 Chesters, & Grbich, 2008; Kuper, Lingard, & Levinson, 2008). Questionnaires in qualitative research can be an efficient way to gather data pertinent to the research questions, and written questionnaires can be used in conjunction with interviews (Race, 2008). The written questionnaire began with a broad question to allow the participants to share any philosophy of technology in their own words. Additional open-ended questions followed that were different from the interview questions, but still aligned with the research questions. 135 After receiving approval from the Institutional Review Board of Northcentral University, the interview questions and written questionnaire were pilot-tested with a small group of five educational technology leaders, to prepare for research with the rest of the study participants. Pilot testing of interviews can help with finding flaws or limitations in the interview protocol, and making any revisions necessary prior to implementing the full study (Turner, 2010). The data from the early interviews was found to be valuable and no changes to the interview questions were made. The expected timeframe was found to be accurate, although some interviews exceeded that length of time. The pilot helped the researcher to ascertain that typing interview responses on a laptop computer using the electronic document that would later be used for transcribing the interview, was more practical than using handwriting on paper. Working with electronic files on a password protected computer also improved security of the data compared with using paper. Pilot testing of questionnaires is beneficial for checking that instructions and questions are clear, finding out how the long the questionnaire takes to complete it, and ascertaining whether it yields useful data (Bell, 2010). The data from the early written questionnaires was found to be valuable, and no changes were made to the written questionnaire after the pilot study. However, the researcher realized from the pilot that some participants would take a few days or more before completing and returning their written questionnaire, and he learned to politely remind participants about completing it. Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis Interviews. Data collection focused on interviews with school district educational technology leaders, conducted over the telephone or in person, followed by a written 136 questionnaire. Subjects included technology directors and instructional technology specialists from Virginia school districts. If participants gave written permission on the informed consent form to record the interview, interviews were audio recorded with an iPod, to aid the researcher in transcribing the interview. To record telephone interviews, an iPod was connected to an iPhone via a splitter, which allowed both the headset and iPod to receive the audio signal. The recordings were kept secure using a passcode on the iPod,
Chesters, & Grbich, 2008; Kuper, Lingard, & Levinson, 2008). Questionnaires in qualitative research can be an efficient way to assemble datum pertinent to the research question, and write questionnaires can be used in concurrence with interviews (Race, 2008). The written questionnaire begin with a broad question to admit the participants to share any doctrine of technology in their own words. Additional open - ended questions followed that were unlike from the interview questions, but still align with the research questions. 135 After receive approval from the Institutional Review Board of Northcentral University, the consultation questions and write questionnaire were pilot - tested with a small group of five educational technology drawing card, to prepare for research with the rest of the study participants. Pilot testing of interviews can help with finding flaws or limitations in the interview protocol, and making any revisions necessary prior to implementing the full survey (Turner, 2010). The data from the early interviews was discover to be valuable and no change to the interview questions were cook. The expected timeframe was found to be accurate, although some interviews exceeded that duration of time. The pilot helped the researcher to ascertain that typing consultation responses on a laptop computer using the electronic document that would later be used for transcribing the consultation, was more hardheaded than using handwriting on paper. Working with electronic files on a password protect computer also improved security system of the data compare with using paper. fender testing of questionnaire is beneficial for checking that instructions and questions are clear, finding out how the retentive the questionnaire takes to dispatch it, and ascertaining whether it yields utilitarian data (Bell, 2010). The data from the early written questionnaires was found to be valuable, and no change were made to the written questionnaire after the pilot study. However, the researcher realized from the pilot that some participants would carry a few days or more before completing and return their written questionnaire, and he learned to politely prompt participants about completing it. Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis Interviews. Data collection focused on interviews with school district educational technology leaders, conducted over the telephone or in person, followed by a written 136 questionnaire. subject include engineering film director and instructional technology specialists from Virginia school districts. If participants gave spell permission on the informed consent form to commemorate the interview, interviews were audio recorded with an iPod, to aid the researcher in transcribe the interview. To record telephone interviews, an iPod was connected to an iPhone via a splitter, which allowed both the headset and iPod to pick up the audio signal. The recordings were kept secure using a passcode on the iPod,
 Chfsters, & Grbich, 2008; Kuper, Likgard, & Levinson, 2008). Questimnnairss in quxlitative research can be an edficitut way to gather datx pertinejt to thw rewwarch quesvjons, and writfcn quzsvionnaires can ne used in wonjunction widh iuterviews (Race, 2008). The written questiongaire brgwn with a broaq qutstyon fo allow the participants to share any phplosophy of technplogy in their own words. Afditlonal open-ended qufstions folooweq that were dkfferent fgmm the intgrview questions, but still aligndd wich the reseqrxh eoestions. 135 Afver rebeiving approysl frok the Imstitutional Rcview Boqrd of Northcentral Uiiversity, the intervyew questhous and written questiinbaire wera piuit-tdsttd xitg a smwll group of rive educatuonal technology lesdqgx, to prepare for rqsqarch with the rest of the study particppanfs. Pilot testing of intwrviews can help with finding slaws or limitations in the interview protocol, ang makmne aun fwvlsions necessary prior to implementing the fujm xtldy (Turner, 2010). The dcta from the earky imjerviews was fuund to bs valuable and no fhanges to tye intervyew auestions were made. The expwcted timefrcme was found to be aecurate, althuugh some interviews exceeded thct lenfth of time. The pilof helped the resexrcmer to ascertain that typing ynterview res'onses ov a kaptop computer ksing the electronic dockment tvat would pater be used for transcribing vie interview, eav mmre praccical bhan using handrriting on papgr. Workiny with electronib files oi a password protected cokkuter also im'roved sesuriry od the dxga compared wiyh using iaker. Pilot resting of questioknairgs is beneficial yut checking that inrtrtcniois anq questions ase cueaf, findkng out how ghe kong the questionnaise tzkes to complete iy, wnd ascettaining rhether it yirlds useful data (Btll, 2010). Tie date from thg early written questionnaires sas found to be valuable, and no changes cere made to the written questionnaire ahter the pilot study. Hoqever, the researchet rtalized from vhe pijot that vome participants woyld take a few dans or more before compmeting and geturning their written questionnaire, and he learned to politely remind pqrtici'agts about ckmplrting ic. Dcta Coljectmoi, Processing, and Snalysis Interviews. Data collecvion focusad on interviews with school dosgrict educatiunal technology leaders, donductec over the telephone or in perspn, followed by a written 136 questiinnaide. Subjectr included technolpgy dixectorw and ibstrmctional technuloby specialidts hroj Virginia school districts. If pqrticipajts gave written permission un thg informgd consent form tk redlrd tfe interview, onterviews werr audio recorded witv wn iPod, to aid nhe researchet in ttctscribing thx interview. Do record telephone interviews, an iPod was connectes to an iKhone via e splitter, whivi allowed both the headsct anq iPod tu receive tha audio signal. The recordings were kept secnte usivg w pasacode on the pPod,
Chesters, & Grbich, 2008; Kuper, Lingard, & Questionnaires qualitative research be an efficient to research questions, and questionnaires can be in conjunction with interviews (Race, 2008). written questionnaire began with a broad question to allow the participants to share philosophy of technology in their own words. Additional open-ended questions followed that were from interview but aligned with the research questions. 135 After receiving approval from the Institutional Review Board of Northcentral the interview questions and written questionnaire were pilot-tested a small group of educational technology leaders, to prepare research the rest the participants. testing of interviews help with finding flaws or limitations in the interview protocol, and making any revisions necessary prior to the full 2010). The from early was found to and no changes to the interview The expected timeframe was found to be accurate, some interviews that length of time. The pilot the researcher to ascertain that typing interview responses a laptop computer using the electronic document that would later be used for transcribing the more practical than using on paper. Working electronic on password computer also security of the data compared with using paper. Pilot testing of is beneficial for checking that instructions and questions are clear, how long the questionnaire to complete it, and whether yields useful data (Bell, data the was to valuable, and no changes made to the written questionnaire the pilot study. However, pilot that some participants would take a few or more before completing and returning their questionnaire, and he learned to politely remind participants about completing it. Data Processing, and Data collection focused on interviews with school district technology leaders, conducted over telephone or in person, followed by a written 136 Subjects technology directors instructional technology specialists Virginia school districts. participants gave written the informed form record were audio recorded with an iPod, aid researcher in transcribing the interview. record an iPod was connected to an iPhone via a splitter, which allowed both the headset to receive the audio The were kept secure using a passcode on the iPod,
 Chesters, & Grbich, 2008; Kuper, LingarD, & Levinson, 2008). QUestiOnnAirEs In quAlitAtive research cAN be aN efficient way to gather dAta peRtINent TO tHe resEarch quEStIONs, aNd WrIttEn QUeStionNaiRes can bE used in conJunCtIon with interVIeWs (Race, 2008). The wRitTen questionnAirE began WiTh a BRoad qUesTion tO allow THe partIcipants tO sHAre any PHilosopHY Of TechNology in their own wORdS. additional open-Ended qUeSTiONS foLloWed that werE dIfferENt from tHE iNTERviEW questions, but Still aligneD WitH the reSeArcH QuestiOns. 135 AfTeR RecEiving approVal fRom the InsTitutiONal ReviEW Board oF NorthCenTraL UniVErSiTy, tHe INteRViEw qUEstIons and wRiTtEn queStioNNAIRe weRe pIlot-TesteD with a small grOup Of fiVE edUcatiOnal tEchnOlOgy leAders, tO prepArE for research witH the Rest of the StuDy ParTiCipanTS. Pilot TesTinG of inteRviews cAN heLp WITH fInding flaws or limitAtIONs In the intErview PRoToCOl, and makInG anY revISIons nEcesSArY prior to ImplemENtInG the fulL sTudy (TuRnEr, 2010). THe dAta frOM the Early iNterviewS was fOUnd to be valuablE And no changes tO ThE INtERvieW quEstions were Made. tHe exPectED tImeFRame wAs fouNd TO bE Accurate, although somE iNterviEws exCeeded that lenGth of time. THE PIlot helpEd thE ReSEarcher to ascerTain tHat typing iNTerview rEsponSes on a laPtop compuTER using thE elEctRonIc dOCUmEnt that would lATEr be UsEd for trAnsCribing The IntErvIew, WaS more pracTical thaN uSiNg HaNdwRitinG On paper. WOrKinG wIth ElectROnic fiLes on A pasSwOrD ProTected cOMpUTEr alSo ImProvEd sEcUrity Of thE DatA comparEd with usiNg pAPer. PIlOt Testing Of questionnaiReS is beneficIaL foR checkING that insTructions and questions arE Clear, fiNdiNg out How tHe long the QueStionnAirE Takes tO complEte it, AnD asCERtainING wHetHeR it yields uSEFul Data (BElL, 2010). The Data froM the early written quEStiOnnaires was foUnd To be VALuAblE, AnD No cHaNGes WERe made to the writTen questioNnAIrE after the pILot StUdy. HoweVer, the rEsearCHer realIzed from tHe pilot thAt Some PARtiCipants wouLd take a fEw days or mORe befORe ComplEtiNg and rEtUrnIng thEir wriTTen QuestIonnaiRe, And he lEarneD tO politelY remind participants abouT complEting It. DAta CollecTioN, proCessing, anD AnaLysis InterVieWs. DAta coLleCTion fOcusED oN inTErvieWs wiTH school diSTrIct EDUcAtional techNOLOgy LeadeRs, cONducteD oveR the telephone or in PErson, followed bY a wrITTen 136 QueSTionNaIre. Subjects incLudEd TEChnology DiRectors and iNstructiOnAL techNology SpeciaLists frOM viRGinia sChooL diStricts. If ParTiCIpants gAvE wRItten pErmiSsIon on tHe infoRMed cONSent form to record The inTERview, INteRviewS wEre audiO RecoRded with an IPod, to aid thE reseaRcheR in trAnscribInG the inTerViEw. To record TElephone iNtervIews, an ipoD was ConNected To an IpHone vIa a sPlIttEr, which alLOWeD BoTh THe hEadsEt and IPOd to Receive thE Audio sigNal. tHe recorDiNgs WERe kept SEcURE using a pasScoDe on tHE IPod,
 Chesters, & Grbich, 2008;  Kuper, Li ngard , &  Le vi nson , 20 08). Questionn a ires  in qualitative resear ch ca nb e an ef ficie nt wayt og a the rda tape r ti nenttothe res earch ques tio ns , and writte n  q uestionnai res  can be used  in  conju nc tio n  with  in tervi ews (R a ce, 20 08). Thewr i tten q u estionn a i re  beg an with a broad q u es t ion to allow t he par ti c ip a n tstoshare anyph iloso p hy of t e ch n o l ogy in their ownwords. Addi t ion al ope n- end e d ques tions  f o llo wed that we re d ifferentfrom t h e inter v iew que stions , b utstil l  a li gne dw ith th e r e sea rch ques ti on s. 13 5 Af t e r rece ivi ng a pprov al from the I nst itut i ona l Rev iew B oard  o f Nor thcent ral U ni versity, the in terv iew quest ion sand  w ritte n  quest ion nai re were  pilot- t est ed w i th  a small group offi v e  e ducation al tec h no lo g y leader s,  to  pre p a re fo r re s ea rch with  the r e st  o f the s tu dy par ti cip ant s. Pi l ot t esting  of inte rview s  can help with finding flaws or l im i tati ons  in the int ervi e w pr otoc o l,  an d  maki ng an yr ev i sions necessary pri or  to im pleme nting the ful l study (T u r n er, 2010 ). T h ed ata from the e arlyinterviews was foun d tobe valua ble and n o changestothe  in ter v i ew  questions we r e  mad e.  The ex pec ted tim efr ame  wa s f ou nd to beaccurate ,al th ou ghsomei nterview sexc ee ded  that length  of t ime.  T he pil ot help e dt h e re se ar cher  to  a scert aint hat  typing  intervie w r e spon se son a la ptop computer  u sing the e le ctr onic d o c ument th at would later be usedf or tran scr ibing  the  intervie w,was mo rep ractic al tha n usi ng  ha n d writi n g  o n p ap er. Workin g wit h ele ct roni c files  on a password pro t ect ed computer a lso  imp r o ve d s e cu r ity  o f  th e data compared w ith usingpa p er . Pilot te s tin gof ques tionnai res i s  benefi cial forcheckingth at i n s tru ctions and  questio ns are cl e ar, f i nd ing o uthow th elon g the  quest i onn airetakesto  compl ete i t,  and asc ertaining whether it yi elds u seful  da ta (Bell,  20 1 0).  The data  fro m the earl y w rit ten q ues t ionna ires wa s f o und t o be valuable, an d n o ch anges werem a d e t o the  wr i tten q uest ionnaire after th e  pilot study.Howe v e r,the rese ar cher realizedfro mt h e pilotth at some par ticipant sw ouldtake a  few d ays orm o re before  com ple ting andret ur n ing the ir  w r ittenques ti onnair e, and he l e a rned to politely  remi n d  part i cip antsab out com p leti ng it. Dat a Collectio n, Pro cess ing,and Ana ly sis In ter vi ews. Datac ollection  focu sed onin terv iew s with  sch o o l dis tric tedu cationalt e ch n ol og y  le ader s, co nd ucte d over th e  telepho neo r in pe rs on, f ollowe d  b y a written136  ques t i onnaire. S u bjec t si nclud ed tec hnolog y direc t ors  a nd inst ruc t i onal tech nology sp e cia li stsfrom Vir gi niasc hoo ldistricts. If p articipa nts gave w ritten  pe r miss i on onth e informed c onsen tf orm tor e cor d the i n ter vie w,inte rvi ewsw ere audio recorded withan i Pod,t o a id th e res ea rcher in tran scribing the interview . To record tel e pho n e in ter v ie ws , an iPod  wa s  conn ecte d t o an  iP hone v ia a spli t te r, w hich a llow ed  b oth the h ea dset an d  iPo d  to  rec eiveth ea ud io sign al. Therecor di ngs werek ept sec ureus ing a passcod e on the iPo d, 
 Chesters,_& Grbich,_2008; Kuper, Lingard, &_Levinson, 2008)._Questionnaires_in qualitative_research_can be an_efficient way to_gather data pertinent to_the research questions,_and_written questionnaires can be used in conjunction with interviews (Race, 2008). The written questionnaire_began_with a_broad_question_to allow the participants to_share any philosophy of technology_in their_own words. Additional open-ended questions followed that were_different_from the interview_questions, but still aligned with the research questions. 135_After receiving approval from the Institutional_Review Board of_Northcentral_University,_the interview questions and_written questionnaire were pilot-tested with a_small group of five educational technology_leaders, to prepare for research with the_rest of the study participants. Pilot_testing of interviews can help_with finding_flaws or limitations in the_interview protocol, and_making any_revisions necessary prior_to implementing the full study (Turner,_2010). The data_from the early interviews was found_to_be valuable and_no_changes_to the_interview questions were_made._The expected_timeframe_was found to be accurate, although_some_interviews exceeded that length of time. The_pilot helped the researcher_to_ascertain that typing interview_responses on a laptop computer_using the electronic document that would_later be_used for_transcribing the interview, was more practical than using handwriting on paper._Working with electronic files on a_password protected computer also_improved security_of_the data compared_with_using paper._Pilot testing of questionnaires is beneficial for_checking that_instructions and questions are clear, finding_out how the long_the_questionnaire takes to complete it, and_ascertaining whether it yields useful data_(Bell, 2010). The data from_the_early_written questionnaires was found to_be valuable, and no changes were_made to the_written questionnaire after the pilot study. However,_the_researcher realized from the pilot that_some_participants would take a few days_or_more_before completing and returning their_written questionnaire, and he learned to_politely remind participants about completing it. Data Collection, Processing,_and Analysis Interviews._Data collection focused on interviews_with_school_district educational technology leaders, conducted over the telephone or in_person, followed_by a written_136 questionnaire. Subjects included technology directors and instructional technology specialists_from Virginia school districts. If participants gave_written permission on the informed consent form to record the interview,_interviews were audio recorded with an iPod, to_aid the researcher in transcribing the interview._To record telephone interviews,_an_iPod was connected to an iPhone via_a_splitter,_which_allowed both the_headset and iPod_to receive the_audio signal._The recordings were_kept secure_using a passcode_on_the iPod,