 this dissertation. Father God thank you for the opportunity to use the gifts that you gave me to work on my doctorate, I pray this endeavor has been according to your will for my life, and I ask you to lead me where you would have me to go, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Blessed Mother Mary I consecrate myself to you through Jesus, and I do the same with this dissertation, in the hope that God will do with this work what He wills. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Background.......................................................................................................... 3 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................... 16 Purpose of the Study........................................................................................... 18 Theoretical Framework....................................................................................... 19 Research Questions............................................................................................. 23 Nature of the Study............................................................................................. 24 Significance of the Study.................................................................................... 29 Definition of Key Term s..................................................................................... 37 Summary.............................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2: Literature Review.......................................................................................... 48 Documentation..................................................................................................... 49 Importance of Examining Philosophy of Technology Assumptions.............. 50 Foundations in Philosophy of Technology........................................................ 74 Critique of Technological Determinism............................................................. 88 Critique of Social Determinism.......................................................................... 107 Summary.............................................................................................................. 114 Chapter 3: Research M ethod................................. 120 Research Methods and Design............................................................................ 123 Population............................................................................................................. 129 Sam ple.................................................................................................................. 131 Materials/Instruments.......................................................................................... 133 Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis........................................................ 135 Triangulation........................................................................................................ 144 Assumptions......................................................................................................... 145 Limitations........................................................................................................... 147 Delimitations........................................................................................................ 148 Ethical Assurances.............................................................................................. 149 Summary.............................................................................................................. 151 Chapter 4: Findings.......................................................................................................... 154 Results.................................................................................................................. 154 Evaluation of Findings........................................................................................ 233 Summary.............................................................................................................. 250 Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and Conclusions.................................... 255 Implications.......................................................................................................... 257 Recommendations............................................................................................... 272 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 273 References......................................................................................................................... 280 Appendixes....................................................................................................................... 301 Appendix A: Interview Questions and Protocol............................................... 301 Appendix B: Written Questionnaire................................................................... 304 viii Appendix C: School District Permission Form................................................. 306 Appendix D: Informed Consent Form............................................................... 307 Appendix E
this dissertation. Father God thank you for the opportunity to use the gifts that you gave me to work on my doctor's degree, I beg this attempt has been according to your volition for my life, and I necessitate you to lead me where you would have me to travel, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Blessed Mother Mary I consecrate myself to you through Jesus, and I do the same with this dissertation, in the hope that God will do with this work what He bequeath. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Background.......................................................................................................... 3 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................... 16 Purpose of the Study........................................................................................... 18 Theoretical Framework....................................................................................... 19 Research Questions............................................................................................. 23 Nature of the Study............................................................................................. 24 meaning of the Study.................................................................................... 29 Definition of Key Term s..................................................................................... 37 Summary.............................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2: Literature Review.......................................................................................... 48 Documentation..................................................................................................... 49 Importance of Examining Philosophy of Technology Assumptions.............. 50 foundation in Philosophy of Technology........................................................ 74 Critique of Technological Determinism............................................................. 88 Critique of Social Determinism.......................................................................... 107 Summary.............................................................................................................. 114 Chapter 3: Research M ethod................................. 120 Research Methods and Design............................................................................ 123 Population............................................................................................................. 129 Sam ple.................................................................................................................. 131 Materials / Instruments.......................................................................................... 133 Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis........................................................ 135 Triangulation........................................................................................................ 144 Assumptions......................................................................................................... 145 Limitations........................................................................................................... 147 Delimitations........................................................................................................ 148 Ethical Assurances.............................................................................................. 149 Summary.............................................................................................................. 151 Chapter 4: determination.......................................................................................................... 154 Results.................................................................................................................. 154 Evaluation of Findings........................................................................................ 233 Summary.............................................................................................................. 250 Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and Conclusions.................................... 255 Implications.......................................................................................................... 257 recommendation............................................................................................... 272 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 273 References......................................................................................................................... 280 Appendixes....................................................................................................................... 301 Appendix A: Interview Questions and Protocol............................................... 301 Appendix B: Written Questionnaire................................................................... 304 eight Appendix C: School District Permission Form................................................. 306 Appendix five hundred: Informed Consent Form............................................................... 307 Appendix E
 thls dissertation. Father Gud thank you fot rhe op'ortunify to usd the gifts that you gave me ti worj on my doctorate, I prxy this ejdeavor yas ueen according to your wljl fkv my nmfe, and I ask ypu to lead me where you fojlb have me to go, through Jesus Christ our Lotd. Amen. Blessed Iothtr Iary P gonsecrate myself to you through Jesus, end I do the sake with this dissertation, ln tje hope that God wlll do with thif work what Hd wills. Table of Contehts Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Backerounb.......................................................................................................... 3 Statemenj kf jhe Problem.................................................................................... 16 Purpjse of the Sbldy........................................................................................... 18 Thaoreticsl Framework....................................................................................... 19 Veseacch Wuestions............................................................................................. 23 Nature of vhe Study............................................................................................. 24 Significagce of tha Atudy.................................................................................... 29 Definition od Key Terk s..................................................................................... 37 Wumoarg.............................................................................................................. 43 Cgapter 2: Lmterature Rsview.......................................................................................... 48 Docunentation..................................................................................................... 49 Importanve if Examining Lhilosjpry of Technology Assumptions.............. 50 Foundatiots jn Philosophy of Technooogy........................................................ 74 Critique of Tecjnologicaj Determinism............................................................. 88 Critique of Social Determinism.......................................................................... 107 Sukmary.............................................................................................................. 114 Chciber 3: Eedearch M ethod................................. 120 Research Methods and Design............................................................................ 123 [kpilstion............................................................................................................. 129 Sam ple.................................................................................................................. 131 Materials/Ondttoments.......................................................................................... 133 Data Cullectnkn, Processing, and Anwlysis........................................................ 135 Triabgulation........................................................................................................ 144 Asxumptions......................................................................................................... 145 Limitations........................................................................................................... 147 Delumitations........................................................................................................ 148 Vthixal Assurances.............................................................................................. 149 Sulmary.............................................................................................................. 151 Chapcer 4: Fondinbs.......................................................................................................... 154 Results.................................................................................................................. 154 Evaluation of Rindings........................................................................................ 233 Skmmary.............................................................................................................. 250 Cgxpter 5: Implicatiuns, Racommendations, and Conclusyons.................................... 255 Impoicacions.......................................................................................................... 257 Rdcomkendatyons............................................................................................... 272 Concpusiokv.......................................................................................................... 273 References......................................................................................................................... 280 Appfndixgs....................................................................................................................... 301 Ap[endix A: Ijterview Questions and Protocol............................................... 301 Appendix B: Wtitden Questiounaire................................................................... 304 viii Appendyx C: School Dixtrict 'ermisrion Form................................................. 306 Appendmx D: Informeq Consent Fork............................................................... 307 Appendix E
this dissertation. Father God thank you for to the gifts you gave me I this endeavor has according to your for my life, and I ask to lead me where you would have me to go, through Jesus Christ Lord. Amen. Blessed Mother Mary I consecrate myself to you through Jesus, and do same this in the hope that God will do with this work what He wills. Table of Contents 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Background.......................................................................................................... 3 Statement of the 16 Purpose of the 18 Theoretical Framework....................................................................................... 19 Research 23 of the 24 of Study.................................................................................... 29 Definition Key Term s..................................................................................... 37 Summary.............................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2: Literature Review.......................................................................................... 48 Documentation..................................................................................................... 49 Importance of Examining Philosophy Technology Assumptions.............. in Philosophy Technology........................................................ Critique Technological Determinism............................................................. 88 Social Determinism.......................................................................... 107 Summary.............................................................................................................. 114 Chapter ethod................................. 120 Research Methods and Design............................................................................ 123 Population............................................................................................................. Sam ple.................................................................................................................. Materials/Instruments.......................................................................................... 133 Data Collection, Processing, and 135 Triangulation........................................................................................................ 144 Assumptions......................................................................................................... 145 Limitations........................................................................................................... 147 Delimitations........................................................................................................ Ethical Assurances.............................................................................................. 149 Summary.............................................................................................................. 151 Chapter 4: Findings.......................................................................................................... 154 Results.................................................................................................................. 154 Evaluation of Findings........................................................................................ 233 Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, Conclusions.................................... 255 Implications.......................................................................................................... Recommendations............................................................................................... Conclusions.......................................................................................................... References......................................................................................................................... Appendixes....................................................................................................................... 301 A: Interview Questions and Protocol............................................... 301 Appendix B: Written Questionnaire................................................................... 304 Appendix C: School District Permission Form................................................. 306 Appendix D: Informed 307 E
 this dissertation. Father God Thank you foR the oPpoRtuNiTy to Use tHe gifts that you GAve mE to work on my doctorate, I pRay thIs ENdeaVOr Has beEn accorDInG TO yoUr WiLl fOr MY lIfe, anD I aSk you to Lead me wherE yoU wOuld have me to GO, tHrough JesuS ChRist our Lord. AMen. blesseD MOthER Mary i coNsecrAte mysELf to yoU through JEsUS, and I dO The same WITh This Dissertation, in the HOpE That God will do wIth thiS wORk WHAt HE wiLls. Table of coNtentS chapter 1: iNtRODUctIOn..................................................................................................... 1 Background.......................................................................................................... 3 STatement of tHE PrOblem.................................................................................... 16 PUrPosE Of the STudy........................................................................................... 18 THeORetIcal FramewoRk....................................................................................... 19 ReSearch QueStions............................................................................................. 23 nAture of THe Study............................................................................................. 24 signifIcaNce Of thE stUdY.................................................................................... 29 DeFiNItiON oF KeY terM s..................................................................................... 37 SummarY.............................................................................................................. 43 CHaPter 2: LIterATURE RevIew.......................................................................................... 48 docuMentaTion..................................................................................................... 49 ImportancE of examINinG PhilOsophY of TEcHnoloGy AssuMptioNs.............. 50 foundations in PhIlosOphy of TecHnoLoGy........................................................ 74 CRiTique OF TechnOloGicAl DeterMinism............................................................. 88 CRItiQuE OF soCial Determinism.......................................................................... 107 SumMaRY.............................................................................................................. 114 chApter 3: ResEarch M EThOd................................. 120 rEsearch MEtHodS and dESign............................................................................ 123 POpulATiOn............................................................................................................. 129 Sam ple.................................................................................................................. 131 materiALs/inStrumenTs.......................................................................................... 133 data CoLlEctIon, proceSSing, And AnaLysis........................................................ 135 TriAngulATion........................................................................................................ 144 AssumptionS......................................................................................................... 145 limitations........................................................................................................... 147 DeLImITAtIOns........................................................................................................ 148 EThiCal AssurancEs.............................................................................................. 149 SuMMary.............................................................................................................. 151 chapTEr 4: finDIngs.......................................................................................................... 154 REsultS.................................................................................................................. 154 EVAlUAtion of Findings........................................................................................ 233 SummArY.............................................................................................................. 250 ChaptEr 5: ImpLications, RecoMmendationS, AND ConclusIons.................................... 255 iMpLIcations.......................................................................................................... 257 RecommEndatIons............................................................................................... 272 ConcluSIons.......................................................................................................... 273 RefeRenceS......................................................................................................................... 280 AppendiXes....................................................................................................................... 301 AppendIX a: InterviEw QUesTioNs aND prOtocol............................................... 301 AppendiX b: writTeN QuestiOnnAire................................................................... 304 viiI ApPenDix c: ScHoOl DistricT PermissIoN FOrM................................................. 306 APpeNdix D: iNformed COnSenT FOrm............................................................... 307 appenDIx E
 this dissertation. Father  God thank  youfor  th eoppo rtun ity to use the gift s that you gave me toworkon my d o ct orate , I pra y  t h i s e nd ea vor  h a sbeenacc ordingto your wi llfo r my life, a n dI ask youtolead me wher e y ou wou ld  ha v e metogo, t hrough JesusChrist ou rL ord. A m en. Ble s s ed  Mot her Mary I consec r at e  myself to you  throu gh Je s u s,and  I do thesa me wi t h thisd is s e r tat i on, in the ho pe that God wil l do w it h t h is wor k wha tH e w ills. Table  ofContentsChapte r  1: Int r oductio n..... ... ... .... . .. .. ... .. . ... . .. ... . ... ........ .. .. ..... .... . . . . .... ... .... ..... ............. ... .... .  1Backg round .... .. ..... ...... ..... .. ............... .... ......... ... .. ... .. ..... . ...... ... ... ....... ....... . ... .. . . . .. . 3 Statement of t he P ro blem.... ...... . .. .. . ........ .. ... .... . . ..... .... . .. ........ ...... . .. .. ....... .. ...... .. . 1 6 P urpos e  ofthe St udy..... ..... . .............. . ............. . .. . . .. . .... ... ........... .... . .... .... . .. ... . ..... . 18Th e or e tical Framework.... .. ...... ..... ............. .......... . . . ........ .... . .. . .............. ..... .........1 9 Resear ch Qu estions. ......... . . ........ ... ... ... ... . . .. ............. . . .... .. ....... ... ....... ... ... ... ... .. ..... 23Nature o fth eSt udy ..... . ........ .. ... .. ... ..... . ...... ..... .... .. .. . ... ....... . .. . . .... .. .. .... ... .. ..... .... . . 2 4 Signi ficance o f t h e St ud y. ....... ............. .. .......... .. ... ...... . . ........ ....................... . ......29Defin itio n of KeyTer m s... ... . ...... ...... ..... .. ... . . ..... . . .. ... .. .......... . . ... ..... .. .... ....... ....... 37 Summary . ... ............. ... .... . . .. ... . .. . ... .. . ... . . ............... .......... .. . .. .......... . ... .. ....... ....... ....4 3 Chapt er 2: Lit erature R ev iew. . . ... .......... ........ ......... . ..... . .. ..... ... ...... .. ... ..... ...... . ... ..... ...... .. . 48 D ocume nt ation... ....................... ...... ..... ... ......... ... . ... ......... .... .......... ... ... ..... ... . ..... .. 4 9  I mpo r tance  ofE xaminingP hi los o p hy  of Technol o g y  As sumpt ion s ...... .... .... 50 Foundatio n s in Philosoph y of T ech nol o gy.. .. .............. ... .. . . ........ .. ........... ........ .. 74 Cr itique  of Te chnolog i c al Determ inis m.. ......... ... .. . ....... .. .. . ...... .... .. ...... ...... . .... . . . 88 Critique of  Soci a l  Dete r min ism.. .. ....... . .... .......... ........... ...... .... ..... ....... .. ...... ... .. .. 107 Sum m ary...... ..... ....... .. .... ... ...... .... . . ..... .... .. ... ......... . . .. . .. .. . ... .... ..... .. .... ......... . ........ ..1 14 Chap te r 3 : Resear c hM ethod..... ... ..... . . .......... . .... . .. 120 R esearc h Meth ods and Des ig n...... ... . . ......... ......... . ... .. .... ........ .. .... .. ... .. ............... . 123 Po pulation . . ...... ... . .... . ...... .. ............ ..... .. . ....... . . ... ....... . ... ... ... .... ... .... . .......................129Sam p l e.. ..... ..... .. ........ . .... ........ . ............. ............... . ... . .... ... . .. .. ......... ... . ..... .... ... .... ... . 13 1 Mate r ials / In stru ments. .... .. .. ......... .. ....... . .... . ... .... ..... .. .. . .. ....... ........ ..... .. ......... . ......133Da ta Collection , Processing ,andAnalys i s.. ... . . ............ .......... ... .......... .. ... . ... .....  135 Triangul ati on . ... .... .. ...... ........ ...... .... . . ..... ..... .... ..... ...... ... ... .... .. .... . .... . .. ............ . .. .... 14 4 Ass umpt ion s. . . ............. . .... . ......... ..... ... .. . .. ................ ....... ..................... ........ .... .. ...145  Li mi t at io ns .... .... . .... .. ... .......... ......... .. ..... ............... ... ......... .... ....... ... ..... . ..... ........ ... 147 Delimita tions....... ...... ... ....... ........ . . ...... .......... .. .... ....... . .... .... . . ..... .... ............. .. . . . ....  14 8 Ethical Assuranc es ... . . . ......... . ........ ......... .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. ..... ............ ...... ..... ...... . .. .. . ..149 Summar y. .... .... .... .. . ... .... ....... . .... ........ ......... ...... ..... .. . . .. ... .. ....... .... .. .. ... ............... . . . 1 51 Chap ter 4:  Findings......... ................ ...... ................ ....... . .... .. . .... .. ........ ..... .... . .. .. ............... .  154Resu lts... .. ... ... ...... ...... . .... .... .... . ... .... ........ . .... ......... . ... .. . .. .. ...... . ..... . . .................... .. .15 4 Evalua ti on of F i ndi ngs............. .......... ....... ... ... .. . . .... . .... ......... ... ....... ......... . ... ....... 2 33  Su mmar y.. . . ... . ... .... ..... ........ . .. .. . .. ... ... .. .. . .. .... .. . ... ........... ........... . .. .... ... . ......... .. ...... . 250  Cha p t e r 5:  Im p lica tio ns, Recommen dations, and  Conclusions. . .. . ... ............. ....... .... . . ..255  Implic a tions.... .. .. .. ..................... ........ .. ... .. . ..... ... . ........... .... . .. ........ ....... . .... ..... ...... . 257 Re commendat i on s. ... . . ...... . . . ........... . . . . . ... .............. . ...... ... . ..... ... ..... .... ... .............. .. 272  Co nc l usi ons....... ...... . ... ... .. .. .. .... .... .... .. . . .... .... ......... ... . . ..... .. .. . .. ....... . . .. .... .. ........ . . ...273 Re fe ren c es. .... ....................... .......... .. . .... .... . ....... .. ..... ..... .... ..... .. . . ..... ... ............ . ....... . ..........2 80  Appendixe s ... ...... .... ................ ......... ......... ... . .......... . .. .. . ...... ...... ... ....... ...... ...... .... .... . .........  301  AppendixA:In t erviewQuestions a nd Protoco l. . .. .. .... ... ......... ...... ......... . . .. ......  301 Append ix B: W rittenQu esti on naire ..... . ................ .. ...... .. ..... .. ..... ......... ... .. . . .... .. .  304v ii i Ap pendix C:Sc hoolD istric t P e rm i ssio nForm . . ..... . ....... ... .... . ... ............. ..... ..... 306 App endi x D: In formed Consen t F orm. ... .... ........ .... ....... . ... . ... . . . .. ...... ....... ... . . . ....307 A ppen d ix E
 this_dissertation. Father_God thank you for_the opportunity_to_use the_gifts_that you gave_me to work_on my doctorate, I_pray this endeavor_has_been according to your will for my life, and I ask you to lead_me_where you_would_have_me to go, through Jesus_Christ our Lord. Amen. Blessed_Mother Mary_I consecrate myself to you through Jesus, and_I_do the same_with this dissertation, in the hope that God will_do with this work what He_wills. Table of_Contents_Chapter_1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Background.........................................................................................................._3 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................... 16_Purpose of the Study........................................................................................... 18 Theoretical_Framework....................................................................................... 19 Research Questions............................................................................................. 23 Nature of_the Study............................................................................................. 24 Significance of the_Study.................................................................................... 29 Definition of Key_Term s....................................................................................._37 Summary.............................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2:_Literature Review.......................................................................................... 48_Documentation..................................................................................................... 49_Importance of Examining_Philosophy of Technology Assumptions.............. 50 Foundations_in Philosophy of_Technology........................................................ 74 Critique of Technological Determinism............................................................._88_Critique of Social_Determinism.........................................................................._107_Summary.............................................................................................................. 114_Chapter 3: Research_M_ethod................................. 120_Research_Methods and Design............................................................................ 123 Population............................................................................................................. 129_Sam_ple.................................................................................................................. 131 Materials/Instruments.......................................................................................... 133 Data Collection, Processing,_and Analysis........................................................ 135 Triangulation........................................................................................................_144_Assumptions......................................................................................................... 145 Limitations........................................................................................................... 147_Delimitations........................................................................................................ 148 Ethical Assurances.............................................................................................. 149_Summary.............................................................................................................. 151 Chapter 4: Findings.......................................................................................................... 154_Results.................................................................................................................. 154_Evaluation of_Findings........................................................................................ 233 Summary.............................................................................................................. 250 Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and Conclusions.................................... 255_Implications.......................................................................................................... 257 Recommendations............................................................................................... 272 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 273_References......................................................................................................................... 280 Appendixes....................................................................................................................... 301_Appendix A:_Interview_Questions and Protocol..............................................._301_Appendix B:_Written Questionnaire................................................................... 304 viii Appendix C: School_District Permission_Form................................................. 306 Appendix D: Informed Consent_Form............................................................... 307 Appendix E