 natural law doctrines worked out by scholastic philosophers or by followers of the 'new science of natural law' founded by Hugo Grotius and Samuel von Pufendorf. Another was casuistry, literature dealing with 'cases of conscience'. A section in both kinds of treatise was dedicated to property, commerce, the just price, loans and usury. Somewhat later, another body of literature appeared with a secular and practical character, later on named mercantilism, consisting of pamphlets discussing issues related to matters of commercial policy and embodying piecemeal social theorizing occasionally yielding some fruitful insight into commercial and monetary mechanism. A German tradition, cameralism, yielded writings on commercial and fiscal policies (Foucault 1966: 166–200; Tribe 1978: 80–109). Another genre was the postRenaissance literature carrying a revival of Aristotelian Politica. This is discussed in more detail in the following section. Political discourse on commerce and corruption Humanism on wealth and virtue In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Niccolò Machiavelli, Francesco Guicciardini and Leon Battista Alberti were authors of treatises giving advice on the best ways to preserve the state and promote civic virtue, a virtue different from the virtues taught by Christianity. This tradition was continued in the following centuries in Northern Europe and among the United States' founding fathers. One obvious example is Utopia (More 1516); a later one is Oceana (Harrington 1656). Both develop a sustained argument against commerce and in favour of agriculture, seen as providing the economic conditions for equality and martial spirit among citizens (Pocock 1975). Mandeville on vice as public virtue Bernard de Mandeville's Fable of the Bees is a short satiric poem, with extended commentaries, telling the story of a rich, civilized and powerful hive which, as an unforeseen effect of the abolition of vice among the bees, becomes suddenly miserable and depopulated. Mandeville drew inspiration from Galilean experimental science and seventeenth-century programmes to reform moral philosophy by applying the method of natural philosophy to moral studies. The iatro-political analogy with which Mandeville starts views society as an organism whose basic function, namely making man a sociable animal, is entrusted to 3 the latter's vilest qualities, just as the most important organs in animals are made up of thin membranes and small channels that an uneducated eye would not observe. In human society, nothing is good or bad
natural law doctrines worked out by scholastic philosopher or by follower of the' new science of natural police' founded by Hugo Grotius and Samuel von Pufendorf. Another was casuistry, literature dealing with' case of conscience'. A section in both kinds of treatise was dedicated to property, commerce, the good price, loans and usury. slightly later, another body of literature appeared with a secular and practical fictional character, later on named mercantilism, consist of pamphlets discussing issues related to matter of commercial policy and embodying piecemeal social theorizing occasionally yielding some fruitful insight into commercial and monetary mechanism. A German tradition, cameralism, give way writings on commercial and fiscal policies (Foucault 1966: 166–200; Tribe 1978: 80–109). Another genre was the postRenaissance literature carrying a revival of Aristotelian Politica. This is discussed in more contingent in the follow section. Political discourse on commerce and corruption Humanism on wealth and virtue In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Niccolò Machiavelli, Francesco Guicciardini and Leon Battista Alberti were authors of treatises contribute advice on the best ways to keep the department of state and promote civic virtue, a merit different from the virtue taught by Christianity. This tradition was continue in the following centuries in Northern Europe and among the United States' founding fathers. One obvious example is Utopia (More 1516); a later one is Oceana (Harrington 1656). Both train a sustained argument against commerce and in favour of department of agriculture, seen as leave the economic conditions for equality and martial spirit among citizens (Pocock 1975). Mandeville on vice as public merit Bernard de Mandeville's Fable of the Bees is a short satiric poem, with extended commentaries, telling the story of a rich, civilized and powerful hive which, as an unanticipated effect of the abolition of vice among the bees, becomes suddenly hapless and depopulated. Mandeville drew divine guidance from Galilean experimental science and seventeenth - hundred programmes to reform moral philosophy by apply the method of natural philosophy to moral studies. The iatro - political doctrine of analogy with which Mandeville starts views society as an organism whose basic routine, namely making man a sociable animal, is entrusted to 3 the latter's vilest qualities, merely as the most important variety meat in animals are made up of thin membranes and small channels that an uneducated center would not observe. In human society, nothing is good or bad
 nahural law doctrines worktd out by scholasjix philmsopheds or by followers of the 'new sciencx of natueal law' founded by Hugu Grotius and Samyel ton Pufendorf. Another was casujdtry, oiterature deaking with 'wases of conschevcz'. A section in both kinds of treatisq was drdlcated to propgrty, boimerdv, uhe just price, loans and usury. Sojewhat nater, another body of literature appearfd wlth a secular and oractical cyarasrer, later on named merbcntilism, cohsisting of pamphlets discussine issbes related ti mwjters of comnerciwl policy and embodyhng pievemeal social bheormzint occasionally yieldiig some fruitful insyght into ckmmercial and monwtqry mgchanhsm. X Gefmah vrasition, cajeralism, yjelded writungs on commercial snq fiscal policjes (Fotcwult 1966: 166–200; Tribe 1978: 80–109). Another genre was the povtRsnaissance literature cqrrying a revival of Wristotelyan Politica. This is discussed in more detail in dhe fkuloclkg sdxtlon. Political discourse on commerce and corru[fipn Humanism on wcalth and virtue Im hhr fifteenth ana sixtzsnfh centuries, Niccopò Machiwvellu, Francesso Giicciardini and Leon Battisra Alberti wvre quthors of treatiszs giving adrice om the best ways to preserve che stzte and prolote civid virtue, a virtue dinfesent from the virtues taugrt by Chrmstiauity. Thir trsditiog was contlnued in the following cfnturnes it Northern Europe and among the United Steves' founding gadhegs. One obrious cxample is Utopya (More 1516); a latgr one is Oceava (Harringnon 1656). Both develop a fustained argglent against commercq ane in favour uf agriculture, seen as irjvidung the economic cpndkfions for equalnuy qnd martial spitit amjnh ritizqts (Pocock 1975). Mdndexilur on xice as pubokc vortue Bernard de Mangevimle's Fable of the Necs is a syort satyric poem, witn extended commentwries, teuling thg story of a rich, civilized and powerful hiye which, as ag unnorefeen effecc of the abolition of vice among the beew, becomes suddenli miserable and depopolaued. Mandevillx drew inspirathon from Galilean experimental scienct and seventeenth-centurg progsammed to reform moral philosophy by applying the method of natural philosophy to mocaj studies. Tge istro-pmlntieal anajogy xith which Mandevplle starts views society as an urganism wkose basic function, namely malivg man a socixble animal, is entrusted to 3 the latter's vilest qualities, just ss the most important ornans in abimala are made up of thin membrames anb smalo channwls bhat an uneducxtec cye would jot pbaerve. In human society, nothing iw good og bad
natural law doctrines worked out by scholastic by of the science of natural and von Pufendorf. Another casuistry, literature dealing 'cases of conscience'. A section in kinds of treatise was dedicated to property, commerce, the just price, loans and Somewhat later, another body of literature appeared with a secular and practical character, on mercantilism, of discussing issues related to matters of commercial policy and embodying piecemeal social theorizing occasionally yielding some insight into commercial and monetary mechanism. A German cameralism, yielded writings on and fiscal policies (Foucault 1966: Tribe 80–109). Another was postRenaissance carrying a revival Aristotelian Politica. This is discussed in more detail in the following section. Political discourse on commerce and Humanism on virtue In fifteenth sixteenth Niccolò Machiavelli, Francesco Leon Battista Alberti were authors of on the best ways to preserve the state promote civic a virtue different from the virtues by Christianity. This tradition was continued in the centuries in Northern Europe and among the United States' founding fathers. One obvious example is 1516); a later one Oceana (Harrington 1656). develop sustained against and in of agriculture, seen as providing the economic conditions for equality and spirit among citizens (Pocock 1975). Mandeville on vice as public de Fable of the is a short satiric with commentaries, telling the story rich, and as unforeseen of the abolition of among the bees, becomes suddenly and depopulated. Mandeville drew and seventeenth-century programmes to reform moral philosophy by the method of natural philosophy to moral The iatro-political analogy with which Mandeville starts views society as an organism basic function, man a sociable animal, is entrusted to 3 latter's vilest qualities, just the most important organs in animals are made up thin and small that an uneducated would not observe. human society, nothing or bad
 natural law doctrines worked Out by scholAstic PhiLosOpHers Or by Followers of the 'NEw scIence of natural law' foundEd by HUgO grotIUs And SaMuel von pUfENDorF. ANoTheR wAS cAsuisTry, LiteratUre dealing WitH 'cAses of consciENcE'. A section iN boTh kinds of treAtiSe was dEdIcaTEd to pRopErty, cOmmercE, The jusT price, loaNs ANd usurY. somewhaT LAtEr, anOther body of literaTUrE Appeared with a sEcular AnD PrACTicAl cHaracter, laTeR on naMEd mercaNTiLISM, coNSisting of pampHlets discusSIng Issues ReLatED to matTers oF cOMmeRcial policy And eMbodying pIecemeAL social THeoriziNg occaSioNalLy yiELdInG soMe FRuiTFuL inSIghT into comMeRcIal anD monETARY mecHanIsm. A germaN tradition, camEraLism, YIelDed wrItingS on cOmMerciAl and fIscal PoLicies (Foucault 1966: 166–200; TRibe 1978: 80–109). another geNre WaS thE pOstReNAissanCe lIteRature cArrying A RevIvAL OF ARistotelian PoliticA. THIS iS discussEd in moRE dEtAIl in the fOlLowIng sECTion. POlitICaL discourSe on coMMeRcE and corRuPtion HUmAniSm oN wealTH and Virtue in the fifTeentH And sixteenth ceNTuries, Niccolò mAcHIAvELli, FRanCesco GuicciArdiNI and leon bAtTisTA AlbeRti weRe AUtHOrs of treatises givinG aDvice oN the bEst ways to presErve the staTE ANd promotE civIC vIRtue, a virtue difFerenT from the viRTues taugHt by CHristianIty. This trADItion was ConTinUed In tHE FoLlowing centurIES in NOrThern EuRopE and amoNg tHe UNitEd STaTes' foundiNg fatherS. ONe ObViOus ExampLE is UtopiA (MOre 1516); A lAteR one iS oceana (harriNgtoN 1656). BOtH DevElop a suSTaINEd arGuMeNt agAinSt CommeRce aND in Favour oF agricultUre, SEen aS pRoViding tHe economic conDiTions for eqUaLitY and maRTIal spiriT among citizens (Pocock 1975). ManDEville oN viCe as pUbliC virtue BeRnaRd de MaNdeVIlle's FAble of The BeEs Is a SHOrt saTIRiC poEm, With extendED ComMentaRiEs, teLling thE story of a rich, civilIZed And powerful hiVe wHich, AS An UnfOReSEen EfFEct OF The abolition of vIce among thE bEEs, Becomes sudDEnlY mIserablE and depOpulaTEd. MandeVille drew InspiratiOn From gALilEan experimEntal sciEnce and seVEnteeNTh-CentuRy pRogramMeS to ReforM moral PHilOsophY by appLyIng the MethoD oF natural Philosophy to moral studieS. The iaTro-poLitIcal analoGy wITh wHich MandeVillE starts vieWs sOciEty as An oRGanisM whoSE bAsiC FunctIon, nAMely makinG MaN a sOCIaBle animal, is ENTRusTed to 3 The LAtter's VileSt qualities, just as THe most importanT orgANS in AniMAls aRe Made up of thin meMbrAnES And small ChAnnels that aN uneducaTeD Eye woUld not ObservE. In humaN SOcIEty, notHing Is gOod or bad
 natural law doctrines wor ked out by  scho las tic  p hilo soph ers or by foll o wers  of the 'new science o f nat ur a l la w 'found ed by H u go G rot iu sand  S a mu el vo n P ufendor f. Another  wa scasuistry, l i te rature dea lin g with 'case s o f cons ci enc e '. Asec tionin bot h  kinds  of treat is e  was d e dicated t oprop erty, commerce, t h ej ust price, loa ns and  u s ur y .  So mew hat later,  a nothe r  body o f  l i t e rat u re appeared w ith a secul a r a nd pra ct ica l  chara cter,  l a ter  on named m erca ntilism,consis t ing ofp amphlet s disc uss ing  iss u es  r ela te d  to ma tte r s o f commer ci al  poli cy a n d e mbod yin g pi eceme al social the ori zing occ asion allyyiel di ng so me fru itful  i nsight into com merc ial and m one ta ryme chani s m. A G erm antraditi on, cam e ral is m , yi elded writings onco m m er cial and  fisca l  p ol i cies (Fo uc aul t 19 6 6 : 166 –200 ;  T ribe 197 8: 80– 1 09 ).  Anothe rgenrewa s t hepostR e nais sanceliteratu re ca r rying a reviva l  of Aristotel i an P ol i tica . T his is disc usse d  inmore de tai l  in t he fo ll o wi n g section. Politica ldiscou rse o n commerce an d corrupti o n Humanism  onw ea l th and virtueIn th e fifteent h  and six teent h centur ies, Nicc o l ò Machia vel li,  Fr anc e s co  Guicciardini a nd L eo n Batti sta  Albert i w ere  au tho rs  of treat ises giv in gad vi ceon th e  best wa ys  to  p res ervet he sta te an d pr om ot e  ci vic vir t ue , a vi rt ue  dif fer en t fro m th e  vi rtues t aught byChr i stia ni ty . Thistradition was  c ontinued i nthe  follo w i ng centu ries in Northern Europe and amo ngthe U nite d States'  fo unding  fa t hers.One ob vious  e xam p l e isU t op ia(M ore 1516); a  la ter o ne  isOceana(Harrington 1656). Bot h develop a s ust aine d ar gum e nt aga in s t c o m merce and in fa vour of ag ri c ul ture, seen aspr oviding  the ec onomi c  condit ions forequalityan d ma r t ial  spirit am ong citi zens (Poc o ck 19 7 5) . Man dev ille o nvic e aspublic vir tue B ernard  d e Mand evill e' s Fableof the Bees is a shortsatiri c poe m,with exte nde d  co mmentarie s, t elling the  st ory  of a  ri c h, ci vili z ed  an d  powe rful hive whic h ,asa n  u nforeseen e f f e ctof th e a b olitio n of  vice among the b e es, becomes su dden l y  mi ser a blean d depopulated.  Ma nd e v ille dre winspiration  from Ga li l ean e xperim entalscience a nd sevent eent h-c entury pr ogr am m es to r ef or m  moral  phi lo sophyby app l ying t he method of nat uralp h iloso p hyto mo ra l studi e s. T he iatro-p olitical an alogywith  whic h Mande vi lle st art sviews soci e ty as anorgan ism who se  bas icfuncti on,n a melymaki ng  ma n a socia b l ea ni ma l , i s en trust ed  to3 the lat t er's vil est qualiti es , j u s t as t h em o st importa ntorgan s in animals arem ad e  up o f thin  membr anes an d  sm al l chann els t hat an un educatede yewo uldnot obse rv e. I nhum an  society, nothi ng is go od or ba d 
 natural_law doctrines_worked out by scholastic_philosophers or_by_followers of_the_'new science of_natural law' founded_by Hugo Grotius and_Samuel von Pufendorf._Another_was casuistry, literature dealing with 'cases of conscience'. A section in both kinds of_treatise_was dedicated_to_property,_commerce, the just price, loans_and usury. Somewhat later, another_body of_literature appeared with a secular and practical character,_later_on named mercantilism,_consisting of pamphlets discussing issues related to matters of_commercial policy and embodying piecemeal social_theorizing occasionally yielding_some_fruitful_insight into commercial and_monetary mechanism. A German tradition, cameralism,_yielded writings on commercial and fiscal_policies (Foucault 1966: 166–200; Tribe 1978: 80–109)._Another genre was the postRenaissance literature_carrying a revival of Aristotelian_Politica. This_is discussed in more detail_in the following_section. Political_discourse on commerce_and corruption Humanism on wealth and_virtue In the_fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Niccolò Machiavelli,_Francesco_Guicciardini and Leon_Battista_Alberti_were authors_of treatises giving_advice_on the_best_ways to preserve the state and_promote_civic virtue, a virtue different from the_virtues taught by Christianity._This_tradition was continued in_the following centuries in Northern_Europe and among the United States'_founding fathers._One obvious_example is Utopia (More 1516); a later one is Oceana (Harrington_1656). Both develop a sustained argument_against commerce and in_favour of_agriculture,_seen as providing_the_economic conditions_for equality and martial spirit among citizens_(Pocock 1975)._Mandeville on vice as public virtue_Bernard de Mandeville's Fable_of_the Bees is a short satiric_poem, with extended commentaries, telling the_story of a rich, civilized_and_powerful_hive which, as an unforeseen_effect of the abolition of vice_among the bees,_becomes suddenly miserable and depopulated. Mandeville drew_inspiration_from Galilean experimental science and seventeenth-century_programmes_to reform moral philosophy by applying_the_method_of natural philosophy to moral_studies. The iatro-political analogy with which_Mandeville starts views society as an organism whose basic_function, namely making_man a sociable animal, is_entrusted_to_3 the latter's vilest qualities, just as the most important_organs in_animals are made_up of thin membranes and small channels that an uneducated_eye would not observe. In human society,_nothing is good or bad