 and IRAQI FREEDOM, leaflets and broadcasts told prospective prisoners how to surrender, while ground loudspeaker teams told them where and when. 33 Surrender of more than 80,000 Iraqis in 1991, many carrying leaflets, confirmed the effectiveness of the system. Only some 7,300 Iraqis surrendered to coalition forces in 2003, partly because most leaflets and broadcasts told them to leave their weapons and go home instead of how and where to surrender. 34 Even so, thousands of underfed Iraqi troops, promised humane treatment 10

12 by aerial broadcasts, surrendered to U.S. and British forces hoping to trade their leaflets for food. 35 Certain aircraft are more appropriate for psychological operations. In the period, MC-130 airplanes achieved greater leaflet-dropping accuracy than F-16s and B-52s because they flew at lower altitudes and at slower speeds. During Operation ALLIED FORCE in 1999, manned aircraft were restricted to high altitudes to avoid enemy air defenses. This limited MC-130 leaflet-dropping missions. F-16s flying at altitudes as high as 20,000 feet dropped millions of leaflets using M129 leaflet bombs that exploded on the way to the ground, dispensing their messages over a wide area. Many of the leaflets landed far from their targets and in some cases in another country! 36 In Afghanistan in 2001 and 2002, the threat of shoulder-launched stinger surface-to-air missiles also restricted MC-130 flights. B-52s, F-16s, and USN F-18s and A-6s dropped leaflet bombs from high altitudes at high speeds. 37 Although each bomb could carry up to 80,000 leaflets, the leaflets did not drop as accurately as those dispensed from the MC-130s. Air supremacy over Iraq in 2003, prepared by the no-fly zones of Operations NORTHERN WATCH and SOUTHERN WATCH, allowed MC- 130s to dispense millions of leaflets effectively. Vulnerability of psychological operations aircraft limits their use. Because of their limited speeds and altitudes, MC-130s and EC-130s generally flew only over enemy areas where air superiority and suppression of enemy air defenses had already been achieved. This practice largely prevented psychological operations from serving as battlefield-preparation instruments. 11

13 Leaflet drops by MC-130s over Iraq and Kuwait did not begin until just before the air strikes of
and IRAQI FREEDOM, leaflets and broadcasts told prospective prisoners how to surrender, while earth loudspeaker team told them where and when. 33 Surrender of more than 80,000 Iraqis in 1991, many carrying leaflets, confirm the effectiveness of the system. entirely some 7,300 Iraqis surrender to coalition effect in 2003, partly because most leaflets and broadcast told them to leave their weapon and run home instead of how and where to surrender. 34 Even so, thousands of ill-fed Iraqi troops, promised humane discussion 10 

 12 by aerial broadcasts, surrendered to U.S. and British forces hoping to deal their leaflets for food. 35 sealed aircraft are more appropriate for psychological operations. In the period, MC-130 airplanes achieved great leaflet - dropping accuracy than F-16s and B-52s because they flew at lower altitudes and at slow amphetamine. During Operation ALLIED FORCE in 1999, manned aircraft were restricted to high altitudes to avoid enemy tune defense. This limited MC-130 leaflet - dropping mission. F-16s fly at altitudes as eminent as 20,000 feet dropped millions of leaflets use M129 leaflet bombs that exploded on the way to the ground, dispense their messages over a wide area. Many of the leaflets down far from their targets and in some character in another country! 36 In Afghanistan in 2001 and 2002, the threat of shoulder - launched stinger surface - to - air missile also restricted MC-130 flights. b-52, F-16s, and USN F-18s and A-6s dropped leaflet bomb calorimeter from high altitudes at gamey speeds. 37 Although each turkey could carry up to 80,000 leaflets, the cusp did not drop equally accurately as those dispensed from the MC-130s. Air supremacy over Iraq in 2003, prepared by the no - tent-fly zones of Operations NORTHERN WATCH and SOUTHERN WATCH, allowed MC- 130s to dispense million of leaflets efficaciously. Vulnerability of psychological operations aircraft limits their use. Because of their circumscribed speeds and altitudes, MC-130s and EC-130s generally flew entirely over foe areas where air transcendence and suppression of enemy air defense had already been achieved. This practice largely prevented psychological operation from serving as battlefield - preparation instruments. 11 

 13 Leaflet drops by MC-130s over Iraq and Kuwait did not begin until just before the breeze rap of
 anf IRAQI FREEDOM, leaflets and broadcasts told pcospectjve prisuners how to surrender, while geound loudspeaker teams tola them whvre and wyen. 33 Wurrender of more bkan 80,000 Jvaqis mn 1991, many carryikg leaflets, confirmed the ewfzctiveness of the system. Only some 7,300 Yraqis xugrendered to cjaliuiog fodbew in 2003, partly because most learlets aid broadcasts tpld them to leave their wewpond and go home instfad of how qnd ryere to surrdnder. 34 Even so, thousanss of underfed Iraqi troops, prooised humane trgcrmejj 10

12 by aerial broaqcasts, surrekcered do U.S. amd British forges hmpibg to trade their leahlets for food. 35 Certwin aircrdfc are more appropriatw dor pvychmlogkxal optraviohs. In hhe period, MC-130 airplanes qchieved greater lesfjvy-dropping acduracy tran F-16s and B-52s because they flew at loweg alfitudes and at slower speeds. During Operatioj ALLIED SORCE in 1999, manned aircraft were restricted to high altivuaes tj qvlid enemy air defenses. This limited MC-130 leaflee-srppiing missions. F-16s nlying at altitudex ws righ as 20,000 feet droppzs jillions of leaflehs usind M129 lwaflet boibs yhat exploded on the way to the ground, bispensing their messcges over a cide atea. Mamy of the leaflets landzd far from their targets zvd in some cases in atother country! 36 In Afghaniftan in 2001 end 2002, che thrext og shoujder-launchfd stltger surface-to-air lissipev also reshricted MC-130 flights. B-52s, F-16s, and USI F-18s and A-6s dtop[ed leaflet bombx from high ajtitudes at hiyh speedf. 37 Alghough eacg bomb rould carry tp to 80,000 leafledd, the leaflevs did noe drip aw accurxgely as those cispensed from the NC-130s. Air supremacy pvet Jraq in 2003, preparzb vy the no-fly zomes of Oieretionf NORTHERN WADCH xnd XOUTHDRN WATCH, aouowec MC- 130s to dispense mhllikns of leaflets efgegtively. Volnerabilyty of psychokogical operations airccaft lmmits yheyr use. Because of their limites speeds wnd altitudes, MS-130s akd ES-130s generalky flew only over enemy areas where air superiority and syppression of enemy sir defensex had already teen achieved. This peactice largely pvevented psychological operadions from serving as battlefield-preparation instruments. 11

13 Leaflet drops by MC-130s over Mrwq and Kuwajt dod non bzgiu until jusv uefore the air stgikes of
and IRAQI FREEDOM, leaflets and broadcasts told how surrender, while loudspeaker teams told Surrender more than 80,000 in 1991, many leaflets, confirmed the effectiveness of the Only some 7,300 Iraqis surrendered to coalition forces in 2003, partly because most and broadcasts told them to leave their weapons and go home instead of and to 34 so, thousands of underfed Iraqi troops, promised humane treatment 10 12 by aerial broadcasts, surrendered to and British forces hoping to trade their leaflets food. 35 Certain aircraft more appropriate for psychological operations. the MC-130 airplanes greater accuracy F-16s and B-52s they flew at lower altitudes and at slower speeds. During Operation ALLIED FORCE in 1999, manned aircraft restricted to to avoid air This MC-130 leaflet-dropping missions. at altitudes as high as 20,000 of leaflets using M129 leaflet bombs that exploded the way the ground, dispensing their messages over wide area. Many of the leaflets landed far their targets and in some cases in another country! 36 In Afghanistan in 2001 and threat of shoulder-launched stinger missiles also restricted flights. F-16s, USN and A-6s leaflet bombs from high altitudes at high speeds. 37 Although each could carry up to 80,000 leaflets, the leaflets did not accurately those dispensed from MC-130s. Air supremacy over in prepared by the no-fly Operations WATCH allowed 130s dispense millions of leaflets Vulnerability of psychological operations aircraft their use. Because of MC-130s and EC-130s generally flew only over enemy where air superiority and suppression of enemy defenses had already been achieved. This practice largely prevented psychological operations from as battlefield-preparation 13 Leaflet drops by MC-130s over Iraq and did not begin until before the air strikes of
 and IRAQI FREEDOM, leaflets anD broadcastS told ProSpeCtIve pRisoNers how to surreNDer, wHile ground loudspeaker tEams tOlD Them WHeRe and When. 33 SurREnDER of MoRe ThaN 80,000 IRAqIs in 1991, mAny CarryinG leaflets, cOnfIrMed the effectIVeNess of the sYstEm. Only some 7,300 IrAqiS surreNdEreD To coaLitIon foRces in 2003, PArtly bEcause mosT lEAflets ANd broadCAStS tolD them to leave their WEaPOns and go home inStead oF hOW aND WheRe tO surrender. 34 evEn so, tHOusands OF uNDERfeD iraqi troops, prOmised humanE TreAtment 10

12 By AerIAl broaDcastS, sURreNdered to U.S. aNd BrItish forcEs hopiNG to tradE Their leAflets For FooD. 35 CerTAiN aIrcRaFT arE MoRe aPProPriate foR pSyCholoGicaL OPERatiOns. in thE periOd, MC-130 airplanes AchIeveD GreAter lEafleT-droPpIng acCuracy Than F-16S aNd B-52s because they Flew At lower alTitUdEs aNd At sloWEr speeDs. DUriNg OperaTion ALLieD FoRce IN 1999, mAnned aircraft were rEsTRIcTed to higH altitUDeS tO Avoid eneMy Air DefeNSEs. ThiS limITeD MC-130 leaflEt-dropPInG mIssions. f-16s Flying At AltItuDes as HIgh aS 20,000 feet dRopped miLlionS Of leaflets usinG m129 leaflet bombs THaT EXpLOded On tHe way to the gRounD, DispEnsiNG tHeiR MessaGes ovEr A WiDE area. Many of the leaflEtS landeD far fRom their targeTs and in somE CASes in anoTher COuNTry! 36 In AfghanistAn in 2001 aNd 2002, the threaT Of shouldEr-lauNched stiNger surfaCE-To-air misSilEs aLso ResTRIcTed MC-130 flights. B-52S, f-16S, and uSn F-18s and A-6S drOpped leAflEt bOmbS frOm High altitUdes at hiGh SpEeDs. 37 altHough EAch bomb cOuLd cArRy uP to 80,000 leAFlets, tHe leaFletS dId NOt dRop as acCUrATEly aS tHoSe diSpeNsEd froM the mc-130s. AIr supreMacy over IRaq IN 2003, prePaReD by the nO-fly zones of OpErAtions NORThErN WaTCH anD soUTHERN WaTCH, allowed MC- 130s to dispensE MillionS of LeaflEts eFfectivelY. VuLnerabIliTY of psyChologIcal oPeRatIONs airCRAfT liMiTs their use. bECauSe of tHeIr liMited spEeds and altitudes, MC-130S And eC-130s generally fLew Only OVEr EneMY aREas WhERe aIR Superiority and sUppression Of ENeMy air defenSEs hAd Already Been achIeved. tHis pracTice largeLy preventEd PsycHOLogIcal operatIons from Serving as BAttleFIeLd-preParAtion iNsTruMents. 11

13 leafleT DroPs by Mc-130s over irAq and KUwait DiD not begiN until just before the air sTrikes Of
 and IRAQI FREEDOM, leafle ts and bro adcas tstol dpros pect ive prisonersh ow t o surrender, while gro und l ou d spea k er  team s toldt he m whe re  a ndwh e n.  33 S urr ender o f more tha n 8 0, 000 Iraqis i n  1 991, manycar rying leafle ts,  confi rm edt he ef fec tiven ess of the sy stem. Onl ys ome 7, 3 00 Iraq i s  s urre ndered to coaliti o nf orces in 2003,  partl yb ec a u semos t leaflets  a nd br o adcasts to l d the m  to leave the ir weaponsa ndgo hom eins t ead of  howan d  wh ere to surr ende r. 34 Eve n so,t housand s  of und erfedIra qitroo p s,  p rom is e d h u ma net rea tment 10 
12  by a eria l b r oadc ast s, s urren dered to U.S.  an d Br i tis h for ces h opin gto tr ade th eir l ea flets for food.  35Certain a irc ra ftar e mor e  appro pri ate  for ps ycholog i cal  o p e r at ions. In the perio d, M C- 130 airp lanesa ch ie v ed great er  le afle t - dropp inga cc uracy th an F-1 6 san d B-52s  b ecause  t hey  fl ew at lowe r alti tudes an d ats lower speeds.D uring Operati o nA L LI E D FO RCE  in 1999, m anne d  air craf t  w ere restr icted  t o  h i gh altitudes to avo id  enemy  airdefenses. Thi s limitedM C - 130 leaf let- d ro p ping missions.  F-16 s flying a t  altitud es as  high as  20,000 f e e t droppe d m ill ion s o f le aflets usingM 1 29 l ea flet bo mbs  that e xpl ode d o n t he  way to t he groun d,  d is pe nsi ng th e ir messa ge s o ve r a  wide area.Manyof t he  l e afl ets lan d ed f ar f ro mthei r t ar getsandi n s ome cas es in ano the r  cou nt ry ! 36 In  Afghanistanin  2001 and20 02,  the t h r eat of s houlder-launched stinge r  surfac e-t o-air  mis siles als o r estric ted MC-130  fligh ts. B -5 2s, F -16s, a nd  US NF-18s andA - 6sdropp ed  lea flet bo mbs from high alti t ude s at high spe eds . 37 A lt hou g he ach  b o mbc o uld carry up to  80,000 le af l et s, the lea f let sdid not  drop a s acc u ratelyas thosedispensed  f romt h e M C-130s. Ai r suprem acy overI raq i n  2 003,pre paredby  th e no- fly zo n esof Op eratio ns  NORTH ERN W AT CH and S OUTHERN WATCH, allowedMC- 13 0s to  di spense mi lli o nsof leafle ts e ffectively . V uln erabi lit y  of p sych o lo gic a l ope rati o ns aircra f tlim i t stheir use.B e c aus e ofthe i r limi tedspeeds and altitu d es, MC-130s an d EC - 1 30s  ge n eral ly  flew only ove r e ne m y  areas w he re air supe riorityan d  supp ressio n of e nemy ai r de f enseshadalr eady been  ac hi e ved. Th is  p r actice  lar ge ly pre vented psyc h o logical operatio ns fr o m  serv i ngas ba tt lefield - prep aration in struments.11

13  Lea fletdrops b yMC-130 s o ve r Iraq and Kuwait di d not  beginun tiljus t befo re t h e  airstri ke s o f
 and_IRAQI FREEDOM,_leaflets and broadcasts told_prospective prisoners_how_to surrender,_while_ground loudspeaker teams_told them where_and when. 33 Surrender_of more than_80,000_Iraqis in 1991, many carrying leaflets, confirmed the effectiveness of the system. Only some_7,300_Iraqis surrendered_to_coalition_forces in 2003, partly because_most leaflets and broadcasts told_them to_leave their weapons and go home instead of_how_and where to_surrender. 34 Even so, thousands of underfed Iraqi troops,_promised humane treatment 10

12 by aerial_broadcasts, surrendered to_U.S._and_British forces hoping to_trade their leaflets for food. 35_Certain aircraft are more appropriate for_psychological operations. In the period, MC-130 airplanes_achieved greater leaflet-dropping accuracy than F-16s_and B-52s because they flew_at lower_altitudes and at slower speeds._During Operation ALLIED_FORCE in_1999, manned aircraft_were restricted to high altitudes to_avoid enemy air_defenses. This limited MC-130 leaflet-dropping missions._F-16s_flying at altitudes_as_high_as 20,000_feet dropped millions_of_leaflets using_M129_leaflet bombs that exploded on the_way_to the ground, dispensing their messages over_a wide area. Many_of_the leaflets landed far_from their targets and in_some cases in another country! 36_In Afghanistan_in 2001_and 2002, the threat of shoulder-launched stinger surface-to-air missiles also restricted_MC-130 flights. B-52s, F-16s, and USN_F-18s and A-6s dropped_leaflet bombs_from_high altitudes at_high_speeds. 37_Although each bomb could carry up to_80,000 leaflets,_the leaflets did not drop as_accurately as those dispensed_from_the MC-130s. Air supremacy over Iraq_in 2003, prepared by the no-fly_zones of Operations NORTHERN WATCH_and_SOUTHERN_WATCH, allowed MC- 130s to_dispense millions of leaflets effectively. Vulnerability_of psychological operations_aircraft limits their use. Because of their_limited_speeds and altitudes, MC-130s and EC-130s_generally_flew only over enemy areas where_air_superiority_and suppression of enemy air_defenses had already been achieved. This_practice largely prevented psychological operations from serving as battlefield-preparation_instruments. 11

13 Leaflet_drops by MC-130s over Iraq_and_Kuwait_did not begin until just before the air strikes of