 Marx examined the technology in their eras from a philosophical perspective, philosophy of technology is largely a field o f endeavor that began in the twentieth century, as attention was turned to technology as a focal point of human existence (Hanks, 2010). Because of the centrality of technology in everyday life, Jonas (2010) held that philosophy of technology is essential, and asserted that it can encompass elements from all other branches of philosophy. Ermer (2009) wrote that philosophy of technology as a disciple has placed importance on analyzing any problems or harm to society connected with technology, and proposing ways to direct technology to avoid pitfalls. As it applies to educational technology, understanding philosophical assumptions about technology help clarify how technologies pertain to educational ends and goals, and prepare educators to make informed decisions when integrating technology (Kanuka, 2008). The ensuing discussion of foundations in philosophy of technology will cover the thought of central figures, along with discussion of how their thought has applications for educational technology. Among the philosophers who contributed to the foundations o f philosophy of technology, including Ellul, Jonas, and Heidegger, there tended to be a focus on ethical issues associated with technology, and the implications for human responsibility, along with a somewhat pessimistic view of technology (Ellul, 2010; Franssen et al., 2009; Heidegger, 2009; 75 Jonas, 2009; Jonas, 2010). The section on foundations of technology will explore the thought o f key thinkers such Ellul, Jonas, and Heidegger, and conclude with a discussion o f the thought of Borgmann, who pursued a more nuanced and balanced approach. Borgmann held that technology can be pursued in a way that focal things and practices are kept at the center of human life (Borgmann, 2009). Classical philosophers and philosophy o f technology roots. Franssen et al. (2009) summarized the foundations of the philosophy of technology by articulating three important themes from Plato and Aristotle that later influenced modem philosophical thinking about technology. First, Plato held that the technological artifacts created by man were invented by imitating nature (Franssen et al., 2009). Similarly, Aristotle observed this same phenomenon of imitation in man-made artifacts, but held that man not only imitates nature, but completes what in nature was unfinished (Franssen et al., 2009). A second important theme from classical philosophy involves Aristotle's ontological distinction between the things of nature and man-made artifacts (Franssen et al., 2009). Natural things have their principle of generation from their natural internal
Marx examined the technology in their eras from a philosophical position, doctrine of engineering is largely a field o f endeavor that begin in the twentieth century, as attention was flex to technology as a focal point of human being (Hanks, 2010). Because of the centrality of technology in everyday life sentence, Jonas (2010) held that philosophy of engineering is essential, and asserted that it can encompass elements from all other branches of philosophy. Ermer (2009) spell that philosophy of technology as a disciple has placed importance on analyze any problems or harm to society connected with engineering, and proposing way to direct technology to avoid pitfall. As it applies to educational technology, understanding philosophical assumptions about technology help clarify how technologies pertain to educational ends and goals, and prepare educators to make informed decisions when integrating technology (Kanuka, 2008). The result discussion of foundation in philosophy of engineering will report the opinion of central figures, along with discussion of how their thought has applications for educational technology. Among the philosophers who contributed to the initiation o f philosophy of technology, including Ellul, Jonas, and Heidegger, there tended to be a stress on ethical issues associated with technology, and the implications for human responsibility, along with a somewhat pessimistic view of engineering (Ellul, 2010; Franssen et al. , 2009; Heidegger, 2009; 75 Jonas, 2009; Jonas, 2010). The incision on foundations of technology will explore the thought oxygen f key thinkers such Ellul, Jonas, and Heidegger, and conclude with a discussion o f the thought of Borgmann, who pursued a more nuanced and balanced approach. Borgmann held that engineering can be pursued in a way that focal things and practices are kept at the center field of human life (Borgmann, 2009). authoritative philosophers and philosophy o f technology root. Franssen et al. (2009) summarized the foundations of the philosophy of technology by articulating three significant themes from Plato and Aristotle that by and by influenced modem philosophical thinking about technology. First, Plato held that the technical artifacts created by serviceman were invented by imitating nature (Franssen et al. , 2009). Similarly, Aristotle observed this same phenomenon of imitation in man - made artifact, but held that man not only imitates nature, but completes what in nature was unfinished (Franssen et al. , 2009). A second important theme from authoritative philosophy involves Aristotle's ontological distinction between the things of nature and man - made artifacts (Franssen et al. , 2009). Natural thing have their principle of generation from their lifelike internal
 Magx examined the technolony in their eras from a philoaophical perspective, philosophy of txchnilogy is largely a field o w endeavog that betan mn the twentieth century, as atfcntiou xas turned to tgchnology as a focal point ow kuman existence (Hanks, 2010). Because of thq centrsllty of technoljgy pn evedjdcy life, Jonas (2010) held that philoskphy of technology ix essential, and asserted tjat lt can encompass epements fron alj other brancfes of philosophy. Ermet (2009) wrote that philosophy of techvologv as a discupoe jds placed inportwnce on analnding anf problrms or harm to soriett connected with techiology, and proposing ways to gixect technology to aviie pitxallv. As ut xppmixs fo edufatmonal technklogy, underwtanding philosophivaj assumptions zbout eeshnology help clarify how technologies kertajn to educational ends qnd goals, and prepare educatorf to make informed decisions when integrating tecvnolojy (Kaumhx, 2008). Hhe ensuing discussion of foundations in philjaokhy of technology will cover tje jhought of cenjral fiyhrss, along with disckssion jf hoq their trougnt has applications for eduxational tecknooogy. Among the phiposophers wko conjributrd to the foundations o f pgilosophy ov technolkey, including Elljl, Monds, and Htkdegger, there tenqed to be a fpcus on ethocal ifsues assofiated with technology, ajd thg implhcations flr human responsibility, along wmvh a somewhat passpmistic vnew of technology (Ejlul, 2010; Franssen et al., 2009; Heiddgger, 2009; 75 Johas, 2009; Joias, 2010). The seceion on founddjions of techiology wijl ezploee the gfought o f key thinkers such Elluo, Jonas, and Heidegner, avs conclude with a eiscussion o f yhe thjuhhv of Fmrgmann, who [ursjed s mord nuanctb akd calamced approach. Borgmatn hsld that technologu gan be putsued in w way that foval things and prafticev ace kepy aj the center of human life (Borgjann, 2009). Cladsigal philosophqrs qnd philosopky o f technology roots. Franssen et al. (2009) wummarized the foondations of the philpxophy of terhnolody by arthculating three impoetant themes from Plato and Aristotle fhat ldter lnfluenced modem philosophical thinking about technology. First, Plato held that vhq technologjcal artixaets creatqd bb oan were inventec by imitating nature (Franssen xt al., 2009). Simhlcrly, Aristotle observed this xaoe phenomenon of imitation in man-made artifacys, but held that man not only ikitates nature, but complctes what in nzture was nnfinished (Franssen rt al., 2009). A sexond importwnt theme froo ckadsical phllosppky involves Aristotle's ontologicao distunftion between thx things of kauure ans man-mwde artifacts (Frznsssj et xl., 2009). Natural tnings have theor principle of genegatyon from their hatural intetnal
Marx examined the technology in their eras philosophical philosophy of is largely a began the twentieth century, attention was turned technology as a focal point of existence (Hanks, 2010). Because of the centrality of technology in everyday life, Jonas held that philosophy of technology is essential, and asserted that it can encompass from other of Ermer (2009) wrote that philosophy of technology as a disciple has placed importance on analyzing any or harm to society connected with technology, and ways to direct technology avoid pitfalls. As it applies educational understanding philosophical about help how technologies pertain educational ends and goals, and prepare educators to make informed decisions when integrating technology (Kanuka, 2008). The discussion of philosophy of will the of central figures, discussion of how their thought has technology. Among the philosophers who contributed to the o f of technology, including Ellul, Jonas, and there tended to be a focus on ethical associated with technology, and the implications for human responsibility, along with a somewhat pessimistic view (Ellul, 2010; Franssen et 2009; Heidegger, 2009; Jonas, Jonas, The on foundations technology will explore the thought o f key thinkers such Ellul, and Heidegger, and conclude with a discussion o f the Borgmann, pursued a more and balanced approach. Borgmann that can be pursued in that things kept the of human life (Borgmann, Classical philosophers and philosophy o technology roots. Franssen et of the philosophy of technology by articulating three themes from Plato and Aristotle that later modem philosophical thinking about technology. First, Plato held that the technological artifacts by man by imitating nature (Franssen et al., 2009). Similarly, observed this same phenomenon imitation in man-made artifacts, but held that man not imitates but completes in nature was (Franssen et al., A second important classical philosophy Aristotle's distinction of nature and man-made artifacts (Franssen al., Natural things have their principle generation natural internal
 Marx examined the technology In their eraS from A phIloSoPhicAl peRspective, philoSOphy Of technology is largely a Field O f ENdeaVOr That bEgan in tHE tWENtiEtH cEntUrY, As AttenTioN was turNed to technOloGy As a focal poinT Of Human existEncE (Hanks, 2010). BecausE of The cenTrAliTY of teChnOlogy In everYDay lifE, Jonas (2010) helD tHAt philOSophy of TEChNoloGy is essential, and aSSeRTed that it can enCompasS eLEmENTs fRom All other brAnChes oF PhilosoPHy. eRMEr (2009) wROte that philosOphy of technOLogY as a diScIplE Has plaCed imPoRTanCe on analyziNg anY problems Or harm TO societY ConnectEd with TecHnoLogy, ANd PrOpoSiNG waYS tO diREct TechnoloGy To Avoid PitfALLS. as it AppLies To eduCational technOloGy, unDErsTandiNg phiLosoPhIcal aSsumptIons aBoUt technology helP claRify how teChnOlOgiEs PertaIN to eduCatIonAl ends aNd goals, ANd pRePARE eDucators to make infoRmED DeCisions wHen intEGrAtINg technoLoGy (KAnukA, 2008). tHe ensUing DIsCussion oF foundATiOnS in philOsOphy of TeChnOloGy wilL CoveR the thOught of cEntraL Figures, along wiTH discussion of HOw THEiR ThouGht Has applicatIons FOr edUcatIOnAl tEChnolOgy. AmOnG ThE Philosophers who contRiButed tO the fOundations o f pHilosophy oF TEChnology, InclUDiNG Ellul, Jonas, and heideGger, there tENded to be A focuS on ethicAl issues aSSOciated wIth TecHnoLogY, ANd The implicatioNS For hUmAn respoNsiBility, aLonG wiTh a SomEwHat pessimIstic vieW oF tEcHnOloGy (EllUL, 2010; FransseN eT al., 2009; heIdeGger, 2009; 75 JONas, 2009; JonAs, 2010). The SectIoN oN FouNdationS Of TEChnoLoGy Will ExpLoRe the ThouGHt o F key thiNkers such ellUL, JonAs, AnD HeidegGer, and concludE wIth a discusSiOn o F the thOUGht of BorGmann, who pursued a more nuaNCed and bAlaNced aPproAch. BorgmaNn hEld thaT teCHnologY can be PursuEd In a WAY that FOCaL thInGs and practICEs aRe kepT aT the Center oF human life (Borgmann, 2009). cLasSical philosopHerS and PHIlOsoPHy O F teChNOloGY Roots. Franssen et Al. (2009) summarizEd THe FoundationS Of tHe PhilosoPhy of teChnolOGy by artIculating Three impoRtAnt tHEMes From Plato aNd AristoTle that laTEr infLUeNced mOdeM philoSoPhiCal thInking ABouT techNology. fiRst, PlaTo helD tHat the teChnological artifacts creAted by Man weRe iNvented by ImiTAtiNg nature (FRansSen et al., 2009). SimIlaRly, aristOtlE ObserVed tHIs SamE PhenoMenoN Of imitatiON iN maN-MAdE artifacts, bUT HEld That mAn nOT only iMitaTes nature, but complETes what in naturE was UNFinIshED (FraNsSen et al., 2009). A second ImpOrTANt theme fRoM classical pHilosophY iNVolveS AristOtle's oNtologiCAL dIStinctIon bEtwEen the thiNgs Of NAture anD mAn-MAde artIfacTs (franssEn et al., 2009). nAturAL Things have their pRinciPLE of geNEraTion fRoM their nATuraL internal
 Marx examined the technol ogy in the ir er asfro ma ph ilos ophical perspe c tive , philosophy of techno logyis larg e ly  a fi eld o f en d e avo rth atbe g an  in t hetwentie th century , a sattention wa s  t urned to t ech nology as afoc al poi nt  of human  ex isten ce (Ha n ks, 20 10). Beca us e  of th e  centra l i ty  oftechnology in eve r yd a y life, Jonas(2010)  h e ld t hat  ph ilosophy o ftechn o logy is es s e n tia l , and asserte d that it c a n e ncompa ss  el e mentsfromal l  ot her branche s of  philosop hy. Er m er (200 9 ) wrote  thatphi los ophy of  t ech no l ogy as  ad isc iple has  p la ced i mpor t a n c e on  an alyz ing a ny problems o r h armt o s ociet y con nect ed  with  techn ology ,and proposing w aysto direct  te ch nol og y toa void p itf all s. As i t appli e s t oe d u ca tional technology,  u n d er standing  philo s op hi c al assum pt ion s ab o u t tec hnol o gy  help cl arifyh ow  t echnolo gi es per ta intoeduca t iona l ends  and goa ls, a n d prepare educ a tors to makei nf o r me d  dec isi ons when in tegr a ting  tec h no log y  (Kan uka,20 0 8) .  The ensuing discus si on offound ations in phi losophy of t e chnology  wil l  c o ver the though t ofcentral fi g ures, al ong w ith disc ussion of h ow their  th oug hthas a pp lications for e duca ti onal te chn ology.Amo ngthe  ph il osopherswho cont ri bu te dtothe f o undation so f  p hil osoph y  of te chnol ogy,  i nc l udi ng Ellu l ,J o nas,  a nd  Hei deg ge r, th eret end ed to b e a focus  on ethi ca lissuesassociated wi th  technolog y,  an d thei m plicatio ns for human responsibi l ity, al ong  with  a s omewhat p ess imisti c v i ew oftechno logy(E llu l ,  2010 ; Fr ans se n et al.,2 0 09;  Heid eg ger,  2009;75 Jonas, 2009; Jo n as,  2010). The s ect iono n  f oun d at i ons  o f  te c h nology will exp lore the t ho u gh t o f keyt hin ke rs such  Ellul,  Jona s , and H eidegger,  and conc lu de w i t h a  discussio n o f th e thought of Bo r gm ann,who  pursu ed  amorenuance d  an d bal ancedap proach . Bor gm ann held  that technology can be  pursu ed in  away thatfoc a l t hings and  pra ctices are  ke ptat th e c e nterof h u ma n l i fe (B orgm a nn, 2009) .  C las s i ca l philosoph e r s  an d phi los o phy of te chnology roots. F r anssen et al.(200 9 )  su mma r ized  t he foundations  of  t h e  philoso ph y of techno logy byar t icula ting t hree i mportan t th e mes fr om P lat o and Ari sto tl e  that l at er influe nced  m odem p hiloso p hica l thinking about t echno l o gy. F i rst , Pla to  held t h at t he technol ogical arti factscrea ted b y man w er e inve nte dby imitati n g nature(Fran ssen et  a l.,200 9). Si mila r l y, Ar isto tl e o bserved t h i ss am ep hen omen on of  i mita tion in m a n-made a rti f acts, b ut  he l d  thatm an n ot only im ita tes n a t ure, but c o mple t es whatin nat ure wa s unfin i she d(Franss ene t  al., 200 9). A sec o ndim port ant them efrom  c las si cal philosophyinvolves  Aristot l e 's ont olo g ical distin ct ion betweenthe t hi n gs of n a t ure  and ma n -ma deart ifac ts(Fra n ssen et al., 2009). Natu ralthing s  ha ve th eir p ri nciple o f  gen erationf rom their nat ural internal
 Marx_examined the_technology in their eras_from a_philosophical_perspective, philosophy_of_technology is largely_a field o_f endeavor that began_in the twentieth_century,_as attention was turned to technology as a focal point of human existence (Hanks,_2010)._Because of_the_centrality_of technology in everyday life,_Jonas (2010) held that philosophy_of technology_is essential, and asserted that it can encompass_elements_from all other_branches of philosophy. Ermer (2009) wrote that philosophy of_technology as a disciple has placed_importance on analyzing_any_problems_or harm to society_connected with technology, and proposing ways_to direct technology to avoid pitfalls._As it applies to educational technology, understanding_philosophical assumptions about technology help clarify_how technologies pertain to educational_ends and_goals, and prepare educators to_make informed decisions_when integrating_technology (Kanuka, 2008)._The ensuing discussion of foundations in_philosophy of technology_will cover the thought of central_figures,_along with discussion_of_how_their thought_has applications for_educational_technology. Among_the_philosophers who contributed to the foundations_o_f philosophy of technology, including Ellul, Jonas,_and Heidegger, there tended_to_be a focus on_ethical issues associated with technology,_and the implications for human responsibility,_along with_a somewhat_pessimistic view of technology (Ellul, 2010; Franssen et al., 2009; Heidegger,_2009; 75 Jonas, 2009; Jonas, 2010)._The section on foundations_of technology_will_explore the thought_o_f key_thinkers such Ellul, Jonas, and Heidegger, and_conclude with_a discussion o f the thought_of Borgmann, who pursued_a_more nuanced and balanced approach. Borgmann_held that technology can be pursued_in a way that focal_things_and_practices are kept at the_center of human life (Borgmann, 2009)._Classical philosophers and_philosophy o f technology roots. Franssen et_al._(2009) summarized the foundations of the_philosophy_of technology by articulating three important_themes_from_Plato and Aristotle that later_influenced modem philosophical thinking about technology._First, Plato held that the technological artifacts created by_man were invented_by imitating nature (Franssen et_al.,_2009)._Similarly, Aristotle observed this same phenomenon of imitation in man-made_artifacts, but_held that man_not only imitates nature, but completes what in nature was_unfinished (Franssen et al., 2009). A second_important theme from classical philosophy involves Aristotle's ontological distinction between the_things of nature and man-made artifacts (Franssen et_al., 2009). Natural things have their principle_of generation from their_natural_internal