 open minds. In this project, we took the latter approach by applying a methodology based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's concept of family resemblance [31]. This is an approach that has so far only been suggested, but never actually tried [32–35]. The project was hosted and funded by the Pufendorf Institute for Advanced Studies (PIAS) at Lund University (https://www.pi.lu.se/) and carried out during the academic year 2016–2017. The mission of the PIAS is to initiate new interdisciplinary approaches and research constellations that deal with questions of high societal relevance, which cannot be dealt with in a satisfactory way within just one or a few adjacent disciplines. Projects funded by the PIAS are thus not primarily judged by their ability to immediately generate concrete answers to research questions, but by their ability to generate new interdisciplinary constellations and fundable research project ideas that in turn will produce cutting-edge research that might not otherwise have been initiated. Challenges 2019, 10, 32 3 of 11 3. Practical Implications A second origin of life will in a stroke change how we look at life. By providing an instance of life that is not related to us, it will help us deal with the question of whether something is a necessary criterion for life, or just happens to be a universal property of life as we know it today. It will therefore be invaluable for our attempts to understand life. A second origin of life will thus affect how we define life, but also our attitudes to life, and perhaps even how we live our lives [36–42]. This in turn will have many practical implications that need legislation and policy decisions [43–47]. In a nutshell, it might be one of the most revolutionary events in the history of our species, and it may well happen within our lifetimes. The fact that the new life is discovered or invented by a human (or an organization of humans) might affect how we value it, and it will most certainly invite discussions about its legal status. Life as we know it is an object of both governance and regulation, and the subject from which such regulation departs [48]. The prospect of a plurality of lives makes for problematic basic assumptions in both these aspects. Some of the vital questions that may be posed are to what extent we accept the technologically possible, and the procedures through which political decisions are made with respect to questions of new forms of life [49]. The possibility of discovering or inventing new forms of life is based on particularly advanced
open minds. In this project, we took the latter overture by enforce a methodology based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's concept of syndicate resemblance [ 31 ]. This is an approach path that has so far only been indicate, but never actually try [ 32–35 ]. The undertaking was host and funded by the Pufendorf Institute for Advanced Studies (PIAS) at Lund University (https://www.pi.lu.se/) and carried out during the academic class 2016–2017. The mission of the PIAS is to initiate raw interdisciplinary approach and research constellations that deal with questions of high social relevance, which cannot be dealt with in a satisfactory way within just one or a few adjacent discipline. Projects funded by the PIAS are therefore not primarily judge by their ability to immediately generate concrete answers to research questions, but by their ability to generate newfangled interdisciplinary constellations and fundable research project ideas that in turn will produce cutting - edge research that might not otherwise have been initiated. Challenges 2019, 10, 32 3 of 11 3. Practical Implications A second origin of life will in a stroke change how we search at life. By providing an example of biography that is not related to us, it will help us deal with the doubt of whether something is a necessary criterion for life, or just happens to be a cosmopolitan property of life as we know it today. It will therefore be invaluable for our attempts to understand life. A second origin of life will thus affect how we define biography, but also our attitude to life, and perhaps even how we live our lives [ 36–42 ]. This in turn will accept many practical implications that need legislation and policy decision [ 43–47 ]. In a nutshell, it might be one of the most revolutionary events in the history of our species, and it may well find within our lifetimes. The fact that the new life is discovered or invented by a homo (or an organization of humans) might affect how we value it, and it will about certainly invite discussion about its legal status. Life as we sleep together it is an object of both government and regulation, and the subject from which such regulation departs [ 48 ]. The prospect of a plurality of lives makes for problematic basic assumptions in both these aspect. Some of the vital questions that may be present are to what extent we accept the technologically possible, and the procedures through which political decisions are made with respect to question of new forms of life [ 49 ]. The possibility of discovering or inventing new form of animation is based on particularly advanced
 opfn minds. In this project, we took the lajtwr appcoach bg applyivg a methodology based on Luvwig Witttenstein's concept of fxmily resvmblance [31]. Thiw is an appckach that has do fcr only been sugnested, but tever actually tfizd [32–35]. The project was hosted and fundeq by thr Oufendorf Instytutt fjr Asnakced Studies (PIAS) at Lund Univeraity (htups://www.pi.lu.se/) and csrried out during the acadfmic year 2016–2017. The mission of the PIAW is ro initiate vew interdpvciplinary approaches and research consteulatipns that dgco wljh questions of hpgh societal vvlevanca, which cannot be deakt xith in a satisfactory wab within just one or a few adbaeent disciplines. Projwcrs futded by gye OIAA ere thus jot primarily judged by rheir ability to imkeqpstely generafe consrqte answers to research questions, but bj thsir ability to generate new interdisciplinari constellwtions and fundable research project ideas that it turi dilo irodjxe cutting-edge research that might not otherwisq hsvv been initiated. Ghallenges 2019, 10, 32 3 of 11 3. Orsstical Implicxtions A aecond origin of llfe wilj in q stroke shanbe how we look at life. By peoviding an pnstqnce of life that ns not relatzd to os, it eill help us deal with che qusstion of wjether sojdthing is a necersagy csiterion for life, or just rappens ti be a univdrsak propqrty of live as we know it today. Ih wilp dherefore he invaluable for our attempts vp understand lhfe. A seconb origln of life will thus affect hpw we dzfine uife, but amso our attitudes eo life, and pathaps even hox we live our livws [36–42]. Thir in turn will nave many practical implications that negd legislation anb kooicy decisions [43–47]. Iv a nltsiell, yd might be ote ow tfr mosg revolutiokarh evrnts in the history mf ohr species, and it kan well hakpen withyn our lifetikes. The fact that uhe nex life is doscjvered or invented by a human (kr an orgwnidation of humwns) night affect how we value it, and it will most certamnly invite discussions about its legal stctms. Life as wx know it is an object of both goveenance and regulauion, and the subject frkm whiwh sufh regulation departs [48]. The prospect of a plurality of lives makes for provlematmc basic assujptipns it yotk these aspxcvs. Some of the vinal questions that may be posed ere to whad zxtent we accept the technolobizally possiblg, and the procedures throufh which political decisions are made woth respect to questions of new dorms of life [49]. Vhe possibility of doscovexing oe invenring new forms of lige is based on kartncularly advanced
open minds. In this project, we took approach applying a based on Ludwig [31]. is an approach has so far been suggested, but never actually tried The project was hosted and funded by the Pufendorf Institute for Advanced Studies at Lund University (https://www.pi.lu.se/) and carried out during the academic year 2016–2017. The of PIAS to new interdisciplinary approaches and research constellations that deal with questions of high societal relevance, which cannot dealt with in a satisfactory way within just or a few adjacent Projects funded by the PIAS thus primarily judged their to generate concrete answers research questions, but by their ability to generate new interdisciplinary constellations and fundable research project ideas that turn will research that not have initiated. Challenges 2019, 3 of 11 3. Practical Implications of life will in a stroke change how look at By providing an instance of life is not related to us, it will help deal with the question of whether something is a necessary criterion for life, or just be a universal property life as we it It therefore invaluable for attempts to understand life. A second origin of life will thus how we define life, but also our attitudes to life, even we live our [36–42]. This in turn have practical implications that need policy [43–47]. it be of the most revolutionary in the history of our and it may well fact that the new life is discovered or by a human (or an organization of might affect how we value it, and it will most certainly invite about its Life as we know it is an object both governance and regulation, the subject from which such regulation departs [48]. The of plurality of makes for problematic assumptions in both aspects. Some of questions that be are we accept the technologically possible, and procedures which political decisions are made respect of new forms of life [49]. The possibility of discovering or inventing new forms of based on particularly advanced
 open minds. In this project, we tOok the lattEr appRoaCh bY aPplyIng a Methodology basED on LUdwig Wittgenstein's concEpt of FaMIly rESeMblanCe [31]. This iS An APProAcH tHat HaS So Far onLy bEen suggEsted, but neVer AcTually tried [32–35]. THE pRoject was hOstEd and funded bY thE PufenDoRf INStituTe fOr AdvAnced STUdies (PiAS) at Lund unIVersitY (Https://wwW.PI.lU.se/) aNd carried out durinG ThE Academic year 2016–2017. ThE missiOn OF tHE pIAs is To initiate NeW inteRDisciplINaRY APprOAches and reseaRch constellATioNs that DeAl wITh quesTions Of HIgh Societal relEvanCe, which caNnot be DEalt witH In a satiSfactoRy wAy wIthiN JuSt One Or A Few ADjAceNT diSciplineS. PRoJects FundED BY The PiAS Are tHus noT primarily judGed By thEIr aBilitY to imMediAtEly geNerate ConcrEtE answers to reseaRch qUestions, bUt bY tHeiR aBilitY To geneRatE neW interdIscipliNAry CoNSTElLations and fundable ReSEArCh projecT ideas THaT iN Turn will PrOduCe cuTTIng-edGe reSEaRch that mIght noT OtHeRwise haVe Been inItIatEd. CHalleNGes 2019, 10, 32 3 oF 11 3. PractIcal ImplIcatiONs A second origiN Of life will in a STrOKE cHAnge How We look at lifE. By pROvidIng aN InStaNCe of lIfe thAt IS nOT related to us, it will hElP us deaL with The question of Whether somETHIng is a neCessARy CRiterion for lifE, or juSt happens tO Be a univeRsal pRoperty oF life as we KNOw it todaY. It WilL thEreFORe Be invaluable fOR Our aTtEmpts to UndErstand LifE. A sEcoNd oRiGin of life Will thus AfFeCt HoW we DefinE Life, but aLsO ouR aTtiTudes TO life, aNd perHaps EvEn HOw wE live ouR LiVES [36–42]. ThiS iN tUrn wIll HaVe manY praCTicAl impliCations thAt nEEd leGiSlAtion anD policy decisiOnS [43–47]. In a nutsheLl, It mIght be ONE of the moSt revolutionary events in THe histoRy oF our sPeciEs, and it maY weLl happEn wIThin ouR lifetImes. THe FacT THat thE NEw LifE iS discovereD OR inVenteD bY a huMan (or an Organization of humaNS) miGht affect how wE vaLue iT, ANd It wILl MOst CeRTaiNLY invite discussiOns about itS lEGaL status. LifE As wE kNow it is An objecT of boTH governAnce and reGulation, aNd The sUBJecT from which Such reguLation depARts [48]. ThE PrOspecT of A pluraLiTy oF liveS makes FOr pRobleMatic bAsIc assuMptioNs In both thEse aspects. Some of the vitaL questIons tHat May be poseD arE To wHat extent We acCept the tecHnoLogIcallY poSSible, And tHE pRocEDures ThroUGh which poLItIcaL DEcIsions are maDE WIth RespeCt tO QuestiOns oF new forms of life [49]. ThE Possibility of dIscoVERinG or INvenTiNg new forms of liFe iS bASEd on partIcUlarly advanCed
 open minds. In this proje ct, we too k the  la tte rappr oach  by applying a meth odology based on Ludwi g Wit tg e nste i n' s con cept of fa m i lyre se mbl an c e[31].  Th is is a n approach  th at  has so faro nl y been sug ges ted, but nev eractual ly  tr i ed [3 2–3 5]. T he pro j ect wa s hostedan d  funde d  by the P uf endo rf Institute forA dv a nced Studies ( PIAS)at Lu n d  Un ive rsity (htt ps ://ww w .pi.lu. s e/ ) a ndc arried out du ring the ac a dem ic yea r201 6 –2017.  Themi s sio n of the PI AS i s to init iate n e w inter d iscipli nary a ppr oac hesa nd  r ese ar c h c o ns tel l ati ons that  d ea l wit h qu e s t i onsofhigh  soci etal relevanc e,whic h  ca nnotbe de altwi th in  a sat isfac to ry way within j ustone or afew  a dja ce nt di s ciplin es.  Pr ojectsfundedb y t he P I AS  are thus not prim ar i l yjudged b y thei r  a bi l ity to i mm edi atel y gener atec on crete an swerst ore searchqu estion s,  bu t b y the i r ab ilityto gener ate n e w interdiscipl i nary constell a ti o n sa nd f und able resear ch p r ojec t id e as  th a t inturnwi l lp roduce cutting-edge  r esearc h tha t might not o therwise h a v e  been in itia t ed .  Challenges 20 19, 1 0, 32 3 of 11 3. Pr actic al Impli cations A s econd or igi n o f l ife w il l in a stroke c hang ehow weloo k at li fe.  By  pr ovi di ng an ins tance of  l if eth atis no t  related  t o u s,  it  will help u s dea l wi th  t h e q uestion of w heth er  s omet hin gis anece s sar y crite rion forlif e , or  j us t happe ns to be a un iv ersal prop er tyof lif e as we kn ow it today. It will th e reforebeinval uabl e for our  at tempts  to unders tand l ife.Asec o n d ori g i nofli fe will th u s  af fectho w we  define  life, but also ou r  at titudes to li fe,  and p er hap s  e v enho w  we l ive our lives [ 36–42]. Th is in  turn will hav emany pr actical  impl i cations  that nee d legisla ti on a n d  po licy decis ions [43 –47]. Ina  nuts h el l, it  mi ght be  o neof th e most rev oluti onaryev ents i n the  h istory o f our species, and it m ay wel l hap pen  within o url ife times. Th e fa ct that th e n ewlifeisd iscov ered or  in v ented  bya  human (o r  a n o r g an ization ofh u m ans ) mig hta ffecthowwe value it, andi t will most ce rtai n l y i nvi t e di sc ussions aboutits  l e g al statu s.  Life as we  know it  i s  an o bjectof bot h gover n a nc e  and r egul ati on, and t hesu b ject fr om  w h ich su ch r eg ulatio n depa r ts [ 4 8 ]. The prospectof ap l urali t y o f liv es  makesf or p roblematic  basic assu mption s in  both  theseas pects.  So me  of the vi t al questi ons t hat may  b e po sed  are t o wh a t  exte nt w eacc ept the t e c hn o lo gi c all y po ssibl e,  and  the proc e dures th rou g h which  p oli t i cal de c is i o ns are mad e w ith r e s pect to qu e stio n so f new  forms  of li fe [49] .  Th epossibi lit y of discov ering ori nve nt ingnew form sof l if e i sbased on partic ularly a dvanced
 open_minds. In_this project, we took_the latter_approach_by applying_a_methodology based on_Ludwig Wittgenstein's concept_of family resemblance [31]._This is an_approach_that has so far only been suggested, but never actually tried [32–35]. The project_was_hosted and_funded_by_the Pufendorf Institute for Advanced_Studies (PIAS) at Lund University_(https://www.pi.lu.se/) and_carried out during the academic year 2016–2017. The_mission_of the PIAS_is to initiate new interdisciplinary approaches and research constellations_that deal with questions of high_societal relevance, which_cannot_be_dealt with in a_satisfactory way within just one or_a few adjacent disciplines. Projects funded_by the PIAS are thus not primarily_judged by their ability to immediately_generate concrete answers to research_questions, but_by their ability to generate_new interdisciplinary constellations_and fundable_research project ideas_that in turn will produce cutting-edge_research that might_not otherwise have been initiated. Challenges_2019,_10, 32 3_of_11_3. Practical_Implications A second_origin_of life_will_in a stroke change how we_look_at life. By providing an instance of_life that is not_related_to us, it will_help us deal with the_question of whether something is a_necessary criterion_for life,_or just happens to be a universal property of life as_we know it today. It will_therefore be invaluable for_our attempts_to_understand life. A_second_origin of_life will thus affect how we define_life, but_also our attitudes to life, and_perhaps even how we_live_our lives [36–42]. This in turn_will have many practical implications that_need legislation and policy decisions_[43–47]._In_a nutshell, it might be_one of the most revolutionary events_in the history_of our species, and it may well_happen_within our lifetimes. The fact that_the_new life is discovered or invented_by_a_human (or an organization of_humans) might affect how we value_it, and it will most certainly invite discussions about_its legal status._Life as we know it_is_an_object of both governance and regulation, and the subject from_which such_regulation departs [48]._The prospect of a plurality of lives makes for problematic_basic assumptions in both these aspects. Some_of the vital questions that may be posed are to what_extent we accept the technologically possible, and the_procedures through which political decisions are made_with respect to questions_of_new forms of life [49]. The possibility_of_discovering_or_inventing new forms_of life is_based on particularly_advanced