 and multilinguals and what the perceptual differences are between them in noise. The previous literature has tested these factors individually, and with words 5 rather than sentences; this study combines these factors to provide broader conclusions in the context of human communication. This study uses the BLINCS model (Shook, 2013), and the Bayesian model Shortlist B (Norris & McQueen, 2008) to formulate hypotheses and to interpret results in the context of the proposed framework. The BLINCS model originally arose from interactive activation models that view word recognition, and ultimately speech perception, as an interactive process that involves top-down and bottom-up processing of the semantic and phonetic attributes within words and sentences (Morton,1969,; Marslen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1981, 1982; Miikkulainen 1993; McClelland & Elman, 1986) that was extended, according to (Shook, 2013), to bilingual activation models (Dijkstra & van Heuven 2002; Grosjean, 1988, 1997; Li & Farkas, 2002; Zhao & Li, 2007,2010). The Shortlist Model and Shortlist B originated from bottom-up theories that viewed word recognition as a strictly bottom-up processing procedure first from the word's phonetics and selecting a word candidate from an initial search (Forster, 1976; Cutler et al., 1987; Massaro, 1989; Norris,1994; Norris et al., 1997; Scharenborg et al., 2005). The BLINCS model describes speech perception in billinguals as an interactive process that begins with an auditory input where phonological aspects are quantified and is then processed by phonolexical (where phonetics are self-organised into a vowel-consonant structure), ortholexical (where the spelling is self-organised into a vowel-consonant structure) and semantic systems. The phonolexical and ortholexical levels share cross-language activations from both languages (Shook, 2013). On the other hand, Shortlist B describes speech perception in terms of path probabilities, where succeeding words are predicted statistically using factors such as word frequency and phoneme likelihood (Norris &McQueen, 2008). 6 In this study, perception of sentences was measured using an objective measure called the Sentence Perception-Error Ratio Index (SPERI), as well as with an interpretivist measure called SPIn. The BLINCS model
and multilinguals and what the perceptual differences are between them in noise. The previous literature has tested these divisor individually, and with son 5 rather than sentences; this study compound these factors to provide broad termination in the context of human communication. This survey uses the BLINCS model (Shook, 2013), and the Bayesian mannequin Shortlist B (Norris & McQueen, 2008) to formulate hypotheses and to represent result in the context of the proposed framework. The BLINCS model originally arose from synergistic activation models that view son recognition, and ultimately speech perception, as an interactive procedure that involves top - down and bottom - up processing of the semantic and phonetic attributes within words and sentences (Morton,1969, ; Marslen - Wilson & Welsh, 1978; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1981, 1982; Miikkulainen 1993; McClelland & Elman, 1986) that was extended, harmonize to (Shook, 2013), to bilingual activation models (Dijkstra & van Heuven 2002; Grosjean, 1988, 1997; Li & Farkas, 2002; Zhao & Li, 2007,2010). The Shortlist Model and Shortlist B originated from bottom - up theories that viewed word recognition as a strictly bottom - up processing procedure first from the word's phonetics and selecting a word candidate from an initial search (Forster, 1976; Cutler et al. , 1987; Massaro, 1989; Norris,1994; Norris et al. , 1997; Scharenborg et al. , 2005). The BLINCS model describes speech percept in billinguals as an interactive process that begin with an auditory stimulation where phonological aspects are quantified and is then processed by phonolexical (where phonetics are self - form into a vowel - accordant structure), ortholexical (where the spelling is self - organised into a vowel - consonant social organization) and semantic systems. The phonolexical and ortholexical levels share cross - language activations from both languages (Shook, 2013). On the early hand, Shortlist B describes speech perception in terms of path probabilities, where succeed words are predicted statistically using factors such as word frequency and phoneme likelihood (Norris & McQueen, 2008). 6 In this cogitation, perception of sentences was measured using an objective measure called the Sentence Perception - Error Ratio Index (SPERI), as well as with an interpretivist measure call SPIn. The BLINCS mannequin
 anf multilinguals and what the perceptual differxnces ade betwedn them in noise. The previoud oiterqture has tested these factors pndividuaoly, end with words 5 czther tmcn sehbencev; this study cokbines theve factors to [ruvnde broader conclusions in the contevt of himwn communicatijn. Tnys sfldn uses the BLINCS model (Shook, 2013), ahd the Uayesian model Xhortlist B (Norris & McQueej, 2008) tl formulate hypothfses and to intqepret resultr in the context of thg proposed framework. The BLINCS oodel originalli zrlve from intxractine activation models dhat virw word recognltion, ane ultimately speech pxrception, as an intetactive prmczss that involves top-eoqn ang bodtom-jp pfoctssmng of thf sxmantic and phonetic artributes within wotdf and sentencea (Mortjn,1969,; Marslen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978; Rumelhart & McClenlahd, 1981, 1982; Miikkulainen 1993; McClwlland & Elman, 1986) that wws extendqd, according to (Shook, 2013), to bilingual activation mogels (Vigksurq & vav Hfuven 2002; Grosjean, 1988, 1997; Li & Farkas, 2002; Zhao & Li, 2007,2010). The Srkrulixt Model and Smortlist B originayef gtom bottom-up tfeories tgat viewed word refognitijn as a strictjy bpttom-up processing procedurw first from rhe word's phoneticd and seleccing a word candidate from an initnal sezrch (Forsteg, 1976; Cutler dt al., 1987; Massaro, 1989; Vorgis,1994; Torris eu al., 1997; Scharenborg qt al., 2005). Thx BLIUCS modeu dexcribef speech pfrcepbhon in billinguals as au intaractive pgocess that begins with an audivpry input whgre phmnologiccl aspccts are quantisied and is thgn procesfed bh phonolexpcal (wherx phonetics wre self-organhded into a vmwel-consjnanr steucture), urtholexical (wnere the spelling iw self-organised inbo a xkwel-consonant scxuxture) and semanyic syftvms. Tra phonolexicdl avd uttholdxical leveor shsre cross-language acdivafions from both lamgmages (Shoik, 2013). On tre other hand, Shortlist B descrlbes vpexch petcektion in terms of path probabiljties, whege fucceeding wjrds are predictzd statistically using factors such as wird frequency and phoneme likelihood (Uovris &McQueen, 2008). 6 In this stugy, perception of senrences was measurtd using an objective msasure callfd the Sentence Perception-Error Ratio Index (SPERI), as well as with an inteepretitift measure dallrd SPPn. Che BLINCF moveu
and multilinguals and what the perceptual differences them noise. The literature has tested words rather than sentences; study combines these to provide broader conclusions in the of human communication. This study uses the BLINCS model (Shook, 2013), and the model Shortlist B (Norris & McQueen, 2008) to formulate hypotheses and to interpret in context the framework. The BLINCS model originally arose from interactive activation models that view word recognition, and ultimately perception, as an interactive process that involves top-down bottom-up processing of the and phonetic attributes within words sentences Marslen-Wilson & 1978; & 1981, 1982; Miikkulainen McClelland & Elman, 1986) that was extended, according to (Shook, 2013), to bilingual activation models (Dijkstra & Heuven 2002; 1997; Li Farkas, Zhao Li, 2007,2010). The and Shortlist B originated from bottom-up word recognition as a strictly bottom-up processing procedure from the phonetics and selecting a word candidate an initial search (Forster, 1976; Cutler et al., Massaro, 1989; Norris,1994; Norris et al., 1997; Scharenborg et al., 2005). The BLINCS model describes in billinguals as an process that begins an input phonological are quantified is then processed by phonolexical (where phonetics are self-organised into a structure), ortholexical (where the spelling is self-organised into a vowel-consonant semantic The phonolexical and levels share cross-language activations both (Shook, 2013). On the Shortlist describes terms path where succeeding words are statistically using factors such as frequency and phoneme likelihood this study, perception of sentences was measured using objective measure called the Sentence Perception-Error Ratio (SPERI), as well as with an interpretivist measure called SPIn. The BLINCS
 and multilinguals and what thE perceptuaL diffEreNceS aRe beTweeN them in noise. ThE PrevIous literature has testeD thesE fACtorS InDividUally, anD WiTH WorDs 5 RaTheR tHAn SenteNceS; this stUdy combineS thEsE factors to prOViDe broader cOncLusions in the ConText of HuMan COmmunIcaTion. THis stuDY uses tHe BLINCS mOdEL (Shook, 2013), ANd the BaYESiAn moDel Shortlist B (NorrIS & MCqueen, 2008) to formulaTe hypoThESeS ANd tO inTerpret resUlTs in tHE contexT Of THE ProPOsed framework. the BLINCS moDEl oRiginaLlY arOSe from InterAcTIve Activation mOdelS that view Word reCOgnitioN, And ultiMately SpeEch PercEPtIoN, as An INteRAcTivE ProCess that InVoLves tOp-doWN AND botTom-Up prOcessIng of the semanTic And pHOneTic atTribuTes wItHin woRds and SenteNcEs (Morton,1969,; Marslen-wilsOn & Welsh, 1978; RuMelHaRt & MCCLellaND, 1981, 1982; MiikkUlaIneN 1993; McClelLand & ElmAN, 1986) thAt WAS ExTended, according to (SHoOK, 2013), To BilinguaL activATiOn MOdels (DijKsTra & Van HEUVen 2002; GrOsjeAN, 1988, 1997; LI & Farkas, 2002; ZHao & Li, 2007,2010). THE SHoRtlist MOdEl and SHoRtlIst b origINateD from bOttom-up tHeoriES that viewed worD Recognition as A StRICtLY botTom-Up processinG proCEdurE firST fRom THe worD's phoNeTIcS And selecting a word caNdIdate fRom an Initial search (forster, 1976; CutLER Et al., 1987; MassAro, 1989; NORrIS,1994; Norris et al., 1997; SchArenbOrg et al., 2005). The blINCS modEl desCribes spEech percePTIon in bilLinGuaLs aS an INTeRactive procesS THat bEgIns with An aUditory InpUt wHerE phOnOlogical aSpects arE qUaNtIfIed And is THen proceSsEd bY pHonOlexiCAl (wherE phonEticS aRe SElf-OrganisED iNTO a voWeL-cOnsoNanT sTructUre), oRThoLexical (Where the sPelLIng iS sElF-organiSed into a vowel-CoNsonant strUcTurE) and seMANtic systEms. The phonolexical and orTHolexicAl lEvels SharE cross-lanGuaGe actiVatIOns froM both lAnguaGeS (ShOOK, 2013). On thE OThEr hAnD, Shortlist b DEscRibes SpEech PerceptIon in terms of path prOBabIlities, where sUccEediNG WoRds ARe PRedIcTEd sTATistically using Factors sucH aS WoRd frequencY And PhOneme liKelihooD (NorrIS &McQueeN, 2008). 6 In this stUdy, percepTiOn of SENteNces was meaSured usiNg an objecTIve meASuRe calLed The SenTeNce percePtion-ERRor ratio index (SpErI), as weLl as wItH an interPretivist measure called SpIn. The bLINCs moDel
 and multilinguals and wha t the perc eptua l d iff er ence s ar e between them in n oise. The previous lit eratu re hast es ted t hese fa c to r s  in di vi dua ll y ,and w ith  words5 rather t han  s entences; th i sstudy comb ine s these fact ors  to pr ov ide broad erconcl usions in the  contextof humanc ommunic a t io n. T his study uses th e  B L INCS model (Sh ook, 2 01 3 ), a ndthe  Bayesianmo del S h ortlist B( N o rri s  & McQueen, 2 008) to for m ula te hyp ot hes e s andto in te r pre t results i n th e context  of th e  propos e d frame work.The  BL INCS mo de l o ri g ina l ly  ar o sefrom int er ac tiveacti v a t i on m ode ls t hat v iew word reco gni tion ,  an d ult imate ly s pe ech p ercept ion,as  an interactive  pro cess that  in vo lve stop-d o wn and  bo tto m-up pr ocessin g  of  t h e se mantic and phoneti ca t tr ibutes w ithinw or ds and sent en ces  (Mo r t on,19 69,; Ma rslen-Wi lson & We ls h, 1978 ;Rumelh ar t &  Mc Clell a nd,1981,1982; Mi ikkul a inen 1993; McC l elland & Elma n ,1 9 86 )  tha t w as extended , ac c ordi ng t o  ( Sho o k, 20 13),to bi l ingual activation m od els (D ijkst ra & van Heuv en 2002; G r o s jean, 19 88,1 99 7 ; Li & Farkas,  2002 ; Zhao & L i , 2007,2 010).  The Sho rtlist Mo d e l and Sh ort lis t B  or i g in ated from bot t o m-up  t heories  th at view edwor d r eco gn ition asa strict ly  b ot to m-u p pro c essing p ro ced ur e f irstf rom th e wor d'sph on e tic s and s e le c t ingawo rd c and id ate f roma n i nitialsearch (F ors t er,19 76 ; Cutle r et al., 198 7;  Massaro,19 89;  Norri s , 1994; No rris et al., 1997; Scha r enborgetal.,2005 ). The BL INC S mode l d e scribe s spee ch pe rc ept i o n inb i ll ing ua ls as an i n t era ctive  p roce ss that  begins with an au d ito ry input wher e p hono l o gi cal as p ect sa req u antified and is  then proc es s ed  by phonol e xic al  (where  phonet ics a r e self- organised  into a v ow el-c o n son ant struct ure), or tholexica l  (whe r ethe s pel ling i ssel f-org anised int o a v owel-c on sonant  stru ct ure) and  semantic systems. Thephonol exica l a nd orthol exi c allevels sh arecross-lang uag e a ctiva tio n s fro m bo t hlan g uages  (Sh o ok, 2013) .  O n t h e  o ther hand,S h o rtl ist B  de s cribes  spe ech perception in terms of pathprob a b ili tie s , wh er e succeeding w ord sa r e predic te d statistic ally usi ng facto rs suc h as w ord fre q u en c y andphon eme  likeliho od(N o rris &M cQ ue e n, 200 8).6In thi s stud y , pe r c eption of senten ces w a s  meas u red  usin gan obje c tive  measure c alled the S entenc e Pe rcept ion-Err or  Ratio  In de x (SPERI), as well a s wit h an in te rpre tiv ist me asur e calle d SP In . T he BLINCS m od e l
 and_multilinguals and_what the perceptual differences_are between_them_in noise._The_previous literature has_tested these factors_individually, and with words_5 rather than_sentences;_this study combines these factors to provide broader conclusions in the context of human_communication._This study_uses_the_BLINCS model (Shook, 2013), and_the Bayesian model Shortlist B_(Norris &_McQueen, 2008) to formulate hypotheses and to interpret_results_in the context_of the proposed framework. The BLINCS model originally arose_from interactive activation models that view_word recognition, and_ultimately_speech_perception, as an interactive_process that involves top-down and bottom-up_processing of the semantic and phonetic_attributes within words and sentences (Morton,1969,; Marslen-Wilson_& Welsh, 1978; Rumelhart & McClelland,_1981, 1982; Miikkulainen 1993; McClelland_& Elman,_1986) that was extended, according_to (Shook, 2013),_to bilingual_activation models (Dijkstra_& van Heuven 2002; Grosjean, 1988,_1997; Li &_Farkas, 2002; Zhao & Li, 2007,2010)._The_Shortlist Model and_Shortlist_B_originated from_bottom-up theories that_viewed_word recognition_as_a strictly bottom-up processing procedure first_from_the word's phonetics and selecting a word_candidate from an initial_search_(Forster, 1976; Cutler et_al., 1987; Massaro, 1989; Norris,1994;_Norris et al., 1997; Scharenborg et_al., 2005)._The BLINCS_model describes speech perception in billinguals as an interactive process that_begins with an auditory input where_phonological aspects are quantified_and is_then_processed by phonolexical_(where_phonetics are_self-organised into a vowel-consonant structure), ortholexical (where_the spelling_is self-organised into a vowel-consonant structure)_and semantic systems. The_phonolexical_and ortholexical levels share cross-language activations_from both languages (Shook, 2013). On_the other hand, Shortlist B_describes_speech_perception in terms of path_probabilities, where succeeding words are predicted_statistically using factors_such as word frequency and phoneme likelihood_(Norris_&McQueen, 2008). 6 In this study,_perception_of sentences was measured using an_objective_measure_called the Sentence Perception-Error Ratio_Index (SPERI), as well as with_an interpretivist measure called SPIn. The BLINCS model