 in other ways threaten existing biological life and ecosystems [37,77,82–84]. An immediate concern is the question of planetary protection [56,85–95]. An example of this is the issue of quarantine for spacecraft to and from Mars [88,96–98]. The European Space Agency (ESA) ExoMars missions be looking for life on Mars but-due to ethical and biological sterilization considerations-will avoid landing in areas judged the most promising for life, first awaiting their detailed study from a distance [99,100]. Sample return missions, now in preparation, will have to evaluate the level of Challenges 2019, 10, 32 4 of 11 quarantine required for Martian soil samples brought to Earth. This means that we need to take action in relation to possible extraterrestrial life long before we have found evidence of any such life. These are all very practical questions concerning all aspects of society, but they also have one thing in common; namely, that how to handle them depends to a large part on how we conceive of and understand both the new life forms, and existing life in view of the arrival of new life forms. The first step in dealing with the practical questions must therefore be to tackle the conceptual question, and to do so in a way that encompasses a wide spectrum of perspectives. 4. Main Aims The main aims of the project were: (1) To initiate an inter-disciplinary research initiative at Lund University whose focus will be to investigate how the emergence (finding or inventing) of life with a different origin than life as we know it will influence how we look at life. (2) To initiate research aimed at handling the challenges identified in (1) in a constructive way. (3) To create new connections between researchers working in this area at Lund University and between these researchers and researchers at other universities, as well as with society in general in order to improve both research, development, and policy making regarding these new kinds of life. 5. The Performance of the Project The group of researchers funded by the project represented 12 different disciplines (Table 1). Table 1. Members of the project team paid by the project. Name (Affiliation) Discipline Role in the Project Jessica Abbott (Lund University) Biology Researcher/project coordinator Christian Balkenius (Lund University) Cognitive science Researcher Anna Cabak Redei (Lund University) Semiotics Researcher/project coordinator Klara Anna Capova (Durham University) Anthropology Guest Resear
in other ways threaten existing biological biography and ecosystem [ 37,77,82–84 ]. An immediate concern is the doubt of erratic protection [ 56,85–95 ]. An example of this is the offspring of quarantine for spacecraft to and from Mars [ 88,96–98 ]. The European Space Agency (ESA) ExoMars mission be looking for animation on Mars but - due to ethical and biological sterilization considerations - will invalidate landing in areas pronounce the most bright for life, foremost expect their detailed study from a distance [ 99,100 ]. Sample return missions, immediately in preparation, will have to evaluate the level of Challenges 2019, 10, 32 4 of 11 quarantine necessitate for Martian soil samples brought to Earth. This means that we need to lease action in relation to possible extraterrestrial life long before we have found evidence of any such biography. These are all very practical questions concerning all aspects of society, but they also have one thing in common; namely, that how to handle them depend to a large part on how we think of and sympathize both the modern life forms, and exist life in view of the arrival of new life form. The first step in dealing with the practical questions must therefore be to harness the conceptual question, and to do so in a way that embrace a wide spectrum of perspective. 4. Main aim The main aims of the project were: (1) To initiate an inter - corrective research initiative at Lund University whose focus will be to investigate how the emergence (finding or inventing) of life with a different origin than life as we sleep together it will influence how we attend at life. (2) To originate research aim at handling the challenge identified in (1) in a constructive room. (3) To create new connections between researchers working in this sphere at Lund University and between these researchers and researchers at other university, as well as with society in general in order to improve both inquiry, development, and policy making see these new kinds of life. 5. The Performance of the Project The group of researchers funded by the project defend 12 different disciplines (Table 1). Table 1. Members of the project team pay by the undertaking. Name (Affiliation) Discipline Role in the Project Jessica Abbott (Lund University) Biology Researcher / project coordinator Christian Balkenius (Lund University) Cognitive science Researcher Anna Cabak Redei (Lund University) Semiotics Researcher / project coordinator Klara Anna Capova (Durham University) Anthropology Guest Resear
 in other ways threaten exirting biological life end ecoaystems [37,77,82–84]. An immediate concern is the qyestiin of planetary protecgion [56,85–95]. An vxample od thms is the issue of quarakcine rlr s'arecraft to and nrom Mars [88,96–98]. Dhe European S[aze Agency (ESA) ExoMars missions be loohing fot pife on Mars bot-due eo efhical and biological sterilizatioh consiverations-will afoid landing in areas judgfd tje most promising vor life, fitat wqaiting theif detailed study from z distance [99,100]. Sample return missiuns, npw in prepqrqtilt, will have to enaluate the lcnel of Whallenbes 2019, 10, 32 4 of 11 qusraitinw required for Martiai soil samples brougrt to Eardh. This means that qe need to dake qctkon ii rslatioj tk possible extraterrewtrial life long begowv we have fouhd eviqegce of any such life. These are all very przctical questions conceening all aspects of dociety, btt they also have one thing in common; namely, that how vo hauele tfwm depends to a large part on how we conceive os amd understand bobh the new life fotmd, sgd existing lkfe in visw of the arrival lf new jife dorms. The firxt step in dealing with the practical qlestuons must thereforz be to tackue tne comceptual question, and tu do so in a waj that endumpasses a wide rpebtruk of perspectives. 4. Main Aiis The mamn aiks of tfe ptoject rere: (1) To ijitiaba an inter-disciplijary tesearwh initiatlve at Lund University whose forns will be to itvevtigate kow thc emergence (finqing or inventnng) of lnfe wigh a diffegent origmn than life as we know id will influeice how wq loik ar life. (2) Go initiate rexearch aimed at haneling the challengcs idgnfified in (1) in a cobstructive way. (3) To crqane iew cjtnections bedweev rdxearcfers workinn iv thos area at Lund Univarsify and between thexe researcyers and researchers st other universitles, av wxll as wijh society in general in order fo improvf bjth research, devclopient, and pplicy making regarding these new kinds if life. 5. The Perfoemance of the Projeet The group pf refearchers funded by the projext represented 12 dlfferent disciplines (Tzble 1). Dable 1. Members of the project team paid by the project. Name (Affiliation) Discipoine Role in the Pdojevt Jevsnca Abbote (Luid University) Biolpgy Researcher/project coordinatur Chrisdicn Balkenius (Lund University) Voenitive scienze Researcher Anna Cabak Redei (Lind University) Semiotics Researvher/project coordinator Llara Anba Calova (Dlthao University) Anthrppologv Guesr Reseae
in other ways threaten existing biological life [37,77,82–84]. immediate concern the question of of is the issue quarantine for spacecraft and from Mars [88,96–98]. The European Agency (ESA) ExoMars missions be looking for life on Mars but-due to ethical biological sterilization considerations-will avoid landing in areas judged the most promising for life, awaiting detailed from distance [99,100]. Sample return missions, now in preparation, will have to evaluate the level of Challenges 10, 32 4 of 11 quarantine required for soil samples brought to This means that we need take in relation possible life before we have evidence of any such life. These are all very practical questions concerning all aspects of society, but also have in common; that to them depends to part on how we conceive of the new life forms, and existing life in of the of new life forms. The first in dealing with the practical questions must therefore to tackle the conceptual question, and to do so in a way that encompasses a of perspectives. 4. Main The main aims the were: To an inter-disciplinary initiative at Lund University whose focus will be to investigate how emergence (finding or inventing) of life with a different origin as know it will how we look at (2) initiate research aimed at challenges in constructive (3) create new connections between working in this area at University and between these universities, as well as with society in general order to improve both research, development, and making regarding these new kinds of life. 5. The Performance of the The group funded by the project represented 12 different disciplines 1). Table 1. Members the project team paid by the project. Name (Affiliation) Role the Project Abbott (Lund University) Researcher/project coordinator Christian (Lund University) Cognitive Anna Cabak (Lund Semiotics Anna Capova (Durham University) Anthropology Guest
 in other ways threaten existiNg biologicAl lifE anD ecOsYsteMs [37,77,82–84]. An Immediate conceRN is tHe question of planetary pRotecTiON [56,85–95]. An eXAmPle of This is tHE iSSUe oF qUaRanTiNE fOr spaCecRaft to aNd from Mars [88,96–98]. the euRopean Space AGEnCy (ESA) ExoMaRs mIssions be looKinG for liFe On MARs but-Due To ethIcal anD BiologIcal steriLiZAtion cONsideraTIOnS-wilL avoid landing in arEAs JUdged the most prOmisinG fOR lIFE, fiRst Awaiting thEiR detaILed studY FrOM A DisTAnce [99,100]. Sample retUrn missions, NOw iN prepaRaTioN, Will haVe to eVaLUatE the level of chalLenges 2019, 10, 32 4 of 11 qUarantINe requiREd for MaRtian sOil SamPles BRoUgHt tO EARth. tHiS meANs tHat we neeD tO tAke acTion IN RELatiOn tO posSible ExtraterrestrIal Life LOng BeforE we haVe foUnD evidEnce of Any suCh Life. These are all Very Practical QueStIonS cOncerNIng all AspEctS of sociEty, but tHEy aLsO HAVe One thing in common; naMeLY, ThAt how to hAndle tHEm DePEnds to a lArGe pArt oN HOw we cOnceIVe Of and undErstanD BoTh The new lIfE forms, AnD exIstIng liFE in vIew of tHe arrivaL of neW Life forms. The fiRSt step in dealiNG wITH tHE praCtiCal questionS musT TherEforE Be To tACkle tHe conCePTuAL question, and to do so iN a Way thaT encoMpasses a wide sPectrum of pERSPectives. 4. main aImS the main aims of tHe proJect were: (1) To INitiate aN inteR-disciplInary reseARCh initiaTivE at lunD UnIVErSity whose focuS WIll bE tO investIgaTe how thE emErgEncE (fiNdIng or inveNting) of lIfE wItH a DifFerenT Origin thAn LifE aS we Know iT Will inFluenCe hoW wE lOOk aT life. (2) To INiTIAte rEsEaRch aImeD aT handLing THe cHallengEs identifIed IN (1) in a CoNsTructivE way. (3) To create nEw ConnectionS bEtwEen resEARchers woRking in this area at Lund UnIVersity And BetweEn thEse researCheRs and rEseARchers At otheR univErSitIES, as weLL As WitH sOciety in geNERal In ordEr To imProve boTh research, developmENt, aNd policy makinG reGardING tHesE NeW KinDs OF liFE. 5. the Performance oF the ProjecT THE gRoup of reseARchErS funded By the prOject REpresenTed 12 differEnt discipLiNes (TABLe 1). TAble 1. MemberS of the prOject team PAid by THe ProjeCt. NAme (AffIlIatIon) DiScipliNE RoLe in tHe ProjEcT JessiCa AbbOtT (Lund UniVersity) Biology ResearcheR/projeCt cooRdiNator ChriStiAN BaLkenius (LuNd UnIversity) CoGniTivE scieNce rEsearCher aNnA CaBAk RedEi (LuND UniversiTY) SEmiOTIcS Researcher/PROJecT coorDinATor KlaRa AnNa Capova (Durham UniVErsity) AnthropoLogy gUEst resEAr
 in other ways threaten ex isting bio logic allif eandecos ystems [37,77, 8 2–84 ]. An immediate concer n isth e  que s ti on of  planet a ry p rot ec ti on[5 6 ,8 5–95] . A n examp le of this  is  t he issue ofq ua rantine fo r s pacecraft to  an d from  M ars [88,9 6–9 8]. T he Eur o pean S pace Agen cy (ESA)E xoMarsm i ss ions  be looking for l i fe on Mars but-du e to e th i ca l and  bi ological s te riliz a tion co n si d e r ati o ns-will avoid  landing in are as jud ge d t h e most  prom is i ngfor life, f irst  awaiting  their detaile d  studyfrom a  di sta nce[ 99 ,1 00] .S amp l eret u rnmissions ,no w inprep a r a t ion,  wi ll h ave t o evaluate th e l evel ofChall enges  201 9,  10,32 4 o f 11qu arantine requir ed f or Martia n s oi l s am plesb rought  to  Ea rth. Th is mean s  th at w e  n eed to take action  i n re lation t o poss i bl ee xtraterr es tri al l i f e lon g be f or e we hav e foun d  e vi dence o fany su ch  li fe.  Thes e  are  all v ery prac tical questions conc e rning all asp e ct s of soci ety , but theyalso have  one th ing in co mmon;  n a me l y, that how to hand le  themdepen ds to a large  part on h o w we conce iveo fa nd understandboththe new li f e forms,  andexisting  life inv i ew of th e a rri val  of n ew  life forms.T h e fi rs t stepindealing  wi ththe  pr ac tical que stions m us tth er efo re be to tackl ethe  c onc eptua l  quest ion,andto  d o  so  in a w a yt h at e nc om pass esawidespec t rum  of per spectives . 4 .  Mai nAi ms Themain aims ofth e projectwe re:  (1) T o initiate  an inter-disciplinaryr esearch  in itiat iveat Lund U niv ersity  wh o se foc us wil l beto  in v e stiga t e  h owth e emergenc e (fi nding  o r in venting ) of life with a d i ffe rent origin t han  lif e as  we kn o w i tw ill i nfluence how we  look at l if e .(2) To ini t iat eresearc h aimed  at h a ndlingthe chall enges ide nt ifie d in(1) in a c onstruct ive way.( 3) To cr eatenew  conne ct ion s bet ween r e sea rcher s work in g in t his a re a at Lun d University and betwee n thes e res ear chers and  re s ear chers atothe r universi tie s,as we lla s wit h so c ie tyi n gen eral in ordert oimp r o ve  both resea r c h , d evelo pme n t, and  pol icy making regard i ng these new k inds o f l ife .  5.Th e Performanceofth e ProjectTh e group ofresearch er s  fund ed bythe pr oject r e p re s ented12 d iff erent dis cip li n es (Tab le  1 ) . Tabl e 1.  M embers  of th e  pro j e ct team paid bythe p r o ject. Nam e (Af fi liation )  Dis cipline Ro le in the P roject  Jes sicaAbbott(L und Un ive rs ity) Biolo g y Researc her/p rojectco ordi nat or Chr isti a n  Balk eniu s(Lu nd Univer s i ty )  C og n iti ve s cienc eRese archer An n a CabakRed e i (Lund  U niv e r sity)S em i o tics Resea rch er/pr o j ect coordi n ator Kl a ra An na Cap ova (D urham U n ive rs ity) An thr o p ology Gue st Resear 
 in_other ways_threaten existing biological life_and ecosystems_[37,77,82–84]._An immediate_concern_is the question_of planetary protection_[56,85–95]. An example of_this is the_issue_of quarantine for spacecraft to and from Mars [88,96–98]. The European Space Agency (ESA)_ExoMars_missions be_looking_for_life on Mars but-due to_ethical and biological sterilization considerations-will_avoid landing_in areas judged the most promising for life,_first_awaiting their detailed_study from a distance [99,100]. Sample return missions, now_in preparation, will have to evaluate_the level of_Challenges_2019,_10, 32 4 of_11 quarantine required for Martian soil_samples brought to Earth. This means_that we need to take action in_relation to possible extraterrestrial life long_before we have found evidence_of any_such life. These are all_very practical questions_concerning all_aspects of society,_but they also have one thing_in common; namely,_that how to handle them depends_to_a large part_on_how_we conceive_of and understand_both_the new_life_forms, and existing life in view_of_the arrival of new life forms. The_first step in dealing_with_the practical questions must_therefore be to tackle the_conceptual question, and to do so_in a_way that_encompasses a wide spectrum of perspectives. 4. Main Aims The main_aims of the project were: (1)_To initiate an inter-disciplinary_research initiative_at_Lund University whose_focus_will be_to investigate how the emergence (finding or_inventing) of_life with a different origin than_life as we know_it_will influence how we look at_life. (2) To initiate research aimed_at handling the challenges identified_in_(1)_in a constructive way. (3)_To create new connections between researchers_working in this_area at Lund University and between these_researchers_and researchers at other universities, as_well_as with society in general in_order_to_improve both research, development, and_policy making regarding these new kinds_of life. 5. The Performance of the Project The_group of researchers_funded by the project represented_12_different_disciplines (Table 1). Table 1. Members of the project team_paid by_the project. Name_(Affiliation) Discipline Role in the Project Jessica Abbott (Lund University)_Biology Researcher/project coordinator Christian Balkenius (Lund University)_Cognitive science Researcher Anna Cabak Redei (Lund University) Semiotics Researcher/project coordinator_Klara Anna Capova (Durham University) Anthropology Guest Resear