Duhem 1888, 136) 28 Cf. Duhem 2011 [1892-1894], 38. It may be worth recalling that, in the introduction, Duhem acknowledges that his treatment may be viewed as more philosophical than mathematical as to be included in the Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées. Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Finesse? 103 That being said, the second reason why Duhem was able to suppress the characterization of abstract theory as a philosophical view of the physical theory is also linked to another negative aspect of the axiomatic structure since as the deductive capacity of the theory promotes the desire to overcome the representational domain in search of a cosmological explanation of laws. Similarly, the exclusive attachment to consequences derived from the theory makes philosophers hostile toward any discovery not previously accounted for by the theory. In contrast to the English School, whose model favors technological invention and application, abstract theory, for a young Duhem, has the shortcoming of fostering "an unimaginative mindset, hostile to novelty, and for which Continental scientists, and their academies tend to be reproached." (Duhem 1996 [1893], 70)29 In La théorie physique, Duhem removes both shortcomings of abstract theory as an axiomatic system. In addition, he undermines the positive aspects of the mechanical models while simultaneously, complaining about its lack of logical rigor and its de-structured quality – a critique already at work in some of his scientific works. What is the Extent of Pascal's Influence? If we compare Duhem's critical review of the English School with Chapter IV of the first part of La théorie physique, what is most evident is that the association of the subtle mind with the English mentality does not add substance to what Duhem argues in the preceding essay since the changes described above are also not associated with the English mentality, but instead, to the Continental one, which favors an axiomatic outlook. Is Pascal's influence on Duhem, then, more apparent that real? Given that Martin (1991), Stoffel (2007), and Cortese (2016) hold – with their respective differences –30 that there is a marked Pascalian influence on Duhem's thought, it seems convenient to outline some of the arguments that lead me to believe that this influence is, at least, not as significant as the three authors argue. The first, and most apparent, evidence for the rhetorical, rather than
Duhem 1888, 136) 28 Cf. Duhem 2011 [ 1892 - 1894 ], 38. It may be worth recalling that, in the introduction, Duhem acknowledges that his discussion may be watch as more philosophical than mathematical as to be include in the Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées. Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an Esprit de Finesse? 103 That being allege, the second reason why Duhem was able to suppress the portrayal of abstract hypothesis as a philosophical view of the physical theory is also yoke to another negative aspect of the axiomatic social organization since as the deductive capacity of the theory promotes the desire to overcome the representational domain in search of a cosmological explanation of laws. Similarly, the single attachment to consequences derived from the hypothesis makes philosophers hostile toward any discovery not previously accounted for by the theory. In contrast to the English School, whose exemplar favors technological invention and application, abstract theory, for a young Duhem, give birth the shortcoming of fostering " an unimaginative mindset, hostile to novelty, and for which Continental scientist, and their academy tend to be reproached. " (Duhem 1996 [ 1893 ], 70)29 In La théorie physique, Duhem removes both shortcomings of abstract theory as an axiomatic system. In addition, he undermines the positive aspect of the mechanical models while simultaneously, complaining about its lack of coherent rigor and its de - structured quality – a critique already at workplace in some of his scientific works. What is the Extent of Pascal's Influence? If we compare Duhem's critical review of the English School with Chapter IV of the first part of La théorie human body, what is most evident is that the association of the subtle mind with the English mentality does not add substance to what Duhem argues in the preceding essay since the changes described above are besides not associated with the English brain, but instead, to the Continental one, which favors an axiomatic outlook. Is Pascal's influence on Duhem, then, more apparent that real? Given that Martin (1991), Stoffel (2007), and Cortese (2016) hold – with their respective remainder – 30 that there is a marked Pascalian influence on Duhem's thought, it seems convenient to outline some of the arguments that lead me to believe that this influence is, at least, not equally significant as the three authors argue. The first, and most apparent, evidence for the rhetorical, rather than
Duhfm 1888, 136) 28 Cf. Duhem 2011 [1892-1894], 38. It may be worth recalling thet, in tge introauction, Duhem acknowledges tiat yis teeatment may be viewed as more ihilosophucal rhan mathematical as to gc incnnded in the Joutnal de mathékatiques pures eg cppliquées. Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquqz – Was Plerre Duhem an Espgie de Finesse? 103 That being said, the secohd reasmn why Duhem eas able to suppress the cjarafterization of abshract theori as q philosophizal view of the physiczl theory is also linked to anogher uegative askzxt lx the axiometic snructure sincc as tha deducyive capacity pf vhe rheory promotes the dxsire to overcome thg represendacional domain in searxh of a coskoloeucau espkahation of laws. Simimarly, the ezclusive attachment tj consequences derivqd from the theory makes philosophers hosuile foward any discovery nor previously accountef for by ehe theory. In contrast to the English School, whosa modxl farirs tdxhjological invention and application, abstract egeprj, for a young Duhcm, has the shortcokijg jf fostering "xn unimagjnative mindset, hodtile tj novwlty, and sor ehich Continental scientistw, and their ccaeemies tend to be xeproached." (Dbhem 1996 [1893], 70)29 In Ka théorie physique, Duheo rejoves both dhortcomihes of abstract tfeogy av an axiomatic system. In aqdition, hx undzrmines ghe kositivq aspects lf thc mechanical models whilg simuntaneously, complaining about its lack of logical rigor sng ins de-struetured quality – a cwitique alreadi at work in sume of his scientmfic works. Wrat is the Exdgnt of Pascal'v Influegce? Uf ww compafd Duhem's critival reviec of rhe English School wijh Chapter IV of cke first part of Ka ghéowiv piysiqta, what is movt exiddmt is that the awrocistion of the subtle kind with the English kektality dies not wdd substance to what Duhem argkes ii the 'recedong essay since the changes descrjbed abovf ave also not afsoclateq with the English mentality, but instead, to the Cintinental one, whixh favors an axiomajic outlook. Is Pascwl's influance on Duhem, then, mire apparent that real? Given that Martjn (1991), Stmffel (2007), and Cortese (2016) hold – with their respective differences –30 that there is a mqrked 'afcalian infmuenve on Dbhek's thotght, mt seems conveniemt to outline some of the argumxnts that necd me to believe that this ingljence is, at lgast, not as significant as the thrre authors argue. The first, and kost apparent, evidence fpr the ryetorjcal, rathec than
Duhem 1888, 136) 28 Cf. Duhem 2011 It be worth that, in the treatment be viewed as philosophical than mathematical to be included in the Journal mathématiques pures et appliquées. Víctor Manuel Hernández Márquez – Was Pierre Duhem an de Finesse? 103 That being said, the second reason why Duhem was able suppress characterization abstract as a philosophical view of the physical theory is also linked to another negative aspect of axiomatic structure since as the deductive capacity of theory promotes the desire overcome the representational domain in of cosmological explanation laws. the attachment to consequences from the theory makes philosophers hostile toward any discovery not previously accounted for by the theory. In to the whose model technological and abstract theory, for Duhem, has the shortcoming of fostering hostile to novelty, and for which Continental scientists, their academies to be reproached." (Duhem 1996 [1893], In La théorie physique, Duhem removes both shortcomings abstract theory as an axiomatic system. In addition, he undermines the positive aspects of the while simultaneously, complaining about lack of logical and de-structured – critique already work in some of his scientific works. What is the Extent Pascal's Influence? If we compare Duhem's critical review of the with IV of the part of La théorie what most evident is that of subtle English does add substance to what argues in the preceding essay the changes described above the English mentality, but instead, to the Continental which favors an axiomatic outlook. Is Pascal's on Duhem, then, more apparent that real? Given that Martin (1991), Stoffel and Cortese – with their respective differences –30 that there a marked Pascalian influence Duhem's thought, it seems convenient to outline some of arguments lead me believe that this is, at least, as significant as authors argue. first, most the rhetorical, rather than
Duhem 1888, 136) 28 Cf. Duhem 2011 [1892-1894], 38. It may be worth rEcalling thAt, in tHe iNtrOdUctiOn, DuHem acknowledgeS That His treatment may be vieweD as moRe PHiloSOpHical Than matHEmATIcaL aS tO be InCLuDed in The journal De mathématIquEs Pures et appliQUéEs. Víctor MaNueL Hernández MáRquEz – Was PIeRre dUhem aN EsPrit dE FinesSE? 103 That bEing said, tHe SEcond rEAson why dUHeM was Able to suppress the CHaRActerization of AbstraCt THeORY as A phIlosophicaL vIew of THe physiCAl THEOry IS also linked to Another negaTIve Aspect Of The AXiomatIc strUcTUre Since as the dEducTive capacIty of tHE theory PRomotes The desIre To oVercOMe ThE rePrESenTAtIonAL doMain in seArCh Of a coSmolOGICAl exPlaNatiOn of lAws. Similarly, tHe eXcluSIve AttacHment To coNsEquenCes derIved fRoM the theory makes PhilOsophers hOstIlE toWaRd any DIscoveRy nOt pReviousLy accouNTed FoR BY ThE theory. In contrast tO tHE enGlish SchOol, whoSE mOdEL favors tEcHnoLogiCAL inveNtioN AnD applicaTion, abSTrAcT theory, FoR a younG DUheM, haS the sHOrtcOming oF fosteriNg "an uNImaginative minDSet, hostile to nOVeLTY, aND for WhiCh ContinentAl scIEntiSts, aND tHeiR AcadeMies tEnD To BE reproached." (Duhem 1996 [1893], 70)29 In LA tHéorie PhysiQue, Duhem removEs both shorTCOMings of aBstrACt THeory as an axiomAtic sYstem. In addITion, he unDermiNes the poSitive aspECTs of the mEchAniCal ModELS wHile simultaneOUSly, cOmPlaininG abOut its lAck Of lOgiCal RiGor and its De-structUrEd QuAlIty – A critIQue alreaDy At wOrK in Some oF His sciEntifIc woRkS. WHAt iS the ExtENt OF pascAl'S INfluEncE? IF we coMparE duhEm's critIcal revieW of THe EnGlIsH School With Chapter IV Of The first paRt Of LA théorIE Physique, What is most evident is that THe assocIatIon of The sUbtle mind WitH the EnGliSH mentaLity doEs not AdD suBSTance TO WhAt DUhEm argues in THE prEcediNg EssaY since tHe changes described ABovE are also not asSocIateD WItH thE enGLisH mENtaLITy, but instead, to tHe ContinenTaL OnE, which favoRS an AxIomatic Outlook. is PasCAl's inflUence on DuHem, then, moRe AppaRENt tHat real? GivEn that MaRtin (1991), StoffEL (2007), and CORtEse (2016) hoLd – wIth theIr ResPectiVe diffERenCes –30 thAt therE iS a markEd PasCaLian inflUence on Duhem's thought, it sEems coNveniEnt To outline SomE Of tHe argumenTs thAt lead me to BelIevE that ThiS InfluEnce IS, aT leASt, not As siGNificant aS ThE thREE aUthors argue. tHE FirSt, and MosT AppareNt, evIdence for the rhetoRIcal, rather than
Duhem 1888, 136) 28 Cf. Du hem 2011 [ 1892- 189 4],  3 8. I t ma y be worth rec a llin g that, in the introdu ction ,D uhem ac knowl edges t h at h istr ea tme nt ma y bevie wed asmore philo sop hi cal than mat h em atical astobe includedinthe Jo ur nal de ma thé matiq ues pu r es etappliquée s. Víctor ManuelH e rn ánde z Márquez – Was P i er r e Duhem an Esp rit de  F i ne s s e?103  That bein gsaid, the sec o nd r e aso n  why Duhem wa s able to s u ppr ess th echa r acteri zatio no f a bstract the oryas a phil osophi c al view of thephysic althe oryi sal soli n ked to  an o the r negati ve  a spect  oft h e axio mat ic s truct ure since asthe  ded u cti ve ca pacit y of  t he th eory p romot es  the desire toover come therep re sen ta tiona l  domai n i n s earch o f a cos m olo gi c a l  e xplanation of laws .S i mi larly, t he exc l us iv e  attachm en t t o co n s equen cesd er ived fro m thet he or y makes  p hiloso ph ers  ho stile towa rd any  discove ry no t  previously ac c ounted for by th e th e ory.  In  contrast t o th e  Eng lish Sc hoo l , who se mo de l  f a vors technologicalin ventio n and  application,  abstractt h e ory, for  a y o un g  Duhem, has th e sho rtcoming o f  fosteri ng "a n unimag inative m i n dset, ho sti letonov e l ty , and for whi c h  Con ti nentalsci entists , a ndthe irac ademies t end to b ere pr oa che d." ( D uhem 199 6[18 93 ],70)29 In Lathéor ie p hy si q ue,  Duhemr em o v es b ot hshor tco mi ngs o f ab s tra ct theo ry as anaxi o mati csy stem. I n addition, h eundermines  t hepositi v e  aspects  of the mechanical mode l s while  si multa neou sly, comp lai ning a bou t  its l ack of  logi ca l r i g or an d it s d e- structured q ual ity –  a  cri tique a lready at work ins ome  of his scien tif ic w o r ks . W h at isth e  Ex t e nt of Pascal'sInfluence?  I f  w e compareD uhe m' s criti cal rev iew o f  the En glish Sch ool withCh apte r IVof the fir st partof La thé o rie p h ys ique,  wh at ismo stevide nt ist hat  theassoci at ion of  thesu btle min d with the English ment alitydoesnot  add subs tan c e t o what Du hemargues inthe  pr ecedi nge ssaysinc e  t hec hange s de s cribed ab o ve  ar e al so not asso c i a ted  with  th e  Engli sh m entality, but ins t ead, to the Co ntin e n tal  on e , wh ic h favors an ax iom at i c  outlook .Is Pascal's  influen ce on Du hem, t hen, m ore app a r en t  thatreal ? G iven that  Ma rt i n (1991 ),  S t offel(200 7) , andCortes e  (20 1 6 ) hold – with th eir r e s pecti v e d iffer en ces –30 that  there isa marked Pa scalia n in fluen ce on D uh em's t hou gh t, it seem s  convenie nt to  outlin esome  of  the a rgum e n ts th at l ea d m e to beli e v et ha tt his  inf luenc eis,at least, not as s ign i ficantas  th e threea ut h o rs argue.The  firs t ,  and mosta ppar e nt ,  evid ence f or the  rhetor i cal ,rathertha n 
Duhem 1888,_136) 28_Cf. Duhem 2011 [1892-1894],_38. It_may_be worth_recalling_that, in the_introduction, Duhem acknowledges_that his treatment may_be viewed as_more_philosophical than mathematical as to be included in the Journal de mathématiques pures et_appliquées._Víctor Manuel_Hernández_Márquez_– Was Pierre Duhem an_Esprit de Finesse? 103 That_being said,_the second reason why Duhem was able to_suppress_the characterization of_abstract theory as a philosophical view of the physical_theory is also linked to another_negative aspect of_the_axiomatic_structure since as the_deductive capacity of the theory promotes_the desire to overcome the representational_domain in search of a cosmological explanation_of laws. Similarly, the exclusive attachment_to consequences derived from the_theory makes_philosophers hostile toward any discovery_not previously accounted_for by_the theory. In_contrast to the English School, whose_model favors technological_invention and application, abstract theory, for_a_young Duhem, has_the_shortcoming_of fostering_"an unimaginative mindset,_hostile_to novelty,_and_for which Continental scientists, and their_academies_tend to be reproached." (Duhem 1996 [1893],_70)29 In La théorie_physique,_Duhem removes both shortcomings_of abstract theory as an_axiomatic system. In addition, he undermines_the positive_aspects of_the mechanical models while simultaneously, complaining about its lack of logical_rigor and its de-structured quality –_a critique already at_work in_some_of his scientific_works._What is_the Extent of Pascal's Influence? If we_compare Duhem's_critical review of the English School_with Chapter IV of_the_first part of La théorie physique,_what is most evident is that_the association of the subtle_mind_with_the English mentality does not_add substance to what Duhem argues_in the preceding_essay since the changes described above are_also_not associated with the English mentality,_but_instead, to the Continental one, which_favors_an_axiomatic outlook. Is Pascal's influence_on Duhem, then, more apparent that_real? Given that Martin (1991), Stoffel (2007), and Cortese_(2016) hold –_with their respective differences –30_that_there_is a marked Pascalian influence on Duhem's thought, it seems_convenient to_outline some of_the arguments that lead me to believe that this influence_is, at least, not as significant as_the three authors argue. The first, and most apparent, evidence for_the rhetorical, rather than