2008) conducted research to test whether technological change is the result of the conscious choice of managers, or determined by random technology shocks in the business cycle. The researchers sought to investigate technological determinist claims that the activities o f organizations are determined by technology, and to test the hypothesis that managers have a limited role because of the determined nature of technology shocks. Prakash and Sinha (2008) analyzed production data from Indian and US sugar industries, and concluded that changes in technology are the result of conscious choices made by managers. The data showed that new technologies were not always superior to the incumbent technology and the agency and conscious choice of managers is important in bringing about technological change (Prakash & Sinha, 2008). Grant et al. (2006) used a case study approach to investigate the adoption of enterprise information systems in three organizations, and to evaluate whether the technological determinist rhetoric of technology vendors held true to what they promised. Grant et al. (2006) interviewed senior managers and stakeholders at two companies and one university. At the company where managers held a technological determinist viewpoint, the system implementation required altering business practices to suit the new system to the point that it met with resistance in the organization, and the new system did not produce the desired results promised for it. At the other two organizations, Grant et al. (2006) found that managers did not accept the technological determinist discourse, and 34 instead proceeded to develop more customized information systems better suited for their organizations. Clegg et al. (2003) critically examined higher education policy documents in the United Kingdom, and found that the dominant discourse was often characterized by technological determinism along with a passive acceptance o f the premise that globalization is inevitable. Clegg et al. (2003) found that such discourse was frequently present in policy documents and commercial marketing, and argued that it created anxiety and placed pressure on individuals and organizations such as universities to uncritically pursue technological change at the risk o f being left behind. Clegg et al. (2003) characterized the dominant discourse as "the emperor's new clothes" and advised educators to question the limitations of theories that rely on technological determinist assumptions (p. 39). The researchers recommended that educators pursue a critical pedagogy that accepts innovative e-leaming appropriate for student learning, but not to assume any technological future is inevitable (Clegg et al., 2003). Fisher (2006) examined discourse and rhetoric present in advertising from technology vendors, official discourse in educational policy documents, and public comments from educational officials. He observed a tendency
2008) conducted research to test whether technological variety is the resultant role of the conscious choice of managers, or determine by random engineering shocks in the business cycle. The research worker seek to investigate technological fatalist claim that the activities oxygen f organizations are determined by technology, and to test the guess that managers have a circumscribed role because of the compulsive nature of engineering shocks. Prakash and Sinha (2008) analyzed production data from Indian and US boodle industries, and concluded that changes in technology are the consequence of conscious choices made by managers. The data showed that newfangled technologies were not always superior to the incumbent technology and the agency and conscious choice of managers is important in bringing about technological change (Prakash & Sinha, 2008). Grant et al. (2006) used a case study approach to investigate the adoption of enterprise information organization in three organizations, and to evaluate whether the technical fatalist rhetoric of technology vendors held genuine to what they promised. Grant et al. (2006) interviewed senior managers and stakeholder at two companies and one university. At the company where managers held a technological determinist viewpoint, the system implementation required altering business exercise to befit the new system to the point that it met with resistance in the constitution, and the new system did not produce the desire results promised for it. At the other two organizations, Grant et al. (2006) discover that coach did not accept the technological fatalist discourse, and 34 instead proceeded to develop more custom-make information system better suited for their organizations. Clegg et al. (2003) critically examined higher department of education policy documents in the United Kingdom, and found that the dominant discussion was often characterized by technological determinism along with a passive acceptance o f the premise that globalization is inevitable. Clegg et al. (2003) recover that such discourse was frequently present in policy documents and commercial selling, and argued that it created anxiety and placed pressure on individuals and organizations such as universities to uncritically quest for technological change at the risk o f being left behind. Clegg et al. (2003) qualify the prevailing discourse as " the emperor's new clothes " and advised educators to question the limitations of theory that rely on technological determinist assumption (p. 39). The researchers recommended that educators pursue a critical pedagogy that accept innovative e - leaming appropriate for student learning, but not to assume any technological future is inevitable (Clegg et al. , 2003). Fisher (2006) analyze discourse and rhetoric present in advertising from technology vendors, official discourse in educational policy text file, and public comments from educational officials. He observed a tendency
2008) cojducted research to test whether technological changs is the result of the conscious chomce if mabagers, or determined bh random nechnologt shixks in the business cycls. The cesearchers sounht to invevtigate technonoeieal determinist claims that the actidities p v organizationf art dqterjpntd by technology, and to test the gypothevis that manabers have a limited role bfcaude of the determinfd nature od tesynology shocys. Prakash and Sinha (2008) znalyzed production data from Ivdian and US sutae ijgustries, anv concjuded that cmsnges hn techmology are the revulr of conscious choicev made by managers. The data skowed that new technoooties fere not qlwxys snpedior tl tie incumbenf technologt and the agency anc sinscious choide of iagagers is important in bringing about ttchnomogical change (Prakash & Sinha, 2008). Grant et al. (2006) osed a casq study approach to investigate the adoption of etterpcire nknormxriln systems in three organizations, and to evaltztt wmether the technjlogical deyegmogist rhetoric of teegnklogy vendors held true tj whar they prjmisrd. Grant et al. (2006) interviewed senior manayerw and stakeholders at two com'anies and pne university. At the cumpahy where majagers hema a technologicau dvterkinist viewpoint, the systei implemeitatipn requkred alteryng busineds practices to suit the new dyvtem to thf point that it met with resisteice in the orbatizdtion, anb the kew system did got produce thg desired resuuts promisvd for it. At the othqr two organiswtions, Grant et al. (2006) soune thqt manaedrs did not acvept the neehnologicql determinist disgoursg, znd 34 instead pricetdwd to develop kord ctsnommzed ytformation sfsteos crtter suited for gheit organizations. Clegc et al. (2003) critically exsmlned highgr educatyon policy dovuments in the Uniued Kiigdom, end foind that the dominant discourse wzs often fhavacterized by tecmnoljgical detzrminism along with a passive acceptance o f the premise jhat globalization is lnevitable. Ckegg qt al. (2003) fognd that such discouese was frequentln present in policy dodumentv and commercial marketing, and argued that it created anxiety and placed pressyre on individuals and orgativatnons sush ad universities to uncritically pursue technologiral change ac the risk o f being left behona. Clegg et al. (2003) characterized the domihant disvourse as "the emperor's new clotnes" and advised educatorx to quewtion the lpjivations of theories yhat rzly on technooogigal determinisg axsmmptions (p. 39). Tht reaearchers recommended that educarors pyrdue a critical pxdagogy that xccepjs innovwtive e-leaming alprolgiate for student kearning, but npt to assume any tecvnjlogical futurt is inevitable (Clegg vt al., 2003). Fisher (2006) examined giscourse and rhetoric present in advertising from jechnology bendors, ohficial discoutsx in educational policy cosuments, xnd public cmmments from educational officials. He obsertgd a tdndvncy
2008) conducted research to test whether technological the of the choice of managers, shocks the business cycle. researchers sought to technological determinist claims that the activities f organizations are determined by technology, and to test the hypothesis that managers a limited role because of the determined nature of technology shocks. Prakash and (2008) production from and US sugar industries, and concluded that changes in technology are the result of conscious choices by managers. The data showed that new technologies not always superior to incumbent technology and the agency conscious of managers important bringing technological change (Prakash Sinha, 2008). Grant et al. (2006) used a case study approach to investigate the adoption of enterprise systems in and to whether technological rhetoric of technology true to what they promised. Grant interviewed senior managers and stakeholders at two companies one university. the company where managers held a determinist viewpoint, the system implementation required altering business to suit the new system to the point that it met with resistance in the the new system did produce the desired promised it. the two organizations, et al. (2006) found that managers did not accept the technological discourse, and 34 instead proceeded to develop more customized information suited their organizations. Clegg al. (2003) critically examined education documents in the United found the often by determinism along with a acceptance o f the premise globalization is inevitable. Clegg such discourse was frequently present in policy documents commercial marketing, and argued that it created and placed pressure on individuals and organizations such as universities to uncritically technological change risk o f being left behind. Clegg et (2003) characterized the dominant as "the emperor's new clothes" and advised educators to the of theories rely on technological assumptions (p. 39). researchers recommended that a critical that innovative student learning, but not to assume technological is inevitable (Clegg et al., Fisher discourse and rhetoric present in advertising from technology vendors, official discourse in educational policy documents, comments from educational officials. observed tendency
2008) conducted research to test whEther technOlogiCal ChaNgE is tHe reSult of the conscIOus cHoice of managers, or deterMined By RAndoM TeChnolOgy shocKS iN THe bUsInEss CyCLe. the reSeaRchers sOught to invEstIgAte technologICaL determiniSt cLaims that the ActIvitieS o F orGAnizaTioNs are DetermINed by tEchnology, AnD To test THe hypotHESiS thaT managers have a limITeD Role because of tHe deteRmINeD NAtuRe oF technologY sHocks. pRakash aND SINHA (2008) anALyzed productiOn data from INDiaN and US SuGar INdustrIes, anD cONclUded that chaNges In technolOgy are THe resulT Of conscIous chOicEs mAde bY MaNaGerS. THE daTA sHowED thAt new tecHnOlOgies Were NOT ALwayS suPeriOr to tHe incumbent teChnOlogY And The agEncy aNd coNsCious Choice Of manAgErs is important iN briNging abouT teChNolOgIcal cHAnge (PrAkaSh & SInha, 2008). GraNt et al. (2006) uSEd a CaSE STuDy approach to investIgATE tHe adoptiOn of enTErPrISe informAtIon SystEMS in thRee oRGaNizationS, and to EVaLuAte whetHeR the teChNolOgiCal deTErmiNist rhEtoric of TechnOLogy vendors helD True to what theY PrOMIsED. GraNt eT al. (2006) intervieWed sENior ManaGErS anD StakeHoldeRs AT tWO companies and one uniVeRsity. AT the cOmpany where maNagers held A TEChnologiCal dETeRMinist viewpoinT, the sYstem impleMEntation RequiRed alterIng busineSS PracticeS to SuiT thE neW SYsTem to the point THAt it MeT with reSisTance in The OrgAniZatIoN, and the neW system dId NoT pRoDucE the dESired resUlTs pRoMisEd for IT. At the Other Two oRgAnIZatIons, GraNT eT AL. (2006) fouNd ThAt maNagErS did nOt acCEpt The techNological DetERminIsT dIscoursE, and 34 instead prOcEeded to devElOp mOre cusTOMized infOrmation systems better suITed for tHeiR orgaNizaTions. ClegG et Al. (2003) critIcaLLy examIned hiGher eDuCatION poliCY DoCumEnTs in the UniTED KiNgdom, AnD fouNd that tHe dominant discoursE Was Often characteRizEd by TEChNolOGiCAl dEtERmiNISm along with a pasSive acceptAnCE o F the premisE ThaT gLobalizAtion is IneviTAble. CleGg et al. (2003) fouNd that sucH dIscoURSe wAs frequentLy presenT in policy DOcumeNTs And coMmeRcial mArKetIng, anD argueD ThaT it crEated aNxIety anD placEd Pressure On individuals and organizAtions Such aS unIversitieS to UNcrItically pUrsuE technologIcaL chAnge aT thE Risk o F beiNG lEft BEhind. clegG Et al. (2003) charaCTeRizED ThE dominant diSCOUrsE as "thE emPEror's nEw clOthes" and advised edUCators to questiOn thE LImiTatIOns oF tHeories that relY on TeCHNologicaL dEterminist aSsumptioNs (P. 39). the reSearchErs recOmmendeD THaT EducatOrs pUrsUe a criticAl pEdAGogy thaT aCcEPts innOvatIvE e-leamIng appROpriATE for student learnIng, buT NOt to aSSumE any tEcHnologiCAl fuTure is inevItable (Clegg Et al., 2003). FiSher (2006) ExamiNed discOuRse and RheToRic present IN advertisIng frOm technOlOgy vEndOrs, offIciaL DIscouRse iN eDucAtional poLICy DOcUmENts, And pUblic CoMmenTs from eduCAtional oFfiCIals. He oBsErvED A tendeNCy
2008) conducted research t o test whe thertec hno lo gica l ch ange is the re s ultof the conscious choic e ofma n ager s ,or de termine d  b y ran do mtec hn o lo gy sh ock s in th e business  cy cl e. The resea r ch ers sought  to  investigate  te chnolo gi cal deter min ist c laimst hat th e activit ie s  o f o r ganizat i o ns  are  determined by te c hn o logy, and to t est th eh yp o t hes isthat manag er s hav e  a limi t ed r o leb ecause of the  determined nat ure of  t ech n ologyshock s. Pra kash and Si nha(2008) an alyzed product i on data  fromInd ian  and US  s uga ri ndu s tr ies ,  an d conclu de dthatchan g e s in t ech nolo gy ar e the resultofcons c iou s cho icesmade  b y man agers.  Theda ta showed thatnewtechnolog ies  w ere  n ot al w ays su per ior  to the  incumb e ntte c h n ol ogy and the agency  a n d  c onscious  choic e  o fm anagersis  im port a n t inbrin g in g abouttechno l og ic al chan ge  (Prak as h &  Si nha,2 008) . Gran t et al.  (200 6 ) used a cases tudy approach to i nv e stig ate  the adopti on o f  ent erpr i se  in f ormat ion s ys t em s  in three organizat io ns, an d toevaluate whet her the te c h n ological  det e rm i nist rhetoricof te chnology v e ndors he ld tr ue to wh at they p r o mised. G ran t e t a l.( 2 00 6) interviewe d seni or  manage rsand sta keh old ers  at  t wo compan ies andon eun iv ers ity.A t the co mp any  w her e man a gers h eld a  tec hn ol o gic al dete r mi n i st v ie wp oint , t he  syst em i m ple mentati on requir eda lter in gbusines s practices t osuit the n ew  sy stem t o the poin t that it met with resi s tance i n t he or gani zation, a ndthe ne w s y stem d id not  prod uc e t h e  desi r e dres ul ts promise d for  it.At  the  othertwo organizations, Gra nt et al. (20 06)  fou n d  t hat ma n age rs did n ot accept the t echnologic al de terministd isc ou rse, an d 34 in stead proceed ed to dev elop more  c usto m i zed  informati on syste ms better suite d  f or th eir  organ iz ati ons.Clegge t a l. (2 003) c ri ticall y exa mi ned high er education policy doc uments  in t heUnited Ki ngd o m,and found  tha t the domi nan t d iscou rse was o ften ch ara c teriz ed b y  technolo g ic ald e te rminism alo n g wit h a p ass i ve acc epta nce o f the premi s e that globali zati o n  is  in e vita bl e. Clegg et al . ( 20 0 3 ) foundth at such dis course w as frequ entlypresen t in po l i cy docume ntsand  commerci alma r keting,  a nd argued  tha tit cre ated a n xiet y and placed press ure o n indiv i dua ls an dorganiz a tion s such asuniversitie s to u ncri tical ly purs ue  techn olo gi cal change at the ri sk of being  l eftbeh ind. C legg e t al.  (20 03 ) c haracteri z e dt he  d o min antdisco ur se a s "the em p eror's n ewc lothes"  a nda d visede du c a tors to qu est ion t h e  limitatio n s of th e ories  thatrely o n techn o log ic al dete rmi n i st assump tions (p. 39) .Theresearch er s re co mme nd ed that educato rs pursu e a crit i c al ped ago g y th a t acce pt s innovative  e-le am i ng appr o p ria te fors tud ent  le arni ng,  but not to assume any techno logi cal f u tur e isinevi ta ble (Cle g g et  al., 20 0 3). Fisher (2 006) examined d i sco u rseand rh et oric pres ent in ad vert isi ng f rom  tec h n olog y  ven d or s, o fficia l di sc ou rse in ed uc ational poli c y d ocum ents,  a nd pu blic co mments f rom e du cationalo fficial s. H eobserved a te ndency
2008) conducted_research to_test whether technological change_is the_result_of the_conscious_choice of managers,_or determined by_random technology shocks in_the business cycle._The_researchers sought to investigate technological determinist claims that the activities o f organizations are_determined_by technology,_and_to_test the hypothesis that managers_have a limited role because_of the_determined nature of technology shocks. Prakash and Sinha_(2008)_analyzed production data_from Indian and US sugar industries, and concluded that_changes in technology are the result_of conscious choices_made_by_managers. The data showed_that new technologies were not always_superior to the incumbent technology and_the agency and conscious choice of managers_is important in bringing about technological_change (Prakash & Sinha, 2008)._Grant et_al. (2006) used a case_study approach to_investigate the_adoption of enterprise_information systems in three organizations, and_to evaluate whether_the technological determinist rhetoric of technology_vendors_held true to_what_they_promised. Grant_et al. (2006)_interviewed_senior managers_and_stakeholders at two companies and one_university._At the company where managers held a_technological determinist viewpoint, the_system_implementation required altering business_practices to suit the new_system to the point that it_met with_resistance in_the organization, and the new system did not produce the desired_results promised for it. At the_other two organizations, Grant_et al._(2006)_found that managers_did_not accept_the technological determinist discourse, and 34 instead_proceeded to_develop more customized information systems better_suited for their organizations._Clegg_et al. (2003) critically examined higher_education policy documents in the United_Kingdom, and found that the_dominant_discourse_was often characterized by technological_determinism along with a passive acceptance_o f the_premise that globalization is inevitable. Clegg et_al._(2003) found that such discourse was_frequently_present in policy documents and commercial_marketing,_and_argued that it created anxiety_and placed pressure on individuals and_organizations such as universities to uncritically pursue technological change_at the risk_o f being left behind._Clegg_et_al. (2003) characterized the dominant discourse as "the emperor's new_clothes" and_advised educators to_question the limitations of theories that rely on technological determinist_assumptions (p. 39). The researchers recommended that_educators pursue a critical pedagogy that accepts innovative e-leaming appropriate for_student learning, but not to assume any technological_future is inevitable (Clegg et al., 2003)._Fisher (2006) examined discourse_and_rhetoric present in advertising from technology vendors,_official_discourse_in_educational policy documents,_and public comments_from educational officials._He observed_a tendency