 Text, Ebrary, and similar databases to find scholarly articles and other publications. Relevant key words and 50 search terms were used that describe pertinent concepts and themes related to philosophy of technology, theories including technological determinism and social determinism, ideologies such as techno-utopianism, and ethical considerations that are integral to educational technology leadership. While the NCU online library was invaluable for much of the literature search, the researcher also obtained articles through interlibrary loan, visited other libraries, and purchased specialized books or articles on philosophy of technology topics and qualitative research methods. In reading and reviewing scholarly articles and publications, the author was careful to identify the sources generally recognized as important and authoritative by other researchers. While the literature review places emphasis on more recent literature, it also covers important seminal works, and explores foundations in philosophy of technology. Importance of Examining Philosophy of Technology Assumptions Collier (1994) argued that proceeding without examining assumptions does not mean an absence of philosophy, but rather bad philosophy. Epistemological assumptions and beliefs have been the focus of recent educational technology research (Chai, 2010; Erkunt, 2010), and research on transformational leadership in education (Brownlee et al., 2010). Although there is a gap in the literature concerning empirical research into philosophy of technology assumptions in school technology leadership, research in fields outside of K-12 education have examined the influence of philosophical assumptions about technology. Research in fields such as information technology management, business management, and university management provide evidence that assumptions characterized by technological determinism are an important factor that can influence 51 technology leadership (Grant et al., 2006; Jackson & Philip, 2010; Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi & Jackson, 2004; Prakash & Sinha, 2008). After exploring this research in fields outside of K-12 education, the ensuing discussion will focus on why examining philosophy of technology assumptions is important for educational technology leadership and practice. Research on the impact o f technological determinist assumptions on management. Jackson and Philip (2010) were concerned with how leaders manage technological change, and conducted a qualitative study to assess the relative effectiveness of three approaches that leaders use in managing techno-change. The three management approaches and related assumptions studied by the researchers were technological determinism, cultural determinism, and techno-cultural emergence (Jackson & Philip, 2010). The researchers conducted a case study of public and private sector organizations, using multiple methods including interviews, analysis of documents, and observations (Jackson & Philip, 2010). Jackson and Philip (2010
Text, Ebrary, and similar databases to find scholarly articles and early publication. Relevant key words and 50 search term were use that describe pertinent concept and themes related to philosophy of engineering, theory including technical determinism and social determinism, ideologies such as techno - utopianism, and ethical considerations that are integral to educational technology leadership. While the NCU online library was invaluable for much of the literature search, the research worker also obtained article through interlibrary loan, visited early libraries, and purchased specialized books or article on philosophy of technology subject and qualitative research method. In reading and reviewing scholarly articles and publications, the author was careful to name the sources generally recognized as important and authoritative by other researchers. While the literature recapitulation identify emphasis on more recent literature, it also covers important seminal works, and explores foundation in philosophy of technology. Importance of probe Philosophy of Technology Assumptions Collier (1994) argue that proceeding without examining assumptions does not mean an absence of philosophy, but rather bad doctrine. Epistemological assumptions and beliefs have been the focus of recent educational technology research (Chai, 2010; Erkunt, 2010), and research on transformational leadership in education (Brownlee et al. , 2010). Although there is a gap in the literature concerning empiric research into doctrine of technology assumptions in school technology leadership, research in fields outside of K-12 education have test the influence of philosophical assumptions about technology. Research in fields such as information technology management, business management, and university management put up evidence that assumptions characterized by technical determinism are an important factor that can influence 51 technology leadership (Grant et al. , 2006; Jackson & Philip, 2010; Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi & Jackson, 2004; Prakash & Sinha, 2008). After research this research in playing field outside of K-12 education, the ensuing discussion will focus on why examining philosophy of engineering assumptions is important for educational technology leadership and exercise. Research on the impact o f technological fatalist assumptions on management. Jackson and Philip (2010) were concerned with how leaders manage technical change, and conducted a qualitative study to assess the relative effectiveness of three approaches that drawing card use in managing techno - change. The three management approaches and related assumptions studied by the researchers were technical determinism, cultural determinism, and techno - cultural emergence (Jackson & Philip, 2010). The researchers conducted a case study of public and private sector organizations, using multiple method including interviews, analysis of text file, and observations (Jackson & Philip, 2010). Jackson and Philip (2010
 Tedt, Ebrary, and similar dauabases to find seyolarlb articmes and uther publications. Relevant net wores and 50 search terms wdre used nhat desceibe pertinent rkncepts and tgcmes xeoated to philoxophy of tachnology, theosids including technological determinisi and spclal determinisi, idtoljgiea such as techno-utopianism, and ethjcal coisiderations thst are integral to educatilnal technology leaderdhip. While jge GXU online licrary was puvaluable fkr much of the literature searcf, the researchet zldm obtained erticlvs through inbvrlibrasy loan, visited other liurarues, and purchased sperialized books or arjicles on [hnlosophy of technologt ropicv ang quxoitxtibe rssearcj mxthods. In rsading and eeviewing scholarly awnocles and puglicatyogs, the author was careful to identify tve aources generally recogbized as important anf authorieative by other researchers. While the literature seviex olaecf wmohasis on more recent literature, it also covewa omiortant seminal wjrks, and exlllrrf foundations in phnmoaophy of technologj. Imporjance if Examinyng Lhilosophy of Technology Aswumptions Cojoier (1994) argued that 'roceeding wnthout examoning assumptions does uot mezn an absenfe of phimusophy, but rathef bsd philosokfy. Epistemologicaj assumptmons cnd belidfs nave bqen the fofus on recent educationap tecknolocy researcj (Chai, 2010; Erkunt, 2010), and research on transformatioman lvadership in ecucation (Browglee et al., 2010). Aljhough thzre is a gap in nhe litereture concerging empirican research invo philosjphy of rechnoluey assumptions in school technoloty leadership, reseerch jn fields outsibt od K-12 education hsve exwmpnev the hnfluence of phiuosulhicau assumkcioks xbouy technology. Researcv in fields such as ingovmation tgchnology management, bisiness management, and nniverrity kanwgement provide evidence that zssumptiojs gharacterized by bechgological beterminism are an important factor that can influence 51 tgchnology leadership (Yrsnt et al., 2006; Oacksog & Philip, 2010; Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi & Jackson, 2004; Prakasm & Sinha, 2008). After explorjng thhs redearch in fields outside of K-12 education, the ensuing discussion will focus on whb qxamining pgiloxophy oy tzchnolody adrumptions is impprtant for educational technolojy leadersvi' and practice. Research on thr kmpact o f tezhnological determinist zssumptipns on management. Jackson and Pnilip (2010) were concerned wibh how leqders managv txchnological change, snd couductee a quaoitabive study to xssrsd the relwtivt efyectiveness of three approaches tyat leqdfrs use in managmng techno-chwkge. Thg three ianagement approzchea and telated assumpyions studied ny the researchers wvre technological seterminism, vultutcn determinisk, and technm-cultural emergence (Jackson & Philip, 2010). The researchera conducttd a case xtudy of publor and private sector orgsnyzations, using multi[le methods including interviews, analysis oh docuoenns, and observations (Jackson & Philip, 2010). Mcckson and Phiuip (2010
Text, Ebrary, and similar databases to find and publications. Relevant words and 50 describe concepts and themes to philosophy of theories including technological determinism and social ideologies such as techno-utopianism, and ethical considerations that are integral to educational technology While the NCU online library was invaluable for much of the literature search, researcher obtained through loan, visited other libraries, and purchased specialized books or articles on philosophy of technology topics and research methods. In reading and reviewing scholarly articles publications, the author was to identify the sources generally as and authoritative other While literature review places on more recent literature, it also covers important seminal works, and explores foundations in philosophy of technology. of Examining Technology Assumptions (1994) that without examining assumptions mean an absence of philosophy, but Epistemological assumptions and beliefs have been the focus recent educational research (Chai, 2010; Erkunt, 2010), and on transformational leadership in education (Brownlee et al., Although there is a gap in the literature concerning empirical research into philosophy of technology school technology leadership, research fields outside of education examined influence philosophical assumptions technology. Research in fields such as information technology management, business management, university management provide evidence that assumptions characterized by technological determinism important that can influence technology leadership (Grant et 2006; & Philip, 2010; Leonardi, & 2004; 2008). exploring research in fields outside K-12 education, the ensuing discussion focus on why examining important for educational technology leadership and practice. Research the impact o f technological determinist assumptions management. Jackson and Philip (2010) were concerned with how leaders manage technological and conducted study to assess the relative effectiveness of three that leaders use in techno-change. The three management approaches and related assumptions studied the were technological cultural determinism, and emergence (Jackson & 2010). The researchers case study public private multiple methods including interviews, analysis of and (Jackson & Philip, 2010). Jackson Philip
 Text, Ebrary, and similar databAses to find ScholArlY arTiCles And oTher publicatioNS. RelEvant key words and 50 search Terms WeRE useD ThAt desCribe peRTiNENt cOnCePts AnD ThEmes rElaTed to phIlosophy of TecHnOlogy, theorieS InCluding tecHnoLogical deterMinIsm and SoCiaL DeterMinIsm, idEologiES such aS techno-utOpIAnism, aND ethicaL COnSideRations that are intEGrAL to educational TechnoLoGY lEADerShiP. While the NcU OnlinE Library WAs INVAluABle for much of tHe literaturE SeaRch, the ReSeaRCher alSo obtAiNEd aRticles throUgh iNterlibraRy loan, VIsited oTHer librAries, aNd pUrcHaseD SpEcIalIzED boOKs Or aRTicLes on phiLoSoPhy of TechNOLOGy toPicS and QualiTative researcH meThodS. in rEadinG and rEvieWiNg schOlarly ArticLeS and publicationS, the Author was CarEfUl tO iDentiFY the soUrcEs gEnerallY recognIZed As IMPOrTant and authoritatiVe BY OtHer reseaRchers. wHiLe THe literaTuRe rEvieW PLaces EmphASiS on more rEcent lITeRaTure, it aLsO coverS iMpoRtaNt semINal wOrks, anD exploreS founDAtions in philosOPhy of technoloGY. IMPOrTAnce Of EXamining PhiLosoPHy of techNOlOgy aSsumpTions coLLiER (1994) argued that proceediNg WithouT examIning assumptiOns does not MEAN an absenCe of PHiLOsophy, but ratheR bad pHilosophy. EPIstemoloGical AssumptiOns and belIEFs have beEn tHe fOcuS of RECeNt educational TEChnoLoGy reseaRch (chai, 2010; ErkUnt, 2010), And ResEarCh On transfoRmationaL lEaDeRsHip In eduCAtion (BroWnLee Et Al., 2010). ALthouGH there Is a gaP in tHe LiTEraTure conCErNINg emPiRiCal rEseArCh intO phiLOsoPhy of teChnology aSsuMPtioNs In School tEchnology leadErShip, researCh In fIelds oUTSide of K-12 eDucation have examined the INfluencE of PhiloSophIcal assumPtiOns aboUt tEChnoloGy. ReseArch iN fIelDS Such aS INfOrmAtIon technolOGY maNagemEnT, busIness maNagement, and universITy mAnagement provIde EvidENCe ThaT AsSUmpTiONs cHARacterized by tecHnological DeTErMinism are aN ImpOrTant facTor that Can inFLuence 51 tEchnology LeadershiP (GRant ET Al., 2006; JAckson & PhilIp, 2010; LeonarDi, 2008; LeonardI & jacksON, 2004; PRakasH & SiNha, 2008). AftEr ExpLorinG this rESeaRch in Fields OuTside oF K-12 eduCaTion, the eNsuing discussion will focUs on whY examIniNg philosoPhy OF teChnology aSsumPtions is imPorTanT for eDucATionaL tecHNoLogY LeadeRshiP And practiCE. REseARCh On the impact O F TEchNologIcaL DetermInisT assumptions on manAGement. Jackson aNd PhILIp (2010) wEre COnceRnEd with how leadeRs mAnAGE technolOgIcal change, aNd conducTeD A qualItativE study To assesS THe RElativE effEctIveness of ThrEe APproachEs ThAT leadeRs usE iN managIng tecHNo-chANGe. The three manageMent aPPRoachES anD relaTeD assumpTIons Studied by tHe researcheRs were TechNologIcal detErMinism, CulTuRal determiNIsm, and tecHno-cuLtural eMeRgenCe (JAckson & philIP, 2010). the reSearChErs Conducted A CAsE StUdY Of pUbliC and pRiVate Sector orgANizationS, usINg multiPlE meTHOds incLUdING interviewS, anAlysiS OF documents, ANd obSErVAtionS (JacksOn & PhilIp, 2010). JacksON anD PHilip (2010
 Text, Ebrary, and similar  databases  to f ind  sc ho larl y ar ticles and oth e r pu blications. Relevant k ey wo rd s  and 50  sear ch term s  w e r e u se dtha td es cribe  pe rtinent  conceptsand  t hemes relate d  t o philosop hyof technolog y,theori es  in c ludin g t echno logica l  deter minism an ds ociald etermin i s m,  ide ologies such as t e ch n o-utopianism,and et hi c al c ons ide rations th at  arei ntegral to e d uca t ional technol ogy leaders h ip.  While  t heN CU onl ine l ib r ary  was invalu able  for much  of th e  litera t ure sea rch, t heres earc h er  a lso  o b tai n ed  ar t icl es throu gh  i nterl ibra r y l oan,  vi site d oth er libraries,  an d pu r cha sed s pecia lize dbooks  or ar ticle son philosophy o f te chnologytop ic s a nd  qual i tative  re sea rch met hods. I n  re ad i n g  a nd reviewing schol ar l y  a rticlesand pu b li ca t ions, th eaut horw a s car eful to  identif y thes ou rc es gene ra lly re co gni zed  as i m port ant an d author itati v e by other res e archers. Whil e  t h e  l i tera tur e review pl aces emph asis on  mo r e rec ent l it e ra t ure, it also covers  i mporta nt se minal works,and explor e s foundati onsi np hilosophy of t echno logy. Impo r tance of  Exam ining Ph ilosophyo f  Technol ogy  As sum pti o n sCollier (1994 ) argu ed  that p roc eedingwit hou t e xam in ing assum ptions d oe sno tmea n ana bsence o fphi lo sop hy, b u t rath er ba d ph il os o phy . Epist e mo l o gica las sump tio ns  andbeli e fshave be en the fo cus of r ec en t educa tional techno lo gy researc h(Ch ai, 20 1 0 ; Erkunt , 2010), and research o n  transf orm ation al l eadership  in  educa tio n  (Brow nlee e t al. ,201 0 ) . Alt h o ug h t he re is a ga p inthe l it erat ure con cerning empiricalr ese arch into phi los ophy o ftec h no l ogy  a s sum p t ions in schooltechnology  l e ad ership, re s ear ch  in fie lds out sideo f K-12education  have exa mi nedt h e i nfluence o f philos ophical a s sumpt i on s abo uttechno lo gy.  Rese arch i n  fi eldssuch a sinform ation  t echnolog y management, businessmanage ment,  an d univers ity man agement p rovi de evidenc e t hat  assu mpt i ons c hara c te riz e d bytech n ologicald et erm i n is m are an im p o r tan t fac tor that c an i nfluence 51 techn o logy leadershi p (G r a nteta l.,20 06; Jackson &Phi li p ,  2010; L eo nardi, 2008 ; Leonar di & Jac kson,2004;Prakash &  S i nha, 2 008) . A fter expl ori ng this re se ar c h in f ield soutsid e of K - 12 e d u cation, the ensu ing d i s cussi o n w ill f oc us on w h y ex amining ph ilosophy of  techn olog y ass umption sis imp ort an t for educ a tional te chnol ogy lea de rshi p a nd pra ctic e .  Rese arch  o n t he impact o  f te ch n olo gica l det er mini st assump t ions onman a gement.  J ack s o n andP hi l i p (2010) w ere  conc e r ned with h o w le a de r s man age te chnolo gical c h ang e,  and co ndu c t ed a qual itative s t udy  t o as sess the  r elat iv e e ff ectiveness of t hree app roachest h at lea der s  use in man ag ing techno-c hange .T he thre e man agement app roa che s an d r elat e d assumptions studied by  the  rese a rch ers w ere t ec hnologic a l de terminis m , cultural de terminism, andt ech n o-cu ltu r al  e mergence(Ja c kson& Ph ili p, 2 010 ). T h e  res e arch e rs  con ducted  a c as estudy ofpu blic an d  pri v ate  sec tor o rg an i za tions,using mu ltipl emethods i n cluding  int er views, analys is of docume nt s, a nd obs e rva tio n s  (Jackson &Philip, 20 10) . Jacksonan d P h ili p (20 10
 Text,_Ebrary, and_similar databases to find_scholarly articles_and_other publications._Relevant_key words and_50 search terms_were used that describe_pertinent concepts and_themes_related to philosophy of technology, theories including technological determinism and social determinism, ideologies such_as_techno-utopianism, and_ethical_considerations_that are integral to educational_technology leadership. While the NCU_online library_was invaluable for much of the literature search,_the_researcher also obtained_articles through interlibrary loan, visited other libraries, and purchased_specialized books or articles on philosophy_of technology topics_and_qualitative_research methods. In reading_and reviewing scholarly articles and publications,_the author was careful to identify_the sources generally recognized as important and_authoritative by other researchers. While the_literature review places emphasis on_more recent_literature, it also covers important_seminal works, and_explores foundations_in philosophy of_technology. Importance of Examining Philosophy of_Technology Assumptions Collier_(1994) argued that proceeding without examining_assumptions_does not mean_an_absence_of philosophy,_but rather bad_philosophy._Epistemological assumptions_and_beliefs have been the focus of_recent_educational technology research (Chai, 2010; Erkunt, 2010),_and research on transformational_leadership_in education (Brownlee et_al., 2010). Although there is_a gap in the literature concerning_empirical research_into philosophy_of technology assumptions in school technology leadership, research in fields outside_of K-12 education have examined the_influence of philosophical assumptions_about technology._Research_in fields such_as_information technology_management, business management, and university management provide_evidence that_assumptions characterized by technological determinism are_an important factor that_can_influence 51 technology leadership (Grant et_al., 2006; Jackson & Philip, 2010;_Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi & Jackson,_2004;_Prakash_& Sinha, 2008). After exploring_this research in fields outside of_K-12 education, the_ensuing discussion will focus on why examining_philosophy_of technology assumptions is important for_educational_technology leadership and practice. Research on_the_impact_o f technological determinist assumptions_on management. Jackson and Philip (2010)_were concerned with how leaders manage technological change, and_conducted a qualitative_study to assess the relative_effectiveness_of_three approaches that leaders use in managing techno-change. The three_management approaches_and related assumptions_studied by the researchers were technological determinism, cultural determinism, and_techno-cultural emergence (Jackson & Philip, 2010). The_researchers conducted a case study of public and private sector organizations,_using multiple methods including interviews, analysis of documents,_and observations (Jackson & Philip, 2010). Jackson_and Philip (2010