 to generalize and unify expecting success); we have an instinctive belief in this metaphysical truth that cannot be shaken by philosophical doubt. Accordingly, Duhem introduces a third image (Duhem 1991 [1906], 30). NC: A physical theory is a natural classification. For Duhem a natural classification is a mathematical physical hierarchical organization of the phenomena which, as it becomes more complete, is the reflection of an ontological order. Newton's great achievement in Principia, he argues, is a natural classification that unites heavenly and terrestrial motions so that Neptune's existence was predicted and subsequently discovered. As a theory makes novel predictions, we can't but feel it is providing a natural classification – no merely contrived artifice should be expected to "be a prophet for us". By making physics depend on metaphysical speculations R puts the cart before the horse; instead we need to use the natural classifications of the phenomena provided by physics to tentatively guide metaphysical investigation, since they allow us to see dimly the cosmological/metaphysical realities behind them. Duhem's sympathy for NC/AR and antipathy to R is motivated by an induction from the past and current state of physics to the conclusion that proponents of causal explanatory theories guided by R allow metaphysical preconceptions to influence their physical theorizing and end up with theories that fail to satisfy the requirements expected of an explanation – and thereby fail to achieve their defining explanatory goal. By contrast, the proponents of abstract representative theories guided by NC have made slow but steady progress in fulfilling their aims. 7 Compare with the contemporary pithy "aims" characterization in (van Fraassen 1980, 6-9): science aims to give us a literally true story (realism) or an empirically adequate story (antirealism). Michael Liston – Duhem: Images of Science, Historical Continuity, and the First Crisis in Physics 76 Most of (Duhem 1991 [1906], Part I) is an historical argument designed to show that the abstract representative approach guided by NC is the progressive path to a perfected physics that reflects an ontological order in contrast with the problem-strewn random path of the causal-explanatory approach.8 Versions of this historical argument can be found throughout Duhem's writings. His Theories of Heat (1895) is a brief for thermodynamics contrasted with kinetic theories; his Mixture and Chemical Combination (1902) advocates physical chemistry based on thermodynamic and thermochemical foundations contrasted with chemistry based on atomism; his The
to generalize and unify expecting success); we get an natural belief in this metaphysical truth that cannot be judder by philosophic doubt. Accordingly, Duhem introduces a third image (Duhem 1991 [ 1906 ], 30). NC: A forcible hypothesis is a natural classification. For Duhem a natural classification is a mathematical forcible hierarchical organization of the phenomena which, as it becomes more complete, is the mirror image of an ontological order. Newton's great achievement in Principia, he argues, is a natural categorization that unites heavenly and terrestrial movement so that Neptune's existence was predicted and subsequently fall upon. As a theory construct novel predictions, we can't but feel it is providing a natural categorization – no merely contrived artifice should be expected to " be a prophet for us ". By making physics depend on metaphysical speculation R puts the cart before the horse; instead we need to use the natural classifications of the phenomena supply by physics to tentatively guide metaphysical probe, since they leave us to visit dimly the cosmological / metaphysical reality behind them. Duhem's sympathy for NC / AR and antipathy to R is motivated by an induction from the past and current state of physics to the decision that proponents of causal explanatory theories guided by R allow metaphysical bias to influence their physical theorizing and end up with theories that fail to satisfy the prerequisite expected of an explanation – and thereby fail to achieve their specify explanatory goal. By contrast, the proponents of abstract representative theories guided by NC have cook slow but steady progress in satisfy their aims. 7 Compare with the contemporary pithy " aims " characterization in (van Fraassen 1980, 6 - 9 ): skill aims to give us a literally true story (realism) or an empirically adequate narrative (antirealism). Michael Liston – Duhem: Images of Science, Historical Continuity, and the First Crisis in Physics 76 Most of (Duhem 1991 [ 1906 ], Part iodine) is an historical controversy designed to picture that the abstract representative approach guided by NC is the progressive way to a perfected physics that reflects an ontological order in contrast with the problem - strewn random path of the causal - explanatory approach.8 Versions of this historical argument can be found throughout Duhem's writings. His Theories of Heat (1895) is a brief for thermodynamics contrast with kinetic theories; his Mixture and Chemical Combination (1902) preach physical chemistry based on thermodynamic and thermochemical foundation contrasted with chemistry based on atomism; his The
 to generalize and unify exkecting success); wg yave ai instihctive bdlief in this metaphysical tcuth that cannot be shaken by pfilosophibal doubt. Acciedingly, Duism introduces w thnrv image (Duhem 1991 [1906], 30). NC: A phyvical theory iv x uatural classification. For Duhem a nwtural vlwssification if a kwthejatical physical hierarchical orgahizatioi of the phenomrna which, as it becomes moge clmplete, is the refpection of qn ogrological oraer. Newton's great achigvement in Principia, he argues, ir a nctural claswidicwjion that unmtes hvavenly and tcgrestridl motipns so that Neitune'v ezistence was predictev and subsequently dyscovered. Aa a theory makes bocel ptedicdionr, we cah't bht feep iv is providjng a naturql classification – mo nerely contribed areisice should be expected to "be a prophet fod us". By making physics eepend on metaphysicap speculaeions R puts the cart before the horse; instead we need go bwe thd nwtural classifications of the phenomena proviqsd bj physics to tentctively guide meyaohufical investieation, sihce they allow us ho see qimly the cosmjlogocal/metaphysical realities vehind them. Buhwm's sympathy for NE/AR and anti'athy jo R ix motivated by an induccion fdom the pash and curddnt state of phyricx do the conclusion that pro[onents oh cauxal expuanajory thqories guifed bn R allow metaphysifal pteconcaptions to influence their physical theormving and end op fitv theorizs thab fail to satissy the requirekents erpectea of an exilanation – and therefy fail to acvleve their dxfining evplabatoey goal. Cy contrast, thr proponeuus of absteact representativc theudies guided by UE yave made slow nut stqafy pwmgress in funfiluine theif aims. 7 Comiard wiyh the contemporary [ithg "aims" characterizstlon in (vab Fraassqn 1980, 6-9): science sims to give us a piterelly tcue stpry (realism) or an empirically adesuate stogy (wntirealism). Iichqel Liston – Buhem: Images of Science, Historical Contiiuity, and the First Criwis in Physics 76 Mosj on (Duhem 1991 [1906], Pact I) if an histmrical argument desitned to show that the abstract represehtativa appgoach guided by NC is the progressive path to a perfected physics that redlects an ontologidal prder iu cpntrase wivh the problem-streen random path of the causal-expuanatory a'proach.8 Versions of this histprkcal argument can be found throughout Duhem's eritings. His Theories of Heat (1895) os a brief for thermodynsmics cobtrasfed wing yinetic theories; hos Mixcure abd Chemucal Combination (1902) adfogates physlcal ckemistry based on thermodynamic abd theemlchemical foundavions contradued witg chemystry based on afomial; his The
to generalize and unify expecting success); we instinctive in this truth that cannot Accordingly, introduces a third (Duhem 1991 [1906], NC: A physical theory is a classification. For Duhem a natural classification is a mathematical physical hierarchical organization of phenomena which, as it becomes more complete, is the reflection of an ontological Newton's achievement Principia, argues, is a natural classification that unites heavenly and terrestrial motions so that Neptune's existence was and subsequently discovered. As a theory makes novel we can't but feel is providing a natural classification no contrived artifice be to a prophet for By making physics depend on metaphysical speculations R puts the cart before the horse; instead we need use the of the provided physics tentatively guide metaphysical they allow us to see dimly behind them. Duhem's sympathy for NC/AR and antipathy R is by an induction from the past current state of physics to the conclusion that of causal explanatory theories guided by R allow metaphysical preconceptions to influence their physical theorizing up with theories that to satisfy the expected an – thereby fail achieve their defining explanatory goal. By contrast, the proponents of abstract theories guided by NC have made slow but steady progress their 7 Compare with contemporary pithy "aims" characterization (van 1980, 6-9): science aims us literally or empirically story (antirealism). Michael Liston Duhem: Images of Science, Historical and the First Crisis (Duhem 1991 [1906], Part I) is an historical designed to show that the abstract representative guided by NC is the progressive path to a perfected physics that an ontological contrast with the problem-strewn random path of the approach.8 Versions of this argument can be found throughout Duhem's writings. His Theories Heat is a for thermodynamics contrasted kinetic theories; his and Chemical Combination physical chemistry on and with chemistry based on atomism; his
 to generalize and unify expecTing succesS); we haVe aN inStInctIve bElief in this metAPhysIcal truth that cannot be sHaken By PHiloSOpHical Doubt. AcCOrDINglY, DUhEm iNtROdUces a ThiRd image (duhem 1991 [1906], 30). NC: A phYsiCaL theory is a naTUrAl classifiCatIon. For Duhem a NatUral clAsSifICatioN is A mathEmaticAL physiCal hierarChICal orgANizatioN OF tHe phEnomena which, as it bECoMEs more complete, Is the rEfLEcTIOn oF an OntologicaL oRder. NEWton's grEAt ACHIevEMent in PrincipIa, he argues, iS A naTural cLaSsiFIcatioN that UnITes Heavenly and TerrEstrial moTions sO That NepTUne's exiStence Was PreDictED aNd SubSeQUenTLy DisCOveRed. As a thEoRy Makes NoveL PREDictIonS, we cAn't buT feel it is provIdiNg a nATurAl claSsifiCatiOn – No merEly conTriveD aRtifice should be ExpeCted to "be a ProPhEt fOr Us". By mAKing phYsiCs dEpend on MetaphySIcaL sPECUlAtions R puts the cart BeFORe The horse; InsteaD We NeED to use thE nAtuRal cLASsifiCatiONs Of the pheNomena PRoViDed by phYsIcs to tEnTatIveLy guiDE metAphysiCal invesTigatIOn, since they allOW us to see dimly THe COSmOLogiCal/MetaphysicaL reaLItieS behINd TheM. duhem'S sympAtHY fOR NC/AR and antipathy to r iS motivAted bY an induction fRom the past AND Current sTate OF pHYsics to the concLusioN that propoNEnts of caUsal eXplanatoRy theorieS GUided by R AllOw mEtaPhySICaL preconceptioNS To inFlUence thEir PhysicaL thEorIziNg aNd End up with Theories ThAt FaIl To sAtisfY The requiReMenTs ExpEcted OF an expLanatIon – aNd ThERebY fail to AChIEVe thEiR dEfinIng ExPlanaTory GOal. by contrAst, the proPonENts oF aBsTract rePresentative tHeOries guideD bY NC Have maDE Slow but sTeady progress in fulfilliNG their aIms. 7 compaRe wiTh the contEmpOrary pIthY "Aims" chAracteRizatIoN in (VAN FraaSSEn 1980, 6-9): SciEnCe aims to giVE Us a LiterAlLy trUe story (Realism) or an empiricALly Adequate story (AntIreaLISm). micHAeL lisToN – duhEM: images of Science, historical coNTiNuity, and thE firSt crisis iN PhysicS 76 Most OF (Duhem 1991 [1906], PArt I) is an hIstorical ArGumeNT DesIgned to shoW that the Abstract rEPreseNTaTive aPprOach guIdEd bY NC is The proGResSive pAth to a PeRfecteD physIcS that refLects an ontological order In contRast wIth The probleM-stREwn Random patH of tHe causal-exPlaNatOry apProACh.8 VerSionS Of ThiS HistoRicaL Argument cAN bE foUND tHroughout DuHEM'S wrItingS. HiS theoriEs of heat (1895) is a brief for thERmodynamics conTrasTED wiTh kINetiC tHeories; his MixtUre AnD cHemical COmBination (1902) advOcates phYsICal chEmistrY based On thermODYnAMic and TherMocHemical foUndAtIOns contRaStED with cHemiStRy baseD on atoMIsm; hIS the
 to generalize and unify e xpecting s ucces s);  we  h avean i nstinctive bel i ef i n this metaphysical tr uth t ha t  can n ot  be s haken b y  p h i los op hi cal  d o ub t. Ac cor dingly,  Duhem int rod uc es a third i m ag e (Duhem 1 991  [1906], 30) . N C: A p hy sic a l the ory  is a  natur a l clas sificatio n. For Du h em a na t u ra l cl assification is a ma t hematical phys ical h ie r ar c h ica l o rganizatio nof th e  phenom e na w h ich ,  as it become s more comp l ete , is t he  re f lectio n ofan ont ological or der.  Newton's  great achieve m ent inPrinci pia , h e ar g ue s,  is  a nat u ra l c l ass ificatio nth at un ites h e a venl y a nd t erres trial motions  so  tha t  Ne ptune 's ex iste nc e was  predi ctedan d subsequentlydisc overed. A s a  t heo ry  make s  novel  pr edi ctions,  we can ' t b ut f e el  it is providing a  n a t ur al class ificat i on  – no merel ycon triv e d  arti fice sh ould beexpect e dto  "be apr ophetfo r u s".  By m a king  physi cs depen d onm etaphysical sp e culations R p u ts t he cart  be fore the ho rse; inst eadw enee d  to u se th en at u ral classifications  o f thepheno mena provided  by physic s t o tentat ivel y  g u ide metaphysic al in vestigatio n , sincetheyallow us  to see d i m ly the c osm olo gic al/ m e ta physical real i t iesbe hind th em.  Duhem' s s ymp ath y f or  NC/AR an d antipa th yto  R  is  moti v ated byan  in du cti on fr o m thepastandcu rr e ntstate o f  p h y sics  t othecon cl usion  tha t  pr oponent s of caus ale xpla na to ry theo ries guided b yR allow me ta phy sicalp r econcept ions to influence their physica l t heori zing  and endupwith t heo r ies th at fai l tosa tis f y  ther e qu ire me nts expect e d  of  an e xp lana tion –and thereby fail t o  ac hieve their d efi ning e xp lan a to r y g oa l . B y contrast, the p roponentsof ab stract rep r ese nt ative t heories  guid e d by NC  have mad e slow bu tstea d y  pr ogress infulfilli ng theira ims.7  C ompar e w ith th econ tempo rary p i thy  "aim s" cha ra cteriz ation  i n (van F raassen 1980, 6-9): sci ence a ims t o g ive us alit e ral ly true s tory  (realism)  or  an  empi ric a lly a dequ a te  st o ry (a ntir e alism). M i ch ael L is ton – Duhem : I mag es of  Sc i ence,Hist orical Continuity ,  and the First  Cri s i s i n P h ysic s76 Most of (Du hem  1 9 9 1 [1906] ,Part I) isan histo ri c al ar gument  desig ned tos h ow that t he a bst ract repr ese nt a tive ap pr oa c h guid ed b yNC isthe pr o gres s i ve path to a per fecte d physi c s t hat r ef lects a n  ont ological o rder in con trastwith  theproblem -s trewnran do m path oft he causal -expl anatory  a ppro ach .8 Ver sion s of th is h is tor ical argu m e nt ca nb e f ound  thro ug hout  Duhem'sw ritings.  Hi s  Theori es  of H eat (1 8 95 ) is a brief  fo r the r m odynamicsc ontr a st e d wit h kine tic th eories; his  M ixtureand C hemical C ombinatio n  (1 90 2) a dvocates  p hysi ca l c he mistry based on  thermod ynamic a n d  therm och e mica l  found at ions contras ted w it h  chemis t r y b ased on ato mis m;hisThe 
 to_generalize and_unify expecting success); we_have an_instinctive_belief in_this_metaphysical truth that_cannot be shaken_by philosophical doubt. Accordingly,_Duhem introduces a_third_image (Duhem 1991 [1906], 30). NC: A physical theory is a natural classification. For_Duhem_a natural_classification_is_a mathematical physical hierarchical organization_of the phenomena which, as_it becomes_more complete, is the reflection of an ontological_order._Newton's great achievement_in Principia, he argues, is a natural classification that_unites heavenly and terrestrial motions so_that Neptune's existence_was_predicted_and subsequently discovered. As_a theory makes novel predictions, we_can't but feel it is providing_a natural classification – no merely contrived_artifice should be expected to "be_a prophet for us". By_making physics_depend on metaphysical speculations R_puts the cart_before the_horse; instead we_need to use the natural classifications_of the phenomena_provided by physics to tentatively guide_metaphysical_investigation, since they_allow_us_to see_dimly the cosmological/metaphysical_realities_behind them._Duhem's_sympathy for NC/AR and antipathy to_R_is motivated by an induction from the_past and current state_of_physics to the conclusion_that proponents of causal explanatory_theories guided by R allow metaphysical_preconceptions to_influence their_physical theorizing and end up with theories that fail to satisfy_the requirements expected of an explanation_– and thereby fail_to achieve_their_defining explanatory goal._By_contrast, the_proponents of abstract representative theories guided by_NC have_made slow but steady progress in_fulfilling their aims. 7_Compare_with the contemporary pithy "aims" characterization_in (van Fraassen 1980, 6-9): science_aims to give us a_literally_true_story (realism) or an empirically_adequate story (antirealism). Michael Liston –_Duhem: Images of_Science, Historical Continuity, and the First Crisis_in_Physics 76 Most of (Duhem 1991_[1906],_Part I) is an historical argument_designed_to_show that the abstract representative_approach guided by NC is the_progressive path to a perfected physics that reflects an_ontological order in_contrast with the problem-strewn random_path_of_the causal-explanatory approach.8 Versions of this historical argument can be_found throughout_Duhem's writings. His_Theories of Heat (1895) is a brief for thermodynamics contrasted_with kinetic theories; his Mixture and Chemical_Combination (1902) advocates physical chemistry based on thermodynamic and thermochemical foundations_contrasted with chemistry based on atomism; his The