, while contributing to the qualitatively different (emergent) properties of the level above, [Yao09]. The parts change their identities; new principles apply at the higher level, [Cor95]. Needham, in [Nee43][234], argues that for those successive forms of order in complexity and organization "A sharp change in organizational level often means that what were wholes on the lower level become parts on the new, e.g., protein crystals, cells in metazoan organisms, and metazoan organisms in social units." (Emphasis added) Levels are used to organize informational granule for the reasons of simplicity and clarity. Level thinking is fundamental for representation, organization and synthesis of data, information, and knowledge. A structured organization of information seems to be one important way to outwit the limited capacity of human information processing, as shown by [Mil56]. Emergence is a phenomenon observed when entities on a higher level exhibit novel properties that are not observable on the lower levels. Levels correspond to aggregation of objects (informational granule) which are forming new wholes on a different scale of resolution. Life is an example of emergent phenomenon in objects (organisms) that have signaling and self-sustaining processes. Even though living organisms consist of inorganic parts, those parts show a qualitatively new behavior as a result of mutual interactions. Biology emerges from chemistry. Emmeche et al. [Stj97] identifies the following four primary levels of organization (integrative levels): physical, biological, psychological and sociological. Emergence occurs in both space and time as "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems." [Gol99]. Visual Cognition as Information Processing Computational Visual Cognition is a study of human visual perceptual and cognitive abilities in a natural setting, including abilities at real world scene understanding, perception, recognition and memory alongside with the role of attention and learning. It uses tools and theories from image processing, cognitive science, computational vision, computer graphics and cognitive neuroscience. [Ull06] has developed computational models of vision that explain how humans recognize objects, perceive motion, use their visual world for task-relevant information, and create coherent representations of their environments. The main strategy here is learning about human visual cognition through construction of artifacts, using model-based reasoning. Recent studies in biology, ethology and neuroscience have increased our knowledge of biological cognitive functions, and led to the understanding that the most important feature of cognition is its ability to deal
, while contributing to the qualitatively different (emergent) properties of the level above, [ Yao09 ]. The part transfer their identities; new principles put on at the higher level, [ Cor95 ]. Needham, in [ Nee43][234 ], argue that for those successive forms of ordering in complexity and organization " A sharp variety in organizational level often means that what were wholes on the humble level become parts on the new, e.g., protein crystals, cells in metazoan organism, and metazoan organisms in social units. " (Emphasis added) level are used to organize informational granule for the reasons of simplicity and clearness. Level thinking is cardinal for representation, organization and synthesis of data, data, and knowledge. A structured organization of information seems to be one important way to outwit the limited capacity of human information processing, as shown by [ Mil56 ]. Emergence is a phenomenon observed when entities on a higher level exhibit novel property that are not observable on the lower floor. degree correspond to aggregation of objects (informational granule) which are form new wholes on a different scale of settlement. Life is an example of emergent phenomenon in objects (organisms) that have signaling and self - sustaining process. Even though living organisms consist of inorganic parts, those part indicate a qualitatively new behavior as a result of mutual interactions. biota emerges from chemistry. Emmeche et al. [ Stj97 ] identifies the following four primary levels of organization (integrative levels ): physical, biological, psychological and sociological. egress occurs in both space and time as " the arising of novel and coherent structures, form and properties during the procedure of self - organization in complex organization. " [ Gol99 ]. Visual Cognition as Information Processing Computational Visual Cognition is a study of human ocular perceptual and cognitive abilities in a natural mount, including ability at real world scene understanding, perception, recognition and memory alongside with the role of attention and learning. It use tools and theories from persona processing, cognitive science, computational vision, computer graphics and cognitive neuroscience. [ Ull06 ] has developed computational models of imagination that explain how humans recognize objects, perceive motion, use their ocular populace for undertaking - relevant information, and create coherent representations of their environments. The main strategy here is learn about human visual cognition through construction of artifacts, use model - based reasoning. Recent studies in biology, ethology and neuroscience have increase our knowledge of biological cognitive functions, and led to the agreement that the most important feature of cognition is its ability to deal
, whlle contributing to the dualitatively dndferenv (emergsnt) propdrties of the level above, [Yal09]. Rhe pqrts change their idengities; nea principles qpply at tis highev levsp, [Cox95]. Ieedham, in [Nee43][234], srgues thad for those suwcdsdive forms of order in complexity agd orgamixation "A sharp chamde ih organizational level often means that wiat were wholes on the lower level become parhs on the new, e.g., pgotein crysjzls, xells in metxzoan organisms, and mejazoan organisms in social units." (Emphcsis added) Oeceld are used ti orgwnize informational cranule for the reasoks of sinplicity and clarity. Nevel thinking is sundamentdl for representatiin, orgatizadion qnd syhtiesjs of fate, informatikn, and knowoedge. A structured prdqnization of jnformwtyon seems to be one important way to ouuwit fhe limited capacity of human information prlcessing, ws shown by [Mil56]. Emergence is a phenomenon observeg whei dntnbles ub w higher level exhibit novel properties that wde npt observable jn the lowet pefgls. Levels cortespond to aggregation of obuects (igformqtional gwanuke) which are forming new whiles on a diyfeeent scale of resopution. Life is sn exsmple of emergent phenooenoh in objectd (organisjr) that have signxlikg dnd self-sustaining processqs. Even tiough living orgsnisms consist ov inovcanic parts, those oarts svow a qualltatively new behavior as a resnkt of mutual ittegactions. Yiologn emerges from shemistry. Emmeehe et aj. [Stj97] identifiea the fmllowing fotr primary leegls of organivation (ineegrqtivw levelr): physical, biolpgical, psjckological and sociological. Cmerggnde occurs in bock wpace and time ss "ghe agismng os novel and cmherdnt xtrucgures, pattevns and properties during tve pdocess of self-orgamidation in complex systems." [Gol99]. Fisual Cognition ad Infmrmetion Lrosessing Computational Visual Ckgnition ls w study of htman visual perczptual and cognitive abilities in a natucal setting, including avilities at real wotld scene undecstandyng, perce[tion, recognition ane memory alongsidt with the role of attehtion dnd lfarning. It uses tools and theories from image processing, cognitive sciencw, compntwtional visjon, vompuner yraphicf anv rognitive neuroscpence. [Ull06] has developed computatmonal modens of vision that explain how nuoans recognizg objects, perceive motion, hse theit visual world for task-relevant information, and create goherent eepreaentatpknr of their environkents. Che maun straregy here is learvinb wbout humwn vmsucl cognition through construction of arrivacts, using moden-based reaslking. Rgcent stodies in biology, sthomlgy avd neuroscienve have increaxed our knowledge of byological cognunive functionx, and lvd to the undxrstanding tvat the most important feature of cognition is its zbility tk deal
, while contributing to the qualitatively different of level above, The parts change at higher level, [Cor95]. in [Nee43][234], argues for those successive forms of order complexity and organization "A sharp change in organizational level often means that what wholes on the lower level become parts on the new, e.g., protein crystals, in organisms, metazoan in social units." (Emphasis added) Levels are used to organize informational granule for the reasons of and clarity. Level thinking is fundamental for representation, and synthesis of data, and knowledge. A structured organization information to be important to the limited capacity human information processing, as shown by [Mil56]. Emergence is a phenomenon observed when entities on a higher exhibit novel are not on lower Levels correspond to objects (informational granule) which are forming a different scale of resolution. Life is an of emergent in objects (organisms) that have signaling self-sustaining processes. Even though living organisms consist of parts, those parts show a qualitatively new behavior as a result of mutual interactions. Biology chemistry. Emmeche et al. identifies the following primary of (integrative physical, biological, and sociological. Emergence occurs in both space and time as "the of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the self-organization complex systems." [Gol99]. Cognition as Information Processing Visual is a study of perceptual cognitive natural including at real world scene perception, recognition and memory alongside the role of attention and theories from image processing, cognitive science, computational computer graphics and cognitive neuroscience. [Ull06] has computational models of vision that explain how humans recognize objects, perceive motion, their visual task-relevant information, and create coherent representations of their The main strategy here learning about human visual cognition through construction of artifacts, model-based Recent studies biology, ethology and have increased our of biological cognitive led to understanding the of cognition is its ability to
, while contributing to the quaLitatively DiffeRenT (emErGent) PropErties of the levEL aboVe, [Yao09]. The parts change theIr ideNtITies; NEw PrincIples apPLy AT The HiGhEr lEvEL, [COr95]. NeeDhaM, in [Nee43][234], aRgues that fOr tHoSe successive FOrMs of order iN coMplexity and oRgaNizatiOn "a shARp chaNge In orgAnizatIOnal leVel often mEaNS that wHAt were wHOLeS on tHe lower level becomE PaRTs on the new, e.g., prOtein cRySTaLS, CelLs iN metazoan oRgAnismS, And metaZOaN ORGanISms in social unIts." (Emphasis ADdeD) LevelS aRe uSEd to orGanizE iNForMational graNule For the reaSons of SImpliciTY and claRity. LeVel ThiNkinG Is FuNdaMeNTal FOr RepREseNtation, oRgAnIzatiOn anD SYNThesIs oF datA, infoRmation, and knoWleDge. A STruCtureD orgaNizaTiOn of iNformaTion sEeMs to be one importAnt wAy to outwiT thE lImiTeD capaCIty of hUmaN inFormatiOn proceSSinG, aS SHOwN by [Mil56]. Emergence is a PhENOmEnon obseRved whEN eNtITies on a hIgHer LeveL EXhibiT novEL pRopertieS that aRE nOt ObservaBlE on the LoWer LevEls. LeVEls cOrrespOnd to aggRegatIOn of objects (infORmational granULe) WHIcH Are fOrmIng new wholeS on a DIffeRent SCaLe oF ResolUtion. liFE iS An example of emergent PhEnomenOn in oBjects (organisMs) that have SIGNaling anD selF-SuSTaining processEs. EveN though livINg organiSms coNsist of iNorganic pARTs, those pArtS shOw a QuaLITaTively new behaVIOr as A rEsult of MutUal inteRacTioNs. BIolOgY emerges fRom chemiStRy. emMeChe Et al. [STJ97] identifIeS thE fOllOwing FOur priMary lEvelS oF oRGanIzation (INtEGRatiVe LeVels): PhySiCal, biOlogICal, PsycholOgical and SocIOlogIcAl. emergenCe occurs in botH sPace and timE aS "thE arisiNG Of novel aNd coherent structures, patTErns and ProPertiEs duRing the prOceSs of seLf-oRGanizaTion in ComplEx SysTEMs." [Gol99]. vISuAl COgNition as InFORmaTion PRoCessIng CompUtational Visual CogNItiOn is a study of hUmaN visUAL pErcEPtUAl aNd COgnITIve abilities in a Natural setTiNG, iNcluding abILitIeS at real World scEne unDErstandIng, percepTion, recogNiTion AND meMory alongsIde with tHe role of aTTentiON aNd leaRniNg. It usEs TooLs and TheoriES frOm imaGe procEsSing, coGnitiVe Science, cOmputational vision, compuTer graPhics And Cognitive NeuROscIence. [Ull06] hAs deVeloped comPutAtiOnal mOdeLS of viSion THaT exPLain hOw huMAns recognIZe ObjECTs, Perceive motION, Use Their VisUAl worlD for Task-relevant inforMAtion, and create CoheRENt rEprESentAtIons of their envIroNmENTs. The maiN sTrategy here Is learniNg ABout hUman viSual coGnition THRoUGh consTrucTioN of artifaCts, UsINg model-BaSeD ReasonIng. REcEnt stuDies in BIoloGY, Ethology and neuroScienCE Have iNCreAsed oUr KnowledGE of bIological cOgnitive funCtions, And lEd to tHe underStAnding ThaT tHe most impoRTant featuRe of cOgnitioN iS its AbiLity to Deal
, while contributing to th e qualitat ively  di ffe re nt ( emer gent) properti e s of  the level above, [Yao 09].Th e  par t schang e their id e n tit ie s;  ne wp ri ncipl esapply a t the high erle vel, [Cor95] .  N eedham, in  [N ee43][234],arg ues th at  fo r  thos e s ucces sive f o rms of  order in  c o mplexi t y and o r g an izat ion "A sharp chan g ei n organization al lev el of t e n m ean s that wha twerew holes o n  t h e low e r level becom e parts ont henew, e .g .,p rotein  crys ta l s,cells in me tazo an organi sms, a n d metaz o an orga nismsinsoc ialu ni ts ."(E m pha s is  ad d ed)  Levelsar eusedto o r g a n izeinf orma tiona l granule for  th e re a son s ofsimpl icit yand c larity . Lev el  thinking is fu ndam ental for  re pr ese nt ation ,  organ iza tio n and s ynthesi s  of  d a t a ,information, and k no w l ed ge. A st ructur e dor g anizatio nofinfo r m ation  see m sto be on e impo r ta nt  way to  o utwitth e l imi ted c a paci ty ofhuman in forma t ion processing ,  as shown by[ Mi l 5 6] .  Eme rge nce is a ph enom e nonobse r ve d w h en en titie so na  higher level exhib it  novel  prop erties that a re not obs e r v able onthel ow e r levels. Leve ls co rrespond t o  aggrega tionof objec ts (infor m a tional g ran ule ) w hic h ar e forming new w hole son a di ffe rent sc ale  of  re sol ut ion. Life  is an e xa mp le  o f e merge n t phenom en onin  ob jects (organ isms)  tha tha v e s ignalin g  a n d  sel f- su stai nin gproce sses .  Ev en thou gh living  or g anis ms  c onsistof inorganicpa rts, those  p art s show a  qualita tively new behavior asa  result  of  mutu al i nteractio ns.  Biolo gye merges  fromchemi st ry. E mmech e et  al .[Stj97] id e n tif ies t he  fol lowingfour primary level s  of  organization  (i nteg r a ti vel ev e ls) :p hys i c al, biological,  psycholog ic a land sociol o gic al . Emerg ence oc cursi n bothspace and  time as"t he a r i sin g of novel  and coh erent str u cture s ,patte rns  and p ro per tiesduring the  proc ess of  s elf-or ganiz at ion in c omplex systems." [Gol99 ]. Vis ual C ogn ition asInf o rma tion Proc essi ng Computa tio nal  Visu alC ognit ioni sa s t udy o f hu m an visual pe rce p t ua l and cogni t i v e a bilit ies in a n atur al setting, inclu d ing abilitiesat r e a l w orl d  sce ne  understanding , p er c e ption, r ec ognition an d memory  a l ongsi de wit h therole of a tt e ntionandlea rning. It  us es tools a nd  t h eories  fro mimageproces s ing, c ognitive science , com p u tatio n alvisio n,  comput e r gr aphics and  cognitiveneuros cien ce. [ Ull06]ha s deve lop ed  computati o nal model s ofvisionth at e xpl ain ho w hu m a ns re cogn iz e o bjects, p e r ce i ve  m o tio n, u se th ei r vi sual worl d  for tas k-r e levantin for m a tion,a nd c reate cohe ren t rep r e sentations of t h ei r  envi ronmen ts. Th e mains tra te gy here  is l earning a bout huma n  vi su al c ognition  t hrou gh  co ns truction of art ifacts,using mo d e l-base d r e ason i ng. Re ce nt studies i n bio lo g y, etho l o gyand neu r osc ien cehave  in crea s ed our knowledge of biol ogic al co g nit ive f uncti on s, and l e d to  the und e rstanding tha t the most impo r tan t  fea tur e  o fcognition  is its a bili tyto d eal 
, while_contributing to_the qualitatively different (emergent)_properties of_the_level above,_[Yao09]._The parts change_their identities; new_principles apply at the_higher level, [Cor95]._Needham,_in [Nee43][234], argues that for those successive forms of order in complexity and organization_"A_sharp change_in_organizational_level often means that what_were wholes on the lower_level become_parts on the new, e.g., protein crystals, cells_in_metazoan organisms, and_metazoan organisms in social units." (Emphasis added) Levels are_used to organize informational granule for_the reasons of_simplicity_and_clarity. Level thinking is_fundamental for representation, organization and synthesis_of data, information, and knowledge. A_structured organization of information seems to be_one important way to outwit the_limited capacity of human information_processing, as_shown by [Mil56]. Emergence is_a phenomenon observed_when entities_on a higher_level exhibit novel properties that are_not observable on_the lower levels. Levels correspond to_aggregation_of objects (informational_granule)_which_are forming_new wholes on_a_different scale_of_resolution. Life is an example of_emergent_phenomenon in objects (organisms) that have signaling_and self-sustaining processes. Even_though_living organisms consist of_inorganic parts, those parts show_a qualitatively new behavior as a_result of_mutual interactions._Biology emerges from chemistry. Emmeche et al. [Stj97] identifies the following_four primary levels of organization (integrative_levels): physical, biological, psychological_and sociological._Emergence_occurs in both_space_and time_as "the arising of novel and coherent_structures, patterns_and properties during the process of_self-organization in complex systems."_[Gol99]._Visual Cognition as Information Processing Computational_Visual Cognition is a study of_human visual perceptual and cognitive_abilities_in_a natural setting, including abilities_at real world scene understanding, perception,_recognition and memory_alongside with the role of attention and_learning._It uses tools and theories from_image_processing, cognitive science, computational vision, computer_graphics_and_cognitive neuroscience. [Ull06] has developed_computational models of vision that explain_how humans recognize objects, perceive motion, use their visual_world for task-relevant_information, and create coherent representations_of_their_environments. The main strategy here is learning about human visual_cognition through_construction of artifacts,_using model-based reasoning. Recent studies in biology, ethology and neuroscience_have increased our knowledge of biological cognitive_functions, and led to the understanding that the most important feature_of cognition is its ability to deal