 philosophy making room for a sub-discipline known as oeconomica, still understood as literature for the pater familias, as well as of the particular German genre of cameralism. At the end of the century, first James Steuart, then Smith, and later on Say and Ricardo were translated into German. After Kant manifested his appreciation of Smith as a moral philosopher and political economist, his followers made room for political economy in the Kantian tree of knowledge, placing it in the pigeonhole 'empirical moral philosophy', a sub-discipline which Kant saw as an auxiliary to 'pure moral philosophy'. Hegel, in paragraph 189 of his Elements of the Philosophy of Right, revealed his own admiration for Smith, Say and Ricardo, whose contributions he believed provided dazzling examples 'of the ways in which the mind [...] detects within the subject matter examined simple principles laying behind the infinite variety of disjoined facts it faces in a former phase' (Hegel 1828: 227). In the first decades of the nineteenth century a German classical school came into being, inspired mainly by Say, Sismondi and Malthus. Smith and Ricardo were often criticized for alleged mistakes, namely their defence of laissez faire, their labour-value theory and their characterization of unproductive labour (Kurz 1998: 128–30). Within fifty years, however, the classical school was replaced by a rather assorted company called the 'German Historical School', whose main proponents were Friedrich List (1841), Carl Knies (1853), 11 Wilhelm Roscher (1854–94) and later on Gustav Schmoller (1893). This was essentially a reaction against what was seen as a deductive and amoral approach to social studies. Against 'rationalism', the School fostered the 'inductive method', and against 'utilitarianism' it promoted the 'ethical' approach, which implicitly rejected the existence of unchanging economic laws and spurned laissez faire in favour of state intervention (Tribe 1995). In Roscher's words, The naturalistic approach to the economy, as founded by the Physiocrats and Adam Smith, was based on ideas drawn from natural science and natural law doctrines. It considers the economy to be a naturally harmonious system of individual forces whose spring is selfishness, even though their Deistic optimism granted that from interaction of such forces only positive consequences would follow. It was a theory which preached the ideals of individualism and
philosophy making room for a sub - discipline known as oeconomica, still understand as literature for the pater familias, equally well as of the particular German genre of cameralism. At the goal of the hundred, first James Steuart, then Smith, and later on Say and Ricardo were translated into German. After Kant attest his appreciation of Smith as a moral philosopher and political economist, his followers make room for political economy in the Kantian tree of knowledge, placing it in the cubbyhole' empirical moral philosophy', a sub - discipline which Kant saw as an aide to' pure moral philosophy'. Hegel, in paragraph 189 of his chemical element of the Philosophy of Right, revealed his own admiration for Smith, Say and Ricardo, whose contribution he believed provided dazzling example' of the ways in which the mind [... ] detects within the subject matter analyze simple principles laying behind the infinite variety of disjoin facts it faces in a former phase' (Hegel 1828: 227). In the first decades of the nineteenth century a German classical school came into being, inspired mainly by Say, Sismondi and Malthus. Smith and Ricardo were often criticized for alleged mistakes, namely their defence of laissez faire, their labour - value theory and their word picture of unproductive labour (Kurz 1998: 128–30). Within fifty years, however, the authoritative school was replace by a quite assorted company called the' German Historical School', whose chief proponents were Friedrich List (1841), Carl Knies (1853), 11 Wilhelm Roscher (1854–94) and later on Gustav Schmoller (1893). This was essentially a reaction against what was see as a deductive and amoral approach to social studies. Against' rationalism', the School fostered the' inductive method', and against' utilitarianism' it promoted the' ethical' approach, which implicitly reject the existence of unchanging economic laws and spurned laissez faire in favour of department of state intervention (Tribe 1995). In Roscher's bible, The naturalistic approach to the economy, as founded by the Physiocrats and Adam Smith, was based on ideas drawn from lifelike science and natural law doctrines. It considers the economy to be a naturally harmonious system of individual forces whose spring is selfishness, even though their Deistic optimism accord that from interaction of such forces entirely positive consequences would keep up. It was a theory which preach the ideals of individuality and
 phllosophy making room for a sub-discipling jnown es oecohomica, sgill understood as literaturx foe the pater familias, as welu as of tje partixulac German genre oh cameralism. Af the xnd of the centory, first Jakes Steuart, than Slith, and later on Say and Ricardo wqre tramspated into Gerian. Sster Kant manifested his appreciation kf Smiti as a moral pholosopher and political eclnomlst, his followers lade room fir pjoitical econumy in the Kantian treg of knowledge, placing it in the pigepnhole 'empurucap moral philisophj', a sub-discipline whiwh Kant saw as an auxlliarb to 'pure moral philosophb'. Hegel, in paragraph 189 of his Alzments of the Philosopht of Tight, revdqlea hjs osn admlravion for Smjth, Say and Ricardo, whose conttiflyions he beljeved [rjvided dazzling examples 'of the ways in whjch the mind [...] detects wuthin the subject matjer examinqd simple principles laying behind the infinite vdrietb uf blfgiijed facts it faces in a former phase' (Hegel 1828: 227). Yh uhe first decades of the ninrtfemjh century a Ggrman clasaical school came lnto beyng, ibspired mwinlu by Say, Sismondi and Malthys. Smith and Eicardo were often criticized for allebed mistakes, namely thenr defsnce of laidsez fairs, their labour-valje nheosy and their characterizatyon of un'roduetive lacour (Kurz 1998: 128–30). Within flfty naars, however, the cpassieal swhool was geplaced by a rather assorted company called jhe 'Gegman Histjricak School', whosq main proponeuts were Friearich List (1841), Carl Nnies (1853), 11 Wilrelm Roscher (1854–94) wnd later on Gustav Fchmillee (1893). This das essentiallu a reactpou against what was seen as e deahctive and amorcu approach to soviau seufixs. Agwhnst 'rationanism', thd Schoul fosttxed ghe 'onductive method', and agajnst 'utilitarianisk' lt promotgd the 'etrical' approacn, which implicitly rejerted tie exixtegce of unchanging economic lawa and spugneq laissez fayre ln fwvour of scate intervention (Tribe 1995). In Roscher's worvs, The naturalistic apkroach to the economy, ss founded uy the Physiocrdts and Adam Smith, wqs based on ideas drawn from natural sdience and jatural law doctrines. It considers the economy to be a naturally harmonioys sysvei of indivisual forcvs choxe spryng ms selfishness, evem though their Deistic optimism granted tkat from interaction of such gofces only posktive consequences would follow. Ot was a theory which preached yhe ideals of individuallsm and
philosophy making room for a sub-discipline known still as literature the pater familias, particular genre of cameralism. the end of century, first James Steuart, then Smith, later on Say and Ricardo were translated into German. After Kant manifested his of Smith as a moral philosopher and political economist, his followers made room political in Kantian of knowledge, placing it in the pigeonhole 'empirical moral philosophy', a sub-discipline which Kant saw as auxiliary to 'pure moral philosophy'. Hegel, in paragraph of his Elements of Philosophy of Right, revealed his admiration Smith, Say Ricardo, contributions believed provided dazzling 'of the ways in which the mind [...] detects within the subject matter examined simple principles laying the infinite disjoined facts faces a phase' (Hegel 1828: the first decades of the nineteenth classical school came into being, inspired mainly by Sismondi and Smith and Ricardo were often criticized alleged mistakes, namely their defence of laissez faire, labour-value theory and their characterization of unproductive labour (Kurz 1998: 128–30). Within fifty years, however, school was replaced by rather assorted company the Historical whose proponents were List (1841), Carl Knies (1853), 11 Wilhelm Roscher (1854–94) and later Gustav Schmoller (1893). This was essentially a reaction against what as deductive and amoral to social studies. Against the fostered the 'inductive method', 'utilitarianism' promoted which rejected existence of unchanging economic and spurned laissez faire in of state intervention (Tribe naturalistic approach to the economy, as founded by Physiocrats and Adam Smith, was based on drawn from natural science and natural law doctrines. It considers the economy be a system of individual forces whose spring is selfishness, though their Deistic optimism that from interaction of such forces only positive consequences follow. was a which preached the of individualism and
 philosophy making room for a sUb-discipliNe knoWn aS oeCoNomiCa, stIll understood aS LiteRature for the pater familIas, as WeLL as oF ThE partIcular GERmAN GenRe Of CamErALiSm. At tHe eNd of the Century, firSt JAmEs Steuart, theN smIth, and lateR on say and RicardO weRe tranSlAteD Into GErmAn. AftEr Kant MAnifesTed his appReCIation OF Smith aS A MoRal pHilosopher and poliTIcAL economist, his fOlloweRs MAdE ROom For Political eCoNomy iN The KantIAn TREE of KNowledge, placiNg it in the piGEonHole 'emPiRicAL moral PhiloSoPHy', a Sub-discipliNe whIch Kant saW as an aUXiliary TO 'pure moRal phiLosOphY'. HegEL, iN pAraGrAPh 189 oF HiS ElEMenTs of the PHiLoSophy Of RiGHT, REveaLed His oWn admIration for SmiTh, SAy anD ricArdo, wHose cOntrIbUtionS he belIeved PrOvided dazzling eXampLes 'of the wAys In WhiCh The miND [...] detecTs wIthIn the suBject maTTer ExAMINeD simple principles lAyING bEhind the InfiniTE vArIEty of disJoIneD facTS It facEs in A FoRmer phasE' (Hegel 1828: 227). iN tHe First deCaDes of tHe NinEteEnth cENturY a GermAn classiCal scHOol came into beiNG, inspired mainLY bY sAy, sIsmoNdi And Malthus. SMith ANd RiCardO WeRe oFTen crIticiZeD FoR Alleged mistakes, nameLy Their dEfencE of laissez faiRe, their labOUR-Value theOry aND tHEir characterizAtion Of unproducTIve labouR (Kurz 1998: 128–30). within fiFty years, hOWEver, the cLasSicAl sChoOL WaS replaced by a rATHer aSsOrted coMpaNy calleD thE 'GeRmaN HiStOrical SchOol', whose MaIn PrOpOneNts weRE FriedriCh lisT (1841), CArl knies (1853), 11 wIlhelm roschEr (1854–94) anD lAtER on gustav SCHmOLLer (1893). THiS wAs esSenTiAlly a ReacTIon Against What was seEn aS A dedUcTiVe and amOral approach tO sOcial studiEs. agaInst 'raTIOnalism', tHe School fostered the 'induCTive metHod', And agAinsT 'utilitarIanIsm' it pRomOTed the 'EthicaL' apprOaCh, wHICh impLICiTly ReJected the eXISteNce of UnChanGing ecoNomic laws and spurneD LaiSsez faire in faVouR of sTATe IntERvENtiOn (tRibE 1995). iN Roscher's words, THe naturaliStIC aPproach to tHE ecOnOmy, as foUnded by The PhYSiocratS and Adam SMith, was baSeD on iDEAs dRawn from naTural sciEnce and naTUral lAW dOctriNes. it consIdErs The ecOnomy tO Be a NaturAlly haRmOnious SysteM oF individUal forces whose spring is sElfishNess, eVen Though theIr DEIstIc optimisM graNted that frOm iNteRactiOn oF Such fOrceS OnLy pOSitivE conSEquences wOUlD foLLOw. it was a theorY WHIch PreacHed THe ideaLs of Individualism and
 philosophy making room fo r a sub-di scipl ine  kn ow n as  oec onomica, still unde rstood as literature f or th ep ater fa milia s, as w e ll a s o fth e p ar t ic ularGer man gen re of came ral is m. At the en d  o f the cent ury , first Jame s S teuart ,the n  Smit h,and l ater o n  Say a nd Ricard ow ere tr a nslated i nt o Ge rman. After Kantm an i fested his app reciat io n  o f Smi thas a moral  p hilos o pher an d  p o l i tic a l economist,his followe r s m ade ro om  fo r  polit icalec o nom y in the Ka ntia n tree of  knowl e dge, pl a cing it  in th e p ige onho l e'e mpi ri c alm or alp hil osophy',  a  s ub-di scip l i n e  whi chKant  sawas an auxilia ryto ' p ure  mora l phi loso ph y'. H egel,in pa ra graph 189 of hi s El ements of  th ePhi lo sophy of Rig ht,  re vealedhis own adm ir a t i on  for Smith, Say an dR i ca rdo, who se con t ri bu t ions hebe lie vedp r ovide d da z zl ing exam ples ' o fth e waysin  which  t hemin d [.. . ] de tectswithin t he su b ject matter ex a mined simplep ri n c ip l es l ayi ng behind t he i n fini te v a ri ety of di sjoin ed fa c ts it faces in a fo rm er pha se' ( Hegel 1828: 2 27). In th e f irst dec ades of the nineteenth  cent ury a Germ a n classi cal s chool ca me into b e i ng, insp ire d m ain lyb y  S ay, Sismondia n d Ma lt hus. Sm ith  and Ri car dower e o ft en critic ized for  a ll eg ed  mi stake s , namely  t hei rdef enceo f lais sez f aire ,th e irlabour- v al u e  the or yandthe ir  char acte r iza tion of  unproduc tiv e  lab ou r(Kurz 1 998: 128–30).  W ithin fift yyea rs, ho w e ver, the  classical school was r e placedbya rat herassortedcom pany c all e d the'Germa n His to ric a l  Scho o l ',  wh os e main pro p o nen ts we re  Fri edrichList (1841), CarlK nie s (1853), 11Wil helm R os che r  ( 1 854 –9 4 ) a n d  later on Gusta v Schmolle r( 18 93). Thisw ases sential ly a re actio n  agains t what wa s seen as  a  ded u c tiv e and amor al appro ach to so c ial s t ud ies.Aga inst ' ra tio nalis m', th e  Sc hoolfoster ed  the ' induc ti ve metho d', and against 'utilit ariani sm' i t p romoted t he' eth ical' app roac h, which i mpl ici tly r eje c ted t he e x is ten c e ofunch a nging eco n om icl a ws  and spurne d l ais sez f air e  in fa vour  of state interve n tion (Tribe 19 95). I n R osc h er's  w ords, The natu ral is t i c approa ch  to the eco nomy, as  f o unded  by th e Phys iocrats a nd Adam S mith , w as basedonid e as draw nfr o m natu ralsc ienceand na t ural l aw doctrines. It  cons i d ers t h e e conom yto be a natu rally harm onious syst em ofindi vidua l force swhosespr in g is selfi s hness, ev en th ough th ei r De ist ic opt imis m grant ed t ha t f rom inter a c ti o nof suc h fo rceson ly p ositive c o nsequenc esw ould fo ll ow. I t wasa  t h e ory whichpre ached t he idealso f in d iv i duali sm and 
 philosophy_making room_for a sub-discipline known_as oeconomica,_still_understood as_literature_for the pater_familias, as well_as of the particular_German genre of_cameralism._At the end of the century, first James Steuart, then Smith, and later on_Say_and Ricardo_were_translated_into German. After Kant manifested_his appreciation of Smith as_a moral_philosopher and political economist, his followers made room_for_political economy in_the Kantian tree of knowledge, placing it in the_pigeonhole 'empirical moral philosophy', a sub-discipline_which Kant saw_as_an_auxiliary to 'pure moral_philosophy'. Hegel, in paragraph 189 of_his Elements of the Philosophy of_Right, revealed his own admiration for Smith,_Say and Ricardo, whose contributions he_believed provided dazzling examples 'of_the ways_in which the mind [...]_detects within the_subject matter_examined simple principles_laying behind the infinite variety of_disjoined facts it_faces in a former phase' (Hegel_1828:_227). In the_first_decades_of the_nineteenth century a_German_classical school_came_into being, inspired mainly by Say,_Sismondi_and Malthus. Smith and Ricardo were often_criticized for alleged mistakes,_namely_their defence of laissez_faire, their labour-value theory and_their characterization of unproductive labour (Kurz_1998: 128–30)._Within fifty_years, however, the classical school was replaced by a rather assorted_company called the 'German Historical School',_whose main proponents were_Friedrich List_(1841),_Carl Knies (1853),_11_Wilhelm Roscher_(1854–94) and later on Gustav Schmoller (1893)._This was_essentially a reaction against what was_seen as a deductive_and_amoral approach to social studies. Against_'rationalism', the School fostered the 'inductive_method', and against 'utilitarianism' it_promoted_the_'ethical' approach, which implicitly rejected_the existence of unchanging economic laws_and spurned laissez_faire in favour of state intervention (Tribe_1995)._In Roscher's words, The naturalistic approach_to_the economy, as founded by the_Physiocrats_and_Adam Smith, was based on_ideas drawn from natural science and_natural law doctrines. It considers the economy to be_a naturally harmonious_system of individual forces whose_spring_is_selfishness, even though their Deistic optimism granted that from interaction_of such_forces only positive_consequences would follow. It was a theory which preached the_ideals of individualism and