. 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of 'cases' The truth conditions of is the case-sentences involve reference to an epistemic state and existential quantification over truthmakers, as below46: (77) It is the case that S is true in a context c iff for some situation s and the epistemic state e associated with c,\s, CS(e)[∈ [case]c. Here case stands for the very same relation between situations and case spaces as when it occurs as the head of an NP. Compositionally, the semantics of an is the case-sentence can be obtained by construing the relation between the that-clause and the is the case-predicate as one of higher-order predication. The is the case-predicate itself will then denote the set of sets in (78a), and the is the case-sentence will have the truth conditions in (78b)47: (78) a. [is the case]c={X | ∃s(s ∈ X &\s, CS(dc)[∈ [case] c)} b. That S is the case is true in a context c iff [S]c ∈ [is the case]c. A location modifier will act as a predicate of the situations the is the casesentence will quantify over48: (79) [in NP is the case]c={X| ∃s(s ∈ X &\s, [NP]c[∈ [in]c &\s, CS(dc)[ ∈ [case]c)} An adverb of quantification such as sometimes will itself introduce a quantifier binding the situation variable introduced by case, just as adverbs of quantification do with indefinites, when taken to be unselective quantifiers (Lewis 1975)49: (80) [is Q-times the case]c={X | for Q-many s: s ∈ X &\s, CS(dc)[∈ [case] c} 46 The semantics of it is the case that S recalls the semantics that Austin (1950) proposed for independent sentences in general. On Austin's view, with the utterance of a sentence, a speaker refers to an (actual) situation and claims that the situation referred to is of the type specified by the sentence uttered. The situation referred to with the utterance of a sentence thus is meant to be a truthmaker of that sentence. On the present view, this is only part of
. 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of' cases' The truth condition of is the subject - sentences involve reference to an epistemic country and existential quantification over truthmakers, as below46: (77) It is the case that S is on-key in a context carbon iff for some site s and the epistemic state e consociate with c,\s, CS(e)[∈ [ case]c. Here case stands for the very like relation between situations and subject spaces as when it occurs as the point of an NP. Compositionally, the semantics of an is the case - sentence can be obtained by interpret the relation between the that - clause and the is the font - predicate as one of higher - ordering predication. The is the case - predicate itself will then denote the set of sets in (78a), and the is the shell - sentence will have the truth conditions in (78b)47: (78) a. [ is the case]c={X | ∃s(s ∈ X & \s, CS(dc)[∈ [ case ] c) } b. That S is the case is true in a context c iff [ S]c ∈ [ is the case]c. A location modifier will act as a predicate of the situations the is the casesentence will quantify over48: (79) [ in NP is the case]c={X| ∃s(s ∈ X & \s, [ NP]c[∈ [ in]c & \s, CS(dc) [ ∈ [ case]c) } An adverb of quantification such as sometimes will itself introduce a quantifier binding the situation variable precede by case, just as adverb of quantification cause with indefinites, when taken to be unselective quantifiers (Lewis 1975)49: (80) [ is Q - times the case]c={X | for Q - many sulfur: s ∈ X & \s, CS(dc)[∈ [ shell ] c } 46 The semantics of it is the case that S recall the semantics that Austin (1950) proposed for independent sentences in general. On Austin's view, with the utterance of a sentence, a loudspeaker refers to an (actual) situation and claims that the situation referred to is of the type specified by the conviction uttered. The situation referred to with the utterance of a sentence thus is mean to be a truthmaker of that sentence. On the present view, this is only character of
. 123 Sltuations, alternatives, akd the semantics of 'casxs' The fruth covditions of is the case-senteices invoove reference to an epkstemic snate and wxisuential quantificefion ovcx trufmmakexs, as below46: (77) It ls the case that S is trua kn a context c iff for some situation s and yhf epistemic stwte t afsocjated with c,\s, CS(e)[∈ [case]c. Here case atands hor the very sake relation between situatlons and case spaces ad when it oxcurf as the head of an NP. Bmmpositionzlly, the semantics of an is the case-xentence cqn be mbtained by consnruing the relation batween yhe that-clause anv thw is the case-predicatx as one of higher-orqer prediwacion. The is the case-peeeicatg itsalf dull thtn venkte thf sxt of sets jn (78a), and thw is the case-sentenve qill have the truth cjnditions in (78b)47: (78) a. [is the case]c={X | ∃s(s ∈ X &\v, CA(dc)[∈ [case] c)} b. That S is rhe case is true in a context s iff [S]c ∈ [is the case]c. A location modifier will awt as x pxcqkxahe of the situations the is the casesentence rjlk auantify over48: (79) [in NP is tne csfe]c={X| ∃s(s ∈ X &\s, [VP]c[∈ [in]e &\s, CS(dc)[ ∈ [case]c)} An adgerb of quanrificatiog suvh as sometimes will itself introduce a wuantifier binding the situatnon vatiable introduced by case, jusc as asverbs of qkantificafkon do with indewinptes, when taken to be unselectyve quantmfierx (Lewis 1975)49: (80) [ix Q-timqs the casf]c={X | nmr Q-many s: s ∈ X &\s, FS(dc)[∈ [ease] w} 46 The semwntics of it is the case that S recalls the sgmattibs that Abstin (1950) proposed for independent sgntences nn gendral. On Auatin's vmew, with the utterance of w sentence, a speaker refwrs ro an (azgual) situation and claims that thw situation referrcd to js of the type wpexified by the srntdncq lttxred. Eve situation refdrrdc to dith tht ubtefancr of a sentence thus is jeant to be a trutnmwker of jhat sentqnce. On the ptesent view, this id onlb part of
. 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics The conditions of the case-sentences involve and quantification over truthmakers, below46: (77) It the case that S is true a context c iff for some situation s and the epistemic state e with c,\s, CS(e)[∈ [case]c. Here case stands for the very same relation between and spaces when occurs as the head of an NP. Compositionally, the semantics of an is the case-sentence can obtained by construing the relation between the that-clause the is the case-predicate one of higher-order predication. The the itself will denote set sets in (78a), the is the case-sentence will have the truth conditions in (78b)47: (78) a. [is the case]c={X | ∈ X [case] c)} That is case is true context c iff [S]c ∈ [is location modifier will act as a predicate of situations the the casesentence will quantify over48: (79) NP is the case]c={X| ∃s(s ∈ X &\s, [in]c &\s, CS(dc)[ ∈ [case]c)} An adverb of quantification such as sometimes will itself introduce binding the situation variable by case, just adverbs quantification with when taken be unselective quantifiers (Lewis 1975)49: (80) [is Q-times the case]c={X | Q-many s: s ∈ X &\s, CS(dc)[∈ [case] c} 46 of is the case S recalls the semantics Austin proposed for independent sentences On view, of sentence, speaker refers to an situation and claims that the referred to is of sentence uttered. The situation referred to with the of a sentence thus is meant to a truthmaker of that sentence. On the present view, this is only of
. 123 Situations, alternatives, and The semantiCs of 'cAseS' ThE tRuth CondItions of is the cASe-seNtences involve referencE to an EpIStemIC sTate aNd existENtIAL quAnTiFicAtIOn Over tRutHmakers, As below46: (77) It iS thE cAse that S is trUE iN a context c Iff For some situaTioN s and tHe EpiSTemic StaTe e asSociatED with c,\S, CS(e)[∈ [case]c. heRE case sTAnds for THE vEry sAme relation betweeN SiTUations and case Spaces As WHeN IT ocCurS as the head Of An NP. COMpositiONaLLY, The SEmantics of an iS the case-senTEncE can be ObTaiNEd by coNstruInG The Relation betWeen The that-clAuse anD The is thE Case-preDicate As oNe oF higHEr-OrDer PrEDicATiOn. THE is The case-pReDiCate iTselF WILL theN deNote The seT of sets in (78a), and The Is thE CasE-sentEnce wIll hAvE the tRuth coNditiOnS in (78b)47: (78) a. [is the case]c={x | ∃s(s ∈ X &\S, CS(dc)[∈ [case] C)} b. THaT S iS tHe casE Is true In a ConText c ifF [S]c ∈ [is thE CasE]c. a LOCaTion modifier will acT aS A PrEdicate oF the siTUaTiONs the is tHe CasEsenTENce wiLl quANtIfy over48: (79) [iN NP is tHE cAsE]c={X| ∃s(s ∈ X &\s, [nP]C[∈ [in]c &\s, Cs(dC)[ ∈ [caSe]c)} an advERb of QuantiFication Such aS Sometimes will iTSelf introduce A QuANTiFIer bIndIng the situaTion VAriaBle iNTrOduCEd by cAse, juSt AS aDVerbs of quantificatiOn Do with IndefInites, when takEn to be unseLECTive quanTifiERs (lEwis 1975)49: (80) [is Q-times thE case]C={X | for Q-many S: S ∈ X &\s, CS(dc)[∈ [cAse] c} 46 THe semantIcs of it is THE case thaT S rEcaLls The SEMaNtics that AustIN (1950) PropOsEd for inDepEndent sEntEncEs iN geNeRal. On AustIn's view, wItH tHe UtTerAnce oF A sentencE, a SpeAkEr rEfers TO an (actUal) siTuatIoN aND clAims thaT ThE SItuaTiOn RefeRreD tO is of The tYPe sPecifieD by the senTenCE uttErEd. the situAtion referred To With the uttErAncE of a seNTEnce thus Is meant to be a truthmaker oF That senTenCe. On tHe prEsent view, ThiS is onlY paRT of
. 123 Situations, alternat ives, andthe s ema nti cs  of'cas es' The truthc ondi tions of is the case-s enten ce s  inv o lv e ref erencet oa n  ep is te mic  s t at e and  ex istenti al quantif ica ti on over trut h ma kers, as b elo w46: (77) It  is  the c as e t h at Sistruein a c o ntextc iff for  s o me sit u ation s a nd  the  epistemic statee  a s sociated withc,\s,CS ( e) [ ∈  [c ase ]c. Here c as e sta n ds fort he v e rys ame relationbetween sit u ati ons an dcas e  space s aswh e n i t occurs as  the  head ofan NP. Composi t ionally , thesem ant icso fan  is  t h e c a se -se n ten ce can b eob taine d by c o n stru ing  the  rela tion betweenthe  tha t -cl auseand t he i sthe c ase-pr edica te  as one of high er-o rder pred ica ti on.  T he is the ca se- pre dicateitselfw ill  t h e n  d enote the set of s et s in  (78a),and th e  i st he case- se nte ncew i ll ha ve t h etruth co nditio n sin  (78b)4 7:  (78)a.  [i s t he ca s e]c= {X | ∃ s(s ∈ X&\s,C S(dc)[∈ [case] c)} b. That S is t he case  is  true in acont e xt c  iff [S ]c∈  [isthe c as e ]c .  A location modifie rwill a ct as  a predicateof the sit u a t ions the  ist he casesentence w ill q uantify ov e r48: (79 ) [in  NP is t he case]c = { X| ∃s(s∈ X  &\ s,[NP ] c [∈  [in]c &\s, C S ( dc)[  ∈  [case] c)}  An adv erb  of  qu ant if ication s uch as s om et im es  wi ll it s elf intr od uce  a  qu antif i er bin dingthesi tu a tio n varia b le i ntro du ce d by  ca se , jus t as adv erbs of  quantifi cat i on d owi th inde finites, when  t aken to be  u nse lectiv e quantifi ers (Lewis 1975)49: (80 )  [is Q- tim es th e ca se]c={X |  fo r Q-ma nys : s ∈X &\s,  CS(d c) [∈[ c ase]c }  4 6 T he  semantics o f i t isth e ca se that  S recalls the sem a nti cs that Austi n ( 1950 ) pr opo s ed for  i n dep e n dent sentencesin general .O nAustin's v i ew,  w ith the  uttera nce o f  a sent ence, a s peaker re fe rs t o an(actual) s ituation  and clai m s tha t  t he si tua tion r ef err ed to  is of the  type  speci fi ed bythe s en tence ut tered. The situation re ferred  to w ith  the utte ran c e o f a sente ncethus is me ant  to  be a  tr u thmak er o f  t hat sente nce. On the pr e se ntv i ew , this is o n l y  pa rt of 
. 123_Situations, alternatives,_and the semantics of_'cases' The_truth_conditions of_is_the case-sentences involve_reference to an_epistemic state and existential_quantification over truthmakers,_as_below46: (77) It is the case that S is true in a context c_iff_for some_situation_s_and the epistemic state e_associated with c,\s, CS(e)[∈ [case]c._Here case_stands for the very same relation between situations_and_case spaces as_when it occurs as the head of an NP._Compositionally, the semantics of an is_the case-sentence can_be_obtained_by construing the relation_between the that-clause and the is_the case-predicate as one of higher-order_predication. The is the case-predicate itself will_then denote the set of sets_in (78a), and the is_the case-sentence_will have the truth conditions_in (78b)47: (78)_a. [is_the case]c={X |_∃s(s ∈ X &\s, CS(dc)[∈ [case]_c)} b. That_S is the case is true_in_a context c_iff_[S]c_∈ [is_the case]c. A_location_modifier will_act_as a predicate of the situations_the_is the casesentence will quantify over48: (79)_[in NP is the_case]c={X|_∃s(s ∈ X &\s,_[NP]c[∈ [in]c &\s, CS(dc)[ ∈_[case]c)} An adverb of quantification such_as sometimes_will itself_introduce a quantifier binding the situation variable introduced by case, just_as adverbs of quantification do with_indefinites, when taken to_be unselective_quantifiers_(Lewis 1975)49: (80)_[is_Q-times the_case]c={X | for Q-many s: s ∈_X &\s,_CS(dc)[∈ [case] c} 46 The semantics_of it is the_case_that S recalls the semantics that_Austin (1950) proposed for independent sentences_in general. On Austin's view,_with_the_utterance of a sentence, a_speaker refers to an (actual) situation_and claims that_the situation referred to is of the_type_specified by the sentence uttered. The_situation_referred to with the utterance of_a_sentence_thus is meant to be_a truthmaker of that sentence. On_the present view, this is only part of