 possible action between two or many parts, in which those "parts" (ostensibly) are necessarily a single whole. So, both the speed of light in vacuum and the Planck constant are boundaries between discreteness and continuity in a physical and thus experimental sense. Nonetheless, they are absolutely independent from each other; even their physical dimensionalities are different. One may further imagine the special case where the one criterion for discreteness is satisfied, but the other one is not. The quark's inability to exist alone seems to fit right into that intermediate or "conflict" area between the two different boundaries separating discreteness and continuity. As far as they interact with each other and can interact with other elementary particles both by strong and by electromagnetic interaction, the Planck constant seems to be exceeded, but in the special case of quarks, the speed of light is not. This seems to be the essence of confinement from the present viewpoint. 160 Vasil Penchev the upper limit of allowed space extension: time seems to appear for the limitation of spatial "elastic" extension 9. There are at least a few objections against color confinement as a possible source of dark matter and energy. It is still only an ad hoc empirical hypothesis explaining a series of phenomena studied by quantum chromodynamics very well, but it cannot be deduced mathematically from the formalism of quantum mechanics and quantum chromodynamics. It is corollary from one of the seven "Millennium Prize Problems", namely the "Yang–Mills and Mass Gap" problem 10. "Color confinement" is not yet described well enough quantitatively and theoretically, but rather qualitatively. Thus, the origin of the energy transformed into hadrons after hadronization is not elucidated: that kind of energy is instead only postulated ad hoc for the abundance of corroborating experimental data. Furthermore, there exist essential problems about untarity or the Lorentz invariance of hadronization. The main "nonstandard" conjecture about dark matter or dark energy is the phenomenon of entanglement. Entanglement is a phenomenon suggested by Einstein (together with Podolsky and Rosen) in 1935, in a famous article (Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen 1935) as the refutation of the completeness of quantum mechanics, and independently by Schrődinger in the same year (Schrődinger 1935). Today, entanglement is very well corroborated experimentally 11. In Einstein's words, it is a "spooky action at a distance" meaning that it should be neither Lorentz invariant nor unitary. Roughly speaking, one may say that it transfers only
possible action between two or many parts, in which those " parts " (apparently) are inevitably a individual whole. So, both the speed of sparkle in vacuum and the Planck constant are boundaries between discreteness and continuity in a forcible and thus experimental sense. Nonetheless, they are absolutely autonomous from each early; even their physical dimensionalities are unlike. One may further imagine the limited case where the one criterion for discreteness is satisfied, but the other one is not. The quark's inability to exist alone look to fit right into that intermediate or " dispute " area between the two different boundaries separating discreteness and continuity. equally far as they interact with each other and can interact with early elementary particles both by strong and by electromagnetic interaction, the Planck constant seems to be exceeded, but in the especial case of quarks, the speed of light is not. This seems to be the perfume of confinement from the present viewpoint. 160 Vasil Penchev the upper limit of allowed space extension: time seems to appear for the limitation of spatial " elastic " propagation 9. There are at least a few objections against coloring material parturiency as a possible source of dark topic and energy. It is however only an ad hoc empirical guess explaining a series of phenomena studied by quantum chromodynamics very well, but it cannot be deduced mathematically from the formalism of quantum mechanics and quantum chromodynamics. It is corollary from one of the seven " Millennium Prize Problems ", namely the " Yang – Mills and Mass Gap " problem 10. " Color confinement " is not yet described well enough quantitatively and theoretically, but rather qualitatively. therefore, the origin of the department of energy transformed into hadrons after hadronization is not elucidated: that kind of energy is instead only necessitate ad hoc for the abundance of corroborating experimental data. Furthermore, there exist essential trouble about untarity or the Lorentz invariance of hadronization. The main " nonstandard " conjecture about dark topic or dark energy is the phenomenon of entanglement. Entanglement is a phenomenon suggested by Einstein (together with Podolsky and Rosen) in 1935, in a celebrated article (Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen 1935) as the refutation of the completeness of quantum mechanics, and independently by Schrődinger in the same year (Schrődinger 1935). Today, web is very well corroborated experimentally 11. In Einstein's words, it is a " skittish action at a distance " meaning that it should be neither Lorentz invariant nor unitary. Roughly talk, one may say that it transfer only
 podsible action between twu or many parts, in whirh thoss "parts" (ustensibly) are necessarily a sungle whole. So, both the spedd of ligjt in vaxuum qnd the Plehck constant zve bobnvaries between ciscretenevs and continuhth nn a physical and thus experimental fense. Npnftheless, they wre sfsolhneoy independent from each othed; even uheir physical dimrnsionalities are differenh. Onf may further imaglne the spexial xase where tfe one criuexion for diacreteness is satisfied, but the othex one is noj. Fhf quark's inauility to exist alone seemv to fiy right into tmat iiternediate or "conflict" acea between the two qifferent bkundaries separatunt diswretanesr ana cknvinhity. Ad fer as they jnteract wirh each other and csn pmteract with other ejementary particles both by strong and ty slectromagnetic interacrion, the Planck constwnt seems to be exceeded, but in the special case of quarks, the aoeeb of lkthh is not. This seems to be the essence of confyhekekt from the prescnt viewpoint. 160 Vasol Prgchev the uppgr limic or allowed space exhension: time seems to apprar for the limitation of spatial "elastpc" eztension 9. There arz at least a few objevtions against color coufinemsnt as a podsible sohfce of dark mattdr sng energy. It is still only wn ad hoc empnrical hhpotnesis qxplaining a sevhes of phenomena shudieb by xuantum chgomodynamics very well, but it ceinot be deducgd katvematicajly fvom the formalifm of quantum kechanies and quantum cgromodyiamics. It is corollary frml one of the seven "Myllebniun Prize Oroblems", namelu the "Yany–Iillw and Mass Gap" pronlem 10. "Dolor confinemeuu" iw not yet descrobea wqlp xnougr quantitativaly xnd yheordtically, bub rxthet qualitatively. Thus, the origin of the enetgn transfotmed into hadrons aftet hadronization is not xlucideted: tnat kind of energy is instead onlg postulahed ad hoc for ehe qbundance of corroborating experimental data. Furthecmore, there exist essenrial problems about mntarity or vhe Lowentz invdriance of hadronizarion. The main "nonxtandard" conjecture agout ddrk mwtter or dark energy is the phenomenon of entanglement. Entanglement is a phenomxnjn suggestes by Einsneiu (tpgethew wivh Podolsky and Roxen) in 1935, in a famous article (Einrtein, Pogojsky, and Rosen 1935) as the refutstkon of the coopleteness of quantum medhanics, snd independently by Schrődinger in the same year (Schrődikger 1935). Todqy, enfanglement is very well corrpboratzd expwrimentqlly 11. In Einstein'r wprfs, it is w "sppoiy action at a distance" meaning rhat ir dhould be neithec Lorentz inyaviant hor unytary. Roughly spsakihh, one may say that it transfers pnly
possible action between two or many parts, those (ostensibly) are a single whole. light vacuum and the constant are boundaries discreteness and continuity in a physical thus experimental sense. Nonetheless, they are absolutely independent from each other; even their dimensionalities are different. One may further imagine the special case where the one for is but other one is not. The quark's inability to exist alone seems to fit right into that or "conflict" area between the two different boundaries discreteness and continuity. As as they interact with each and interact with elementary both strong and by interaction, the Planck constant seems to be exceeded, but in the special case of quarks, the speed light is seems to the of from the present Vasil Penchev the upper limit of time seems to appear for the limitation of "elastic" extension There are at least a few against color confinement as a possible source of matter and energy. It is still only an ad hoc empirical hypothesis explaining a series studied by quantum chromodynamics well, but it be mathematically the of quantum and quantum chromodynamics. It is corollary from one of the seven Prize Problems", namely the "Yang–Mills and Mass Gap" problem 10. is yet described well quantitatively and theoretically, but qualitatively. the origin of the into after elucidated: kind energy is instead only ad hoc for the abundance corroborating experimental data. Furthermore, untarity or the Lorentz invariance of hadronization. The "nonstandard" conjecture about dark matter or dark is the phenomenon of entanglement. Entanglement is a phenomenon suggested by Einstein with Podolsky in 1935, in a famous article (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen 1935) as the of the completeness of quantum mechanics, and independently by in same year 1935). Today, entanglement very well corroborated 11. In Einstein's is a action a it should be neither Lorentz invariant unitary. speaking, one may say that transfers
 possible action between two oR many parts, In whiCh tHosE "pArts" (OsteNsibly) are necesSArilY a single whole. So, both the Speed Of LIght IN vAcuum And the PLAnCK ConStAnT arE bOUnDarieS beTween diScreteness And CoNtinuity in a pHYsIcal and thuS exPerimental seNse. nonethElEss, THey arE abSolutEly indEPendenT from each OtHEr; even THeir phySICaL dimEnsionalities are dIFfERent. One may furtHer imaGiNE tHE SpeCiaL case where ThE one cRIterion FOr DISCreTEness is satisfIed, but the otHEr oNe is noT. THe qUArk's inAbiliTy TO exIst alone seeMs to Fit right iNto thaT IntermeDIate or "cOnflicT" arEa bEtweEN tHe Two DiFFerENt BouNDarIes separAtInG discReteNESS And cOntInuiTy. As fAr as they interAct With EAch Other And caN intErAct wiTh otheR elemEnTary particles boTh by Strong and By eLeCtrOmAgnetIC interActIon, The PlanCk constANt sEeMS TO bE exceeded, but in the sPeCIAl Case of quArks, thE SpEeD Of light iS nOt. THis sEEMs to bE the ESsEnce of coNfinemENt FrOm the prEsEnt vieWpOinT. 160 VaSil PeNChev The uppEr limit oF alloWEd space extensiON: time seems to aPPeAR FoR The lImiTation of spaTial "ELastIc" exTEnSioN 9. there Are at LeASt A Few objections againsT cOlor coNfineMent as a possibLe source of DARK matter aNd enERgY. it is still only aN ad hoC empirical HYpothesiS explAining a sEries of phENOmena stuDieD by QuaNtuM CHrOmodynamics veRY Well, BuT it cannOt bE deduceD maTheMatIcaLlY from the fOrmalism Of QuAnTuM meChaniCS and quanTuM chRoModYnamiCS. It is cOrollAry fRoM oNE of The seveN "miLLEnniUm prIze PRobLeMs", namEly tHE "YaNg–Mills And Mass GaP" prOBlem 10. "coLoR confinEment" is not yet DeScribed welL eNouGh quanTITatively And theoretically, but rathER qualitAtiVely. THus, tHe origin oF thE energY trANsformEd into HadroNs AftER HadroNIZaTioN iS not elucidATEd: tHat kiNd Of enErgy is iNstead only postulatED ad Hoc for the abunDanCe of CORrOboRAtINg eXpERimENTal data. FurthermOre, there exIsT EsSential proBLemS aBout untArity or The LoREntz invAriance of HadronizaTiOn. ThE MAin "NonstandarD" conjectUre about dARk matTEr Or darK enErgy is ThE phEnomeNon of eNTanGlemeNt. EntaNgLement Is a phEnOmenon suGgested by Einstein (togethEr with podolSky And Rosen) iN 1935, in A FamOus articlE (EinStein, PodolSky, And rosen 1935) As tHE refuTatiON oF thE ComplEtenESs of quantUM mEchANIcS, and indepenDENTly By SchRődINger in The sAme year (SchrődingeR 1935). today, entanglemEnt iS VEry WelL CorrObOrated experimeNtaLlY 11. iN EinsteiN's Words, it is a "sPooky actIoN At a diStance" MeaninG that it SHOuLD be neiTher lorEntz invarIanT nOR unitarY. ROuGHly speAkinG, oNe may sAy that IT traNSFers only
 possible action between t wo or many  part s,inwh ichthos e "parts" (ost e nsib ly) are necessarily asingl ew hole .  S o, bo th thes pe e d  of  l ig htin va cuumand  the Pl anck const ant  a re boundarie s  b etween dis cre teness and c ont inuity  i n a physi cal  andthus e x perime ntal sens e. Noneth e less, t h e yareabsolutely indepe n de n t from each ot her; e ve n  t h e irphy sical dime ns ional i ties ar e  d i f f ere n t. One may fu rther imagi n e t he spe ci alc ase wh ere t he one  criterionfordiscreten ess is satisfi e d, butthe ot her  on e is no t.  Th eq uar k 's  in a bil ity to e xi st  alon e se e m s to f itrigh t int o that interm edi ateo r " confl ict"area  b etwee n thetwo d if ferent boundari es s eparating  di sc ret en ess a n d cont inu ity . As fa r as th e y i nt e r a ct  with each other a nd c an  interac t with ot he r  element ar y p arti c l es bo th b y  s trong an d by e l ec tr omagnet ic  inter ac tio n,the P l anck  const ant seem s tob e exceeded, bu t  in the speci a lc a se of q uar ks, the spe ed o f  lig ht i s  n ot. Thisseems  t o  b e  the essence of con fi nement  from  the presentviewpoint. 1 6 0 VasilPenc h ev the upper limi t ofallowed sp a ce exten sion:  time se ems to ap p e ar for t helim ita tio n of  spatial "ela s t ic"ex tension  9.  Thereare  at  le ast  a  few obje ctions a ga in st  c olo r con f inementas  apo ssi ble s o urce o f dar k ma tt er and  energy .  I t is s ti ll  onl y a nad ho c em p iri cal hyp othesis e xpl a inin gaseriesof phenomenast udied by q ua ntu m chro m o dynamics  very well, but it cann o t be de duc ed ma them aticallyfro m thefor m alismof qua ntumme cha n i cs an d qu ant um  chromodyn a m ics . Itis  cor ollaryfrom one of the se v en"Millennium P riz e Pr o b le ms" ,  n a mel yt he" Y ang–Mills and M ass Gap" p ro b le m 10. "Col o r c on finemen t" is n ot ye t  descri bed wellenough qu an tita t i vel y and theo reticall y, but ra t her q u al itati vel y. Thu s,  th e ori gin of the  ener gy tra ns formed  into  h adrons a fter hadronization is n ot elu cidat ed:  that kin d o f  en ergy is i nste ad only po stu lat ed ad  ho c  forthea bu nda n ce of  cor r oborating ex per i m en tal data. F u r t her more,  th e re exi st e ssential problems about untarity  ort h e L ore n tz i nv ariance of had ron iz a t ion. The  m ain "nonsta ndard" c on j ectur e abou t dark  matter o rd ark en ergy  is  the phen ome no n  of ent an gl e ment.Enta ng lement  is ap heno m e non suggested by  Eins t e in (t o get her w it h Podol s ky a nd Rosen)in 1935, in  a fam ousartic le (Ein st ein, P odo ls ky, and Ro s en 1935)as th e refut at ionofthe co mple t e nessof q ua ntu m mechani c s ,a nd  i n dep ende ntlyby  Sch rődingeri n the sa mey ear (Sc hr ődi n g er 193 5 ). T oday, enta ngl ement i s very wel l  cor r ob o rated  exper imenta lly 11. InEi nstein' s w o r ds, it is  a "spook y  ac ti on a t a dist an ce"me ani ng  that it should  be neit her Lore n t z inva ria n t no r  unita ry . Roughly sp eakin g, one may s aythat it tra nsf ers  onl y
 possible_action between_two or many parts,_in which_those_"parts" (ostensibly)_are_necessarily a single_whole. So, both_the speed of light_in vacuum and_the_Planck constant are boundaries between discreteness and continuity in a physical and thus experimental_sense._Nonetheless, they_are_absolutely_independent from each other; even_their physical dimensionalities are different._One may_further imagine the special case where the one_criterion_for discreteness is_satisfied, but the other one is not. The quark's_inability to exist alone seems to_fit right into_that_intermediate_or "conflict" area between_the two different boundaries separating discreteness_and continuity. As far as they_interact with each other and can interact_with other elementary particles both by_strong and by electromagnetic interaction,_the Planck_constant seems to be exceeded,_but in the_special case_of quarks, the_speed of light is not. This_seems to be_the essence of confinement from the_present_viewpoint. 160 Vasil_Penchev_the_upper limit_of allowed space_extension:_time seems_to_appear for the limitation of spatial_"elastic"_extension 9. There are at least a_few objections against color_confinement_as a possible source_of dark matter and energy._It is still only an ad_hoc empirical_hypothesis explaining_a series of phenomena studied by quantum chromodynamics very well, but_it cannot be deduced mathematically from_the formalism of quantum_mechanics and_quantum_chromodynamics. It is_corollary_from one_of the seven "Millennium Prize Problems", namely_the "Yang–Mills_and Mass Gap" problem 10. "Color_confinement" is not yet_described_well enough quantitatively and theoretically, but_rather qualitatively. Thus, the origin of_the energy transformed into hadrons_after_hadronization_is not elucidated: that kind_of energy is instead only postulated_ad hoc for_the abundance of corroborating experimental data. Furthermore,_there_exist essential problems about untarity or_the_Lorentz invariance of hadronization. The main_"nonstandard"_conjecture_about dark matter or dark_energy is the phenomenon of entanglement._Entanglement is a phenomenon suggested by Einstein (together with_Podolsky and Rosen)_in 1935, in a famous_article_(Einstein,_Podolsky, and Rosen 1935) as the refutation of the completeness_of quantum_mechanics, and independently_by Schrődinger in the same year (Schrődinger 1935). Today, entanglement_is very well corroborated experimentally 11. In_Einstein's words, it is a "spooky action at a distance" meaning_that it should be neither Lorentz invariant nor_unitary. Roughly speaking, one may say that_it transfers only