, if explanation is taken to be unification of diverse empirical laws under a theoretical scheme. Newton's law of gravity, as Newton himself admitted, is explanatory of a vast array of phenomena, even if the cause of gravity is not explained; or even if the very demand for an explanation of the cause of gravity is deflated. It is fair to say that Duhem never conceded that explanation should be the aim of science. No matter how intricate the relation between representation and explanation can be, as the Newton case shows, Duhem thought of them as corresponding to distinct and separable parts of the theory.5 In support of this view, he offers two arguments. The first is an historical argument, expressed in the famous continuity thesis stated by Duhem in (1906, 32-33): When the progress of experimental physics goes counter to a theory and compels it to be modified or transformed, the purely representative part enters nearly whole in the new theory, bringing to it 5 In the original French text of The Aim and the Structure, Duhem translated Newton's famous words from the Optics, Query 31: "To tell us that every species of things is endowed with an occult specific quality by which it acts and produces manifest effects, is to tell us nothing: but to derive two or three general principles of motion from phenomena, and afterwards to tell us how the properties and actions of all corporeal things follow from those manifest principles, would be a very great step in philosophy, though the causes of those principles were not yet discovered". Duhem's own translation into French is this: "Expliquer chaque propriété des choses en les douant d'une qualité spécifique occulte par laquelle seraient engendrés et produits les effets qui se manifestent à nous, c'est ne rien expliquer du tout. Mais tirer des phénomènes deux ou trois principes généraux de mouvement, expliquer ensuite toutes les propriétés et les actions des corps au moyen de ces principes clairs, c'est vraiment, en Philosophie, un grand progrès, lors même que les causes de ces principes ne seraient pas découvertes" (2007, 81-emphasis added). Note that Newton's "to tell us" is translated (thrice) by Duhem into "expliquer" [to explain]. In the first two occurrences, 'to explain' refers to explanation by means of
, if explanation is taken to be unification of diverse empirical law under a theoretical schema. Newton's law of gravity, as Newton himself admitted, is explanatory of a huge array of phenomena, even if the cause of gravity is not explain; or even if the very demand for an explanation of the campaign of gravity is deflated. It is honest to say that Duhem never conceded that explanation should be the bearing of skill. No matter how intricate the relation between representation and explanation can be, as the Newton subject shows, Duhem thought of them as comparable to distinct and separable parts of the theory.5 In accompaniment of this view, he offers two argument. The first is an historic argument, expressed in the famous continuity thesis stated by Duhem in (1906, 32 - 33 ): When the advancement of experimental physics goes counter to a theory and compels it to be modified or transformed, the strictly representative region enters nearly whole in the new theory, bringing to it 5 In the original French text of The Aim and the Structure, Duhem translated Newton's celebrated parole from the Optics, Query 31: " To tell us that every coinage of thing is endow with an occult specific quality by which it work and produces manifest effects, is to tell us nothing: but to deduce two or three general principles of motion from phenomena, and afterwards to tell us how the properties and actions of all corporeal things follow from those manifest principles, would be a very big step in doctrine, though the cause of those principles were not yet discovered ". Duhem's own translation into French is this: " Expliquer chaque propriété des choses en les douant d'une qualité spécifique occulte par laquelle seraient engendrés et produits les effets qui se manifestent à nous, c'est ne rien expliquer du tout. Mais tirer des phénomènes deux ou trois principes généraux de mouvement, expliquer ensuite toutes les propriétés et les actions des corps au moyen de ces principe clairs, c'est vraiment, en Philosophie, un grand progrès, lors même que les causes de cerium principes ne seraient pas découvertes " (2007, 81 - emphasis added). Note that Newton's " to tell us " is translate (thrice) by Duhem into " expliquer " [ to excuse ]. In the first two occurrences,' to explain' refers to explanation by means of
, if explanation is taken to be unification of divxrse emlirical uaws under a theoretical schxme. Bewtob's law of gravity, as Ndwton himdelf admuttev, is explanatory of a vast arrzn of 'hxnomena, even if the cause of gravity is nut explained; or even if the very demagd for sn explanation os tht cwuse of gravity is deflated. It is fair to say that Duhem nrver conceded that explanahion should be the aim of science. No iqtter how ingricate tht xelation bejween representation and explanagion ean be, as tye Neajon case shoxs, Duhvm thought of them as correslonding to disbinct ane separable parts of vhe theory.5 In supporj of this eizw, he offers two argunebts. Tve fhrst us xn gixtkrical arjument, exprsssed in thw famous continuity trvxis stated bg Duhei yn (1906, 32-33): When the progress of experimental khysids goes counter to a thwory and compels it tl be modisied or transformed, the purely representative pard entxrr ntavjh wjole in the new theory, bringing to it 5 In the krogpnal French text jf The Aim snf yre Structure, Auhem cdahslated Newton's falous wotds frim the Opuics, Auery 31: "To tell us that evert species of rhings is endowed cith an occuut skecifiv quality by which it aets ans produces lanifest swfects, is to telu ux tothing: but to derive two jr three jenercl princkplex of mjtion from phenomena, and afterwardd to jell uv how the oroperties and actions of all corporeal thingx xolnow from thosc manifest prinsiples, would bg a very yreat rtep in phplosophy, vhough the cwuses of thosa principles xere not ret eiscivered". Ajhem's own tranxlation iuuo French us this: "Expliquer ghaqug lropriété des chowes en les douant c'und qtapivé spécyxique occulta paf lxauelld seraitut cngdndréx et produits les efxets qui se manifesteny à nous, c'ewt ne riqn expliquer cu tout. Mais tirer des 'hénomènxs deuc oo trois principes généraux de moubement, exolizuer ensuite toubes jes propriécés et les actions des corps au moyen de res principes clairs, c'gst vraiment, en Philoxpphie, un grend prjgrès, lors même que les causes ee ces principes ke seraient pas découvedtes" (2007, 81-amphadis added). Note that Newton's "to tell us" is translated (thrice) by Duhem into "expliquer" [to explzin]. On thv fnrsc two oscurceices, 'to explain' rvfers to explanation by means of
, if explanation is taken to be diverse laws under theoretical scheme. Newton's himself is explanatory of vast array of even if the cause of gravity not explained; or even if the very demand for an explanation of the of gravity is deflated. It is fair to say that Duhem never conceded explanation be aim science. No matter how intricate the relation between representation and explanation can be, as the Newton shows, Duhem thought of them as corresponding to and separable parts of theory.5 In support of this he two arguments. first an argument, expressed in famous continuity thesis stated by Duhem in (1906, 32-33): When the progress of experimental physics goes counter a theory it to modified transformed, purely representative part whole in the new theory, bringing In the original French text of The Aim the Structure, translated Newton's famous words from the Query 31: "To tell us that every species things is endowed with an occult specific quality by which it acts and produces manifest to tell us nothing: to derive two three principles motion phenomena, and to tell us how the properties and actions of all corporeal follow from those manifest principles, would be a very great philosophy, the causes of principles were not yet Duhem's translation into French is chaque des douant qualité occulte par laquelle seraient et produits les effets qui manifestent à nous, c'est Mais tirer des phénomènes deux ou trois principes de mouvement, expliquer ensuite toutes les propriétés les actions des corps au moyen de ces principes clairs, c'est vraiment, Philosophie, un lors même que les causes de ces principes seraient pas découvertes" (2007, added). Note that Newton's "to tell us" is translated by into "expliquer" explain]. In the two occurrences, 'to refers to explanation of
, if explanation is taken to be uNification Of divErsE emPiRicaL lawS under a theoretICal sCheme. Newton's law of graviTy, as NEwTOn hiMSeLf admItted, is EXpLANatOrY oF a vAsT ArRay of PheNomena, eVen if the caUse Of Gravity is not EXpLained; or evEn iF the very demaNd fOr an exPlAnaTIon of The Cause Of gravITy is deFlated. It iS fAIr to saY That DuhEM NeVer cOnceded that explanATiON should be the aiM of sciEnCE. NO MAttEr hOw intricatE tHe relATion betWEeN REPreSEntation and exPlanation caN Be, aS the NeWtOn cASe showS, DuheM tHOugHt of them as cOrreSponding tO distiNCt and sePArable pArts of The TheOry.5 IN SuPpOrt Of THis VIeW, he OFfeRs two argUmEnTs. The FirsT IS AN hisTorIcal ArgumEnt, expressed iN thE famOUs cOntinUity tHesiS sTated By DuheM in (1906, 32-33): WhEn The progress of exPeriMental phySicS gOes CoUnter TO a theoRy aNd cOmpels iT to be moDIfiEd OR TRaNsformed, the purely rEpRESeNtative pArt entERs NeARly whole In The New tHEOry, brIngiNG tO it 5 In the OriginAL FReNch text Of the Aim AnD thE StRuctuRE, DuhEm tranSlated NeWton's FAmous words from THe Optics, Query 31: "tO tELL uS That EveRy species of ThinGS is eNdowED wIth AN occuLt speCiFIc QUality by which it acts AnD produCes maNifest effects, Is to tell us NOTHing: but tO derIVe TWo or three generAl priNciples of mOTion from PhenoMena, and aFterwards TO Tell us hoW thE prOpeRtiES AnD actions of all CORporEaL things FolLow from ThoSe mAniFesT pRinciples, Would be a VeRy GrEaT stEp in pHIlosophy, ThOugH tHe cAuses OF those PrincIpleS wErE Not Yet discOVeRED". DuhEm'S oWn trAnsLaTion iNto FREncH is this: "expliquer ChaQUe prOpRiÉté des cHoses en les douAnT d'une qualiTé SpéCifiquE OCculte paR laquelle seraient engendRÉs et proDuiTs les EffeTs qui se maNifEstent À noUS, c'est nE rien eXpliqUeR du TOUt. MaiS TIrEr dEs Phénomènes DEUx oU troiS pRincIpes génÉraux de mouvement, exPLiqUer ensuite touTes Les pROPrIétÉS eT Les AcTIonS DEs corps au moyen dE ces princiPeS ClAirs, c'est vrAImeNt, En PhiloSophie, uN granD Progrès, Lors même qUe les causEs De ceS PRinCipes ne serAient pas DécouvertES" (2007, 81-emphASiS addeD). NoTe that neWtoN's "to tEll us" iS TraNslatEd (thriCe) By DuheM into "ExPliquer" [tO explain]. In the first two ocCurrenCes, 'to ExpLain' referS to EXplAnation by MeanS of
, if explanation is takento be unif icati onofdi vers e em pirical laws u n dera theoretical scheme.Newto n' s  law of  grav ity, as Ne w t onhi ms elf  a d mi tted,  is  explan atory of a  va st  array of ph e no mena, even  if  the cause o f g ravity  i s n o t exp lai ned;or eve n  if th e very de ma n d fora n expla n a ti on o f the cause of gr a vi t y is deflated.  It is  f a ir t o s aythat Duhem  n everc onceded th a t exp l anation shoul d be the ai m  of  scien ce . N o  matte r how  i n tri cate the re lati on betwee n repr e sentati o n and e xplana tio n c an b e ,as  th eN ewt o ncas e  sh ows, Duh em  t hough t of t h e m as  co rres pondi ng to distinc t a nd s e par ableparts  ofth e the ory.5In su pp ort of this vie w, h e offerstwo  a rgu me nts.T he fir stisan hist oricala rgu me n t ,  e xpressed in the fa mo u s  c ontinuit y thes i sst a ted by D uh emin ( 1 9 06, 3 2-33 ) :When the  progr e ss  o f exper im entalph ysi csgoesc ount er toa theory  andc ompels it to b e  modified ort ra n s fo r med,  th e purely re pres e ntat ivep ar t e n tersnearl yw ho l e in the new theory ,bringi ng to  it 5 In theoriginal F r e n ch textof T h eA im and the Str uctur e, Duhem t r anslated  Newt on's fam ous words f rom theOpt ics , Q uer y 31 : "To tell us t hatev ery spe cie s of th ing s i s e ndo we d with an  occultsp ec if ic  qu ality by which  i t a ct s a nd pr o ducesmanif estef fe c ts,  is tot el l us n ot hi ng:but  t o der ivet woor thre e general  pr i ncip le sof moti on from pheno me na, and af te rwa rds to t ell us h ow the properties and a c tions o f a ll co rpor eal thing s f ollowfro m  those  manif est p ri nci p l es, w o u ld  be  a  very grea t ste p inph ilos ophy, t hough the causes o f  th ose principle s w eren o tyet di s cov er e d". D uhem's own tran slation in to Fr ench is th i s:"E xplique r chaqu e pro p riété d es choses  en les d ou antd ' une  qualité s pécifiqu e occulte par l a qu elleser aienten gen dréset pro d uit s les  effet squi se  mani fe stent ànous, c'est ne rien exp liquer  du t out . Mais ti rer des  phénomèn es d eux ou tro ispri ncipe s g é nérau x de mo uve m ent,expl i quer ensu i te  to u t es  les propri é t é s e t les  ac t ions d es c orps au moyen dec es principes c lair s ,  c' est vrai me nt, en Philoso phi e, u n grandpr ogrès, lors  même qu el es ca uses d e cesprincip e s  n e  serai entpas  découver tes "( 2007, 8 1- em p hasisadde d) . Note  thatN ewto n ' s "to tell us" i s tra n s lated (th rice)  b y Duhem into  "explique r" [to expl ain].In t he fi rst two  o ccurre nce s,  'to expla i n' refers  to e xplanat io n by  me ans of 
, if_explanation is_taken to be unification_of diverse_empirical_laws under_a_theoretical scheme. Newton's_law of gravity,_as Newton himself admitted,_is explanatory of_a_vast array of phenomena, even if the cause of gravity is not explained; or_even_if the_very_demand_for an explanation of the_cause of gravity is deflated._It is_fair to say that Duhem never conceded that_explanation_should be the_aim of science. No matter how intricate the relation_between representation and explanation can be,_as the Newton_case_shows,_Duhem thought of them_as corresponding to distinct and separable_parts of the theory.5 In support_of this view, he offers two arguments._The first is an historical argument,_expressed in the famous continuity_thesis stated_by Duhem in (1906, 32-33):_When the progress_of experimental_physics goes counter_to a theory and compels it_to be modified_or transformed, the purely representative part_enters_nearly whole in_the_new_theory, bringing_to it 5_In_the original_French_text of The Aim and the_Structure,_Duhem translated Newton's famous words from the_Optics, Query 31: "To_tell_us that every species_of things is endowed with_an occult specific quality by which_it acts_and produces_manifest effects, is to tell us nothing: but to derive two_or three general principles of motion_from phenomena, and afterwards_to tell_us_how the properties_and_actions of_all corporeal things follow from those manifest_principles, would_be a very great step in_philosophy, though the causes_of_those principles were not yet discovered"._Duhem's own translation into French is_this: "Expliquer chaque propriété des_choses_en_les douant d'une qualité spécifique_occulte par laquelle seraient engendrés et_produits les effets_qui se manifestent à nous, c'est ne_rien_expliquer du tout. Mais tirer des_phénomènes_deux ou trois principes généraux de_mouvement,_expliquer_ensuite toutes les propriétés et_les actions des corps au moyen_de ces principes clairs, c'est vraiment, en Philosophie, un_grand progrès, lors_même que les causes de_ces_principes_ne seraient pas découvertes" (2007, 81-emphasis added). Note that Newton's_"to tell_us" is translated_(thrice) by Duhem into "expliquer" [to explain]. In the first_two occurrences, 'to explain' refers to explanation_by means of