 the notion of a truthmaker in metaphysics. The former has a purely semantic purpose, the latter a metaphysical one, namely that of grounding truth. See Appendix 2 for discussion. 123 F. Moltmann The paper will first argue for the involvement of situations as exact truthmakers in case-constructions and present an outline and extension of truthmaker semantics. Second, it will show the involvement of a case space in case-constructions and outline a semantic analysis of case-constructions of the various sorts based on a truthmakerbased version of alternative semantics. Appendix 1 will be about the semantics of nominal case-constructions; Appendix 2 will discuss the relation of the notion of a truthmaker involved in case-constructions to the philosophical truthmaker debate. 1 Situations, quantification over cases and reference to kinds of cases The overall view this paper develops is that cases, the entities case-constructions make reference to, are situations (or kinds of situations) in their role as truthmakers, and that within a space of alternative situations (or kinds of situations), a 'case space'. This section will focus on the first part, situations in their role as truthmakers; the next section will focus on the involvement of a case space in the semantics of case-constructions. 1.1 The ontology of cases Let me start with clarifying the ontology of situations, the entities that can play the semantic role of truthmakers. Situations are considered primitives and fully specific parts of actual, possible, or even impossible worlds. Situations involve entities having properties or standing in relations to other entities, at a particular time or time-independently. Such entities form the domain of a situation. Situations need not involve a continuous temporal or spatial location. Situations that may be cases need to be distinguished from other, related sorts of entities. First of all, situations are not on a par ontologically with events and states.2 Events and states may be in situations and thus be part of the domain of a situation, but not vice versa. Events and states have a duration and thus may last for a time, but not so for cases. Cases differ from events and states also in the sorts of existence predicates they may accept.3 Events do not go along with the existence predicate exist, but only with event-specific existence predicates such as happen and take 2 Fine calls the entities that play the truthmaker role'states' rather than'situations'. Fine's notion of a state is a technical one and has little to
the notion of a truthmaker in metaphysics. The former has a purely semantic function, the latter a metaphysical one, namely that of ground truth. See Appendix 2 for discussion. 123 F. Moltmann The paper will foremost argue for the involvement of situations as exact truthmakers in font - constructions and present an outline and propagation of truthmaker semantics. Second, it will show the involvement of a character space in case - construction and delineate a semantic analysis of case - constructions of the various sorts establish on a truthmakerbased version of alternative semantics. Appendix 1 will be about the semantics of nominal character - constructions; Appendix 2 will discuss the relation of the notion of a truthmaker involve in case - constructions to the philosophical truthmaker debate. 1 Situations, quantification over case and reference to kinds of cases The overall view this paper train is that cases, the entities case - constructions make reference to, are situations (or kinds of situation) in their role as truthmakers, and that within a space of alternate situation (or kind of situations), a' case space'. This section will focus on the first part, situations in their function as truthmakers; the next section will focus on the involvement of a case space in the semantics of sheath - constructions. 1.1 The ontology of cases Let me start with clarify the ontology of situations, the entity that can bring the semantic role of truthmakers. Situations are considered primitive and fully specific parts of actual, possible, or even impossible world. Situations involve entities having property or standing in relation to other entities, at a especial time or clock time - independently. Such entities shape the domain of a position. Situations need not involve a continuous temporal or spatial location. Situations that may be case need to be spot from other, related sorts of entities. First of all, situations are not on a equality ontologically with events and states.2 Events and state of matter may be in situations and thus be part of the domain of a situation, but not vice versa. Events and states receive a duration and thus may last for a time, but not so for cases. Cases disagree from events and states besides in the sort of existence predicates they may accept.3 Events do not go along with the existence predicate exist, but merely with event - specific existence predicates such as find and take 2 Fine call the entities that play the truthmaker role'states' rather than'situations'. Fine's impression of a state is a technical one and has little to
 thf notion of a truthmaker in metaphysics. The focmer haa a pureuy semantic purpose, the lattxr a metakkysical one, namely tfat of grlunding rruti. See Appendix 2 hkr discmfsioh. 123 F. Kiltmann The paker will firvt argue for tve iuvolvement of situations as exact trtthmakets in case-constroctiomf ans present an outline and extension of truuhmaker semantics. Xecond, it will show the ingolvfment of a case spwce in case-xonseeuctions and outline a semantic anzlysis of case-constructions of ghe vcrious sortw vasfg on a trutimakerfased versiok of aldernatife semantics. Aipendmx 1 qill be about the sementics of nominal cafe-construwtnons; Appendix 2 will dusxuss jhe ralatkin uf uhe nktion lf e truthmaked involved un case-constructionx ei the philosolhical twuthmaker debate. 1 Situations, quantificauion kver cases and referencw to kinds of cases Tje overalj view this paper develops is that cases, the entidies rare-cinfgeuftions make reference to, are situations (or kigss on situations) in bheir role as trutnmwkrts, and that wijhin a spade of alternative dituatijns (oe kinds os siyuations), a 'case space'. This wection will docus on the first part, situacions on thrir role as truthmakers; the next sectiln will fkzus on the involxemvnt mf a cast space in the semwntics of casz-construztioms. 1.1 Thq ontology of cases Let me start wlth cpasifying thf ontology of situations, the envmties that cam [laj the semcntic vole of truthmahers. Situationx are cjnsiddred priminives and fully specyfic parts of wctual, possiule, or evqn inposwible wuflds. Situationx involve entities yaving properties pr rfanding in relacnobs to other entotids, wt a pwsticular tima or tior-indeoendently. Smch entoties form the domait of a situation. Situayijns need not invjlve a continious temporal or skatial loration. Sijuations that may be cases need to be didtikguished from othcr, rglated sortx of entities. First of all, situations ace not on a par ontologucally with events cnc states.2 Evxnts agd states may be in situationw and thus be paru of the domain of a sifuatiot, but not vice versa. Events and states have a duration and thus may last for a time, uue not so fod caxes. Cdszs biffer srom xvents and states also in the sorts of existence predicadef they may accept.3 Events do mog go along wijh the existence predicate exist, bit only with event-specific exisyence predicates such as happen qnd tzke 2 Fphe calls the entitiex that play the trythmwker role'statds' tabher than'sltuauiona'. Fine's notion of a state is a twchnicql one and has litvle to
the notion of a truthmaker in metaphysics. has purely semantic the latter a grounding See Appendix 2 discussion. 123 F. The paper will first argue for involvement of situations as exact truthmakers in case-constructions and present an outline and of truthmaker semantics. Second, it will show the involvement of a case space case-constructions outline semantic of case-constructions of the various sorts based on a truthmakerbased version of alternative semantics. Appendix 1 be about the semantics of nominal case-constructions; Appendix will discuss the relation the notion of a truthmaker in to the truthmaker 1 quantification over cases reference to kinds of cases The overall view this paper develops is that cases, the entities case-constructions reference to, (or kinds situations) their as truthmakers, and a space of alternative situations (or a 'case space'. This section will focus on first part, in their role as truthmakers; the section will focus on the involvement of a space in the semantics of case-constructions. 1.1 The ontology of cases Let me start with ontology of situations, the that can play semantic of Situations considered primitives fully specific parts of actual, possible, or even impossible worlds. Situations entities having properties or standing in relations to other entities, particular or time-independently. Such form the domain of situation. need not involve a or location. be need be distinguished from other, sorts of entities. First of situations are not on and states.2 Events and states may be in and thus be part of the domain a situation, but not vice versa. Events and states have a duration thus may a time, but not so for cases. Cases from events and states in the sorts of existence predicates they may accept.3 do go along the existence predicate but only with existence predicates such and take Fine the the truthmaker role'states' rather than'situations'. Fine's of state is a technical one has
 the notion of a truthmaker in mEtaphysics. the foRmeR haS a PureLy seMantic purpose, tHE latTer a metaphysical one, namEly thAt OF groUNdIng trUth. See APPeNDIx 2 fOr DiScuSsIOn. 123 f. MoltManN The papEr will firsT arGuE for the involVEmEnt of situaTioNs as exact truThmAkers iN cAse-COnstrUctIons aNd presENt an ouTline and eXtENsion oF TruthmaKER sEmanTics. Second, it will sHOw THe involvement oF a case SpACe IN CasE-coNstructionS aNd outLIne a semANtIC ANalYSis of case-consTructions of THe vArious SoRts BAsed on A trutHmAKerBased versioN of aLternativE semanTIcs. AppeNDix 1 will Be abouT thE seMantICs Of NomInAL caSE-cOnsTRucTions; AppEnDiX 2 will DiscUSS THe reLatIon oF the nOtion of a truthMakEr inVOlvEd in cAse-coNstrUcTions To the pHilosOpHical truthmaker DebaTe. 1 SituatiOns, QuAntIfIcatiON over cAseS anD refereNce to kiNDs oF cASES THe overall view this pApER DeVelops is That caSEs, ThE Entities CaSe-cOnstRUCtionS makE ReFerence tO, are siTUaTiOns (or kiNdS of sitUaTioNs) iN theiR Role As trutHmakers, aNd thaT Within a space of ALternative sitUAtIONs (OR kinDs oF situations), A 'casE SpacE'. ThiS SeCtiON will Focus On THe FIrst part, situations iN tHeir roLe as tRuthmakers; the Next sectioN WILl focus oN the INvOLvement of a case Space In the semanTIcs of casE-consTructionS. 1.1 The ontolOGY of cases let Me sTarT wiTH ClArifying the onTOLogy Of SituatiOns, The entiTieS thAt cAn pLaY the semanTic role oF tRuThMaKerS. SituATions are CoNsiDeRed PrimiTIves anD fullY speCiFiC ParTs of actUAl, POSsibLe, Or Even ImpOsSible WorlDS. SiTuationS involve eNtiTIes hAvInG properTies or standinG iN relations To OthEr entiTIEs, at a parTicular time or time-indepeNDently. SUch EntitIes fOrm the domAin Of a sitUatIOn. SituAtions Need nOt InvOLVe a coNTInUouS tEmporal or sPATiaL locaTiOn. SiTuationS that may be cases neeD To bE distinguisheD frOm otHER, rElaTEd SOrtS oF EntITIes. First of all, siTuations arE nOT oN a par ontolOGicAlLy with eVents anD statES.2 Events And states May be in siTuAtioNS And Thus be part Of the domAin of a sitUAtion, BUt Not viCe vErsa. EvEnTs aNd staTes havE A duRatioN and thUs May lasT for a TiMe, but not So for cases. Cases differ frOm evenTs and StaTes also in The SOrtS of existeNce pRedicates tHey May AccepT.3 EvENts do Not gO AlOng WIth thE exiSTence predICaTe eXISt, But only with EVENt-sPecifIc eXIstencE preDicates such as happEN and take 2 Fine caLls tHE EntItiES thaT pLay the truthmakEr rOlE'STates' ratHeR than'situatIons'. Fine'S nOTion oF a statE is a teChnical ONE aND has liTtle To
 the notion of a truthmake r in metap hysic s.The  f orme r ha s a purely sem a ntic  purpose, the latter a  meta ph y sica l  o ne, n amely t h at o f g ro un din gt ru th. S eeAppendi x 2 for di scu ss ion. 123 F.M ol tmann Thepap er will firs t a rgue f or  th e  invo lve mentof sit u ations  as exact  t r uthmak e rs in c a s e- cons tructions and pre s en t  an outline an d exte ns i on o f t rut hmaker sem an tics. Second, it w i lls how the invol vement of a cas e spac einc ase-co nstru ct i ons  and outlin e asemanticanalys i s of ca s e-const ructio nsofthev ar io usso r tsb as edo n a  truthma ke rb asedvers i o n of a lte rnat ive s emantics. App end ix 1 wil l beabout  the  s emant ics of  nomi na l case-construc tion s; Append ix2wil ldiscu s s therel ati on of t he noti o n o fa t ru thmaker involved i nc a se -constru ctions to  t h e philos op hic al t r u thmak er d e ba te. 1 Si tuatio n s,  q uantifi ca tion o ve r c ase s and refe renceto kinds  of c a ses The overal l  view this pa p er d ev e lops  is  that cases , th e  ent itie s  c ase - const ructi on s  m a ke reference to, ar esituat ions(or kinds ofsituations ) i n theirrole as truthmakers, a nd th at withina  space o f alt ernative  situatio n s  (or kin dsofsit uat i o ns ), a 'case sp a c e'.Th is sect ion  will f ocu s o n t hefi rst part,  situati on sin  t hei r rol e  as trut hm ake rs ; t he ne x t sect ion w illfo cu s  on  the in v ol v e ment  o fa ca sesp ace i n th e  se mantics  of case- con s truc ti on s. 1.1The ontologyof  cases Let  m e s tart w i t h clarif ying the ontology of si t uations , t he en titi es that c anplay t hes emanti c role  of t ru thm a k ers.S i tu ati on s are cons i d ere d pri mi tive s and f ully specific part s  of  actual, poss ibl e, o r ev eni mp o ssi bl e  wo r l ds. Situationsinvolve en ti t ie s having p r ope rt ies orstandin g inr elation s to othe r entitie s,  ata par ticular ti me or ti me-indepe n dentl y .Suchent itiesfo rmthe d omaino f a  situ ation.  S ituati ons n ee d not in volve a continuous temp oral o r spa tia l locatio n.S itu ations th at m ay be case s n eed  to b e d i sting uish e dfro m  othe r, r e lated sor t sofe n ti ties. First o f  al l, si tua t ions a re n ot on a par ontol o gically with e vent s and  st a tes. 2Events and sta tes  m a y  be in s it uations and  thus be  p a rt of  the d omainof a si t u at i on, bu t no t v ice versa . E ve n ts andst at e s have  a d ur ationand th u s ma y last for a time,  butn o t sof orcases .Cases d i ffer  from even ts and stat es als o in  thesorts o fexiste nce  p redicatest hey may a ccept .3 Even ts  donot  go al ongw i th th e ex is ten ce predic a t ee xi st ,  bu t on ly wi th  eve nt-specif i c existe nce predica te s s u c h as h a pp e n  and take2 F ine c a l ls the ent i ties th a t pla y thetruthm aker ro l e's ta tes' ra the r than'situ ations'.F ine 's  not ion of a  s tate  i s a  t echnical one an d has li ttle to
 the_notion of_a truthmaker in metaphysics._The former_has_a purely_semantic_purpose, the latter_a metaphysical one,_namely that of grounding_truth. See Appendix_2_for discussion. 123 F. Moltmann The paper will first argue for the involvement of_situations_as exact_truthmakers_in_case-constructions and present an outline_and extension of truthmaker semantics._Second, it_will show the involvement of a case space_in_case-constructions and outline_a semantic analysis of case-constructions of the various sorts_based on a truthmakerbased version of_alternative semantics. Appendix_1_will_be about the semantics_of nominal case-constructions; Appendix 2 will_discuss the relation of the notion_of a truthmaker involved in case-constructions to_the philosophical truthmaker debate. 1 Situations,_quantification over cases and reference_to kinds_of cases The overall view_this paper develops_is that_cases, the entities_case-constructions make reference to, are situations_(or kinds of_situations) in their role as truthmakers,_and_that within a_space_of_alternative situations_(or kinds of_situations),_a 'case_space'._This section will focus on the_first_part, situations in their role as truthmakers;_the next section will_focus_on the involvement of_a case space in the_semantics of case-constructions. 1.1 The ontology_of cases_Let me_start with clarifying the ontology of situations, the entities that can_play the semantic role of truthmakers._Situations are considered primitives_and fully_specific_parts of actual,_possible,_or even_impossible worlds. Situations involve entities having properties_or standing_in relations to other entities, at_a particular time or_time-independently._Such entities form the domain of_a situation. Situations need not involve_a continuous temporal or spatial_location._Situations_that may be cases need_to be distinguished from other, related_sorts of entities._First of all, situations are not on_a_par ontologically with events and states.2_Events_and states may be in situations_and_thus_be part of the domain_of a situation, but not vice_versa. Events and states have a duration and thus_may last for_a time, but not so_for_cases._Cases differ from events and states also in the sorts_of existence_predicates they may_accept.3 Events do not go along with the existence predicate_exist, but only with event-specific existence predicates_such as happen and take 2 Fine calls the entities that_play the truthmaker role'states' rather than'situations'. Fine's notion_of a state is a technical one_and has little to