 reporting objective PA findings used accelerometer cut-points and half of those applied an MVPA cut-point of 1952 accelerometer counts per min derived for adults [111]. As older adults have a lower MVPA cut-point due to lower resting metabolic rates [112], using the adult accelerometer cut-point likely resulted in lower estimates of MVPA, potentially masking associations. To accurately classify different intensities of older adults’ PA, future research using objectively assessed PA should be underpinned by appropriate cut-points.

Differences in built environmental correlates by type of environmental measurement method

Overall, there were numerous differences in the associations between built environmental attributes and total PA and walking, based on type of environmental measure. Attributes that can be classed within the functional (e.g., pedestrian infrastructure) and destination domains in Pikora’s framework tended to be significantly related to PA when objectively assessed [113]. In contrast, those attributes that fall within the safety and aesthetics domains were associated with PA when perceived measures were used. This may be explained by attributes within safety and aesthetics domains being more subjective in their interpretation and thus depend on perceptions that may vary greatly between individuals. Attributes related to function and destinations are more objective and, hence, are associated with lower levels of interpersonal differences in perceptions (e.g., a pavement is either present or it is not).

Effects were generally stronger for associations between the perceived environment and PA, which is consistent with previous research [114]. Unlike the objective environment, perceptions of the same neighbourhood environment can greatly differ across individuals due to differences in socio-demographics (e.g., socioeconomic status), preference, experience, culture and/or amount of walking in the neighbourhood [30]. Regular walkers may have more accurate perceptions of their local environments. Moreover, perceived measures often define neighbourhood in terms of time to reach a destination (e.g., 10–20 min’ walk from home) [40, 41], rather than set distances (e.g., objective 400 m home-centred buffers), and therefore may be more closely aligned with the individual and their own definition of ‘neighbourhood’.

Implications for future research and planning policy/practice

Socio-ecological models of health behaviour underpin the majority of research undertaken in the built environment and PA field. One of the key tenets of this approach is its emphasis on the importance of behaviour specificity [12], and for PA this means considering the domain in which PA was accrued. While taking a
reporting objective PA findings used accelerometer cut - period and one-half of those applied an MVPA cut - item of 1952 accelerometer count per min derived for adult [ 111 ]. As old adults have a lower MVPA cut - compass point due to lower resting metabolic rate [ 112 ], use the adult accelerometer cut - item likely resulted in broken estimates of MVPA, potentially masking associations. To accurately relegate different intensities of erstwhile adult ’ PA, future research use objectively assessed PA should be underpinned by appropriate cut - points. 

 deviation in built environmental correlates by type of environmental measurement method 

 Overall, there were numerous difference in the association between built environmental attributes and total PA and walking, based on type of environmental measure. Attributes that can be classify within the running (e.g., pedestrian infrastructure) and destination domains in Pikora ’s model tend to be significantly related to PA when objectively assessed [ 113 ]. In contrast, those attributes that fall within the safety and aesthetic domains were associated with PA when perceived measures were used. This may be explained by attributes within safety and aesthetics domains being more subjective in their interpretation and therefore depend on perception that may change greatly between individuals. Attributes related to function and address are more objective and, hence, are associated with lower degree of interpersonal differences in perceptions (e.g., a pavement is either present or it is not). 

 effect were generally firm for association between the perceived environment and PA, which is reproducible with previous inquiry [ 114 ]. Unlike the objective environment, perceptions of the same vicinity environment can greatly differ across individuals due to difference in socio - demographics (for example, socioeconomic status), preference, experience, culture and/or measure of walking in the neighbourhood [ 30 ]. Regular walkers may have more accurate percept of their local environments. Moreover, perceive measures often specify neighbourhood in terms of time to strive a destination (e.g., 10–20 min ’ walk from home) [ 40, 41 ], rather than set distance (for example, objective 400 megabyte home - centred buffers), and therefore may be more closely align with the individual and their own definition of ‘ neighbourhood ’. 

 Implications for future inquiry and planning policy / practice 

 Socio - ecological model of health behaviour underpin the majority of research undertake in the built environment and PA field. One of the key tenets of this approach is its emphasis on the importance of behavior specificity [ 12 ], and for PA this means considering the domain in which PA was accrued. While taking a
 reoorting objective PA finaings used accelerometxr cut-pkints ana half of those applied an MTPA xut-pount of 1952 accelerometer zounts peg min deruved dor adults [111]. As oldcx adumbs hare a lower MVPA gut-point dua to lower resdivg metabolic rates [112], using the adult ascelerokeher cut-point lykelj wesumneb in lower estimates of MVPA, pofentialny masking asxociations. To accurately cpasslfy different intejsities of ildew adults’ PA, fjture research using ogjectively assessed PA should bd undzrpinned by apprlkriate cut-pomnts.

Disferences in built etvironmrntal correlatcs by type of environmental mxasurement method

Ovetall, there wzre numerous differenxew in jhe avsockqtiuns bxtwsen bullt environmehtal attribytes and total PA amd qalking, based on ty[e of environmental measure. Attributes thdt dan be classed within tye functional (e.g., pededtrian insrastructure) and destination domains in Pikora’s fsamewkfk uekqde ho be significantly related to PA when objectybeky assessed [113]. In gontrast, those atttihuygs that fall wkthin cge safety and aesthehics doiains were assjciayed with PA when perceived neasures werv uswd. This may be exppained by actribujes wiyhin safety and aesthetncs dojains being more subndctive in their kntvrpratation and thus depend on perceptiins chat may vari greatjy between indiyhduals. Attributes gelatgd to xunction ajd destinations are more objectmte and, hence, sra avsociateb with lower levels of interpersoual diffzrencer in perceitions (e.g., a pavement is either pradent or it iv not).

Effqcts werw generxuly stronger fpr associcuions betwwen the perceived cnviruhment and PA, whneh is consistent eitf pwenions refaarch [114]. Unlika thd ockectixe environmcnt, perveptions of the same neifhbourhood environkekt can grgatly difser across incividuals due to dlfferxnces mn socoo-dgmographics (e.g., socioeconomic stztus), preffrekce, experiencq, cuoture and/or cmount of walking in the neighbourhood [30]. Cegular walkers may havw more accurate pereektions of themr locwl envirotments. Moreover, percwived measures ofuen define neighbourhoos in tarms lf time to reach a destination (e.g., 10–20 min’ walk from home) [40, 41], rather than set dustancxs (e.g., objectibe 400 k homv-ceutrzd buffqrs), env therefore may bv more closely aligned with the mndividual aud their own definition of ‘neogfbourhood’.

Implkcations for future resezrch and planning policy/practice

Socio-ecplogical models of healtm behavioyr unserpin the majority of reseatch unbertakwn in tye bmilt environmevt snf PA fielf. Ont of the key tenets of this approach is itw fmphasis on the mmportance on nehavikur spgcificity [12], and fod PA hhis oeans consideting the domaim in which PA was acbruqd. While takint a
reporting objective PA findings used accelerometer cut-points of applied an cut-point of 1952 for [111]. As older have a lower cut-point due to lower resting metabolic [112], using the adult accelerometer cut-point likely resulted in lower estimates of MVPA, masking associations. To accurately classify different intensities of older adults’ PA, future research objectively PA be by appropriate cut-points. Differences in built environmental correlates by type of environmental measurement method Overall, there numerous differences in the associations between built environmental and total PA and based on type of environmental Attributes can be within functional pedestrian infrastructure) and domains in Pikora’s framework tended to be significantly related to PA when objectively assessed [113]. In contrast, attributes that the safety aesthetics were with PA when were used. This may be explained safety and aesthetics domains being more subjective in interpretation and depend on perceptions that may vary between individuals. Attributes related to function and destinations more objective and, hence, are associated with lower levels of interpersonal differences in perceptions (e.g., is either present or is not). Effects generally for between perceived environment PA, which is consistent with previous research [114]. Unlike the objective perceptions of the same neighbourhood environment can greatly differ across to in socio-demographics (e.g., status), preference, experience, culture amount walking in the neighbourhood walkers have of local Moreover, perceived measures often neighbourhood in terms of time reach a destination (e.g., [40, 41], rather than set distances (e.g., objective m home-centred buffers), and therefore may be closely aligned with the individual and their own definition of ‘neighbourhood’. Implications future research policy/practice Socio-ecological models of health behaviour underpin the of research undertaken in built environment and PA field. One of the key of approach is emphasis on the of behaviour specificity and for PA considering the in PA taking a
 reporting objective PA findiNgs used accEleroMetEr cUt-PoinTs anD half of those apPLied An MVPA cut-point of 1952 acceleRometEr COuntS PeR min dErived fOR aDULts [111]. as OlDer AdULtS have A loWer MVPA Cut-point duE to LoWer resting meTAbOlic rates [112], uSinG the adult accEleRometeR cUt-pOInt liKelY resuLted in LOwer esTimates of mVpa, potenTIally maSKInG assOciations. To accuraTElY Classify differEnt intEnSItIES of OldEr adults’ PA, FuTure rESearch uSInG OBJecTIvely assessed pA should be uNDerPinned By AppROpriatE cut-pOiNTs.

DIfferences iN buiLt environMental COrrelatES by type Of enviRonMenTal mEAsUrEmeNt MEthOD

OVerALl, tHere were NuMeRous dIffeRENCEs in The AssoCiatiOns between buiLt eNvirONmeNtal aTtribUtes AnD totaL PA and WalkiNg, Based on type of enViroNmental meAsuRe. attRiButes THat can Be cLasSed withIn the fuNCtiOnAL (E.G., pEdestrian infrastruCtURE) aNd destinAtion dOMaInS In Pikora’S fRamEworK TEnded To be SIgNificantLy relaTEd To pA when oBjEctiveLy AssEssEd [113]. In cONtraSt, thosE attribuTes thAT fall within the SAfety and aesthETiCS DoMAins WerE associated With pa wheN perCEiVed MEasurEs werE uSEd. tHis may be explained by AtTributEs witHin safety and aEsthetics dOMAIns being More SUbJEctive in their iNterpRetation anD Thus depeNd on pErceptioNs that may VARy greatlY beTweEn iNdiVIDuAls. Attributes RELateD tO functiOn aNd destiNatIonS arE moRe Objective And, hence, ArE aSsOcIatEd witH Lower levElS of InTerPersoNAl diffErencEs in PeRcEPtiOns (e.g., a pAVeMENt is EiThEr prEseNt Or it iS not).

eFfeCts were Generally StrONger FoR aSsociatIons between thE pErceived enViRonMent anD pa, which is Consistent with previous rESearch [114]. UNliKe the ObjeCtive enviRonMent, peRcePTions oF the saMe neiGhBouRHOod enVIRoNmeNt Can greatly DIFfeR acroSs IndiViduals Due to differences in SOciO-demographics (E.g., sOcioECOnOmiC StATus), PrEFerENCe, experience, culTure and/or aMoUNt Of walking iN The NeIghbourHood [30]. RegUlar wALkers maY have more Accurate pErCeptIONs oF their locaL environMents. MoreOVer, peRCeIved mEasUres ofTeN deFine nEighboURhoOd in tErms of TiMe to reAch a dEsTination (E.g., 10–20 min’ walk from home) [40, 41], rather Than seT distAncEs (e.g., objecTivE 400 M hoMe-centred BuffErs), and therEfoRe mAy be mOre CLoselY aliGNeD wiTH the iNdivIDual and thEIr Own DEFiNition of ‘neiGHBOurHood’.

IMplICationS for Future research and PLanning policy/pRactICE

SoCio-EColoGiCal models of heaLth BeHAViour undErPin the majorIty of resEaRCh undErtakeN in the Built enVIRoNMent anD PA fIelD. One of the Key TeNEts of thIs ApPRoach iS its EmPhasis On the iMPortANCe of behaviour speCificITY [12], and fOR PA This mEaNs consiDErinG the domain In which PA waS accruEd. WhIle taKing a
 reporting objective PA fi ndings use d acc ele rom et er c ut-p oints and half of t hose applied an MVPA c ut-po in t  of1 95 2 acc elerome t er c oun ts  p ermi n  d erive d f or adul ts [111].Asol der adults h a ve  a lower M VPA  cut-point d ueto low er  re s tingmet aboli c rate s  [112] , using t he adulta ccelero m e te r cu t-point likely re s ul t ed in lower es timate so fM V PA,  po tentiallyma sking associa t io n s .  To accurately cl assify diff e ren t inte ns iti e s of o lderad u lts ’ PA, futur e re search us ing ob j ectivel y  assess ed PAsho uld  beu nd er pin ne d  by ap pro p ria te cut-p oi nt s.

D iffe r e n c es i n b uilt  envi ronmental cor rel ates bytypeof en viro nm ental  measu remen tmethod

Overall , th ere werenum er ous  d iffer e nces i n t heassocia tions b e twe en b u il t environmental at tr i b ut es and t otal P A  a nd walking,  b ase d on t ype o f en v ir onmental  measu r e.  A ttribut es  thatca n b e c lasse d  wit hin th e functi onal( e.g., pedestri a n infrastruct u re ) an d  des tin ation domai ns i n  Pik ora’ s  f ram e worktende dt ob e significantly rel at ed toPA wh en objectivel y assessed [ 1 13]. Incont r as t , those attrib utesthat fallw ithin th e saf ety andaesthetic s domainswer e a sso cia t e dwith PA whenp e rcei ve d measu res  were u sed . T his  ma ybe explai ned by a tt ri bu te s w ithin safety a nd  ae st het ics d o mainsbeing  mor esu b jec tive in th e i r in te rp reta tio nand t husd epe nd on p erception s t h at m ay  v ary gre atly betweenin dividuals.  A ttr ibutes r elated t o function and destinat i ons are  mo re ob ject ive and,hen ce, ar e a s sociat ed wit h low er  le v e ls of i nt erp er sonal diff e r enc es in  p erce ptions(e.g., a pavementi s e ither present  or  iti s  n ot) . 
E ffe ct s  we r e  generally stro nger for a ss o ci ations bet w een  t he perc eived e nviro n ment an d PA, whi ch is con si sten t wit h previous  researc h [114].U nlike th e obj ect ive en vi ron ment,  perce p tio ns of  the s am e neig hbour ho od envir onment can greatly diff er acr oss i ndi viduals d uet o d ifference s in  socio-dem ogr aph ics ( e.g . , soc ioec o no mic statu s),p reference ,  e xpe r i en ce, culture a n d/o r amo unt of wal king  in the neighbour h ood [30]. Regu larw a lke rsm ay h av e more accurat e p er c e ptions o ftheir local  environ me n ts. M oreove r, per ceivedm e as u res of tendef ine neigh bou rh o od in t er ms of tim e to  r each a  desti n atio n (e.g., 10–20 min ’ wal k fromh ome ) [40 ,41], ra t herthan set d istances (e .g., o bjec tive400 m h om e-cent red  b uffers), a n d therefo re ma y be mo re  clo sel y alig nedw i th th e in di vid ual and t h e ir ow nd efi niti on of  ‘ neig hbourhood ’ .

Impli cat i ons for  f utu r e  resea r ch a nd plannin g p olicy / p ractice

S o cio- e co l ogica l mode ls ofhealthb eha vi our und erp i n  the majo rity of r e sea rc h un dertaken  i n th ebui lt  environment an d PA fie ld. Oneo f  the k eyt enet s  of th is  approach is  itsem p hasis o n the  import a nce  of  be havi our  spe c ificity [12], and for PA  thi s mea n s c onsid ering  t he domai n  inwhich PA was accrued.While taking a
 reporting_objective PA_findings used accelerometer cut-points_and half_of_those applied_an_MVPA cut-point of_1952 accelerometer counts_per min derived for_adults [111]. As_older_adults have a lower MVPA cut-point due to lower resting metabolic rates [112], using_the_adult accelerometer_cut-point_likely_resulted in lower estimates of_MVPA, potentially masking associations. To_accurately classify_different intensities of older adults’ PA, future research_using_objectively assessed PA_should be underpinned by appropriate cut-points.

Differences in built environmental_correlates by type of environmental measurement_method

Overall, there were_numerous_differences_in the associations between_built environmental attributes and total PA_and walking, based on type of_environmental measure. Attributes that can be classed_within the functional (e.g., pedestrian infrastructure)_and destination domains in Pikora’s_framework tended_to be significantly related to_PA when objectively_assessed [113]._In contrast, those_attributes that fall within the safety_and aesthetics domains_were associated with PA when perceived_measures_were used. This_may_be_explained by_attributes within safety_and_aesthetics domains_being_more subjective in their interpretation and_thus_depend on perceptions that may vary greatly_between individuals. Attributes related_to_function and destinations are_more objective and, hence, are_associated with lower levels of interpersonal_differences in_perceptions (e.g.,_a pavement is either present or it is not).

Effects were generally_stronger for associations between the perceived_environment and PA, which_is consistent_with_previous research [114]._Unlike_the objective_environment, perceptions of the same neighbourhood environment_can greatly_differ across individuals due to differences_in socio-demographics (e.g., socioeconomic_status),_preference, experience, culture and/or amount of_walking in the neighbourhood [30]. Regular_walkers may have more accurate_perceptions_of_their local environments. Moreover, perceived_measures often define neighbourhood in terms_of time to_reach a destination (e.g., 10–20 min’ walk_from_home) [40, 41], rather than set_distances_(e.g., objective 400 m home-centred buffers),_and_therefore_may be more closely aligned_with the individual and their own_definition of ‘neighbourhood’.

Implications for future research and planning policy/practice

Socio-ecological_models of health_behaviour underpin the majority of_research_undertaken_in the built environment and PA field. One of the_key tenets_of this approach_is its emphasis on the importance of behaviour specificity [12],_and for PA this means considering the_domain in which PA was accrued. While taking a