 instruments available to medical scientists to assess the strength of evidence, yet when applied to what is purported to be the best quality evidence in medicine (namely, evidence from RCTs), different users of the same QAT, and different QATs applied to the same evidence, lead to widely discordant assessments of the strength of evidence. References Balk EM, Bonis PA, Moskowitz H, Schmid CH, Ioannidis JP, Wang C, Lau J. (2002) "Correlation of Quality Measures with Estimates of Treatment Effect in Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials" JAMA 287(22):2973-82. Bluhm, R. (2005). "From Hierarchy to Network: A Richer View of Evidence For Evidence-Based Medicine" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48(4):535–547. Borgerson, K. (2008) Valuing and Evaluating Evidence in Medicine. PhD diss., University of Toronto. Carnap, R. (1947) "On the Application of Inductive Logic" Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 8: 133-148. 23 Cartwright, N. (2007) "Are RCTs the Gold Standard?" Biosocieties 2: 11-20. Cartwright, N. (2010) "The Long Road From 'It Works Somewhere' to 'It Will Work For Us'" Philosophy of Science Association, Presidential Address. Chalmers TC, Smith H, Blackburn B, et al. (1981) "A Method for Assessing the Quality of a Randomized Control Trial" Control Clin Trials 2: 31-49. Cho MK, Bero LA. (1994) "Instruments for Assessing the Quality of Drug Studies Published in the Medical Literature" JAMA 272: 101-104. Cohen, J. (1960) "A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales" Educational and Psychological Measurement 20(1): 37-46. Clark, H.D., Wells, G.A., Huët, C., McAlister, F.A., Salmi, L.R., Fergusson, D., Laupacis, A. (1999) "Assessing the Quality of Randomized Trials: Reliability of the Jadad Scale" Controlled Clinical Trials 20: 448-452. Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Phillips, A.N. (1997) "Meta-Analysis: Principles and Procedures" British Medical Journal 315: 1533
instruments available to medical scientists to assess the forte of evidence, yet when enforce to what is purported to be the full timbre evidence in medicine (namely, evidence from RCTs), different users of the like QAT, and unlike QATs applied to the same evidence, lead to widely discordant judgment of the strength of evidence. References Balk EM, Bonis PA, Moskowitz H, Schmid CH, Ioannidis JP, Wang C, Lau J. (2002) " Correlation of Quality Measures with appraisal of Treatment Effect in Meta - Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials " JAMA 287(22):2973 - 82. Bluhm, R. (2005). " From Hierarchy to Network: A Richer View of Evidence For Evidence - Based Medicine " Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48(4):535–547. Borgerson, K. (2008) Valuing and Evaluating Evidence in Medicine. PhD diss. , University of Toronto. Carnap, R. (1947) " On the Application of Inductive Logic " Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 8: 133 - 148. 23 Cartwright, N. (2007) " Are RCTs the Gold Standard? " Biosocieties 2: 11 - 20. Cartwright, N. (2010) " The Long Road From' It ferment Somewhere' to' It Will Work For Us' " Philosophy of Science Association, Presidential Address. Chalmers TC, Smith H, Blackburn B, et al. (1981) " A Method for Assessing the Quality of a Randomized Control Trial " Control Clin Trials 2: 31 - 49. Cho MK, Bero LA. (1994) " legal document for Assessing the Quality of Drug Studies Published in the Medical Literature " JAMA 272: 101 - 104. Cohen, J. (1960) " A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales " Educational and Psychological Measurement 20(1 ): 37 - 46. Clark, H.D., Wells, G.A., Huët, C., McAlister, F.A., Salmi, L.R., Fergusson, D., Laupacis, A. (1999) " Assessing the Quality of Randomized Trials: Reliability of the Jadad Scale " Controlled Clinical Trials 20: 448 - 452. Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Phillips, A.N. (1997) " Meta - Analysis: Principles and procedure " British Medical Journal 315: 1533
 indtruments available to mtdical scientists to assxss the strengtf of evidence, yet when applixd ti whau is purported to bd the besn quality evivence in medicinx (namely, evidehge frmn RCTs), differekt users of the same QAT, dna bifferent QATs applied to the same edidence, lfad to widely qiscpwdanf assessments of the strength of ebidence. References Bslk EM, Bonis PA, Moskowitz J, Scjmid CH, Ioannidis UP, Wang C, Lqu J. (2002) "Correlation of Qualitj Measures sith Estimates of Treatment Effdct iu Meta-Analywew ov Randomized Contgolled Trials" JAMA 287(22):2973-82. Bnuhm, R. (2005). "From Hierarchn to Ietwirk: A Richer View of Xvidence For Evidencg-Based Medhcnne" Perspectives in Buooogy dnd Kedizune 48(4):535–547. Bkrjeraon, K. (2008) Vamuing and Svaluating Wvidence in Medicint. PrE diss., Univeraity os Eoronto. Carnap, R. (1947) "On the Application of Insuctive Logic" Philosopht and Phenomenologicap Researcr 8: 133-148. 23 Cartwright, N. (2007) "Are RCTs the Gold Standard?" Biovocievids 2: 11-20. Gartdeihht, N. (2010) "The Long Road From 'It Works Somewhere' ek 'Ot Will Work For Us'" Philosolhj ps Science Assuciation, Lresidential Addreds. Chaliers RC, Smith R, Blsckburn B, et al. (1981) "A Method fir Assessing rhe Quality of a Rcndomized Coutrol Jrial" Vontrol Clin Trials 2: 31-49. Cko MK, Gero LA. (1994) "Indtruments wor Assessing thd Qlalidy of Drug Studies Publishqd in the Medncal Litdratore" JAMW 272: 101-104. Cohen, U. (1960) "A Gmefficient of Agrefment fmr Nominal Scales" Educational and Psychological Measurekett 20(1): 37-46. Clark, K.D., Welks, G.A., Huët, C., MsAlister, F.A., Sakmi, L.R., Yergusron, D., Laupzcis, A. (1999) "Assessing ehe Quality ox Randomized Vrials: Rejiabulitt of thd Jadad Scale" Cpntrolled Clinical Rrials 20: 448-452. Egger, M., Skitf, G. D., Phillips, A.U. (1997) "Meta-Analysis: Ptinzipjed end Pwmcedures" Bridish Meaocal Gournal 315: 1533
instruments available to medical scientists to assess of yet when to what is quality in medicine (namely, from RCTs), different of the same QAT, and different applied to the same evidence, lead to widely discordant assessments of the strength evidence. References Balk EM, Bonis PA, Moskowitz H, Schmid CH, Ioannidis JP, Wang Lau (2002) of Measures with Estimates of Treatment Effect in Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials" JAMA 287(22):2973-82. Bluhm, R. "From Hierarchy to Network: A Richer View of For Evidence-Based Medicine" Perspectives Biology and Medicine 48(4):535–547. Borgerson, (2008) and Evaluating in PhD University of Toronto. R. (1947) "On the Application of Inductive Logic" Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 8: 133-148. 23 Cartwright, N. "Are RCTs Standard?" Biosocieties 11-20. N. "The Long Road Works Somewhere' to 'It Will Work of Science Association, Presidential Address. Chalmers TC, Smith Blackburn B, al. (1981) "A Method for Assessing Quality of a Randomized Control Trial" Control Clin 2: 31-49. Cho MK, Bero LA. (1994) "Instruments for Assessing the Quality of Drug Studies the Medical Literature" JAMA 101-104. Cohen, J. "A of for Scales" Educational Psychological Measurement 20(1): 37-46. Clark, H.D., Wells, G.A., Huët, C., McAlister, Salmi, L.R., Fergusson, D., Laupacis, A. (1999) "Assessing the Quality Trials: of the Jadad Controlled Clinical Trials 20: Egger, Smith, G. D., Phillips, "Meta-Analysis: and Journal 1533
 instruments available to medIcal scientIsts tO asSesS tHe stRengTh of evidence, yeT When Applied to what is purportEd to bE tHE besT QuAlity EvidencE In MEDicInE (nAmeLy, EViDence FroM RCTs), diFferent useRs oF tHe same QAT, and DIfFerent QATs AppLied to the samE evIdence, LeAd tO WidelY diScordAnt assESsmentS of the strEnGTh of evIDence. ReFEReNces balk EM, Bonis PA, MoskOWiTZ H, Schmid CH, IoanNidis Jp, WANg c, lAu J. (2002) "corRelation of quAlity mEasures WItH eSTimATes of TreatmenT Effect in MeTA-AnAlyses Of ranDOmized contrOlLEd TRials" JAMA 287(22):2973-82. BlUhm, R. (2005). "from HieraRchy to nEtwork: A rIcher ViEw of EvIdeNce for EVIdEnCe-BAsED MeDIcIne" pErsPectives In biOlogy And MEDICIne 48(4):535–547. BOrgErsoN, K. (2008) ValUing and EvaluaTinG EviDEncE in MeDicinE. PhD DiSs., UniVersitY of ToRoNto. Carnap, R. (1947) "On the applIcation of indUcTivE LOgic" PHIlosopHy aNd PHenomenOlogicaL resEaRCH 8: 133-148. 23 caRtwright, N. (2007) "Are RCTs thE GOLD STandard?" BIosociETiEs 2: 11-20. cArtwrighT, N. (2010) "the long rOAd FroM 'It WORkS SomewheRe' to 'It wIlL WOrk For US'" PHilosoPhY of sciEnce ASSociAtion, PResidentIal AdDRess. Chalmers TC, sMith H, BlackburN b, eT AL. (1981) "A mEthoD foR Assessing tHe QuALity Of a RANdOmiZEd ConTrol TRiAL" CONtrol Clin Trials 2: 31-49. Cho Mk, BEro LA. (1994) "INstruMents for AssesSing the QuaLITY of Drug STudiES PUBlished in the MeDical literature" jaMA 272: 101-104. Cohen, j. (1960) "A CoeFficient Of AgreemeNT For NominAl SCalEs" EDucATIoNal and PsycholOGIcal meAsuremeNt 20(1): 37-46. CLark, H.D., WEllS, G.A., huëT, C., MCALister, F.A., SAlmi, L.R., FeRgUsSoN, D., lauPacis, a. (1999) "assessinG tHe QUaLitY of RaNDomizeD TriaLs: ReLiAbILitY of the JADaD sCale" coNtRollEd CLiNical triaLS 20: 448-452. EgGer, M., SmiTh, G. D., PhillIps, a.n. (1997) "MetA-ANaLysis: PrInciples and PrOcEdures" BritIsH MeDical JOURnal 315: 1533
 instruments available tomedical sc ienti sts  to  a sses s th e strength ofe vide nce, yet when appliedto wh at is p u rp orted  to bet he b est  q ua lit ye vi dence  in  medici ne (namely , e vi dence from R C Ts ), differe ntusers of the  sa me QAT ,and diffe ren t QAT s appl i ed tothe sameev i dence, lead to w id elydiscordant assess m en t s of the stren gth of  e v id e n ce.  Re ferences B al k EM, Bonis P A ,M o s kow i tz H, SchmidCH, Ioannid i s J P, Wan gC,L au J.(2002 )" Cor relation of  Qua lity Meas ures w i th Esti m ates of  Treat men t E ffec t  i nMet a- A nal y se s o f  Ra ndomized  C on troll ed T r i a l s" J AMA  287 (22): 2973-82. Bluh m,R. ( 2 005 ). "F rom H iera rc hy to  Netwo rk: A  R icher View of E vide nce For E vid en ce- Ba sed M e dicine " P ers pective s in Bi o log ya n d  M edicine 48(4):535– 54 7 .  B orgerson , K. ( 2 00 8) Valuingan d E valu a t ing E vide n ce  in Medi cine.P hD  d iss., U ni versit yofTor onto. Carn ap, R.  (1947)"On t h e Applicationo f Inductive L o gi c "  P h ilos oph y and Pheno meno l ogic al R e se arc h  8: 1 33-14 8. 23 Cartwright, N. (200 7)  "AreRCTsthe Gold Stan dard?" Bio s o c ieties 2 : 11 - 20 .  Cartwright, N . (20 10) "The L o ng RoadFrom'It Work s Somewhe r e ' to 'It  Wi llWor k F o r  U s'" Philosoph y of S ci ence As soc iation,  Pr esi den tia lAddress.Chalmers  T C,  S mi thH, Bl a ckburn B ,etal . ( 1981) "A Met hod f or A ss es s ing  the Qu a li t y  ofaRa ndom ize dContr ol T r ial " Contr ol Clin T ria l s 2:  3 1- 49. Cho  MK, Bero LA.  ( 1994) "Ins tr ume nts fo r Assessin g the Quality of Drug S t udies P ubl ished  inthe Medic alLitera tur e " JAMA  272:101-1 04 . C o h en, J . (1 960 )"A Coeffic i e ntof Ag re emen t for N ominal Scales" Edu c ati onal and Psyc hol ogic a l  M eas u re m ent  2 0 (1) : 37-46. Clark, H .D., Wells ,G .A ., Huët, C . , M cA lister,  F.A.,Salmi ,  L.R.,Fergusson , D., Lau pa cis, A . ( 1999) "Ass essing t he Qualit y  of R a nd omize d T rials:  R eli abili ty oft heJadad  Scale "Contro lledCl inical T rials 20: 448-452. Egge r, M.,  Smit h,G. D., Ph ill i ps,  A.N. (19 97)"Meta-Anal ysi s:Princ ipl e s and  Pro c ed ure s " Bri tish Medical J o ur nal 3 15 : 1533
 instruments_available to_medical scientists to assess_the strength_of_evidence, yet_when_applied to what_is purported to_be the best quality_evidence in medicine_(namely,_evidence from RCTs), different users of the same QAT, and different QATs applied to_the_same evidence,_lead_to_widely discordant assessments of the_strength of evidence. References Balk_EM, Bonis_PA, Moskowitz H, Schmid CH, Ioannidis JP, Wang_C,_Lau J. (2002)_"Correlation of Quality Measures with Estimates of Treatment Effect_in Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials"_JAMA 287(22):2973-82. Bluhm,_R._(2005)._"From Hierarchy to Network:_A Richer View of Evidence For_Evidence-Based Medicine" Perspectives in Biology and_Medicine 48(4):535–547. Borgerson, K. (2008) Valuing and_Evaluating Evidence in Medicine. PhD diss.,_University of Toronto. Carnap, R._(1947) "On_the Application of Inductive Logic"_Philosophy and Phenomenological_Research 8:_133-148. 23 Cartwright,_N. (2007) "Are RCTs the Gold_Standard?" Biosocieties 2:_11-20. Cartwright, N. (2010) "The Long_Road_From 'It Works_Somewhere'_to_'It Will_Work For Us'"_Philosophy_of Science_Association,_Presidential Address. Chalmers TC, Smith H,_Blackburn_B, et al. (1981) "A Method for_Assessing the Quality of_a_Randomized Control Trial" Control_Clin Trials 2: 31-49. Cho_MK, Bero LA. (1994) "Instruments for_Assessing the_Quality of_Drug Studies Published in the Medical Literature" JAMA 272: 101-104. Cohen,_J. (1960) "A Coefficient of Agreement_for Nominal Scales" Educational_and Psychological_Measurement_20(1): 37-46. Clark,_H.D.,_Wells, G.A.,_Huët, C., McAlister, F.A., Salmi, L.R., Fergusson,_D., Laupacis,_A. (1999) "Assessing the Quality of_Randomized Trials: Reliability of_the_Jadad Scale" Controlled Clinical Trials 20:_448-452. Egger, M., Smith, G. D.,_Phillips, A.N. (1997) "Meta-Analysis: Principles_and_Procedures"_British Medical Journal 315: 1533