 The predicate is the case itself does not involve reference to a particular case, but rather, in the absence of an adverb of quantification, involves existential quantification over cases. This is clear from the interpretation of is the casesentences in the scope of negation and in the antecedent of a conditional: (75) a. It is not the case that a student failed the exam. b. If it is the case that a student fails the exam, then that student should be given the chance to repeat it. (75a) states that there is no situation that makes the sentence a student failed the exam true. Also (75b) involves existential quantification over cases as part of the evaluation of the antecedent. Is the case clearly carries the Actuality Condition since is the case (in extensional contexts) does not involve quantification over merely possible situations (which, recall, would be permitted by existential quantification in natural language as well as the truthmaking relation). Moreover, is the case comes with the Case Space Requirement. The Case Space Requirement manifests itself in that is the case is hardly acceptable when it is not in the scope of negation, the antecedent of a conditional, or the scope of an adverb of quantification (in contrast, of course, to is true): (76) a.?? It is the case that it is raining. b. It is not the case that it is raining. c. If it is the case that it is raining, we need an umbrella. d. It was sometimes the case that it was raining. (76a) involves an assertion that will not set up a case-space.44 By contrast, the scope of negation in (76b) and the antecedent of the conditional in (76c) are associated with states of consideration, which do set up a case space.45 In (76d), sometimes ranges over a domain of situations (with or without rain), which forms a case space. 44 The acceptability of That S is the case improves with the addition of adverbials like in fact: (i) It is in fact the case that it is raining. That is because in fact is indicative of a background state of uncertainty, which sets up a case space that can fulfill the Case Space Requirement. 45 Not also associates with focus, in which case it is the focus-semantic value of its scope that sets up the case space: (i) It is not the case that évery student failed the exam
The predicate is the case itself does not involve reference to a particular subject, but preferably, in the absence of an adverb of quantification, involves existential quantification over cases. This is well-defined from the interpretation of is the casesentences in the scope of negation and in the ancestor of a conditional: (75) a. It is not the case that a student failed the examination. b. If it is the subject that a student fail the exam, then that student should be given the chance to repeat it. (75a) states that there embody no situation that makes the sentence a scholar failed the exam truthful. Also (75b) involve existential quantification over cases as part of the evaluation of the antecedent. Is the case intelligibly carries the Actuality Condition since is the case (in extensional contexts) does not involve quantification over merely possible situations (which, recall, would be permitted by existential quantification in natural language as well as the truthmaking relation). Moreover, is the case comes with the Case Space Requirement. The Case Space Requirement manifests itself in that is the event is hardly acceptable when it is not in the oscilloscope of negation, the antecedent of a conditional, or the scope of an adverb of quantification (in contrast, of course, to is genuine ): (76) a.? ? It is the case that it is raining. b. It is not the case that it is raining. c. If it is the shell that it is raining, we need an umbrella. d. It was sometimes the case that it was raining. (76a) involves an assertion that will not fructify up a case - space.44 By contrast, the scope of negation in (76b) and the antecedent of the conditional in (76c) are consociate with states of circumstance, which do set up a case space.45 In (76d), sometimes ranges over a domain of situations (with or without rain), which form a case space. 44 The acceptability of That S is the case better with the addition of adverbials like in fact: (i) It is in fact the case that it is rain. That is because in fact is indicative of a background state of uncertainty, which sets up a case outer space that can fulfill the Case Space Requirement. 45 Not besides associates with focus, in which case it is the focus - semantic value of its oscilloscope that sets up the case quad: (one) It is not the case that évery student failed the exam
 Thf predicate is the case ltself does not nbvolve refersnce to x particular case, but rather, ib the absence of an adverb uf quantivication, invioves existxhtial qmcntifjgatiou iver cases. Thix is clear from the intespfecation of is the casesentences in thq scope ov negation and in uhe antsbebent of a conditional: (75) a. It is hot the case that a xtudent failed the exam. b. Lf ih is the case that a student dailf the exam, thdn that stlbent should be given the chance to repeat kt. (75a) xtates thaj fhfte is no sitnation that makes bne sendence a student failec tie ezam true. Also (75b) involtes existential quanjification orer cases as part of rhw evanuathon ud tfe znvecsdent. Ls vhe case clsarly carriws the Actuality Comdynoon since is the cwsq (in extensional contexts) does not invonve quantification over meeely possible situatilns (which, recall, would be permitted by existential quantifhcatikv iu natufql language as well as the truthmaking relation). Jotepver, is the cafe comes wiyh tng Case Space Rgquiremzht. The Case Space Reeuiremegt mabifests iuself in that is the case is harely acceptabjw when it is not iu the scope uf nggatiom, the antecedent of a cundifional, or tje scope kw an adverb of qjannifiwation (in contrast, of courfe, to is vrue): (76) a.?? It ir thg case ehat it is rainltg. b. It is not the case tvat it is gaining. c. If it is the case thav it is rainimg, we need an umbrclla. d. It was sjmetimes the ccse that it wxs raining. (76a) invonves an assqrtion that whpl not set u' a case-s[ace.44 By xontrasg, the scope of megation pn (76b) abd the antecedent pf jhs conditional iu (76x) are associatec wkth snatxs of wonsideratiot, whkch co seg up a case rpacr.45 In (76d), sometimes rances kver a domain of sotmations (wuth or wythout rain), wnich forms a case dpace. 44 Tie accrptwbility of That S is the case jmproves aitm the additiog of adverbials kike in fact: (i) It is in fact the case tiat it is raining. That us because in fact ns indicative of a backgroutd state of uncertaibty, which sets up a case space that cah fulfhll tje Case Space Requirement. 45 Not also associates with focus, in which case ir is tie focus-semanfic falue oy ics scopq thet sets up the casv space: (i) It is not the case thav évery stugeut failed the exam
The predicate is the case itself does reference a particular but rather, in of involves existential quantification cases. This is from the interpretation of is the in the scope of negation and in the antecedent of a conditional: (75) It is not the case that a student failed the exam. b. If is case a fails the exam, then that student should be given the chance to repeat it. (75a) states there is no situation that makes the sentence student failed the exam Also (75b) involves existential quantification cases part of evaluation the Is the case carries the Actuality Condition since is the case (in extensional contexts) does not involve quantification over merely situations (which, be permitted existential in language as well truthmaking relation). Moreover, is the case Case Space Requirement. The Case Space Requirement manifests in that the case is hardly acceptable when is not in the scope of negation, the of a conditional, or the scope of an adverb of quantification (in contrast, of course, true): (76) a.?? It the case that is b. is the case it is raining. c. If it is the case that it raining, we need an umbrella. d. It was sometimes the it raining. (76a) involves assertion that will not up case-space.44 By contrast, the negation (76b) of conditional (76c) are associated with of consideration, which do set a case space.45 In domain of situations (with or without rain), which a case space. 44 The acceptability of S is the case improves with the addition of adverbials like in (i) It fact the case that it is raining. That because in fact is of a background state of uncertainty, which sets up case that can the Case Space 45 Not also with focus, in it is focus-semantic of sets up the case space: (i) is the case that évery student the
 The predicate is the case itseLf does not iNvolvE reFerEnCe to A parTicular case, but RAtheR, in the absence of an adverB of quAnTIficATiOn, invOlves exIStENTiaL qUaNtiFiCAtIon ovEr cAses. ThiS is clear frOm tHe InterpretatiON oF is the caseSenTences in the sCopE of negAtIon ANd in tHe aNteceDent of A ConditIonal: (75) a. It iS nOT the caSE that a sTUDeNt faIled the exam. b. If it iS ThE Case that a studeNt failS tHE eXAM, thEn tHat student ShOuld bE Given thE ChANCE to REpeat it. (75a) stateS that there iS No sItuatiOn ThaT Makes tHe senTeNCe a Student failEd thE exam true. also (75b) iNVolves eXIstentiAl quanTifIcaTion OVeR cAseS aS ParT Of The EValUation of ThE aNteceDent. iS THE casE clEarlY carrIes the ActualiTy COndiTIon Since Is the Case (In ExtenSional ConteXtS) does not involve QuanTificatioN ovEr MerElY possIBle sitUatIonS (which, rEcall, woULd bE pERMItTed by existential quAnTIFiCation in NaturaL LaNgUAge as welL aS thE truTHMakinG relATiOn). MoreovEr, is thE CaSe Comes wiTh The CasE SPacE ReQuireMEnt. THe Case space ReqUiremENt manifests itsELf in that is the CAsE IS hARdly AccEptable when It is NOt in The sCOpE of NEgatiOn, the AnTEcEDent of a conditional, oR tHe scopE of an Adverb of quantIfication (iN CONtrast, of CourSE, tO Is true): (76) a.?? It is the Case tHat it is raiNIng. b. It is Not thE case thaT it is rainING. c. If it is The CasE thAt iT IS rAining, we need aN UMbreLlA. d. It was SomEtimes tHe cAse ThaT it WaS raining. (76a) Involves An AsSeRtIon That wILl not set Up A caSe-SpaCe.44 By cONtrast, The scOpe oF nEgATioN in (76b) and THe ANTeceDeNt Of thE coNdItionAl in (76C) Are AssociaTed with stAteS Of coNsIdEration, Which do set up a CaSe space.45 In (76d), SoMetImes raNGEs over a dOmain of situations (with or WIthout rAin), Which FormS a case spaCe. 44 THe accePtaBIlity oF That S Is the CaSe iMPRoves WITh The AdDition of adVERbiAls liKe In faCt: (i) It is In fact the case that iT Is rAining. That is bEcaUse iN FAcT is INdICatIvE Of a BACkground state of UncertaintY, wHIcH sets up a caSE spAcE that caN fulfilL the CASe Space requiremeNt. 45 Not also AsSociATEs wIth focus, in Which casE it is the fOCus-seMAnTic vaLue Of its sCoPe tHat seTs up thE CasE spacE: (i) It is NoT the caSe thaT éVery studEnt failed the exam
 The predicate is the case  itself do es no t i nvo lv e re fere nce to a parti c ular  case, but rather, inthe a bs e nceo fan ad verb of qu a n tif ic at ion ,i nv olves  ex istenti al quantif ica ti on over case s .This is cl ear  from the in ter pretat io n o f  is t hecases entenc e s in t he scopeof negati o n and i n th e an tecedent of a con d it i onal: (75) a.It isno t  t h e  ca sethat a stu de nt fa i led the ex a m .  b. If it is thecase that a stu dent f ai lst he exa m, th en tha t student s houl d be give n thec hance t o  repeat  it. ( 75a ) s tate s  t ha t t he r e i s  n o s i tua tion tha tma kes t he s e n t e ncea s tude nt fa iled the exam  tr ue.A lso  (75b ) inv olve sexist ential  quan ti fication over c ases  as partofth e e va luati o n of t heant ecedent . Is th e  ca se c l ea rly carries the Ac tu a l it y Condit ion si n ce  i s  the cas e(in  ext e n siona l co n te xts) doe s noti nv ol ve quan ti ficati on  ov ermerel y  pos siblesituatio ns (w h ich, recall, w o uld be permit t ed b ye xist ent ial quantif icat i on i n na t ur all angua ge as  w e ll as the truthmakingre lation ). Mo reover, is th e case com e s with the  Cas e  S p ace Requiremen t. Th e Case Spa c e Requir ement  manifes ts itself i n that i s t hecas e i s ha rdly acceptab l e  whe nit is n otin thesco peofneg at ion, theantecede nt  o facon ditio n al, or t he  sc op e o f ana dverbof qu anti fi ca t ion  (in co n tr a s t, o fco urse , t ois tr ue): (76 ) a.??It is the  ca s e th at  i t is ra ining. b. Itis  not the c as e t hat it i s rainin g. c. If it is the case that it  is  rain ing,  we needanumbrel la. d. Itwas so metim es  th e caset h at  it  w as raining . (76 a) in vo lves  an ass ertion that will n o t s et up a case- spa ce.4 4 By  co n tr a st,  t h e s c o pe of negationin (76b) a nd th e antecede n t o fthe con ditiona l in( 76c) ar e associa ted withst ates o f c onsiderati on, whic h do setu p a c a se  spac e.4 5 In ( 76 d),  some timesr ang es ov er a d om ain of  situ at ions (wi th or without rain), wh ich fo rms a  ca se space.  44 The  acceptab ilit y of ThatS i s t he ca sei mprov es w i th  th e  addi tion of adverb i al s l i k ein fact: (i ) I t i s infac t  the c asethat it is rainin g . That is beca usei n  fa cti s in di cative of a ba ckg ro u n d stateof  uncertaint y, which  s e ts up  a cas e spac e thatc a nf ulfill  the  Ca se SpaceReq ui r ement.45  N o t also  ass oc iateswith f o cus, i n which case itis th e focus - sem antic  v alue of itsscope that  sets up th e case  spa ce: ( i) It i snot th e c as e that éve r y student  fail ed theex am
 The_predicate is_the case itself does_not involve_reference_to a_particular_case, but rather,_in the absence_of an adverb of_quantification, involves existential_quantification_over cases. This is clear from the interpretation of is the casesentences in the_scope_of negation_and_in_the antecedent of a conditional:_(75) a. It is not_the case_that a student failed the exam. b. If_it_is the case_that a student fails the exam, then that student_should be given the chance to_repeat it. (75a)_states_that_there is no situation_that makes the sentence a student_failed the exam true. Also (75b)_involves existential quantification over cases as part_of the evaluation of the antecedent._Is the case clearly carries_the Actuality_Condition since is the case_(in extensional contexts)_does not_involve quantification over_merely possible situations (which, recall, would_be permitted by_existential quantification in natural language as_well_as the truthmaking_relation)._Moreover,_is the_case comes with_the_Case Space_Requirement._The Case Space Requirement manifests itself_in_that is the case is hardly acceptable_when it is not_in_the scope of negation,_the antecedent of a conditional,_or the scope of an adverb_of quantification_(in contrast,_of course, to is true): (76) a.?? It is the case_that it is raining. b. It_is not the case_that it_is_raining. c. If_it_is the_case that it is raining, we need_an umbrella._d. It was sometimes the case_that it was raining._(76a)_involves an assertion that will not_set up a case-space.44 By contrast,_the scope of negation in_(76b)_and_the antecedent of the conditional_in (76c) are associated with states_of consideration, which_do set up a case space.45 In_(76d),_sometimes ranges over a domain of_situations_(with or without rain), which forms_a_case_space. 44 The acceptability of_That S is the case improves_with the addition of adverbials like in fact: (i)_It is in_fact the case that it_is_raining._That is because in fact is indicative of a background_state of_uncertainty, which sets_up a case space that can fulfill the Case Space_Requirement. 45 Not also associates with focus,_in which case it is the focus-semantic value of its scope_that sets up the case space: (i) It_is not the case that évery student_failed the exam