est Stock Exchanges

Stock exchanges have been around for more than two centuries. The venerable NYSE traces its roots back to 1792 when two dozen brokers met in Lower Manhattan and signed an agreement to trade securities on commission;﻿﻿ in 1817, New York stockbrokers operating under the agreement made some key changes and reorganized as the New York Stock and Exchange Board.﻿﻿

1:43 How The Stock Market Works

The NYSE and Nasdaq are the two largest exchanges in the world, based on the total market capitalization of all the companies listed on the exchange. The number of U.S. stock exchanges registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission has reached nearly two dozen, though most of these are owned by either CBOE, Nasdaq or NYSE.﻿﻿ The table below displays the 20 biggest exchanges globally, ranked by total market capitalization of their listed companies. For a growing child, deprivation and stress can become a kind of neurotoxin. Photograph by BSIP/UIG Via Getty

The brain’s foundation, frame, and walls are built in the womb. As an embryo grows into a fetus, some of its dividing cells turn into neurons, arranging themselves into layers and forming the first synapses, the organ’s electrical wiring. Four or five months into gestation, the brain’s outermost layer, the cerebral cortex, begins to develop its characteristic wrinkles, which deepen further after birth. It isn’t until a child’s infant and toddler years that the structures underlying higher-level cognition—will power, emotional self-control, decision-making—begin to flourish; some of them continue to be fine-tuned throughout adolescence and into the first decade of adulthood.

Pat Levitt, a developmental neuroscientist at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, has spent much of his career studying the setbacks and accidents that can make this construction process go awry. In the nineteen-nineties, during the media panic over “crack babies,” he was among a number of scientists who questioned whether the danger of cocaine exposure in utero was being overstated. (Levitt spent two decades examining the brains of rabbit mothers and their offspring that were dosed with the drug, and says that the alarm was “an exaggeration.”) More recently, as the science director of the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, he has become interested in another sort of neurotoxin: poverty.

As it turns
est Stock Exchanges 

 Stock exchanges have been around for more than two centuries. The venerable NYSE trace its root back to 1792 when two dozen brokers met in Lower Manhattan and sign an agreement to trade securities on commission;﻿﻿ in 1817, New York stockbroker operating under the agreement made some key change and reorganized as the New York Stock and Exchange Board.﻿﻿ 

 1:43 How The Stock Market Works 

 The NYSE and Nasdaq are the two big exchanges in the world, base on the entire market capitalization of all the companies listed on the exchange. The number of U.S. stock certificate exchanges registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission has reached closely two dozen, though most of these are owned by either CBOE, Nasdaq or NYSE.﻿﻿ The table below displays the 20 large exchanges globally, ranked by total market capitalization of their listed company. For a growing child, deprivation and stress can become a kind of neurotoxin. Photograph by BSIP / UIG Via Getty 

 The brain ’s foundation, skeletal system, and rampart are built in the womb. As an embryo grows into a fetus, some of its dividing cells turn into neurons, arranging themselves into layers and form the first synapses, the harmonium ’s electric wiring. Four or five month into gestation, the brain ’s outermost level, the cerebral cortex, begin to develop its characteristic wrinkles, which intensify further after birth. It is n’t until a child ’s infant and toddler years that the structures underlying gamey - level cognition — will power, emotional self - control, decisiveness - making — get down to flourish; some of them continue to be fine - tuned throughout adolescence and into the first decade of adulthood. 

 Pat Levitt, a developmental neuroscientist at Children ’s Hospital Los Angeles, has spend much of his career studying the setbacks and accidents that can seduce this structure process go awry. In the nineteen - nineties, during the media panic over “ shot babies, ” he was among a act of scientists who question whether the danger of cocaine vulnerability in utero was being overstated. (Levitt spend two decades examining the genius of rabbit mother and their offspring that were drug with the drug, and says that the alarm was “ an exaggeration. ”) More recently, as the science director of the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, he has become concerned in another sort of neurotoxin: poverty. 

 As it turns
est Stock Exchanges

Stock exghanges have beeu arounv for mkre than two centuries. The venerable NTSE teaces its roots back tu 1792 when tao dozen brojwrs met in Lower Manhattzk and wigned an agregment to trage securities mn clmmission;﻿﻿ in 1817, New York stockbrokers operatonh under the agteememe masv wome key changes and reorganiaed as uhe New York Stock and Exchange Board.﻿﻿

1:43 How Thf Stlck Market Works

Thf NYSE and Basdww are the twu largest txehanges in jhe world, based on the total maryet ccpitalizatiin of dll the com'anies listed on tmv exchatge. The number of U.S. xtork ezchanges registered wmth the Securities agd Exchance Commission has rwaxhed tearny tdi duzeh, vhohgh modt kf these ade owned by either CBOE, Nasdaq ow NYSE.﻿﻿ The tabme beljw displays the 20 biggest exchanges globalny, danked by total market xapitalization of thelr listed companies. For a growing child, deprivation and stsess rav btcime a jijd of neurotoxin. Photograph by BSIP/UIG Via Geefy

Uhe brain’s foundabion, frame, and walks atg built in the womb. Ca zn embryo grows inho a fejus, sone of its divoding cells turn into neurobs, arranging rhemselves into lavers and foroing the girst synapses, the orgau’s eledtrical wirlng. Four kf five months ingo nesdation, the brain’s outermose layer, tie cexebral curtec, begigs to devepop ibv characteristic wginklgs, whiwh deepen vurther after birth. It isn’t untmk a child’s imfdnt and todbler ycars that the seructures undetlying hiyher-lexel cognitpon—will pmwer, emotiogal self-contrmp, decision-maning—begig to floyrish; suoe of them conyinue to yt fine-tunee throughout adolexcevde and into the fitwt decade of aculghojd.

Iat Lqeitt, a develmpmevtau neuruscientist ct Chikdren’s Hospital Los Dngemes, has spent much on his carger studyyng the setbavks and accidents uhat cen makx this cogstruction process go awry. In fhe ninetfen-kineties, durigg tme mgdia panic pver “crack babies,” he was among a number of scientists who questioned whether uhe danger of cocayne exposgre in utero was beibg overstated. (Levltt spent two decades sxaminhng tje brains of rabbit mothers and their offspring that were dosed with the erug, aid says that fhe slarm wcs “cn exagderaviun.”) More recently, as the science director of the Nationan Fcientific Council on the Defeuoping Child, fe has become interested in anotner sort of neurotoxin: poverty.

Ax it turns
est Stock Exchanges Stock exchanges have been more two centuries. venerable NYSE traces when dozen brokers met Lower Manhattan and an agreement to trade securities on in 1817, New York stockbrokers operating under the agreement made some key changes reorganized as the New York Stock and Exchange Board.﻿﻿ 1:43 How The Stock Works NYSE Nasdaq the two largest exchanges in the world, based on the total market capitalization of all the listed on the exchange. The number of U.S. exchanges registered with the and Exchange Commission has reached two though most these owned either CBOE, Nasdaq NYSE.﻿﻿ The table below displays the 20 biggest exchanges globally, ranked by total market capitalization of their companies. For child, deprivation stress become kind of neurotoxin. BSIP/UIG Via Getty The brain’s foundation, are built in the womb. As an embryo into a some of its dividing cells turn neurons, arranging themselves into layers and forming the synapses, the organ’s electrical wiring. Four or five months into gestation, the brain’s outermost layer, cortex, begins to develop characteristic wrinkles, which further birth. isn’t a child’s and toddler years that the structures underlying higher-level cognition—will power, emotional decision-making—begin to flourish; some of them continue to be fine-tuned and the first decade adulthood. Pat Levitt, a neuroscientist Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, much his setbacks accidents can make this construction go awry. In the nineteen-nineties, the media panic over a number of scientists who questioned whether the of cocaine exposure in utero was being (Levitt spent two decades examining the brains of rabbit mothers and their that were the drug, and says that the alarm was exaggeration.”) More recently, as science director of the National Scientific Council on the Child, has become in another sort neurotoxin: poverty. As turns
est Stock Exchanges

Stock excHanges have Been aRouNd fOr More Than Two centuries. ThE VeneRable NYSE traces its rootS back To 1792 WHen tWO dOzen bRokers mET iN lOweR MAnHatTaN AnD signEd aN agreemEnt to trade SecUrIties on commiSSiOn;﻿﻿ in 1817, New YorK stOckbrokers opEraTing unDeR thE AgreeMenT made Some keY ChangeS and reorgAnIZed as tHE New YorK sToCk anD Exchange Board.﻿﻿

1:43 How tHe sTock Market WorkS

The NYsE ANd nASdaQ arE the two larGeSt excHAnges in THe WORLd, bASed on the total Market capitALizAtion oF aLl tHE compaNies lIsTEd oN the exchangE. The Number of U.s. stock EXchangeS RegisteRed witH thE SeCuriTIeS aNd EXcHAngE coMmiSSioN has reacHeD nEarly Two dOZEN, ThouGh mOst oF thesE are owned by eiTheR CBOe, nasDaq or nYSE.﻿﻿ THe taBlE beloW displAys thE 20 bIggest exchanges GlobAlly, rankeD by ToTal MaRket cAPitaliZatIon Of their Listed cOMpaNiES. fOr A growing child, depriVaTIOn And stresS can beCOmE a KInd of neuRoToxIn. PhOTOgrapH by BsiP/uIG Via GeTty

The BRaIn’S foundaTiOn, framE, aNd wAllS are bUIlt iN the woMb. As an emBryo gROws into a fetus, sOMe of its dividiNG cELLs TUrn iNto Neurons, arraNginG ThemSelvES iNto LAyers And foRmINg THe first synapses, the oRgAn’s eleCtricAl wiring. Four oR five monthS INTo gestatIon, tHE bRAin’s outermost lAyer, tHe cerebral COrtex, begIns to Develop iTs charactERIstic wriNklEs, wHicH deEPEn Further after bIRTh. It IsN’t until A chIld’s infAnt And TodDleR yEars that tHe structUrEs UnDeRlyIng hiGHer-level CoGniTiOn—wIll poWEr, emotIonal Self-CoNtROl, dEcision-MAkING—begIn To FlouRisH; sOme of Them COntInue to bE fine-tuneD thROughOuT aDolesceNce and into the FiRst decade oF aDulThood.

PAT levitt, a dEvelopmental neuroscientISt at ChiLdrEn’s HoSpitAl Los AngeLes, Has speNt mUCh of hiS careeR studYiNg tHE SetbaCKS aNd aCcIdents that CAN maKe thiS cOnstRuction Process go awry. In the NIneTeen-nineties, dUriNg thE MEdIa pANiC OveR “cRAck BABies,” he was among a Number of scIeNTiSts who quesTIonEd Whether The dangEr of cOCaine exPosure in uTero was beInG oveRSTatEd. (Levitt spEnt two deCades examINing tHE bRains Of rAbbit mOtHerS and tHeir ofFSprIng thAt were DoSed witH the dRuG, and says That the alarm was “an exaggeRation.”) more rEceNtly, as the SciENce Director oF the national ScIenTifIc CouNciL On the deveLOpIng cHild, hE has BEcome inteREsTed IN AnOther sort of NEURotOxin: pOveRTy.

As it TurnS
est Stock Exchanges

Stock  exchanges  have  be enar ound  for  more than two cent uries. The venerable N YSE t ra c es i t sroots  back t o  1 7 9 2 w he ntwo  d o ze n bro ker s met i n Lower Ma nha tt an and signe d  a n agreemen t t o trade secu rit ies on  c omm i ssion ;﻿﻿  in 1 817, N e w York  stockbro ke r s oper a ting un d e rtheagreement made so m ek ey changes and  reorg an i ze d asthe  New YorkSt ock a n d Excha n ge B o ard . ﻿﻿

1:43 HowThe Stock M a rke t Work s
Th e  NYSEand N as d aqare the two  lar gest exch angesi n the w o rld, ba sed on  th e t otal ma rk etca p ita l iz ati o n o f all th eco mpani es l i s t e d on  th e ex chang e. The number  of  U.S .  st ock e xchan gesre giste red wi th th eSecurities andExch ange Comm iss io n h as  reac h ed nea rly  tw o dozen , thoug h  mo st o f  t hese are owned byei t h er  CBOE, N asdaqo rNY S E.﻿﻿ The  t abl e be l o w dis play s  t he 20 bi ggeste xc ha nges gl ob ally,ra nke d b y tot a l ma rket c apitaliz ation of their liste d  companies. F o ra gr o wing  ch ild, depriv atio n  and  str e ss  ca n  beco me aki n do f neurotoxin. Photo gr aph by  BSIP /UIG Via Gett y

The bra i n ’ s founda tion ,  f r ame, and walls  arebuilt in t h e womb.As an  embryogrows int o a fetus,  so meofits d iv iding cells t u r n in to  neuron s,arrangi ngthe mse lve sinto laye rs and f or mi ng  t hefirst synapses ,the  o rga n’s e l ectric al wi ring .Fo u r o r fivem on t h s in to  g esta tio n,  thebrai n ’soutermo st layer,  th e  cer eb ra l corte x, begins tode velop itsch ara cteris t i c wrinkl es, which deepen furthe r  afterbir th. I t is n’t until  achild’ s i n fant a nd tod dlerye ars t hat t h e  s tru ct ures under l y ing  high er -lev el cogn ition—will power,e mot ional self-co ntr ol,d e ci sio n -m a kin g— b egi n to flourish; so me of them  c o nt inue to be fin e- tuned t hrougho ut ad o lescenc e and int o the fir st  dec a d e o f adulthoo d.

PatLevitt, a devel o pm ental  ne urosci en tis t atChildr e n’s  Hosp ital L os  Angel es, h as  spent m uch of his career study ing th e set bac ks and ac cid e nts  that can  mak e this con str uct ion p roc e ss go  awr y .Int he ni nete e n-ninetie s ,dur i n gthe media p a n i c o ver “ cra c k babi es,”  he was among a n u mber of scient ists w hoque s tion ed  whether the d ang er o f cocain eexposure in  utero w as being  overs tated.  (Levit t sp e nt two  dec ade s examini ngth e  brains  o fr abbitmoth er s andtheiro ffsp r i ng that were dos ed wi t h  thed rug , and  s ays tha t  the  alarm was  “an exagge ration .”)Morerecentl y,  as th e s ci ence direc t or of the  Nati onal Sc ie ntif icCounci l on t he De velo pi ngChild, he h as be co m e i nter ested  i n an other sor t  of neur oto x in: pov er ty. As itt ur n s 
est Stock_Exchanges

Stock exchanges_have been around for_more than_two_centuries. The_venerable_NYSE traces its_roots back to_1792 when two dozen_brokers met in_Lower_Manhattan and signed an agreement to trade securities on commission;﻿﻿ in 1817, New York_stockbrokers_operating under_the_agreement_made some key changes and_reorganized as the New York_Stock and_Exchange Board.﻿﻿

1:43 How The Stock Market Works

The NYSE_and_Nasdaq are the_two largest exchanges in the world, based on the_total market capitalization of all the_companies listed on_the_exchange._The number of U.S._stock exchanges registered with the Securities_and Exchange Commission has reached nearly_two dozen, though most of these are_owned by either CBOE, Nasdaq or_NYSE.﻿﻿ The table below displays_the 20_biggest exchanges globally, ranked by_total market capitalization_of their_listed companies. For_a growing child, deprivation and stress_can become a_kind of neurotoxin. Photograph by BSIP/UIG_Via_Getty

The brain’s foundation,_frame,_and_walls are_built in the_womb._As an_embryo_grows into a fetus, some of_its_dividing cells turn into neurons, arranging themselves_into layers and forming_the_first synapses, the organ’s_electrical wiring. Four or five_months into gestation, the brain’s outermost_layer, the_cerebral cortex,_begins to develop its characteristic wrinkles, which deepen further after birth._It isn’t until a child’s infant_and toddler years that_the structures_underlying_higher-level cognition—will power,_emotional_self-control, decision-making—begin_to flourish; some of them continue to_be fine-tuned_throughout adolescence and into the first_decade of adulthood.

Pat Levitt,_a_developmental neuroscientist at Children’s Hospital Los_Angeles, has spent much of his_career studying the setbacks and_accidents_that_can make this construction process_go awry. In the nineteen-nineties, during_the media panic_over “crack babies,” he was among a_number_of scientists who questioned whether the_danger_of cocaine exposure in utero was_being_overstated._(Levitt spent two decades examining_the brains of rabbit mothers and_their offspring that were dosed with the drug, and_says that the_alarm was “an exaggeration.”) More_recently,_as_the science director of the National Scientific Council on the_Developing Child,_he has become_interested in another sort of neurotoxin: poverty.

As it turns