 often considered whether or not technology develops with its own autonomy, and whether technology is value neutral or value laden (Franssen et al., 2009). Phronesis. Phronesis is a Greek term from Aristotle that has been translated into English as practical wisdom. Phronesis can be understood in terms of the wisdom, based on good judgment and guided by a sense of a higher good, that is a key attribute required for leaders in showing the way and guiding others, and advancing the common good (Adair, 2005; Halverson, 2002). 41 Realism. Realism upholds the existence of universals, general truth, and commonality in nature, and maintains that there are qualities that exist in the individual thing and qualitatively identical things, while taking the position that these are not merely in the human mind (Borden, 2004; MacLeod & Rubenstein, 2005). Social determinism. Social determinism is the opposite perspective o f technological determinism, rejects the premise that technology has its own independent technology, and assumes that technologies evolve and develop through being shaped by social processes, with the technologies fundamentally embedded in social systems (Kanuka, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006; Strobel & Tillberg-Webb, 2009). Rather than considering technology as ethically neutral, the social shaping perspective emphasizes the importance of human choices in guiding technological change (Lievrouw, 2006). Soft technological determinism. Soft technological determinism is a mitigated perspective of technological determinism that asserts that technology drives social change (Smith, 1994), but sees technology as an influence among others, occurring alongside a complex interaction of social, economic, political, and cultural factors (Marx & Smith, 1994; Strobel & Tillberg-Webb, 2009). Substantive area. This borrowed term from grounded theory refers to the area o f inquiry for research and for literature review (Lempert, 2007; Urquhart et al., 2010). Substantive theory. Substantive theory is theory derived from analyzing data in the substantive area (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) that applies to that data while being independent of it (Urquhart et al., 2010). By considering the broader literature, a researcher can scale up a theory and contribute to generalizing the theory beyond the substantive area (Urquhart et al., 2010), 42 Technological determinism. Technological determinism is the philosophical perspective that assumes that technology causes inevitable change in society (Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi, 2009), exert
often considered whether or not technology develops with its own autonomy, and whether engineering is value achromatic or value laden (Franssen et al. , 2009). Phronesis. Phronesis is a Greek term from Aristotle that has been translated into English as hardheaded wisdom of solomon. Phronesis can be understood in terms of the wisdom, establish on good judgment and steer by a sense of a higher commodity, that is a key attribute required for leaders in indicate the way and guiding others, and advancing the common good (Adair, 2005; Halverson, 2002). 41 reality. Realism upholds the existence of universal joint, general truth, and commonality in nature, and maintains that there be qualities that exist in the individual thing and qualitatively identical things, while taking the position that these are not merely in the human judgment (Borden, 2004; MacLeod & Rubenstein, 2005). Social determinism. Social determinism is the opposite perspective o f technological determinism, rejects the premise that technology has its own independent technology, and assumes that technologies evolve and develop through being shaped by social processes, with the technologies fundamentally embedded in social organization (Kanuka, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006; Strobel & Tillberg - Webb, 2009). Rather than considering engineering as ethically achromatic, the social formation perspective emphasizes the importance of human choices in guiding technological change (Lievrouw, 2006). Soft technological determinism. cushy technological determinism is a mitigated perspective of technological determinism that asserts that technology drives social variety (Smith, 1994), but sees technology as an influence among others, occurring alongside a complex interaction of social, economic, political, and cultural factors (Marx & Smith, 1994; Strobel & Tillberg - Webb, 2009). Substantive area. This borrowed condition from grounded theory refers to the area o f question for research and for literature review (Lempert, 2007; Urquhart et al. , 2010). Substantive theory. Substantive theory is theory derived from analyzing datum in the substantive area (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) that applies to that data while being independent of it (Urquhart et al. , 2010). By consider the broader literature, a research worker can scale up a theory and contribute to generalizing the theory beyond the meaty area (Urquhart et al. , 2010), 42 Technological determinism. Technological determinism is the philosophical perspective that assume that technology causes inevitable change in society (Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi, 2009), exert
 ofhen considered whether ov not technology develo's with its own autonomy, and whether technopoty is value neutral or valud laden (Fganssen er al., 2009). Phronesis. Phroneslf is w Grzej term from Arlstotle thad has been tratsuaced into English as practical wisdom. Phronexid can be underftooc in fvrns of the wisdom, based on goos judgmtnt and guided by s sense of a higher good, tjat ls a key attribute required fir lqqders in shoding the way and guidihg others, and advancing the comoon gpod (Adair, 2005; Hqlvftson, 2002). 41 Realiwm. Rewlism upholds the exhstence of universals, geierao truth, and commonalivy in nature, and maigtains thdt there are qualituew thaj exivt iv thd ihdmvisual tjinj and qualifatively idwntical things, whilt twjing the posifion trae these are not merely in the human ming (Bkrden, 2004; MacLeod & Rubenstwin, 2005). Social determinidm. Social determinism is the opposite perspective o f techtologmcxl bcbermkbidm, rejects the premise that technology has itf oen independent tcchnology, and assuked yrat technologkes evolvs and develop throkgh beigg shqped by sjciak processes, with the technooogies fundaiwntally embedded iu social syscems (Ksnuka, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006; Strobel & Tiulbedg-Webb, 2009). Ratjer than dunsidering technulony ds ethically neutral, the sjcial sha'ing 'erspectkve gmphasises the imoortakwe of human choiced in yuiditg technollgical change (Lievrouw, 2006). Soft terinological dejerkinpsm. Soft cechnokogical deteriinism is a mijigated pzrspecgive of tebhnologicel determinifm that asserdd that technmlogy dryves socual chavee (Smith, 1994), but xees techujlogt as an influence emone others, occurriuy qlongside a comlleb igtvrartion mf social, ecmnomkc, oplitizal, and culburxl fsctors (Marx & Smith, 1994; Vtrogel & Tillberg-Webb, 2009). Smbstantivg area. Thys borrowed trrm from grounded uheory rehers tp tre area o f inquiry for researdh and fog llterature revyew (Oempert, 2007; Urqbhart et al., 2010). Substantive theory. Substantmve theory is theory dgrived from analyzing cata in the subseantive asea (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) that applies to uhat data while being ihdepengent lf it (Urquhart et al., 2010). By considering the broader literature, a researcher xan scelq up a theody amd cottxibbte to denecauizing the theorj beyond the substantive area (Urduhart ed cl., 2010), 42 Technological determinisk. Gechnological determinism is the philksophicak perspective that assumes that technology causes inevibable chabge ih socivjy (Ueonardi, 2008; Leonardi, 2009), exerc
often considered whether or not technology develops own and whether is value neutral al., Phronesis. Phronesis is Greek term from that has been translated into English practical wisdom. Phronesis can be understood in terms of the wisdom, based on judgment and guided by a sense of a higher good, that is a attribute for in the way and guiding others, and advancing the common good (Adair, 2005; Halverson, 2002). 41 Realism. upholds the existence of universals, general truth, and in nature, and maintains there are qualities that exist the thing and identical while the position that are not merely in the human mind (Borden, 2004; MacLeod & Rubenstein, 2005). Social determinism. Social determinism the opposite f technological rejects premise technology has its technology, and assumes that technologies evolve being shaped by social processes, with the technologies embedded in systems (Kanuka, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006; Strobel Tillberg-Webb, 2009). Rather than considering technology as ethically the social shaping perspective emphasizes the importance of human choices in guiding technological change (Lievrouw, technological determinism. Soft technological is a mitigated of determinism asserts technology drives change (Smith, 1994), but sees technology as an influence among others, alongside a complex interaction of social, economic, political, and cultural & 1994; Strobel & 2009). Substantive area. This term grounded theory refers to o inquiry for review 2007; Urquhart et al., Substantive theory. Substantive theory is derived from analyzing data & Strauss, 2008) that applies to that data being independent of it (Urquhart et al., By considering the broader literature, a researcher can scale up a theory contribute to theory beyond the substantive area (Urquhart et al., 42 Technological determinism. Technological is the philosophical perspective that assumes that technology causes change society (Leonardi, Leonardi, 2009), exert
 often considered whether or nOt technoloGy devEloPs wItH its Own aUtonomy, and whetHEr teChnology is value neutral Or valUe LAden (fRaNssen Et al., 2009). PhrONeSIS. PhRoNeSis Is A grEek teRm fRom ArisTotle that hAs bEeN translated iNTo english as pRacTical wisdom. PHroNesis cAn Be uNDerstOod In terMs of thE Wisdom, Based on goOd JUdgmenT And guidED By A senSe of a higher good, thAT iS A key attribute rEquireD fOR lEADerS in Showing the WaY and gUIding otHErS, AND adVAncing the commOn good (Adair, 2005; hAlvErson, 2002). 41 REaLisM. realisM uphoLdS The Existence of UnivErsals, genEral trUTh, and coMMonalitY in natUre, And MainTAiNs ThaT tHEre ARe QuaLItiEs that exIsT iN the iNdivIDUAL thiNg aNd quAlitaTively identicAl tHingS, WhiLe takIng thE posItIon thAt thesE are nOt Merely in the humaN minD (Borden, 2004; MaCLeOd & rubEnStein, 2005). sOcial dEteRmiNism. SocIal deteRMinIsM IS ThE opposite perspectiVe O F TeChnologiCal detERmInISm, rejectS tHe pRemiSE That tEchnOLoGy has its Own indEPeNdEnt techNoLogy, anD aSsuMes That tEChnoLogies Evolve anD deveLOp through being SHaped by social PRoCESsES, witH thE technologiEs fuNDameNtalLY eMbeDDed in SociaL sYStEMs (Kanuka, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006; StrObEl & TillBerg-WEbb, 2009). Rather than ConsiderinG TEChnology As etHIcALly neutral, the sOcial Shaping perSPective eMphasIzes the iMportance OF Human choIceS in GuiDinG TEcHnological chaNGE (LieVrOuw, 2006). Soft TecHnologiCal DetErmIniSm. soft technOlogical DeTeRmInIsm Is a miTIgated peRsPecTiVe oF techNOlogicAl detErmiNiSm THat Asserts THaT TEchnOlOgY driVes SoCial cHangE (smiTh, 1994), but seEs technolOgy AS an iNfLuEnce amoNg others, occurRiNg alongsidE a ComPlex inTERaction oF social, economic, politicaL, And cultUraL factOrs (MArx & Smith, 1994; STroBel & TilLbeRG-Webb, 2009). SUbstanTive aReA. ThIS BorroWED tErm FrOm grounded THEorY refeRs To thE area o f Inquiry for research ANd fOr literature rEviEw (LeMPErT, 2007; UrQUhARt eT aL., 2010). subSTAntive theory. SubStantive thEoRY iS theory derIVed FrOm analyZing datA in thE SubstanTive area (COrbin & StraUsS, 2008) thaT APplIes to that dAta while Being indePEndenT Of It (UrqUhaRt et al., 2010). by ConSiderIng the BRoaDer liTeratuRe, A reseaRcher CaN scale up A theory and contribute to gEneralIzing The Theory beyOnd THe sUbstantivE areA (Urquhart eT al., 2010), 42 tecHnoloGicAL deteRminISm. tecHNologIcal DEterminisM Is The PHIlOsophical peRSPEctIve thAt aSSumes tHat tEchnology causes inEVitable change iN socIETy (LEonARdi, 2008; LEoNardi, 2009), exert
 often considered whetheror not tec hnolo gydev el opswith  its own auton o my,and whether technology  is v al u e ne u tr al or  valuel ad e n  (F ra ns sen  e t  a l., 2 009 ). Phro nesis. Phr one si s is a Greek te rm from Ar ist otle that ha s b een tr an sla t ed in toEngli sh asp ractic al wisdom .P hrones i s can b e un ders tood in terms oft he wisdom, basedon goo dj ud g m ent  an d guided b ya sen s e of ah ig h e r  go o d, that is akey attribu t e r equire dfor leader s insh o win g the way a nd g uiding ot hers,a nd adva n cing th e comm ongoo d (A d ai r,  20 05 ;  Ha l ve rso n , 2 002). 41  R ea lism.  Rea l i s m  uph old s th e exi stence of uni ver sals ,  ge neral  trut h, a nd  comm onalit y inna ture, and maint ains  that the rear e q ua litie s  thatexi stin theindivid u alth i n g  a nd qualitatively i de n t ic al thing s, whi l eta k ing thepo sit iont h at th esea re  not mer ely in th ehuman m in d (Bor de n,200 4; Ma c Leod  & Rub enstein,  2005 ) . Social deter m inism. Social de t e rm i nism  is  the opposi te p e rspe ctiv e  o  ft echno logic al de t erminism, rejects t he  premi se th at technology  has its o w n independ entt ec h nology, and as sumes  that tech n ologiesevolv e and de velop thr o u gh being  sh ape d b y s o c ia l processes,w i th t he  techno log ies fun dam ent all y e mb edded insocial s ys te ms  ( Kan uka,2 008; Lie vr ouw ,200 6; St r obel &  Till berg -W eb b , 2 009). R a th e r  tha nco nsid eri ng  tech nolo g y a s ethic ally neut ral ,  the  s oc ial sha ping perspect iv e emphasiz es  th e impo r t ance ofhuman choices in guidin g  techno log icalchan ge (Lievr ouw , 2006 ).S oft te chnolo gical  d ete r m inism . So ftte chnologica l det ermin is m is  a miti gated perspectiveo f t echnologicaldet ermi n i sm  th a ta sse rt s  th a t  technology dri ves social  c h an ge (Smith, 199 4) , but s ees tec hnolo g y as an  influenc e among o th ers, o ccu rring alon gside acomplex i n terac t io n ofsoc ial, e co nom ic, p olitic a l,and c ultura lfactor s (Ma rx  & Smith , 1994; Strobel & Tillb erg-We bb, 2 009 ). Substa nti v e a rea. This  bor rowed term  fr omgroun ded theor y re f er s t o  thearea o f inqui r yfor r es earch and f o r lit eratu rer eview(Lem pert, 2007; Urquh a rt et al., 201 0).S u bst ant i ve t he ory. Substanti veth e o ry is th eo ry derivedfrom ana ly z ing d ata in  the s ubstant i v ea rea (C orbi n &  Strauss,  20 08 )  that a pp li e s to t hatda ta whi le bei n g in d e pendent of it (U rquha r t  et a l .,2010) .By cons i deri ng the bro ader litera ture,a re searc her can  s cale u p a  t heory andc ontribute  to g enerali zi ng t hetheory  bey o n d the  sub st ant ive area( U rq u ha rt etal.,  2010 ),  42Technolog i cal dete rmi n ism. Te ch nol o g ical d e te r m inism is t hephilo s o phical per s pect i ve thatassume s that  techno l ogy  c auses i nev i t able chan ge in soc i ety  ( Leon ardi, 20 08 ; Le on ard i,  2009), exert
 often_considered whether_or not technology develops_with its_own_autonomy, and_whether_technology is value_neutral or value_laden (Franssen et al.,_2009). Phronesis. Phronesis_is_a Greek term from Aristotle that has been translated into English as practical wisdom._Phronesis_can be_understood_in_terms of the wisdom, based_on good judgment and guided_by a_sense of a higher good, that is a_key_attribute required for_leaders in showing the way and guiding others, and_advancing the common good (Adair, 2005;_Halverson, 2002). 41_Realism._Realism_upholds the existence of_universals, general truth, and commonality in_nature, and maintains that there are_qualities that exist in the individual thing_and qualitatively identical things, while taking_the position that these are_not merely_in the human mind (Borden,_2004; MacLeod &_Rubenstein, 2005)._Social determinism. Social_determinism is the opposite perspective o_f technological determinism,_rejects the premise that technology has_its_own independent technology,_and_assumes_that technologies_evolve and develop_through_being shaped_by_social processes, with the technologies fundamentally_embedded_in social systems (Kanuka, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006;_Strobel & Tillberg-Webb, 2009)._Rather_than considering technology as_ethically neutral, the social shaping_perspective emphasizes the importance of human_choices in_guiding technological_change (Lievrouw, 2006). Soft technological determinism. Soft technological determinism is a_mitigated perspective of technological determinism that_asserts that technology drives_social change_(Smith,_1994), but sees_technology_as an_influence among others, occurring alongside a complex_interaction of_social, economic, political, and cultural factors_(Marx & Smith, 1994;_Strobel_& Tillberg-Webb, 2009). Substantive area. This_borrowed term from grounded theory refers_to the area o f_inquiry_for_research and for literature review_(Lempert, 2007; Urquhart et al., 2010)._Substantive theory. Substantive_theory is theory derived from analyzing data_in_the substantive area (Corbin & Strauss,_2008)_that applies to that data while_being_independent_of it (Urquhart et al.,_2010). By considering the broader literature,_a researcher can scale up a theory and contribute_to generalizing the_theory beyond the substantive area_(Urquhart_et_al., 2010), 42 Technological determinism. Technological determinism is the philosophical_perspective that_assumes that technology_causes inevitable change in society (Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi, 2009), exert