 moved in oval orbits obeying some well-established regularities; however, these observations did not provide any conclusive empirical evidence to determine whether the Earth or the Sun should be considered the real center of these motions. Kepler had suggested that identifying the cause of planetary motions could put an end to this old controversy and, therefore, one of the objectives of the Principia was to determine this cause (Harper 2011, 11). Several hypotheses had already been formulated at the time. Of course, there was the Aristotelian hypothesis of the celestial orbs. Yet most thinkers agreed that this hypothesis did not fit the parameters of the new science. Alternatively, there was the hypothesis of a magnetic force exerted by the Sun, espoused by Kepler; there was Borelli's attractive hypothesis; there was also the hypothesis of mechanical waves, suggested by Hooke; and there was the popular hypothesis of Descartes, by which the planets would be immersed in an ether that moves like a vortex of matter, driving them in its motion. In the Principia, Newton did not ignore these varied hypotheses. Nevertheless, he sought to determine the cause of planetary motions from a rigorous and, as far as possible, non-speculative procedure. Based exclusively on the phenomena established by experience, he concluded that the cause of these motions was an "attractive force" among all matter; a force that manifested itself mainly among celestial bodies of great mass (Prop. 7, Book III). Newton thus concludes that the force of gravity we observe on the Earth's surface is a universal phenomenon, and manifests itself among all bodies and particles. It would be thanks to this force that planets are continually deflected from their rectilinear motions and obey the regularities observed by astronomers. The cause of planetary motion, therefore, is the "universal gravity." And since Newton showed this force to be proportional to the quantity of matter of bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them, it follows that the center of the system of the world is very close to the center of the Sun. Therefore, the most adequate representation of the system of the world is the heliocentric and not the geocentric system (Prop. 12, Book III). From the brief introduction of the Principia outlined above, it is possible to see that Newton, at one time, rejected the popular cartesian vortices hypothesis, and offered an unprecedented solution to the problem of the system of the world. However, perhaps even more significant, he presented a new mode of
moved in oval orbits obeying some well - prove regularity; however, these observations did not provide any conclusive empirical evidence to decide whether the Earth or the Sun should be considered the real center field of these motions. Kepler had suggested that identify the cause of planetary motion could put an end to this honest-to-god controversy and, consequently, one of the objectives of the Principia was to determine this lawsuit (Harper 2011, 11). Several hypothesis had already been formulated at the time. Of course, there exist the Aristotelian hypothesis of the celestial orbs. Yet most thinkers agree that this hypothesis did not fit the parameters of the new science. Alternatively, there be the hypothesis of a magnetic force exerted by the Sun, espoused by Kepler; there constitute Borelli's attractive hypothesis; there was also the hypothesis of mechanical waves, suggested by Hooke; and there was the popular hypothesis of Descartes, by which the planets would be immerse in an ether that moves like a whirlpool of topic, drive them in its motion. In the Principia, Newton did not ignore these varied guess. Nevertheless, he sought to determine the cause of global motions from a rigorous and, as far as possible, non - speculative procedure. Based entirely on the phenomena established by experience, he concluded that the cause of these motions was an " attractive force " among all matter; a force out that manifested itself mainly among celestial bodies of great mass (Prop. 7, Book III). Newton therefore concludes that the force of gravity we observe on the Earth's surface is a universal phenomenon, and manifests itself among all bodies and particles. It would be thanks to this effect that planets are continually deflect from their rectilinear motions and obey the regularity observed by astronomer. The cause of planetary motion, therefore, is the " cosmopolitan gravity. " And since Newton showed this force to be proportional to the measure of matter of bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them, it follows that the center of the system of the world is very close to the center of the Sun. Therefore, the most adequate theatrical performance of the system of the world is the heliocentric and not the geocentric arrangement (Prop. 12, Book III). From the brief introduction of the Principia outlined above, it is possible to see that Newton, at one time, rejected the democratic cartesian vortices hypothesis, and offered an unprecedented solution to the problem of the system of the world. However, perhaps even more significant, he confront a fresh mode of
 moged in oval orbits obeyikg some well-estayoished regulzrities; fowever, these observations dmd nit privide any conclusive eopirical vvidence ro dttermine whether vge Eartm or fme Suu whould be consldered the seal center of tfede motions. Kepler had suggested thae identofjing the cause of klagetadj notions could put an end to tgis old controversy snd, therefore, one of the ohjechives of the Princlpia was to detqemine this cxuse (Harpeg 2011, 11). Several hypotheses had already been fofmulaced at the jnne. Lx course, thxre waf the Aristobvlian hfpothesos of the celextiel oebs. Yet most thinkers agreed that this rypothesiv bid not fit the paramwtwrs ox tha ned sckende. Amternahivxly, there wzs the hyporhesis of a magnetiv sirce exerted gy the Stn, espoused by Kepler; there was Borelli'v aftractive hypothesis; thwre was also the hypojhesis of iechanical waves, suggested by Hooke; and there was the 'ooulcv ftplthesis of Descartes, by which the planets woujs ne immersed in ak ether that moves llkr a vortex of oatter, drjving them in its lotion. Yn thw Principya, Nrwton did not ignore these caried hypotkesws. Nevertheless, he sought to betermone tne cause of planetary mutiohs from a rlgorous aha, as far as posskblv, not-speculaukve procedure. Basqd exclusmvely on the phemomena establishfd by experience, he concpuded tvat the cakse of these motions was an "attcective force" smmng all matcer; a norce that manisested itself kainly cmong zelestial godies mf great mafs (Prop. 7, Book LII). Newton tius concltdes thar the fufce of gravity we obserne on rhe Earth's surface is z universal pheuunenon, and manifrstr iesvlf aimng all bodias avd osrticues. It woulb ce tnanks to this force dhat planets are contimuwlly defoected fwom their recyilinear motions ajd obxy the regukaryties observed by astronomers. Fhe cause of planetary mjtiok, thgrefore, is che "universal gravity." And since Newton siowed this force to be proportional to the auantity of mattqr of bodhes and inversely priportional to the square of the distandes bedween them, it follows that the center of the system of the world is very close to thx senter of tge Sin. Thvreyorz, the mjst edxquate representanion of the system of the world ms the helhoeentric and not the geocentriv rystem (Prop. 12, Cook III). From the brief jntroducyion of the Principia outlined sbove, it is possible to xee that Newtkn, at one vime, rejected the polular eartesuan vorriced hypothesis, xnd onfered an knprtcedznted solution to the problem of rhe sywtfm of the world. Iowever, perhwks even more fignificant, he pdesehhed a new mode of
moved in oval orbits obeying some well-established these did not any conclusive empirical Earth the Sun should considered the real of these motions. Kepler had suggested identifying the cause of planetary motions could put an end to this old and, therefore, one of the objectives of the Principia was to determine this (Harper 11). hypotheses already been formulated at the time. Of course, there was the Aristotelian hypothesis of the celestial Yet most thinkers agreed that this hypothesis did fit the parameters of new science. Alternatively, there was hypothesis a magnetic exerted the espoused by Kepler; was Borelli's attractive hypothesis; there was also the hypothesis of mechanical waves, suggested by Hooke; and there the popular Descartes, by the would immersed in an moves like a vortex of matter, its motion. In the Principia, Newton did not these varied Nevertheless, he sought to determine the of planetary motions from a rigorous and, as as possible, non-speculative procedure. Based exclusively on the phenomena established by experience, he concluded that of these motions was "attractive force" among matter; force manifested mainly among bodies of great mass (Prop. 7, Book III). Newton thus concludes the force of gravity we observe on the Earth's surface universal and manifests itself all bodies and particles. would thanks to this force are deflected motions obey regularities observed by astronomers. cause of planetary motion, therefore, the "universal gravity." And to be proportional to the quantity of matter bodies and inversely proportional to the square the distances between them, it follows that the center of the system the world close to the center of the Sun. Therefore, most adequate representation of system of the world is the heliocentric and not geocentric (Prop. 12, III). From the introduction of the outlined above, it to see Newton, one popular cartesian vortices hypothesis, and offered unprecedented to the problem of the of However, perhaps even more significant, he presented a new mode of
 moved in oval orbits obeying sOme well-estAblisHed RegUlAritIes; hOwever, these obsERvatIons did not provide any coNclusIvE EmpiRIcAl eviDence to DEtERMinE wHeTheR tHE EArth oR thE Sun shoUld be consiDerEd The real centeR Of These motioNs. KEpler had suggEstEd that IdEntIFying The Cause Of planETary moTions coulD pUT an end TO this olD COnTrovErsy and, therefore, oNE oF The objectives oF the PrInCIpIA Was To dEtermine thIs Cause (hArper 2011, 11). SeVErAL HYpoTHeses had alreaDy been formuLAteD at the TiMe. OF Course, There WaS The aristoteliaN hypOthesis of The celEStial orBS. Yet mosT thinkErs AgrEed tHAt ThIs hYpOTheSIs Did NOt fIt the parAmEtErs of The nEW SCIencE. AlTernAtiveLy, there was the HypOtheSIs oF a magNetic ForcE eXerteD by the sun, esPoUsed by Kepler; theRe waS Borelli's AttRaCtiVe HypotHEsis; thEre Was Also the HypotheSIs oF mECHAnIcal waves, suggested By hOOkE; and therE was thE PoPuLAr hypothEsIs oF DesCARtes, bY whiCH tHe planetS would BE iMmErsed in An Ether tHaT moVes Like a VOrteX of matTer, driviNg theM In its motion. In tHE Principia, NewTOn DID nOT ignOre These varied HypoTHeseS. NevERtHelESs, he sOught To DEtERmine the cause of planEtAry motIons fRom a rigorous aNd, as far as pOSSIble, non-sPecuLAtIVe procedure. BasEd excLusively on THe phenomEna esTablisheD by experiENCe, he concLudEd tHat The CAUsE of these motioNS Was aN "aTtractiVe fOrce" amoNg aLl mAttEr; a FoRce that maNifested ItSeLf MaInlY amonG CelestiaL bOdiEs Of gReat mASs (Prop. 7, book IiI). NeWtOn THus ConcludES tHAT the FoRcE of gRavItY we obServE On tHe Earth'S surface iS a uNIverSaL pHenomenOn, and manifestS iTself among AlL boDies anD PArticles. it would be thanks to this foRCe that pLanEts arE conTinually dEflEcted fRom THeir reCtilinEar moTiOns AND obey THE rEguLaRities obseRVEd bY astrOnOmerS. The cauSe of planetary motioN, TheRefore, is the "unIveRsal GRAvIty." aNd SIncE NEWtoN SHowed this force tO be proportIoNAl To the quantITy oF mAtter of Bodies aNd invERsely prOportionaL to the squArE of tHE DisTances betwEen them, iT follows tHAt the CEnTer of The System Of The World Is very CLosE to thE centeR oF the SuN. TherEfOre, the moSt adequate representatioN of the SysteM of The world iS thE HelIocentric And nOt the geoceNtrIc sYstem (proP. 12, book IiI). FrOM tHe bRIef inTrodUCtion of thE prIncIPIa Outlined aboVE, IT is PossiBle TO see thAt NeWton, at one time, rejeCTed the popular cArteSIAn vOrtICes hYpOthesis, and offeRed An UNPrecedenTeD solution to The problEm OF the sYstem oF the woRld. HoweVER, pERhaps eVen mOre SignificaNt, hE pREsented A nEw MOde of
 moved in oval orbits obey ing some w ell-e sta bli sh ed r egul arities; howev e r, t hese observations didnot p ro v idea ny  conc lusivee mp i r ica lev ide nc e  t o det erm ine whe ther the E art hor the Sun s h ou ld be cons ide red the real  ce nter o fthe s e mot ion s. Ke pler h a d sugg ested tha ti dentif y ing the c au se o f planetary motio n sc ould put an en d to t hi s  o l d  co ntr oversy and ,there f ore, on e  o f t heo bjectives ofthe Princip i a w as tode ter m ine th is ca us e  (H arper 2011,  11) . Several  hypot h eses ha d  alread y been  fo rmu late d  a tthe  t i me. Of  co u rse , therewa sthe A rist o t e l ianhyp othe sis o f the celesti alorbs .  Ye t mos t thi nker sagree d that  this  h ypothesis did n ot f it the pa ram et ers  o f the new sc ien ce.  Altern atively ,  th er e w as  the hypothesis of  a m ag netic fo rce ex e rt ed by the S un , e spou s e d byKepl e r;  there w as Bor e ll i' s attra ct ive hy po the sis ; the r e wa s also  the hyp othes i s of mechanica l  waves, sugge s te d by Hook e;and there w as t h e po pula r  h ypo t hesis  of D es c ar t es, by which the pl an ets wo uld b e immersed in  an ethert h a t moveslike av ortex of matte r, dr iving them in its m otion . In the  Principi a ,  Newtondid  no t i gno r e  t hese varied h y p othe se s. Neve rth eless,hesou ght  to  d eterminethe caus eof  p la net ary m o tions fr om  ari gor ous a n d, asfar a s po ss ib l e,non-spe c ul a t ivepr oc edur e.Ba sed e xclu s ive ly on t he phenom ena esta bl is hed byexperience, h econcludedth atthe ca u s e of the se motions was an "attr a ctive f orc e" am ongall matte r;a forc e t h at man ifeste d its el f m a i nly a m o ng  ce le stial bodi e s  of  grea tmass  (Prop.  7, Book III). New t onthus conclude s t hatt h efor c eo f g ra v ity w e observe on th e Earth'ssu r fa ce is a un i ver sa l pheno menon,and m a nifests  itself a mong allbo dies a ndparticles.  It woul d be than k s tot hi s for cethat p la net s are  conti n ual ly de flecte dfrom t heirre ctilinea r motions and obey theregula ritie s o bserved b y a s tro nomers. T he c ause of pl ane tar y mot ion ,  ther efor e ,ist he "u nive r sal gravi t y. " A n d  s ince Newton s h owe d thi s f o rce to  beproportional to t h e quantity ofmatt e r  of  bo d iesan d inversely pr opo rt i o nal to t he  square ofthe dist an c es be tweenthem,it foll o w st hat th e ce nte r of thesys te m  of the  w or l d is v erycl ose to  the c e nter o f the Sun. There fore, t he mo s t a dequa te  repres e ntat ion of the  system ofthe wo rldis th e helio ce ntricand  n ot the geo c entric sy stem(Prop.12 , Bo okIII).From t he br iefin tro duction o f th e  P ri n cip ia o utlin ed  abo ve, it is possible  to see tha tNew t o n, ato ne t ime, rejec ted  thep o pular cart e sian vo r tices  hypot hesis,  and of f ere dan unpr ece d e nted solu tion to t h e p ro blem  of thesy stem  o f t he  world. However , perhap s even m o r e sign ifi c ant, he pre se nted a new m ode o f
 moved_in oval_orbits obeying some well-established_regularities; however,_these_observations did_not_provide any conclusive_empirical evidence to_determine whether the Earth_or the Sun_should_be considered the real center of these motions. Kepler had suggested that identifying the_cause_of planetary_motions_could_put an end to this_old controversy and, therefore, one_of the_objectives of the Principia was to determine this_cause_(Harper 2011, 11)._Several hypotheses had already been formulated at the time._Of course, there was the Aristotelian_hypothesis of the_celestial_orbs._Yet most thinkers agreed_that this hypothesis did not fit_the parameters of the new science._Alternatively, there was the hypothesis of a_magnetic force exerted by the Sun,_espoused by Kepler; there was_Borelli's attractive_hypothesis; there was also the_hypothesis of mechanical_waves, suggested_by Hooke; and_there was the popular hypothesis of_Descartes, by which_the planets would be immersed in_an_ether that moves_like_a_vortex of_matter, driving them_in_its motion._In_the Principia, Newton did not ignore_these_varied hypotheses. Nevertheless, he sought to determine_the cause of planetary_motions_from a rigorous and,_as far as possible, non-speculative_procedure. Based exclusively on the phenomena_established by_experience, he_concluded that the cause of these motions was an "attractive force"_among all matter; a force that_manifested itself mainly among_celestial bodies_of_great mass (Prop._7,_Book III)._Newton thus concludes that the force of_gravity we_observe on the Earth's surface is_a universal phenomenon, and_manifests_itself among all bodies and particles._It would be thanks to this_force that planets are continually_deflected_from_their rectilinear motions and obey_the regularities observed by astronomers. The_cause of planetary_motion, therefore, is the "universal gravity." And_since_Newton showed this force to be_proportional_to the quantity of matter of_bodies_and_inversely proportional to the square_of the distances between them, it_follows that the center of the system of the_world is very_close to the center of_the_Sun._Therefore, the most adequate representation of the system of the_world is_the heliocentric and_not the geocentric system (Prop. 12, Book III). From the_brief introduction of the Principia outlined above,_it is possible to see that Newton, at one time, rejected_the popular cartesian vortices hypothesis, and offered an_unprecedented solution to the problem of the_system of the world._However,_perhaps even more significant, he presented a_new_mode_of