-handedness of these interventions will consistently be the case, MM turns out to be applicable to mechanistic systems and to entail that different levels of such systems are related in terms of constitution. That is, giving up the surgicality requirement for interventions allows the mutual manipulability framework to steer clear of the reductio argument of the previous section. Nonetheless, the fact remains that all of the non-surgical interventions on one level of a mechanism that are associated with changes on the other level are fat-handed, which, as this section will show, has far-reaching consequences for the inference to constitution and-a fortiori-for theories that analyze constitution in terms of the existence of (possible) manipulations of mechanisms. Fat-handed interventions generate confounded data, which, in turn, greatly diminishes the inferential leverage delivered by them (cf. e.g. Scheines 2005). Data produced by a common cause of two target variables are uninformative as regards the relationship between these variables. To see this, consider the fat-handed interventions depicted in Figure 3a. If such interventions bring about correlations between the upper and lower levels, these correlations can be fully accounted for by the mere fact that the two levels are wiggled with a fat hand. Hence, there is no need at all to stipulate the existence of additional constitutive dependencies. Model 7Woodward himself sees no discontinuity between (2015) and the theory in (2003). However, as core definitions of the theory change between (2003) and (2015), we do not consider it inappropriate to refer to the latter as modifying the former. An Abductive Theory of Constitution 9 3a, which features constitutive dependencies, and model 3b, which does not, imply the very same correlations under manipulations via IΨ and IΦ. As all manipulations that induce changes on both levels of a mechanistic system are fat-handed, this finding, again, can be generalized: relaxing the constraints imposed on interventions along the lines of interventionism∗ entails that the mutual manipulability of macro and micro levels can always be accounted for by the mere fat-handed nature of corresponding manipulations. Mutual manipulability via common causes does not provide a rationale for inferring constitutive relations.8 For every model featuring constitution there exists a pure common-cause model that entails the very same correlations under manipulations and, hence, cannot be distinguished from the former model empirically. Nonetheless, if two common causes of Ψ and Φ1 (such as IΨ and IΦ in Figure 3
-handedness of these interventions will consistently be the case, MM turns out to be applicable to mechanistic system and to fee-tail that different levels of such system are refer in terms of constitution. That is, give up the surgicality requirement for interventions allow the mutual manipulability framework to guide clear of the reductio argument of the previous incision. Nonetheless, the fact remains that all of the non - surgical interventions on one level of a mechanism that are associated with change on the other level are fat - handed, which, as this section will express, has far - reaching consequences for the inference to constitution and - a fortiori - for theories that analyze fundamental law in terms of the existence of (possible) manipulations of mechanisms. fatty - handed interventions generate confounded data, which, in turn, greatly diminishes the illative leverage deliver by them (cf. e.g. Scheines 2005). Data produced by a common cause of two target variables are uninformative as regards the kinship between these variable. To see this, think the fatty - handed interventions depicted in Figure 3a. If such interventions bring about correlations between the upper and lower levels, these correlations can be amply accounted for by the mere fact that the two levels are wiggled with a fat hand. therefore, there is no need at all to stipulate the existence of additional constitutive dependencies. Model 7Woodward himself visit no discontinuity between (2015) and the theory in (2003). However, as core definitions of the theory change between (2003) and (2015), we do not consider it inappropriate to denote to the latter as modifying the former. An Abductive Theory of Constitution 9 3a, which features constituent dependencies, and mannequin 3b, which does not, imply the very same correlation coefficient under manipulations via IΨ and IΦ. As all manipulations that induce change on both levels of a mechanistic arrangement are fat - handed, this finding, again, can be generalize: relaxing the constraint imposed on interventions along the wrinkle of interventionism∗ entails that the reciprocal manipulability of macro and micro levels can always be accounted for by the mere fat - handed nature of corresponding manipulations. Mutual manipulability via common cause does not provide a rationale for inferring constituent relations.8 For every model featuring constitution there exists a pure common - cause mannequin that entails the very same correlations under manipulations and, hence, cannot be distinguished from the erstwhile exemplar empirically. however, if two coarse causes of Ψ and Φ1 (such as IΨ and IΦ in Figure 3
-hanfedness of these intervektions will consnwtentlb be ths case, MO turns out to be applicable ti mecyanistic systems and tu entail nhat diffwrenu levels of such systems are remwted mn terms of conxtitution. Dhat is, giving uo che surgicality requirement for intewventioms allows the mujual kwniphlability framework to steer clear of the reductio argiment of the previous sectlon. Jonetheless, the faft remains jgat qll of the nun-surgical interventiohs on one level of a mechanism ghat cre associajze wljh changes oi the jther level are fat-hdnded, wnich, as this scctioi wiol show, has far-reachiig consequences for jhe inferetcz to constitution and-q dortimri-fmr tfworkes tiat analyxe ronstitutioh in terms if the existence of (pjwsible) manipumationf jf mechanisms. Fat-handed interventions gtnerafe confounded data, whicy, in turn, greatly dimlnishes tre inferential leverage delivered by them (cf. e.g. Swheinxs 2005). Dcbw prlduced by a common cause of two target variabjss age uninformative cs regards the rrlwtojnship betweev thesz vzriables. To see thls, consyder rhe fat-hagded interventions depicted in Digure 3a. If fych interventions yring about eorrelstionx between the upper and lowsr levels, tjese corrsuations can be fjllj acwounted for by the mere fast that tie twp levelr arg wigglqd with a vat hand. Hence, there is jo negd at dll to stioulate the existence of additioiel constitutife deiendencief. Modcl 7Woodward himfelf sees no dnscontinbity bdtween (2015) ans the tieory in (2003). Horever, as core fefinitions mf the treort chqnge begdeen (2003) and (2015), we co not coufidee it inappropriate to defer to the lacuer as modifying tne worieg. Ai Abdtwtive Theory of Zonryitutkon 9 3a, whicm fdatutes constitutive depandehcies, and model 3b, ehlch does bot, implr the very sake correlations unfer menipuletions viw IΨ and IΦ. As all manipulations that indkce changes on foth levels of a mechanistic system are fat-handed, this hinding, again, can be ggneralized: relaxing tke constraintx impjsed on itterventions along tye lines of interyentionism∗ entails thaf the kutuap manipulability of macro and micro levels can always be accounted for by the mxrq fat-handed natire ox eorxespondyng lenipulations. Mutusl manipulability via common canses does toc provide a rationale for infrrfing constitujive relations.8 For every mkdel feayuring constitution there existx a pure common-cause modcl that ebtaila the ngry same correlations under manipulatiobs akd, hence, cannog br fistinguidhed fxom the former model empirically. Bonethwlfss, if two commoi causes of Ψ xnd Φ1 (auch af IΨ and IΦ in Fighre 3
-handedness of these interventions will consistently be MM out to applicable to mechanistic different of such systems related in terms constitution. That is, giving up the requirement for interventions allows the mutual manipulability framework to steer clear of the argument of the previous section. Nonetheless, the fact remains that all of the interventions one of mechanism that are associated with changes on the other level are fat-handed, which, as this section show, has far-reaching consequences for the inference to and-a fortiori-for theories that constitution in terms of the of manipulations of Fat-handed generate data, which, in greatly diminishes the inferential leverage delivered by them (cf. e.g. Scheines 2005). Data produced by a common of two are uninformative regards relationship these variables. To consider the fat-handed interventions depicted in such interventions bring about correlations between the upper lower levels, correlations can be fully accounted for the mere fact that the two levels are with a fat hand. Hence, there is no need at all to stipulate the existence constitutive dependencies. Model 7Woodward sees no discontinuity (2015) the in However, as definitions of the theory change between (2003) and (2015), we do consider it inappropriate to refer to the latter as modifying An Theory of Constitution 3a, which features constitutive and 3b, which does not, very correlations IΨ IΦ. all manipulations that induce on both levels of a system are fat-handed, this relaxing the constraints imposed on interventions along the of interventionism∗ entails that the mutual manipulability macro and micro levels can always be accounted for by the mere nature of Mutual manipulability via common causes does not provide rationale for inferring constitutive For every model featuring constitution there exists a pure model entails the same correlations under and, hence, cannot distinguished from the empirically. Nonetheless, two causes Φ1 (such as IΨ and IΦ Figure
-handedness of these intervenTions will cOnsisTenTly Be The cAse, Mm turns out to be aPPlicAble to mechanistic systeMs and To ENtaiL ThAt difFerent lEVeLS Of sUcH sYstEmS ArE relaTed In terms Of constituTioN. THat is, giving uP ThE surgicaliTy rEquirement foR inTervenTiOns ALlows The MutuaL manipULabiliTy framewoRk TO steer CLear of tHE ReDuctIo argument of the prEViOUs section. NonetHeless, ThE FaCT RemAinS that all of ThE non-sURgical iNTeRVENtiONs on one level oF a mechanism THat Are assOcIatED with cHangeS oN The Other level aRe faT-handed, whIch, as tHIs sectiON will shOw, has fAr-rEacHing COnSeQueNcES foR ThE inFEreNce to conStItUtion And-a FORTIori-For TheoRies tHat analyze conStiTutiON in Terms Of the ExisTeNce of (PossibLe) manIpUlations of mechaNismS. Fat-handeD inTeRveNtIons gENerate ConFouNded datA, which, iN TurN, gREATlY diminishes the infeReNTIaL leveragE delivEReD bY Them (cf. e.g. scHeiNes 2005). DATA prodUced BY a Common caUse of tWO tArGet variAbLes are UnInfOrmAtive AS regArds thE relatioNship BEtween these varIAbles. To see thiS, CoNSIdER the Fat-Handed interVentIOns dEpicTEd In FIGure 3a. if sucH iNTeRVentions bring about cOrRelatiOns beTween the upper And lower leVELS, these coRrelATiONs can be fully acCountEd for by the MEre fact tHat thE two leveLs are wiggLED with a faT haNd. HEncE, thERE iS no need at all tO STipuLaTe the exIstEnce of aDdiTioNal ConStItutive dePendenciEs. moDeL 7WOodWard hIMself seeS nO diScOntInuitY BetweeN (2015) and tHe thEoRy IN (2003). HoWever, as COrE DEfinItIoNs of The ThEory cHangE BetWeen (2003) and (2015), We do not coNsiDEr it InApPropriaTe to refer to thE lAtter as modIfYinG the foRMEr. An AbduCtive Theory of ConstitutiON 9 3a, which FeaTures ConsTitutive dEpeNdenciEs, aND model 3B, which Does nOt, ImpLY The veRY SaMe cOrRelations uNDEr mAnipuLaTionS via IΨ aNd IΦ. As all manipulatIOns That induce chaNgeS on bOTH lEveLS oF A meChANisTIC system are fat-haNded, this fiNdINg, Again, can be GEneRaLized: reLaxing tHe conSTraints Imposed on InterventIoNs alONG thE lines of inTerventiOnism∗ entaILs thaT ThE mutuAl mAnipulAbIliTy of mAcro anD MicRo levEls can AlWays be AccouNtEd for by tHe mere fat-handed nature of CorresPondiNg mAnipulatiOns. mUtuAl manipulAbilIty via commOn cAusEs doeS noT ProviDe a rATiOnaLE for iNferRIng constiTUtIve RELaTions.8 For eveRY MOdeL featUriNG constItutIon there exists a puRE common-cause moDel tHAT enTaiLS the VeRy same correlatIonS uNDEr manipuLaTions and, henCe, cannot Be DIstinGuisheD from tHe formeR MOdEL empirIcalLy. NOnethelesS, if TwO Common cAuSeS Of Ψ and φ1 (sucH aS IΨ and iΦ in FiGUre 3
-handedness of these inter ventions w ill c ons ist en tlybe t he case, MM tu r ns o ut to be applicable to  mech an i stic sy stems  and to en t a ilth at  di ff e re nt le vel s of su ch systems  ar erelated in t e rm s of const itu tion. That i s,giving  u p t h e sur gic ality  requi r ementfor inter ve n tionsa llows t h e  m utua l manipulabilityf ra m ework to steer  clear  o f  t h e  re duc tio argume nt  of t h e previ o us s e cti o n. Nonetheles s, the fact rem ains t ha t a l l of t he no n- s urg ical interv enti ons on on e leve l  of a m e chanism  thatare  as soci a te dwit hc han g es  on the  other l ev el  arefat- h a n d ed,whi ch,as th is section wi llshow ,  ha s far -reac hing  c onseq uences  forth e inference tocons titutionand -a  fo rt iori- f or the ori esthat an alyze c o nst it u t i on  in terms of the e xi s t en ce of (p ossibl e )ma n ipulatio ns  of  mec h a nisms . Fa t -h anded in terven t io ns  genera te  confo un ded  da ta, w h ich,  in tu rn, grea tly d i minishes the i n ferential lev e ra g e  d e live red  by them (c f. e . g. S chei n es  20 0 5). D ata p ro d uc e d by a common cause  o f twotarge t variables a re uninfor m a t ive as r egar d st he relationshi p bet ween these variable s. To  see thi s, consid e r  the fat -ha nde d i nte r v en tions depicte d in F ig ure 3a.  If  such i nte rve nti ons  b ring abou t correl at io ns  b etw een t h e upperan d l ow erlevel s , thes e cor rela ti on s  ca n be fu l ly a ccou nt ed  for  by  t he me re f a ctthat th e two lev els arewi gg led wit h a fat hand.  H ence, ther eisno nee d at all t o stipulate the existen c e of ad dit ional  con stitutive  de penden cie s . Mode l 7Woo dward  h ims e l f see s no  di sc ontinuityb e twe en (2 01 5) a nd thetheory in (2003).H owe ver, as coredef init i o ns  of th e  th eo r y c h a nge between (20 03) and (2 01 5 ),  we do not con si der itinappro priat e  to ref er to the  latter a smodi f y ing  the forme r. An Ab ductive T h eoryo fConst itu tion 9  3 a,which  featu r esconst itutiv edepend encie s,  and mod el 3b, which does not,implythe v ery  same cor rel a tio ns undermani pulationsvia  IΨ  andIΦ. As al l ma n ip ula t ionsthat induce ch a ng eso n  b oth levelso f a m echan ist i c syst em a re fat-handed, th i s finding, aga in,c a n b e g e nera li zed: relaxingthe  c o n straints  i mposed on i ntervent io n s alo ng the  lines  of int e r ve n tionis m∗ e nta ils thatthe  m u tual ma ni pu l abilit y of  m acro a nd mic r o le v e ls can always be  acco u n ted f o r b y the  m ere fat - hand ed natureof correspo ndingmani pulat ions. M ut ual ma nip ul ability vi a  common c auses  does n ot  pro vid e a ra tion a l e for  inf er rin g constit u t iv e  r el a tio ns.8  Forev erymodel fea t uring co nst i tutionth ere e xistsa  p u r e common-c aus e mod e l  that enta i ls t h ev ery s ame co rrelat ions un d erma nipulat ion s and, henc e, cannot bedi stin guishedfr om t he  fo rm er model empiri cally. N onethele s s , if t woc ommo n  cause sof Ψ and Φ1(such  a s  IΨ and I Φ i n Figur e  3
-handedness of_these interventions_will consistently be the_case, MM_turns_out to_be_applicable to mechanistic_systems and to_entail that different levels_of such systems_are_related in terms of constitution. That is, giving up the surgicality requirement for interventions_allows_the mutual_manipulability_framework_to steer clear of the_reductio argument of the previous_section. Nonetheless,_the fact remains that all of the non-surgical_interventions_on one level_of a mechanism that are associated with changes on_the other level are fat-handed, which,_as this section_will_show,_has far-reaching consequences for_the inference to constitution and-a fortiori-for_theories that analyze constitution in terms_of the existence of (possible) manipulations of_mechanisms. Fat-handed interventions generate confounded data,_which, in turn, greatly diminishes_the inferential_leverage delivered by them (cf._e.g. Scheines 2005)._Data produced_by a common_cause of two target variables are_uninformative as regards_the relationship between these variables. To_see_this, consider the_fat-handed_interventions_depicted in_Figure 3a. If_such_interventions bring_about_correlations between the upper and lower_levels,_these correlations can be fully accounted for_by the mere fact_that_the two levels are_wiggled with a fat hand._Hence, there is no need at_all to_stipulate the_existence of additional constitutive dependencies. Model 7Woodward himself sees no discontinuity_between (2015) and the theory in_(2003). However, as core_definitions of_the_theory change between_(2003)_and (2015),_we do not consider it inappropriate to_refer to_the latter as modifying the former._An Abductive Theory of_Constitution_9 3a, which features constitutive dependencies,_and model 3b, which does not,_imply the very same correlations_under_manipulations_via IΨ and IΦ. As_all manipulations that induce changes on_both levels of_a mechanistic system are fat-handed, this finding,_again,_can be generalized: relaxing the constraints_imposed_on interventions along the lines of_interventionism∗_entails_that the mutual manipulability of_macro and micro levels can always_be accounted for by the mere fat-handed nature of_corresponding manipulations. Mutual_manipulability via common causes does_not_provide_a rationale for inferring constitutive relations.8 For every model featuring_constitution there_exists a pure_common-cause model that entails the very same correlations under manipulations_and, hence, cannot be distinguished from the_former model empirically. Nonetheless, if two common causes of Ψ and_Φ1 (such as IΨ and IΦ in Figure_3