
Hopper was also a clear writer. Under orders from Howard Aiken, she wrote the world’s first computer programming manual. Throughout her career she placed great value on documentation and being able to explain complex situations and problems to different audiences. “I’ve come to feel that there is no use doing anything unless you can communicate,” she said in a 1980 interview.8

During the Cold War, military and business investment in computer technology continued to grow. Nevertheless, many people remained skeptical of what computers could do or how they could transform new areas and applications. Hopper fervently believed that advances in computer science would continue to accelerate; she embraced and looked forward to the future. She often said she wanted to live until January 1, 2000, in order to see the unexpected advances computers had made by then — and laugh at the unbelievers. “I think we consistently continually [sic] underestimate what we can do with computers if we really try,” she said in 1980.9 This confidence that computers would become increasingly ubiquitous was a driving force behind her efforts to make them more user-friendly.

Bibliography

There are extensive archival collections about Hopper’s life. In addition to the Grace Murray Hopper Collection at the Smithsonian and relevant collections at other universities and research institutes, there are also thousands of pages of oral histories that were collected from Hopper and her colleagues over a 50-year period.

Despite these rich sources, there are no comprehensive biographies of Hopper. Kurt W. Beyer, “Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age” (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009),[i] concentrates on the period from 1945 to 1960, ending his substantive discussion of her life with the creation of COBOL. Another helpful source is Kathleen Williams’ “Improbable Warriors: Mathematicians Grace Hopper and Mina Rees in World War II,” in B. Booss-Bavnbek and J. Høyrup, eds., “Mathematics and War,” 108-125 (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2003).

Very little has been written about Hopper’s personal life. Hopper divorced her husband, an English teacher, in 1945. She never remarried or had children. Kurt Beyer discusses her struggles with alcoholism, depression, and suicidal thoughts in the 1940s, but his book does not detail how or if she recovered.

1. “Oral History of Captain Grace Ho
Hopper was also a clear writer. Under orders from Howard Aiken, she wrote the populace ’s inaugural computer programming manual. Throughout her career she place great value on documentation and being able to excuse complex situations and problems to different audience. “ I ’ve come to feel that there be no use doing anything unless you can commune, ” she say in a 1980 interview.8 

 During the Cold War, military and business investment in computer technology continued to turn. Nevertheless, many people remained doubting of what computers could do or how they could transform new areas and application. Hopper fervently believed that advances in computer science would stay to accelerate; she embraced and looked forward to the future. She often said she wanted to live until January 1, 2000, in order to see the unexpected advances computers had made by then — and laugh at the unbelievers. “ I think we consistently continually [ sic ] underestimate what we can do with computer if we really try, ” she say in 1980.9 This assurance that calculator would become increasingly ubiquitous was a driving violence behind her feat to make them more user - friendly. 

 Bibliography 

 There constitute extensive archival collections about Hopper ’s life. In addition to the Grace Murray Hopper Collection at the Smithsonian and relevant collections at other university and research institutes, there are also thousand of pages of oral history that were roll up from Hopper and her colleagues over a 50 - year period. 

 Despite these rich sources, there are no comprehensive biographies of Hopper. Kurt W. Beyer, “ Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age ” (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009),[i ] centralize on the period from 1945 to 1960, ending his substantive discussion of her life with the universe of COBOL. Another helpful source is Kathleen Williams ’ “ Improbable warrior: Mathematicians Grace Hopper and Mina Rees in World War II, ” in B. Booss - Bavnbek and J. Høyrup, eds. , “ Mathematics and War, ” 108 - 125 (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2003). 

 Very little has been written about Hopper ’s personal life. Hopper divorced her husband, an English teacher, in 1945. She never remarried or induce children. Kurt Beyer hash out her struggles with alcoholism, depression, and suicidal thoughts in the forties, but his book does not detail how or if she recovered. 

 1. “ Oral History of Captain Grace Ho

Hopoer was also a clear wriuer. Under orders yeom Hoxard Aiien, she drote the world’s first compuver progrqmming manual. Throughojt her cageer she plactd great value on documenbction wnd yemng able to expkain complax situations dna 'roblems to different audiences. “I’ve some to ffel that there is mj uss doing anything unless you can cojmunicaue,” she said in a 1980 onterview.8

During the Cold Wwr, mllitary and busineds investmebt ig computer tezhnology continued to frow. Nevertheless, many people rdmainzd skepticao if avat computecs coujd do or how they cogld tramsform new aress end qpplications. Hopper fxrvently believed thwt advancas in computer sciebcw wound cmntivye go zcrelsrate; dhe embraced znd looked dorward to the futute. Whe often sais she ragted to live until January 1, 2000, in order tm sse the unexpected advanxes computers had madg by then — and laugh at the unbelievers. “I think we consistettly rovtiumwuoy [sic] underestimate what we can do with computqds in we really try,” fhe said in 1980.9 Hhof confidence jhat compufers would become lncreasyngly ubiquitots wss a driving force behind hwr efforts tj make them more uszr-friendly.

Biyliogrsphy

Tnere are extensive archnval ckllections wbout Hopldr’s life. In addigiok tm the Grace Murray Hopper Sollectioi at che Smitfsonoan anq relevant collcwtions at other unlversnties and reseagch institutes, there are also tipusands of psgas mf oral kistorles that were cjllected from Kopper aud her colleaguea over e 50-year perioq.

Despite thesa rich sourcev, there wre bo cimprehevrive biographirs of Hopiex. Kurt W. Veyer, “Grace Hopper ana the Invention if uhw Information Sge” (Caibgidje: MIE Press, 2009),[i] conwentfatdx on ghe period nroo 1945 tp 1960, ending his substattivs discussion of het jife wity the crqation of COBPL. Another helpful sourre is Yathlren Williams’ “Improbable Warriors: Jathematifiaks Grace Hoppqr akd Myna Rees iu World War II,” in B. Booss-Bavnbek and J. Høbrup, eds., “Mathematics ane War,” 108-125 (Basel: Birkhäuxtr, 2003).

Very littlx has feen writden about Hopper’s peesonal life. Hoppev divorced her husband, an Enclish teacher, in 1945. She never remarried or had children. Kurt Beyer discusses her strugjlqs with alckholosm, dvprzssnon, and suirival thoughts in tne 1940s, but his book does not detaml how or hf she recovered.

1. “Oral History pf Captain Gracg Ho
Hopper was also a clear writer. Under Howard she wrote world’s first computer she great value on and being able explain complex situations and problems to audiences. “I’ve come to feel that there is no use doing anything unless can communicate,” she said in a 1980 interview.8 During the Cold War, military business in technology to grow. Nevertheless, many people remained skeptical of what computers could do or how they could new areas and applications. Hopper fervently believed that in computer science would to accelerate; she embraced and forward the future. often she to live until 1, 2000, in order to see the unexpected advances computers had made by then — and laugh the unbelievers. we consistently [sic] what can do with we really try,” she said in that computers would become increasingly ubiquitous was a force behind efforts to make them more user-friendly. There are extensive archival collections about Hopper’s life. addition to the Grace Murray Hopper Collection at the Smithsonian and relevant collections at other research institutes, there are thousands of pages oral that collected Hopper and colleagues over a 50-year period. Despite these rich sources, there are comprehensive biographies of Hopper. Kurt W. Beyer, “Grace Hopper and of Information Age” (Cambridge: Press, 2009),[i] concentrates on period 1945 to 1960, ending discussion her creation COBOL. helpful source is Kathleen “Improbable Warriors: Mathematicians Grace Hopper Mina Rees in World and J. Høyrup, eds., “Mathematics and War,” 108-125 Birkhäuser, 2003). Very little has been written Hopper’s personal life. Hopper divorced her husband, an English teacher, in 1945. never remarried children. Kurt Beyer discusses her struggles with alcoholism, and suicidal thoughts in 1940s, but his book does not detail how or she 1. “Oral of Captain Grace

Hopper was also a clear writer. under orderS from howArd aiKen, sHe wrOte the world’s fiRSt coMputer programming manuaL. ThroUgHOut hER cAreer She placED gREAt vAlUe On dOcUMeNtatiOn aNd being Able to explAin CoMplex situatiONs And problemS to Different audIenCes. “I’ve CoMe tO Feel tHat There Is no usE Doing aNything unLeSS you caN CommuniCATe,” She sAid in a 1980 interview.8

DuRInG The Cold War, miliTary anD bUSiNESs iNveStment in coMpUter tEChnologY CoNTINueD To grow. NeverthEless, many peOPle RemainEd SkePTical oF what CoMPutErs could do oR how They could TransfORm new arEAs and apPlicatIonS. HoPper FErVeNtlY bELieVEd ThaT AdvAnces in cOmPuTer scIencE WOULd coNtiNue tO acceLerate; she embrAceD and LOokEd forWard tO the FuTure. SHe ofteN said ShE wanted to live unTil JAnuary 1, 2000, in oRdeR tO seE tHe uneXPected AdvAncEs compuTers had MAde By THEN — aNd laugh at the unbeliEvERS. “I Think we cOnsistENtLy COntinualLy [Sic] UndeREStimaTe whAT wE can do wiTh compUTeRs If we reaLlY try,” shE sAid In 1980.9 THis coNFideNce thaT computeRs wouLD become increasINgly ubiquitouS WaS A DrIVing ForCe behind her EffoRTs to Make THeM moRE user-FrienDlY.

biBLiography

There are exTeNsive aRchivAl collections About HoppeR’S LIfe. In addItioN To THe Grace Murray HOpper collection AT the SmitHsoniAn and relEvant collECTions at oTheR unIveRsiTIEs And research inSTItutEs, There arE alSo thousAndS of PagEs oF oRal historIes that wErE cOlLeCteD from hOpper and HeR coLlEagUes ovER a 50-year PerioD.

DesPiTe THesE rich soURcES, TherE aRe No coMprEhEnsivE bioGRapHies of HOpper. Kurt w. BeYEr, “GrAcE HOpper anD the Invention Of The InformaTiOn AGe” (CambRIDge: MIT PrEss, 2009),[i] concentrates on the peRIod from 1945 To 1960, eNding His sUbstantivE diScussiOn oF Her lifE with tHe creAtIon OF cOBOL. aNOtHer HeLpful sourcE IS KaThleeN WIlliAms’ “ImprObable Warriors: MathEMatIcians Grace HoPpeR and mINa reeS In wOrlD WAR II,” IN b. Booss-Bavnbek anD J. Høyrup, edS., “MAThEmatics and wAr,” 108-125 (BAsEl: BirkhÄuser, 2003).

VeRy litTLe has beEn written About HoppEr’S perSONal Life. Hopper Divorced Her husbanD, An EngLIsH teacHer, In 1945. She nEvEr rEmarrIed or hAD chIldreN. Kurt BEyEr discUsses HeR strugglEs with alcoholism, depressIon, and SuiciDal Thoughts iN thE 1940S, buT his book dOes nOt detail hoW or If sHe recOveREd.

1. “OraL HisTOrY of cAptaiN GraCE Ho

Hopper was also a clear w riter. Und er or der s f ro m Ho ward  Aiken, she wr o te t he world’s first compu ter p ro g ramm i ng  manu al. Thr o ug h o uthe rcar ee r  s he pl ace d great  value ondoc um entation and be ing able t o e xplain compl exsituat io nsa nd pr obl ems t o diff e rent a udiences.  “ I ’ve co m e to fe e l  t hatthere is no use d o in g  anything unle ss you  c a nc o mmu nic ate,” shesa id in a 1980i nt e r v iew . 8

During the  Cold War,m ili tary a nd  bu s inessinves tm e ntin computer  tec hnology c ontinu e d to gr o w. Neve rthele ss,  ma ny p e op le  re ma i ned sk ept i cal  of what  c om puter s co u l d do o r h ow t hey c ould transfor m n ew a r eas  andappli cati on s. Ho pper f erven tl y believed that  adv ances incom pu ter  s cienc e  would  co nti nue toacceler a te;  s h e em braced and lookedfo r w ar d to the  futur e .Sh e  often s ai d s he w a n ted t o li v euntil Ja nuary1 ,20 00, inor der to  s eethe  unex p ecte d adva nces com puter s  had made by t h en — and laug h  a t th e  unb eli evers. “I t hink we c onsi s te ntl y  cont inual ly [s i c] underestimate wh at  we ca n dowith computer s if we re a l l y try,”shes ai d  in 1980.9 Thi s con fidence th a t comput ers w ould bec ome incre a s ingly ub iqu ito uswas a  d riving forceb e hind  h er effo rts  to mak e t hem  mo reus er-friend ly.

Bib li og ra ph y
There are exte ns ive  a rch ivalc ollect ionsabou tHo p per ’s life .  I n addi ti on  tothe  G raceMurr a y H opper C ollection  at theSm it hsonian  and relevant  c ollections  a t o ther u n i versitie s and research institut e s, ther e a re al so t housandsofpagesofo ral hi storie s tha twer e colle c t ed  fr om  Hopper an d her  coll ea gues  over a  50-year period.
D esp ite these ric h s ourc e s ,the r ea reno com p r ehensive biogra phies of H op p er . Kurt W.B eye r,  “Grace  Hopper  andt he Inve ntion ofthe Infor ma tion A ge”  (Cambridg e: MIT P ress, 200 9 ),[i] co ncent rat es onth e p eriod  from1 945  to 1 960, e nd ing hi s sub st antive d iscussion of her life w ith th e cre ati on of COB OL. Ano ther help fulsource isKat hle en Wi lli a ms’ “ Impr o ba ble Warri ors: Mathemati c ia nsG r ac e Hopper an d M ina  Rees  in WorldWarII,” in B. Booss- B avnbek and J.Høyr u p , e ds. ,  “Ma th ematics and Wa r,”  1 0 8 -125 (Ba se l: Birkhäus er, 2003 ). 
Very  littl e hasbeen wr i t te n  about  Hop per ’s person alli f e. Hopp er  d i vorced  her  h usband , an E n glis h teacher, in 1945 . She n everr ema rried  o r had c h ildr en. Kurt B eyer discus ses he r st ruggl es with  a lcohol ism ,depression ,  and suic idalthought sin t he1940s,  but h is bo ok d oe s n ot detail h ow or  i f  sh e re cover ed .

1 . “Oral H i story of  Ca p tain Gr ac e H o 

Hopper was_also a_clear writer. Under orders_from Howard_Aiken,_she wrote_the_world’s first computer_programming manual. Throughout_her career she placed_great value on_documentation_and being able to explain complex situations and problems to different audiences. “I’ve come_to_feel that_there_is_no use doing anything unless_you can communicate,” she said_in a_1980 interview.8

During the Cold War, military and business_investment_in computer technology_continued to grow. Nevertheless, many people remained skeptical of_what computers could do or how_they could transform_new_areas_and applications. Hopper fervently_believed that advances in computer science_would continue to accelerate; she embraced_and looked forward to the future. She_often said she wanted to live_until January 1, 2000, in_order to_see the unexpected advances computers_had made by_then —_and laugh at_the unbelievers. “I think we consistently_continually [sic] underestimate_what we can do with computers_if_we really try,”_she_said_in 1980.9_This confidence that_computers_would become_increasingly_ubiquitous was a driving force behind_her_efforts to make them more user-friendly.

Bibliography

There are_extensive archival collections about_Hopper’s_life. In addition to_the Grace Murray Hopper Collection_at the Smithsonian and relevant collections_at other_universities and_research institutes, there are also thousands of pages of oral histories_that were collected from Hopper and_her colleagues over a_50-year period.

Despite_these_rich sources, there_are_no comprehensive_biographies of Hopper. Kurt W. Beyer, “Grace_Hopper and_the Invention of the Information Age”_(Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009),[i]_concentrates_on the period from 1945 to_1960, ending his substantive discussion of_her life with the creation_of_COBOL._Another helpful source is Kathleen_Williams’ “Improbable Warriors: Mathematicians Grace Hopper_and Mina Rees_in World War II,” in B. Booss-Bavnbek_and_J. Høyrup, eds., “Mathematics and War,”_108-125_(Basel: Birkhäuser, 2003).

Very little has been_written_about_Hopper’s personal life. Hopper divorced_her husband, an English teacher, in_1945. She never remarried or had children. Kurt Beyer_discusses her struggles_with alcoholism, depression, and suicidal_thoughts_in_the 1940s, but his book does not detail how or_if she_recovered.

1. “Oral History_of Captain Grace Ho