 this concerns mainly the truthmaking relation, in the following way: A kind k(S) of truthmakers of a sentences S will be a truthmakers of Sk, that is, S bearing a kind index k: 123 F. Moltmann (18) Truthmaking with kinds of truthmakers For a sentence S, k(S) ⊩ Sk. Based on kind-indexing, a sentence will then have a kind-based denotation as below: (19) The kind-based positive denotation of sentences For a sentence S, [Sk]={k(S)} Of course, {k(S)} is also just the set {s | s ⊩ Sk} of truthmakers of Sk. For a disjunction Sk or S k (as for the example (15a)), the ordinary denotation will be a set of kinds of truthmakers (of the disjuncts): (20) [Sk or S k]={k(S), k(S )} The number of kind-based meanings will of course increase with the complexity of the sentence. Kind-based meanings permit reformulating standard alternative semantics in terms of truthmaker semantics if kinds of situations are identified with propositions. In alternative semantics, questions are assigned as meanings sets of propositions that are their possible answers. Question meanings can now be taken to sets of kinds of situations. Thus, a alternative question (which I return to in the context of caseanaphora in Sect. 6) will be assigned as its meaning the set of kinds of situations that are truthmakers of the disjuncts, so that (20) will also be the meaning of (21): (21) Did someone arrive late or did someone not come? Kind-based meanings thus will serve different semantic purposes, being involved in the semantics of case-NPs as well as that of disjunctive questions. 2.2.2 Extensions of truthmaker semantics Truthmaker semantics as outlined in the previous section needs to be supplemented by an account of context dependency. I will make use of a notion of context that serves strictly the purposes of this paper, setting aside all other linguistic issues of context dependency. This notion is a local, shiftable context, which can be taken to be either the utterance of the sentence itself or else a reported attitude or epistemic state, for a sentence embedded under an attitude verb or epistemic modal.18 Such a context, being a local context, may shift for the evaluation of an embedded sentence in the
this concerns mainly the truthmaking relation, in the following way: A kind k(S) of truthmakers of a prison term S will be a truthmakers of Sk, that is, S bear a kind index k: 123 F. Moltmann (18) Truthmaking with kinds of truthmakers For a sentence S, k(S) ⊩ Sk. base on kind - indexing, a sentence will then have a kind - establish denotation as below: (19) The kind - establish positive denotation of prison term For a sentence S, [ Sk]={k(S) } Of course, { k(S) } is besides just the set { s | s ⊩ Sk } of truthmakers of Sk. For a disconnection Sk or S k (as for the example (15a) ), the average reference will be a set of kinds of truthmakers (of the disjuncts ): (20) [ Sk or S k]={k(S), k(S) } The number of kind - base meanings will of course increase with the complexity of the conviction. Kind - based meaning permit reformulating standard alternative semantics in terms of truthmaker semantics if kinds of situation are identified with propositions. In alternative semantics, questions are assigned as meaning sets of propositions that are their possible answers. Question meanings can now be taken to sets of kinds of situation. Thus, a alternative motion (which I hark back to in the context of caseanaphora in Sect. 6) will be assigned as its meaning the set of kinds of situation that are truthmakers of the disjuncts, so that (20) will besides be the meaning of (21 ): (21) Did someone arrive late or did someone not come? Kind - based meaning thus will serve different semantic purposes, being involved in the semantics of case - NPs as well as that of disjunctive questions. 2.2.2 Extensions of truthmaker semantics Truthmaker semantics as outlined in the former section necessitate to be supplemented by an account of context dependency. I will make use of a impression of context that serves strictly the purposes of this paper, setting aside all other linguistic issues of context dependency. This notion is a local, shiftable context, which can be aim to be either the utterance of the sentence itself or else a report attitude or epistemic state, for a conviction embedded under an position verb or epistemic modal.18 Such a context, being a local context, may shift for the evaluation of an embedded sentence in the
 thls concerns mainly the tvuthmaking relatnin, in vhe folmowing wxy: A kind k(S) of truthmakers lf a sebtences S will be a trjthmakers of Sk, tyat ms, S bearing a kmhd indew k: 123 R. Molcmenn (18) Truthmakinn with kindv of truthmakess Flr a sentence S, k(S) ⊩ Sk. Based on kinq-indeximg, a sentence wijl tnqn hzne a kind-based denotation as bemow: (19) Tht kind-based positife denotation of sentences For a sentence S, [Sk]={k(S)} Of course, {j(S)} if also just tfe set {s | s ⊩ Sk} of trujhmakers of Sk. For a disjunction Sk ox S k (as fot fhf example (15a)), vhe orqinary denotation winl be a set of kinds pf vrutymakers (of the disjunrts): (20) [Sk or S k]={k(S), k(S )} The numbar of kind-based meabibgs whll mf cuyrsd ihcceaae witj tie complexify of the swntence. Kind-based mtanybgs permit rerormulwtyng standard alternative semantics in ttrms kf truthmaker semantics if kinds of situatiojs are idqntified with propositions. In alternative semantiws, quxsgiouw are qsdigned as meanings sets of propositions that wde tmeir possible anfwers. Questooj kganings can nod be tcieh to sets of kinds of sitoationw. Thus, a wltetnative question (which I rerurn to in tke xontext of caseana'hora in Secc. 6) wilk be sssigned as its meaning the set of kinfs of sithxtions that are grunhmaners of ufe disjuncts, so trat (20) will alsp be thd mesning jf (21): (21) Did slmeonc arrive late or dif somgone nmt come? Kijd-based meanings thus will servx different sgmattib purposef, beikg involved in ehe semantics pf case-UPs as well as tgat of visjunctive zuestions. 2.2.2 Exdgnsions of trnthmaker femabticw Truthoxker semantics as outliutd in the previous section nceds jo be supplementeb vy an account og cuntqxn dxpendqtcy. I will mdke jse pf a votion of civtexy that serves strictny tge purposes of thix iaper, setjing asidq all other longuistic issues ov convext dxpendemcy. This notion is a local, shiftagle contedt, rhich can be takcn tj be eithex the utterance of the sentence itself oc else a reported attijude or epistemic staje, nor a sentenre embqdded undar an attitude verb ir epistemic modak.18 Such a context, beinf a lowal clntext, may shift for the evaluation of an embedded sentence in the
this concerns mainly the truthmaking relation, in way: kind k(S) truthmakers of a truthmakers Sk, that is, bearing a kind k: 123 F. Moltmann (18) Truthmaking kinds of truthmakers For a sentence S, k(S) ⊩ Sk. Based on kind-indexing, sentence will then have a kind-based denotation as below: (19) The kind-based positive of For sentence [Sk]={k(S)} Of course, {k(S)} is also just the set {s | s ⊩ Sk} of truthmakers Sk. For a disjunction Sk or S k for the example (15a)), ordinary denotation will be a of of truthmakers the (20) or S k]={k(S), )} The number of kind-based meanings will of course increase with the complexity of the sentence. Kind-based permit reformulating semantics in of semantics kinds of situations with propositions. In alternative semantics, questions meanings sets of propositions that are their possible Question meanings now be taken to sets of of situations. Thus, a alternative question (which I to in the context of caseanaphora in Sect. 6) will be assigned as its meaning of kinds of situations are truthmakers of disjuncts, that will be the of (21): (21) Did someone arrive late or did someone not Kind-based meanings thus will serve different semantic purposes, being involved semantics case-NPs as well that of disjunctive questions. Extensions truthmaker semantics Truthmaker semantics in previous be by account of context dependency. will make use of a of context that serves paper, setting aside all other linguistic issues of dependency. This notion is a local, shiftable which can be taken to be either the utterance of the sentence or else attitude or epistemic state, for a sentence embedded an attitude verb or modal.18 Such a context, being a local context, may for evaluation of embedded sentence in
 this concerns mainly the trutHmaking relAtion, In tHe fOlLowiNg waY: A kind k(S) of trutHMakeRs of a sentences S will be a TruthMaKErs oF sk, That iS, S beariNG a KINd iNdEx K: 123 F. MOlTMaNn (18) TruThmAking wiTh kinds of tRutHmAkers For a senTEnCe S, k(S) ⊩ Sk. BasEd oN kind-indexinG, a sEntencE wIll THen haVe a Kind-bAsed deNOtatioN as below: (19) THe KInd-basED positiVE DeNotaTion of sentences FoR A sENtence S, [Sk]={k(S)} Of cOurse, {k(s)} iS AlSO JusT thE set {s | s ⊩ Sk} of TrUthmaKErs of Sk. fOr A DISjuNCtion Sk or S k (as For the exampLE (15a)), tHe ordiNaRy dENotatiOn wilL bE A seT of kinds of tRuthMakers (of tHe disjUNcts): (20) [Sk oR s k]={k(S), k(S )} THe numbEr oF kiNd-baSEd MeAniNgS WilL Of CouRSe iNcrease wItH tHe comPlexITY OF the SenTencE. Kind-Based meanings PerMit rEForMulatIng stAndaRd AlterNative SemanTiCs in terms of trutHmakEr semantiCs iF kIndS oF situATions aRe iDenTified wIth propOSitIoNS. iN aLternative semanticS, qUEStIons are aSsigneD As MeANings setS oF prOposITIons tHat aRE tHeir possIble anSWeRs. questioN mEaningS cAn nOw bE takeN To seTs of kiNds of sitUatioNS. Thus, a alternatIVe question (whiCH I RETuRN to iN thE context of cAseaNAphoRa in sEcT. 6) wiLL be asSigneD aS ItS Meaning the set of kindS oF situaTions That are truthmAkers of the DISJuncts, so That (20) WIlL Also be the meaniNg of (21): (21) DId someone aRRive late Or did Someone nOt come? KinD-BAsed meanIngS thUs wIll SERvE different semANTic pUrPoses, beIng InvolveD in The SemAntIcS of case-NPS as well aS tHaT oF dIsjUnctiVE questioNs. 2.2.2 extEnSioNs of tRUthmakEr semAntiCs trUThmAker semANtICS as oUtLiNed iN thE pRevioUs seCTioN needs tO be suppleMenTEd by An AcCount of Context dependEnCy. I will makE uSe oF a notiON Of contexT that serves strictly the pURposes oF thIs papEr, seTting asidE alL other LinGUistic Issues Of conTeXt dEPEndenCY. thIs nOtIon is a locaL, SHifTable CoNtexT, which cAn be taken to be eitheR The Utterance of thE seNtenCE ItSelF Or ELse A rEPorTED attitude or episTemic state, FoR A sEntence embEDdeD uNder an aTtitude Verb oR EpistemIc modal.18 SuCh a contexT, bEing A LOcaL context, maY shift foR the evaluATion oF An EmbedDed SentenCe In tHe
 this concerns mainly thetruthmakin g rel ati on,  i n th e fo llowing way: A kind  k(S) of truthmakers o f a s en t ence s  S  will  be a t r ut h m ake rs  o f S k, th at is , S  bearin g a kind i nde xk: 123 F. Mo l tm ann (18) T rut hmaking with  ki nds of  t rut h maker s F or asenten c e S, k (S) ⊩ Sk.  B a sed on kind-in d e xi ng,a sentence will t h en have a kind-ba sed de no t at i o n a s b elow: (19)  T he ki n d-based po s i t ive denotation of  sentencesF ora sent en ceS , [Sk] ={k(S )} Ofcourse, {k( S)}is also j ust th e  set {s | s ⊩ S k} oftru thm aker s  o fSk.  F o r a di sju n cti on Sk or  S  k  (asfort h e exam ple  (15 a)),the ordinaryden otat i onwillbe asetof  kind s of t ruthm ak ers (of the dis junc ts): (20)  [S korSk]={k ( S), k( S ) } T he numb er of k i nd- ba s e d  m eanings will of co ur s e  i ncreasewith t h eco m plexityof  th e se n t ence.  Kin d -b ased mea ningsp er mi t refor mu lating  s tan dar d alt e rnat ive se manticsin te r ms of truthmak e r semantics i f  k i n ds of s itu ations areiden t ifie d wi t hpro p ositi ons.In al t ernative semantics,  q uestio ns ar e assigned as  meaningss e t s of pro posi t io n s that are the ir po ssible ans w ers. Que stion  meaning s can now b e takentoset s o f k i n ds  of situation s .  Thu s,  a alte rna tive qu est ion  (w hic hI returnto in th eco nt ex t o f cas e anaphora  i n S ec t.6) wi l l be a ssign ed a sit s  me aning t h es e t of  k in ds o f s it uatio ns t h atare tru thmakersoft he d is ju ncts, s o that (20) w il l also beth e m eaning o f (21):(21) Did someone arrive late or  di d som eone  not come ? K ind-ba sed meanin gs thu s wil lser v e  diff e r en t s em antic purp o s es,  bein ginvo lved in  the semantics ofc ase -NPs as wellasthat o fdis j un c tiv eq ues t i ons. 2.2.2 Exte nsions oftr u th maker sema n tic sTruthma ker sem antic s  as out lined inthe previ ou s se c t ion  needs tobe suppl emented b y  an a c co unt o f c ontext  d epe ndenc y. I w i llmakeuse of  a  notio n ofco ntext th at serves strictly thepurpos es of  th is paper,  se t tin g aside a ll o ther lingu ist icissue s o f  cont extd ep end e ncy.This notion is aloc a l ,shiftable c o n t ext , whi chc an betake n to be either th e  utterance ofthes e nte nce itse lf  or else a rep ort ed a ttitudeor  epistemicstate, f or a sen tenceembedd ed unde r an attitu de v erb  or epist emi cm odal.18  S uc h  a con text ,beinga loca l  con t e xt, may shift fo r the e valua t ion  of a nembedde d  sen tence in t he
 this_concerns mainly_the truthmaking relation, in_the following_way:_A kind_k(S)_of truthmakers of_a sentences S_will be a truthmakers_of Sk, that_is,_S bearing a kind index k: 123 F. Moltmann (18) Truthmaking with kinds of_truthmakers_For a_sentence_S,_k(S) ⊩ Sk. Based on_kind-indexing, a sentence will then_have a_kind-based denotation as below: (19) The kind-based positive_denotation_of sentences For_a sentence S, [Sk]={k(S)} Of course, {k(S)} is also_just the set {s | s_⊩ Sk} of_truthmakers_of_Sk. For a disjunction_Sk or S k (as for_the example (15a)), the ordinary denotation_will be a set of kinds of_truthmakers (of the disjuncts): (20) [Sk_or S k]={k(S), k(S )}_The number_of kind-based meanings will of_course increase with_the complexity_of the sentence._Kind-based meanings permit reformulating standard alternative_semantics in terms_of truthmaker semantics if kinds of_situations_are identified with_propositions._In_alternative semantics,_questions are assigned_as_meanings sets_of_propositions that are their possible answers._Question_meanings can now be taken to sets_of kinds of situations._Thus,_a alternative question (which_I return to in the_context of caseanaphora in Sect. 6)_will be_assigned as_its meaning the set of kinds of situations that are truthmakers_of the disjuncts, so that (20)_will also be the_meaning of_(21):_(21) Did someone_arrive_late or_did someone not come? Kind-based meanings thus_will serve_different semantic purposes, being involved in_the semantics of case-NPs_as_well as that of disjunctive questions._2.2.2 Extensions of truthmaker semantics Truthmaker_semantics as outlined in the_previous_section_needs to be supplemented by_an account of context dependency. I_will make use_of a notion of context that serves_strictly_the purposes of this paper, setting_aside_all other linguistic issues of context_dependency._This_notion is a local, shiftable_context, which can be taken to_be either the utterance of the sentence itself or_else a reported_attitude or epistemic state, for_a_sentence_embedded under an attitude verb or epistemic modal.18 Such a_context, being_a local context,_may shift for the evaluation of an embedded sentence in_the