 of wildfires both in control costs and lost timber and related resources. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON BIODIVERSITY Only a small change in pattern of climate has severe impact on the biodiversity, altering the habitats of the species and presenting a threat for their survival, making them vulnerable to extinction. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) predicts climate change to be the principal threat to the biological diversity (Anonymous, 2007). Due to increase in temperature several plant species like Berberisa siatica, Taraxacum officinale, Jasminum officinale etc. have shifted towards higher altitude in Nainital. Teak dominated forests are predicted to replace the Sal trees in central India and also the conifers may be replaced by the deciduous types. According to Gates (1990) 3°Cincrease in temperature may leads to the forest movement of 2.50 km/ year which is ten times the rate of natural forest movement. Anonymous (2009) reported that changes in climate affects the normal life cycle of plant. He also reported that invasive species (Lantana, Parthenium and Ageratum conyzoides) are a threat to native species being more tolerant to climatic variations. Variation in temperature and precipitation patterns can result in more frequent droughts and droughts and floods making indigenous plants more vulnerable to pests and diseases (Tibbetts, 2007). Slight change in climatic condition leads to the extinction of animal species. For example climate change has resulted in extinction of animals like golden toad and Monteverde Sadguru Prakash and Seema Srivastava 63 harlequin frog (McCarthy et al., 2001). Polar bears are in danger due to reduction in Arctic ice cover; North Atlantic whale may become extinct, as planktons which are its main food have shown declination due to climate change. Though the exact impact of climate change on India's natural resources is yet to be studied in detail, pioneering studies show that endemic mammals like the Nilgiri tahr face an increased risk of extinction (Sukumar et al., 1995). Further, there are indicative reports of certain species e.g., Black-and rufous flycatcher (Mikania micrantha) shifting their lower limits of distribution to higher reaches, and sporadic dying of patches of Shola forests with the rise in ambient surface temperatures. The sex ratio of sea turtle disturb because as a result of high temperature more female turtles are produced. Some
of wildfires both in control costs and lost timbre and related resource. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON BIODIVERSITY Only a little change in pattern of climate have severe impact on the biodiversity, altering the habitats of the species and present a threat for their survival, making them vulnerable to extinction. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) bode climate variety to be the principal threat to the biological diverseness (Anonymous, 2007). Due to increase in temperature several plant coinage like Berberisa siatica, Taraxacum officinale, Jasminum officinale etc. have stir towards higher altitude in Nainital. Teak dominated forest are predicted to replace the Sal tree in central India and besides the conifers may be substitute by the deciduous types. According to Gates (1990) 3 ° Cincrease in temperature may leads to the forest motion of 2.50 km/ year which is ten times the rate of natural forest movement. Anonymous (2009) report that change in climate affects the normal life cycle of plant. He also reported that invasive species (Lantana, Parthenium and Ageratum conyzoides) are a threat to native coinage being more kind to climatic variations. pas seul in temperature and haste radiation pattern can result in more frequent droughts and drought and floods making indigenous plants more vulnerable to pest and diseases (Tibbetts, 2007). Slight change in climatic condition leads to the extinction of animal species. For exemplar climate change has resulted in extinction of animals like golden frog and Monteverde Sadguru Prakash and Seema Srivastava 63 harlequin frog (McCarthy et al. , 2001). Polar bear are in risk due to decrease in Arctic ice cover; North Atlantic whale may become extinct, as planktons which are its main food have shown declination due to climate change. Though the accurate impact of climate variety on India's natural resources is yet to be studied in detail, initiate studies show that autochthonal mammals like the Nilgiri tahr face an increased risk of extinction (Sukumar et al. , 1995). far, there are indicative report of certain species for example, Black - and rufous flycatcher (Mikania micrantha) shifting their lower limits of distribution to higher reaches, and sporadic dying of patches of Shola forests with the rise in ambient surface temperature. The sex ratio of ocean turtle disturb because as a result of high temperature more female turtles are produced. Some
 of wildfires both in contrul costs and lost timbxr and delated fesources. IMPACT OF CLIMATE RHANTE ON BIODIVERSITY Only a soall chanhe in parteri of climate has severe lipacf on chx biodiversity, sltering tve habitats of tfe species and presenting a threat fow their skrvival, making thek vulhvrcble to extinction. Millennium Edosystek Assessment (KEA) predicts climate changf to be the principal hhreat to tye byilogical divdrsity (Anonymous, 2007). Due jo increase in temperature severxl plcnt species luke Terberisa smatica, Taraxacum ongicinane, Jasmonum officinalc etc. hace shifted towards hijher altitude in Naigital. Tean bominated forests are peedicjed tm reooacd tge Szl trefs mn central Jndia and aoso the conifers mau fv replaced by the dqcyduous types. According to Gates (1990) 3°Cincredse in temperature may leaes to the forest movelent of 2.50 hm/ year which is ten times the rate of natural fosest juvenekt. Avinjmous (2009) reported that changes in climate affecea uhe normal life cncle of plant. He aksl tgported that ivvasivz slecies (Lantana, Parhhenium and Qgeratum sonyaoides) are a threat to natice species bving more tolerant to elimatic varnationx. Varoation in temperature aud predipitation oatterns dxn result in mord fgequant droughts and droughts wnd floodw maling inaigemous pjants more vulncsable to pests and disecses (Dibbetts, 2007). Dlight change in climatic condivmon leads to jhe exninction jf anlmal species. Fow example climcte chanye has resulted pn extincvion of animwls like goldaj toad and Mmnteverdq Saegury Prakarf and Seema Srovastava 63 harlequin frog (McCarthy et el., 2001). Komar bears are iu eanger due to rrduztijn ii Arcehc ice cover; Norgh Xylantkc whalt mcy becpme extinct, as plankdons which are its maim nood have shown dqclination dur to climate changt. Thoujh the exacy iipact of climate change on Indja's naturwl vesources is ret bo bg studied iu detail, pioneering studies show that envemic mammals like the Bilgiri tahr face au lncreased rixk of extinctimn (Sukumar et al., 1995). Fuether, there are ikdicative reports of csrtain specles e.g., Black-and rufous flycatcher (Mikania micrantha) shifting their lower oimits of distribufion to hpghzr xeaches, and rporadic dying og patches of Shola forests with the risa nn ambient surface temperaturrs. The sex ratiu of sea turtle disturb gecause ss a result of high temperature more female turtles are producee. Soms
of wildfires both in control costs and and resources. IMPACT CLIMATE CHANGE ON in of climate has impact on the altering the habitats of the species presenting a threat for their survival, making them vulnerable to extinction. Millennium Ecosystem (MEA) predicts climate change to be the principal threat to the biological diversity 2007). to in several plant species like Berberisa siatica, Taraxacum officinale, Jasminum officinale etc. have shifted towards higher altitude Nainital. Teak dominated forests are predicted to replace Sal trees in central and also the conifers may replaced the deciduous According Gates 3°Cincrease in temperature leads to the forest movement of 2.50 km/ year which is ten times the rate of natural movement. Anonymous that changes climate the life cycle of also reported that invasive species (Lantana, conyzoides) are a threat to native species being tolerant to variations. Variation in temperature and precipitation can result in more frequent droughts and droughts floods making indigenous plants more vulnerable to pests and diseases (Tibbetts, 2007). Slight change in leads to the extinction animal species. For climate has in of animals golden toad and Monteverde Sadguru Prakash and Seema Srivastava 63 harlequin (McCarthy et al., 2001). Polar bears are in danger due in ice cover; North whale may become extinct, planktons are its main food declination to the impact climate change on India's resources is yet to be in detail, pioneering studies the Nilgiri tahr face an increased risk of (Sukumar et al., 1995). Further, there are reports of certain species e.g., Black-and rufous flycatcher (Mikania micrantha) shifting their limits of higher reaches, and sporadic dying of patches of forests with the rise ambient surface temperatures. The sex ratio of sea turtle because a result high temperature more turtles are produced.
 of wildfires both in control cOsts and losT timbEr aNd rElAted ResoUrces. IMPACT OF CliMATe CHANGE ON BIODIVERSITY ONly a sMaLL chaNGe In patTern of cLImATE haS sEvEre ImPAcT on thE biOdiversIty, alterinG thE hAbitats of the SPeCies and preSenTing a threat fOr tHeir suRvIvaL, MakinG thEm vulNerablE To extiNction. MilLeNNium EcOSystem ASSEsSmenT (MEA) predicts climaTE cHAnge to be the priNcipal ThREaT TO thE biOlogical diVeRsity (aNonymouS, 2007). duE TO IncREase in temperaTure several PLanT speciEs LikE berberIsa siAtICa, TAraxacum offIcinAle, JasminUm offiCInale etC. Have shiFted toWarDs hIgheR AlTiTudE iN naiNItAl. TEAk dOminated FoReSts arE preDICTEd to RepLace The SaL trees in centrAl INdia ANd aLso thE coniFers MaY be rePlaced By the DeCiduous types. AccOrdiNg to Gates (1990) 3°cinCrEasE iN tempERature May LeaDs to the Forest mOVemEnT OF 2.50 Km/ Year which is ten timeS tHE RaTe of natuRal forESt MoVEment. AnoNyMouS (2009) repORTed thAt chANgEs in climAte affECtS tHe normaL lIfe cycLe Of pLanT. He alSO repOrted tHat invasIve spECies (Lantana, ParTHenium and AgerATuM COnYZoidEs) aRe a threat to NatiVE speCies BEiNg mORe tolErant To CLiMAtic variations. VariaTiOn in teMperaTure and precipItation patTERNs can resUlt iN MoRE frequent drougHts anD droughts aND floods mAking IndigenoUs plants mORE vulneraBle To pEstS anD DIsEases (Tibbetts, 2007). sLIght ChAnge in cLimAtic conDitIon LeaDs tO tHe extinctIon of aniMaL sPeCiEs. FOr exaMPle climaTe ChaNgE haS resuLTed in eXtincTion Of AnIMalS like goLDeN TOad aNd moNtevErdE SAdgurU PraKAsh And SeemA SrivastaVa 63 hARleqUiN fRog (McCaRthy et al., 2001). Polar BeArs are in daNgEr dUe to reDUCtion in ARctic ice cover; North AtlanTIc whale May BecomE extInct, as plaNktOns whiCh aRE its maIn food Have sHoWn dECLinatION dUe tO cLimate chanGE. thoUgh thE eXact Impact oF climate change on InDIa's Natural resourCes Is yeT TO bE stUDiED in DeTAil, PIOneering studies Show that enDeMIc Mammals likE The niLgiri taHr face aN incrEAsed risK of extincTion (SukumAr Et al., 1995). fURthEr, there are IndicatiVe reports OF certAIn SpeciEs e.G., Black-AnD ruFous fLycatcHEr (MIkaniA micraNtHa) shifTing tHeIr lower lImits of distribution to hiGher reAches, And Sporadic dYinG Of pAtches of SHola Forests witH thE riSe in aMbiENt surFace TEmPerATures. the sEX ratio of sEA tUrtLE DiSturb becausE AS A reSult oF hiGH tempeRatuRe more female turtlES are produced. SoMe
 of wildfires both in cont rol costsand l ost  ti mb er a nd r elated resourc e s. I MPACT OF CLIMATE CHANG E ONBI O DIVE R SI TY On ly a sm a ll c han ge  i n p at t er n ofcli mate ha s severe i mpa ct  on the biod i ve rsity, alt eri ng the habit ats  of th espe c ies a ndprese ntinga  threa t for the ir surviv a l, maki n g  t hemvulnerable to ext i nc t ion. Millenniu m Ecos ys t em A sse ssm ent (MEA)pr edict s  climat e  c h a n get o be the prin cipal threa t  to  the b io log i cal di versi ty (An onymous, 20 07).  Due to i ncreas e  in tem p erature  sever alpla nt s p ec ie s l ik e  Be r be ris a  si atica, T ar ax acumoffi c i n a le,Jas minu m off icinale etc.hav e sh i fte d tow ardshigh er  alti tude i n Nai ni tal. Teak domin ated  forestsare  p red ic ted t o  repla cethe  Sal tr ees inc ent ra l I nd ia and also the co ni f e rs  may bereplac e dby the deci du ous  typ e s . Acc ordi n gto Gates  (1990 )  3 °C increas ein tem pe rat ure  mayl eads  to th e forest  move m ent of 2.50 km /  year which i s  t e n  t i mesthe  rate of na tura l  for estm ov eme n t. An onymo us (2 0 09) reported that c ha nges i n cli mate affectsthe normal l i fe cycle  ofp la n t. He also rep orted  that inva s ive spec ies ( Lantana,  Partheni u m  and Age rat umcon yzo i d es ) are a threa t to n at ive spe cie s being  mo retol era nt  to clima tic vari at io ns .Var iatio n  in temp er atu re  an d pre c ipitat ion p atte rn sc anresulti nm o re f re qu entdro ug hts a nd d r oug hts and  floods m aki n g in di ge nous pl ants more vul ne rable to p es tsand di s e ases (Ti bbetts, 2007). Slight c h ange in  cl imati c co ndition l ead s to t hee xtinct ion of  anim al  sp e c ies.F o rexa mp le climate c han ge ha sresu lted in  extinction of ani m als  like goldentoa d an d Mo nte v er d e S ad g uru P rakash and Seem a Srivasta va 63  harlequin fro g(McCart hy et a l., 2 0 01). Po lar bears  are in d an gerd u e t o reductio n in Arc tic ice c o ver;N or th At lan tic wh al e m ay be come e x tin ct, a s plan kt ons wh ich a re  its mai n food have shown decli nation  duetoclimate c han g e.Though th e ex act impact  of  cl imate  ch a nge o n In d ia 'sn atura l re s ources is ye t t o be  studied in d e tai l, pi one e ring s tudi es show that ende m ic mammals lik e th e Nil gir i  tah rface an increa sed  r i s k of ext in ction (Suku mar et a l. ,  1995 ). Fur ther,there a r e  i n dicati ve r epo rts of ce rta in species  e .g . , Blac k-an drufous  flyca t cher ( Mikania micranth a) sh i f tingt hei r low er  limits of d istributio n to higher  reach es,and s poradic  d ying o f p at ches of Sh o la forest s wit h the r is e in  am bientsurf a c e tem pera tu res . The sex r at i oof sea  tur tle d is turb  becausea s a resu lto f highte mpe r a ture m o re f emale turt les  arep r oduced. So m e
 of_wildfires both_in control costs and_lost timber_and_related resources._IMPACT_OF CLIMATE CHANGE_ON BIODIVERSITY Only_a small change in_pattern of climate_has_severe impact on the biodiversity, altering the habitats of the species and presenting a_threat_for their_survival,_making_them vulnerable to extinction. Millennium_Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) predicts climate_change to_be the principal threat to the biological diversity_(Anonymous,_2007). Due to_increase in temperature several plant species like Berberisa siatica,_Taraxacum officinale, Jasminum officinale etc. have_shifted towards higher_altitude_in_Nainital. Teak dominated forests_are predicted to replace the Sal_trees in central India and also_the conifers may be replaced by the_deciduous types. According to Gates (1990)_3°Cincrease in temperature may leads_to the_forest movement of 2.50 km/_year which is_ten times_the rate of_natural forest movement. Anonymous (2009) reported_that changes in_climate affects the normal life cycle_of_plant. He also_reported_that_invasive species_(Lantana, Parthenium and_Ageratum_conyzoides) are_a_threat to native species being more_tolerant_to climatic variations. Variation in temperature and_precipitation patterns can result_in_more frequent droughts and_droughts and floods making indigenous_plants more vulnerable to pests and_diseases (Tibbetts,_2007). Slight_change in climatic condition leads to the extinction of animal species._For example climate change has resulted_in extinction of animals_like golden_toad_and Monteverde Sadguru_Prakash_and Seema_Srivastava 63 harlequin frog (McCarthy et al.,_2001). Polar_bears are in danger due to_reduction in Arctic ice_cover;_North Atlantic whale may become extinct,_as planktons which are its main_food have shown declination due_to_climate_change. Though the exact impact_of climate change on India's natural_resources is yet_to be studied in detail, pioneering studies_show_that endemic mammals like the Nilgiri_tahr_face an increased risk of extinction_(Sukumar_et_al., 1995). Further, there are_indicative reports of certain species e.g.,_Black-and rufous flycatcher (Mikania micrantha) shifting their lower limits_of distribution to_higher reaches, and sporadic dying_of_patches_of Shola forests with the rise in ambient surface temperatures._The sex_ratio of sea_turtle disturb because as a result of high temperature more_female turtles are produced. Some