 by the total number of firms in the city. From the aggregate microeconomic approach, this study validates the EKC hypothesis in terms of NO2 and CO emissions per capita but rejects the EKC hypothesis in terms of falling dust particle and Ox emissions per capita. The initial decrease of air pollution in relation to the industrial growth after 1967 provides evidence for the effectiveness of the pollution prevention agreement between Kitakyushu government and the private sector in alleviating air pollution. This viewpoint is also supported by the fact that, from 1963, the municipal government had faced tremendous pressure from the local community due to poor environmental quality because of industrial development (Fujikura, 2007). Table 4 Long-run and short-run estimates of non-linear ARDL models. Long-term lnDustper lnNO2per lnOxper lnCOper Equation (6.2) (6.3) (6.2) (6.3) Lags 1,0,0,1,1 1,1,1,1,1,0 1,0,0,0,0 1,0,1,1,0,0 lnFirmsize −2.051*** −20.064** −2.592*** −74.358** lnFirmsize2 0.429*** 9.301** 0.558*** 32.566** lnFirmsize3 −1.441** −4.707** lnRoad_p −0.337** 0.353** 0.347*** −0.352* lnRoad_n −82.645* −55.786 −10.131 −19.616 Constant −5.811*** −1.446 −10.581*** 29.462* Wald test 2.848 (0.099) 2.503 (0.122) 0.211 (0.648) 0.164 (0.687) Short-term ΔlnDustper ΔlnNO2per ΔlnOxper ΔlnCOper ΔlnFirmsize −1.276** −7.761*** −1.828*** −52.058** ΔlnFirmsize2 0.267** 3.598*** 0.393*** 22.800** ΔlnFirmsize3 −0.557*** −3.295*** ΔlnRoad_p −0.210** 0.136** 0.245*** −0.247* ΔlnRoad_n −51.451*
by the total number of firms in the city. From the aggregate microeconomic approach, this discipline validate the EKC hypothesis in terms of NO2 and CO emissions per head but rejects the EKC hypothesis in condition of falling dust atom and Ox emission per capita. The initial decrease of air travel pollution in relation to the industrial emergence after 1967 provide evidence for the effectiveness of the pollution prevention agreement between Kitakyushu government and the private sector in alleviating breeze pollution. This viewpoint is also hold by the fact that, from 1963, the municipal government had faced tremendous pressure from the local residential district due to poor environmental timbre because of industrial development (Fujikura, 2007). Table 4 Long - run and unretentive - run estimates of non - linear ARDL models. Long - condition lnDustper lnNO2per lnOxper lnCOper Equation (6.2) (6.3) (6.2) (6.3) Lags 1,0,0,1,1 1,1,1,1,1,0 1,0,0,0,0 1,0,1,1,0,0 lnFirmsize −2.051 * * * −20.064 * * −2.592 * * * −74.358 * * lnFirmsize2 0.429 * * * 9.301 * * 0.558 * * * 32.566 * * lnFirmsize3 −1.441 * * −4.707 * * lnRoad_p −0.337 * * 0.353 * * 0.347 * * * −0.352 * lnRoad_n −82.645 * −55.786 −10.131 −19.616 Constant −5.811 * * * −1.446 −10.581 * * * 29.462 * Wald test 2.848 (0.099) 2.503 (0.122) 0.211 (0.648) 0.164 (0.687) Short - term ΔlnDustper ΔlnNO2per ΔlnOxper ΔlnCOper ΔlnFirmsize −1.276 * * −7.761 * * * −1.828 * * * −52.058 * * ΔlnFirmsize2 0.267 * * 3.598 * * * 0.393 * * * 22.800 * * ΔlnFirmsize3 −0.557 * * * −3.295 * * * ΔlnRoad_p −0.210 * * 0.136 * * 0.245 * * * −0.247 * ΔlnRoad_n −51.451 *
 by the total number of firos in the city. Yeom thx aggrefate micfoeconomic approach, this stuvy vqlidauvs the EKC hypothesis in terms of NO2 abd CI emissions per caplca buf rejzcvs the EKC hypojhesis in tesms of falling djsc particle and Ox emissions per capiea. The onltial decrease of syr pkllution in relation to the industdial grmwth after 1967 ptovides evidence for the evfechiveness of the poplution precentyin agreement between Kpcakyushu gobernment and the private sector in akleviating aur omllution. Thms vierpoint is also supposted by the fact that, frmm 1963, the municipal governkent had faced treiendous pseasure from the loxao comkunidy djw tu pkoc ehvironlenval quality because of industrial developkegn (Fujikura, 2007). Tzble 4 Jogg-run and short-run estimates of non-linedr ZRDL models. Long-term lnEustper lnNO2per lnOxpgr lnCOper Equation (6.2) (6.3) (6.2) (6.3) Lags 1,0,0,1,1 1,1,1,1,1,0 1,0,0,0,0 1,0,1,1,0,0 lnFirmsize −2.051*** −20.064** −2.592*** −74.358** lnFirmsize2 0.429*** 9.301** 0.558*** 32.566** liFkrmwide3 −1.441** −4.707** onGoad_p −0.337** 0.353** 0.347*** −0.352* lnRoad_n −82.645* −55.786 −10.131 −19.616 Constant −5.811*** −1.446 −10.581*** 29.462* Wald test 2.848 (0.099) 2.503 (0.122) 0.211 (0.648) 0.164 (0.687) Short-term ΔlkDustper ΔlnNO2per ΔlmOdprt ΔlnCOper ΔlnFitmsize −1.276** −7.761*** −1.828*** −52.058** ΔlnFirmsize2 0.267** 3.598*** 0.393*** 22.800** ΔlnVirmsizg3 −0.557*** −3.295*** ΔlnEoad_p −0.210** 0.136** 0.245*** −0.247* ΔlnRpad_n −51.451*
by the total number of firms in From aggregate microeconomic this study validates of and CO emissions capita but rejects EKC hypothesis in terms of falling particle and Ox emissions per capita. The initial decrease of air pollution in to the industrial growth after 1967 provides evidence for the effectiveness of the prevention between government the private sector in alleviating air pollution. This viewpoint is also supported by the fact that, 1963, the municipal government had faced tremendous pressure the local community due poor environmental quality because of development 2007). Table Long-run short-run of non-linear ARDL Long-term lnDustper lnNO2per lnOxper lnCOper Equation (6.2) (6.3) (6.2) (6.3) Lags 1,0,0,1,1 1,1,1,1,1,0 1,0,0,0,0 1,0,1,1,0,0 lnFirmsize −2.051*** −2.592*** −74.358** 9.301** 0.558*** lnFirmsize3 −4.707** −0.337** 0.353** 0.347*** −82.645* −55.786 −10.131 −19.616 Constant −5.811*** Wald test 2.848 (0.099) 2.503 (0.122) 0.211 (0.648) (0.687) Short-term ΔlnNO2per ΔlnOxper ΔlnCOper ΔlnFirmsize −1.276** −7.761*** −52.058** ΔlnFirmsize2 0.267** 3.598*** 0.393*** 22.800** ΔlnFirmsize3 −0.557*** ΔlnRoad_p −0.210** 0.136** 0.245*** −0.247* ΔlnRoad_n −51.451*
 by the total number of firms in The city. FroM the aGgrEgaTe MicrOecoNomic approach, tHIs stUdy validates the EKC hypoThesiS iN TermS Of nO2 and cO emissIOnS PEr cApItA buT rEJeCts thE EKc hypothEsis in termS of FaLling dust parTIcLe and Ox emiSsiOns per capita. the InitiaL dEcrEAse of Air PolluTion in RElatioN to the indUsTRial grOWth afteR 1967 PRoVideS evidence for the efFEcTIveness of the poLlutioN pREvENTioN agReement betWeEn KitAKyushu gOVeRNMEnt ANd the private sEctor in alleVIatIng air PoLluTIon. ThiS viewPoINt iS also supporTed bY the fact tHat, froM 1963, The muniCIpal govErnmenT haD faCed tREmEnDouS pREssURe FroM The Local comMuNiTy due To poOR ENViroNmeNtal QualiTy because of inDusTriaL DevElopmEnt (FuJikuRa, 2007). table 4 long-ruN and sHoRt-run estimates oF non-Linear ARDl moDeLs. LOnG-term LNDustpEr lNNO2Per lnOxPer lnCOPEr EQuATIOn (6.2) (6.3) (6.2) (6.3) lags 1,0,0,1,1 1,1,1,1,1,0 1,0,0,0,0 1,0,1,1,0,0 lnFirmsize −2.051*** −20.064** −2.592*** −74.358** lnFiRmSIZe2 0.429*** 9.301** 0.558*** 32.566** LnFirmsiZe3 −1.441** −4.707** lnRoAD_p −0.337** 0.353** 0.347*** −0.352* LnrOad_n −82.645* −55.786 −10.131 −19.616 ConsTaNt −5.811*** −1.446 −10.581*** 29.462* WAld tEST 2.848 (0.099) 2.503 (0.122) 0.211 (0.648) 0.164 (0.687) ShorT-terM δlNDustper δlnNO2pER ΔLnoxper ΔlNCoper ΔlNFIrmSizE −1.276** −7.761*** −1.828*** −52.058** ΔlnFIRmsiZe2 0.267** 3.598*** 0.393*** 22.800** ΔlnFIrmsize3 −0.557*** −3.295*** ΔLnRoaD_P −0.210** 0.136** 0.245*** −0.247* ΔlnRoad_n −51.451*
 by the total number of fi rms in the  city . F rom  t he a ggre gate microecon o micapproach, this study v alida te s  the EK C hyp othesis in t erm sof  NO 2a nd  CO e mis sions p er capitabut  r ejects the E K Chypothesis  in  terms of fa lli ng dus tpar t icleand  Ox e missio n s percapita. T he initia l  decrea s e  o f ai r pollution in re l at i on to the indu strial  g r ow t h  af ter  1967 prov id es ev i dence f o rt h e  ef f ectiveness of  the pollut i onpreven ti ona greeme nt be tw e enKitakyushugove rnment an d thep rivates ector i n alle via tin g ai r  p ol lut io n . T h is  vi e wpo int is a ls osuppo rted b y thefac t th at, f rom 1963, the  mu nici p algover nment  had  f acedtremen douspr essure from the  loc al commun ity  d ueto  poor enviro nme nta l quali ty beca u seof i n du strial development  ( F u ji kura, 20 07). T a bl e4  Long-ru nand  sho r t -runesti m at es of no n-line a rAR DL mode ls . Long -t erm  ln Dustp e r ln NO2per  lnOxper  lnCO p er Equation (6 . 2) (6.3) (6.2 )  ( 6 . 3) Lags  1, 0,0,1,1 1,1 ,1,1 , 1,01,0, 0 ,0 ,01 ,0,1, 1,0,0  l n Fi r msize −2.051*** −20 .0 64** − 2.592 *** −74.358**  lnFirmsiz e 2 0.429***  9.3 0 1* *  0.558*** 32.5 66**lnFirmsize 3  −1.441* * −4. 707** ln Road_p −0 . 3 37** 0.3 53* * 0 .34 7** * −0 .352* lnRoad_ n −82. 64 5* −55. 786  −10.13 1 − 19. 616  Co ns tant −5.8 11*** −1 .4 46  − 10 .58 1***2 9.462* W al d t es t 2 .848( 0.099)  2.50 3 (0 .1 22 )  0. 211 (0. 6 48 ) 0.16 4(0 .687 ) S ho rt-te rm Δ l nDu stper Δ lnNO2perΔln O xper  Δ ln COper Δ lnFirmsize −1 .2 76** −7.76 1* **−1.828 * * * −52.05 8** ΔlnFirmsize2 0.267* *  3.598* **0.393 ***22.800**Δln Firmsi ze3 −0.557 *** −3 .295* **  Δl n R oad_p − 0. 210 **  0.136** 0 . 2 45* ** −0 .2 47*ΔlnRoad _n −51.451*
 by_the total_number of firms in_the city._From_the aggregate_microeconomic_approach, this study_validates the EKC_hypothesis in terms of_NO2 and CO_emissions_per capita but rejects the EKC hypothesis in terms of falling dust particle and_Ox_emissions per_capita._The_initial decrease of air pollution_in relation to the industrial_growth after_1967 provides evidence for the effectiveness of the_pollution_prevention agreement between_Kitakyushu government and the private sector in alleviating air_pollution. This viewpoint is also supported_by the fact_that,_from_1963, the municipal government_had faced tremendous pressure from the_local community due to poor environmental_quality because of industrial development (Fujikura, 2007)._Table 4 Long-run and short-run estimates_of non-linear ARDL models. Long-term_lnDustper lnNO2per_lnOxper lnCOper Equation (6.2) (6.3)_(6.2) (6.3) Lags_1,0,0,1,1 1,1,1,1,1,0_1,0,0,0,0 1,0,1,1,0,0 lnFirmsize_−2.051*** −20.064** −2.592*** −74.358** lnFirmsize2 0.429***_9.301** 0.558*** 32.566**_lnFirmsize3 −1.441** −4.707** lnRoad_p −0.337** 0.353**_0.347***_−0.352* lnRoad_n −82.645*_−55.786_−10.131_−19.616 Constant_−5.811*** −1.446 −10.581***_29.462*_Wald test_2.848_(0.099) 2.503 (0.122) 0.211 (0.648) 0.164_(0.687)_Short-term ΔlnDustper ΔlnNO2per ΔlnOxper ΔlnCOper ΔlnFirmsize −1.276**_−7.761*** −1.828*** −52.058** ΔlnFirmsize2_0.267**_3.598*** 0.393*** 22.800** ΔlnFirmsize3_−0.557*** −3.295*** ΔlnRoad_p −0.210** 0.136**_0.245*** −0.247* ΔlnRoad_n −51.451*