 system found itself increasingly unable to cope. The new chemicals being discovered weren’t simple salts or compounds of two elements anymore, but seemingly-infinite combinations of just a few elements, chiefly carbon and hydrogen.

It was up to German chemist August Kekulé to introduce the system used today, stipulating that compounds are made up of atoms in well-defined locations, joined to each other by bonds represented by lines, and where each element must form a certain number of bonds through single, double or triple bonding.

In the absence of modern analytical techniques to determine the structure of compounds, chemists at the time could know only a compound’s constituent elements by burning it and weighing the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen-containing combustion products. With careful consideration of the reactions they could perform, Kekulé’s structural theory allowed them to deduce the structure of many compounds known at the time.

Kekulé is most famous today for his work on benzene, a ring-shaped compound containing six carbon and hydrogen atoms, whose structure had been a mystery for a long time. While dozing by the fireside, Kekulé had a day-dream of a snake biting its own tail, and suddenly realised that the benzene molecule could itself form just such a ring. Like Coleridge’s Kubla Khan, this ‘day-dream’ may have been aided by opium, the inspirational properties of which have been immortalised in the English phrase “pipe dream”.

Kekulé’s greatest discovery, however, was suggesting that the benzene molecule rapidly alternated between two forms, shown above, with the double bonds constantly changing places. We now know that all of benzene’s bonds are equal, and can be considered somewhere between a single and double bond.

Even after all these years, chemical notation continues to change and evolve. The image at the top of this post is a new form of chemical notation known as chemical calligraphy, developed by the author of dscript, a writing system that turns words into beautiful glyphs which can be written in many directions. According to its inventor, chemical calligraphy isn’t intended as a replacement for Kekulé’s structural formulae, but as “a mnemonic device and art form” for creating scientific art.

Based on a small ‘alphabet’ that can be combined in near-infinite ways, organic chemistry lends itself well to calligraphy – these
system found itself increasingly unable to cope. The new chemical being discover were n’t simple salts or compound of two component anymore, but seemingly - infinite combination of precisely a few elements, chiefly carbon and hydrogen. 

 It was up to German chemist August Kekulé to introduce the organization used today, stipulating that compound are make up of atoms in well - defined locations, join to each other by bonds represented by line, and where each element must form a certain number of chemical bond through single, double or triple bonding. 

 In the absence of modern analytical technique to determine the structure of compounds, chemists at the time could know only a compound ’s constituent elements by burning it and weighing the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen - containing combustion products. With careful consideration of the reactions they could perform, Kekulé ’s geomorphologic theory allowed them to deduce the social organization of many compound sleep together at the time. 

 Kekulé is most celebrated today for his work on benzene, a gang - shaped compound containing six carbon paper and hydrogen atoms, whose structure had been a mystery for a long time. While dozing by the fireside, Kekulé had a day - dream of a snake biting its own tail, and abruptly realised that the benzene molecule could itself shape just such a ring. Like Coleridge ’s Kubla Khan, this ‘ day - dream ’ may have been aided by opium, the inspirational property of which have been immortalised in the English phrase “ pipe dream ”. 

 Kekulé ’s greatest discovery, however, was suggesting that the benzene molecule rapidly interchange between two forms, usher above, with the double bond constantly changing position. We now acknowledge that all of benzene ’s bonds are adequate, and can be considered somewhere between a single and double shackle. 

 Even after all these years, chemical note continues to change and evolve. The picture at the top of this post is a new form of chemical notation know as chemical calligraphy, developed by the author of dscript, a writing organization that turns words into beautiful glyph which can be written in many directions. According to its inventor, chemical calligraphy is n’t intended as a replacement for Kekulé ’s structural formulae, but as “ a mnemonic device and art form ” for creating scientific art. 

 establish on a humble ‘ rudiment ’ that can be combine in near - infinite ways, organic chemistry lends itself well to calligraphy – these
 sydtem found itself increaringly unable to cope. Vhe new chemicaus being discovered weren’t smmplw saluf or compounds of gwo elemejts anymire, uut seemingly-infmhite combinatjlns mh just a few elgments, chiefny carbon and vyarlgen.

It was up to German chemist Augtst Kekilé to introduce jhe sjseem hsed today, stipulating that compouhds are made up of ayoms in well-defined locatilns, uoined to each othfr by bonds repwwsented by lknes, and where each elgment must form a certain number of bpnds throuth sijcle, double ir trpple bonding.

Ik the atsence pf modern analntican twchniques to determinx the structure of cjmpounds, whzmists at the time coyle knof onny a xomoouhd’x donstihueit elements by burning it and weighing tht cwgnon, hydrogen, oxygeg wnd nitrogen-containing combustion produbts. Sith careful consideratuon of the reactions jhey could perform, Kekulé’s structural theory allowed them to dedure tht wtrucgyrf of many compounds known at the time.

Kekulé is joxt famous today nor his work on bemzfnr, a ring-shaped compobhd containing six cagbon anq hydeogen atois, wnose structure had been a mtstery for a oong time. While doving by the yiresice, Kelulé had a day-dream of a snaie biting ihs own taju, and suddenly rdalpsed that tht benzene molecule could itwelf form jjst xuch a ring. Like Colevhdge’s Kubla Khan, tjis ‘dcy-dredm’ may havf been aided by opium, the inspicetional propettias mf which have been immortajised in the Euglish pkrase “oipe dream”.

Iekulé’s jreatest dissovery, howeves, was suggestmng that ehe venzwne moldzule rapidly akternated between tqo forms, shown aboye, wijh the double bonbr constantly chamgivg [lwcxs. We tow know thad alu ow benzdne’s bonds crd eqial, and can be consigeres somewhere betweem w single and doufle bond.

Even sfter all these yewrs, ciemicau notstijn continues to change and evomve. The ilagc at the top jf tmis kost is a nzw form of chemical notation known as chxmical calligraphy, devgloped by the author pn dscript, a xritind system dhat turns words inti beautiful glyphx which can be writteh in mdny dlrections. According to its inventor, chemical calligraphy isn’t intended as a replacement for Kekilé’s snruetuxal foriulax, uut as “a mnemonic device and art form” for creatiig scientixie art.

Based on a small ‘alphabey’ ghat can be cumbined in near-infinite says, orgsnic chemistry lends itself welk to calligraphy – these
system found itself increasingly unable to cope. chemicals discovered weren’t salts or compounds seemingly-infinite of just a elements, chiefly carbon hydrogen. It was up to German August Kekulé to introduce the system used today, stipulating that compounds are made of atoms in well-defined locations, joined to each other by bonds represented by and each must a certain number of bonds through single, double or triple bonding. In the absence of modern techniques to determine the structure of compounds, chemists the time could know a compound’s constituent elements by it weighing the hydrogen, and combustion products. With consideration of the reactions they could perform, Kekulé’s structural theory allowed them to deduce the structure of compounds known time. Kekulé most today his work on ring-shaped compound containing six carbon and structure had been a mystery for a long While dozing the fireside, Kekulé had a day-dream a snake biting its own tail, and suddenly that the benzene molecule could itself form just such a ring. Like Coleridge’s Kubla Khan, may have been aided opium, the inspirational of have immortalised the English “pipe dream”. Kekulé’s greatest discovery, however, was suggesting that the benzene rapidly alternated between two forms, shown above, with the double changing We now know all of benzene’s bonds equal, can be considered somewhere single double all years, notation continues to change evolve. The image at the of this post is notation known as chemical calligraphy, developed by the of dscript, a writing system that turns into beautiful glyphs which can be written in many directions. According to inventor, chemical intended as a replacement for Kekulé’s structural formulae, as “a mnemonic device art form” for creating scientific art. Based on a ‘alphabet’ can be in near-infinite ways, chemistry lends itself to calligraphy –
 system found itself increasiNgly unable To copE. ThE neW cHemiCals Being discovereD WereN’t simple salts or compounDs of tWo ELemeNTs AnymoRe, but seEMiNGLy-iNfInIte CoMBiNatioNs oF just a fEw elements, ChiEfLy carbon and hYDrOgen.

It was uP to german chemisT AuGust KeKuLé tO IntroDucE the sYstem uSEd todaY, stipulatInG That coMPounds aRE MaDe up Of atoms in well-defiNEd LOcations, joined To each OtHEr BY BonDs rEpresented By Lines, ANd where EAcH ELEmeNT must form a cerTain number oF BonDs throUgH siNGle, douBle or TrIPle Bonding.

In thE absEnce of modErn anaLYtical tEChniqueS to detErmIne The sTRuCtUre Of COmpOUnDs, cHEmiSts at the TiMe Could Know ONLY A comPouNd’s cOnstiTuent elements By bUrniNG it And weIghinG the CaRbon, hYdrogeN, oxygEn And nitrogen-contAiniNg combustIon PrOduCtS. With CAreful ConSidEration Of the reACtiOnS THEy Could perform, Kekulé’S sTRUcTural theOry allOWeD tHEm to deduCe The StruCTUre of Many COmPounds knOwn at tHE tImE.

Kekulé Is Most faMoUs tOdaY for hIS worK on benZene, a rinG-shapED compound contaINing six carbon ANd HYDrOGen aTomS, whose strucTure HAd beEn a mYStEry FOr a loNg timE. WHIlE Dozing by the fireside, keKulé haD a day-Dream of a snake Biting its oWN TAil, and suDdenLY rEAlised that the bEnzenE molecule cOUld itselF form Just such A ring. Like cOLeridge’s kubLa KHan, ThiS ‘DAy-Dream’ may have bEEN aidEd By opium, The InspiraTioNal ProPerTiEs of which Have been ImMoRtAlIseD in thE english pHrAse “PiPe dReam”.

KEKulé’s gReateSt diScOvERy, hOwever, wAS sUGGestInG tHat tHe bEnZene mOlecULe rApidly aLternated BetWEen tWo FoRms, showN above, with the DoUble bonds cOnStaNtly chANGing placEs. We now know that all of benZEne’s bonDs aRe equAl, anD can be conSidEred soMewHEre betWeen a sIngle AnD doUBLe bonD.

eVeN afTeR all these yEARs, cHemicAl NotaTion conTinues to change and eVOlvE. The image at thE toP of tHIS pOst IS a NEw fOrM Of cHEMical notation knOwn as chemiCaL CaLligraphy, dEVelOpEd by the Author oF dscrIPt, a writIng system That turns WoRds iNTO beAutiful glyPhs which Can be writTEn in mANy DirecTioNs. AccoRdIng To its InventOR, chEmicaL calliGrAphy isN’t intEnDed as a rePlacement for Kekulé’s struCtural FormuLae, But as “a mneMonIC deVice and arT forM” for creatiNg sCieNtifiC arT.

based On a sMAlL ‘alPHabet’ That CAn be combiNEd In nEAR-iNfinite ways, ORGAniC chemIstRY lends ItseLf well to calligrapHY – these
 system found itself incre asingly un abletocop e.  The  new  chemicals bei n g di scovered weren’t simpl e sal ts or c o mp ounds  of two el e m ent san ymo re ,  b ut se emi ngly-in finite com bin at ions of just afew elemen ts,  chiefly car bon  and h yd rog e n.

I t w as up  to Ge r man ch emist Aug us t  Kekul é  to int r o du ce t he system used to d ay ,  stipulating t hat co mp o un d s  ar e m ade up ofat oms i n  well-d e fi n e d  lo c ations, joine d to each o t her  by bo nd s r e presen ted b yl ine s, and wher e ea ch elemen t must form ac ertainnumber  of  bo ndst hr ou ghsi n gle ,  d oub l e o r triple  b on ding. 

In t h e  abs enc e of  mode rn analytical  te chni q ues  to d eterm ineth e str ucture  of c om pounds, chemist s at  the time  co ul d k no w onl y  a com pou nd’ s const ituente lem en t s by  burning it and we ig h i ng  the car bon, h y dr og e n, oxyge nand  nit r o gen-c onta i ni ng combu stionp ro du cts. Wi th  caref ul  co nsi derat i on o f thereaction s the y  could perform ,  Kekulé’s str u ct u r al theo ryallowed the m to dedu ce t h estr u cture  of m an y  c o mpounds known at th etime.
Keku lé is most fa mous today f o r his wo rk o n  b e nzene, a ring- shape d compound containi ng si x carbon  and hydr o g en atoms , w hos e s tru c t ur e had been am y ster yfor a l ong  time.Whi ledoz ing  b y the fir eside, K ek ul éha d a  day- d ream ofasna ke  bi tingi ts own  tail , an dsu d den ly real i se d that  t he  ben zen emolec ulec oul d itsel f form ju sts uchari ng. Lik e Coleridge’s  K ubla Khan,  t his  ‘day- d r eam’ may  have been aided by opi u m, theins pirat iona l propert ies  of wh ich have b een im morta li sed i n the E ng lis hphrase “pi p e  dr eam”. 
Keku lé’s gr eatest discovery,h owe ver, was sugg est ingt h at  th e  b e nze ne mol e c ule rapidly alt ernated be tw e en  two forms ,  sh ow n above , withthe d o uble bo nds const antly cha ng ingp l ace s. We nowknow tha t all ofb enzen e ’s  bond s a re equ al , a nd ca n be c o nsi dered  somew he re bet weenasingle a nd double bond.

Even a fter a ll th ese  years, c hem i cal  notation  con tinues tocha nge  andevo l ve. T he i m ag e a t  thetopo f this po s tisa ne w form of c h e m ica l not ati o n know n as  chemical calligr a phy, developed  byt h e a uth o r of  d script, a writ ing  s y s tem that  t urns wordsinto bea ut i ful g lyphswhichcan bew r it t en inmany  di rections.  Ac co r ding to  i ts invent or,ch emical  calli g raph y isn’t intended a s a r e p lacem e ntfor K ek ulé’s s t ruct ural formu lae, but as  “a mn emon ic de vice an dart fo rm”  f or creatin g  scientif ic ar t.

Bas ed  ona s mall ‘ alph a b et’ t hatca n b e combine d in ne ar - inf init e way s,  org anic chem i stry len dsi tself w el l t o callig r ap h y  – these
 system_found itself_increasingly unable to cope._The new_chemicals_being discovered_weren’t_simple salts or_compounds of two_elements anymore, but seemingly-infinite_combinations of just_a_few elements, chiefly carbon and hydrogen.

It was up to German chemist August Kekulé to_introduce_the system_used_today,_stipulating that compounds are made_up of atoms in well-defined_locations, joined_to each other by bonds represented by lines,_and_where each element_must form a certain number of bonds through single,_double or triple bonding.

In the absence_of modern analytical_techniques_to_determine the structure of_compounds, chemists at the time could_know only a compound’s constituent elements_by burning it and weighing the carbon,_hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen-containing combustion products._With careful consideration of the_reactions they_could perform, Kekulé’s structural theory_allowed them to_deduce the_structure of many_compounds known at the time.

Kekulé is_most famous today_for his work on benzene, a_ring-shaped_compound containing six_carbon_and_hydrogen atoms,_whose structure had_been_a mystery_for_a long time. While dozing by_the_fireside, Kekulé had a day-dream of a_snake biting its own_tail,_and suddenly realised that_the benzene molecule could itself_form just such a ring. Like_Coleridge’s Kubla_Khan, this_‘day-dream’ may have been aided by opium, the inspirational properties of_which have been immortalised in the_English phrase “pipe dream”.

Kekulé’s_greatest discovery,_however,_was suggesting that_the_benzene molecule_rapidly alternated between two forms, shown above,_with the_double bonds constantly changing places. We_now know that all_of_benzene’s bonds are equal, and can_be considered somewhere between a single_and double bond.

Even after all_these_years,_chemical notation continues to change_and evolve. The image at the_top of this_post is a new form of chemical_notation_known as chemical calligraphy, developed by_the_author of dscript, a writing system_that_turns_words into beautiful glyphs which_can be written in many directions._According to its inventor, chemical calligraphy isn’t intended as_a replacement for_Kekulé’s structural formulae, but as_“a_mnemonic_device and art form” for creating scientific art.

Based on a_small ‘alphabet’_that can be_combined in near-infinite ways, organic chemistry lends itself well to_calligraphy – these