 6 Internet safety when making decisions about adopting educational technology (Virginia Department of Education, 2008a; Virginia Department of Education, 2010). A national framework of essential skills for K-12 technology leadership defines core skill areas for the profession, including awareness o f ethical considerations that are integral to adopting educational technology (Consortium for School Networking, 2011). Ethical considerations about technology defined in the national framework include Internet safety for students, equitable access to technology, copyright compliance, personal privacy, environmental protection and energy saving practices, and ensuring that technology promotes a high-performing learning environment (Consortium for School Networking, 2011). Scholars have observed that technological determinist assumptions appear prevalent in the popular mindset (Best, 2009; Burnett et al., 2008; Carr-Chellman, 2006; Friesen, 2008; Leonardi, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006; Selwyn, 2010b; Wyatt, 2008; Yang, 2009), and can affect media discourse (Cukier, Ngwenyama, Bauer, & Middleton, 2009; Friedman, 2009). For example, Friedman (2009) examined American media coverage of the 2009 Iranian presidential election, and the ensuing protests in Iran disputing the results, and concluded that the American media rhetoric about Twitter was influenced by technological determinist assumptions that technology causes inevitable social change. Friedman (2009) asserted that although the media attention inspired Americans to become more interested in the Iranian struggle, the discourse was influenced by the perception that utopian social transformation would inevitably occur in Iran through technology. Morozov (2009) observed that utopian views about technology, proceeding from the technological determinist assumption that it will inevitably cause the spread of democracy around the world, have been present in statements by political analysts, and U.S. presidents such as Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Friedman (2009) noted, however, that international observers concluded a broad-based grassroots movement drove the Iranian protests more so than social networking technologies causing inevitable change. The media discourse of technological determinism minimized the role o f the human agents in the complex social struggle, while exaggerating the effects of social media (Friedman, 2009). Empirical research studies provide evidence that technological determinist assumptions about the inevitability o f technology can influence the decisions and actions that leaders make on behalf of their organizations (Grant, Hall, Wailes, & Wright, 2006; Jackson & Philip, 2010; Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi & Jackson, 2004; Prakash & Sinha, 2008
6 Internet safety when making decisions about adopting educational engineering (Virginia Department of Education, 2008a; Virginia Department of Education, 2010). A home model of essential skills for K-12 technology leadership define core skill areas for the profession, admit awareness oxygen f ethical considerations that are integral to adopting educational technology (Consortium for School Networking, 2011). Ethical considerations about engineering defined in the national framework include Internet condom for students, equitable access to technology, copyright compliance, personal privacy, environmental protection and department of energy saving practices, and ensuring that engineering promotes a high - performing learning environment (Consortium for School Networking, 2011). Scholars have observed that technical determinist assumption appear prevalent in the popular mentality (Best, 2009; Burnett et al. , 2008; Carr - Chellman, 2006; Friesen, 2008; Leonardi, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006; Selwyn, 2010b; Wyatt, 2008; Yang, 2009), and can affect media discourse (Cukier, Ngwenyama, Bauer, & Middleton, 2009; Friedman, 2009). For example, Friedman (2009) examined American medium coverage of the 2009 Iranian presidential election, and the ensuing protests in Iran disputing the results, and concluded that the American media rhetoric about Twitter was influenced by technological determinist premise that technology causes inevitable social variety. Friedman (2009) assert that although the medium attention inspired Americans to become more concerned in the Iranian struggle, the sermon was influenced by the perception that utopian social transformation would inescapably occur in Iran through technology. Morozov (2009) observed that utopian views about technology, proceeding from the technological determinist assumption that it will inevitably cause the spread of majority rule around the world, have been present in statement by political analyst, and U.S. presidents such as Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Friedman (2009) noted, however, that international observers conclude a broad - based grassroots movement drove the Iranian protests more so than social networking technologies causing inevitable change. The culture medium discourse of technological determinism minimized the role o degree fahrenheit the human agents in the complex social conflict, while exaggerating the effects of social metier (Friedman, 2009). Empirical research cogitation provide evidence that technological determinist assumptions about the inevitability o f technology can influence the decisions and actions that leaders make on behalf of their organization (Grant, Hall, Wailes, & Wright, 2006; Jackson & Philip, 2010; Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi & Jackson, 2004; Prakash & Sinha, 2008
 6 Ijternet safety when makikg decisions aboot adoptmng edudational technology (Virginia Departmxnt if Edycation, 2008a; Virginia Depxrtment ov Educatuon, 2010). Q national framewovh of cssenciel skills for K-12 technologf leadership dafknzs core skill areas for the professijn, inclidlng awareness j f tthycal boksiderations that are integral tk adoptpng educational trchnology (Consortium for Sfhoop Networking, 2011). Ethifal considetztijbs about tecfnology defined in the national framework include Intdrnet safety fot atkgents, equiteble abcess to techkplogy, wopyrignt compliance, iersoial privacy, environmental protection and engrgy savinc 'ractices, and ensurint rhat jechnmlogh prumoues a high-pfrfkrming leadning envirinment (Consortium fpr Wchool Networiing, 2011). Fcrolars have observed that technological deferminist assumptions appear prevalent in thg popular iindset (Best, 2009; Burnett et al., 2008; Carr-Chellman, 2006; Frieset, 2008; Lekvarbl, 2008; Oifvrouw, 2006; Selwyn, 2010b; Wyatt, 2008; Yang, 2009), and can affect isdoa discourse (Cukler, Ngwenyama, Bauet, & Moqdleton, 2009; Frieaman, 2009). Ykr example, Friedman (2009) examingd Ameeican medya cpverage of the 2009 Iranian prewidential elvctiin, and the ensuing protests iu Iran dispiting the results, and cunclhded that tje Americzv media rhetoric abpud Twitter was influenced br technoligiccl deteroinixt asstmptions tjat tcwhnology causes infvitayle smcial chanhe. Friedman (2009) asserted that although the media adtettion infpirec Americans tj become more nnterestzd in ghe Iraniah strugjle, the discjurse was infnoenced by the perceptyon rhat utopiav social transfprmation cjuld inevitably occur ln Irxh through techniloty. Morozov (2009) obsrrvdd ehwt uempian views dboug tdvhnolugy, proceedlng frok the technological getedminist assumption tmat it wiol inevieably cause tne spread of democgacy eround the eorjd, have been present in statemsnts by pllibical analystf, ane U.S. presideuts such as Bill Clinton and George W. Buwh. Friedman (2009) noted, however, that interuauional observxrs cogcluded a broad-based grassroors movement drove the Iranian protests more vo thwn social networking technologies causing inevitable change. The media disxourse of technoloficak detvrmnnixm minymizxd the role o f thv human agents in the complex sorial strugclz, while exaggerating the effevtr of social mgdia (Friedman, 2009). Empirical rssearch xtudies provide evidence that trchnological determinist assumptuons zbout nge inevitability o f technmlogy can indluekce the decisiuns akd actions thau lecders make on behalf of their orgqnizatuojs (Grant, Hall, Wamles, & Wright, 2006; Jackaon & Prilip, 2010; Leonardi, 2008; Leohwrdi & Jackson, 2004; Pralash & Sinha, 2008
6 Internet safety when making decisions about technology Department of 2008a; Virginia Department framework essential skills for technology leadership defines skill areas for the profession, including o f ethical considerations that are integral to adopting educational technology (Consortium for Networking, 2011). Ethical considerations about technology defined in the national framework include Internet for equitable to copyright compliance, personal privacy, environmental protection and energy saving practices, and ensuring that technology promotes a learning environment (Consortium for School Networking, 2011). Scholars observed that technological determinist appear prevalent in the popular (Best, Burnett et 2008; 2006; 2008; Leonardi, 2008; 2006; Selwyn, 2010b; Wyatt, 2008; Yang, 2009), and can affect media discourse (Cukier, Ngwenyama, Bauer, & Middleton, Friedman, 2009). Friedman (2009) American coverage the 2009 Iranian and the ensuing protests in Iran and concluded that the American media rhetoric about was influenced technological determinist assumptions that technology causes social change. Friedman (2009) asserted that although the attention inspired Americans to become more interested in the Iranian struggle, the discourse was influenced perception that utopian social would inevitably occur Iran technology. (2009) that utopian about technology, proceeding from the technological determinist assumption that it will cause the spread of democracy around the world, have been statements political analysts, and presidents such as Bill and W. Bush. Friedman (2009) that observers grassroots drove Iranian protests more so social networking technologies causing inevitable The media discourse of o f the human agents in the complex struggle, while exaggerating the effects of social (Friedman, 2009). Empirical research studies provide evidence that technological determinist assumptions about inevitability o can influence the decisions and actions that leaders on behalf of their (Grant, Hall, Wailes, & Wright, 2006; Jackson & Philip, Leonardi, Leonardi & 2004; Prakash & 2008
 6 Internet safety when making dEcisions abOut adOptIng EdUcatIonaL technology (VirGInia department of Education, 2008a; virgiNiA depaRTmEnt of educatiON, 2010). A NATioNaL fRamEwORk Of essEntIal skilLs for K-12 techNolOgY leadership dEFiNes core skiLl aReas for the prOfeSsion, iNcLudINg awaRenEss o f EthicaL ConsidErations tHaT Are intEGral to aDOPtIng eDucational technolOGy (cOnsortium for ScHool NeTwORkING, 2011). EtHicAl considerAtIons aBOut techNOlOGY DefINed in the natioNal frameworK IncLude InTeRneT Safety For stUdENts, Equitable acCess To technolOgy, copYRight coMPliance, PersonAl pRivAcy, eNViRoNmeNtAL prOTeCtiON anD energy sAvInG pracTiceS, AND EnsuRinG thaT techNology promoteS a hIgh-pERfoRming LearnIng eNvIronmEnt (ConSortiUm For School NetworKing, 2011). scholars hAve ObSerVeD that TEchnolOgiCal DetermiNist assUMptIoNS APpEar prevalent in the pOpULAr Mindset (BEst, 2009; BurNEtT eT Al., 2008; Carr-ChElLmaN, 2006; FriESEn, 2008; LeoNardI, 2008; liEvrouw, 2006; SeLwyn, 2010b; WYAtT, 2008; YAng, 2009), and cAn Affect MeDia DisCoursE (cukiEr, NgweNyama, BauEr, & MidDLeton, 2009; Friedman, 2009). FOR example, FriedMAn (2009) EXAmINed AMerIcan media coVeraGE of tHe 2009 IrANiAn pREsideNtial ElECtIOn, and the ensuing protEsTs in IrAn disPuting the resuLts, and concLUDEd that thE AmeRIcAN media rhetoric About twitter was INfluenceD by teChnologiCal determINIst assumPtiOns ThaT teCHNoLogy causes ineVITablE sOcial chAngE. FriedmAn (2009) aSseRteD thAt Although tHe media aTtEnTiOn InsPired aMericans To BecOmE moRe intERested In the iranIaN sTRugGle, the dIScOURse wAs InFlueNceD bY the pErcePTioN that utOpian sociAl tRAnsfOrMaTion wouLd inevitably oCcUr in Iran thRoUgh TechnoLOGy. MorozoV (2009) observed that utopian vieWS about tEchNologY, proCeeding frOm tHe techNolOGical dEtermiNist aSsUmpTIOn thaT IT wIll InEvitably caUSE thE spreAd Of deMocracy Around the world, have BEen Present in statEmeNts bY POlItiCAl ANalYsTS, anD u.s. presidents such As Bill ClinToN AnD George W. BuSH. FrIeDman (2009) notEd, howevEr, thaT InternaTional obsErvers conClUded A BRoaD-based grasSroots moVement droVE the IRAnIan prOteSts morE sO thAn socIal netWOrkIng teChnoloGiEs causIng inEvItable chAnge. The media discourse of TechnoLogicAl dEterminisM miNImiZed the rolE o f tHe human ageNts In tHe comPleX SociaL strUGgLe, wHIle exAggeRAting the eFFeCts OF SoCial media (FrIEDMan, 2009). empirIcaL ResearCh stUdies provide evideNCe that technoloGicaL DEteRmiNIst aSsUmptions about tHe iNeVITability O f Technology cAn influeNcE The deCisionS and acTions thAT LeADers maKe on BehAlf of theiR orGaNIzationS (GRaNT, Hall, WAileS, & WRight, 2006; JAckson & pHiliP, 2010; lEonardi, 2008; Leonardi & JAcksoN, 2004; pRakasH & sinHa, 2008
 6 Internet safety when ma king decis ionsabo utad opti ng e ducational tec h nolo gy (Virginia Departmen t ofEd u cati o n,  2008 a; Virg i ni a Dep ar tm ent  o f  E ducat ion , 2010) . A nation alfr amework of e s se ntial skil lsfor K-12 tec hno logy l ea der s hip d efi nes c ore sk i ll are as for th ep rofess i on, inc l u di ng a wareness o f ethi c al considerations  thatar e  i n t egr alto adoptin geduca t ional t e ch n o l ogy (Consortium f or School N e two rking,  2 011 ) . Ethi cal c on s ide rations abo ut t echnology  defin e d in th e  nation al fra mew ork  inc l ud eInt er n ets af ety for  student s,  e quita blea c c e ss t o t echn ology , copyright c omp lian c e,perso nal p riva cy , env ironme ntalpr otection and en ergy  saving p rac ti ces ,and e n suring  th attechnol ogy pro m ote sa h ig h-performing learn in g en vironmen t (Con s or ti u m for Sc ho olNetw o r king,  201 1 ).  Scholar s have ob se rved th at  techn ol ogi cal  dete r mini st ass umptions  appe a r prevalent in the popular m i nd s e t( Best , 2 009; Burnet t et al.,  200 8 ;Car r -Chel lman,  2 0 06 ;  Friesen, 2008; Leo na rdi, 2 008;Lievrouw, 200 6; Selwyn, 2 0 10b; Wya tt,2 00 8 ; Yang, 2009),  andcan affect media di scour se (Cuki er, Ngwen y a ma, Baue r,& M idd let o n ,2009; Friedma n ,  200 9) . For e xam ple, Fr ied man  (2 009 )examinedAmerican  m ed ia  c ove rageo f the 20 09  Ir an ian  pres i dentia l ele ctio n,  a n d t he ensu i ng p rote st sin I ran  d isput ingt heresults , and con clu d ed t ha tthe Ame rican media r he toric abou tTwi tter w a s  influen ced by technological de t erminis t a ssump tion s that te chn ologycau s es ine vitabl e soc ia l c h a nge.F r ie dma n(2009) ass e r ted  that  a ltho ugh the  media attention i n spi red Americans  to  bec o m emor e  i n ter es t edi n  the Iranian st ruggle, th ed is course was inf lu enced b y the p ercep t ion tha t utopian  social t ra nsfo r m ati on would i nevitabl y occur i n  Iran th rough  te chnolo gy . M orozo v (200 9 ) o bserv ed tha tutopia n vie ws  about t echnology, proceeding f rom th e tec hno logical d ete r min ist assum ptio n that itwil l i nevit abl y  caus e th e  s pre a d ofdemo c racy arou n dthe w or ld, have be e n pre sentins tateme ntsby political anal y sts, and U.S.pres i d ent s s u ch a sBill Clinton a ndGe o r ge W. Bu sh . Friedman(2009) n ot e d, ho wever,  thatinterna t i on a l obse rver s c oncludeda b ro a d-based  g ra s sroots  mov em ent dr ove th e  Ira n i an protests more  so t h a n soc i alnetwo rk ing tec h nolo gies causi ng inevitab le cha nge.  Themedia d is course  of  t echnologic a l determi nismminimiz ed  the  ro le o f  the h umanagen ts  in  the comp l e xs oc ia l  st rugg le, w hi le e xaggerati n g the ef fec t s of so ci alm e dia (F r ie d m an, 2009).  Em piric a l  researchs tudi e sp rovid e evid ence t hat tec h nol og ical de ter m i nist assu mptions a b out  t he i nevitabi li ty o  f  te ch nology can infl uence th e decisi o n s andact i onst hat le ad ers make onbehal fo f their o rga nizatio n s ( Gra nt,  Hal l,Wail e s, & Wright, 2006; Jacks on &  Phil i p,2010;  Leon ar di, 2008 ;  Leo nardi &J ackson, 2004;  Prakash & Sinh a , 2 0 08
 6_Internet safety_when making decisions about_adopting educational_technology_(Virginia Department_of_Education, 2008a; Virginia_Department of Education,_2010). A national framework_of essential skills_for_K-12 technology leadership defines core skill areas for the profession, including awareness o f_ethical_considerations that_are_integral_to adopting educational technology (Consortium_for School Networking, 2011). Ethical_considerations about_technology defined in the national framework include Internet_safety_for students, equitable_access to technology, copyright compliance, personal privacy, environmental protection_and energy saving practices, and ensuring_that technology promotes_a_high-performing_learning environment (Consortium for_School Networking, 2011). Scholars have observed_that technological determinist assumptions appear prevalent_in the popular mindset (Best, 2009; Burnett_et al., 2008; Carr-Chellman, 2006; Friesen,_2008; Leonardi, 2008; Lievrouw, 2006;_Selwyn, 2010b;_Wyatt, 2008; Yang, 2009), and_can affect media_discourse (Cukier,_Ngwenyama, Bauer, &_Middleton, 2009; Friedman, 2009). For example,_Friedman (2009) examined_American media coverage of the 2009_Iranian_presidential election, and_the_ensuing_protests in_Iran disputing the_results,_and concluded_that_the American media rhetoric about Twitter_was_influenced by technological determinist assumptions that technology_causes inevitable social change._Friedman_(2009) asserted that although_the media attention inspired Americans_to become more interested in the_Iranian struggle,_the discourse_was influenced by the perception that utopian social transformation would inevitably_occur in Iran through technology. Morozov_(2009) observed that utopian_views about_technology,_proceeding from the_technological_determinist assumption_that it will inevitably cause the spread_of democracy_around the world, have been present_in statements by political_analysts,_and U.S. presidents such as Bill_Clinton and George W. Bush. Friedman_(2009) noted, however, that international_observers_concluded_a broad-based grassroots movement drove_the Iranian protests more so than_social networking technologies_causing inevitable change. The media discourse of_technological_determinism minimized the role o f_the_human agents in the complex social_struggle,_while_exaggerating the effects of social_media (Friedman, 2009). Empirical research studies_provide evidence that technological determinist assumptions about the inevitability_o f technology_can influence the decisions and_actions_that_leaders make on behalf of their organizations (Grant, Hall, Wailes,_& Wright,_2006; Jackson &_Philip, 2010; Leonardi, 2008; Leonardi & Jackson, 2004; Prakash &_Sinha, 2008