 indigenous knowledge, both coded and informal on the use and importance of the biodiversity in the country. For generations, thousands of human communities have lived in the midst of this rich biodiversity and evolved sustainable lifestyles, of a symbiotic nature with the natural bounty around them. In the last two centuries, these equations have been radically challenged and threatened by various factors. Among them are a social and political mandate that favours maximum extraction of natural resources to achieve a certain paradigm of 'development' and a top-down model of conservation that ignores and threatens the very existence of the first allies of conservation–local people whose lives are deeply entwined with that of their surrounding for their physical, social, emotional and moral sustenance, in fact their very livelihood (Roy and Roy, 2015). With the current trend of globalization and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regimes there is an urgent need for proper and scientific quantification and documentation of our biodiversity and associated traditional and indigenous knowledge especially in the developing country. This traditional knowledge is critical to science and society for maintaining the nation's natural resources, for growing its agricultural economy, for sustaining and improving the human health and its life style. Large scale development and construction have posed significant threat to biodiversity. It has lead to destruction of various fragile ecosystems. Human activities significantly contribute towards destruction of natural habitats. The construction of road, dams, mining activities and other development projects have led to destruction of biodiversity of that region. All these factors related to large scale development are one of the major contributors of threat to biodiversity. In the recent times India's biodiversity is severely threatened. The important causes of threats to biodiversity are the habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population and overexploitation of natural resources. Other prominent factor for the depletion of biodiversity is the rampant poaching. Though stringent laws have been enacted by the government regarding poaching and Wildlife Protection Act (1972) has been passed, which ensures the protection of wildlife and effectively deal with poaching related issues and also many arrests have been made regarding that in recent few years, it is still prevalent and is a cause of concern for the biodiversity and despite the government spending cores on the conservation of animals, the effective implementation of poaching related laws is yet a cause of concern. Similarly overharvesting of forest also depletes the biodiversity of the region. Another important factor is the conversion of land under forest and grasslands into residential lands and using them for other developmental activities which lead to depletion of biodiversity. Deforestation has a huge impact on the biodiversity and
indigenous knowledge, both coded and informal on the habit and importance of the biodiversity in the area. For generations, thousands of human communities have live in the midst of this rich biodiversity and evolved sustainable life style, of a symbiotic nature with the natural bounty around them. In the last two century, these equations have been radically challenged and threaten by various factors. Among them are a social and political mandate that prefer maximum extraction of natural resources to achieve a certain prototype of' development' and a top - down model of conservation that ignores and threaten the very existence of the first ally of conservation – local people whose lives are deeply entwined with that of their surrounding for their forcible, social, emotional and moral sustenance, in fact their very livelihood (Roy and Roy, 2015). With the current trend of globalization and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regimes there constitute an urgent need for proper and scientific quantification and documentation of our biodiversity and associated traditional and indigenous knowledge especially in the developing country. This traditional knowledge is critical to skill and club for maintaining the state's lifelike resources, for growing its agricultural economy, for sustaining and better the human health and its life style. Large scale growth and construction have posed significant threat to biodiversity. It has lead to destruction of respective fragile ecosystems. Human activities significantly lend towards destruction of lifelike habitat. The structure of road, dams, mining activities and other development projects have led to destruction of biodiversity of that region. All these divisor related to large scale development are one of the major contributor of threat to biodiversity. In the late times India's biodiversity is severely threatened. The important causes of menace to biodiversity are the habitat destruction, incursive species, contamination, population and overexploitation of natural resources. Other prominent factor for the depletion of biodiversity is the rampant poaching. Though rigorous laws have been enacted by the government regard poaching and Wildlife Protection Act (1972) has been passed, which ensures the protection of wildlife and effectively deal with poach related issues and also many arrest have been made regarding that in late few years, it is still prevalent and is a cause of concern for the biodiversity and despite the government spending cores on the conservation of animals, the effective implementation of poaching related torah is so far a campaign of concern. Similarly overharvesting of forest also depletes the biodiversity of the region. Another important factor is the conversion of domain under forest and grasslands into residential lands and using them for early developmental activities which precede to depletion of biodiversity. Deforestation has a huge impact on the biodiversity and
 infigenous knowledge, both goded and informco on tie use znd impoftance of the biodiversity ii thw coubtry. For generations, tfousands lf human comnynities hats lived in ths midvv of this rich niodiversitf and evolved vurtcinable lifestyles, of a symbiotic naeure wiyh the natural bjuntj wrouhd them. In the last two centuries, fhese exuations have been radically challenged and threatened by varlous factorw. Amjbg them are x social and political mandate that favours maximum ebtraccion of natoxql ggsources to echievv a certain paradigm mf 'devekopment' and a bop-doxn midel of conservation vhat ignores and thrgatens the vzry existence of the diest anliev of xonrerbavioh–local pekple whose lives are eeeply entwined witn eyat of their aurrougdyng for their physical, social, emotional ans moral sustenance, in fqct their very livelijood (Roy wnd Roy, 2015). With the current trend of globalization dnd Iitdlltcbmal Oeooerty Rights (IPR) regimes there is an urgent nqsd fpr proper and fcientific auwnyyfication and documzhtztion of our biodigersity and qssociateq trsditional and indigenous kniwledge espebialoy in the developiug country. Tkis trsditipnal knowledge is critieal to science anf society wor maintaining ghe ndtion's natural resources, fjr growinj its agricuutursl ecogomy, for skstaikhng and improving hhe homan haalth and lts life style. Large scale development and comsdrubtion havz posec significant threat to biobiversitv. It hxs lead to destrurtion of varyous fragile afosystems. Hukan actiditiws sugnificxvtly contributr towards destructiin of natural habibats. Jhs construction if tiad, dams, mininb aztidiniex wtd other devalopoeng projdcts have lcd go drstruction of biodivarsify of that region. Slj these dactors welated to latge scale developmtnt arx one uf thr mwjor contributors of threat to biodiverditn. In the recegt tlmes India's bipdiversity is severely threatened. The inportant causes of threats to biodivetsiuy are the hauitat qestructimn, invasive species, pollution, populatlon and overexploitatikn of taturwl resources. Other prominent factor for the depletion of biodiversity is rhe rampant poachihg. Tnough scriugent lwws iate been enacted bj the government regarding poachmng and Windjife Protection Act (1972) has beem oassed, which gnsures the protection of sildlife and effectively deal with poacning related issues and slso mant arrssts have ueen made regarding yhat iu recebt few teard, it is still prrvwlent and is e ccuse of concern for the biodiversuty ane fespite the govecnment spendlnn corea on tre conservation kf ahlmals, the effectivr implementatipn of poaching relatvd jaws is yet a xzuse of concgrn. Siminarly overhacvesting of xorest also depletes the biodiversity of the region. Another jmportanb factor is the cpiversion of land under fprqst and erasslands itto residential lands and using them for otigr devdloimentam activities fhich lead to deplttnon of biodivegsity. Eeforestatiin has a hufe impavt on tke biodiversity and
indigenous knowledge, both coded and informal on and of the in the country. communities lived in the of this rich and evolved sustainable lifestyles, of a nature with the natural bounty around them. In the last two centuries, these have been radically challenged and threatened by various factors. Among them are a and mandate favours extraction of natural resources to achieve a certain paradigm of 'development' and a top-down model of that ignores and threatens the very existence of first allies of conservation–local whose lives are deeply entwined that their surrounding their social, and moral sustenance, fact their very livelihood (Roy and Roy, 2015). With the current trend of globalization and Intellectual Property (IPR) regimes an urgent for and quantification and documentation biodiversity and associated traditional and indigenous the developing country. This traditional knowledge is critical science and for maintaining the nation's natural resources, growing its agricultural economy, for sustaining and improving human health and its life style. Large scale development and construction have posed significant threat It has lead to of various fragile Human significantly towards of natural The construction of road, dams, mining activities and other development projects led to destruction of biodiversity of that region. All these to scale development are of the major contributors threat biodiversity. In the recent biodiversity severely causes threats biodiversity are the habitat invasive species, pollution, population and of natural resources. Other of biodiversity is the rampant poaching. Though stringent have been enacted by the government regarding and Wildlife Protection Act (1972) has been passed, which ensures the protection wildlife and with poaching related issues and also many arrests been made regarding that recent few years, it is still prevalent and is cause concern for biodiversity and despite government spending cores the conservation of effective implementation poaching laws cause of concern. Similarly overharvesting of also the biodiversity of the region. important the conversion of land under forest and grasslands into residential lands and using them for activities which lead to of Deforestation has a huge impact on the biodiversity and
 indigenous knowledge, both coDed and infoRmal oN thE usE aNd imPortAnce of the biodiVErsiTy in the country. For generAtionS, tHOusaNDs Of humAn commuNItIES haVe LiVed In THe Midst Of tHis rich BiodiversiTy aNd Evolved sustaINaBle lifestyLes, Of a symbiotic NatUre witH tHe nATural BouNty arOund thEM. In the Last two ceNtURies, thESe equatIONs Have Been radically chalLEnGEd and threateneD by varIoUS fACTorS. AmOng them are A sOcial ANd politICaL MANdaTE that favours mAximum extraCTioN of natUrAl rESourceS to acHiEVe a Certain paraDigm Of 'developMent' anD A top-dowN Model of ConserVatIon That IGnOrEs aNd THreATeNs tHE veRy existeNcE oF the fIrst ALLIEs of ConServAtion–Local people whOse LiveS Are DeeplY entwIned WiTh thaT of theIr surRoUnding for their pHysiCal, social, EmoTiOnaL aNd morAL susteNanCe, iN fact thEir very LIveLiHOOD (ROy and Roy, 2015). With the curReNT TrEnd of gloBalizaTIoN aND IntelleCtUal propERTy RigHts (Ipr) rEgimes thEre is aN UrGeNt need fOr Proper AnD scIenTific QUantIficatIon and doCumenTAtion of our biodIVersity and assOCiATEd TRadiTioNal and indigEnouS KnowLedgE EsPecIAlly iN the dEvELoPIng country. This tradiTiOnal knOwledGe is critical tO science anD SOCiety for MainTAiNIng the nation's nAturaL resources, FOr growinG its aGricultuRal economY, FOr sustaiNinG anD imProVINg The human healtH ANd itS lIfe stylE. LaRge scalE deVelOpmEnt AnD construcTion have PoSeD sIgNifIcant THreat to bIoDivErSitY. It haS Lead to DestrUctiOn Of VAriOus fragILe ECOsysTeMs. humaN acTiVitieS sigNIfiCantly cOntribute TowARds dEsTrUction oF natural habitAtS. The constrUcTioN of roaD, DAms, mininG activities and other deveLOpment pRojEcts hAve lEd to destrUctIon of bIodIVersitY of thaT regiOn. all THEse faCTOrS reLaTed to large SCAle DevelOpMent Are one oF the major contributORs oF threat to biodIveRsitY. iN tHe rECeNT tiMeS indIA'S biodiversity is Severely thReATeNed. The impoRTanT cAuses of Threats To bioDIversitY are the haBitat destRuCtioN, INvaSive specieS, pollutiOn, populatIOn and OVeRexplOitAtion oF nAtuRal reSourceS. othEr proMinent FaCtor foR the dEpLetion of Biodiversity is the rampanT poachIng. ThOugH stringenT laWS haVe been enaCted By the goverNmeNt rEgardIng POachiNg anD wiLdlIFe ProTectIOn Act (1972) has bEEn PasSED, wHich ensures THE ProTectiOn oF WildliFe anD effectively deal wITh poaching relaTed iSSUes And ALso mAnY arrests have beEn mAdE REgarding ThAt in recent fEw years, iT iS Still PrevalEnt and Is a causE OF cONcern fOr thE biOdiversitY anD dESpite thE gOvERnment SpenDiNg coreS on the COnseRVAtion of animals, thE effeCTIve imPLemEntatIoN of poacHIng rElated laws Is yet a cause Of concErn. SImilaRly overHaRvestiNg oF fOrest also dEPletes the BiodiVersity Of The rEgiOn. AnotHer iMPOrtanT facToR is The converSIOn OF lAnD UndEr foRest aNd GrasSlands intO ResidentIal LAnds and UsIng THEm for oTHeR DEvelopmentAl aCtiviTIEs which leaD To dePLeTIon of BiodivErsity. deforesTAtiOn Has a hugE imPACt on the biOdiversitY And
 indigenous knowledge, bot h coded an d inf orm alon  the  use  and importanc e  ofthe biodiversity in th e cou nt r y. F o rgener ations, th o u san ds  o f h um a ncommu nit ies hav e lived in  th emidst of thi s  r ich biodiv ers ity and evol ved  susta in abl e  life sty les,of a s y mbioti c naturewi t h then aturalb o un ty a round them. In th e  l a st two centuri es, th es e  e q u ati ons  have been  r adica l ly chal l en g e d  an d  threatened b y various f a cto rs. Am on g t h em are  a so ci a l a nd politica l ma ndate tha t favo u rs maxi m um extr action  of  na tura l  r es our ce s  to ac hie v e a  certain  p ar adigm  of' d e v elop men t' a nd atop-down mode l o f co n ser vatio n tha t ig no res a nd thr eaten sthe very existe nceof the fi rst  a lli es  of c o nserva tio n–l ocal pe ople wh o seli v e s  a re deeply entwined  w i t hthat oftheirs ur ro u nding fo rthe ir p h y sical , so c ia l, emoti onal a n dmo ral sus te nance,  i n f act  thei r  ver y live lihood ( Roy a n d Roy, 2015).W ith the curre n tt r en d  ofglo balizationandI ntel lect u al  Pr o perty  Righ ts (I P R) regimes there is  a n urge nt ne ed for proper  and scien t i f ic quant ific a ti o n and document ation  of our bi o diversit y and  associa ted tradi t i onal and  in dig eno usk n ow ledge especia l l y in  t he deve lop ing cou ntr y.Thi s t ra ditionalknowledg eis  c ri tic al to sciencean d s oc iet y for mainta ining  the  n at i on' s natur a lr e sour ce s,  for  gr ow ing i ts a g ric ultural  economy,  fo r  sus ta in ing and  improving th ehuman heal th  an d itsl i fe style . Large scale developme n t and c ons truct ionhave pose d s ignifi can t  threa t to b iodiv er sit y .  It h a s  l ead  t o destruct i o n o f var io us f ragileecosystems. Humana cti vities signif ica ntly c on tri b ut e  to wa r dsd e struction of na tural habi ta t s.  The const r uct io n of ro ad, dam s, mi n ing act ivities a nd otherde velo p m ent  projectshave led  to destr u ction of  biod ive rsityof  th at re gion.A llthese  facto rs  relat ed to  l arge sca le development are oneof the  majo r c ontributo rso f t hreat tobiod iversity.Inthe  rece ntt imesIndi a 's  bi o diver sity is severe l ythr e a te ned. The im p o r tan t cau ses of thr eats  to biodiversitya re the habitat  des t r uct ion ,  inv as ive species, p oll ut i o n, popul at ion and ove rexploit at i on of  natur al res ources. O th e r prom inen t f actor for  th ed epletio nof biodiv ersi ty  is th e ramp a nt p o a ching. Though st ringe n t  laws hav e bee nenacted by t he governm ent regardi ng poa chin g and  Wildli fe  Prote cti on  Act (1972 )  has been  pass ed, whi ch  ens ure s theprot e c tionof w il dli fe and ef f e ct i ve ly dea l wi th po ac hing  relatedi ssues an d a l so many  a rre s t s have be e n  made rega rdi ng th a t  in recent fewy ea r s, it  is st ill pr evalent and  i s a cau seo f  concernfor the b i odi ve rsit y and de sp iteth e g ov ernment spendin g coreson the c o n servat ion of a n imals,  t he effective  impl em e ntation o f p oaching rel ate d l awsisyeta  cause of concern. Simil arly  over h arv estin g offo rest als o  dep letes th e  biodiversity  of the region. Ano t herimp o rt an t factorist he co nver sio n of  la nd u n d er f o rest an d gr asslan ds i nt oresidenti al  landsa nd u s ing  the m for  o th e rdevelop mental a ctivi ti es whichl ead todepl et ion of biodiv ersity. Defo re stat ion ha s  ahug e impact on th e biodiver sit y and
 indigenous_knowledge, both_coded and informal on_the use_and_importance of_the_biodiversity in the_country. For generations,_thousands of human communities_have lived in_the_midst of this rich biodiversity and evolved sustainable lifestyles, of a symbiotic nature with_the_natural bounty_around_them._In the last two centuries,_these equations have been radically_challenged and_threatened by various factors. Among them are a_social_and political mandate_that favours maximum extraction of natural resources to achieve_a certain paradigm of 'development' and_a top-down model_of_conservation_that ignores and threatens_the very existence of the first_allies of conservation–local people whose lives_are deeply entwined with that of their_surrounding for their physical, social, emotional_and moral sustenance, in fact_their very_livelihood (Roy and Roy, 2015)._With the current_trend of_globalization and Intellectual_Property Rights (IPR) regimes there is_an urgent need_for proper and scientific quantification and_documentation_of our biodiversity_and_associated_traditional and_indigenous knowledge especially_in_the developing_country._This traditional knowledge is critical to_science_and society for maintaining the nation's natural_resources, for growing its_agricultural_economy, for sustaining and_improving the human health and_its life style. Large scale development_and construction_have posed_significant threat to biodiversity. It has lead to destruction of various_fragile ecosystems. Human activities significantly contribute_towards destruction of natural_habitats. The_construction_of road, dams,_mining_activities and_other development projects have led to destruction_of biodiversity_of that region. All these factors_related to large scale_development_are one of the major contributors_of threat to biodiversity. In the_recent times India's biodiversity is_severely_threatened._The important causes of threats_to biodiversity are the habitat destruction,_invasive species, pollution,_population and overexploitation of natural resources. Other_prominent_factor for the depletion of biodiversity_is_the rampant poaching. Though stringent laws_have_been_enacted by the government regarding_poaching and Wildlife Protection Act (1972)_has been passed, which ensures the protection of wildlife_and effectively deal_with poaching related issues and_also_many_arrests have been made regarding that in recent few years,_it is_still prevalent and_is a cause of concern for the biodiversity and despite_the government spending cores on the conservation_of animals, the effective implementation of poaching related laws is yet_a cause of concern. Similarly overharvesting of forest_also depletes the biodiversity of the region._Another important factor is_the_conversion of land under forest and grasslands_into_residential_lands_and using them_for other developmental_activities which lead_to depletion_of biodiversity. Deforestation_has a_huge impact on_the_biodiversity and