 lichen was long believed to represent a single species, but after revising this number to 16 in two genera (Cora and Corella), here we show that at least 126 phylogenetically and morphologically distinct species are contained within this group, with statistical analysis predicting more than 400. Our findings underline the importance of accurately documenting species richness for conservation purposes and support the notion of neotropical paramos as hotspots of recent diversification in plants, animals, and fungi.

Abstract

The number of Fungi is estimated at between 1.5 and 3 million. Lichenized species are thought to make up a comparatively small portion of this figure, with unrecognized species richness hidden among little-studied, tropical microlichens. Recent findings, however, suggest that some macrolichens contain a large number of unrecognized taxa, increasing known species richness by an order of magnitude or more. Here we report the existence of at least 126 species in what until recently was believed to be a single taxon: the basidiolichen fungus Dictyonema glabratum, also known as Cora pavonia. Notably, these species are not cryptic but morphologically distinct. A predictive model suggests an even larger number, with more than 400 species. These results call into question species concepts in presumably well-known macrolichens and demonstrate the need for accurately documenting such species richness, given the importance of these lichens in endangered ecosystems such as paramos and the alarming potential for species losses throughout the tropics. The majority of people are unaware of the policies of Ukip and the Green party on issues such as crime and the economy, according to polling by YouGov.

The pollsters asked 1,640 British adults if they knew what Ukip and the Green party's policies were in nine policy areas: Europe, immigration, NHS, the economy, education, the environment, crime, defence and pensions. They found that many people did not.

Interestingly, many respondents who planned to vote Ukip at the general election said they did not know anything about what Ukip's policies were on certain areas, notably the environment, pensions, education, defence and the economy but were keenly aware of Ukip policy on other areas such as Europe and immigration.

The chart below shows prospective Ukip voters who are exactly aware of Ukip policies: Pure focus has come to define Steven Gerrard during Liverpool's pursuit of the Premier League title, but as the club captain lines up in the
lichen was long believed to represent a single species, but after revise this numeral to 16 in two genera (Cora and Corella), here we show that at least 126 phylogenetically and morphologically distinct coinage are contained within this group, with statistical analysis predicting more than 400. Our determination underline the importance of accurately documenting coinage fullness for conservation purposes and subscribe the notion of neotropical paramos as hotspots of late diversification in plants, animals, and fungi. 

 Abstract 

 The number of Fungi is estimated at between 1.5 and 3 million. Lichenized species are thought to lay down up a comparatively small share of this figure, with unrecognized species richness hidden among small - studied, tropical microlichens. Recent findings, however, suggest that some macrolichens contain a big number of unrecognized taxa, increasing known species richness by an order of magnitude or more. Here we report the existence of at least 126 species in what until recently was believed to be a single taxon: the basidiolichen fungus Dictyonema glabratum, also known as Cora pavonia. Notably, these species are not cryptic but morphologically discrete. A predictive model suggests an even big numeral, with more than 400 species. These results call into doubt species concepts in presumably well - known macrolichens and demonstrate the motivation for accurately documenting such species richness, given the importance of these lichens in endangered ecosystem such as paramos and the alarming potential for species losses throughout the tropics. The majority of people are unaware of the policies of Ukip and the Green party on issues such as crime and the economy, harmonize to polling by YouGov. 

 The pollsters asked 1,640 British adults if they knew what Ukip and the Green party's policies were in nine policy area: Europe, immigration, NHS, the economy, education, the environment, crime, defence and pensions. They found that many people did not. 

 Interestingly, many respondents who planned to vote Ukip at the cosmopolitan election said they did not know anything about what Ukip's policies were on certain areas, notably the environment, pension, education, defence and the economy but were keenly aware of Ukip policy on other area such as Europe and immigration. 

 The chart below show prospective Ukip voters who are exactly aware of Ukip policies: Pure stress has come to define Steven Gerrard during Liverpool's pursuit of the Premier League deed, but as the club captain lines up in the
 lifhen was long believed tu represent a snbgle s'ecies, gut aftef revising this number to 16 ii twi gentga (Cora and Corella), hdre we shlw that qt ltast 126 phylogenetirzlly and morpgllogncelly distinct skecies are cmntained withit ghns group, with statistical analysis pwedictimg more than 400. Out fincyngs lnberline the importance of accurztely dmcumenting sprcies richness for conservwtioj purposes and supoort the nojjon if neotropicxl paramos as hotspots of recent diversification in puants, animals, abd fujci.

Abstract

Tie numfer of Fungi is estikated ay between 1.5 and 3 mmlliin. Lichenized species are thought to mahe up a cmm'aratively small portuob of jhis xigufw, wkth uiredognizfd apecies ridhness hiddwn among little-studoeq, tropical micdolichqnf. Recent findings, however, suggest that voms macrolichens contain q large number of unrgcognized eaxa, increasing known species richness by an ordes of jxgnnbmde ue lore. Here we report the existence of at least 126 skecpes in what until recently wss brjieved to be x single faxon: the basidiollchen fongus Eictyonemw glsbratum, also known as Cora pavonia. Notayly, these species are not cryptie but korphplogically distinct. A pxedictjve model skggests ah even larger numcer, whth more than 400 species. Thefe resultw cakl into quextion fpecies cojcepts in presumably welp-knowu macsolichens wnd demonstrate the need for acrnrately documgnthng such spzcies vichness, given ehe importance of thefe lizhens in ehdangerxd ecosystemf such as pardlos and the elarming [otebtiao for sodcies losses tnroughout the tropixs. The majority of peulle are unaware of the policies og Uyip ajd tra Green partf on isries sjch as crimc avd tne economy, according to lolling by YouGov.

Tne pollstets asked 1,640 British adulys if they knew whwt Ukmp and the Bregn party's policies were in nine policy ageaf: Europe, immygrabion, NHS, the eeonomy, education, the environment, crime, dxfence and pensions. Thgy found that many pepkle did not.

Inverestyngly, manf respondents who plqnned to vote Ukik at the general electikn saig thej did not know anything about what Ukip's policies were on certain areas, nitably the environjent, pensponf, educaeion, vefence and the ebonomy but were keenly aware of Nkip policf jn other areas such as Europr xnd immigratiun.

The chart below shows lrospectove Ukip voters who are exactly aware of Ukip policies: Iure focuw has come nk vefine Steven Gerrarc duriug Livwrpool's purduit of the Pfemoev League tltle, bbt as the club captain lines up ib the
lichen was long believed to represent a but revising this to 16 in here show that at 126 phylogenetically and distinct species are contained within this with statistical analysis predicting more than 400. Our findings underline the importance of documenting species richness for conservation purposes and support the notion of neotropical paramos hotspots recent in animals, and fungi. Abstract The number of Fungi is estimated at between 1.5 and 3 million. species are thought to make up a comparatively portion of this figure, unrecognized species richness hidden among tropical Recent findings, suggest some contain a large of unrecognized taxa, increasing known species richness by an order of magnitude or more. Here we report existence of 126 species what recently believed to be taxon: the basidiolichen fungus Dictyonema glabratum, Cora pavonia. Notably, these species are not cryptic morphologically distinct. predictive model suggests an even larger with more than 400 species. These results call question species concepts in presumably well-known macrolichens and demonstrate the need for accurately documenting such given the importance of lichens in endangered such paramos the potential for losses throughout the tropics. The majority of people are unaware of policies of Ukip and the Green party on issues such and economy, according to by YouGov. The pollsters 1,640 adults if they knew and Green in policy Europe, immigration, NHS, the education, the environment, crime, defence pensions. They found that many respondents who planned to vote Ukip at general election said they did not know about what Ukip's policies were on certain areas, notably the environment, pensions, defence and but were keenly aware of Ukip policy on areas such as Europe immigration. The chart below shows prospective Ukip voters who exactly of Ukip Pure focus has to define Steven during Liverpool's pursuit Premier League but the up in the
 lichen was long believed to rePresent a siNgle sPecIes, BuT aftEr reVising this numbER to 16 iN two genera (Cora and CorelLa), herE wE Show THaT at leAst 126 phylOGeNETicAlLy And MoRPhOlogiCalLy distiNct species Are CoNtained withiN ThIs group, witH stAtistical anaLysIs predIcTinG More tHan 400. our fiNdings UNderliNe the impoRtANce of aCCuratelY DOcUmenTing species richneSS fOR conservation pUrposeS aND sUPPorT thE notion of nEoTropiCAl paramOS aS HOTspOTs of recent divErsificatioN In pLants, aNiMalS, And funGi.

AbsTrACt

THe number of FUngi Is estimatEd at beTWeen 1.5 and 3 MIllion. LIcheniZed SpeCies ARe ThOugHt TO maKE uP a cOMpaRatively SmAlL portIon oF THIS figUre, With UnrecOgnized specieS riChneSS hiDden aMong lIttlE-sTudieD, tropiCal miCrOlichens. Recent fIndiNgs, howeveR, suGgEst ThAt somE MacrolIchEns Contain A large nUMbeR oF UNReCognized taxa, increaSiNG KnOwn speciEs richNEsS bY An order oF mAgnItudE OR more. here WE rEport the ExisteNCe Of At least 126 SpEcies iN wHat UntIl recENtly Was belIeved to bE a sinGLe taxon: the basiDIolichen funguS diCTYoNEma gLabRatum, also knOwn aS cora PavoNIa. notABly, thEse spEcIEs ARe not cryptic but morpHoLogicaLly diStinct. A predicTive model sUGGEsts an evEn laRGeR Number, with more Than 400 sPecies. ThesE Results cAll inTo questiOn species CONcepts in PreSumAblY weLL-KnOwn macrolicheNS And dEmOnstratE thE need foR acCurAteLy dOcUmenting sUch speciEs RiChNeSs, gIven tHE importaNcE of ThEse LicheNS in endAngerEd ecOsYsTEms Such as pARaMOS and ThE aLarmIng PoTentiAl foR SpeCies losSes througHouT The tRoPiCs. The maJority of peoplE aRe unaware oF tHe pOlicieS OF Ukip and The Green party on issues suCH as crimE anD the eConoMy, accordiNg tO polliNg bY youGov.

the polLsterS aSkeD 1,640 bRitisH ADuLts If They knew whAT ukiP and tHe greeN party's Policies were in nine POliCy areas: Europe, ImmIgraTIOn, nHS, THe EConOmY, EduCATion, the environmEnt, crime, deFeNCe And pensionS. theY fOund thaT many peOple dID not.

IntErestinglY, many respOnDentS WHo pLanned to voTe Ukip at The generaL ElectIOn Said tHey Did not KnOw aNythiNg abouT WhaT Ukip'S policIeS were oN certAiN areas, noTably the environment, pensIons, edUcatiOn, dEfence and The EConOmy but werE keeNly aware of ukiP poLicy oN otHEr areAs suCH aS EuROpe anD immIGration.

ThE ChArt BELoW shows prospECTIve ukip vOteRS who arE exaCtly aware of Ukip poLIcies: Pure focus Has cOME to DefINe StEvEn Gerrard durinG LiVeRPOol's pursUiT of the PremiEr League TiTLe, but As the cLub capTain linES Up IN the
 lichen was long believedto represe nt asin gle  s peci es,but after revi s ingthis number to 16 in t wo ge ne r a (C o ra  andCorella ) ,h e rewe  s how  t h at  at l eas t 126 p hylogeneti cal ly  and morphol o gi cally dist inc t species ar e c ontain ed  wi t hin t his  grou p, wit h  stati stical an al y sis pr e dicting m or e th an 400. Our findi n gs underline theimport an c eo f  ac cur ately docu me nting species ri c h n ess for conservat ion purpose s  an d supp or t t h e noti on of  n e otr opical para mosas hotspo ts ofr ecent d i versifi cation  in  pl ants ,  a ni mal s, and fu ngi . 

A bstract
T he  numb er o f F u ngiisesti mated  at between 1 .5and3  mi llion . Lic heni ze d spe cies a re th ou ght to make upa co mparative lysm all  p ortio n  of th isfig ure, wi th unre c ogn iz e d sp ecies richness hid de n am ong litt le-stu d ie d, tropical  m icr olic h e ns. R ecen t  f indings,  howev e r,  s uggestth at som emac rol ichen s  con tain a  large n umber of unrecognize d  taxa, increa s in g kn o wn s pec ies richnes s by an o rder of  ma g nitud e ormo r e. Here we report theex istenc e ofat least 126species in w h at until  rec e nt l y was believed  to b e a single taxon: t he ba sidiolic hen fungu s Dictyone magla bra tum , al so known as C o r a pa vo nia. No tab ly, the sespe cie s a re  not cryp tic butmo rp ho lo gic allyd istinct.  A  pr ed ict ive m o del su ggest s an  e ve n  la rger nu m be r ,  wit hmo re t han  4 00 sp ecie s . T hese re sults cal l i n to q ue st ion spe cies concepts  i n presumab ly  we ll-kno w n  macroli chens and demonstrate t h e needfor  accu rate ly docume nti ng suc h s p eciesrichne ss, g iv ent h e imp o r ta nce  o f these li c h ens  in e nd ange red eco systems such as pa r amo s and the ala rmi ng p o t en tia l  f o r s pe c ies l osses throughou t the trop ic s .The majori t y o fpeopleare una wareo f the p olicies o f Ukip an dtheG r een  party onissues s uch as cr i me an d  t he ec ono my, ac co rdi ng to  polli n g b y You Gov.
Th e poll sters  a sked 1,6 40 British adults if th ey kne w wha t U kip and t heG ree n party's  pol icies were  in  ni ne po lic y  area s: E u ro pe, immig rati o n, NHS, t h eeco n o my , education , t heenvir onm e nt, cr ime,  defence and pens i ons. They foun d th a t  ma nyp eopl edid not.

Inte res ti n g ly, many  r espondentswho plan ne d  to v ote Uk ip atthe gen e r al electi on s aid  they did  no tk now any th in g  about  wha tUkip's  polic i es w e r e on certain are as, n o t ablyt heenvir on ment, p e nsio ns, educat ion, defenc e andtheecono my butwe re kee nly  a ware of Uk i p policyon ot her are as  suc h a s Euro pe a n d  immi grat io n.
The char t be l ow  s h ows  pro spect iv e Uk ip voters who areexa c tly awa re  of U kip po l ic i e s: Pure fo cus  hasc o me to defi n e St e ve n  Gerr ard du ring L iverpoo l 'spu rsuit o f t h e  PremierLeague ti t le,  b ut a s the cl ub  cap ta inli nes up in the
 lichen_was long_believed to represent a_single species,_but_after revising_this_number to 16_in two genera_(Cora and Corella), here_we show that_at_least 126 phylogenetically and morphologically distinct species are contained within this group, with statistical_analysis_predicting more_than_400._Our findings underline the importance_of accurately documenting species richness_for conservation_purposes and support the notion of neotropical paramos_as_hotspots of recent_diversification in plants, animals, and fungi.

Abstract

The number of Fungi_is estimated at between 1.5 and_3 million. Lichenized_species_are_thought to make up_a comparatively small portion of this_figure, with unrecognized species richness hidden_among little-studied, tropical microlichens. Recent findings, however,_suggest that some macrolichens contain a_large number of unrecognized taxa,_increasing known_species richness by an order_of magnitude or_more. Here_we report the_existence of at least 126 species_in what until_recently was believed to be a_single_taxon: the basidiolichen_fungus_Dictyonema_glabratum, also_known as Cora_pavonia._Notably, these_species_are not cryptic but morphologically distinct._A_predictive model suggests an even larger number,_with more than 400_species._These results call into_question species concepts in presumably_well-known macrolichens and demonstrate the need_for accurately_documenting such_species richness, given the importance of these lichens in endangered ecosystems_such as paramos and the alarming_potential for species losses_throughout the_tropics._The majority of_people_are unaware_of the policies of Ukip and the_Green party_on issues such as crime and_the economy, according to_polling_by YouGov.

The pollsters asked 1,640 British_adults if they knew what Ukip_and the Green party's policies_were_in_nine policy areas: Europe, immigration,_NHS, the economy, education, the environment,_crime, defence and_pensions. They found that many people did_not.

Interestingly,_many respondents who planned to vote_Ukip_at the general election said they_did_not_know anything about what Ukip's_policies were on certain areas, notably_the environment, pensions, education, defence and the economy but_were keenly aware_of Ukip policy on other_areas_such_as Europe and immigration.

The chart below shows prospective Ukip voters_who are_exactly aware of_Ukip policies: Pure focus has come to define Steven Gerrard_during Liverpool's pursuit of the Premier League_title, but as the club captain lines up in the