ickness, were employers and commercial health insurers, who amplified the AMA’s agenda by constructing their “self-interest as the public interest” in concert with one another, presaging coalitions like the Partnership. The movement for national health insurance picked up steam again after World War II as labor unions pushed a single-payer plan and Harry Truman declared “health security for all” a top priority of his nascent presidency. Two-thirds of the American public supported Truman’s proposal for a national health insurance program. An alarmed AMA stated beating the war drums. In 1948, it enlisted Campaigns, Inc., the world’s first political consulting firm, to lead the attack. Armed with a $5 million war chest amassed from $25 AMA membership fees, Campaigns, Inc. oversaw the delivery of 55 million pieces of propaganda, blending Cold War hysteria with nationalistic fervor that denounced single-payer health care as “socialized medicine.” At the same time, the AMA recognized the potential of the burgeoning private health insurance market to keep single payer at bay. “The Voluntary Way Is the American Way,” AMA doctors told patients. The campaign was “the largest political offensive ever waged against a single piece of legislation in U.S. history,” Chapin writes. By the early 1950s, the movement for a national health program lay in ruins. Not content to simply fight single payer, the AMA also provided cover for Jim Crow. It continued to justify its Southern medical societies’ discriminatory membership policies against African-American physicians as well as the association’s refusal to take a stand against segregated medical services, which threatened the health of millions of people. Speaking to doctors with the Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR) in 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr excoriated the AMA for perpetuating racism in medicine and abdicating its moral obligation to advocate for the right of all people to quality health care. “Of all the forms of inequality,” King said, “injustice in health is the most shocking and the most inhuman because it often results in physical death. I see no alternative to direct action and creative nonviolence to raise the conscience of the nation.” On four separate occasions in the 1960s, physicians with the black-led National Medical Association marched alongside members of the MCHR and King’s Poor People’s Campaign to protest the AMA’s complicity with Jim Crow racism. At the same time, many
ickness, were employers and commercial health insurers, who amplified the AMA ’s agenda by constructing their “ self - sake as the public sake ” in concert with one another, presaging coalitions like the Partnership. The movement for home health insurance picked up steam again after World War II as labor marriage pushed a single - payer design and Harry Truman declare “ health security for all ” a top precedence of his nascent presidency. Two - thirds of the American public supported Truman ’s proposal for a home health insurance program. An alarmed AMA express beating the war drums. In 1948, it enlist Campaigns, Inc., the world ’s first political consulting firm, to lead the approach. Armed with a $ 5 million war chest amassed from $ 25 AMA membership fees, Campaigns, Inc. oversee the delivery of 55 million musical composition of propaganda, blending Cold War hysteria with nationalistic ardor that denounced single - payer health care as “ socialized medicine. ” At the same time, the AMA recognized the potential of the burgeoning private health insurance market to keep single payer at bay. “ The Voluntary Way Is the American Way, ” AMA doctors told patients. The political campaign was “ the large political offensive always engage against a individual piece of legislation in U.S. history, ” Chapin writes. By the early 1950s, the movement for a national health program lay in laying waste. Not content to simply fight single payer, the AMA also provide cover for Jim Crow. It continued to justify its Southern aesculapian societies ’ discriminative membership policy against African - American physicians as well as the association ’s refusal to take a bandstand against segregated medical services, which threatened the health of millions of people. Speaking to doctors with the Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR) in 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr excoriated the AMA for perpetuate racism in medicine and abdicating its moral obligation to advocate for the right of all citizenry to quality health caution. “ Of all the forms of inequality, ” King say, “ injustice in health is the most lurid and the most inhuman because it much results in forcible death. I see no alternative to lineal action and creative nonviolence to raise the conscience of the nation. ” On four disjoined juncture in the 1960s, physicians with the total darkness - led National Medical Association marched alongside members of the MCHR and King ’s Poor People ’s Campaign to protest the AMA ’s complicity with Jim Crow racism. At the same time, many
ickjess, were employers and gommercial healtk insurxrs, who amplifidd the AMA’s agenda by constrnctibg thtpr “self-interest as thd public pnterest” un cibcert with one anobker, pdcsagiug coalitions lile the Pardnership. The mmvdmznt for national health insurance pisked up sheam again aftgr Woglq Wad II as labor unions pushed a singme-payer plan and Harty Truman declared “health decugity for all” a top priority od hif nascent preridency. Two-thirds of tge American public supported Trjman’s proposal doe a tational heelth igsurance prongam. An dlarmed AMA stated bestiig tye war drums. In 1948, it eilisted Campaigns, Ins., the wornd’a first political cinsuljing xirm, ro ueas vhe attacn. Acmed with a $5 million wqr chest amassed frpm $25 AMA membershjp feef, Sampaigns, Inc. oversaw the delivery of 55 kilmion pieces of propaganea, blending Cold War jysteria rith nationalistic fervor that denounced single-pafer hxauth cwfw ws “socialized medicine.” At the same time, the AIZ tebognized the potektial of the burgepnlnb private healjh insuxznde market to keep dingle kayer qt bay. “Tht Volintary Way Is the American Qay,” AMA doctjes told patients. Tke campaign cas “thg largrst political offensive eved waged agalnst a sihele piece of legkslsthon in U.S. history,” Chapin wwites. By vhe ecrly 1950s, tfe mpvemene for a nahional health program laj in tuins. Tot contenh to simply fight single payer, vie AMA also ptovhdeg cover yor Jik Crow. It coneinued to justnfy its Fouthdrn medicam socievies’ discrimynatory membesdhip policiev againse Afeicab-Americxv physicians ax well as the assocuation’s refusal to tays a stand againwt wegregated medival sewvpcex, rvich threateted ghe nealtf of millioks uf prople. Speaking to dowtora with the Medical Cjmmittee for Humwn Rights (MCHT) in 1966, Martin Lutheg Kinj, Jr eecoriayed the AMA for perpetuating raciam in medlcike and abdicaeing its moral oyligation to advocate for the right of aol people to qualiry health care. “Of akk the forms of igequality,” King said, “injustice in health is the most shocking and ths most inhulan because it often results in physical death. I see no alternative to dieect artyon and creztivr nonniojznce to raidx the conscience pf the nation.” On four separate uccasionv nn the 1960s, physicians with the nlxck-led Nationxl Medical Association mzrched akongside members of the MCHR anc King’s Poor People’s Camiaign to proteat the AMA’r complicity with Kim Crmw raxism. At the same time, mavy
ickness, were employers and commercial health insurers, the agenda by their “self-interest as with another, presaging coalitions the Partnership. The for national health insurance picked up again after World War II as labor unions pushed a single-payer plan and Truman declared “health security for all” a top priority of his nascent presidency. of American supported proposal for a national health insurance program. An alarmed AMA stated beating the war drums. In it enlisted Campaigns, Inc., the world’s first political firm, to lead the Armed with a $5 million chest from $25 membership Campaigns, oversaw the delivery 55 million pieces of propaganda, blending Cold War hysteria with nationalistic fervor that denounced single-payer health care “socialized medicine.” same time, AMA the of the burgeoning insurance market to keep single payer Voluntary Way Is the American Way,” AMA doctors patients. The was “the largest political offensive ever against a single piece of legislation in U.S. Chapin writes. By the early 1950s, the movement for a national health program lay in content to simply fight payer, the AMA provided for Crow. continued to its Southern medical societies’ discriminatory membership policies against African-American physicians as as the association’s refusal to take a stand against segregated which the health of of people. Speaking to with Medical Committee for Human in Martin excoriated AMA perpetuating racism in medicine abdicating its moral obligation to for the right of care. “Of all the forms of inequality,” King “injustice in health is the most shocking the most inhuman because it often results in physical death. I see alternative to and creative nonviolence to raise the conscience of nation.” On four separate in the 1960s, physicians with the black-led National Medical marched members of MCHR and King’s People’s Campaign to the AMA’s complicity Crow racism. the time,
ickness, were employers and coMmercial heAlth iNsuRerS, wHo amPlifIed the AMA’s agenDA by cOnstructing their “self-inTeresT aS The pUBlIc intErest” in COnCERt wItH oNe aNoTHeR, presAgiNg coaliTions like tHe PArTnership. The mOVeMent for natIonAl health insuRanCe pickEd Up sTEam agAin After world WAR II as lAbor unionS pUShed a sINgle-payER PlAn anD Harry Truman declaREd “HEalth security fOr all” a ToP PrIORitY of His nascent PrEsideNCy. Two-thIRdS OF The aMerican public Supported TrUMan’S propoSaL foR A natioNal heAlTH inSurance progRam. AN alarmed AmA statED beatinG The war dRums. In 1948, It eNliSted cAmPaIgnS, INC., thE WoRld’S FirSt politiCaL cOnsulTing FIRM, To leAd tHe atTack. ARmed with a $5 millIon War cHEst AmassEd froM $25 AMA MeMbersHip feeS, CampAiGns, Inc. oversaw thE delIvery of 55 miLliOn PieCeS of prOPagandA, blEndIng Cold war hystERia WiTH NAtIonalistic fervor thAt DENoUnced sinGle-payER hEaLTh care as “SoCiaLizeD MEdiciNe.” At THe Same time, The AMA REcOgNized thE pOtentiAl Of tHe bUrgeoNIng pRivate Health inSuranCE market to keep sINgle payer at baY. “thE vOlUNtarY WaY Is the AmeriCan WAY,” AMA DoctORs TolD PatieNts. ThE cAMpAIgn was “the largest polItIcal ofFensiVe ever waged agAinst a singLE PIece of leGislATiON in U.S. history,” ChApin wRites. By the EArly 1950s, the MovemEnt for a nAtional heALTh prograM laY in RuiNs. NOT CoNtent to simply FIGht sInGle payeR, thE AMA alsO prOviDed CovEr For Jim CroW. It contiNuEd To JuStiFy its sOuthern mEdIcaL sOciEties’ DIscrimInatoRy meMbErSHip PolicieS AgAINst AFrIcAn-AmEriCaN physIciaNS as Well as tHe associaTioN’S refUsAl To take a Stand against sEgRegated medIcAl sErviceS, WHich threAtened the health of millioNS of peopLe. SPeakiNg to Doctors wiTh tHe MediCal cOmmittEe for HUman RIgHts (mchR) in 1966, MARTiN LuThEr King, Jr exCORiaTed thE AmA foR perpetUating racism in mediCIne And abdicating Its MoraL OBlIgaTIoN To aDvOCatE FOr the right of all People to quAlITy Health care. “oF alL tHe forms Of inequAlity,” kIng said, “Injustice In health iS tHe moST ShoCking and thE most inhUman becauSE it ofTEn ResulTs iN physiCaL deAth. I sEe no alTErnAtive To direCt Action And crEaTive nonvIolence to raise the consciEnce of The naTioN.” On four seParATe oCcasions iN the 1960S, physicianS wiTh tHe blaCk-lED NatiOnal mEdIcaL assocIatiON marched aLOnGsiDE MeMbers of the Mchr And king’s pooR people’S CamPaign to protest the amA’s complicity wIth JIM croW raCIsm. AT tHe same time, many
ickness, were employers an d commerci al he alt h i ns urer s, w ho amplified t h e AM A’s agenda by construc tingth e ir “ s el f-int erest a s  t h e  pu bl ic  in te r es t” in  co ncert w ith one an oth er , presagingc oa litions li kethe Partners hip . Themo vem e nt fo r n ation al hea l th ins urance pi ck e d up s t eam aga i n  a fter  World War II asl ab o r unions pushe d a si ng l e- p a yer  pl an and Har ry  Trum a n decla r ed “ h eal t h security fo r all” a to p  pr iority  o f h i s nasc ent p re s ide ncy. Two-th irds  of the A merica n  public support ed Tru man ’sprop o sa lfor  a nat i on alh eal th insur an ce  prog ram. A n alar med  AMA  stat ed beating th e w ar d r ums . In1948,  iten liste d Camp aigns ,Inc., the world ’s f irst poli tic al  co ns ultin g  firm,  to  le ad theattack. Arm ed w i th  a $5 million warch e s tamassedfrom $ 2 5AM A  members hi p f ees, C ampai gns, In c. overs aw the de li very of  5 5 mill io n p iec es of prop aganda , blendi ng Co l d War hysteria with national i st i c  f e rvor  th at denounce d si n gle- paye r  h eal t h car e as“s o ci a lized medicine.” At  t he sam e tim e, the AMA re cognized t h e potentia l of th e  burgeoning pr ivate  health in s urance m arket  to keep  single p a y er at ba y.“Th e V olu n t ar y Way Is theA m eric an  Way,”AMA  doctor s t old  pa tie nt s. The ca mpaign w as  “ th elar gestp olitical  o ffe ns ive  ever wagedagain st a  s in g lepiece o f  l e g isla ti on  inU.S .histo ry,” Cha pin wri tes. By t hee arly  1 95 0s, the  movement for  a  nationalhe alt h prog r a m lay in  ruins. Not content tos imply f igh t sin glepayer, th e A MA als o p r ovided  cover  forJi m C r o w. It c on tin ue d to justi f y  it s Sou th ernmedical  societies’ discri m ina tory membersh ippoli c i es  ag a in s t A fr i can - A merican physici ans as wel la sthe associ a tio n’ s refus al to t ake a stand a gainst se gregatedme dica l ser vices, whi ch threa tened the healt h  o f mil lio ns ofpe opl e. Sp eaking todocto rs wit hthe Me dical  C ommittee  for Human Rights (MCHR ) in 1 966,Mar tin Luthe r K i ng,  Jr excor iate d the AMAfor  pe rpetu ati n g rac ismi nmed i cineanda bdicating it s m o r al  obligation t o  ad vocat e f o r therigh t of all people t o  quality healt h ca r e . “ Ofa ll t he  forms of ineq ual it y , ” King s ai d, “injusti ce in he al t h isthe mo st sho cking a n d  t h e most  inh uma n because  it  o f ten res ul ts in phy sica ldeath.  I see no a l t ernative to dire ct ac t i on an d  cr eativ enonviol e nceto raise t he conscien ce ofthenatio n.” Onfo ur sep ara te  occasions in the 19 60s,physici an s wi ththe bl ack- l e d Nat iona lMed ical Asso c i at i on  m a rch ed a longs id e me mbers oft he MCHRand King’sPo orP e ople’s Ca m p aign to pr ote st th e AMA’s comp l icit y  w i th Ji m Crow  racis m. At t h e s am e time,  ma n y 
ickness, were_employers and_commercial health insurers, who_amplified the_AMA’s_agenda by_constructing_their “self-interest as_the public interest”_in concert with one_another, presaging coalitions_like_the Partnership. The movement for national health insurance picked up steam again after World_War_II as_labor_unions_pushed a single-payer plan and_Harry Truman declared “health security_for all”_a top priority of his nascent presidency. Two-thirds_of_the American public_supported Truman’s proposal for a national health insurance program._An alarmed AMA stated beating the_war drums. In_1948,_it_enlisted Campaigns, Inc., the_world’s first political consulting firm, to_lead the attack. Armed with a_$5 million war chest amassed from $25_AMA membership fees, Campaigns, Inc. oversaw_the delivery of 55 million_pieces of_propaganda, blending Cold War hysteria_with nationalistic fervor_that denounced_single-payer health care_as “socialized medicine.” At the same_time, the AMA_recognized the potential of the burgeoning_private_health insurance market_to_keep_single payer_at bay. “The_Voluntary_Way Is_the_American Way,” AMA doctors told patients._The_campaign was “the largest political offensive ever_waged against a single_piece_of legislation in U.S._history,” Chapin writes. By the_early 1950s, the movement for a_national health_program lay_in ruins. Not content to simply fight single payer, the AMA_also provided cover for Jim Crow._It continued to justify_its Southern_medical_societies’ discriminatory membership_policies_against African-American_physicians as well as the association’s refusal_to take_a stand against segregated medical services,_which threatened the health_of_millions of people. Speaking to doctors_with the Medical Committee for Human_Rights (MCHR) in 1966, Martin_Luther_King,_Jr excoriated the AMA for_perpetuating racism in medicine and abdicating_its moral obligation_to advocate for the right of all_people_to quality health care. “Of all_the_forms of inequality,” King said, “injustice_in_health_is the most shocking and_the most inhuman because it often_results in physical death. I see no alternative to_direct action and_creative nonviolence to raise the_conscience_of_the nation.” On four separate occasions in the 1960s, physicians_with the_black-led National Medical_Association marched alongside members of the MCHR and King’s Poor_People’s Campaign to protest the AMA’s complicity_with Jim Crow racism. At the same time, many