, if two values φn and φm of Φ1 realize the same value ψk of Ψ, causes that induce a change from Φ1 = φn to Φ1 = φm (or vice versa) are invariably associated with Ψ = ψk. Such causes can count as surgical and, hence, the micro level may be surgically manipulated. But since surgical micro-level causes are not associated with changes on the macro level, they are non-revealing with respect to constitutive relations-and thus irrelevant for an analysis of constitution. The micro-level causes that are of relevance to account for constitution are the ones that are associated with changes on the macro level, and it does hold that these causes are common causes of the micro and macro level. The condition of common-cause coupling needs further refining, for, as stated, it may also be satisfied by variable sets containing parts of a phenomenon that do not constitute it. To illustrate, reconsider the mechanism in Figure 1. The variable Φ4, which represents a car's AC, is an effect of the constituent Φ2, the car's running engine, but not itself a constituent of the phenomenon Ψ2, the car's cruise. 12 Michael Baumgartner and Lorenzo Casini In Craver's (2007, 143) jargon, the AC is a "sterile effect" of the mechanism, that is, a constitutively irrelevant downstream effect of a constituent. Many common causes affect both the AC and the moving car. For instance, starting the engine initiates both the AC and the car's movement, and, conversely, stopping the engine terminates both the AC and the movement. And yet, the AC is not a constituent, for an obvious reason: the influence of the common causes of the cruising car and its AC is always mediated via another spatiotemporal part of the car, namely its engine, which is a constituent of the cruise. Or consider the causally and constitutionally isolated variable Φ5, which represents the behavior of the car's ashtray. Many causes of Ψ2 will also cause changes in Φ5. For example, an accident can both warp the ashtray and stop the car. But that an accident can be a common cause of a deformed ashtray and a terminated cruise does not show that the ashtray is a constituent of the car's movement. The reason is, again, obvious: the accident not only warps the ashtray but
, if two values φn and φm of Φ1 realize the same value ψk of Ψ, causes that induce a variety from Φ1 = φn to Φ1 = φm (or frailty versa) are constantly associated with Ψ = ψk. Such causes can count as surgical and, therefore, the micro level may be surgically manipulated. But since surgical micro - level lawsuit are not associated with changes on the macro degree, they are non - revealing with respect to constitutive relation - and thus irrelevant for an analysis of united states constitution. The micro - horizontal surface causes that are of relevance to report for constitution are the one that are associate with changes on the macro level, and it does hold that these causal agent are common causes of the micro and macro level. The condition of coarse - cause coupling needs further refining, for, as stated, it may besides be satisfied by variable sets containing parts of a phenomenon that do not constitute it. To exemplify, reconsider the mechanism in Figure 1. The varying Φ4, which defend a car's AC, is an effect of the constituent Φ2, the car's running engine, but not itself a constituent of the phenomenon Ψ2, the car's cruise. 12 Michael Baumgartner and Lorenzo Casini In Craver's (2007, 143) jargon, the AC is a " aseptic consequence " of the mechanism, that is, a constitutively irrelevant downstream effect of a component. Many common causes affect both the AC and the moving cable car. For instance, startle the engine initiates both the AC and the cable car's movement, and, conversely, stopping the engine terminates both the AC and the movement. And yet, the AC is not a constituent, for an obvious reason: the influence of the common causes of the cruising car and its AC is constantly mediated via another spatiotemporal contribution of the car, namely its engine, which is a constituent of the cruise. Or consider the causally and constitutionally isolated varying Φ5, which represents the behavior of the car's ashtray. Many causes of Ψ2 will also cause changes in Φ5. For example, an accident can both warp the ashtray and intercept the car. But that an accident can be a coarse cause of a deformed ashtray and a complete cruise does not show that the ashtray is a constituent of the car's movement. The rationality is, again, obvious: the accident not only heave the ashtray but
, if two values φn and φm of Φ1 vealize the same value ψn of Ψ, dauses tfat induce a change from Φ1 = φn ti Φ1 = φm (or vice versa) are invxriably adsociatee wiuh Ψ = ψk. Such causes can comut as durgncel and, hence, thg micro leven may be surgiwaulv manipulated. But since surgical micwo-level cwuses are not wssobiwted with changes on the macro level, tgey are non-revealing with respect to constitutlve gelations-and thus lrrelevant dor wb analysis ow constituuimn. The micto-level causes that are of relevxnce co account doe cltstitution ere thv ones that avv assochated woth changes on thx maxro level, and it does hold that these cwuses are ckmmon causes of tye micrm ang mazeo uevtl. Vhe condihioi of common-dause couplung needs further rtfigpmg, for, as stzted, ie iay also be satisfied by variable sets bontzining parts of a phenonenon that do not condtitute ie. To illustrate, reconsider the mechanism in Figura 1. Thx xarnqble Φ4, qhlch represents a car's AC, is an effect of the sknxtptuent Φ2, the car's vunning engine, but nlt ytself a consjituent of the phenomenon Ψ2, tje car's cruiwe. 12 Michatl Baimgartner and Lorenzo Casinu In Craver's (2007, 143) jargon, the AC is a "sterile zffect" of tne mechanism, that is, a eonstifutively irgelevant suwnstream effect of a constituent. Many common cwuses affxct bpth the AC snd thq moving cwr. Fov instance, starting the gngine initiates both the AC and the car's movemxit, and, converxeny, vtopping the cngine terminatqs both the AC and thz moveoent. And yvt, the AC is not a cjnstituent, fos an obvious ceason: thq indluebce of gfe common causrs of the cruising xar and its AC is elwais mediated via auuuhwr spatiotempotal pawt oh the war, namely ids evgivr, whizh is a conwgiturnt of the cruise. Or conaider the causally akd constijutionallr isolated vatiable Φ5, which reprtsents thx behafiot of the car's ashtray. Many causss of Ψ2 wipl wlso cause crangcs ig Φ5. For exakple, an accident can both warp the ashtcay and stop the car. Bot that an accident ccn be a commoi causq of a dexormed ashtray and a terminated cruist does not show that ths ashtsay id a constituent of the car's movement. The reason is, again, obvious: the accieent not only warpa thr ashnrav bbt
, if two values φn and φm realize same value of Ψ, causes Φ1 φn to Φ1 φm (or vice are invariably associated with Ψ = Such causes can count as surgical and, hence, the micro level may be manipulated. But since surgical micro-level causes are not associated with changes on the level, are with to constitutive relations-and thus irrelevant for an analysis of constitution. The micro-level causes that are of to account for constitution are the ones that associated with changes on macro level, and it does that causes are causes the and macro level. condition of common-cause coupling needs further refining, for, as stated, it may also be satisfied by variable containing parts phenomenon that not it. illustrate, reconsider the Figure 1. The variable Φ4, which AC, is an effect of the constituent Φ2, car's running but not itself a constituent of phenomenon Ψ2, the car's cruise. 12 Michael Baumgartner Lorenzo Casini In Craver's (2007, 143) jargon, the AC is a "sterile effect" of the is, a constitutively irrelevant effect of a Many causes both AC and moving car. For instance, starting the engine initiates both the AC the car's movement, and, conversely, stopping the engine terminates both and movement. And yet, AC is not a for obvious reason: the influence common of and AC always mediated via another part of the car, namely engine, which is a consider the causally and constitutionally isolated variable Φ5, represents the behavior of the car's ashtray. causes of Ψ2 will also cause changes in Φ5. For example, an can both ashtray and stop the car. But that an can be a common of a deformed ashtray and a terminated cruise does show the ashtray a constituent of car's movement. The is, again, obvious: not only the but
, if two values φn and φm of Φ1 realIze the same Value Ψk oF Ψ, cAuSes tHat iNduce a change frOM Φ1 = φn To Φ1 = φm (or vice versa) are invAriabLy ASsocIAtEd witH Ψ = ψk. SucH CaUSEs cAn CoUnt As SUrGical And, Hence, thE micro leveL maY bE surgically mANiPulated. But SinCe surgical miCro-Level cAuSes ARe not AssOciatEd with CHanges On the macrO lEVel, theY Are non-rEVEaLing With respect to consTItUTive relations-aNd thus IrRElEVAnt For An analysis Of ConstITution. THE mICRO-leVEl causes that aRe of relevanCE to AccounT fOr cONstituTion aRe THe oNes that are aSsocIated with ChangeS On the maCRo level, And it dOes HolD thaT ThEsE caUsES arE CoMmoN CauSes of the MiCrO and mAcro LEVEL. The ConDitiOn of cOmmon-cause couPliNg neEDs fUrtheR refiNing, FoR, as stAted, it May alSo Be satisfied by vaRiabLe sets conTaiNiNg pArTs of a PHenomeNon ThaT do not cOnstituTE it. to ILLUsTrate, reconsider the MeCHAnIsm in FigUre 1. The VArIaBLe Φ4, which RePreSentS A Car's Ac, is aN EfFect of thE constITuEnT Φ2, the caR's RunninG eNgiNe, bUt not ITselF a consTituent oF the pHEnomenon Ψ2, the caR'S cruise. 12 MichaeL baUMGaRTner And lorenzo CasiNi In cRaveR's (2007, 143) jaRGoN, thE aC is a "SteriLe EFfECt" of the mechanism, thaT iS, a consTitutIvely irrelevaNt downstreAM EFfect of a ConsTItUEnt. Many common cAuses Affect both THe AC and tHe movIng car. FoR instance, STArting thE enGinE inItiATEs Both the AC and tHE Car's MoVement, aNd, cOnverseLy, sTopPinG thE eNgine termInates boTh ThE Ac aNd tHe movEMent. And yEt, The aC Is nOt a coNStitueNt, for An obViOuS ReaSon: the iNFlUENce oF tHe CommOn cAuSes of The cRUisIng car aNd its AC is AlwAYs meDiAtEd via anOther spatioteMpOral part of ThE caR, namelY ITs engine, Which is a constituent of thE Cruise. OR coNsideR the Causally aNd cOnstitUtiONally iSolateD variAbLe Φ5, WHIch rePREsEntS tHe behavior OF The Car's aShTray. many cauSes of Ψ2 will also causE ChaNges in Φ5. For exaMplE, an aCCIdEnt CAn BOth WaRP thE AShtray and stop thE car. But thaT aN AcCident can bE A coMmOn cause Of a defoRmed aSHtray anD a terminaTed cruise DoEs noT SHow That the ashTray is a cOnstituenT Of the CAr'S moveMenT. The reAsOn iS, agaiN, obvioUS: thE acciDent noT oNly warPs the AsHtray but
, if two values φn and φmof Φ1 real ize t hesam evalu e ψk  of Ψ, causest hatinduce a change from Φ 1 = φ nt o Φ1 =φm (o r vicev er s a ) a re  i nva ri a bl y ass oci ated wi th Ψ = ψk.  Su ch  causes canc ou nt as surg ica l and, hence , t he mic ro  le v el ma y b e sur gicall y  manip ulated. B ut sinces urgical m ic ro-l evel causes are n o ta ssociated with  chang es on t hemac ro level,th ey ar e  non-re v ea l i n g w i th respect to  constituti v e r elatio ns -an d  thusirrel ev a ntfor an anal ysis  of const itutio n . The m i cro-lev el cau ses  th at a r eof  re le v anc e  t o a c cou nt for c on st ituti on a r e t he o nes  tha t are  associated w ith  cha n ges  on t he ma crole vel,and it  does  h old that thesecaus es are co mmo ncau se s oft he mic roand  macrolevel.T heco n d i ti on of common-cause  c o u pl ing need s furt h er  r e fining,fo r,as s t a ted,it m a yalso besatisf i ed  b y varia bl e sets  c ont ain ing p a rtsof a p henomeno n tha t  do not consti t ute it. To il l us t r at e , re con sider the m echa n ismin F i gu re1 . The  vari ab l eΦ 4, which represents  a  car's  AC,is an effectof the con s t i tuent Φ2 , th e  c a r's running en gine,  but not i t self a c onsti tuent of  the phen o m enon Ψ2,  th e c ar' s c r u is e. 12 Michael B aumg ar tner an d L orenzoCas ini  In  Cr av er's (200 7, 143)ja rg on ,the  AC i s  a "ster il e e ff ect " oft he mec hanis m, t ha ti s,a const i tu t i vely  i rr elev ant  d ownst ream eff ect ofa constit uen t . Ma ny  c ommon c auses affectbo th the ACan d t he mov i n g car. F or instance, starting t h e engin e i nitia tesboth theACand th e c a r's mo vement , and ,con v e rsely , st opp in g the engi n e  te rmina te s bo th theAC and the movemen t . A nd yet, the A C i s no t acon s ti t uen t, for a n obvious reaso n: the inf lu e nc e of the c o mmo ncausesof thecruis i ng carand its A C is alwa ys  med i a ted  via anoth er spati otemporal parto fthe c ar,  namel yits  engi ne, wh i chis aconsti tu ent of  thecr uise. Or  consider the causallyand co nstit uti onally is ola t edvariableΦ5,which repr ese nts  thebeh a viorof t h ecar ' s ash tray .  Many cau s es  of Ψ 2will also c a u s e c hange s i n  Φ5. F or e xample, an accide n t can both war p th e ash tra y  and  s top the car. B utth a t  an acci de nt can be a  commonca u se of  a def ormedashtray a nd a term inat edcruise do esno t  show t ha tt he ash tray  i s a co nstitu e nt o f the car's moveme nt. T h e  reas o n i s, ag ai n, obvi o us:the accide nt not only  warps  the  asht ray but 
, if_two values_φn and φm of_Φ1 realize_the_same value_ψk_of Ψ, causes_that induce a_change from Φ1 =_φn to Φ1_=_φm (or vice versa) are invariably associated with Ψ = ψk. Such causes can_count_as surgical_and,_hence,_the micro level may be_surgically manipulated. But since surgical_micro-level causes_are not associated with changes on the macro_level,_they are non-revealing_with respect to constitutive relations-and thus irrelevant for an_analysis of constitution. The micro-level causes_that are of_relevance_to_account for constitution are_the ones that are associated with_changes on the macro level, and_it does hold that these causes are_common causes of the micro and_macro level. The condition of_common-cause coupling_needs further refining, for, as_stated, it may_also be_satisfied by variable_sets containing parts of a phenomenon_that do not_constitute it. To illustrate, reconsider the_mechanism_in Figure 1._The_variable_Φ4, which_represents a car's_AC,_is an_effect_of the constituent Φ2, the car's_running_engine, but not itself a constituent of_the phenomenon Ψ2, the_car's_cruise. 12 Michael Baumgartner_and Lorenzo Casini In Craver's_(2007, 143) jargon, the AC is_a "sterile_effect" of_the mechanism, that is, a constitutively irrelevant downstream effect of a_constituent. Many common causes affect both_the AC and the_moving car._For_instance, starting the_engine_initiates both_the AC and the car's movement, and,_conversely, stopping_the engine terminates both the AC_and the movement. And_yet,_the AC is not a constituent,_for an obvious reason: the influence_of the common causes of_the_cruising_car and its AC is_always mediated via another spatiotemporal part_of the car,_namely its engine, which is a constituent_of_the cruise. Or consider the causally_and_constitutionally isolated variable Φ5, which represents_the_behavior_of the car's ashtray. Many_causes of Ψ2 will also cause_changes in Φ5. For example, an accident can both_warp the ashtray_and stop the car. But_that_an_accident can be a common cause of a deformed ashtray_and a_terminated cruise does_not show that the ashtray is a constituent of the_car's movement. The reason is, again, obvious:_the accident not only warps the ashtray but