case which Mary returns The are clearly associated with a case space, less the ones indicated in (45b) and certainly the ones in (46), which exclude alternatives. Epistemic modal adjectives as in
i] return] c. [the case in which JohN might retuRn]c=thE siTuaTiOn s sUch tHat ∃s (\s, s[∈ [in]e &\s, CS(e)[∈ [cASe]e & s  ∈ [s]e), for a relevant epistemiC statE e, SUch tHAt E ∈ [mighT]c In (42c), thE acTUAliTy coNdiTiON iS to be SatIsfied wIth respect To D(E) aNd case takes tHE cAse space deTerMined by e as itS seCond arGuMenT. also dEscRiptiOns of mAThematIcal uncerTaINties (aT The releVANt PoinT in time) can be case-cONsTItutive, with or wIthout OvERt EPIstEmiC modal: (43) a. The CaSe in wHIch therE Is A SOLutIOn to the equatiOn cannot be eXCluDed. b. ThE cAse IN which There MiGHt bE a largest prIme nUmber has lOng beeN Ruled ouT. by contrAst, senTenCes DescRIbInG knOwN MatHEmAtiCAl fActs cannOt SeT up a cAse sPACE: (44) A.??? The CasE in wHich 2 iS a prime number Is iNterEStiNg. b.??? ThE case In whIcH therE is no lArgesT pRime number is welL knoWn. EpistemIc cAsE spAcE may aLSo be inDicAteD by adjeCtival mODifIeRS OF cAse-NPs. Case-NPs are fiNe WITh AdjectivAl modiFIeRs INdicatinG ePisTemiC UNcertAintY, As In (45a), but arE less gOOd WiTh those InDicatiNg A stRonGer foRM of aCceptaNce, as in (45b): (45) A. in thE Unlikely/improbABle/unforeseeaBLe CASe IN whiCh tHe treasure iS retURned B.??? in tHE lIkeLY/probAble/fOrESeEAble case in which the tReAsure iS retuRned 26 The motivaTions for thAT SYntactic View INcLUde connectivitY effeCts, such as tHE antecedEnt of Each otheR being insIDE the relaTivE clAusE beLOW: (i) The respect for EACh otHeRi [that [SUe aNd Mary]i DisPlaY] 27 FoR an ElAboration Of the vieW oN wHiCh ModAls arE PredicatEs Of ePiSteMic stATes or mOre geNeraLlY mODal Objects SEe mOLtmaNn (2015B, 2017a, 2018A). 123 SitUatIoNs, altErnaTIveS, and the Semantics Of 'cASes' CAsE-Nps excluDe factive modiFiErs: (46)??? the fortUnAte/RegretTABle case iN which Mary returns The epiSTemic stAteS indiCateD in (45a) are clEarLy assoCiaTEd with A case sPace, lEsS so THE ones INDiCatEd In (45b) and certAINly Not thE oNes iN (46), which eXclude alternatives. ePisTemic modal adjEctIves AS In (45
i] return] c. [the case in  which Joh n mig htret ur n]c= thesituation s su c h th at ∃s (\s, s[∈ [in]e & \s, C S( e )[∈[ ca se]e& s  ∈[ S] e ) , f or  a  re le v an t epi ste mic sta te e, such  th at  e ∈ [might] c  I n (42c), t heActuality Co ndi tion i stob e sat isf ied w ith re s pect t o D(e) an dc ase ta k es thec a se  spa ce determined bye  a s  its second ar gument .A ls o des cri ptions ofma thema t ical un c er t a i nti e s (at the rel evant point intime)ca n b e  case- const it u tiv e, with orwith out overt  epist e mic mod a l: (43)  a. Th e c ase  inw hi ch  th er e  is asol u tio n to the  e qu ation  can n o t be e xcl uded . b.The case in w hic h th e remight  be a  lar ge st pr ime nu mberha s long been rul ed o ut. By co ntr as t,se ntenc e s desc rib ing  knownmathema t ica lf a c ts  cannot set up a c as e sp ace: (44 ) a.?? ?  T he case inwh ich  2 i s a pri me n u mb er is in terest i ng .b.??? T he  casein  wh ich  ther e  isno lar gest pri me nu m ber is well kn o wn. Epistemic ca s e  s p acemay  also be in dica t ed b y ad j ec tiv a l mod ifier so fc ase-NPs. Case-NPs a re  finewithadjectival mo difiers in d i c ating ep iste m ic uncertainty, a s in(45a), but are less  good  with th ose indic a t ing a st ron ger  fo rmo f  a cceptance, as i n (4 5b ): (45)  a.  in the  un lik ely /im pr obable/un foreseea bl eca se  in  whic h  the tre as ure  i s r eturn e d b.?? ? intheli ke l y/p robable / fo r e seea bl ecase  in  w hichthet rea sure is  returned  26 Themo ti vations  for that syn ta ctic viewin clu de con n e ctivityeffects, such as the an t ecedent  of  each  oth er beingins ide th e r e lative  claus e bel ow : ( i )  ther e sp ect  f or each ot h e ri[that  [ Sueand Mar y]i display] 27 Fo r  an  elaborationofthev i ew  on wh i chmo d als a re predicates o f epistemi cs ta tes or mor e  ge ne rally m odal ob jects see Mol tmann (20 15b, 2017 a,  201 8 a ).123 Situat ions, al ternative s , and th e sem ant ics of  ' cas es' C ase-NP s  ex clude  facti ve  modif iers:  ( 46)??? t he fortunate/regrettabl e case  in w hic h Mary re tur n s T he episte micstates ind ica ted  in ( 45a )  areclea r ly  as s ociat ed w i th a case sp ace , le ss so the o n e s  in dicat edi n (45b ) an d certainly not t h e ones in (46) , wh i c h e xcl u de a lt ernatives. Epi ste mi c modal ad je ctives as i n (45
i] return]_c. [the_case in which John_might return]c=the_situation_s such_that_∃s (\s, s[∈_[in]e &\s, CS(e)[∈_[case]e & s _∈ [S]e), for_a_relevant epistemic state e, such that e ∈ [might]c In (42c), the Actuality Condition_is_to be_satisfied_with_respect to D(e) and case_takes the case space determined_by e_as its second argument. Also descriptions of mathematical_uncertainties_(at the relevant_point in time) can be case-constitutive, with or without_overt epistemic modal: (43) a. The_case in which_there_is_a solution to the_equation cannot be excluded. b. The_case in which there might be_a largest prime number has long been_ruled out. By contrast, sentences describing_known mathematical facts cannot set_up a_case space: (44) a.??? The_case in which_2 is_a prime number_is interesting. b.??? The case in_which there is_no largest prime number is well_known._Epistemic case space_may_also_be indicated_by adjectival modifiers_of_case-NPs. Case-NPs_are_fine with adjectival modifiers indicating epistemic_uncertainty,_as in (45a), but are less good_with those indicating a_stronger_form of acceptance, as_in (45b): (45) a. in_the unlikely/improbable/unforeseeable case in which the_treasure is_returned b.???_in the likely/probable/foreseeable case in which the treasure is returned 26_The motivations for that syntactic view_include connectivity effects, such_as the_antecedent_of each other_being_inside the_relative clause below: (i) the respect for_each otheri_[that [Sue and Mary]i display] 27_For an elaboration of_the_view on which modals are predicates_of epistemic states or more generally_modal objects see Moltmann (2015b,_2017a,_2018a)._123 Situations, alternatives, and the_semantics of 'cases' Case-NPs exclude factive_modifiers: (46)??? the_fortunate/regrettable case in which Mary returns The_epistemic_states indicated in (45a) are clearly_associated_with a case space, less so_the_ones_indicated in (45b) and certainly_not the ones in (46), which_exclude alternatives. Epistemic modal adjectives as in (45