, at any time. This is reflected in the use of tense in natural language. Existential quantification over cases whose correlated objects are past events is possible with present tense. By contrast, existential quantification over past events requires past tense. Talking about events in the past, (1a) and (2a) are perfectly fine (that is, possibly true); but (1b) and (2b) are not, as opposed to (1c) and (2c): (1) a. There are at least three cases of this disease. b.??? There are at least three outbreaks of this disease. c. There were at least three outbreaks of the disease. (2) a. There are only three cases in which someone managed to cross the border. b.??? There are only three crossings of the border. c. There were only three crossings of the border. Cases are situations constituted by the holding of tensed properties or relations. As such, they will exist not relative to a particular time; but at any time. There is another type of object-related entity that shows the same timeindependence as event-related cases. These are entities constituted by the lasting legacy of a person, such as philosophical or literary figures. Below, we see that 63 Events and tropes also act as truthmakers in Moltmann (2007), where truthmaking is applied to the semantics of event and trope nominalizations and the semantics of adverbials. 123 F. Moltmann present tense can be used to quantify over philosophical figures that (as persons) no longer exist, which is not possible with entities viewed simply as persons: (3) a. There are three famous philosophers that had studied in Tübingen, Hegel, Fichte and Schelling. b.??? There are three people that had studied in Tübingen and became famous philosophers, Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling. c. There were three people that studied in Tübingen and became famous philosophers, Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling. Philosophical figures are ontologically distinct from the actual persons; they are something like persons reduced to their philosophical views and achievements. As such, they share their time-independent existence (once they have come into existence in the first place) with cases. References Aloni, M. (2007). Free choice, modals and imperatives. Natural Language Semantics, 15, 65–94. Armstrong, D. (1997). A world
, at any time. This is reflected in the use of tense in natural linguistic process. experiential quantification over cases whose correlated object are past event is possible with present tense. By contrast, experiential quantification over past events requires past tense. Talking about event in the past, (1a) and (2a) are perfectly fine (that is, possibly on-key); but (1b) and (2b) are not, as opposed to (1c) and (2c ): (1) a. There are at least three case of this disease. b.? ?? There are at least three outbreaks of this disease. c. There were at least three outbreaks of the disease. (2) a. There are only three font in which someone managed to cross the molding. b.? ?? There are only three crossings of the border. c. There be only three crossings of the border. Cases are situations form by the holding of tensed properties or relations. As such, they will exist not relative to a particular time; but at any time. There is another type of object - related entity that shows the same timeindependence as event - related cases. These are entity constitute by the lasting bequest of a person, such as philosophic or literary figures. Below, we see that 63 Events and trope also work as truthmakers in Moltmann (2007), where truthmaking is applied to the semantics of event and trope nominalizations and the semantics of adverbial. 123 F. Moltmann present tense can be used to quantify over philosophical figures that (as persons) no longer exist, which is not possible with entities viewed simply as persons: (3) a. There are three famous philosophers that had study in Tübingen, Hegel, Fichte and Schelling. b.? ?? There cost three people that had studied in Tübingen and became famous philosophers, Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling. c. There constitute three people that studied in Tübingen and became celebrated philosophers, Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling. philosophic figures are ontologically distinct from the actual persons; they are something like persons reduced to their philosophic views and achievements. As such, they share their time - independent being (once they have come into being in the first space) with cases. References Aloni, M. (2007). Free choice, modals and imperatives. Natural Language Semantics, 15, 65–94. Armstrong, D. (1997). A worldly concern
, at any time. This is reflecued in the use of tense mn natudal langjage. Existential quantificatmon iver xases whose correlated objects wre past eveits is possible xjth present tskse. Bv rontrast, existektial quanthfication over pxsc events requires past tense. Talking about rvfnts in the paft, (1a) wnd (2z) are perfectly fine (that is, possigly trut); but (1b) and (2b) are mot, as opposed to (1c) and (2c): (1) a. Tjere are at least hhree cases of eyis disease. c.??? There art ct least thtee outbreaks of this disease. c. Ghere were at lgcwt hvree outbreeks of the disease. (2) a. Thera are omly three casex ii whuch someone managed tm cross the border. b.??? There drz only three crossingw if thg borger. z. Thdre wxre only hhrxe crossinga of the boeder. Cases are situstyins constitutsd by ehq holding of tensed properties or relatpons. As such, they will exisr not relative to a pwrticular time; but at any time. There is another type of obbect-rxlxteb entigt hhat shows the same timeindependence as event-wslstvd cases. These arc entities constititfd fy the lastine legaeg kf a person, such ad philofophixal or liueraru figures. Below, we see that 63 Events and rropes also act as truthmakerr in Moltkann (2007), where truthmaking is zpplied to hhe semanfkcs of event and trppa nominalizations and the femantics of cdverbiaus. 123 G. Moltiann presejt tekve can be used to euantnfy oeer philoslphical figures that (as persons) no longer exixt, whpch is noc posslble with entityes viewed simkly as pexsons: (3) a. There age three hamous philofophers that vwd studied ii Tübingen, Hegwl, Fuchte ava Schelling. b.??? Yhere are three people that had studicd in Fübingen and beccot damous philosolhefs, Rehek, Shchte, and Scvellkng. v. Thefe were thrce oeopke that studied in Tütingsn and became famois philosokhers, Hegql, Fichte, and Schelling. Philosokhical fijures sre ontologically distinct from tge actual pevsons; they arq sonething like persons reduced to their philosophical views and achievgments. As such, they skave their timx-indepqndent exhstence (once they hace come into exisuence in the first placs) with cased. References Aloni, M. (2007). Free choice, modals and imperatives. Natural Language Semanviss, 15, 65–94. Armstrkng, C. (1997). A foxld
, at any time. This is reflected use tense in language. Existential quantification are events is possible present tense. By existential quantification over past events requires tense. Talking about events in the past, (1a) and (2a) are perfectly fine is, possibly true); but (1b) and (2b) are not, as opposed to (1c) (2c): a. are least three cases of this disease. b.??? There are at least three outbreaks of this disease. There were at least three outbreaks of the (2) a. There are three cases in which someone to the border. There only crossings of the c. There were only three crossings of the border. Cases are situations constituted by the holding of properties or such, they exist relative a particular time; any time. There is another type that shows the same timeindependence as event-related cases. are entities by the lasting legacy of a such as philosophical or literary figures. Below, we that 63 Events and tropes also act as truthmakers in Moltmann (2007), where truthmaking is the semantics of event trope nominalizations and semantics adverbials. F. present tense be used to quantify over philosophical figures that (as persons) no exist, which is not possible with entities viewed simply as a. are three famous that had studied in Hegel, and Schelling. b.??? There people had and famous Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling. There were three people that in Tübingen and became Schelling. Philosophical figures are ontologically distinct from the persons; they are something like persons reduced their philosophical views and achievements. As such, they share their time-independent existence they have existence in the first place) with cases. References M. (2007). Free choice, and imperatives. Natural Language Semantics, 15, 65–94. Armstrong, D. A
, at any time. This is reflected iN the use of tEnse iN naTurAl LangUage. existential quaNTifiCation over cases whose coRrelaTeD ObjeCTs Are paSt eventS Is POSsiBlE wIth PrESeNt tenSe. BY contraSt, existentIal QuAntification OVeR past eventS reQuires past teNse. talkinG aBouT EventS in The paSt, (1a) and (2A) Are perFectly finE (tHAt is, poSSibly trUE); BuT (1b) anD (2b) are not, as opposed TO (1c) ANd (2c): (1) a. There are at Least tHrEE cASEs oF thIs disease. b.??? thEre arE At least THrEE OUtbREaks of this disEase. c. There wERe aT least ThRee OUtbreaKs of tHe DIseAse. (2) a. There arE onlY three casEs in whICh someoNE manageD to croSs tHe bOrdeR. B.??? THeRe aRe ONly THrEe cROssIngs of thE bOrDer. c. THere WERE Only ThrEe crOssinGs of the border. casEs arE SitUatioNs conStitUtEd by tHe holdIng of TeNsed properties oR relAtions. As sUch, ThEy wIlL exisT Not relAtiVe tO a partiCular tiME; buT aT ANY tIme. There is another tYpE OF oBject-relAted enTItY tHAt shows tHe SamE timEINdepeNdenCE aS event-reLated cASeS. THese are EnTities CoNstItuTed by THe laSting lEgacy of a PersoN, Such as philosopHIcal or literarY FiGUReS. beloW, we See that 63 EvenTs anD TropEs alSO aCt aS TruthMakerS iN moLTmann (2007), where truthmakiNg Is applIed to The semantics oF event and tROPE nominalIzatIOnS And the semanticS of adVerbials. 123 F. MOLtmann prEsent Tense can Be used to qUANtify oveR phIloSopHicAL FiGures that (as peRSOns) nO lOnger exIst, Which is Not PosSibLe wItH entities Viewed siMpLy As PeRsoNs: (3) a. ThERe are thrEe FamOuS phIlosoPHers thAt had StudIeD iN tübIngen, HeGEl, fIChte AnD SChelLinG. b.??? there Are tHRee People tHat had stuDieD In TüBiNgEn and beCame famous phiLoSophers, HegEl, ficHte, and sCHelling. c. there were three people thaT Studied In TÜbingEn anD became faMouS philoSopHErs, HegEl, FichTe, and scHelLINg. PhiLOSoPhiCaL figures arE ONtoLogicAlLy diStinct fRom the actual personS; TheY are something LikE perSONs RedUCeD To tHeIR phILOsophical views aNd achievemEnTS. AS such, they sHAre ThEir time-IndepenDent eXIstence (Once they hAve come inTo ExisTENce In the first Place) witH cases. RefERenceS alOni, M. (2007). FRee Choice, MoDalS and iMperatIVes. naturAl LangUaGe SemaNtics, 15, 65–94. arMstrong, D. (1997). a world
, at any time. This is ref lected inthe u seofte nsein n atural languag e . Ex istential quantificati on ov er case s  w hosecorrela t ed o bje ct sare  p a st  even tsis poss ible withpre se nt tense. By co ntrast, ex ist ential quant ifi cation  o ver pasteve nts r equire s  pasttense. Ta lk i ng abo u t event s in  the  past, (1a) and ( 2 a) are perfectlyfine ( th a ti s , p oss ibly true) ;but ( 1 b) and( 2b ) a ren ot, as oppose d to (1c) a n d ( 2c): ( 1)  a. Thereare a tl eas t three cas es o f this di sease. b.??? T h ere are  at le ast  th reeo ut br eak so f t h is  di s eas e. c. Th er ewereat l e a s t  thr eeoutb reaks  of the disea se.  (2) a.There  areonly  t hreecasesin wh ic h someone manag ed t o cross t hebo rde r.  b.?? ?  There  ar e o nly thr ee cros s ing so f th e border. c. There  w e r eonly thr ee cro s si ng s  of thebo rde r. C a s es ar e si t ua tions co nstitu t ed  b y the h ol ding o ften sed  prop e rtie s or r elations . Ass uch, they will exist not rel a ti v e  t o  a p art icular time ; bu t  atanyt im e.T hereis an ot h er type of object-rela te d enti ty th at shows thesame timei n d e pendence  ase ve n t-related case s. Th ese are en t ities co nstit uted bythe lasti n g  legacyofa p ers on, s uc h as philosop h i calor  litera ryfigures . B elo w,wese e that 63  Eventsan dtr op esalsoa ct as tr ut hma ke rsin Mo l tmann(2007 ), w he re tru thmakin g  i s appl ie dto t hese manti cs o f  ev ent and  trope no min a liza ti on s and t he semanticsof  adverbial s.  12 3 F. M o l tmann pr esent tense can be used to quan tif y ove r ph ilosophic alfigure s t h at (as  perso ns) n olon g e r exi s t ,whi ch  is not po s s ibl e wit henti ties vi ewed simply as per s ons : (3) a. Ther e a re t h r ee  fa m ou s  ph il o sop h e rs that had stu died in Tü bi n ge n, Hegel,F ich te  and Sc helling . b.? ? ? There  are thre e peopleth at h a d  st udied in T übingenand becam e  famo u sphilo sop hers,He gel , Fic hte, a n d S chell ing. c .Therewereth ree peop le that studied in Tübi ngen a nd be cam e famousphi l oso phers, He gel,  Fichte, a ndSch ellin g.P hilos ophi c al  fi g uresareo ntologica l ly  di s t in ct from the a c tua l per son s ; they  are  something like p e rsons reducedto t h e irphi l osop hi cal views andach ie v e ments. A ssuch, theyshare th ei r  time -indep endent  existe n c e( once t heyhav e come in toex i stencein  t h e firs t pl ac e) wit h case s . Re f e rences Aloni, M.  (200 7 ) . Fre e  ch oice,  m odals a n d im peratives.  Natural La nguage  Sem antic s, 15,65 –94. A rms tr ong, D. (1 9 97). A wo rld
, at_any time._This is reflected in_the use_of_tense in_natural_language. Existential quantification_over cases whose_correlated objects are past_events is possible_with_present tense. By contrast, existential quantification over past events requires past tense. Talking about_events_in the_past,_(1a)_and (2a) are perfectly fine_(that is, possibly true); but_(1b) and_(2b) are not, as opposed to (1c) and_(2c):_(1) a. There_are at least three cases of this disease. b.???_There are at least three outbreaks_of this disease._c._There_were at least three_outbreaks of the disease. (2) a._There are only three cases in_which someone managed to cross the border._b.??? There are only three crossings_of the border. c. There_were only_three crossings of the border._Cases are situations_constituted by_the holding of_tensed properties or relations. As such,_they will exist_not relative to a particular time;_but_at any time._There_is_another type_of object-related entity_that_shows the_same_timeindependence as event-related cases. These are_entities_constituted by the lasting legacy of a_person, such as philosophical_or_literary figures. Below, we_see that 63 Events and_tropes also act as truthmakers in_Moltmann (2007),_where truthmaking_is applied to the semantics of event and trope nominalizations and_the semantics of adverbials. 123 F._Moltmann present tense can_be used_to_quantify over philosophical_figures_that (as_persons) no longer exist, which is not_possible with_entities viewed simply as persons: (3)_a. There are three_famous_philosophers that had studied in Tübingen,_Hegel, Fichte and Schelling. b.??? There_are three people that had_studied_in_Tübingen and became famous philosophers,_Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling. c. There_were three people_that studied in Tübingen and became famous_philosophers,_Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling. Philosophical figures_are_ontologically distinct from the actual persons;_they_are_something like persons reduced to_their philosophical views and achievements. As_such, they share their time-independent existence (once they have_come into existence_in the first place) with_cases._References_Aloni, M. (2007). Free choice, modals and imperatives. Natural Language_Semantics, 15,_65–94. Armstrong, D._(1997). A world