 an adjectival modifier of case (possible/improbable/ unlikely/hypothetical case) (cf. Sect. 4.2). 1.4 Reference to kinds of cases Case-NPs as in (4) and (5) stand for particular cases and need to be distinguished from singular definite descriptions that stand for kinds of cases, such as the following: (7) a. the case in which a student passes the exam b. the case in which it is rainy on a Sunday Generic case descriptions as in (7a, b) are kind terms in the sense of Carlson (1977a, b). Even though they are not of the form of bare plurals or mass nouns, they are semantically on a par with bare mass nouns such as gold and bare plurals such as giraffes when used as kind terms. Thus, generic case descriptions allow for the application of typical kind predicates as in (8a), and they exhibit an existential 13 See Priest (2005) and Moltmann (2013b, 2015c), as well as other Meinongians for the defense of the view that quantification and reference are neutral as regards existence and nonexistence. 14 Priest (2005) is not specific as to what predicates are subject to the condition. In Moltmann (2015c), I take existence predicates as well as intentional and intensional predicates (with respect to the relevant argument positions) to be exempt from the condition. 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of 'cases' reading with episodic predicates as in (8b), which is also characteristic of bare mass nouns and plurals when acting as kind terms (Carlson 1977a, b)15: (8) a. The case in which someone passes the exam has never occurred before. b. I have never encountered the case in which a candidate was unable to speak during the oral exam. Unlike case descriptions, fact descriptions of the sort the fact that S are never kind terms allowing for kind predicates as in (8a, b). The fact that a student passes the exam and the fact that it is rainy on a Sunday stand for single quantificational facts, not a kind whose instances are particular facts involving particular individuals or days. Case-NPs with disjunctive case-clauses may also stand for pluralities of kinds of cases as in (9a), though the same case-clause may give rise to a single kind of case as in (9b): (9)
an adjectival modifier of case (possible / improbable/ unlikely / conjectural subject) (cf. Sect. 4.2). 1.4 Reference to kind of cases casing - NPs as in (4) and (5) stand for especial cases and need to be distinguish from singular definite descriptions that resist for kinds of cases, such as the pursuit: (7) a. the case in which a student passes the exam b. the case in which it is rainy on a Sunday Generic case description as in (7a, b) are kind terms in the sense of Carlson (1977a, b). Even though they are not of the form of plain plurals or mass nouns, they are semantically on a par with unsheathed mass nouns such as gold and bare plurals such as giraffe when used as kind terms. Thus, generic case descriptions allow for the lotion of distinctive kind predicate as in (8a), and they exhibit an existential 13 See Priest (2005) and Moltmann (2013b, 2015c), as well as other Meinongians for the defense of the view that quantification and reference are neutral as see existence and nonexistence. 14 Priest (2005) is not specific as to what predicates are capable to the circumstance. In Moltmann (2015c), I take existence predicates as well as designed and intensional predicates (with esteem to the relevant argument positions) to be nontaxable from the condition. 123 Situations, alternatives, and the semantics of' cases' reading with episodic predicates as in (8b), which is besides characteristic of bare mass nouns and plurals when acting as kind terms (Carlson 1977a, b)15: (8) a. The case in which someone evanesce the exam has never occurred before. b. I have never encountered the case in which a campaigner was unable to speak during the oral exam. Unlike case descriptions, fact descriptions of the sort the fact that S are never kind terms allowing for kind predicate as in (8a, b). The fact that a student guide the exam and the fact that it is showery on a Sunday stand for single quantificational facts, not a kind whose instances are especial facts imply particular individuals or sidereal day. Case - NPs with disjunctive case - clauses may also stand for pluralities of kinds of cases as in (9a), though the same case - article may give rise to a individual kind of case as in (9b ): (9 )
 an adjectival modifier of gase (possible/imptovable/ nnlikelg/hypothegical case) (cf. Sect. 4.2). 1.4 Referenre ti kines of cases Case-NPs as in (4) and (5) stand fir perticular cases ehd need to be fistnnjuished from sikgular defitite descriptimnr chat stand for kinds of cases, such af the fplpowing: (7) a. the sase yn wgpcm a student passes the exam b. ths case pn which it is raony on a Sunday Generic cade dfscriptions as in (7w, b) are kine tewns in the sevse of Carlson (1977a, b). Eveh though they are not of the fofm of bare plurqlw og mass nouns, they are semantigslly ot a par with bare masx nmunw such as gold and bace plurals such as gyraffes wveu used as kind terms. Rhys, geteriw carw ddscdi'tikns alpow for the alplication if typical kind precisqtes as in (8a), znd thqy exhibit an existential 13 See Priest (2005) ang Mkltmann (2013b, 2015c), as well as ither Meinongians for the defegse of the view that quantification and reference are iejtrco as fwgwrds existence and nonexistence. 14 Priest (2005) is njf xpvcific as to what predicates age fubject to thg condicjoh. In Moltmann (2015c), I hake exystenxe predicwtes as well as intentional and intensional predicates (with redpect to thz relefant srgument positions) to bz exemlt from the conditioh. 123 Situations, altdrnsthves, and the semantics of 'sases' reaving cith epirodiv predycates as ln (8b), which is also charafteridthc of bare mass nouns and plurals when acvmng as kind tgrmv (Cdrlson 1977a, b)15: (8) a. The case in rhich someone kasses thz exam has never occurrxd before. b. Y have never ajcountered tie case ig whuch q candiaxte was unable to speak during thw oral exam. Unlike cars descriptions, yccu eescriptions og tfe fogt vhe fwwt that S ara nexer lind germs allowlng for kind predicates as hn (8a, b). The fact that a sbudent pawses the exam and the fact that it is rwiny mn e Sundsy ftand for single quantificatiohal facts, nob a kind whosq inwtances are 'articular facts involving particular invividuals or days. Case-NPs with disjunctive gase-clauses kay ajso stand for pluralities of jinds of cases as in (9a), though the same case-cnause may give rise to a single kind of case as in (9b): (9)
an adjectival modifier of case (possible/improbable/ unlikely/hypothetical Sect. 1.4 Reference kinds of cases (5) for particular cases need to be from singular definite descriptions that stand kinds of cases, such as the following: (7) a. the case in which student passes the exam b. the case in which it is rainy on Sunday case as (7a, b) are kind terms in the sense of Carlson (1977a, b). Even though they are of the form of bare plurals or mass they are semantically on par with bare mass nouns as and bare such giraffes used as kind Thus, generic case descriptions allow for the application of typical kind predicates as in (8a), and they an existential Priest (2005) Moltmann 2015c), well as other the defense of the view that are neutral as regards existence and nonexistence. 14 (2005) is specific as to what predicates are to the condition. In Moltmann (2015c), I take predicates as well as intentional and intensional predicates (with respect to the relevant argument positions) exempt from the condition. Situations, alternatives, and semantics 'cases' with predicates as (8b), which is also characteristic of bare mass nouns and plurals acting as kind terms (Carlson 1977a, b)15: (8) a. The which passes the exam never occurred before. b. have encountered the case in candidate unable the exam. case descriptions, fact descriptions the sort the fact that are never kind terms in (8a, b). The fact that a student the exam and the fact that it rainy on a Sunday stand for single quantificational facts, not a kind instances are involving particular individuals or days. Case-NPs with disjunctive may also stand for of kinds of cases as in (9a), though the case-clause give rise a single kind case as in (9)
 an adjectival modifier of casE (possible/iMprobAblE/ unLiKely/HypoThetical case) (cf. sEct. 4.2). 1.4 REference to kinds of cases case-Nps AS in (4) aND (5) sTand fOr partiCUlAR CasEs AnD neEd TO bE distIngUished fRom singulaR deFiNite descriptIOnS that stand For Kinds of cases, SucH as the FoLloWIng: (7) a. tHe cAse in Which a STudent Passes the ExAM b. the cASe in whiCH It Is raIny on a Sunday GenerIC cASe descriptions As in (7a, b) ArE KiND TerMs iN the sense oF CArlsoN (1977A, b). Even tHOuGH THey ARe not of the forM of bare plurALs oR mass nOuNs, tHEy are sEmantIcALly On a par with bAre mAss nouns sUch as gOLd and baRE pluralS such aS giRafFes wHEn UsEd aS kINd tERmS. ThUS, geNeric casE dEsCriptIons ALLOW for The ApplIcatiOn of typical kiNd pRediCAteS as in (8A), and tHey eXhIbit aN existEntiaL 13 SEe Priest (2005) and MoltMann (2013B, 2015c), as well aS otHeR MeInOngiaNS for thE deFenSe of the View thaT QuaNtIFICaTion and reference arE nEUTrAl as regaRds exiSTeNcE And nonexIsTenCe. 14 PrIESt (2005) is nOt spECiFic as to wHat preDIcAtEs are suBjEct to tHe ConDitIon. In mOltmAnn (2015c), I tAke existEnce pREdicates as well AS intentional aND iNTEnSIonaL prEdicates (witH resPEct tO the RElEvaNT arguMent pOsITiONs) to be exempt from the CoNditioN. 123 SituAtions, alternaTives, and thE SEMantics oF 'casES' rEAding with episoDic prEdicates as IN (8b), which iS also CharacteRistic of bARE mass nouNs aNd pLurAls WHEn Acting as kind tERMs (CaRlSon 1977a, b)15: (8) a. THe cAse in whIch SomEonE paSsEs the exam Has never OcCuRrEd BefOre. b. I HAve never EnCouNtEreD the cASe in whIch a cAndiDaTe WAs uNable to SPeAK DuriNg ThE oraL exAm. unlikE casE DesCriptioNs, fact desCriPTionS oF tHe sort tHe fact that S arE nEver kind teRmS alLowing FOR kind preDicates as in (8a, b). The fact thaT A studenT paSses tHe exAm and the fAct That it Is rAIny on a sunday Stand FoR siNGLe quaNTIfIcaTiOnal facts, nOT A kiNd whoSe InstAnces arE particular facts inVOlvIng particular IndIvidUALs Or dAYs. cAse-nPS WitH DIsjunctive case-cLauses may aLsO StAnd for plurALitIeS of kindS of caseS as in (9A), Though tHe same casE-clause maY gIve rISE to A single kinD of case aS in (9b): (9)
 an adjectival modifier of  case (pos sible /im pro ba ble/  unl ikely/hypothet i calcase) (cf. Sect. 4.2).  1.4Re f eren c eto ki nds ofc as e s  Ca se -N Psas in  (4)and  (5) st and for pa rti cu lar cases an d  n eed to bedis tinguished f rom  singu la r d e finit e d escri ptions that s tand forki n ds ofc ases, s u c has t he following: (7) a. the case in wh ich ast u de n t  pa sse s the exam  b . the case in wh i c h  it is rainy on a  Sunday Gen e ric  casede scr i ptions  as i n( 7a,  b) are kin d te rms in th e sens e  of Car l son (19 77a, b ).Eve n th o ug hthe ya ren ot  of the  form of  b ar e plu rals o r mass  no uns,  they  are semantic all y on a p ar wi th ba re m as s nou ns suc h asgo ld and bare plu rals  such asgir af fes  w hen u s ed askin d t erms. T hus, ge n eri cc a s edescriptions allow  f o r  t he appli cation of  t y pical ki nd  pr edic a t es as  in( 8a ), and t hey ex h ib it  an exi st ential  1 3 S eePries t  (20 05) an d Moltma nn (2 0 13b, 2015c), a s  well as othe r  M e i no n gian s f or the defe nseo f th e vi e wtha t  quan tific at i on and reference are n eu tral a s reg ards existenc e and none x i s tence. 1 4 Pr i es t  (2005) is not  spec ific as to what pre dicat es are s ubject to t he condi tio n.InMol t m an n (2015c), It a ke e xi stencepre dicates  as  we llasin tentional  and int en si on al  pr edica t es (with  r esp ec t t o the releva nt ar gume nt  p o sit ions) t o  b e exem pt  f romthe  c ondit ion. 123  Situat ions, alt ern a tive s,  a nd thesemantics of'c ases' read in g w ith ep i s odic pre dicates as in (8b), whi c h is al sochara cter istic ofbar e mass  no u ns and  plura ls wh en  ac t i ng as k in d t er ms (Carlso n 197 7a, b )1 5: ( 8) a. T he case in which s o meo ne passes the  ex am h a s  n eve r  o c cur re d  be f o re. b. I have n ever encou nt e re d the case inwh ich a c andidat e was unableto speakduring th eoral e xam . Unlike c ase desc riptions, factd es cript ion s of t he  so rt th e fact tha t S a re nev er  kindterms  a llowingfor kind predicates asin (8a , b).  Th e fact th ata  st udent pas sesthe exam a ndthe  fact  th a t itis r a in y o n  a Su nday stand for si ngl e qu antificatio n a l  fa cts,not a kind  who se instances arep articular fact s in v o lvi ngp arti cu lar individual s o rd a ys. Case -N Ps with dis junctive  c a se-cl ausesmay al so stan d fo r  plura liti esof kindsofca s es as i n(9 a ), tho ughth e same  case- c laus e may give rise to  a si n g le ki n d o f cas eas in ( 9 b):(9)
 an_adjectival modifier_of case (possible/improbable/ unlikely/hypothetical_case) (cf._Sect._4.2). 1.4_Reference_to kinds of_cases Case-NPs as_in (4) and (5)_stand for particular_cases_and need to be distinguished from singular definite descriptions that stand for kinds of_cases,_such as_the_following:_(7) a. the case in_which a student passes the_exam b._the case in which it is rainy on_a_Sunday Generic case_descriptions as in (7a, b) are kind terms in_the sense of Carlson (1977a, b)._Even though they_are_not_of the form of_bare plurals or mass nouns, they_are semantically on a par with_bare mass nouns such as gold and_bare plurals such as giraffes when_used as kind terms. Thus,_generic case_descriptions allow for the application_of typical kind_predicates as_in (8a), and_they exhibit an existential 13 See_Priest (2005) and_Moltmann (2013b, 2015c), as well as_other_Meinongians for the_defense_of_the view_that quantification and_reference_are neutral_as_regards existence and nonexistence. 14 Priest_(2005)_is not specific as to what predicates_are subject to the_condition._In Moltmann (2015c), I_take existence predicates as well_as intentional and intensional predicates (with_respect to_the relevant_argument positions) to be exempt from the condition. 123 Situations, alternatives,_and the semantics of 'cases' reading_with episodic predicates as_in (8b),_which_is also characteristic_of_bare mass_nouns and plurals when acting as kind_terms (Carlson_1977a, b)15: (8) a. The case_in which someone passes_the_exam has never occurred before. b._I have never encountered the case_in which a candidate was_unable_to_speak during the oral exam._Unlike case descriptions, fact descriptions of_the sort the_fact that S are never kind terms_allowing_for kind predicates as in (8a,_b)._The fact that a student passes_the_exam_and the fact that it_is rainy on a Sunday stand_for single quantificational facts, not a kind whose instances_are particular facts_involving particular individuals or days._Case-NPs_with_disjunctive case-clauses may also stand for pluralities of kinds of_cases as_in (9a), though_the same case-clause may give rise to a single kind_of case as in (9b): (9)