 will be overt, some potential. Some will be direct, some will be secondand third-level similarities of pattern, or links to other links. These links make the space of the list more complex, with more kinds of structure than could be described by my initial opposition of centered hierarchy versus dispersed list. There is more available than mere juxtaposition. Such structures within the list do not recreate a traditional hierarchical syntax. These are rather the kind of relations and kinships that would make a hypertext that refuses single unity but also refuses 4 to be reduced to random associations. Some of these links can be found by search engines, but search engines make more lists. Other links are more abstract, requiring the discernment of an anthropologist or a sociologist or a poet; those links make nets not hierarchies. Cities as lists also have links among seemingly isolated items. Indeed there are too many links to be all expressed in the architectural ordering of the city. There are links of similarity and contrast, historical connections and oppositions, functional similarities, links by way of relations to other urban areas. There are also links off the list to larger wholes: economic and cultural institutions, franchise operations, opinions and ideologies and identities and ironies. Think of suburban sprawl; it seems formless but nets and links are its real substance. We live in a sprawl of items that appear as a list but in fact have multi-dimensional linkages that do not reduce either to hierarchical centralized syntax or to pure list discontinuity. They are broken into nodes that insert into many coexisting nets and affirm freedoms that go beyond mobility. Many of the accusations against contemporary cities and suburban sprawl are justified, but others stem from an inability to read the new kind of text. We keep looking for structures and unities of an older type and we don't see the new structures and unities that are forming. The relevant units may not be the single building or single zone. The new unities may be non-hierarchical, not mappable into continuous horizontal zones. There may be links to distant items, links across levels, items playing more than one role, links to objects formed by sets of other links. There are economic links to other stages of production or to similar industries or to cooperating groups. There are temporary links as project teams assemble and disband. There are family links dispersed about the area, and links due to educational patterns. There are links personally chosen in making a life for oneself or one's children, connecting widely dispersed items through
will be overt, some potential. Some will be direct, some will be secondand third - level similarities of design, or radio link to other connection. These link make the space of the tilt more complex, with more kinds of structure than could be described by my initial resistance of centered hierarchy versus dispersed tilt. There is more available than mere juxtaposition. Such structures within the list do not cheer a traditional hierarchical syntax. These are rather the kind of relations and kinships that would make a hypertext that refuses individual unity but also refuses 4 to be reduce to random associations. Some of these links can be found by search engines, but search engine make more lists. Other links are more abstract, requiring the sagacity of an anthropologist or a sociologist or a poet; those links make nets not hierarchies. Cities as lists also have links among seemingly isolated items. Indeed there are too many links to be all expressed in the architectural ordering of the city. There embody links of similarity and contrast, diachronic connection and oppositions, functional similarities, liaison by way of relations to other urban areas. There constitute also links off the list to larger wholes: economic and cultural institutions, franchise operation, opinions and ideologies and identities and ironies. Think of suburban sprawl; it look formless but nets and links are its real substance. We live in a conurbation of items that appear as a list but in fact have multi - dimensional linkages that do not reduce either to hierarchical centralized syntax or to pure list discontinuity. They are broken into node that insert into many coexist nets and affirm freedoms that function beyond mobility. Many of the accusations against contemporary cities and suburban conurbation are justified, but others stem from an inability to read the newfangled kind of text. We keep expect for structures and unities of an older type and we don't see the new structures and unities that are forming. The relevant units may not be the single construction or single zone. The new integrity may be non - hierarchical, not mappable into continuous horizontal zones. There may be links to distant items, links across levels, item playing more than one role, links to objects formed by sets of other link. There are economic links to other stages of production or to similar industries or to collaborate groups. There are temporary links as project teams assemble and disband. There are family links scatter about the area, and links due to educational patterns. There are links personally chosen in make a life for oneself or one's children, connecting widely dispersed items through
 wipl be overt, some potentixl. Some will be direct, some sill be recondand third-level similarmtiew of kcttern, or links to ogher linkd. These oinkw make the space of the ljdt mmce complex, with more kindv of structure tfau could be described by my initial o[positipn of centered hyeragcry vsgsms dispersed list. There is more zvailabne than mere kuxtaposition. Such structuges aithin the list do not recreajs a rraditional fierarchical syntax. Thgse are rather the kind of relatkons cnd kinshipw rhah would make a hyiertext that vvfuses vingle inity but also rehusew 4 to be reduced to rendom associations. Sjme of thasz links can be found vy searwh etgindw, bjt aeercg engijes make more lists. Othee links are more abxtwqct, requiring the dyssernment of an anthropologist or a socimlofist or a poet; those libks make nets not hietarchies. Cyties as lists also have links among seemingly ismlatev ktens. Kbdfed there are too many links to be all expresfsd ik the architectuval ordering of thr fiyi. There are livks of sijilarity and contrwst, hisjoricao connectyons and oppositions, functional similaritief, links by way of rzlations to uthet urbam areas. There are also uinka off the llst to ladeer wholes: econooic atd cultural institutions, fwanchise iperctions, ooinipns anq ideologifs and identities and irlnies. Tvink of suhurban sprawl; it seems formless but nets and kitks are its real substance. We live in a sprcwl of icems tfat appear as a lmst but in fwct have multh-fimensional ninkages thar do not reajce either to nierarchibaj cebtralized syntax ov to kude list discontnuuuty. They are brpkev igtl iodes dhat insert hnto mavu coebisting netw and affirm freedoms thad go beyond mobility. Msnn of the qccusatijns against cpntemporary cities and vubnrban xprwwl are justified, but others sfem from wn lnability to wead the new kinb of text. We keep looking for structures and unities of an older type and we bok't see the nxw strtctures atd unities that are dorming. The relevsnt units may not be fhe sitgle huilding or single zone. The new unities may be non-hierarchical, not mappaboe into continuous horozontdl vones. Trere oay be links to cistant items, links across leveus, items pjaying more than one role, limkr to objects wormed by sets of other minks. Thrre are economic links to other stages of production or to simioar ihdustrpgs ur to cooperating broups. Therw are twmpovary links as orokegt teams adsemule and disband. There are family libks diwpfrsed about the erea, and linnr due to edocational patterna. Thsge arg links personslly chosen in making a life for otefelf or one's cypldren, connecjing widvly dispersed items throggh
will be overt, some potential. Some will some be secondand similarities of pattern, These make the space the list more with more kinds of structure than be described by my initial opposition of centered hierarchy versus dispersed list. There more available than mere juxtaposition. Such structures within the list do not recreate traditional syntax. are the kind of relations and kinships that would make a hypertext that refuses single unity but refuses 4 to be reduced to random associations. of these links can found by search engines, but engines more lists. links more requiring the discernment an anthropologist or a sociologist or a poet; those links make nets not hierarchies. Cities as lists have links isolated items. there too links to be in the architectural ordering of the links of similarity and contrast, historical connections and functional similarities, by way of relations to other areas. There are also links off the list larger wholes: economic and cultural institutions, franchise operations, opinions and ideologies and identities and ironies. suburban sprawl; it seems but nets and are real We in a of items that appear as a list but in fact have linkages that do not reduce either to hierarchical centralized syntax pure discontinuity. They are into nodes that insert many nets and affirm freedoms beyond Many against cities suburban sprawl are justified, others stem from an inability read the new kind for structures and unities of an older type we don't see the new structures and that are forming. The relevant units may not be the single building single zone. unities may be non-hierarchical, not mappable into continuous zones. There may be to distant items, links across levels, items playing more one links to formed by sets other links. There economic links to of production to industries groups. There are temporary links as teams and disband. There are family dispersed area, and links due to educational patterns. There are links personally chosen in making a oneself or one's children, widely items through
 will be overt, some potential. SOme will be dIrect, SomE wiLl Be seCondAnd third-level sIMilaRities of pattern, or links To othEr LInks. tHeSe linKs make tHE sPACe oF tHe LisT mORe ComplEx, wIth more Kinds of strUctUrE than could be DEsCribed by my IniTial oppositiOn oF centeReD hiERarchY veRsus dIspersED list. THere is morE aVAilablE Than merE JUxTapoSition. Such structuREs WIthin the list do Not recReATe A TRadItiOnal hierarChIcal sYNtax. TheSE aRE RAthER the kind of relAtions and kiNShiPs that WoUld MAke a hyPerteXt THat Refuses singLe unIty but alsO refusES 4 to be reDUced to rAndom aSsoCiaTionS. soMe Of tHeSE liNKs Can BE foUnd by seaRcH eNgineS, but SEARCh enGinEs maKe morE lists. Other liNks Are mORe aBstraCt, reqUiriNg The diScernmEnt of An Anthropologist oR a soCiologist Or a PoEt; tHoSe linKS make nEts Not HierarcHies. CitIEs aS lISTS aLso have links among sEeMINgLy isolatEd itemS. inDeED there arE tOo mAny lINKs to bE all EXpRessed in The arcHItEcTural orDeRing of ThE ciTy. THere aRE linKs of siMilarity And coNTrast, historicaL Connections anD OpPOSiTIons, FunCtional simiLariTIes, lInks BY wAy oF RelatIons tO oTHeR Urban areas. There are aLsO links Off thE list to larger Wholes: econOMIC and cultUral INsTItutions, franchIse opErations, opINions and IdeolOgies and IdentitieS ANd ironieS. ThInk Of sUbuRBAn Sprawl; it seems FORmleSs But nets And Links arE itS reAl sUbsTaNce. We live In a sprawL oF iTeMs ThaT appeAR as a list BuT in FaCt hAve muLTi-dimeNsionAl liNkAgES thAt do not REdUCE eitHeR tO hieRarChIcal cEntrALizEd syntaX or to pure LisT DiscOnTiNuity. ThEy are broken inTo Nodes that iNsErt Into maNY CoexistiNg nets and affirm freedoms THat go beYonD mobiLity. many of the AccUsatioNs aGAinst cOntempOrary CiTieS ANd subURBaN spRaWl are justiFIEd, bUt othErS steM from an Inability to read the NEw kInd of text. We keEp lOokiNG FoR stRUcTUreS aND unITIes of an older typE and we don't SeE ThE new structURes AnD unitieS that arE formINg. The reLevant uniTs may not bE tHe siNGLe bUilding or sIngle zonE. The new unITies mAY bE non-hIerArchicAl, Not MappaBle intO ConTinuoUs horiZoNtal zoNes. ThErE may be liNks to distant items, links aCross lEvels, IteMs playing MorE ThaN one role, lInks To objects fOrmEd bY sets Of oTHer liNks. THErE arE EconoMic lINks to otheR StAgeS OF pRoduction or TO SImiLar inDusTRies or To coOperating groups. ThERe are temporary LinkS AS prOjeCT teaMs Assemble and disBanD. THERe are famIlY links dispeRsed abouT tHE area, And linKs due tO educatIONaL PatterNs. ThEre Are links pErsOnALly chosEn In MAking a Life FoR oneseLf or onE'S chiLDRen, connecting widEly diSPErsed ITemS throUgH
 will be overt, some poten tial. Some  will  be  di re ct,some  will be secon d andthird-level similariti es of  p a tter n ,or li nks too th e r  li nk s.  Th es e  l inksmak e the s pace of th e l is t more compl e x,  with more  ki nds of struc tur e than  c oul d  be d esc ribed  by my initia l opposit io n  of ce n tered h i e ra rchy  versus dispersed li s t. There is mo re ava il a bl e tha n m ere juxtap os ition .  Such s t ru c t u res within the li st do not r e cre ate atr adi t ionalhiera rc h ica l syntax. T hese  are rath er the kind of relatio ns and  ki nsh ipst ha twou ld mak e  a  hy p ert ext that  r ef usessing l e u nity  bu t al so re fuses 4 to be  re duce d  to  rand om as soci at ions.  Someof th es e links can befoun d by sear chen gin es , but search  en gin es make  more l i sts .O t h er  links are more ab st r a ct , requir ing th e  d is c ernmentof  an  ant h r opolo gist or  a socio logist or  a  poet;th ose li nk s m ake  nets nothierar chies. C ities as lists alsoh ave links amo n gs e em i ngly  is olated item s. I n deed  the r eare too m any l in k st o be all expressedin  the a rchit ectural order ing of the c i ty. Ther e ar e  l i nks of similar ity a nd contras t , histor icalconnecti ons and o p p ositions , f unc tio nal s im ilarities, li n k s by  w ay of r ela tions t o o the r u rba nareas. Th ere areal so  l in ksoff t h e list t olar ge r w holes :  econo mic a nd c ul tu r alinstitu t io n s , fr an ch iseope ra tions , op i nio ns andideologie s a n d id en ti ties an d ironies. Th in k of subur ba n s prawl; i t seemsformless but nets and l i nks are  it s rea l su bstance.Welive i n a sprawl  of it ems t ha t a p p ear a s alis tbut in fac t hav e mul ti -dim ensiona l linkages that do not  reduce eithe r t o hi e r ar chi c al cen tr a liz e d  syntax or to p ure list d is c on tinuity. T h eyar e broke n intonodes that in sert into  many coe xi stin g net s and affi rm freed oms thatg o bey o nd  mobi lit y. Man yofthe a ccusat i ons  agai nst co nt empora ry ci ti es and s uburban sprawl are just ified,  butoth ers stemfro m  an  inabilit y to  read thenew  ki nd of  te x t. We  kee p  l ook i ng fo r st r uctures a n duni t i es  of an olde r t ype  andwed on't s ee t he new structures and unities th at a r e  fo rmi n g. T he  relevant unit s m ay n ot be th esingle buil ding orsi n gle z one. T he new  unitie s ma y  be no n-hi era rchical,not  m a ppablein to contin uous  h orizon tal zo n es.T h ere may be links  to d i s tanti tem s, li nk s acros s  lev els, items  playing mo re tha n on e rol e, link sto obj ect sformed bys ets of ot her l inks. T he re a reeconom ic l i n ks to  oth er  st ages of p r o du c ti on orto s imila rindu stries or to coope rat i ng grou ps . T h e re are te m p orary link s a s pro j e ct teams a s semb l ea nd di sband.  There  are fa m ily  l inks di spe r s ed aboutthe area, and  l inks  due toed ucat io nal  p atterns. Thereare link s person a l ly cho sen in m a king a  l ife for ones elf o ro ne's ch i l dre n, conn e cti ngwid elydis pers e d items through
 will_be overt,_some potential. Some will_be direct,_some_will be_secondand_third-level similarities of_pattern, or links_to other links. These_links make the_space_of the list more complex, with more kinds of structure than could be described_by_my initial_opposition_of_centered hierarchy versus dispersed list._There is more available than_mere juxtaposition._Such structures within the list do not recreate_a_traditional hierarchical syntax._These are rather the kind of relations and kinships_that would make a hypertext that_refuses single unity_but_also_refuses 4 to be_reduced to random associations. Some of_these links can be found by_search engines, but search engines make more_lists. Other links are more abstract,_requiring the discernment of an_anthropologist or_a sociologist or a poet;_those links make_nets not_hierarchies. Cities as_lists also have links among seemingly_isolated items. Indeed_there are too many links to_be_all expressed in_the_architectural_ordering of_the city. There_are_links of_similarity_and contrast, historical connections and oppositions,_functional_similarities, links by way of relations to_other urban areas. There_are_also links off the_list to larger wholes: economic_and cultural institutions, franchise operations, opinions_and ideologies_and identities_and ironies. Think of suburban sprawl; it seems formless but nets_and links are its real substance._We live in a_sprawl of_items_that appear as_a_list but_in fact have multi-dimensional linkages that do_not reduce_either to hierarchical centralized syntax or_to pure list discontinuity._They_are broken into nodes that insert_into many coexisting nets and affirm_freedoms that go beyond mobility._Many_of_the accusations against contemporary cities_and suburban sprawl are justified, but_others stem from_an inability to read the new kind_of_text. We keep looking for structures_and_unities of an older type and_we_don't_see the new structures and_unities that are forming. The relevant_units may not be the single building or single_zone. The new_unities may be non-hierarchical, not_mappable_into_continuous horizontal zones. There may be links to distant items,_links across_levels, items playing_more than one role, links to objects formed by sets_of other links. There are economic links_to other stages of production or to similar industries or to_cooperating groups. There are temporary links as project_teams assemble and disband. There are family_links dispersed about the_area,_and links due to educational patterns. There_are_links_personally_chosen in making_a life for_oneself or one's_children, connecting_widely dispersed items_through