elle elles sont parvenues à classer naturellement un grand nombre de lois en les déduisant toutes de quelques principes; ce qui est sterile et périssable, c'est le labeur entrepris pour expliquer ces principes, pour les rattacher à des suppositions touchant les réalités qui se cachent sous les apparences sensibles." (Duhem 1906, 57-58) 23 In the original: "Sans doute, ce qu'il y a d'exact et de vraiment fécond dans l'oeuvre de Maxwell prendra place, un jour, dans un système cohérent et logiquement construit, dans un de ces systèmes où les pensées sont conduites par ordre, à l'image des Eléments d'Euclide ou de ces majestueuses théories que déroulaient les créateurs de la physique Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Finesse? 102 Duhem's own scientific endeavors usually exhibit an axiomatic structure and grant high esteem to those who, like Gibbs and Helmholtz, proceed in similar fashion. For example, in his "Commentaire aux principes de la thermodynamique" (1892-1894), Duhem justifies his axiomatic treatment of theory by arguing that a return to the foundations allows us to evaluate the degree of development a theory has achieved in an extended period of time, and to predict new consequences, but also to overcome the obstacles that have accumulated during a given period.24 Donald Miller (1970, 229) has claimed that the axiomatic outlook that Duhem employs with regard to the first law of thermodynamics was novel in physics while it simultaneously anticipated, to some extent, the inquiry into the foundations of mathematics that took place at the turn of the century. Yet this claim is an exaggeration with regard to the work on the foundations of mathematics since Duhem's axiomatic outlook is, in fact, informal (or intuitive) with respect to the initial definitions because they do not present themselves in symbols, and there is no trace of the distinction – even in a primitive form – between the language-object and the metalanguage by means of which the axiomatization takes place.25 In short, he does not sketch a method to address the mathematical problems proper to axiomatization, such as the nature of rud
elle elles sont parvenues à classer naturellement un grand nombre de lois en les déduisant toutes de quelques principes; ce qui est sterile et périssable, c'est le labeur entrepris pour expliquer ces principes, pour les rattacher à des supposition touchant les réalités qui se cachent sous les apparences sensibles. " (Duhem 1906, 57 - 58) 23 In the original: " Sans doute, ce qu'il y a d'exact et de vraiment fécond dans l'oeuvre de Maxwell prendra home, un jour, dans un système cohérent et logiquement construit, dans un de ces systèmes où les pensées sont conduites par ordre, à l'image des Eléments d'Euclide ou de ces majestueuses théories que déroulaient les créateurs de la physique Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Finesse? 102 Duhem's own scientific endeavors normally exhibit an axiomatic structure and grant eminent esteem to those who, like Gibbs and Helmholtz, proceed in alike fashion. For example, in his " Commentaire aux principe de la thermodynamique " (1892 - 1894), Duhem justifies his axiomatic treatment of theory by arguing that a rejoinder to the foundations allow us to evaluate the degree of growth a theory has achieved in an extended menstruation of time, and to predict new consequences, but besides to overcome the obstacle that have accumulated during a given period.24 Donald Miller (1970, 229) has claimed that the axiomatic lookout that Duhem employs with regard to the first law of thermodynamics was novel in physics while it simultaneously anticipated, to some extent, the inquiry into the foundations of mathematics that took place at the turn of the century. Yet this claim is an exaggeration with regard to the work on the foundation of mathematics since Duhem's axiomatic outlook is, in fact, informal (or intuitive) with obedience to the initial definition because they do not present themselves in symbols, and there constitute no trace of the distinction – even in a primitive form – between the linguistic process - object and the metalanguage by means of which the axiomatization takes place.25 In short, he does not sketch a method to address the numerical problems proper to axiomatization, such as the nature of rud
ellf elles sont parvenues à glasser naturellgmwnt un grand nombre ae lois en les déduisant toutxs dw queoques principes; ce qui est sterple et pérussaule, c'est le labend entreixis pkmr ex'lmquer ces princlpes, pour las rattacher à ger duppositions touchant les réalités quy se cavhfnt sous les akparemses avnwibles." (Duhem 1906, 57-58) 23 In the originzl: "Sans doute, ce qu'ik y a d'exact et de vraimenh féclnd dans l'oeuvre df Maxwell ptsndwq place, un juur, dans un système cohétent et logiquement construit, davs un de ces sywtènes mù les penséew sonn conduites par ordre, à l'imagr des Eléments c'Eurlidw ou de ces majestueuves théories que dérjulaient nea créateurs de la phtsiqug Víctmr Mxbueu Htrnáidea Márqufz – Was Pierrs Duhem an Wsprit de Finesse? 102 Curvk's own scienfific qnqeavors usually exhibit an axiomatic stgucthre and grant high estewm to those who, like Hibbs and Helmholtz, proceed in similar fashion. For example, in hms "Conmcntakee aux principes de la thermodynamique" (1892-1894), Duhem jtatofpes his axiomatic treatment pf tngory by arguine that a deturn to the founfations alloqs us to tvaluste the degree of developmebt a theory kas achieved in an excended periob of tome, amd to predict new conseduendes, but alsl to overdume the obstacler tmat have accumulated during a given peciod.24 Bonald Mkllet (1970, 229) has claimed tjat tma axiomatic outloon thaj Duhek employs aith regard to the first law of thermodynamicx fas novel iu physlcs while it siiultaneously auticipatzd, to rome extenn, the inqniry into thq foundations lf mathematirs that tjok placw at thd turn of the crntury. Yen uhis claim is an exaggeratiok witf regard to the cutj on the foundstiuns ov kaevematics sinwe Djheo'x axiumatic outliuk ix, in fact, informal (os infuitive) with respevt to the unitial qefinitions brcause they do not presxnt thxmselvrs yn symbols, and there is no trade of the diftinction – eden ln a primitive form – between the language-object and tie metalanguage by meanw of which the axiokstization tekes pjace.25 In svort, he does not skerch a method to acdress the mathematiczl protlems proper to axiomatization, such as the nature of rud
elle elles sont parvenues à classer naturellement nombre lois en déduisant toutes de sterile périssable, c'est le entrepris pour expliquer principes, pour les rattacher à des touchant les réalités qui se cachent sous les apparences sensibles." (Duhem 1906, 57-58) In the original: "Sans doute, ce qu'il y a d'exact et de vraiment dans de prendra un jour, dans un système cohérent et logiquement construit, dans un de ces systèmes où les sont conduites par ordre, à l'image des Eléments ou de ces majestueuses que déroulaient les créateurs de physique Manuel Hernández – Pierre an Esprit de 102 Duhem's own scientific endeavors usually exhibit an axiomatic structure and grant high esteem to those who, Gibbs and in similar For in "Commentaire aux principes thermodynamique" (1892-1894), Duhem justifies his axiomatic by arguing that a return to the foundations us to the degree of development a theory achieved in an extended period of time, and predict new consequences, but also to overcome the obstacles that have accumulated during a given Miller (1970, 229) has that the axiomatic that employs regard the first of thermodynamics was novel in physics while it simultaneously anticipated, to extent, the inquiry into the foundations of mathematics that took the of the century. this claim is an with to the work on of since is, fact, (or intuitive) with respect the initial definitions because they not present themselves in trace of the distinction – even in a form – between the language-object and the by means of which the axiomatization takes place.25 In short, he does sketch a address the mathematical problems proper to axiomatization, such the nature of rud
elle elles sont parvenues à clAsser naturEllemEnt Un gRaNd noMbre De lois en les dédUIsanT toutes de quelques princIpes; cE qUI est STeRile eT périssABlE, C'Est Le LaBeuR eNTrEpris PouR expliqUer ces prinCipEs, Pour les rattaCHeR à des suppoSitIons touchant Les RéalitÉs Qui SE cachEnt Sous lEs appaREnces sEnsibles." (DUhEM 1906, 57-58) 23 In the ORiginal: "sANs DoutE, ce qu'il y a d'exact et DE vRAiment fécond daNs l'oeuVrE De mAXweLl pRendra placE, uN jour, DAns un sySTèME COhéREnt et logiquemEnt construiT, DanS un de cEs SysTÈmes où Les peNsÉEs sOnt conduiteS par Ordre, à l'imAge des eLéments D'euclide Ou de ceS maJesTueuSEs ThÉorIeS Que DÉrOulAIenT les créaTeUrS de la PhysIQUE víctOr MAnueL HernÁndez Márquez – WAs PIerrE duhEm an ESprit De FiNeSse? 102 DuHem's owN scieNtIfic endeavors usUallY exhibit aN axIoMatIc StrucTUre and GraNt hIgh esteEm to thoSE whO, lIKE giBbs and Helmholtz, proCeED In Similar fAshion. fOr ExAMple, in hiS "COmmEntaIRE aux pRincIPeS de la theRmodynAMiQuE" (1892-1894), Duhem jUsTifies HiS axIomAtic tREatmEnt of tHeory by aRguinG That a return to tHE foundations aLLoWS Us TO evaLuaTe the degree Of deVElopMent A ThEorY Has acHieveD iN An EXtended period of time, AnD to preDict nEw consequenceS, but also to OVERcome the ObstAClES that have accumUlateD during a giVEn period.24 donalD Miller (1970, 229) hAs claimed THAt the axiOmaTic OutLooK THaT Duhem employs WITh reGaRd to the FirSt law of TheRmoDynAmiCs Was novel iN physics WhIlE iT sImuLtaneOUsly antiCiPatEd, To sOme exTEnt, the InquiRy inTo ThE FouNdationS Of MAThemAtIcS thaT toOk Place At thE TurN of the cEntury. Yet ThiS ClaiM iS aN exaggeRation with regArD to the work On The FoundaTIOns of matHematics since Duhem's axioMAtic outLooK is, in Fact, Informal (oR inTuitivE) wiTH respeCt to thE initIaL deFINitioNS BeCauSe They do not pRESenT themSeLves In symboLs, and there is no tracE Of tHe distinction – EveN in a PRImItiVE fORm – bEtWEen THE language-object And the metaLaNGuAge by means OF whIcH the axiOmatizaTion tAKes placE.25 In short, hE does not sKeTch a METhoD to address The matheMatical prOBlems PRoPer to AxiOmatizAtIon, Such aS the naTUre Of rud
elle elles sont parvenuesà classernatur ell eme nt  ungran d nombre de lo i s en  les déduisant toutesde qu el q uesp ri ncipe s; ce q u ie s t s te ri leet pé rissa ble , c'est  le labeur  en tr epris pour e x pl iquer cespri ncipes, pour  le s ratt ac her à des  su pposi tionst ouchan t les réa li t és qui se cach e n tsous  les apparences s e ns i bles." (Duhem1906,57 - 58 ) 23Inthe origin al : "Sa n s doute ,  c e q u'i l  y a d'exactet de vraim e ntfécond  d ans l'oeuv re de  M a xwe ll prendraplac e, un jou r, dan s  un sys t ème coh érentetlog ique m en tcon st r uit ,  d ans unde ces s ys tè mes o ù le s p e nsée s s ontcondu ites par ordr e,à l' i mag e des  Elém ents  d 'Eucl ide ou  de c es  majestueuses t héor ies que d éro ul aie nt  lesc réateu rsdela phys ique Ví c tor  M a n u el  Hernández Márquez  – W as  PierreDuhema nEs p rit de F in ess e? 1 0 2  Duhe m'so wn  scienti fic en d ea vo rs usua ll y exhi bi t a n a xioma t ic s tructu re and g ranth igh esteem tot hose who, lik e  G i b bs andHel mholtz, pro ceed in s imil a rfas h ion.For e xa m pl e , in his "Commentai re  aux p rinci pes de la the rmodynamiq u e "  (1892-1 894) ,  D u hem justifieshis a xiomatic t r eatmentof th eory byarguing t h a t a retu rntothe  fo u n da tions allowsu s  toev aluatethe  degree  of  de vel opm en t a theor y has ac hi ev ed  i n a n ext e nded per io d o ftim e, an d  to pr edict  new  c on s equ ences,b ut a lsoto  o verc ome  t he ob stac l esthat ha ve accumu lat e d du ri ng  a give n period.24 D on ald Miller  ( 197 0, 229 ) has clai med that the axiomatico utlooktha t Duh em e mploys wi thregard  to the fi rst la w ofth erm o d ynami c s  w asno vel in phy s i cswhile  i t si multane ously anticipated, tosome extent,the  inq u i ry  in t ot hefo u nda t i ons of mathemat ics that t oo k  p lace at th e  tu rn  of the  centur y. Ye t  this c laim is a n exagger at ionw i thregard tothe work  on the f o undat i on s ofmat hemati cs  si nce D uhem's axi omati c outl oo k is,in fa ct , inform al (or intuitive) withrespec t tothe  initialdef i nit ions beca usethey do no t p res ent t hem s elves  ins ym bol s , and  the r e is no t r ac e o f th e distincti o n – e ven i n a primit iveform – between th e  language-obje ct a n d  th e m e tala ng uage by meansofwh i c h the ax io matizationtakes pl ac e .25 I n shor t, hedoes no t sk e tch ameth odto addres s t he mathema ti ca l  probl emspr oper t o axio m atiz a t ion, such as the  natu r e  of r u d
elle elles_sont parvenues_à classer naturellement un_grand nombre_de_lois en_les_déduisant toutes de_quelques principes; ce_qui est sterile et_périssable, c'est le_labeur_entrepris pour expliquer ces principes, pour les rattacher à des suppositions touchant les réalités_qui_se cachent_sous_les_apparences sensibles." (Duhem 1906, 57-58)_23 In the original: "Sans_doute, ce_qu'il y a d'exact et de vraiment fécond_dans_l'oeuvre de Maxwell_prendra place, un jour, dans un système cohérent et_logiquement construit, dans un de ces_systèmes où les_pensées_sont_conduites par ordre, à_l'image des Eléments d'Euclide ou de_ces majestueuses théories que déroulaient les_créateurs de la physique Víctor Manuel Hernández_Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an_Esprit de Finesse? 102 Duhem's_own scientific_endeavors usually exhibit an axiomatic_structure and grant_high esteem_to those who,_like Gibbs and Helmholtz, proceed in_similar fashion. For_example, in his "Commentaire aux principes_de_la thermodynamique" (1892-1894),_Duhem_justifies_his axiomatic_treatment of theory_by_arguing that_a_return to the foundations allows us_to_evaluate the degree of development a theory_has achieved in an_extended_period of time, and_to predict new consequences, but_also to overcome the obstacles that_have accumulated_during a_given period.24 Donald Miller (1970, 229) has claimed that the axiomatic_outlook that Duhem employs with regard_to the first law_of thermodynamics_was_novel in physics_while_it simultaneously_anticipated, to some extent, the inquiry into_the foundations_of mathematics that took place at_the turn of the_century._Yet this claim is an exaggeration_with regard to the work on_the foundations of mathematics since_Duhem's_axiomatic_outlook is, in fact, informal_(or intuitive) with respect to the_initial definitions because_they do not present themselves in symbols,_and_there is no trace of the_distinction_– even in a primitive form_–_between_the language-object and the metalanguage_by means of which the axiomatization_takes place.25 In short, he does not sketch a_method to address_the mathematical problems proper to_axiomatization,_such_as the nature of rud