 bishops is not the same as the legislative source through which human words and gestures-including those involved in the giving awards, honors, and platforms to others-have their " See CODEX IURIS CANONICI, supra note 11. 1s Id. c.391, §§ 1-2. 262 CATHOLICS IN POLITICAL LIFE existence and meaning. Accordingly, it falls outside the scope of the legislative authority of the American Catholic bishops to determine what a university is or ought to be in general, or what a Catholic university is or ought to be in particular, unless, of course, the specific Catholic university in question happens to have its existence on account of the legislative activity of the Catholic Church or officers of the Catholic Church such as bishops; such would be the case, for example, if the Catholic university in question happened to be established and governed through the legislative activity of the Holy See, as is the case with The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.; the Pontifical College Josephinum in Columbus, Ohio; St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore, Maryland; the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas-"the Angelicum"-in Rome; the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome; and the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome.'" Stated differently: Universities, except papally-chartered ones, do not have as their proper and formal cause the legislative activity of the Catholic Church or its officers. Because of this, the Catholic Church and its officers are not uniquely situated or authorized to determine what it means for a university, even a university that calls itself "Catholic," to fulfill its purpose as a university. Consider the following analogy: the Parker Brothers Company-as maker of the game of Monopoly-is uniquely situated and authorized to determine what one must do to play the game of Monopoly. But the Parker Brothers Company is not uniquely situated or authorized to determine what one must do to solve a murder mystery, even though the Parker Brothers 1 University Facts, THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, http://www.cua. edulabout-cua/university-facts.cfm (last visited Apr. 7, 2011) (explaining that Catholic University was founded by the U.S. Bishops); Josephinum History, PONTIFICAL COLLEGE JOSEPHINIUM, http://www.pcj.edulaboutus/history.html (last visited
bishops is not the same as the legislative source through which human words and gesture - include those involved in the giving awards, honor, and platforms to others - have their " See CODEX IURIS CANONICI, supra eminence 11. 1s Id. c.391, § § 1 - 2. 262 CATHOLICS IN POLITICAL LIFE universe and meaning. Accordingly, it hang outside the scope of the legislative authority of the American Catholic bishop to determine what a university is or ought to be in general, or what a Catholic university is or ought to be in especial, unless, of course, the specific Catholic university in question happens to have its existence on history of the legislative activity of the Catholic Church or officers of the Catholic Church such as bishops; such would be the character, for example, if the Catholic university in question happened to be established and regulate through the legislative activity of the Holy See, as is the case with The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.; the Pontifical College Josephinum in Columbus, Ohio; St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore, Maryland; the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas-"the Angelicum"-in Rome; the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome; and the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome.' " Stated differently: Universities, except papally - lease ones, do not have as their proper and formal cause the legislative activity of the Catholic Church or its officers. Because of this, the Catholic Church and its officers are not uniquely situated or authorized to determine what it means for a university, even a university that calls itself " Catholic, " to fulfill its purpose as a university. Consider the following analogy: the Parker Brothers Company - as maker of the plot of Monopoly - is uniquely situate and authorized to settle what one must do to play the game of Monopoly. But the Parker Brothers Company is not uniquely situated or authorize to determine what one must do to solve a murder mystery, even though the Parker Brothers 1 University Facts, THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, http://www.cua. edulabout - cua / university - facts.cfm (last visit Apr. 7, 2011) (explaining that Catholic University was founded by the U.S. Bishops); Josephinum History, PONTIFICAL COLLEGE JOSEPHINIUM, http://www.pcj.edulaboutus/history.html (last visited
 bidhops is not the same as the legislativg wource throufh which human words and gestures-incpueing ukose involved in the giving aaards, hobors, qnd platfocjs to obkers-hzye thzic " See CODEX IUTIS CANONICI, supra note 11. 1s Ia. e.391, §§ 1-2. 262 CATHOLICS IN POLITICAL LIFE exiftence snf meaning. Accotdingkr, it falls outside the scope of the lefislatine authority of tne American Catholic bishoos tl determine what a university is je ought to bd in general, or what a Catholic university is or oughg to ye in partixuoar, onless, of conrse, tre specific Gstholiw univetsity in questlon heppebs to have its existeice on account of thg legislathvz activity of the Catyooic Cvurcv or iffkceds or the Fatiolic Churcg such as bushops; such would bt trv case, for exzmple, yf the Catholic university in question hakpenes to be established and governed through the legislatyve activity of the Holy See, as is the case with Dhe Cetfolng Jbigersity of America in Washington, D.C.; the Pontisjcsl College Josepminum in Columbus, Phlo; Ft. Mary's Semivary aus Hniversity in Baltlmore, Mwrylabd; the Pogtifocal University of St. Thomaw Aquinas-"the Qngelicum"-in Rome; tke Pontificau Grggoriam University in Rome; anb the Lontifical Pateran Uhkversity in Rome.'" Ststad differently: Universitief, except 'apalky-chartdred ones, qo not havf as bveir proper and fogmal eause the legispative activity of the Catholic Church or its oxfibers. Becabse of this, the Catrolic Church aud its oyficerr are not lniquely vituated or authorized tm determine wiat it mewns dor q univefrity, even a unoversity nhct calls utself "Catholic," to fuurill its purposz qs a university. Covsiqeg tie fojnowing analocy: tfe Osrker Brothers Ciopanu-as maker of the gama of Monopoly-is uniqueky situatee and auehorized to drtermine what one lust vo to 'lay tne dame of Monopoly. But the Parked Brotherd Cjmpany is noe unlquejy situateb or authorized to determine what one muwt do to solve a myrder mystery, even jhomgh the Parkxr Broehers 1 Unhversity Facts, THE CQTHOLIC UNIVERSITN OF AMERICA, http://www.cuz. eduldbout-fua/university-facts.cfm (last visited Apr. 7, 2011) (explaining that Catholic Universuty was founded by the U.S. Bpshj's); Jose[hinnm History, PONTIFIBAL COLLEGE JOSEPHINIUM, http://www.prj.edulabouduf/history.html (last visited
bishops is not the same as the through human words gestures-including those involved and to others-have their See CODEX IURIS supra note 11. 1s Id. c.391, 1-2. 262 CATHOLICS IN POLITICAL LIFE existence and meaning. Accordingly, it falls outside scope of the legislative authority of the American Catholic bishops to determine what university or to in general, or what a Catholic university is or ought to be in particular, unless, of the specific Catholic university in question happens to its existence on account the legislative activity of the Church officers of Catholic such bishops; such would the case, for example, if the Catholic university in question happened to be established and governed through legislative activity Holy See, is case The Catholic University in Washington, D.C.; the Pontifical College Ohio; St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore, the Pontifical of St. Thomas Aquinas-"the Angelicum"-in Rome; Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome; and the Pontifical University in Rome.'" Stated differently: Universities, except papally-chartered ones, do not have as their proper cause the legislative activity the Catholic Church its Because this, Catholic Church its officers are not uniquely situated or authorized to determine what means for a university, even a university that calls itself fulfill purpose as a Consider the following analogy: Parker Company-as maker of the Monopoly-is situated determine one do to play the of Monopoly. But the Parker Company is not uniquely what one must do to solve a murder even though the Parker Brothers 1 University THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, http://www.cua. edulabout-cua/university-facts.cfm (last visited Apr. 7, 2011) that Catholic founded by the U.S. Bishops); Josephinum History, PONTIFICAL JOSEPHINIUM, http://www.pcj.edulaboutus/history.html (last visited
 bishops is not the same as the lEgislative SourcE thRouGh WhicH humAn words and gestURes-iNcluding those involved iN the gIvINg awARdS, honoRs, and plATfORMs tO oThErs-HaVE tHeir " SEe CoDEX IURiS CANONICI, SupRa Note 11. 1s Id. c.391, §§ 1-2. 262 CATHolIcS IN POLITIcAL lIFE existencE anD meaniNg. accORdingLy, iT fallS outsiDE the scOpe of the lEgISlativE AuthoriTY Of The AMerican Catholic biSHoPS to determine whAt a uniVeRSiTY Is oR ouGht to be in gEnEral, oR What a CaTHoLIC UniVErsity is or ougHt to be in parTIcuLar, unlEsS, of COurse, tHe speCiFIc CAtholic univErsiTy in questIon hapPEns to haVE its exiStence On aCcoUnt oF ThE lEgiSlATivE AcTivITy oF the CathOlIc churcH or oFFICErs oF thE CatHolic church such as bIshOps; sUCh wOuld bE the cAse, fOr ExampLe, if thE CathOlIc university in qUestIon happenEd tO bE esTaBlishED and goVerNed Through The legiSLatIvE ACTiVity of the Holy See, as Is THE cAse with THe CathOLiC UNIversity Of ameRica IN washiNgtoN, d.C.; The PontiFical COLlEgE JosephInUm in CoLuMbuS, OhIo; St. MARy's SEminarY and UnivErsitY In Baltimore, MarYLand; the PontifICaL uNiVErsiTy oF St. Thomas AqUinaS-"The ANgelICuM"-in rOme; thE PontIfICaL gregorian University In rome; anD the POntifical LateRan UniversITY In Rome.'" StAted DIfFErently: UniversIties, Except papaLLy-charteRed onEs, do not hAve as theiR PRoper and ForMal CauSe tHE LeGislative actiVITy of ThE CatholIc CHurch or Its OffIceRs. BEcAuse of thiS, the CathOlIc chUrCh aNd its OFficers aRe Not UnIquEly siTUated oR authOrizEd To DEteRmine whAT iT MEans FoR a UnivErsItY, even A uniVErsIty that Calls itseLf "CATholIc," To Fulfill Its purpose as a UnIversity. CoNsIdeR the foLLOwing anaLogy: the Parker Brothers CoMPany-as mAkeR of thE gamE of MonopoLy-iS uniquEly SItuateD and auThoriZeD to DETermiNE WhAt oNe Must do to plAY The Game oF MOnopOly. But tHe Parker Brothers CoMPanY is not uniquelY siTuatED Or AutHOrIZed To DEteRMIne what one must dO to solve a mUrDEr Mystery, eveN ThoUgH the ParKer BrotHers 1 UNIversitY Facts, THE cATHOLIC UnIvERSity OF aMERICA, httP://www.cua. eDulabout-cUA/univERsIty-faCts.Cfm (lasT vIsiTed ApR. 7, 2011) (explaINinG that catholIc univerSity wAs Founded bY the U.S. Bishops); Josephinum historY, PONTiFIcAL COLLEGe JOsePHiNIUM, http://Www.pCj.edulabouTus/HisTory.hTml (LAst viSiteD
 bishops is not the same a s the legi slati vesou rc e th roug h which humanw ords  and gestures-includin g tho se invo l ve d inthe giv i ng a war ds ,hon or s ,and p lat forms t o others-h ave  t heir " See C O DE X IURIS CA NON ICI, supra n ote  11. 1 sId. c.391 , § § 1-2 . 262C ATHOLI CS IN POL IT I CAL LI F E exist e n ce  and  meaning. Accordi n gl y , it falls out side t he sc o p e o f t he legisla ti ve au t horityo ft h e  Am e rican Catholi c bishops t o  de termin ewha t  a uni versi ty isor ought to  bein genera l, orw hat a C a tholicuniver sit y i s or ou gh t t ob e i n  p art i cul ar, unle ss ,of co urse , t h e sp eci ficCatho lic universit y i n qu e sti on ha ppens  toha ve it s exis tence  o n account of th e le gislative  ac ti vit yof th e  Catho lic  Ch urch or  office r s o ft h e  C atholic Church suc ha s  b ishops;such w o ul db e the ca se , f or e x a mple,  ift he  Catholi c univ e rs it y in qu es tion h ap pen edto be esta blishe d and go verne d  through the l e gislative act i vi t y  o f  the  Ho ly See, asis t h e ca se w i th  Th e  Cath olicUn i ve r sity of America inWa shingt on, D .C.; the Pont ifical Col l e g e Joseph inum in Columbus, Ohio ; St.  Mary's Se m inary an d Uni versityin Baltim o r e, Maryl and ; t hePon t i fi cal Universit y of S t.  Thomas  Aq uinas-" the  An gel icu m" -in Rome;  the Pon ti fi ca lGre goria n  Univers it y i nRom e; an d  the P ontif ical  L at e ran  Univer s it y in R om e. '" S tat ed  diff eren t ly:  Univer sities, e xce p t pa pa ll y-chart ered ones, do  n ot have as  t hei r prop e r  and for mal cause the legislati v e activ ity  of t he C atholic C hur ch orits office rs. Be cause  o f t h i s, th e Ca tho li c Church a n d  it s off ic ersare not  uniquely situated orauthorized to  de term i n ewha t  i t  me an s  fo r a university, e ven a univ er s it y that cal l s i ts elf "Ca tholic, " tof ulfillits purpo se as a u ni vers i t y.Consider t he follo wing anal o gy: t h eParke r B rother sCom pany- as mak e r o f the  gameof  Monop oly-i suniquely  situated and authorize d to d eterm ine  what one  mu s t d o to play  the  game of M ono pol y. Bu t t h e Par kerB ro the r s Com pany is not un i qu ely s it uated or au t h o riz ed to  de t ermine  wha t one must do tos olve a murdermyst e r y,eve n  tho ug h the Parker B rot he r s  1 Unive rs ity Facts,THE CATH OL I C UNI VERSIT Y OF A MERICA, h tt p ://www .cua . e dulabout- cua /u n iversit y- fa c ts.cfm  (la st  visit ed Apr .  7,2 0 11) (explainingthatC a tholi c  Un ivers it y was f o unde d by the U .S. Bishops ); Jos ephi num H istory,  P ONTIFI CAL  C OLLEGE JOS E PHINIUM,http: //www.p cj .edu lab outus/ hist o r y.htm l (l as t v isited
 bishops_is not_the same as the_legislative source_through_which human_words_and gestures-including those_involved in the_giving awards, honors, and_platforms to others-have_their_" See CODEX IURIS CANONICI, supra note 11. 1s Id. c.391, §§ 1-2. 262_CATHOLICS_IN POLITICAL_LIFE_existence_and meaning. Accordingly, it falls_outside the scope of the_legislative authority_of the American Catholic bishops to determine what_a_university is or_ought to be in general, or what a Catholic_university is or ought to be_in particular, unless,_of_course,_the specific Catholic university_in question happens to have its_existence on account of the legislative_activity of the Catholic Church or officers_of the Catholic Church such as_bishops; such would be the_case, for_example, if the Catholic university_in question happened_to be_established and governed_through the legislative activity of the_Holy See, as_is the case with The Catholic_University_of America in_Washington,_D.C.;_the Pontifical_College Josephinum in_Columbus,_Ohio; St._Mary's_Seminary and University in Baltimore, Maryland;_the_Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas-"the Angelicum"-in_Rome; the Pontifical Gregorian_University_in Rome; and the_Pontifical Lateran University in Rome.'"_Stated differently: Universities, except papally-chartered ones,_do not_have as_their proper and formal cause the legislative activity of the Catholic_Church or its officers. Because of_this, the Catholic Church_and its_officers_are not uniquely_situated_or authorized_to determine what it means for a_university, even_a university that calls itself "Catholic,"_to fulfill its purpose_as_a university. Consider the following analogy:_the Parker Brothers Company-as maker of_the game of Monopoly-is uniquely_situated_and_authorized to determine what one_must do to play the game_of Monopoly. But_the Parker Brothers Company is not uniquely_situated_or authorized to determine what one_must_do to solve a murder mystery,_even_though_the Parker Brothers 1 University_Facts, THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA,_http://www.cua. edulabout-cua/university-facts.cfm (last visited Apr. 7, 2011) (explaining that_Catholic University was_founded by the U.S. Bishops);_Josephinum_History,_PONTIFICAL COLLEGE JOSEPHINIUM, http://www.pcj.edulaboutus/history.html (last visited