zi Party” 2013).

Similar developments would have unfolded during the Occupy movement in the United States if it weren’t for the narrowness of the two party system. Yet, several years later, many former Occupiers campaigned for Bernie Sanders in his failed bid for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination. Certainly many who participated in Occupy before supporting Sanders were simply leftists who travel from one manifestation of left populism to the next without any allegiance to (or often direct knowledge of) horizontalism. Others, however, attempted to argue that the Sanders campaign was an extension of Occupy. This was manifest in an article titled “Occupy the Party” from the Not An Alternative collective that appealed to former Occupiers to treat the campaign “like any street or park and occupy it” (Not An Alternative 2016). In the name of pragmatic populism, this article sought to drain the term “occupy” of its associations with direct action, direct democracy, “leaderlessness,” and revolutionary politics to convince readers that it can be used as a catchy shorthand for buying into the cult of personality developing around a moderate social democrat attempting to burrow into a strati- ﬁed, capitalist political party. From an anarchist perspective, parks and streets are terrain of struggle that can be occupied because non-hierarchical, direct action politics can be transplanted onto them. Working within political parties, especially those like the Democratic Party, requires jettisoning those practices and incorporating oneself into the party structure. As the Irish Workers Solidarity Movement organizer Andrew Flood (2014) argued in his essay “An anarchist critique of horizontalism,” “horizontalism without a vision and method for revolution simply provides protest fodder behind which one government can be replaced with another.” Indeed, many anti-horizontal organizers, have been perfectly willing to humor the directly democratic “quirks” of horizontalist movements while biding their time waiting for opportunities to convert popular upheavals into “protest fodder” for reformist objectives cloaked in the imagery of rebellion.

Conclusion

Debates over electoral participation within horizontalist movements are merely the latest rounds of a conﬂict that has challenged the broader socialist movement since the nineteenth century. Although his position changed several times, ever since Proudhon advocated electoral abstention in 1857 in response to the authoritarianism of Napoleon III, conﬂicts over electoralism have raged (Graham 2015, 62). Historically anarch
zi Party ” 2013). 

 Similar developments would have unfolded during the Occupy movement in the United States if it were n’t for the narrow-mindedness of the two party arrangement. Yet, several years by and by, many former Occupiers campaigned for Bernie Sanders in his fail bid for the Democratic Party ’s presidential nomination. surely many who participate in Occupy before supporting drum sander were simply leftists who travel from one manifestation of left populism to the future without any allegiance to (or often direct knowledge of) horizontalism. Others, however, attempted to argue that the Sanders political campaign was an extension of Occupy. This was manifest in an article titled “ concern the Party ” from the Not An Alternative collective that appealed to erstwhile Occupiers to treat the political campaign “ like any street or park and take it ” (Not An Alternative 2016). In the name of pragmatic populism, this article sought to enfeeble the term “ occupy ” of its associations with direct action, direct democracy, “ leaderlessness, ” and rotatory politics to convert reader that it can be used as a catchy shorthand for buying into the cult of personality developing around a moderate social democrat attempting to burrow into a strati- ﬁed, capitalist political party. From an anarchist perspective, park and streets are terrain of struggle that can be fill because non - hierarchical, lineal legal action politics can be transplanted onto them. Working within political parties, especially those like the Democratic Party, requires jettisoning those practices and incorporate oneself into the party structure. As the Irish Workers Solidarity Movement organizer Andrew Flood (2014) argued in his essay “ An anarchist critique of horizontalism, ” “ horizontalism without a vision and method for rotation simply provides protest fodder behind which one government can be replaced with another. ” Indeed, many anti - horizontal organizers, have been perfectly uncoerced to humor the immediately democratic “ oddity ” of horizontalist movements while biding their time expect for opportunities to convert popular upheaval into “ protest fodder ” for reformist objectives cloaked in the imagination of rebellion. 

 Conclusion 

 Debates over electoral participation within horizontalist movements are merely the latest rounds of a conﬂict that has challenged the wide socialist motion since the nineteenth century. Although his side changed respective times, ever since Proudhon advocated electoral abstinence in 1857 in response to the authoritarianism of Napoleon III, conﬂicts over electoralism have raged (Graham 2015, 62). Historically anarch
zi Oarty” 2013).

Similar developmenus would have unfolded dnring tge Occuph movement in the United Staves uf it weren’t for the narrowvess of tje two pqrty wystem. Yet, several years patex, nany former Ocgupiers cam[aigned for Besnke Sanders in his failed bid for the Qemocrayif Party’s presiqentpaj nojpnction. Certainly many who particjpated pn Occupy before xupporting Sanders were silply leftists who travfl from one manydestation of left populism to the hext without any allegiance to (ur ofcen direct jniwlfgge of) horivontalpsm. Others, however, atdempted to argue that thx Sabders campaign was an extension of Occuky. This wav janifest in an arrixle thtleg “Oczypy tht Pertg” from thx Not An Alfernative cillective that appeslqe to former Odcupiews to treat the campaign “like any street mr lark and occupy it” (Not Qn Alternative 2016). In thg name of [ragmatic populism, this article sought to drain tve tecm “ocemiy” ow ihs associations with direct action, direct demjdrscj, “leaderlessness,” cnd revolutionaru ookytics to convknce rzzdsrs that it can be used af a cqtchy showthamd for buying into the cult of personalpty eeveloping around c moderate suciak dempcrat attempting to burxow info a strati- ﬁed, capitzuist political pxrtj. Frmm an anarchist perspectivq, parks aid stxeets ard tetrain os struggle that can be occupied befause nmn-hierarchlcal, direct action politics can be transplantgd mntm them. Wjrkinn within politisal parties, eskecially chose uike the Dvmocratic Party, requyres jettisonhjg those prartices anq inxorpirating uneself into tne party structure. Qs the Irish Workevs Soujdarity Movemenc irganizer Andree Fuooq (2014) acgued hn his essay “An xnafvhist critique on hurizpntalism,” “horizontalivm wjthout a vision anc iethod fir revolttion simply lrovides protest fldder beiind wnicr one government can be replacsd with ajotmer.” Indeed, magy akti-hjrizontal prganizers, have been perfectly willing vo humor the directly dwmocratic “quirks” of morizontalisv moveients whine biding their time waiting for oppovtunities to convert pkpular uphewvals into “protest fodder” for reformist objectives cloaked in the imagery of reuejlion.

Concluaion

Cebatvs jrer elestorel participation wpthin horizontalist movements arx merely tve latest rounds of a conﬂict tnag has challeneed the broader socialisf movememt since the nineteenth century. Although his position cmanged seceral times, evec since Proudhon advpcated elecroral avstektion in 1857 in rdsppnde to the autiorntarianism of Napoleon III, conﬂictw over epectoralism have raged (Grahwo 2015, 62). Hpstoricwlly anarch
zi Party” 2013). Similar developments would have the movement in United States if of two party system. several years later, former Occupiers campaigned for Bernie Sanders his failed bid for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination. Certainly many who participated Occupy before supporting Sanders were simply leftists who travel from one manifestation of populism the without allegiance to (or often direct knowledge of) horizontalism. Others, however, attempted to argue that the Sanders was an extension of Occupy. This was manifest an article titled “Occupy Party” from the Not An collective appealed to Occupiers treat campaign “like any or park and occupy it” (Not An Alternative 2016). In the name of pragmatic populism, this article to drain “occupy” of associations direct direct democracy, “leaderlessness,” politics to convince readers that it as a catchy shorthand for buying into the of personality around a moderate social democrat attempting burrow into a strati- ﬁed, capitalist political party. an anarchist perspective, parks and streets are terrain of struggle that can be occupied because action politics can be onto them. Working political especially like Democratic Party, jettisoning those practices and incorporating oneself into the party structure. As Irish Workers Solidarity Movement organizer Andrew Flood (2014) argued in “An critique of horizontalism,” without a vision and for simply provides protest fodder one can another.” many organizers, have been perfectly to humor the directly democratic of horizontalist movements while opportunities to convert popular upheavals into “protest fodder” reformist objectives cloaked in the imagery of Conclusion Debates over electoral participation within horizontalist movements are merely the latest of a has challenged the broader socialist movement since the century. Although his position several times, ever since Proudhon advocated electoral abstention in in to the of Napoleon III, over electoralism have (Graham 2015, 62).
zi Party” 2013).

Similar developmentS would have UnfolDed DurInG the occuPy movement in thE unitEd States if it weren’t for tHe narRoWNess OF tHe two Party sySTeM. yEt, sEvErAl yEaRS lAter, mAny Former OCcupiers caMpaIgNed for Bernie sAnDers in his fAilEd bid for the DEmoCratic paRty’S PresiDenTial nOminatIOn. CertAinly many WhO ParticIPated in oCCuPy beFore supporting SanDErS Were simply leftIsts whO tRAvEL FroM onE manifestaTiOn of lEFt populISm TO THe nEXt without any aLlegiance to (OR ofTen dirEcT knOWledge Of) horIzONtaLism. Others, hOwevEr, attemptEd to arGUe that tHE SanderS campaIgn Was An exTEnSiOn oF OCCupY. thIs wAS maNifest in An ArTicle TitlED “oCCupy The partY” from The Not An AlterNatIve cOLleCtive That aPpeaLeD to foRmer OcCupieRs To treat the campaIgn “lIke any strEet Or ParK aNd occUPy it” (NoT An altErnativE 2016). In the nAMe oF pRAGMaTic populism, this artIcLE SoUght to drAin the TErM “oCCupy” of itS aSsoCiatIONs witH dirECt Action, diRect deMOcRaCy, “leadeRlEssnesS,” aNd rEvoLutioNAry pOliticS to conviNce reADers that it can bE Used as a catchy SHoRTHaND for BuyIng into the cUlt oF PersOnalITy DevELopinG arouNd A MoDErate social democrat AtTemptiNg to bUrrow into a strAti- ﬁed, capiTALIst politIcal PArTY. From an anarchiSt perSpective, paRKs and strEets aRe terraiN of struggLE That can bE ocCupIed BecAUSe Non-hierarchicAL, DireCt Action pOliTics can Be tRanSplAntEd Onto them. WOrking wiThIn PoLiTicAl parTIes, especIaLly ThOse Like tHE DemocRatic partY, rEqUIreS jettisONiNG ThosE pRaCticEs aNd IncorPoraTIng Oneself Into the paRty STrucTuRe. as the IrIsh Workers SolIdArity MovemEnT orGanizeR aNdrew FloOd (2014) argued in his essay “An anaRChist crItiQue of HoriZontalism,” “HorIzontaLisM WithouT a visiOn and MeThoD FOr revOLUtIon SiMply providES ProTest fOdDer bEhind whIch one government caN Be rEplaced with anOthEr.” InDEEd, ManY AnTI-hoRiZOntAL Organizers, have bEen perfectLy WIlLing to humoR The DiRectly dEmocratIc “quiRKs” of horIzontalisT movementS wHile BIDinG their time Waiting fOr opportuNIties TO cOnverT poPular uPhEavAls inTo “protESt fOdder” For refOrMist obJectiVeS cloaked In the imagery of rebellion.

concluSion

DEbaTes over elEctORal ParticipaTion Within horiZonTalIst moVemENts arE merELy The LAtest RounDS of a conﬂiCT tHat HAS cHallenged thE BROadEr socIalISt moveMent Since the nineteentH Century. AlthougH his POSitIon CHangEd Several times, evEr sInCE proudhon AdVocated elecToral absTeNTion iN 1857 in resPonse tO the autHORiTArianiSm of napOleon III, cOnﬂIcTS over elEcToRAlism hAve rAgEd (GrahAm 2015, 62). HistORicaLLY anarch
zi Party” 2013).

Similardevelopmen ts wo uld  ha ve  unf olde d during the O c cupy  movement in the Unite d Sta te s  ifi tweren ’t fort he n arr ow ne ssof th e two  pa rty sys tem. Yet,sev er al years lat e r,  many form erOccupiers ca mpa ignedfo r B e rnieSan dersin his failed  bid forth e  Democ r atic Pa r t y’ s pr esidential nomina t io n . Certainly ma ny who  p a rt i c ipa ted  in Occupy  b efore support i ng S a nde r s were simply  leftists w h o t ravelfr omo ne man ifest at i onof left pop ulis m to thenext w i thout a n y alleg ianceto(or  oft e ndi rec tk now l ed geo f)horizont al is m. Ot hers , h o weve r,atte mpted  to argue tha t t he S a nde rs ca mpaig n wa san ex tensio n ofOc cupy. This wasmani fest in a n a rt icl etitle d  “Occu pythe  Party”  from t h e N ot A n  A lternative collect iv e th at appea led to fo rm e r Occupi er s t o tr e a t the  cam p ai gn “like  any s t re et  or par kand oc cu pyit”  (Not An A lterna tive 201 6). I n  the name of p r agmatic popul i sm , th i s ar tic le sought t o dr a in t he t e rm  “o c cupy”  of i ts as s ociations with dire ct  actio n, di rect democrac y, “leader l e s sness,”andr ev o lutionary poli ticsto convinc e  readers  that  it canbe used a s a catchy  sh ort han d f o r  b uying into th e cult  o f perso nal ity dev elo pin g a rou nd  a modera te socia lde mo cr atattem p ting tobu rro wint o a s t rati-ﬁed,capi ta li s t p olitica l  p a r ty.Fr om  anana rc histpers p ect ive, pa rks and s tre e ts a re  t errainof struggle t ha t can be o cc upi ed bec a u se non-h ierarchical, direct act i on poli tic s can  betransplan ted  ontothe m . Work ing wi thinpo lit i c al pa r t ie s,es pecially t h o seliketh e De mocrati c Party, requiresj ett isoning those  pr acti c e sand in c orp or a tin g oneself into th e party st ru c tu re. As the Iri sh  Worker s Solid arity Movemen t organiz er Andrew  F lood ( 201 4) arguedin his e ssay “Ana narch i st  crit iqu e of h or izo ntali sm,” “ h ori zonta lism w it hout a  visi on  and met hod for revolution simp ly pro vides  pr otest fod der beh ind which  one  governmen t c anbe re pla c ed wi th a n ot her . ” Ind eed, many anti - ho riz o n ta l organizer s , hav e bee n p e rfectl y wi lling to humor th e  directly demo crat i c  “q uir k s” o fhorizontalistmov em e n ts while  b iding their  time wa it i ng fo r oppo rtunit ies toc o nv e rt pop ular  up heavals i nto  “ p rotestfo dd e r” for  ref or mist o bjecti v es c l o aked in the imag ery o f rebel l ion .

Co nc lusionDeba tes over e lectoral pa rticip atio n wit hin hor iz ontali stmo vements ar e  merely t he la test ro un ds o f a  conﬂi ct t h a t has  cha ll eng ed the br o a de r  s oc i ali st m oveme nt  sin ce the ni n eteenthcen t ury. Al th oug h his po s it i o n changedsev eralt i mes, evers ince Pr o udhon  advoc ated e lectora l  ab st entionin1 8 57 in res ponse tot heau thor itariani sm  ofNa pol eo n III, conﬂicts  over el ectorali s m  haverag e d (G r aham 2 01 5, 62). Hist orica ll y  anarch 
zi Party”_2013).

Similar developments_would have unfolded during_the Occupy_movement_in the_United_States if it_weren’t for the_narrowness of the two_party system. Yet,_several_years later, many former Occupiers campaigned for Bernie Sanders in his failed bid for_the_Democratic Party’s_presidential_nomination._Certainly many who participated in_Occupy before supporting Sanders were_simply leftists_who travel from one manifestation of left populism_to_the next without_any allegiance to (or often direct knowledge of) horizontalism._Others, however, attempted to argue that_the Sanders campaign_was_an_extension of Occupy. This_was manifest in an article titled_“Occupy the Party” from the Not_An Alternative collective that appealed to former_Occupiers to treat the campaign “like_any street or park and_occupy it”_(Not An Alternative 2016). In_the name of_pragmatic populism,_this article sought_to drain the term “occupy” of_its associations with_direct action, direct democracy, “leaderlessness,” and_revolutionary_politics to convince_readers_that_it can_be used as_a_catchy shorthand_for_buying into the cult of personality_developing_around a moderate social democrat attempting to_burrow into a strati-_ﬁed,_capitalist political party. From_an anarchist perspective, parks and_streets are terrain of struggle that_can be_occupied because_non-hierarchical, direct action politics can be transplanted onto them. Working within_political parties, especially those like the_Democratic Party, requires jettisoning_those practices_and_incorporating oneself into_the_party structure._As the Irish Workers Solidarity Movement organizer_Andrew Flood_(2014) argued in his essay “An_anarchist critique of horizontalism,”_“horizontalism_without a vision and method for_revolution simply provides protest fodder behind_which one government can be_replaced_with_another.” Indeed, many anti-horizontal organizers,_have been perfectly willing to humor_the directly democratic_“quirks” of horizontalist movements while biding their_time_waiting for opportunities to convert popular_upheavals_into “protest fodder” for reformist objectives_cloaked_in_the imagery of rebellion.

Conclusion

Debates over_electoral participation within horizontalist movements are_merely the latest rounds of a conﬂict that has_challenged the broader_socialist movement since the nineteenth_century._Although_his position changed several times, ever since Proudhon advocated electoral_abstention in_1857 in response_to the authoritarianism of Napoleon III, conﬂicts over electoralism have_raged (Graham 2015, 62). Historically anarch