informed zeal that the new developments will improve education. On the one hand, anticipating technology trends can be a proactive approach to technology leadership (Battistella & De Toni, 2011). Battistella and De Toni (2011) conducted a case study to investigate whether a strategy oriented toward forecasting technological trends can be proactive and effective. The researchers concluded that successful organizations, by aligning decision making and organizational strategies with technological trends, will stand ready in advance for the future (Battistella & De Toni, 2011). However, based on discussions with technology leaders, Adomavicius, Bockstedt, Gupta, and Kauffman (2008) cautioned that forecasting technology trends can be difficult, and pursing the wrong trend by miscalculating technological developments can waste organizational resources including money and time. Gabberty and Vambery (2008) held that technological determinist assumptions of the inevitability of technology 11 influenced companies in the late nineties to rush to invest in technological development, leading to the dot com bust. Within K-12 education, if educators assume a commercial technology is inevitable, they tend to focus on how schools should adapt to technology, rather than shape the technology to meet curriculum requirements, and teachers' and students' needs (Jones & Czemiewicz, 2010). An historic example of significant public monies spent on following a commercial technology trend heading toward obsolescence involved the Texas Palm handheld initiative. Nationwide, many schools invested heavily in Palm pilots, believing they held promise for affordable one-to-one computing (Johnson, 2005; Schrum & Levin, 2008). Texas provided $2 million in grant money for Palm handhelds for elementary schools (Solomon, 2006). Lacina (2008) described how the Palm Pilots were effective reading assessment tools in the hands of Texas teachers. However, Palm handhelds were to become obsolete in 2009 when Palm discontinued the devices in favor of smartphones (Phillippi & Wyatt, 2011). Adomavicius et al. (2008) argued that in order for technology leaders to make the right decisions in forecasting future trends, it is important to study technological change while considering theories such as technological determinism. By examining philosophy of technology assumptions, thoughtful practitioners are better able to make purposeful and informed decisions in selecting the right technologies for the right reasons (Kanuka, 2008). Technology advocates often consider technology as having the capacity to transform education (Murray & Olcese, 2011; Selwyn
informed zeal that the new developments will better department of education. On the one hand, anticipating engineering trends can be a proactive approach path to technology leadership (Battistella & De Toni, 2011). Battistella and De Toni (2011) impart a case study to investigate whether a scheme orient toward forecasting technical trends can be proactive and effective. The researchers concluded that successful organizations, by align decision making and organizational strategies with technological trends, will digest ready in advance for the future (Battistella & De Toni, 2011). However, based on discussion with technology leaders, Adomavicius, Bockstedt, Gupta, and Kauffman (2008) cautioned that forecasting engineering trends can be unmanageable, and pursing the wrong trend by miscalculating technical developments can waste organizational resources including money and time. Gabberty and Vambery (2008) held that technological determinist assumptions of the inevitability of technology 11 influenced companies in the late nineties to rush to invest in technological growth, leading to the dot com female chest. Within K-12 department of education, if educator assume a commercial technology is inevitable, they tend to focus on how schools should adapt to technology, rather than shape the engineering to meet curriculum requirements, and teachers' and students' needs (Jones & Czemiewicz, 2010). An historic example of significant public monies spent on following a commercial technology trend lead toward obsolescence involve the Texas Palm handheld initiative. Nationwide, many school invested heavily in Palm pilots, believe they held promise for affordable one - to - one computing (Johnson, 2005; Schrum & Levin, 2008). Texas provided $ 2 million in concession money for Palm handhelds for elementary schools (Solomon, 2006). Lacina (2008) described how the Palm Pilots were effective reading assessment tools in the hand of Texas teachers. However, Palm handhelds were to become disused in 2009 when Palm discontinued the devices in favor of smartphones (Phillippi & Wyatt, 2011). Adomavicius et al. (2008) argued that in decree for technology leaders to have the right decision in forecasting future course, it is important to study technological change while considering theory such as technological determinism. By examining doctrine of technology assumptions, thoughtful practitioners are better able to make purposeful and informed decisions in choose the right technologies for the right reasons (Kanuka, 2008). Technology advocates often consider engineering as having the capacity to transform education (Murray & Olcese, 2011; Selwyn
inflrmed zeal that the new aevelopments will imprmve edhcation. Un the one hand, anticipating twchnooogy trends can be a pfoactive wpproach to uechnology leadership (Batbnstelmw & Dz Voni, 2011). Battistelka and De Doni (2011) conducteg x ease study to investigate whether a ftrategu lriented towarq fogesastjng technological trends can be prkactive and effectivr. The researchers concludef thwt successful orgajizations, bi alytning decisiun making and organizajional strategies with technologkcal crends, will sranf ready in avvance for the futmge (Batthstella & De Toni, 2011). Howcver, uasee on discussions with technology leaderf, Adomaviwibs, Bockstedt, Gupta, ane Jauffkan (2008) cauguondd uhav fkrecashinj technologg trends cab be difficult, and kurfpmg the wrong trend br miscalculating technological developmtnts dan waste organizationao resources including money anq time. Gabberty and Vambery (2008) held that technologiwal dxtdrmnklst xwskmptions of the inevitability of technology 11 yhfkuvnced companies ik the late ninetiex ho tush to invest in teegnklogical developmejt, leadyng ti the dot com bust. Within K-12 education, if educators afwume a commercial cechnology ir ingvitabke, they tend to focus ou how achools shokld adapt go technology, ragheg thdn shape the technology to meet curciculbm requifememts, anq teachers' and students' needs (Joned & Czgmiewiwz, 2010). An hishoric example of significant puukic monies skend ot follownng a gommercial techgology trend hgading tocard ocsolescencv involvev the Texas [alm handheld lnitiative. Netionwide, mant scyools ivxested heavily in Palm iijots, believing they hekd krkmise for afforbcboe one-to-one comlutkng (Jlhison, 2005; Vchrum & Levit, 2008). Tdxar provkded $2 milliiv in grant money for Palk hahdhelds for elemenyavy schoolw (Solomog, 2006). Lacina (2008) dexcribed how the Papm Pinotr werr esfective reading assessment tokls in thf hwnds of Texaf teqchers. Howevzr, Palm handhelds were to become obsoletx in 2009 when Palm disconjinued the devices in navor of smactphonqs (Philli[pi & Wyatt, 2011). Adomavicuus et al. (2008) argued that in order for tedhnolocy lewders to make the right decisions in forecasting future trends, it is impoetant vo study techholobical ckanye whilq coismdering theories xuch as technological determinirm. By exdmnning philosophy of technologu xssumptions, tfoughtful practitioners zre bettrr able to make purposeful and onformed decisions in sekecting rhe rjght tvdhiologies for the rignt reavons (Januka, 2008). Tecmnology advocages onten consifer uechuology as having the capacity to rransfirl education (Murrey & Olcese, 2011; Dtlwyn
informed zeal that the new developments will On one hand, technology trends can technology (Battistella & De 2011). Battistella and Toni (2011) conducted a case study investigate whether a strategy oriented toward forecasting technological trends can be proactive and The researchers concluded that successful organizations, by aligning decision making and organizational strategies technological will ready advance for the future (Battistella & De Toni, 2011). However, based on discussions with technology leaders, Bockstedt, Gupta, and Kauffman (2008) cautioned that forecasting trends can be difficult, pursing the wrong trend by technological can waste resources money time. Gabberty and (2008) held that technological determinist assumptions of the inevitability of technology 11 influenced companies in the late to rush in technological leading the com bust. Within if educators assume a commercial technology tend to focus on how schools should adapt technology, rather shape the technology to meet curriculum and teachers' and students' needs (Jones & Czemiewicz, An historic example of significant public monies spent on following a commercial technology trend heading involved the Texas Palm initiative. Nationwide, many invested in pilots, they held for affordable one-to-one computing (Johnson, 2005; Schrum & Levin, 2008). Texas $2 million in grant money for Palm handhelds for elementary 2006). (2008) described how Palm Pilots were effective assessment in the hands of However, handhelds obsolete 2009 Palm discontinued the devices favor of smartphones (Phillippi & 2011). Adomavicius et al. for technology leaders to make the right decisions forecasting future trends, it is important to technological change while considering theories such as technological determinism. By examining philosophy technology assumptions, are better able to make purposeful and informed in selecting the right for the right reasons (Kanuka, 2008). Technology advocates often technology having the to transform education & Olcese, 2011;
informed zeal that the new devElopments wIll imProVe eDuCatiOn. On The one hand, antiCIpatIng technology trends can Be a prOaCTive APpRoach To technOLoGY LeaDeRsHip (baTTiStellA & De toni, 2011). BatTistella anD De toNi (2011) conducted a CAsE study to inVesTigate whetheR a sTrategY oRieNTed toWarD foreCastinG TechnoLogical trEnDS can be PRoactivE ANd EffeCtive. The researcheRS cONcluded that sucCessfuL oRGaNIZatIonS, by aligninG dEcisiON making ANd ORGAniZAtional strateGies with tecHNolOgical TrEndS, Will stAnd reAdY In aDvance for thE futUre (BattisTella & DE toni, 2011). HowEVer, baseD on disCusSioNs wiTH tEcHnoLoGY leADeRs, ADOmaVicius, BoCkStEdt, GuPta, aND kAUffmAn (2008) cAutiOned tHat forecastinG teChnoLOgy TrendS can bE difFiCult, aNd pursIng thE wRong trend by miscAlcuLating tecHnoLoGicAl DevelOPments Can WasTe organIzationAL reSoURCEs Including money and tImE. gAbBerty and vamberY (2008) HeLd THat technOlOgiCal dETErminIst aSSuMptions oF the inEViTaBility oF tEchnolOgY 11 inFluEnced COmpaNies in The late nInetiES to rush to invesT In technologicAL dEVElOPmenT, leAding to the dOt coM Bust. withIN K-12 EduCAtion, If eduCaTOrS Assume a commercial teChNology Is ineVitable, they teNd to focus oN HOW schools ShouLD aDApt to technologY, rathEr than shapE The technOlogy To meet cuRriculum rEQUirementS, anD teAchErs' AND sTudents' needs (JONEs & CzEmIewicz, 2010). AN hiStoric eXamPle Of sIgnIfIcant publIc monies SpEnT oN fOllOwing A CommerciAl TecHnOloGy treND headiNg towArd oBsOlESceNce invoLVeD THe TeXaS PAlm hAndHeLd iniTiatIVe. NAtionwiDe, many schOolS InveStEd Heavily In Palm pilots, bElIeving they HeLd pRomise FOR affordaBle one-to-one computing (JohNSon, 2005; SchrUm & LEvin, 2008). TExas Provided $2 mIllIon in gRanT Money fOr Palm HandhElDs fOR ElemeNTArY scHoOls (Solomon, 2006). lACinA (2008) descRiBed hOw the PaLm Pilots were effectIVe rEading assessmEnt ToolS IN tHe hANdS Of TExAS teACHers. However, Palm Handhelds wErE To Become obsoLEte In 2009 When PalM disconTinueD The deviCes in favoR of smartpHoNes (PHILliPpi & Wyatt, 2011). AdOmaviciuS et al. (2008) arguED that IN oRder fOr tEchnolOgY leAders To make THe rIght dEcisioNs In foreCastiNg Future trEnds, it is important to studY technOlogiCal Change whiLe cONsiDering theOrieS such as tecHnoLogIcal dEteRMinisM. By eXAmIniNG philOsopHY of technoLOgY asSUMpTions, thoughTFUL prActitIonERs are bEtteR able to make purposEFul and informed DeciSIOns In sELectInG the right technOloGiES For the riGhT reasons (KanUka, 2008). TechnOlOGy advOcates Often cOnsider TEChNOlogy aS havIng The capaciTy tO tRAnsform EdUcATion (MuRray & olCese, 2011; SeLwyn
informed zeal that the new  developme nts w ill  im pr oveeduc ation. On theo ne h and, anticipating tech nolog yt rend s  c an be  a proa c ti v e  ap pr oa chto te chnol ogy  leader ship (Batt ist el la & De Toni ,  2 011). Batt ist ella and DeTon i (201 1)  co n ducte d a  case  study to inv estigatewh e ther a strateg y or ient ed toward forecas t in g  technological  trend sc an b e p roa ctive andef fecti v e. Ther es e a r che r s concluded t hat success f ulorgani za tio n s, byalign in g  de cision maki ng a nd organi zation a l strat e gies wi th tec hno log ical tr en ds,  w i lls ta ndr ead y in adv an ce  forthef u t u re ( Bat tist ella& De Toni, 20 11) . Ho w eve r, ba sed o n di sc ussio ns wit h tec hn ology leaders,Adom avicius,Boc ks ted t,  Gupt a , andKau ffm an (200 8) caut i one dt h a tforecasting techno lo g y  t rends ca n be d i ff ic u lt, andpu rsi ng t h e  wron g tr e nd  by misc alcula t in gtechnol og ical d ev elo pme nts c a n wa ste or ganizati onalr esources inclu d ing money and ti m e .G abbe rty  and Vamber y (2 0 08)held th att echno logic al de t erminist assumption sof the  inev itability oftechnology 1 1  influen cedc om p anies in the l ate n ineties to rush toinves t in tec hnologica l developm ent , l ead ing t othe dot com b u s t. W it hin K-1 2 e ducatio n,ifedu cat or s assumea commer ci al  t ec hno logyi s inevit ab le,  t hey  tend to foc us on  how  s ch o ols  should ad a p t to  t ec hnol ogy ,rathe r th a n s hape th e technol ogy to m ee tcurricu lum requireme nt s, and tea ch ers ' ands t udents'needs (Jones & Czemiewi c z, 2010 ).An hi stor ic exampl e o f sign ifi c ant pu blic m onies  s pen t on fo l l ow ing  a  commercia l tec hnolo gy  tre nd head ing toward obsoles c enc e involved th e T exas P al m h a nd h eld  i n iti a t ive. Nationwide , many sch oo l sinvested h e avi ly  in Pal m pilot s, be l ievingthey held  promisefo r af f o rda ble one-to -one com puting (J o hnson ,  2 005;Sch rum &Le vin , 200 8). Te x asprovi ded $2  m illion  in g ra nt money  for Palm handhelds for  eleme ntary  sc hools (So lom o n,2006). La cina  (2008) de scr ibe d how  th e  Palm  Pil o ts  we r e eff ecti v e reading as ses s m en t tools int h e  ha nds o f T e xas te ache rs. However, Palm handhelds were  tob e com e o b sole te  in 2009 whenPal md i scontinu ed  the device s in fav or of sm artpho nes (P hillipp i &W yatt,2011 ).Adomavici uset al. (20 08 )a rguedthat  i n orde r fort echn o l ogy leaders to m ake t h e  righ t  de cisio ns  in for e cast ing future  trends, it  is im port ant t o study  t echnol ogi ca l change w h ile consi derin g theor ie s su chas tec hnol o g icaldete rm ini sm. By ex a m in i ng  p h ilo soph y ofte chno logy assu m ptions,tho u ghtfulpr act i t ioners ar e better abl e t o mak e purposeful andi nf o rmeddecisi ons in  select i ngth e right  te c h nologiesfor the r i ght  r easo ns (Kanu ka , 20 08 ).Te chnology advoca tes ofte n consid e r  techn olo g y as having  t he capacityto tr an s form ed u c ati on (Mur r ay& O lce se,201 1; S e lwyn
informed zeal_that the_new developments will improve_education. On_the_one hand,_anticipating_technology trends can_be a proactive_approach to technology leadership_(Battistella & De_Toni,_2011). Battistella and De Toni (2011) conducted a case study to investigate whether a_strategy_oriented toward_forecasting_technological_trends can be proactive and_effective. The researchers concluded that_successful organizations,_by aligning decision making and organizational strategies with_technological_trends, will stand_ready in advance for the future (Battistella & De_Toni, 2011). However, based on discussions_with technology leaders,_Adomavicius,_Bockstedt,_Gupta, and Kauffman (2008)_cautioned that forecasting technology trends can_be difficult, and pursing the wrong_trend by miscalculating technological developments can waste_organizational resources including money and time._Gabberty and Vambery (2008) held_that technological_determinist assumptions of the inevitability_of technology 11_influenced companies_in the late_nineties to rush to invest in_technological development, leading_to the dot com bust. Within_K-12_education, if educators_assume_a_commercial technology_is inevitable, they_tend_to focus_on_how schools should adapt to technology,_rather_than shape the technology to meet curriculum_requirements, and teachers' and_students'_needs (Jones & Czemiewicz,_2010). An historic example of_significant public monies spent on following_a commercial_technology trend_heading toward obsolescence involved the Texas Palm handheld initiative. Nationwide, many_schools invested heavily in Palm pilots,_believing they held promise_for affordable_one-to-one_computing (Johnson, 2005;_Schrum_& Levin,_2008). Texas provided $2 million in grant_money for_Palm handhelds for elementary schools (Solomon,_2006). Lacina (2008) described_how_the Palm Pilots were effective reading_assessment tools in the hands of_Texas teachers. However, Palm handhelds_were_to_become obsolete in 2009 when_Palm discontinued the devices in favor_of smartphones (Phillippi_& Wyatt, 2011). Adomavicius et al. (2008)_argued_that in order for technology leaders_to_make the right decisions in forecasting_future_trends,_it is important to study_technological change while considering theories such_as technological determinism. By examining philosophy of technology assumptions,_thoughtful practitioners are_better able to make purposeful_and_informed_decisions in selecting the right technologies for the right reasons_(Kanuka, 2008)._Technology advocates often_consider technology as having the capacity to transform education (Murray_& Olcese, 2011; Selwyn