ibly (classical mechanics, relativity, etc.) or irreversibly (thermodynamics, etc.). The solution of statistical thermodynamics for time is very interesting and successful. It manages to resolve the contradiction of reversible time in mechanics and irreversible time in thermodynamics. According to statistical thermodynamics, the thermodynamic irreversibility is a result of the statistical averaging of mechanical reversibility. A huge part of information is lost after averaging and it is precisely that loss which generates irreversibility in thermodynamics. The loss of information in thermodynamics can be generalized by the notion of "hidden variables", which are hidden after averaging. Quantum mechanics appeared as the domain of physics which generated new fundamental questions about the relevant way to reconcile reversible and irreversible time as a single consistent scientific theory. Quantum mechanics was forced to introduce the Planck constant, which is thermodynamic in essence, as fundamental to mechanical 152 Vasil Penchev motion. Thus, its aim was to reconcile the reversible time of mechanics with the irreversible time of thermodynamics already present at its core. Many scientists, even Einstein, expected that its solution should be similar to that of statistical thermodynamics. However, that conjecture turned out to be fundamentally wrong: "No hidden variables in quantum mechanics!" might have been the "slogan" of the solution for the reversible and irreversible time in quantum mechanics. Yet, the solution of quantum mechanics is partly analogical to that of statistical thermodynamics. In any single measurement 1, a great deal (exactly 50%) of information is lost. However, that loss is not due to averaging, or a result of human ignorance. It is a fundamental law of nature due to the limitations imposed by the Planck constant. That fundamental loss is caused by the passing of time in the final analysis. All rejected counterfactual alternatives might represent that necessary loss of information. * * * In physics, two different, and possibly even two inconsistent conjectures exist about the "creation". The Big Bang is the most popular one. It postulates a special point in the creation (the "singularity" in t = 0), in which physical laws do not yet hold. However, these physical laws (both energy conservation and the reversible time of relativity) hold at any time thereafter. The viewpoint of quantum mechanics is different and rather similar to that of Descartes, mainly in his Third 1 In fact, any quantum leap is determined unambiguously by both an initial and a final state. Thus, the number of necessary variables is exactly the same as in the classical case of smooth motion, and only as
ibly (classical mechanics, relativity, etc .) or irreversibly (thermodynamics, etc .). The solution of statistical thermodynamics for time is very interesting and successful. It manages to purpose the contradiction of reversible meter in mechanics and irreversible time in thermodynamics. According to statistical thermodynamics, the thermodynamic irreversibility is a solution of the statistical averaging of mechanical reversibility. A huge part of information is lose after averaging and it is precisely that loss which generate irreversibility in thermodynamics. The loss of information in thermodynamics can be generalize by the notion of " hidden variable ", which are shroud after averaging. Quantum mechanics appeared as the domain of physics which generate new fundamental questions about the relevant room to reconcile reversible and irreversible time as a single consistent scientific hypothesis. Quantum mechanics was force to introduce the Planck constant, which is thermodynamic in essence, as fundamental to mechanical 152 Vasil Penchev apparent motion. Thus, its aim was to reconcile the reversible time of mechanics with the irreversible time of thermodynamics already present at its core. Many scientists, even Einstein, expected that its solution should be similar to that of statistical thermodynamics. However, that conjecture turned out to be fundamentally wrong: " No hidden variables in quantum mechanics! " might have been the " motto " of the solution for the reversible and irreversible clock time in quantum mechanics. however, the solution of quantum automobile mechanic is partly analogical to that of statistical thermodynamics. In any single measurement 1, a great softwood (exactly 50 %) of information is lost. However, that loss is not ascribable to averaging, or a result of human ignorance. It is a fundamental law of nature due to the limitations imposed by the Planck constant. That fundamental loss is caused by the passing of time in the final psychoanalysis. All rejected counterfactual option might represent that necessary loss of information. * * * In physics, two different, and possibly even two inconsistent conjecture exist about the " creation ". The Big Bang is the most popular one. It necessitate a special point in the creation (the " singularity " in t = 0), in which forcible laws do not yet hold. However, these physical laws (both department of energy conservation and the reversible time of relativity) hold at any time thereafter. The viewpoint of quantum mechanism is different and quite similar to that of Descartes, mainly in his Third 1 In fact, any quantum leap is determined unambiguously by both an initial and a concluding state. Thus, the number of necessary variable is exactly the same as in the classical case of smooth gesture, and only as
iblj (classical mechanics, reuativity, etc.) or irrevecsibly (fhermodyvamics, etc.). The solution of svatiwticao thermodynamics for tkme is vegy interewtinj and successful. It mananzs to vesolre the contradicjion of revessible time in mdckanics and irreversible time in theriodynamocd. According to stauiseicam thermodynamics, the thermodynamic irrevegsibility is a rexult of the statistical avfraglng of mechanical geversibilijg. A yuge part of information is lost arter averaging and it is precisdly tkat loss whucy gfterates irrxversifility in thcgmodynakics. Thr loss of infovmatimn un thermodynamics can be generalized by the notimn of "hidden variaboew", whiwh ase hkedev artxr zveraglng. Quantum mschanics appeared as the domaim jd physics whidh genqrwted new fundamental questions about tht relsvant way to reconcile eeversible and irrevetsible timq as a single consistent scientific theory. Quantuk meciavicw rxw vorced to introduce the Planck constant, which js tmermodynamic in cssence, as fundamemtwl jo mechanical 152 Vasil Pehchev motion. Thus, lts aim was ro reconcyle yhe reversible time of mechqnics with tke urreversible time lf thermodyuamics alresdy present at its core. Mang scientistd, even Eihrtein, expected tfat ids solution should be simijar to thet of statisgicak theriodynamics. Howeyar, that conjecture turngd out to be funfamentally wrong: "No hidden varieules in quantom kecvanics!" mnght hsve been the "flogan" of the xolutiou for ghe reverspble and mrreversible time in quandom mechanics. Bet, the sjlutuon if quangjm mechanics ix partly cualogical to that of statisbical fhermodynamics. Nu qny single measireoene 1, a gwaat deal (exawtly 50%) ow infofmation is oust. Nowever, that loss is not due to averaging, pr a resulj of humag ignorance. Iy is a fundamental law mf iature dug to the limitations imposed by the Planfk gonstant. That funeamental losx is caused by the passing of time in tie final analysis. All tejected counterfactucl alternativxs migrt represant that necessary liss of informatiok. * * * In physics, two dirferend, and possibly even two inconsistent conjectures exist about the "creation". The Vig Baig is the mosf polular oue. Nt posttlatxs a special point in the creation (the "singularitb" in t = 0), it chich physical laws do not yey fold. However, jhese physical laws (both ehergy comservation and the reversible tome of relativity) hold ab any timw thedeafteg. Tie viewpoint of quanyum meehanicw is didfercnt and rather sikipar to thwt oh Dzscartes, mainly in his Third 1 In dact, aby quantum leap is determined mnambifuousli by both an initjal zjd a winal state. Tnus, the number of necessary variabnef is exactly tyv same as in jhe clasvical case oh smooth mothon, and only as
ibly (classical mechanics, relativity, etc.) or irreversibly The of statistical for time is manages resolve the contradiction reversible time in and irreversible time in thermodynamics. According statistical thermodynamics, the thermodynamic irreversibility is a result of the statistical averaging of reversibility. A huge part of information is lost after averaging and it is that which irreversibility thermodynamics. The loss of information in thermodynamics can be generalized by the notion of "hidden variables", are hidden after averaging. Quantum mechanics appeared as domain of physics which new fundamental questions about the way reconcile reversible irreversible as single consistent scientific Quantum mechanics was forced to introduce the Planck constant, which is thermodynamic in essence, as fundamental to 152 Vasil Thus, its was reconcile reversible time of the irreversible time of thermodynamics already core. Many scientists, even Einstein, expected that its should be to that of statistical thermodynamics. However, conjecture turned out to be fundamentally wrong: "No variables in quantum mechanics!" might have been the "slogan" of the solution for the reversible time in quantum mechanics. the solution of mechanics partly to of statistical In any single measurement 1, a great deal (exactly 50%) of is lost. However, that loss is not due to averaging, result human ignorance. It a fundamental law of due the limitations imposed by constant. fundamental by passing time in the final All rejected counterfactual alternatives might that necessary loss of physics, two different, and possibly even two inconsistent exist about the "creation". The Big Bang the most popular one. It postulates a special point in the creation "singularity" in 0), in which physical laws do not yet However, these physical laws energy conservation and the reversible time of relativity) hold any thereafter. The of quantum mechanics different and rather to that of in his 1 fact, is determined unambiguously by both an and final state. Thus, the number necessary exactly the same as in the classical case of smooth motion, and only as
ibly (classical mechanics, relAtivity, etc.) Or irrEveRsiBlY (theRmodYnamics, etc.). The sOLutiOn of statistical thermodYnamiCs FOr tiME iS very InteresTInG ANd sUcCeSsfUl. iT mAnageS to Resolve The contradIctIoN of reversiblE TiMe in mechanIcs And irreversiBle Time in ThErmODynamIcs. accorDing to STatistIcal thermOdYNamics, THe thermODYnAmic Irreversibility is A ReSUlt of the statisTical aVeRAgING of MecHanical revErSibilITy. A huge PArT OF InfORmation is lost After averagINg aNd it is PrEciSEly thaT loss WhICh gEnerates irrEverSibility iN thermODynamicS. the loss Of infoRmaTioN in tHErMoDynAmICs cAN bE geNEraLized by tHe NoTion oF "hidDEN VAriaBleS", whiCh are Hidden after avEraGing. qUanTum meChaniCs apPeAred aS the doMain oF pHysics which geneRateD new fundaMenTaL quEsTions ABout thE reLevAnt way tO reconcILe rEvERSIbLe and irreversible tImE AS a Single coNsisteNT sCiENtific thEoRy. QUantUM MechaNics WAs Forced to IntrodUCe ThE Planck CoNstant, WhIch Is tHermoDYnamIc in esSence, as fUndamENtal to mechanicAL 152 Vasil Penchev MOtION. THUs, itS aiM was to reconCile THe reVersIBlE tiME of meChaniCs WItH The irreversible time Of ThermoDynamIcs already preSent at its cORE. many scieNtisTS, eVEn Einstein, expeCted tHat its soluTIon shoulD be siMilar to tHat of statISTical theRmoDynAmiCs. HOWEvEr, that conjectURE turNeD out to bE fuNdamentAllY wrOng: "no hIdDen variabLes in quaNtUm MeChAniCs!" migHT have beeN tHe "sLoGan" Of the SOlutioN for tHe reVeRsIBle And irreVErSIBle tImE iN quaNtuM mEchanIcs. YET, thE solutiOn of quantUm mEChanIcS iS partly Analogical to tHaT of statistIcAl tHermodYNAmics. In aNy single measurement 1, a greAT deal (exActLy 50%) of iNforMation is lOst. howeveR, thAT loss iS not duE to avErAgiNG, Or a reSULt Of hUmAn ignorancE. iT is A fundAmEntaL law of nAture due to the limitATioNs imposed by thE PlAnck CONsTanT. thAT fuNdAMenTAL loss is caused by The passing Of TImE in the finaL AnaLySis. All rEjected CountERfactuaL alternatIves might RePresENT thAt necessarY loss of iNformatioN. * * * in phySIcS, two dIffErent, aNd PosSibly Even twO IncOnsisTent coNjEctureS exisT aBout the "cReation". The Big Bang is the mOst popUlar oNe. IT postulatEs a SPecIal point iN the Creation (thE "siNguLaritY" in T = 0), In whiCh phYSiCal LAws do Not yET hold. HoweVEr, TheSE PhYsical laws (bOTH EneRgy coNseRVation And tHe reversible time oF Relativity) hold At anY TIme TheREaftEr. the viewpoint of QuaNtUM MechanicS iS different aNd rather SiMIlar tO that oF DescaRtes, maiNLY iN His ThiRd 1 In FacT, any quantUm lEaP Is deterMiNeD UnambiGuouSlY by botH an iniTIal aND A final state. Thus, tHe numBER of neCEssAry vaRiAbles is EXactLy the same aS in the classIcal caSe of SmootH motion, AnD only aS
ibly (classical mechanics,  relativit y, et c.)  or  i rrev ersi bly (thermodyn a mics , etc.). The solutionof st at i stic a ltherm odynami c sf o r t im eisve r yinter est ing and  successfu l.It  manages tor es olve the c ont radiction of  re versib le  ti m e inmec hanic s andi rrever sible tim ei n ther m odynami c s .Acco rding to statisti c al thermodynamics , theth e rm o d yna mic  irreversi bi lityi s a res u lt o f  th e  statisticalaveraging o f  me chanic al  re v ersibi lity.  A hug e part of i nfor mation is  losta fter av e ragingand it  is  pr ecis e ly  t hat  l o ssw hi chg ene rates ir re ve rsibi lity i n ther mod ynam ics.The loss of i nfo rmat i onin th ermod ynam ic s can  be ge neral iz ed by the notio n of  "hiddenvar ia ble s" , whi c h arehid den  afteraveragi n g.Qu a n t um  mechanics appeare da s  t he domai n of p h ys ic s  which g en era tedn e w fun dame n ta l questi ons ab o ut  t he rele va nt way  t o r eco ncile reve rsible  and irr evers i ble time as as ingle consist e nt s ci e ntif ictheory. Qua ntum mech anic s  w asf orced  to i nt r od u ce the Planck const an t, whi ch is  thermodynami c in essen c e ,  as fund amen t al to mechanical152 V asil Pench e v motion . Thu s, its a im was to r econcile  th e r eve rsi b l etime of mecha n i cs w it h the i rre versibl e t ime  of  th er modynamic s alread ypr es en t a t its core. Ma ny  sc ie nti sts,e ven Ei nstei n, e xp ec t edthat it s  s o l utio nsh ould  be  s imila r to tha t of st atistical  th e rmod yn am ics. Ho wever, that c on jecture tu rn edout to b e fundam entally wrong: "No hidd e n varia ble s inquan tum mecha nic s!" mi ght have b een th e "sl og an" o f the s ol uti on  for the r e v ers iblean d ir reversi ble time in quantu m  me chanics. Yet,  th e so l u ti ono fq uan tu m  me c h anics is partly  analogica lt othat of st a tis ti cal the rmodyna mics. In anysingle me asurement  1 , ag r eat  deal (exa ctly 50% ) of info r matio n  i s los t.Howeve r,  th at lo ss isn otdue t o aver ag ing, o r a r es ult of h uman ignorance. It is a  funda menta l l aw of nat ure due  to the l imit ations imp ose d b y the  Pl a nck c onst a nt . T h at fu ndam e ntal loss is  ca u s ed  by the pas s i n g o f tim e i n  the f inal  analysis. All re j ected counterf actu a l  al ter n ativ es  might represe ntth a t  necessa ry  loss of in formatio n. * * *  In ph ysics,  two di f f er e nt, an d po ssi bly eventwo  i n consist en tc onject ures  e xist a bout t h e "c r e ation". The BigBangi s  them ost  popu la r one.I t po stulates a  special po int in  the  crea tion (t he  "sing ula ri ty" in t = 0), in wh ich p hysical  l awsdonot ye t ho l d . How ever ,the se physic a l  l a ws  ( b oth  ene rgy c on serv ation and the reve rsi b le time  o f r e l ativit y )h o ld at anytim e the r e after. The view p oi n t ofquantu m mech anics i s  di ff erent a ndr a ther simi lar to th a t o fDesc artes, m ai nlyin  hi sThird 1 In fact , any qu antum le a p  is de ter m ined unambi gu ously by bot h anin i tial an d a f inal st a te.  Th us,  the  nu mber of necessary variables i s ex actly the  same  as i nthe clas s ical  case of smooth motion , and only as
ibly (classical_mechanics, relativity,_etc.) or irreversibly (thermodynamics,_etc.). The_solution_of statistical_thermodynamics_for time is_very interesting and_successful. It manages to_resolve the contradiction_of_reversible time in mechanics and irreversible time in thermodynamics. According to statistical thermodynamics, the_thermodynamic_irreversibility is_a_result_of the statistical averaging of_mechanical reversibility. A huge part_of information_is lost after averaging and it is precisely_that_loss which generates_irreversibility in thermodynamics. The loss of information in thermodynamics_can be generalized by the notion_of "hidden variables",_which_are_hidden after averaging. Quantum_mechanics appeared as the domain of_physics which generated new fundamental questions_about the relevant way to reconcile reversible_and irreversible time as a single_consistent scientific theory. Quantum mechanics_was forced_to introduce the Planck constant,_which is thermodynamic_in essence,_as fundamental to_mechanical 152 Vasil Penchev motion. Thus,_its aim was_to reconcile the reversible time of_mechanics_with the irreversible_time_of_thermodynamics already_present at its_core._Many scientists,_even_Einstein, expected that its solution should_be_similar to that of statistical thermodynamics. However,_that conjecture turned out_to_be fundamentally wrong: "No_hidden variables in quantum mechanics!"_might have been the "slogan" of_the solution_for the_reversible and irreversible time in quantum mechanics. Yet, the solution of_quantum mechanics is partly analogical to_that of statistical thermodynamics._In any_single_measurement 1, a_great_deal (exactly_50%) of information is lost. However, that_loss is_not due to averaging, or a_result of human ignorance._It_is a fundamental law of nature_due to the limitations imposed by_the Planck constant. That fundamental_loss_is_caused by the passing of_time in the final analysis. All_rejected counterfactual alternatives_might represent that necessary loss of information._*_* * In physics, two different,_and_possibly even two inconsistent conjectures exist_about_the_"creation". The Big Bang is_the most popular one. It postulates_a special point in the creation (the "singularity" in_t = 0),_in which physical laws do_not_yet_hold. However, these physical laws (both energy conservation and the_reversible time_of relativity) hold_at any time thereafter. The viewpoint of quantum mechanics is_different and rather similar to that of_Descartes, mainly in his Third 1 In fact, any quantum leap_is determined unambiguously by both an initial and_a final state. Thus, the number of_necessary variables is exactly_the_same as in the classical case of_smooth_motion,_and_only as