3) are NARDL models, or ARDL models after being converted by replacing lnRoad with Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2): Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnRoad pti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoad nti þ β5lnAirPollutiont1 þ β6lnFirmSizet1 þ β7lnRoad pt1 þ β8lnRoad nt1 þ εt ð6:1Þ PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms 5 Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp0 i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoad pti þ Xp i1⁄40 β5iΔlnRoad nti þ β6lnAirPollutiont1 þ β7lnFirmSizet1 þ β8lnFirmSize2t1 þ β9lnRoad pt1 þ β10lnRoad nt1 þ εt ð6:2Þ Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnFirm
3) are NARDL models, or ARDL models after being converted by replacing lnRoad with Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2 ): Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnRoad pti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoad nti þ β5lnAirPollutiont1 þ β6lnFirmSizet1 þ β7lnRoad pt1 þ β8lnRoad nt1 þ εt ð6:1Þ PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms 5 Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp0 i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoad pti þ Xp i1⁄40 β5iΔlnRoad nti þ β6lnAirPollutiont1 þ β7lnFirmSizet1 þ β8lnFirmSize2t1 þ β9lnRoad pt1 þ β10lnRoad nt1 þ εt ð6:2Þ Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnFirm
3) arf NARDL models, or ARDL mudels after beiut convxrted bg replackng lnRoad with Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2): Δ liAirPolluupont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPoulutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔonFicmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnRoad pbn þ Xp l1⁄40 β4iΔlnXoed nti þ β5lnAirPoklutiont1 þ β6nnFirmSizet1 þ β7ltRuab pt1 þ β8lnRoad nt1 þ εt ð6:1Þ PALGRAVE COMMUNISATIONS | jttps://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 ATTICLT PWLGRZNE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.odg/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | wwx.nature.com/palcokms 5 Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xo0 i1⁄41 β1lΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFitjSiswti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlvFirmSize2tp þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnToad pti þ Xp i1⁄40 β5iΔlnRoad nti þ β6lnAifPollbtiont1 þ β7lnFurnSixgt1 þ β8lnFirmSive2t1 þ β9lgRoad pt1 þ β10lnVpad nt1 þ εt ð6:2Þ Δ lmAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizety þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔnnYirmSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnFurn
3) are NARDL models, or ARDL models converted replacing lnRoad Eqs. (5.1) and þ i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ i1⁄40 β3iΔlnRoad pti þ Xp i1⁄40 nti þ β5lnAirPollutiont1 þ β6lnFirmSizet1 þ β7lnRoad pt1 þ β8lnRoad nt1 þ εt PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | 5 lnAirPollutiont α0 Xp0 i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoad pti Xp i1⁄40 β5iΔlnRoad nti þ β6lnAirPollutiont1 þ β7lnFirmSizet1 β8lnFirmSize2t1 þ β9lnRoad pt1 β10lnRoad nt1 þ εt ð6:2Þ lnAirPollutiont α0 þ i1⁄41 þ i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnFirm
3) are NARDL models, or ARDL modelS after beinG convErtEd bY rEplaCing LnRoad with Eqs. (5.1) aND (5.2): Δ lnairPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlNAirPOlLUtioNTi Þ Xp i1⁄40 β2IΔlnFirMsiZETi þ xp I1⁄40 β3IΔlNROAd Pti þ XP i1⁄40 β4IΔlnRoaD nti þ β5lnAiRPoLlUtiont1 þ β6lnFiRMSIzet1 þ β7lnRoAd pT1 þ β8lnRoad nt1 þ Εt ð6:1þ PALGRaVe COmmUNICaTIoNS | htTps://doi.ORg/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 ARTiCLE PALGRaVe cOMMUNicATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | HTTpS://doi.Org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/pALcOMms 5 Δ lnAirPolluTiont 1⁄4 α0 Þ XP0 I1⁄41 β1IδLnAIrPOllutionti Þ XP i1⁄40 β2iΔLNFirmSiZEtI Þ xP i1⁄40 β3IδlnFirmSize2ti Þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoAD ptI þ Xp i1⁄40 β5IΔLnROAd nti þ Β6lnAiRPOLluTiont1 þ β7lnFiRmSiZet1 þ β8lnFiRmSize2T1 Þ β9lnRoaD Pt1 þ β10lnROad nt1 þ Εt ð6:2þ Δ lNAirpOlLuTioNt 1⁄4 Α0 Þ Xp I1⁄41 Β1iδlnaIrPOllutionTi Þ XP i1⁄40 β2iΔLnFiRMsIZeti Þ Xp I1⁄40 β3iΔLnFirMSize2ti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iδlnfirm
3) are NARDL models, or AR DL modelsafter  be ing  c onve rted  by replacingl nRoa d with Eqs. (5.1) and(5.2) :Δ  lnA i rP ollut iont 1⁄ 4  α 0 þ X pi1 ⁄41  β 1 iΔ lnAir Pol lutiont i þ Xp i1 ⁄40  β 2iΔlnFirmSiz e t i þ Xp i1⁄ 40β3iΔlnRoad p ti  þ Xpi1 ⁄40 β4iΔl nRo ad nt i þ β 5 lnAirP ollutiont 1 þ β6ln F irmSize t  1þ β7 lnRoad pt1 þ β8l n Ro a d nt1 þ εt ð6 :1Þ PA LG R AV E COM MUN ICATIONS |  h ttps: / /doi.or g /1 0 . 1 057 / s41599-019-03 69-8 ARTICL E  PA LGRAVE  C OMM U NICATI ONS |  ( 2 019 ) 5:156 | h ttps ://doi.or g/10.1 0 57/s415 9 9-019-0 369-8| w ww. natu r e. co m/p al c omm s  5  Δl nAi rPolluti on t1⁄4 α 0 þX p 0 i1⁄4 1 β 1iΔl nAirP ollutionti þ  Xp  i1⁄ 4 0 β 2iΔln FirmS izet i  þ Xp  i1⁄40  β3iΔ ln FirmSize2ti þXp i 1⁄40 β4iΔ lnR oa d p t i þ X p  i1⁄40  β5 iΔl nRoad n ti þ β 6 lnA ir P o l lu tiont1 þ β7lnFirm Si z e t 1 þ β8ln FirmSi z e2 t 1  þ β9lnR oa d p t1þ β10ln Road nt 1 þ εtð6:2ÞΔ  l nA irPollu ti ont 1⁄ 4α0þ X p i1⁄ 4 1 β1 iΔlnAi rPolluti onti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2i Δ lnFirmSizeti þX p  i 1 ⁄40β3i ΔlnFirmSize 2ti þ Xp  i1⁄ 4 0β4i Δ lnFir m
3) are_NARDL models,_or ARDL models after_being converted_by_replacing lnRoad_with_Eqs. (5.1) and_(5.2): Δ lnAirPollutiont_1⁄4 α0 þ Xp_i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ_Xp_i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnRoad pti þ Xp i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoad nti þ β5lnAirPollutiont1_þ_β6lnFirmSizet1 þ_β7lnRoad_pt1_þ β8lnRoad nt1 þ εt_ð6:1Þ PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8_ARTICLE PALGRAVE_COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 5:156 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0369-8 | www.nature.com/palcomms_5_Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4_α0 þ Xp0 i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40 β2iΔlnFirmSizeti_þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti þ Xp_i1⁄40 β4iΔlnRoad pti_þ_Xp_i1⁄40 β5iΔlnRoad nti þ_β6lnAirPollutiont1 þ β7lnFirmSizet1 þ β8lnFirmSize2t1 þ_β9lnRoad pt1 þ β10lnRoad nt1 þ_εt ð6:2Þ Δ lnAirPollutiont 1⁄4 α0 þ_Xp i1⁄41 β1iΔlnAirPollutionti þ Xp i1⁄40_β2iΔlnFirmSizeti þ Xp i1⁄40 β3iΔlnFirmSize2ti_þ Xp_i1⁄40 β4iΔlnFirm