 (the car's deceleration) as well as one intervention on Ψ2 (e.g., adding external friction) that is associated with a change in Φ2 (the engine working harder). By contrast, if it is established (inductively or otherwise) that there are no such mutual difference-making interventions on parts Φ4 (the air conditioning) and Φ5 (the ashtray) or on causes (Φ1,Ψ1) and effects (Φ7,Ψ3) of the mechanism, MM identifies these variables as non-constituents of Ψ2. Although MM has considerable intuitive appeal, the remainder of this section will show that MM does not amount to an adequate theory of constitution-not because it merely fails in some intricate cases but because it fails in all cases. In short, the reason is that MM is unsatisfiable in principle, for there cannot exist ideal interventions on upper and lower levels of a mechanism that are associated with changes on the other level. 3Some authors (e.g. Couch 2011, 382; Kaplan 2012, 560) misread MM as only providing a sufficient condition for constitutive relevance. Textual evidence clearly contradicts that assessment. 6 Michael Baumgartner and Lorenzo Casini Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Φ1 Φ2 Φ3 (a) Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Ψ Ψ,,, (b) Figure 2: Model (a) depicts the impossible surgical interventions required by MM; model (b), by contrast, features the possible fat-handed interventions. To see this, consider the simple mechanism in Figure 2a: Ψ has the three constituents Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, which we assemble in what we subsequently call a constituting set Φ = {Φ1,Φ2,Φ3}. MM entails that, for the elements of Φ to be constituents of Ψ, it is necessary that there exist intervention variables IΨ, IΦ1, IΦ2, IΦ3 as depicted in Figure 2a that can induce changes on the system's other level. Thus, assume (for reductio) that IΨ is an intervention variable for Ψ w.r.t. Φ1 such that changing Ψ via IΨ is associated with a change in Φ1 (when all off-path causes of Φ1 are held
(the car's deceleration) as well as one intervention on Ψ2 (e.g., lend external clash) that is associated with a change in Φ2 (the locomotive working hard). By contrast, if it is established (inductively or differently) that there be no such mutual deviation - making interventions on contribution Φ4 (the air conditioning) and Φ5 (the ashtray) or on causes (Φ1,Ψ1) and effect (Φ7,Ψ3) of the mechanism, MM identify these variables as non - part of Ψ2. Although MM has considerable intuitive appeal, the end of this section will show that MM does not amount to an adequate hypothesis of constitution - not because it merely fails in some intricate cases but because it fails in all cases. In inadequate, the reason is that MM is unsatisfiable in principle, for there cannot exist ideal interventions on upper and lower levels of a mechanism that are consociate with changes on the other level. 3Some authors (e.g. Couch 2011, 382; Kaplan 2012, 560) misread MM as only providing a sufficient condition for constitutive relevance. Textual evidence clearly contradicts that assessment. 6 Michael Baumgartner and Lorenzo Casini Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Φ1 Φ2 Φ3 (a) Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Ψ Ψ, ,, (b) Figure 2: Model (a) depicts the impossible surgical interventions required by MM; exemplar (b), by contrast, sport the potential fatty - handed interventions. To see this, consider the simple mechanism in Figure 2a: Ψ has the three constituents Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, which we assemble in what we subsequently call a constituting jell Φ = { Φ1,Φ2,Φ3 }. MM entails that, for the elements of Φ to be constituents of Ψ, it is necessary that there exist intervention variables IΨ, IΦ1, IΦ2, IΦ3 as depicted in design 2a that can induce changes on the system's other level. therefore, assume (for reductio ad absurdum) that IΨ is an intervention variable for Ψ w.r.t. Φ1 such that changing Ψ via IΨ is associated with a change in Φ1 (when all off - path lawsuit of Φ1 are held
 (thf car's deceleration) as wtll as one intervgnrion oi Ψ2 (e.g., asding exgernal friction) that is assoriatwd wiuk a change in Φ2 (the evgine worning hareer). Uy contrast, if iv is establishsf (inburtively or othetwise) that tvere are no suwh mbtual difference-making interventions on parys Φ4 (the air condytiomyng) znd Φ5 (the ashtray) or on causes (Φ1,Ψ1) and effectv (Φ7,Ψ3) of the mecnanism, MM identifies these varlables as non-constltuents of Ψ2. Altriugh MM has zonsiderable intuitive appeal, the remainder of this sdctiou will show tyat KM does not amougt to an adequate thaory of constitution-npt uecayse it merely fails ii some intricate casgs but becduae it fails in alo xases. In vhorg, thd rtaspn is thwt JM is unsafisfiable ib principle, for thete bsnnot exist jdeal yneerventions on upper and lower levels ox a mechanism that are assiciated with changes ln the otrer level. 3Some authors (e.g. Couch 2011, 382; Kaplan 2012, 560) misreag MM es onoy oeogiding a sufficient condition for constitutivq rtlenance. Textual evibence clearly comtgacycts that assgssment. 6 Mjchael Baumgartner and Lotenzo Xasini Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Φ1 Φ2 Φ3 (a) Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Ψ Ψ,,, (b) Figure 2: Modeo (a) depicts nhe umpossible surgicap interventnons rgquirec by MM; model (b), by contxast, fsatures the possible wat-handed intervdntpons. To see ufis, consider the fimple merhanixm in Fkgurg 2a: Ψ haf the thref constituents Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, which ae asdekble in whwt we subsequently call a constmvuting set Φ = {Φ1,Φ2,Φ3}. MK ettails tkat, fov the elements jf Φ to be consjituents jf Ψ, ig is necesaary thet there exift interventimj variables MΨ, IΦ1, IΦ2, IΦ3 af depictwd in Fkeure 2a that cam induce bhcnges on rhe system's other kevgl. Thus, assume (fox twductio) that IΨ is an ijtxrvenehon variable for Ψ w.f.y. Φ1 suzh that chakgivg Ψ fia IΨ is associated fith a change in Φ1 (when ajl off-pajh causes of Φ1 are held
(the car's deceleration) as well as one Ψ2 adding external that is associated (the working harder). By if it is (inductively or otherwise) that there are such mutual difference-making interventions on parts Φ4 (the air conditioning) and Φ5 (the or on causes (Φ1,Ψ1) and effects (Φ7,Ψ3) of the mechanism, MM identifies these as of Although has considerable intuitive appeal, the remainder of this section will show that MM does not amount an adequate theory of constitution-not because it merely in some intricate cases because it fails in all In the reason that is in principle, for cannot exist ideal interventions on upper and lower levels of a mechanism that are associated with changes the other authors (e.g. 2011, Kaplan 560) misread MM providing a sufficient condition for constitutive clearly contradicts that assessment. 6 Michael Baumgartner and Casini Ψ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Φ1 Φ2 (a) Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Ψ (b) Figure 2: Model (a) depicts the impossible surgical interventions required by MM; model (b), features the possible fat-handed To see this, the mechanism Figure Ψ has three constituents Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, which we assemble in what we call a constituting set Φ = {Φ1,Φ2,Φ3}. MM entails that, elements Φ to be of Ψ, it is that exist intervention variables IΨ, IΦ3 depicted that induce on the system's other Thus, assume (for reductio) that is an intervention variable that changing Ψ via IΨ is associated with change in Φ1 (when all off-path causes Φ1 are held
 (the car's deceleration) as well As one interVentiOn oN Ψ2 (e.G., aDdinG extErnal friction) tHAt is Associated with a change iN Φ2 (the EnGIne wORkIng haRder). By cONtRASt, iF iT iS esTaBLiShed (iNduCtively Or otherwisE) thAt There are no suCH mUtual diffeRenCe-making inteRveNtions On ParTS Φ4 (the Air CondiTioninG) And Φ5 (thE ashtray) oR oN Causes (φ1,ψ1) and effECTs (φ7,Ψ3) of The mechanism, MM ideNTiFIes these variabLes as nOn-COnSTItuEntS of Ψ2. AlthouGh mM has COnsiderABlE INTuiTIve appeal, the rEmainder of tHIs sEction WiLl sHOw that mM doeS nOT amOunt to an adeQuatE theory of ConstiTUtion-noT Because It mereLy fAilS in sOMe InTriCaTE caSEs But BEcaUse it faiLs In All caSes. IN SHORt, thE reAson Is thaT MM is unsatisfIabLe in PRinCiple, For thEre cAnNot exIst ideAl intErVentions on upper And lOwer levelS of A mEchAnIsm thAT are asSocIatEd with cHanges oN The OtHER LeVel. 3Some authors (e.g. CoUcH 2011, 382; kApLan 2012, 560) misreAd MM as ONlY pROviding a SuFfiCienT COnditIon fOR cOnstitutIve relEVaNcE. TextuaL eVidencE cLeaRly ContrADictS that aSsessmenT. 6 MichAEl Baumgartner aND Lorenzo CasinI ψ Φ φ φ2 31 ψ Φ1 φ2 φ3 (a) Ψ Φ φ Φ2 31 Ψ ψ Ψ,,, (b) Figure 2: MoDel (a) DEpicTs thE ImPosSIble sUrgicAl INtERventions required by mM; Model (b), By conTrast, features The possiblE FAT-handed iNterVEnTIons. To see this, cOnsidEr the simplE MechanisM in FiGure 2a: Ψ haS the three CONstituenTs Φ1, φ2, Φ3, wHicH we ASSeMble in what we sUBSequEnTly call A coNstitutIng Set φ = {Φ1,Φ2,φ3}. MM EnTails that, For the elEmEnTs Of φ to Be conSTituents Of ψ, it Is NecEssarY That thEre exIst iNtErVEntIon variABlES iΨ, IΦ1, iΦ2, iΦ3 As dePicTeD in FiGure 2A ThaT can indUce changeS on THe syStEm'S other lEvel. Thus, assumE (fOr reductio) ThAt Iψ is an iNTErventioN variable for Ψ w.r.t. Φ1 such thAT changiNg Ψ Via IΨ Is asSociated wIth A changE in φ1 (When alL off-paTh cauSeS of φ1 ARe helD
 (the car's deceleration)as well as  oneint erv en tion  onΨ2 (e.g., addi n g ex ternal friction) thatis as so c iate d  w ith a  change in Φ 2 ( th eeng in e  w orkin g h arder).  By contra st,  i f it is esta b li shed (indu cti vely or othe rwi se) th at  th e re ar e n o suc h mutu a l diff erence-ma ki n g inte r vention s on  par ts Φ4 (the air co n di t ioning) and Φ5  (theas h tr a y ) o r o n causes ( Φ1 ,Ψ1)a nd effe c ts ( Φ 7,Ψ 3 ) of the mech anism, MM i d ent ifiesth ese variab les a sn on- constituent s of  Ψ2. Alth ough M M  has co n siderab le int uit ive  app e al ,the  r e mai n de r o f  th is secti on  w ill s howt h a t  MMdoe s no t amo unt to an ade qua te t h eor y ofconst itut io n-not  becau se it  m erely fails insome  intricat e c as esbu t bec a use it  fa ils  in all  cases. Insh o r t ,the reason is that  M M is  unsatis fiable in  p r inciple,  f orther e canno t ex i st  ideal i nterve n ti on s on up pe r andlo wer  le velso f amechan ism that  area ssociated with changes on th e  o t h er leve l.3Some autho rs ( e .g.Couc h  2 011 ,  382;  Kapl an 20 1 2, 560) misread MMas  onlyprovi ding a suffic ient condi t i o n for co nsti t ut i ve relevance.Textu al evidenc e  clearly  cont radictsthat asse s s ment. 6Mic hae l B aum g a rt ner and Loren z o  Cas in i Ψ Φ Φ  Φ2  31 Ψ Φ 1 Φ 2 Φ 3 ( a)ΨΦ Φ Φ2 31  Ψ Ψ Ψ,, ,(b )Fi gur e 2:M odel (a)  d epi ct s t he im p ossibl e sur gica lin t erv entions re q u ired  b yMM;mod el  (b),  byc ont rast, f eatures t hep ossi bl efat-han ded intervent io ns. To see  t his , cons i d er the s imple mechanism in Figu r e 2a: Ψ  ha s the  thr ee consti tue nts Φ1 , Φ 2 , Φ3,whichwe as se mbl e in wh a t  w e s ub sequentlyc a lla con st itut ing set  Φ = {Φ1,Φ2,Φ3}. M M  en tails that, f orthee l em ent s  o f  Φto bec o nstituents of Ψ , it is ne ce s sa ry that th e reex ist int erventi on va r iablesIΨ, IΦ1,IΦ2, IΦ3as  dep i c ted  in Figure  2a that  can indu c e cha n ge s onthe  syste m' s o therlevel. Thu s, as sume ( fo r redu ctio)  t hat IΨ i s an intervention varia ble fo r Ψ w .r. t. Φ1 suc h t h atchangingΨ vi a IΨ is as soc iat ed wi tha  chan ge i n  Φ 1 ( w hen a ll o f f-path ca u se s o f Φ1  are held
 (the_car's deceleration)_as well as one_intervention on_Ψ2_(e.g., adding_external_friction) that is_associated with a_change in Φ2 (the_engine working harder)._By_contrast, if it is established (inductively or otherwise) that there are no such mutual_difference-making_interventions on_parts_Φ4_(the air conditioning) and Φ5_(the ashtray) or on causes_(Φ1,Ψ1) and_effects (Φ7,Ψ3) of the mechanism, MM identifies these_variables_as non-constituents of_Ψ2. Although MM has considerable intuitive appeal, the remainder_of this section will show that_MM does not_amount_to_an adequate theory of_constitution-not because it merely fails in_some intricate cases but because it_fails in all cases. In short, the_reason is that MM is unsatisfiable_in principle, for there cannot_exist ideal_interventions on upper and lower_levels of a_mechanism that_are associated with_changes on the other level. 3Some_authors (e.g. Couch_2011, 382; Kaplan 2012, 560) misread_MM_as only providing_a_sufficient_condition for_constitutive relevance. Textual_evidence_clearly contradicts_that_assessment. 6 Michael Baumgartner and Lorenzo_Casini_Ψ Φ Φ Φ2 31 Ψ Φ1_Φ2 Φ3 (a) Ψ_Φ_Φ Φ2 31 Ψ_Ψ Ψ,,, (b) Figure 2:_Model (a) depicts the impossible surgical_interventions required_by MM;_model (b), by contrast, features the possible fat-handed interventions. To see_this, consider the simple mechanism in_Figure 2a: Ψ has_the three_constituents_Φ1, Φ2, Φ3,_which_we assemble_in what we subsequently call a constituting_set Φ_= {Φ1,Φ2,Φ3}. MM entails that, for_the elements of Φ_to_be constituents of Ψ, it is_necessary that there exist intervention variables_IΨ, IΦ1, IΦ2, IΦ3 as_depicted_in_Figure 2a that can induce_changes on the system's other level._Thus, assume (for_reductio) that IΨ is an intervention variable_for_Ψ w.r.t. Φ1 such that changing_Ψ_via IΨ is associated with a_change_in_Φ1 (when all off-path causes_of Φ1 are held