icomputer market was extremely fragmented. A large number of CPUs was available, and each was supported by a large number of possible disk controller and drive combinations. Today, by contrast, the microcomputer market is dominated by a very short list of processor families, and adherence to de-facto standards such as the PC/AT is the norm.

Installations were done on site, since it was impractical to ship the minicomputers. When LSI-11’s first became available, Moore bought one and mounted it in a carry-on suitcase, with a single 8″ floppy drive in a second suitcase. This portable personal computer accompanied him everywhere until 1982, acting as a “friendly” host for generating new Forths.

2.2.2 Application requirements

If the principal environmental constraints were memory limitations and a need to serve a broad spectrum of CPU architectures, the application requirements were dominated by a need for performance. Here are some of the principal application areas in which Forth achieved success in this period:

1. Commercial/business data base systems:

First developed for Cybek Corp. under the guidance of Arthur A. Gravina, these systems supported multiple terminals on a Data General Nova, handling high-speed transaction processing. The first was written for Vernon Graphics, Inc., a service bureau to Pacific Telephone, in 1974. It supported 32 terminals processing transactions against a 300 MB data base. In its first week the system handled over 100,000 transactions a day (40,000 was the requirement). The system was subsequently upgraded to support 64 terminals and a 600 MB data base, with no discernable degradation in response times, which remained under one second.

Cybek subsequently marketed this system for business applications in banking and hospital management; its current version is marketed by a division of McDonnell Douglas. A similar effort by Source Data Systems in Iowa produced a multi-terminal data-entry system marketed by NCR Corp. for hospital management and similar applications.

The performance of such a system is overwhelmingly dominated by operating system issues, principally the ability of the native Forth block-based file system to read and write data files very quickly.

2. Image Processing:

FORTH, Inc. developed a series of image processing applications for the Naval Weapons Research Center, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, and others. Central to these was a need for performing standardized operations (e.g
icomputer market was extremely fragmented. A large numeral of CPUs was available, and each was digest by a large number of possible magnetic disk controller and drive combination. Today, by line, the microcomputer market is dominated by a very short list of central processing unit families, and adherence to de - facto standards such as the PC / AT is the norm. 

 initiation were done on site, since it was impractical to ship the minicomputers. When LSI-11 ’s foremost became available, Moore bought one and mounted it in a carry - on bag, with a single 8″ floppy drive in a second suitcase. This portable personal computer accompanied him everywhere until 1982, act as a “ friendly ” host for generating new Forths. 

 2.2.2 Application requirements 

 If the chief environmental constraints were memory limitations and a need to serve a broad spectrum of CPU architecture, the application requirements were dominated by a need for performance. Here are some of the principal application areas in which Forth achieved success in this time period: 

 1. Commercial / business data base system: 

 foremost train for Cybek Corp. under the guidance of Arthur A. Gravina, these systems corroborate multiple terminals on a Data General Nova, handling high - speed transaction processing. The inaugural was written for Vernon Graphics, Inc., a service bureau to Pacific Telephone, in 1974. It supported 32 terminals processing transactions against a 300 megabyte data base. In its first week the arrangement handled over 100,000 minutes a day (40,000 was the requirement). The system was subsequently upgraded to support 64 end and a 600 MB data base, with no discernible degradation in answer times, which remained under one second gear. 

 Cybek subsequently marketed this organization for business applications in banking and hospital management; its current adaptation is marketed by a part of McDonnell Douglas. A similar attempt by Source Data Systems in Iowa produced a multi - concluding data - entry system commercialize by NCR Corp. for hospital management and similar application. 

 The performance of such a organization is overwhelmingly dominated by operating system issues, principally the ability of the native Forth block - establish file system to read and publish data files very quickly. 

 2. Image Processing: 

 FORTH, Inc. developed a series of prototype processing applications for the Naval Weapons Research Center, NASA ’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, and others. Central to these was a need for performing standardized operations (e.g
icolputer market was extremtly fragmented. A large nnmber or CPUs wxs available, and each was su'porred bt a large number of porsible didk contrillec and drive combmhations. Today, ny coutcast, the microcpmputer masket is dominadea yy a very short list of processor faiilies, snf adherence to de-fssto anakdards such as the PC/AT is the nkrm.

Instellations were cone on site, since it was lmprwctical to ship thf minicompujsrs. Qhen LSI-11’s fifst became available, Mkore bought one and mounted it kn a earry-on suijeqse, fith a singoe 8″ fjoppy drive lm a sewond suotcase. This povtablx peesonal computer accom'anied him everywherg until 1982, awtnng as a “friendly” hosr dor ggnerading bew Fodtis.

2.2.2 Zpplicwtikn requirejents

If the principal environmtntwo constraints were ieiory limitations and a need to serve a trozd spectrum of CPU archutectures, the applicajion requiwements were dominated by a need for performance. Vere erd simc of rhf principal application areas in which Forth wdhoened success in thls period:

1. Commercisl/huxyness data bare syscsma:

First developed flr Cybeh Corp. under tre giidance of Arthur A. Gravina, these systeiw supported multippe terminalr on a Daya General Nova, handliny high-apeed transwction prkzessing. The firsg wss written for Vernon Graphiss, Inc., a wervnce burexu tp Pacisic Telephlne, ik 1974. It supported 32 tegminaps processinh transactions against a 300 MB dave base. In its fhrsn week thz systcm handled over 100,000 transactions a day (40,000 was ghe requirvment). The system was subsequently opgraded to snpport 64 tqrmibals and a 600 OB data base, woth no discernable eegradation in resionse fimes, which remcnntd under one secpnd.

Zybqk snbseqtantly marketad tfis xysteo for busincss appkications in banking and hospital managememt; its curtent versyon is marketrd by a division ov McDmnnxll Doiglws. A similar effort by Source Sata Systfms in Iowa proqucee a multi-terkinal data-entry system marketed by NCR Rorp. for hospital managwment and similar akpllcations.

The 'erforiance of vuch a system is oveewhelmingly dominsted by operating sysfem isvues, orincipally the ability of the native Forth block-based file system to reae and xryte data fimes fery xunckky.

2. Imade Pcoressing:

FORTH, Inc. ceveloped a series of image proressing ap[lncations for the Naval Weaponx Fesearch Centgr, NASA’s Goddard Space Flifht Centrr, the Royal Greenwich Observatpry in England, and otherx. Centrao to fhese was e need for performinb stanbardizwd operqtioks (e.g
icomputer market was extremely fragmented. A large CPUs available, and was supported by disk and drive combinations. by contrast, the market is dominated by a very list of processor families, and adherence to de-facto standards such as the PC/AT the norm. Installations were done on site, since it was impractical to ship minicomputers. LSI-11’s became Moore bought one and mounted it in a carry-on suitcase, with a single 8″ floppy drive a second suitcase. This portable personal computer accompanied everywhere until 1982, acting a “friendly” host for generating Forths. Application requirements the environmental were memory limitations a need to serve a broad spectrum of CPU architectures, the application requirements were dominated by a for performance. some of principal areas which Forth achieved this period: 1. Commercial/business data base for Cybek Corp. under the guidance of Arthur Gravina, these supported multiple terminals on a Data Nova, handling high-speed transaction processing. The first was for Vernon Graphics, Inc., a service bureau to Pacific Telephone, in 1974. It supported 32 transactions against a 300 data base. In first the handled 100,000 transactions day (40,000 was the requirement). The system was subsequently upgraded to 64 terminals and a 600 MB data base, with no in times, which remained one second. Cybek subsequently this for business applications in hospital its marketed a of McDonnell Douglas. A effort by Source Data Systems Iowa produced a multi-terminal Corp. for hospital management and similar applications. The of such a system is overwhelmingly dominated operating system issues, principally the ability of the native Forth block-based file to read data files very quickly. 2. Image Processing: FORTH, developed a series of processing applications for the Naval Weapons Research Center, NASA’s Space Center, the Greenwich Observatory in and others. Central these was a performing standardized (e.g
icomputer market was extremeLy fragmentEd. A laRge NumBeR of CpUs wAs available, and EAch wAs supported by a large numBer of PoSSiblE DiSk conTroller ANd DRIve CoMbInaTiONs. today, By cOntrast, The microcoMpuTeR market is domINaTed by a very ShoRt list of procEssOr famiLiEs, aND adheRenCe to dE-facto STandarDs such as tHe pc/AT is tHE norm.

InSTAlLatiOns were done on site, SInCE it was impractiCal to sHiP ThE MIniComPuters. When lSi-11’s firST became AVaILABle, mOore bought one And mounted iT In a Carry-oN sUitCAse, witH a sinGlE 8″ FloPpy drive in a SecoNd suitcasE. This pORtable pERsonal cOmputeR acComPaniED hIm EveRyWHerE UnTil 1982, ACtiNg as a “friEnDlY” host For gENERAtinG neW ForThs.

2.2.2 ApPlication requIreMentS

if tHe priNcipaL envIrOnmenTal conStraiNtS were memory limiTatiOns and a neEd tO sErvE a Broad SPectruM of cPU ArchiteCtures, tHE apPlICATiOn requirements were DoMINaTed by a neEd for pERfOrMAnce. Here ArE soMe of THE prinCipaL ApPlicatioN areas IN wHiCh Forth AcHieved SuCceSs iN this PErioD:

1. CommeRcial/busIness DAta base systems:

fIrst developed FOr cYBeK corp. UndEr the guidanCe of aRthuR A. GrAViNa, tHEse syStems SuPPoRTed multiple terminalS oN a Data generAl Nova, handlinG high-speed TRANsaction ProcESsINg. The first was wRitteN for Vernon gRaphics, INc., a seRvice burEau to PaciFIC TelephoNe, iN 1974. It SupPorTED 32 tErminals proceSSIng tRaNsactioNs aGainst a 300 mB dAta BasE. In ItS first weeK the systEm HaNdLeD ovEr 100,000 traNSactions A dAy (40,000 wAs The RequiREment). THe sysTem wAs SuBSeqUently uPGrADEd to SuPpOrt 64 tErmInAls anD a 600 MB DAta Base, witH no discerNabLE degRaDaTion in rEsponse times, wHiCh remained UnDer One secOND.

Cybek suBsequently marketed this sYStem for BusIness ApplIcations iN baNking aNd hOSpital ManageMent; iTs CurRENt verSIOn Is mArKeted by a diVISioN of McdoNnelL DouglaS. A similar effort by SOUrcE Data Systems iN IoWa prODUcEd a MUlTI-teRmINal DATa-entry system maRketed by NCr CORp. For hospitaL ManAgEment anD similaR applICations.

the perforMance of suCh A sysTEM is OverwhelmiNgly domiNated by opERatinG SyStem iSsuEs, prinCiPalLy the AbilitY Of tHe natIve ForTh Block-bAsed fIlE system tO read and write data files vEry quiCkly.

2. IMagE ProcessiNg:

ForTH, inc. develoPed a Series of imAge ProCessiNg aPPlicaTionS FoR thE naval weapONs ResearcH ceNteR, naSa’s Goddard SpACE fliGht CeNteR, The RoyAl GrEenwich ObservatorY In England, and otHers. cENtrAl tO ThesE wAs a need for perfOrmInG STandardiZeD operations (E.g
icomputer market was extre mely fragm ented . A  la rg e nu mber  of CPUs was a v aila ble, and each was supp orted  b y  a l a rg e num ber ofp os s i ble  d is k c on t ro llerand  drivecombinatio ns.  T oday, by con t ra st, the mi cro computer mar ket  is do mi nat e d bya v ery s hort l i st ofprocessor  f a milies ,  and ad h e re nceto de-facto stand a rd s  such as the P C/AT i st he n orm .
Installati on s wer e  done o n  s i t e , s i nce it was im practical t o  sh ip the  m ini c ompute rs. W he n  LS I-11’s firs t be came avai lable, Moore b o ught on e andmou nte d it in  a  ca rr y -on su itc a se,  with asi ng le 8″  flo p p y driv e i n asecon d suitcase. T his  por t abl e per sonal  com pu ter a ccompa niedhi m everywhere un til1982, act ing  a s a  “ frien d ly” ho stfor  genera ting ne w  Fo rt h s . 
2.2.2 Applicationre q u ir ements
If the pr in c ipal env ir onm enta l const rain t swere mem ory li m it at ions an da need  t o s erv e a b r oadspectr um of CP U arc h itectures, the application r e qu i r em e ntswer e dominated  bya  nee d fo r  p erf o rmanc e. He re ar e  some of the princi pa l appl icati on areas in w hich Forth a c hieved s ucce s si n this period: 

1.Commercial / business  data  base sy stems:

F i r st devel ope d f orCyb e k  C orp. under th e guid an ce of A rth ur A. G rav ina , t hes esystems s upported  m ul ti pl e t ermin a ls on aDa taGe ner al No v a, han dling  hig h- sp e edtransac t io n proc es si ng.The  f irstwasw rit ten for  Vernon G rap h ics,  I nc ., a se rvice bureauto  Pacific T el eph one, i n 1974. It  supported 32 terminals process ing  tran sact ions agai nst  a 300  MB data b ase. I n its  f irs t weekt h esys te m handledo v er100,0 00  tra nsactio ns a day (40,000 w a s t he requiremen t).  The s ys tem wa s  su bs e que n t ly upgraded tosupport 64  t e rm inals anda  60 0MB data  base,withn o disce rnable de gradation  i n re s p ons e times, w hich rem ained und e r one se cond. 

C ybek s ub seq uentl y mark e ted  this  syste mfor bu sines sapplicat ions in banking and hos pitalmanag eme nt; its c urr e ntversion i s ma rketed bya d ivi sionofM cDonn ellD ou gla s . A s imil a r effortb ySou r c eData System s i n I owa p rod u ced amult i-terminal data-e n try system mar kete d byNCR Corp .for hospital m ana ge m e nt and s im ilar applic ations.
T h e per forman ce ofsuch as y st e m is o verw hel mingly do min at e d by op er at i ng sys temis sues,princi p ally t he ability of th e nat i v e For t h b lock- ba sed fil e  sys tem to rea d and write  datafile s ver y quick ly .

2.Ima ge  Processin g :

FORTH,  Inc.  develo pe d aser ies of  ima g e  proc essi ng  ap plication s fo r  t he Nav al W eapon sRese arch Cent e r, NASA’ s G o ddard S pa ceF l ight C e nt e r , the Roya l G reenw i c h Observat o ry i n  E n gland , andothers . Centr a l t othese w asa need forperformin g  st an dard ized ope ra tion s(e. g
icomputer market_was extremely_fragmented. A large number_of CPUs_was_available, and_each_was supported by_a large number_of possible disk controller_and drive combinations._Today,_by contrast, the microcomputer market is dominated by a very short list of processor_families,_and adherence_to_de-facto_standards such as the PC/AT_is the norm.

Installations were done_on site,_since it was impractical to ship the minicomputers._When_LSI-11’s first became_available, Moore bought one and mounted it in a_carry-on suitcase, with a single 8″_floppy drive in_a_second_suitcase. This portable personal_computer accompanied him everywhere until 1982,_acting as a “friendly” host for_generating new Forths.

2.2.2 Application requirements

If the principal_environmental constraints were memory limitations and_a need to serve a_broad spectrum_of CPU architectures, the application_requirements were dominated_by a_need for performance._Here are some of the principal_application areas in_which Forth achieved success in this_period:

1._Commercial/business data base_systems:

First_developed_for Cybek_Corp. under the_guidance_of Arthur_A._Gravina, these systems supported multiple terminals_on_a Data General Nova, handling high-speed transaction_processing. The first was_written_for Vernon Graphics, Inc.,_a service bureau to Pacific_Telephone, in 1974. It supported 32_terminals processing_transactions against_a 300 MB data base. In its first week the system_handled over 100,000 transactions a day_(40,000 was the requirement)._The system_was_subsequently upgraded to_support_64 terminals_and a 600 MB data base, with_no discernable_degradation in response times, which remained_under one second.

Cybek subsequently_marketed_this system for business applications in_banking and hospital management; its current_version is marketed by a_division_of_McDonnell Douglas. A similar effort_by Source Data Systems in Iowa_produced a multi-terminal_data-entry system marketed by NCR Corp. for_hospital_management and similar applications.

The performance of_such_a system is overwhelmingly dominated by_operating_system_issues, principally the ability of_the native Forth block-based file system_to read and write data files very quickly.

2. Image_Processing:

FORTH, Inc. developed_a series of image processing_applications_for_the Naval Weapons Research Center, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center,_the Royal_Greenwich Observatory in_England, and others. Central to these was a need for_performing standardized operations (e.g