ustrine and marine sediments suggests that there was far less rainfall in Victoria’s drainage basin, and perhaps equatorial Africa as a whole, before the shift of the thermal equator 14.6 ky ago. Western United States Firm evidence exists that closed-basin lakes of the western United States achieved their largest extents between 16 and 15 ky ago during the Mystery Interval (40), just before the switch 14.6 ky ago. Stalagmites from caves in central and southern California (41), New Mexico (42), and Nevada (43) also record peak winter moisture during this interval. In the case of Lake Lahontan, the evidence comes from a camel bone found in a back-beach deposit associated with its highest shoreline (44). A calibrated radiocarbon age of 15.66 ± 0.13 ky was obtained on bone collagen [updated using the INTCAL13 radiocarbon calibration curve (45)]. Because camels get their carbon from terrestrial plants, there is no reservoir correction nor is there a concern about the presence of secondary radiocarbon as is the case for shoreline CaCO 3 tufas. The Lake Lahontan water level dropped close to its present level after 14.6 ky (46), at the same time as stalagmites throughout the southwestern United States recorded a sharp decline in winter precipitation (41–43). Thus, 14.6 ky ago, the southward-shifted mid-latitude storm track, which is related to the position of the Pacific subtropical jet (12, 41, 47, 48), brought the moisture of northern California and Oregon to southern California and into the Great Basin (40, 46). Then, when the thermal equator moved back to the north, the delivery of this extra moisture was rerouted back to the north. Monsoonal Asia A major feature of Asian hydroclimate during the last deglaciation was the rapid invigoration of South Asian monsoons 14.6 ky ago. Although the most prominent feature of the oxygen isotope records in stalagmites is a 20-ky cycle (49), which closely tracks the variation of boreal summer insolation related to Earth’s precession cycle (see Fig. 7) (50–53), superimposed upon this cycle are abrupt millennial changes in monsoon strength that align with temperature swings registered in the Greenland ice cores. The sense of the orbital cycles in both hemispheres is that the stronger the summer insolation, the more depleted
ustrine and marine sediments suggests that there was far less rain in Victoria ’s drain washbasin, and perhaps equatorial Africa as a whole, before the fault of the thermal equator 14.6 kentucky ago. Western United States Firm evidence exists that closed - basin lake of the western United States achieved their large extents between 16 and 15 ky ago during the Mystery Interval (40), barely before the switch 14.6 ky ago. stalagmite from caves in central and southerly California (41), New Mexico (42), and Nevada (43) also record extremum winter moisture during this interval. In the case of Lake Lahontan, the evidence comes from a camel bone receive in a back - beach deposit associated with its highest shoreline (44). A calibrate radiocarbon age of 15.66 ± 0.13 ky was obtained on bone collagen [ updated using the INTCAL13 radiocarbon calibration curve (45) ]. Because camel get their carbon from terrestrial plants, there is no reservoir correction nor is there a business about the bearing of junior-grade radiocarbon as is the case for shoreline CaCO 3 tufas. The Lake Lahontan water level dropped close to its present level after 14.6 kentucky (46), at the same meter as stalagmites throughout the southwestern United States recorded a acute decline in winter precipitation (41–43). Thus, 14.6 ky ago, the south - shifted mid - latitude storm racetrack, which is related to the position of the Pacific subtropical k (12, 41, 47, 48), brought the moisture of northern California and Oregon to southern California and into the Great Basin (40, 46). Then, when the thermal equator moved back to the north, the delivery of this excess moisture was rerouted back to the north. Monsoonal Asia A major feature of Asian hydroclimate during the last deglaciation was the rapid invigoration of South Asian monsoons 14.6 ky ago. Although the most prominent feature of speech of the oxygen isotope record in stalagmites is a 20 - ky cycle (49), which closely track the variation of boreal summer insolation related to Earth ’s precession cycle (see Fig. 7) (50–53), superimposed upon this cycle are abrupt millennial changes in monsoon persuasiveness that align with temperature swings register in the Greenland frosting cores. The common sense of the orbital cycles in both hemispheres is that the stronger the summer insolation, the more depleted
ustgine and marine sedimentr suggests that there xas far less raknfall in Victoria’s drainage bqsin, qnd perhaps equatorial Africa ad a wholw, behore the shift oh the thcxmal seuatmc 14.6 ky ago. Westetn United Stdtes Firm evidanze exists that closed-basin lakes of tre westrrj United Statef acnyeves their largest extents between 16 ahd 15 ky ego during the Kystery Interval (40), just beflre hhe switch 14.6 ky ago. Stalagmitew frjn caves in cdntral and southern Camifornia (41), New Mexico (42), and Nevadx (43) alxo record kzqk ahnter moistnre duging this intcgval. In the caxe of Lake Lahpnten, tye evidence comes frok a camel bone fougd in a bdci-beach deposit aswoxiateg widh igw hkghtst sgorelije (44). A calibrafed radiocaebon age of 15.66 ± 0.13 ky wss ibtained on bkne cojlwgen [updated using the INTCAL13 radiocarbmn dalibration curve (45)]. Becayse camels get their farbon frjm terrestrial plants, there is no reservoir correwtion vor if rhfre a concern about the presence of secondary dacipcarbon as is bhe case for shorekije SaCO 3 tufas. Tfe Lakz Lzhontan water levep droppgd clowe to its prexent level after 14.6 ky (46), at thw same time cs wtalagmites througkout the souchwestgrn Unoted States recorded a rharl decline ij winter lfecipitation (41–43). Thjs, 14.6 kf ago, tht southward-shifted mid-latitnde scorm trazk, wnich if related ho thc position of the Pwcifie subdropical jft (12, 41, 47, 48), brought the moisture of iprthern Caligosnid and Orzgon tp southern Cajifornia and iuto the Yreat Casin (40, 46). Thvn, when tie thermal ezuator moved twck to the nmrth, the deluvert of thkr extra moistute was regobted back to the north. Monsponxm Asia A major ytatoee of Asian hycrozliiane vurind the last declackatkpn war the rapid knviboration of South Ashan jonsoons 14.6 ky ago. Aktmough the most prjminent featute of the oxygen idotopx recocds in stwlagmites is a 20-ky cycle (49), which closely hragks the variaeion of boreal sbmmer insolation related to Earth’s precewsion cycle (see Fit. 7) (50–53), superimposed uppk this cycle are wbrupt minlennial changes in nonsoon strength uhat align with temperafure sfings registered in the Greenland ice cores. The sense of the orbital cycles in both ieiispheres ia thst thv scrouger thq suloer insolation, tne more depleted
ustrine and marine sediments suggests that there less in Victoria’s basin, and perhaps before shift of the equator 14.6 ky Western United States Firm evidence exists closed-basin lakes of the western United States achieved their largest extents between 16 15 ky ago during the Mystery Interval (40), just before the switch 14.6 ago. from in and southern California (41), New Mexico (42), and Nevada (43) also record peak winter moisture during interval. In the case of Lake Lahontan, the comes from a camel found in a back-beach deposit with highest shoreline A radiocarbon of 15.66 ± ky was obtained on bone collagen [updated using the INTCAL13 radiocarbon calibration curve (45)]. Because camels get carbon from there is reservoir nor there a concern presence of secondary radiocarbon as is shoreline CaCO 3 tufas. The Lake Lahontan water dropped close its present level after 14.6 ky at the same time as stalagmites throughout the United States recorded a sharp decline in winter precipitation (41–43). Thus, 14.6 ky ago, the storm track, which is to the position the subtropical (12, 47, 48), the moisture of northern California and Oregon to southern California and the Great Basin (40, 46). Then, when the thermal equator to north, the delivery this extra moisture was back the north. Monsoonal Asia feature Asian last was rapid invigoration of South monsoons 14.6 ky ago. Although most prominent feature of stalagmites is a 20-ky cycle (49), which closely the variation of boreal summer insolation related Earth’s precession cycle (see Fig. 7) (50–53), superimposed upon this cycle are millennial changes strength that align with temperature swings registered in Greenland ice cores. The of the orbital cycles in both hemispheres is that stronger summer insolation, more depleted
ustrine and marine sediments Suggests thAt theRe wAs fAr Less RainFall in Victoria’S DraiNage basin, and perhaps equAtoriAl aFricA As A wholE, before THe SHIft Of ThE thErMAl EquatOr 14.6 kY ago. WesTern United staTeS Firm evidencE ExIsts that clOseD-basin lakes oF thE westeRn uniTEd StaTes AchieVed theIR largeSt extents BeTWeen 16 anD 15 Ky ago duRINg The MYstery Interval (40), jusT BeFOre the switch 14.6 ky Ago. StaLaGMiTES frOm cAves in centRaL and sOUthern CALiFORNia (41), nEw Mexico (42), and NeVada (43) also recORd pEak winTeR moISture dUring ThIS inTerval. In the Case Of Lake LahOntan, tHE evidenCE comes fRom a caMel BonE fouND iN a BacK-bEAch DEpOsiT AssOciated wItH iTs higHest SHORElinE (44). A cAlibRated Radiocarbon agE of 15.66 ± 0.13 Ky waS ObtAined On bonE colLaGen [upDated uSing tHe iNTCAL13 radiocarbOn caLibration CurVe (45)]. becAuSe camELs get tHeiR caRbon froM terresTRiaL pLANTs, There is no reservoir CoRREcTion nor iS there A CoNcERn about tHe PreSencE OF secoNdarY RaDiocarboN as is tHE cAsE for shoReLine CacO 3 TufAs. THe LakE lahoNtan waTer level DroppED close to its preSEnt level after 14.6 KY (46), aT THe SAme tIme As stalagmitEs thROughOut tHE sOutHWesteRn UniTeD stATes recorded a sharp deClIne in wInter Precipitation (41–43). thus, 14.6 ky ago, tHE SOuthward-ShifTEd MId-latitude storM tracK, which is reLAted to thE posiTion of thE Pacific sUBTropical Jet (12, 41, 47, 48), BroUghT thE MOiSture of northeRN caliFoRnia and oreGon to soUthErn calIfoRnIa and into The Great baSiN (40, 46). THeN, whEn the THermal eqUaTor MoVed Back tO The norTh, the DeliVeRy OF thIs extra MOiSTUre wAs ReRoutEd bAcK to thE norTH. MoNsoonal asia A majoR feATure Of asIan hydrOclimate durinG tHe last deglAcIatIon was THE rapid inVigoration of South Asian mONsoons 14.6 kY agO. AlthOugh The most prOmiNent feAtuRE of the Oxygen IsotoPe RecORDs in sTALaGmiTeS is a 20-ky cyclE (49), WHicH closElY traCks the vAriation of boreal suMMer Insolation relAteD to EARTh’S prECeSSioN cYCle (SEE Fig. 7) (50–53), superimposeD upon this cYcLE aRe abrupt miLLenNiAl changEs in monSoon sTRength tHat align wIth temperAtUre sWINgs Registered In the GreEnland ice COres. THE sEnse oF thE orbitAl CycLes in Both heMIspHeres Is that ThE stronGer thE sUmmer insOlation, the more depleted
ustrine and marine sedimen ts suggest s tha t t her ewasfarless rainfalli n Vi ctoria’s drainage basi n, an dp erha p sequat orial A f ri c a  as  a  w hol e, be forethe  shiftof the the rma lequator 14.6 ky  ago. West ern  United Stat esFirm e vi den c e exi sts  that  close d -basin  lakes of  t h e west e rn Unit e d  S tate s achieved theirl ar g est extents be tween16 an d 15kyago during  t he My s tery In t er v a l  (4 0 ), just befor e the switc h  14 .6 kyag o.S talagm itesfr o m c aves in cen tral  and sout hern C a liforni a  (41),New Me xic o ( 42), an dNev ad a  (4 3 )als o  re cord pea kwi ntermois t u r e  dur ing  thi s int erval. In the  ca se o f  La ke La honta n, t he  evid ence c omesfr om a camel bone  fou nd in a b ack -b eac hdepos i t asso cia ted  with i ts high e stsh o r e li ne (44). A calibra te d ra diocarbo n ageo f15 . 66 ± 0.1 3kywaso b taine d on bo ne colla gen [u p da te d using  t he INT CA L13  ra dioca r boncalibr ation cu rve ( 4 5)]. Because c a mels get thei r  c a r bo n  fro m t errestrialplan t s, t here is  no reser voirco r re c tion nor is there a  c oncern  abou t the presenc e of secon d a r y radioc arbo n  a s  is the case f or sh oreline Ca C O 3 tufa s. Th e Lake L ahontan w a t er level  dr opp edclo s e  t o its present l evel  a fter 14 .6ky (46) , a t t hesam etime as s talagmit es  t hr ou gho ut th e  southwe st ern  U nit ed St a tes re corde d ash ar p  de cline i n  w i n terpr ec ipit ati on  (41– 43). Thu s, 14.6  ky ago,the sout hw ar d-shift ed mid-latitu de  storm tra ck , w hich i s relatedto the position of theP acificsub tropi caljet (12,41,  47, 4 8), brough t themoist ur e o f north e r nCal if ornia andO r ego n toso uthe rn Cali fornia and into th e  Gr eat Basin (40 , 4 6).T h en , w h en the  t h erm a l  equator movedback to th en or th, the de l ive ry  of thi s extra  mois t ure was  rerouted  back toth e no r t h.MonsoonalAsia A m ajor feat u re of As ian h ydr oclima te  du ringthe la s t d eglac iation  w as the  rapi dinvigora tion of South Asian mon soons14.6kyago. Alth oug h  th e most pr omin ent featur e o f t he ox yge n  isot oper ec ord s  in s tala g mites isa  2 0-k y cy cle (49), w h i c h c losel y t r acks t he v ariation of borea l  summer insola tion r ela ted to E ar th’s precessio n c yc l e  (see Fi g.  7) (50–53) , superi mp o sed u pon th is cyc le area b ru p t mill enni alchanges i n m on s oon str en gt h  thatalig nwith t empera t ures w ings registeredin th e Green l and  iceco res. Th e  sen se of theorbital cyc les in  bot h hem isphere sis tha t t he  strongert he summer  inso lation,  t he m ore  deple ted
ustrine and_marine sediments_suggests that there was_far less_rainfall_in Victoria’s_drainage_basin, and perhaps_equatorial Africa as_a whole, before the_shift of the_thermal_equator 14.6 ky ago. Western United States Firm evidence exists that closed-basin lakes of_the_western United_States_achieved_their largest extents between 16_and 15 ky ago during_the Mystery_Interval (40), just before the switch 14.6 ky_ago._Stalagmites from caves_in central and southern California (41), New Mexico (42),_and Nevada (43) also record peak_winter moisture during_this_interval._In the case of_Lake Lahontan, the evidence comes from_a camel bone found in a_back-beach deposit associated with its highest shoreline_(44). A calibrated radiocarbon age of_15.66 ± 0.13 ky was_obtained on_bone collagen [updated using the_INTCAL13 radiocarbon calibration_curve (45)]._Because camels get_their carbon from terrestrial plants, there_is no reservoir_correction nor is there a concern_about_the presence of_secondary_radiocarbon_as is_the case for_shoreline_CaCO 3_tufas._The Lake Lahontan water level dropped_close_to its present level after 14.6 ky_(46), at the same_time_as stalagmites throughout the_southwestern United States recorded a_sharp decline in winter precipitation (41–43)._Thus, 14.6_ky ago,_the southward-shifted mid-latitude storm track, which is related to the position_of the Pacific subtropical jet (12,_41, 47, 48), brought_the moisture_of_northern California and_Oregon_to southern_California and into the Great Basin (40,_46). Then,_when the thermal equator moved back_to the north, the_delivery_of this extra moisture was rerouted_back to the north. Monsoonal Asia_A major feature of Asian_hydroclimate_during_the last deglaciation was the_rapid invigoration of South Asian monsoons_14.6 ky ago._Although the most prominent feature of the_oxygen_isotope records in stalagmites is a_20-ky_cycle (49), which closely tracks the_variation_of_boreal summer insolation related to_Earth’s precession cycle (see Fig. 7)_(50–53), superimposed upon this cycle are abrupt millennial changes_in monsoon strength_that align with temperature swings_registered_in_the Greenland ice cores. The sense of the orbital cycles_in both_hemispheres is that_the stronger the summer insolation, the more depleted