 in this exciting area.

© 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Published under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY) license.

1 Introduction Section: Choose Top of page Abstract 1 Introduction << 2 Review Scope and Method... 3 The Precursors to WebAL 4 The 1990s: Early WebAL 5 The 2000s: WebAL Develo... 6 The 2010s: Current WebA... 7 Emerging Themes and Fut... 8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References CITING ARTICLES In recent years there has been a growing body of work in artificial life (ALife) that makes use of web technology in one way or another. Over the last five years or so, web technologies have shifted away from proprietary browser plug-ins and towards standardized, native application programming interfaces (APIs) for providing graphics, animation, multimedia, and other advanced features. This progress is due to the development and adoption of the HTML5 language and associated API specifications introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).1 This movement has made it much easier to develop and deploy rich web-based applications that work reliably and consistently on any browser, across multiple platforms and devices. It is therefore unsurprising that a number of high-profile ALife projects have emerged over this period that utilize web technology in various different ways. We refer to such work as WebAL, and broadly construe the field to include the multitude of ways in which ALife and the web might intersect. Examples include the creation of massively distributed user-guided evolutionary systems, the creation of open science platforms, the use of web-based applications for public outreach and engagement, and the use of crowdfunding platforms for supporting the development of ALife systems. As we demonstrate in this review and summarize in Section 7, there are many other points of intersection in addition to these. In light of this emerging trend, an inaugural Workshop on Artificial Life and the Web (WebAL-1)2 was held at the 14th International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems (ALIFE 14) in New York City on 31 July 2014 [128]. Inspired by the success of the workshop, a number of its participants decided to collaborate on writing a comprehensive review of the field—the result of which is the current article.3 Although recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in this area, the first web-based ALife systems date back 21 years to the mid-1990s, with various antecedents employing alternative forms
in this exciting area. 

 © 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Published under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY) license. 

 1 Introduction Section: Choose Top of page Abstract 1 Introduction < < 2 Review Scope and Method... 3 The Precursors to WebAL 4 The 1990s: Early WebAL 5 The 2000s: WebAL Develo... 6 The 2010s: Current WebA... 7 emerge Themes and Fut... 8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References reference ARTICLES In recent years there has been a growing consistency of work in artificial life (ALife) that have use of web engineering in one direction or another. Over the last five year or so, web engineering have shift away from proprietary browser plug - ins and towards standardized, native application scheduling interfaces (APIs) for providing graphics, liveliness, multimedia, and other advanced feature of speech. This progress is ascribable to the development and borrowing of the HTML5 language and associated API specifications introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).1 This movement has make it much easier to develop and deploy rich web - free-base applications that work reliably and consistently on any browser, across multiple platforms and devices. It is therefore unsurprising that a number of high - profile ALife undertaking have emerged over this period that use world wide web engineering in various different ways. We refer to such work as WebAL, and broadly construe the field to include the battalion of ways in which ALife and the web might intersect. Examples include the creation of massively distributed user - guided evolutionary systems, the creation of open science platform, the function of web - based applications for public outreach and engagement, and the use of crowdfunding chopine for supporting the development of ALife systems. As we demonstrate in this review and summarize in Section 7, there are many early points of intersection in addition to these. In light of this emerging tendency, an inaugural Workshop on Artificial Life and the Web (WebAL-1)2 was control at the 14th International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems (ALIFE 14) in New York City on 31 July 2014 [ 128 ]. Inspired by the success of the workshop, a issue of its participants decided to collaborate on writing a comprehensive review of the field — the consequence of which is the current article.3 Although recent long time have witnessed a rapid growth in this area, the first web - establish ALife systems date back 21 years to the mid-1990s, with versatile antecedents employing alternate forms
 in this exciting area.

© 2016 Masrachusetts Instnrute oh Technklogy. Puclished under a Creative Comlobs Atugibution 3.0 Unported (CC BY) licende.

1 Introeuctmon Section: Choose Top on pags Abscrect 1 Introductipn << 2 Revief Scope and Medhud... 3 The Precursors to WebAL 4 The 1990s: Eawly WebSL 5 The 2000s: WebAL Qevekj... 6 Tgv 2010w: Current WebA... 7 Emerging Themss and Hut... 8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Reffrenfes CITING ARTICLED In recent yeaww there has ceen a growing body of work in artificial life (ALife) ghat kakes use if weh technology in oge way or another. Ovar the kast five yearx oc so, web technologies havx shifted away from kroprietarf yrowser plug-ins and tiwqrds vtangardkzed, nauivx alplicahioi programmihg interfacws (APIs) for providimg traphics, animztion, iujtimedia, and other advanced features. Thps pdogress is due to the dwvelopment and adoptiln of the HTML5 language and associated API specifications hntrovuzed bn thd Wlrld Wide Web Consortium (W3C).1 This movement has jace it much easiev to develop and drppou rich web-basea applndafions that work repiably wnd cinsistentjy om any browser, across multipoe platforms qnd devices. It is cherefore unrurptising that a number of high-pxofile ALife projfcts have dmerged over thir pvriog that uuklize web technoljgy in vacious differdnt eays. Wq refer to such work as WebAL, and hroadpy construe hhe field to include the multitnve of ways in wvicv ALife cnd thc web might intqrsect. Examplex inclube the creation kf massmvely distrifuted user-guiggd evolutionacy systemf, thw crwation uw open science platforms, the use if web-based applicetiova for public oucxeqch and engagemrnt, anq nhe ufa of crowdfutdine pustforos for suppiftinb the development of ALire systems. As we drmjnstrate in this review and simmarize in Sectioj 7, thxre arx many otrer points of intersection in zddition ho bhese. In lighe of this emergiug trend, an inaugural Workshop on Artifirial Life and the Web (WwbAL-1)2 was held at thg 14tm Internatioial Cogference mn the Synthesis and Simulation of Liying Systems (ALIFE 14) in New Ymrk Clty on 31 July 2014 [128]. Inspired by the success of the workshop, a number of its paeticipenes decided fo cpllabmrcte on wrytinj e comprehensive rvview of the field—the result of xhich is tve current article.3 Although revevt years have witnessed a rapid growtg in thix area, the first web-based ALife systems date back 21 yearx to the mid-1990s, with nzrmous antecedents empkoying alteenative forls
in this exciting area. © 2016 Massachusetts Technology. under a Commons Attribution 3.0 Introduction Choose Top of Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Review Scope and Method... 3 Precursors to WebAL 4 The 1990s: Early WebAL 5 The 2000s: WebAL Develo... The 2010s: Current WebA... 7 Emerging Themes and Fut... 8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes CITING In years has been a growing body of work in artificial life (ALife) that makes use of web in one way or another. Over the last years or so, web have shifted away from proprietary plug-ins towards standardized, application interfaces for providing graphics, multimedia, and other advanced features. This progress is due to the development and adoption of the HTML5 and associated introduced by World Web (W3C).1 This movement it much easier to develop and applications that work reliably and consistently on any across multiple and devices. It is therefore unsurprising a number of high-profile ALife projects have emerged this period that utilize web technology in various different ways. We refer to such work and broadly construe the to include the of in ALife the web intersect. Examples include the creation of massively distributed user-guided evolutionary systems, creation of open science platforms, the use of web-based applications outreach engagement, and the of crowdfunding platforms for the of ALife systems. As in review Section there many other points of in addition to these. In of this emerging trend, Life and the Web (WebAL-1)2 was held at 14th International Conference on the Synthesis and of Living Systems (ALIFE 14) in New York City on 31 July [128]. Inspired success of the workshop, a number of its decided to collaborate on a comprehensive review of the field—the result of which the article.3 Although years have witnessed rapid growth in area, the first systems date 21 to various antecedents employing alternative forms
 in this exciting area.

© 2016 MassachUsetts InstItute Of TEchNoLogy. publIshed under a CreATive commons Attribution 3.0 UnpoRted (Cc By) LiceNSe.

1 introDuction sEcTIOn: CHoOsE ToP oF PaGe AbsTraCt 1 IntroDuction << 2 RevIew scOpe and Method... 3 tHe precursors To WEbAL 4 The 1990s: EarlY WeBAL 5 The 2000S: WEbAl develO... 6 ThE 2010s: CurRent WeBa... 7 EmergIng Themes AnD fut... 8 ConCLusion ACKNoWledGments Notes RefereNCeS cITING ARTICLES in receNt YEaRS TheRe hAs been a groWiNg bodY Of work iN ArTIFIciAL life (ALife) thaT makes use of WEb tEchnolOgY in ONe way oR anotHeR. oveR the last fivE yeaRs or so, web TechnoLOgies haVE shifteD away fRom ProPrieTArY bRowSeR PluG-InS anD TowArds stanDaRdIzed, nAtivE APPLicaTioN proGrammIng interfaces (aPIS) for PRovIding GraphIcs, aNiMatioN, multiMedia, AnD other advanced fEatuRes. This prOgrEsS is DuE to thE DeveloPmeNt aNd adoptIon of thE hTMl5 lANGUaGe and associated API SpECIfIcations IntrodUCeD bY The World wiDe WEb CoNSOrtiuM (W3C).1 THIs Movement Has madE It MuCh easieR tO develOp And DepLoy riCH web-Based aPplicatiOns thAT work reliably aND consistently ON aNY BrOWser, AcrOss multiple PlatFOrms And dEViCes. iT is thErefoRe UNsURprising that a number Of High-prOfile aLife projects Have emergeD OVEr this peRiod THaT Utilize web techNologY in various DIfferent Ways. WE refer to Such work aS wEbAL, and bRoaDly ConStrUE ThE field to incluDE The mUlTitude oF waYs in whiCh AlifE anD thE wEb might inTersect. EXaMpLeS iNclUde thE Creation Of MasSiVelY distRIbuted User-gUideD eVoLUtiOnary sySTeMS, The cReAtIon oF opEn ScienCe plATfoRms, the uSe of web-baSed APpliCaTiOns for pUblic outreach AnD engagemenT, aNd tHe use oF CRowdfundIng platforms for supportiNG the devEloPment Of ALIfe systemS. As We demoNstRAte in tHis revIew anD sUmmARIze in sECtIon 7, ThEre are many OTHer PointS oF intErsectiOn in addition to thesE. in lIght of this emeRgiNg trEND, aN inAUgURal woRKshOP On Artificial LifE and the Web (weBaL-1)2 Was held at tHE 14th inTernatiOnal ConFerenCE on the SYnthesis aNd SimulatIoN of LIVIng systems (ALIfE 14) in New YOrk City on 31 jUly 2014 [128]. InSPiRed by The SuccesS oF thE workShop, a nUMbeR of itS partiCiPants dEcideD tO collaboRate on writing a comprehenSive reView oF thE field—the ResULt oF which is tHe cuRrent articLe.3 ALthOugh rEceNT yearS havE WiTneSSed a rApid GRowth in thIS aRea, THE fIrst web-baseD alIfe SysteMs dATe back 21 YearS to the mid-1990s, with varIOus antecedents EmplOYIng AltERnatIvE forms
 in this exciting area.

©  2016 Mass achus ett s I ns titu te o f Technology.P ubli shed under a CreativeCommo ns Attr i bu tion3.0 Unp o rt e d  (C CBY ) l ic e ns e.

1  In troduct ion Sectio n:Ch oose Top ofp ag e Abstract  1Introduction  <<  2 Rev ie w S c ope a ndMetho d... 3 The Pr ecursorsto WebAL4  The 19 9 0 s:  Ear ly WebAL 5 The 20 0 0s :  WebAL Develo. .. 6 T he 20 1 0 s:Cur rent WebA. ..  7 Em e rging T h em e s and Fut... 8 Conc lusion Ackn o wle dgment sNot e s Refe rence sC ITI NG ARTICLES  Inrecent ye ars th e re hasb een a g rowing  bo dyof w o rk  i n a rt i fic i al  li f e ( ALife) t ha tmakes  use o f webtec hnol ogy i n one way orano ther .  Ov er th e las t fi ve  year s or s o, we btechnologies ha ve s hifted aw ayfr ompr oprie t ary br ows erplug-in s and t o war ds s t an dardized, native a pp l i ca tion pro grammi n gin t erfaces(A PIs ) fo r provi ding gr aphics,animat i on ,multime di a, and  o the r a dvanc e d fe atures . This p rogre s s is due to th e  developmenta nd a do p tion  of  the HTML5lang u ageanda ss oci a ted A PI sp ec i fi c ations introduced b ythe Wo rld W ide Web Conso rtium (W3C ) . 1  This mo veme n th as made it muc h eas ier to dev e lop anddeplo y rich w eb-baseda p plicatio nstha t w ork r el iably and con s i sten tl y on an y b rowser,  ac ros s m ult ip le platfo rms andde vi ce s.  It  is t h ereforeun sur pr isi ng th a t a nu mberof h ig h- p rof ile ALi f ep r ojec ts  h aveeme rg ed ov er t h isperiodthat util ize webte ch nologyin various di ff erent ways .Werefert o  such wo rk as WebAL, and broadl y  constr uethe f ield  to inclu dethe mu lti t ude of  waysin wh ic h A L i fe an d th e w eb  might int e r sec t. Ex am ples  includ e the creation ofm ass ively distrib ute d us e r -g uid e de vol ut i ona r y  systems, the c reation of  o p en  science p l atf or ms, the  use of  web- b ased ap plication s for pub li c ou t r eac h and enga gement,and the u s e ofc ro wdfun din g plat fo rms  forsuppor t ing  thedevelo pm ent of  ALif esystems.  As we demonstrate in t his re viewand  summariz e i n  Se ction 7,ther e are many  ot her  poin tso f int erse c ti oni n add itio n  to these .  I n l i g ht  of this em e r g ing  tren d,a n inau gura l Workshop on Art i ficial Life an d th e Web  (W e bAL- 1) 2 was held atthe  1 4 t h Intern at ional Confe rence on  t h e Syn thesis  and S imulati o n  o f  Livin g Sy ste ms (ALIFE  14 )i n New Y or kC ity on  31Ju ly 201 4 [128 ] . In s p ired by the succ ess o f the w o rks hop,anumbero f it s particip ants decide d to c olla borat e on wr it ing acom pr ehensive r e view of t he fi eld—the  r esul t o f whic h is t he cu rren tart icle.3 Al t h ou g hre c ent  yea rs ha ve  wit nessed ar apid gro wth in this  a rea , the fi r st w eb-based A Lif e sys t e ms date ba c k 21 ye a rs to  the m id-199 0s, wit h  va ri ous ant ece d e nts emplo ying alte r nat iv e fo rms
 in_this exciting_area.

© 2016 Massachusetts Institute_of Technology._Published_under a_Creative_Commons Attribution 3.0_Unported (CC BY)_license.

1 Introduction Section: Choose_Top of page_Abstract_1 Introduction << 2 Review Scope and Method... 3 The Precursors to WebAL 4_The_1990s: Early_WebAL_5_The 2000s: WebAL Develo... 6_The 2010s: Current WebA... 7_Emerging Themes_and Fut... 8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References CITING_ARTICLES_In recent years_there has been a growing body of work in_artificial life (ALife) that makes use_of web technology_in_one_way or another. Over_the last five years or so,_web technologies have shifted away from_proprietary browser plug-ins and towards standardized, native_application programming interfaces (APIs) for providing_graphics, animation, multimedia, and other_advanced features._This progress is due to_the development and_adoption of_the HTML5 language_and associated API specifications introduced by_the World Wide_Web Consortium (W3C).1 This movement has_made_it much easier_to_develop_and deploy_rich web-based applications_that_work reliably_and_consistently on any browser, across multiple_platforms_and devices. It is therefore unsurprising that_a number of high-profile_ALife_projects have emerged over_this period that utilize web_technology in various different ways. We_refer to_such work_as WebAL, and broadly construe the field to include the multitude_of ways in which ALife and_the web might intersect._Examples include_the_creation of massively_distributed_user-guided evolutionary_systems, the creation of open science platforms,_the use_of web-based applications for public outreach_and engagement, and the_use_of crowdfunding platforms for supporting the_development of ALife systems. As we_demonstrate in this review and_summarize_in_Section 7, there are many_other points of intersection in addition_to these. In_light of this emerging trend, an inaugural_Workshop_on Artificial Life and the Web_(WebAL-1)2_was held at the 14th International_Conference_on_the Synthesis and Simulation of_Living Systems (ALIFE 14) in New_York City on 31 July 2014 [128]. Inspired by_the success of_the workshop, a number of_its_participants_decided to collaborate on writing a comprehensive review of the_field—the result_of which is_the current article.3 Although recent years have witnessed a rapid_growth in this area, the first web-based_ALife systems date back 21 years to the mid-1990s, with various_antecedents employing alternative forms