 that it is solid research that influences me, but I don't need research to see students get excited using response systems, iPads, and interactive whiteboards. The game has changed and research cannot keep up with the changing tide, and I don't want my students left behind." "I have experienced technology initiatives that are driven by money or appearance of support rather than data o f how well it supported students." "As educational professionals we try to always remain focused on what is in the best interest o f our students. With the rapid changes in technology, it is often difficult to make those determinations." "More times than not I think some look for the silver bullet and jump for a trend when we have not adequately explored our true needs. Trends sometimes pass quickly or repeat themselves, which to me means that it didn't really work. Without 233 ethical norms changing TD 13 because of technological change ethical norms changing TD12 because of technological change_____________________________ really evaluating at what is needed how can we know what to use?" "We tell the students about this all the time, some of the things like plagiarism may not be considered plagiarism in the future." "As technology changes, the definitions of ownership, copyright, and plagiarism are likely to change."_____________________ Evaluation of Findings The Evaluation of Findings section will interpret the results in light of the literature, including theories and conceptual frameworks pertaining to philosophy of technology. The evaluation will compare and contrast the findings of this study to findings from other studies. This section presents a substantive theory pertaining to philosophy of technology in K-12 educational technology leadership, surrounding the core category that emerged from the study, Keep up with technology (or be left behind). Instrumental view o f technology. In the section detailing the findings for Research Question 1, it was reported that the perspective Technology is a tool was a prevalent philosophy of technology. Participants often described how their philosophy of technology was characterized by viewing technology as a tool. This perspective Technology is a tool aligns with the instrumental view of technology, a popular and widely held philosophy of technology (Franssen et al., 2009; Jackson, 2010). The instrumental view of technology considers technology as a tool, as means put to use by users for their purposeful ends (Berger, 2011; Feenberg, 1991; Heidegger, 2009). The instrumental view of technology employs a means and ends reasoning that starts with emphasizing the purposeful ends that one wishes to realize through a technological solution, and then proceeds toward identifying possible means of achieving 234 those ends
that it is solid research that influences me, but I don't need inquiry to examine students get excited use answer systems, iPads, and interactive whiteboards. The plot has changed and research cannot keep up with the deepen tide, and I don't want my students leave behind. " " I have experienced technology first step that are drive by money or appearance of support preferably than data o degree fahrenheit how well it supported students. " " As educational professionals we hear to always remain focused on what is in the best interest oxygen f our students. With the rapid change in technology, it is often difficult to cook those determinations. " " More times than not I think some look for the silver bullet train and jump for a trend when we have not adequately explored our true needs. Trends sometimes pass quickly or repeat themselves, which to me means that it didn't truly work. Without 233 ethical norms transfer TD 13 because of technical variety ethical norms changing TD12 because of technological change _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ really evaluating at what is needed how can we know what to practice? " " We tell the students about this all the time, some of the things like plagiarism may not be considered plagiarism in the future. " " As technology changes, the definitions of ownership, copyright, and plagiarism are likely to change. " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Evaluation of Findings The Evaluation of Findings section will translate the results in luminosity of the literature, including theories and conceptual frameworks pertaining to philosophy of engineering. The evaluation will compare and contrast the findings of this study to findings from other studies. This section presents a substantive theory pertain to philosophy of engineering in K-12 educational technology leadership, surrounding the core category that emerged from the survey, Keep up with engineering (or be left behind). Instrumental opinion o f technology. In the section detail the findings for Research Question 1, it was report that the perspective Technology is a creature was a prevalent philosophy of technology. Participants often describe how their philosophy of technology was characterize by viewing technology as a creature. This perspective Technology is a tool aligns with the instrumental view of technology, a popular and widely held philosophy of technology (Franssen et al. , 2009; Jackson, 2010). The implemental view of technology consider technology as a tool, as mean put to use by users for their purposeful end (Berger, 2011; Feenberg, 1991; Heidegger, 2009). The instrumental view of technology employs a means and ends reasoning that starts with emphasizing the purposeful end that one wishes to realize through a technological solution, and then proceeds toward identifying possible mean of achieving 234 those ends
 thwt it is solid research uhat influences mg, vut I von't nesd reseafch to see students get excived ysing response systems, iPadr, and intvractive qhittboards. The game izs channzd ans reszacch cannot keep up with tve changing tige, aud I don't want my students left behigd." "I hafe experienced tgchnokjgy jnitiatives that are driven by monsy or akpearance of suppott rather than data o f hoa wepl it supported stkdents." "As eeucaeuonal profesrionals we try to alwais remain focused on what is in ghe bzst interesj k v our studenvs. Witr the rapid gnanges in tecnnology, it is pftxn dufficult to make thosx determinations." "Morg times thdn not I think some liok fmr tve skovef bhlkef and uum' for a trehd when we yave not adequately evikored our trhe neeqs. Trends sometimes pass quickly or repeau thejselves, which to me meabs that it didn't realpy work. Wythout 233 ethical norms changing TD 13 because of tecvnolojizal cmangd ehhical norms changing TD12 because of technologydak bhange_____________________________ really evajuating at ehwt ys needed how can wz khow what to use?" "We tell tre stydents abjut yhis all the time, some of tye things lihw plagiarism may nlt be consibered klagiatism in the future." "As tzchnolkgy changes, the defihktions of ownersfip, cmpyright, and plagiarism arq likely vo chcnge."_____________________ Evauuatoon of Findings Hhe Eydluation of Findinhs seetion will integpret the results in light of tix literature, onwluging thejries and conceptuwl frameworks kertaininy to pfilosophy kf techiology. The edaluation wiln compare and contrase thw fibdings uw this study tp findings from othwr studies. This segtion lresents a subsccnuice theory pertsinkng tl 'hilofmphy of techtoloey km K-12 eaucational becfnolpgy leadership, surrogndihg the core categoty that emgrged froi the study, Krep up with technopogy (mr ue lefy bghind). Instrumental view o f tecgnology. Ij tme section deeaillng jhe findingx for Research Question 1, it was reportev that the perspective Rechnology is a took was a prevelent [hilosophf of technology. Partucipants often dexcribed how their phimosophf of hechnology was characterized by viewing technology as a tool. This perspecrive Txcrnology is z topl alpgnf with ehe mnrtrumental view pf technology, a popular and widxly held pvijosophy of technology (Franssrn et al., 2009; Jacksun, 2010). The instrumental vies of tecnnology considers technology as a tool, as means put to mse by uswrs fkr thept pnrposeful ends (Berget, 2011; Feeuberg, 1991; Heidegter, 2009). The instrumevtak yiew of tefhnokoyy employs a means and ends reasobing tyah starts with em'hasizing thc kurposerul enqs that one wishss tk realkze through a technological solution, and then pgocqeds toward idtntifying possinle mgcts of achievmng 234 those etds
that it is solid research that influences I need research see students get and whiteboards. The game changed and research keep up with the changing tide, I don't want my students left behind." "I have experienced technology initiatives that driven by money or appearance of support rather than data o f how it students." educational we try to always remain focused on what is in the best interest o f our With the rapid changes in technology, it is difficult to make those "More times than not I some for the bullet jump a trend when have not adequately explored our true needs. Trends sometimes pass quickly or repeat themselves, which to me that it work. Without ethical changing 13 because of ethical norms changing TD12 because of evaluating at what is needed how can we what to "We tell the students about this the time, some of the things like plagiarism not be considered plagiarism in the future." "As technology changes, the definitions of ownership, copyright, are likely to change."_____________________ of Findings The of section interpret results in of the literature, including theories and conceptual frameworks pertaining to philosophy technology. The evaluation will compare and contrast the findings of to from other studies. section presents a substantive pertaining philosophy of technology in technology surrounding that from study, Keep up with (or be left behind). Instrumental o f technology. In for Research Question 1, it was reported that perspective Technology is a tool was a philosophy of technology. Participants often described how their philosophy of technology was by viewing a tool. This perspective Technology is a tool with the instrumental view technology, a popular and widely held philosophy of technology et 2009; Jackson, The instrumental view technology considers technology a tool, as to use users their 2011; Feenberg, 1991; Heidegger, 2009). The view technology employs a means and reasoning with emphasizing the purposeful ends that one wishes to realize through a technological solution, and toward identifying possible means achieving those ends
 that it is solid research that Influences Me, but i doN't nEeD resEarcH to see students GEt exCited using response systEms, iPAdS, And iNTeRactiVe whiteBOaRDS. ThE gAmE haS cHAnGed anD reSearch cAnnot keep uP wiTh The changing tIDe, And I don't waNt mY students lefT beHind." "I hAvE exPErienCed TechnOlogy iNItiatiVes that arE dRIven by MOney or aPPEaRancE of support rather tHAn DAta o f how well it SupporTeD StUDEntS." "As EducationaL pRofesSIonals wE TrY TO AlwAYs remain focusEd on what is iN The Best inTeResT O f our sTudenTs. wIth The rapid chaNges In technolOgy, it iS Often diFFicult tO make tHosE deTermINaTiOns." "moRE tiMEs ThaN Not i think soMe LoOk for The sILVER bulLet And jUmp foR a trend when we HavE not ADeqUatelY explOred OuR true Needs. TRends SoMetimes pass quicKly oR repeat thEmsElVes, WhIch to ME means ThaT it Didn't reAlly worK. witHoUT 233 EThIcal norms changing Td 13 bECAuSe of techNologiCAl ChANge ethicAl NorMs chANGing Td12 becAUsE of technOlogicAL cHaNge_____________________________ realLy EvaluaTiNg aT whAt is nEEded How can We know whAt to uSE?" "We tell the studENts about this aLL tHE TiME, somE of The things liKe plAGiarIsm mAY nOt bE ConsiDered PlAGiARism in the future." "As teChNology ChangEs, the definitiOns of ownerSHIP, copyrigHt, anD PlAGiarism are likeLy to cHange."_____________________ EvaluATion of FiNdingS The EvalUation of FINDings secTioN wiLl iNteRPReT the results in LIGht oF tHe literAtuRe, incluDinG thEorIes AnD conceptuAl framewOrKs PeRtAinIng to PHilosophY oF teChNolOgy. ThE EvaluaTion wIll cOmPaRE anD contraST tHE FindInGs Of thIs sTuDy to fIndiNGs fRom otheR studies. THis SEctiOn PrEsents a Substantive thEoRy pertainiNg To pHilosoPHY of technOlogy in K-12 educational techNOlogy leAdeRship, SurrOunding thE coRe cateGorY That emErged fRom thE sTudY, kEep up WITh TecHnOlogy (or be lEFT beHind). INsTrumEntal viEw o f technology. In thE SecTion detailing The FindINGs For rEsEArcH QUEstION 1, it was reported tHat the persPeCTiVe TechnoloGY is A tOol was a PrevaleNt phiLOsophy oF technoloGy. ParticiPaNts oFTEn dEscribed hoW their phIlosophy oF TechnOLoGy was ChaRacterIzEd bY viewIng tecHNolOgy as A tool. THiS perspEctivE TEchnologY is a tool aligns with the inStrumeNtal vIew Of technolOgy, A PopUlar and wiDely Held philosOphY of TechnOloGY (FranSsen ET aL., 2009; JaCKson, 2010). THe inSTrumental VIeW of TEChNology consiDERS teChnolOgy AS a tool, As meAns put to use by userS For their purposEful ENDs (BErgER, 2011; FeeNbErg, 1991; Heidegger, 2009). ThE inStRUMental viEw Of technologY employs A mEAns anD ends rEasoniNg that sTARtS With emPhasIziNg the purpOseFuL Ends thaT oNe WIshes tO reaLiZe throUgh a teCHnolOGIcal solution, and tHen prOCEeds tOWarD idenTiFying poSSiblE means of acHieving 234 thosE ends
 that it is solid research  that infl uence s m e,bu t Idon' t need researc h  tosee students get excit ed us in g  res p on se sy stems,i Pa d s , a nd  i nte ra c ti ve wh ite boards.  The gamehas  c hanged and r e se arch canno t k eep up withthe  chang in g t i de, a ndI don 't wan t  my st udents le ft behind . " "I ha v e  e xper ienced technology in i tiatives thatare dr iv e nb y  mo ney  or appear an ce of support ra t h e r t h an data o f h ow well its upp ortedst ude n ts." " As ed uc a tio nal profess iona ls we try  to al w ays rem a in focu sed on  wh atis i n  t he  be st int e re sto  four stud en ts . Wit h th e r a pidcha nges  in t echnology, it  is  oft e n d iffic ult t o ma ke  thos e dete rmina ti ons." "More tim es t han not I  th in k s om e loo k  for t hesil ver bul let and jum pf o r  a  trend when we hav en o tadequate ly exp l or ed our true  n eed s. T r e nds s omet i me s pass q uickly or  r epeat t he mselve s,  wh ich  to m e  mea ns tha t it did n't r e ally work. Wit h out 233 ethic a ln o rm s  cha ngi ng TD 13 be caus e  oftech n ol ogi c al ch angeet h ic a l norms changing TD 12  becau se of  technologica l change__ _ _ _ ________ ____ _ __ _ ________ reall y eva luating at what isneede d how ca n we know w hat to u se? " " Wetel l th e students ab o u t th is  all th e t ime, so meofthe  th in gs like p lagiaris mma yno t b e con s idered p la gia ri smin th e  futur e." " As t ec hn o log y chang e s, t he d ef in itio nsof  owne rshi p , c opyrigh t, and pl agi a rism  a re  likely  to change."_ __ __________ __ ___ ___ Ev a l uation o f Findings The Evaluati o n of Fi ndi ngs s ecti on will i nte rpretthe result s in l ightof  th e liter a t ur e,in cluding th e o rie s and  c once ptual f rameworks pertaini n g t o philosophyoftech n o lo gy. Th e  ev al u ati o n  will compare a nd contras tt he  findingso f t hi s study  to fin dings from ot her studi es. Thisse ctio n pre sents a su bstantiv e theoryp ertai n in g tophi losoph yoftechn ologyi n K -12 e ducati on al tec hnolo gy  leaders hip, surrounding the co re cat egory  th at emerge d f r omthe study , Ke ep up with  te chn ology  (o r  be l eftb eh ind ) . Ins trum e ntal view of t e c hn ology. In t h e sec tiondet a ilingthefindings for Rese a rch Question 1 , it w asrep o rted  t hat the perspe cti ve T echnolog yis a tool w as a pre va l ent p hiloso phy of  techno l o gy .  Parti cipa nts  often de scr ib e d how t he ir philos ophy  o f tech nology wasc h aracterized by v iewin g techn o log y asatool. T h is p erspective  Technology  is atool  alig ns with  t he ins tru me ntal viewo f technol ogy,a popul ar  and  wi dely h eldp h iloso phyof  te chnology( F ra n ss en etal.,  2009 ;Jack son, 2010 ) . The in str u mentalvi ewo f  techn o lo g y  considers  te chnol o g y as a too l , as me a ns pu t to u se byusers f o r t he ir purp ose f u l ends (B erger, 20 1 1;Fe enbe rg, 1991 ;Heid eg ger ,2009). The inst rumental  view of t echnol ogy empl o ys a m ea ns and endsreaso ni n g thats t art s withe mph asi zin g th e p urpo s eful ends that one wishe s to  real i zethrou gh ate chnologi c al s olution, and then proc eeds toward ide n tif y ingpos s ib le  means of  ac h ievin g 23 4 t hose  en ds
 that_it is_solid research that influences_me, but_I_don't need_research_to see students_get excited using_response systems, iPads, and_interactive whiteboards. The_game_has changed and research cannot keep up with the changing tide, and I don't_want_my students_left_behind."_"I have experienced technology initiatives_that are driven by money_or appearance_of support rather than data o f how_well_it supported students."_"As educational professionals we try to always remain focused_on what is in the best_interest o f_our_students._With the rapid changes_in technology, it is often difficult_to make those determinations." "More times_than not I think some look for_the silver bullet and jump for_a trend when we have_not adequately_explored our true needs. Trends_sometimes pass quickly_or repeat_themselves, which to_me means that it didn't really_work. Without 233_ethical norms changing TD 13 because_of_technological change ethical_norms_changing_TD12 because_of technological change______________________________really_evaluating at_what_is needed how can we know_what_to use?" "We tell the students about_this all the time,_some_of the things like_plagiarism may not be considered_plagiarism in the future." "As technology_changes, the_definitions of_ownership, copyright, and plagiarism are likely to change."_____________________ Evaluation of Findings_The Evaluation of Findings section will_interpret the results in_light of_the_literature, including theories_and_conceptual frameworks_pertaining to philosophy of technology. The evaluation_will compare_and contrast the findings of this_study to findings from_other_studies. This section presents a substantive_theory pertaining to philosophy of technology_in K-12 educational technology leadership,_surrounding_the_core category that emerged from_the study, Keep up with technology_(or be left_behind). Instrumental view o f technology. In_the_section detailing the findings for Research_Question_1, it was reported that the_perspective_Technology_is a tool was a_prevalent philosophy of technology. Participants often_described how their philosophy of technology was characterized by_viewing technology as_a tool. This perspective Technology_is_a_tool aligns with the instrumental view of technology, a popular_and widely_held philosophy of_technology (Franssen et al., 2009; Jackson, 2010). The instrumental view_of technology considers technology as a tool,_as means put to use by users for their purposeful ends_(Berger, 2011; Feenberg, 1991; Heidegger, 2009). The instrumental_view of technology employs a means and_ends reasoning that starts_with_emphasizing the purposeful ends that one wishes_to_realize_through_a technological solution,_and then proceeds_toward identifying possible_means of_achieving 234 those_ends