 question how much it meets the first two.

“If you take those criteria seriously, then you would think that substances need to be innocent before proven guilty,” said Roger Pielke Jr., a University of Colorado professor whose book, The Edge: The War against Cheating and Corruption in the Cutthroat World of Elite Sports, is due out this year. “You can just say here’s a substance, athletes are taking it therefore we have suspicion that it has performance enhancing effects. Your anti-doping list would expand very rapidly if any substance that out there and you just add it to the list.

“If evidence is to matter, then the meldonium ban was put into place before that evidence became readily available,” he added.

Getting that evidence is part of the problem WADA faces. First, there is the cost. Conducting a study of the drug’s effect on elite athletes that would include a big enough group to draw conclusions can be expensive.

Then there are ethical considerations. At what doses could a study give a drug, even to consenting participants? Athletes often ascribe to the theory that if some is good, more is better and might be doubling, tripling or even quadrupling the dosage, said Victor Conte, founder of BALCO.

Athletes would need an exemption to compete with the drug or be held out of competition for the duration of the study.

All of that can make it hard for WADA to respond to evidence of misuse of a drug by athletes.

“(It’s) extremely difficult given that WADA is not only underfunded, but it has to deal with several substances, many of which have effects that WADA is unable to determine due to lack of research and literature,” said Dr. Gregory Ioannidis, a sports lawyer and anti-doping expert in the United Kingdom.

While not impossible, conducting that research for each drug WADA considers banning presents a significant barrier. Without it, WADA faces the difficult position of banning a substance without knowing its effects.

“It does have the real potential to enhance performance,” said Dr. Tom Bassindale, anti-doping scientist and forensic toxicologist at Sheffield Hallam University in the United Kingdom. “It’s just there hasn’t been enough background research to prove that it does it yet.”

‘Rampant use’

So what can be concluded from the high number of athletes using
question how much it meets the first two. 

 “ If you subscribe those standard seriously, then you would think that substances want to be innocent before proven guilty, ” order Roger Pielke Jr., a University of Colorado professor whose book, The Edge: The War against Cheating and Corruption in the Cutthroat World of Elite Sports, is ascribable away this year. “ You can just read here ’s a substance, athletes are taking it consequently we have suspicion that it has operation enhancing impression. Your anti - doping list would expand very rapidly if any substance that away there and you just add it to the tilt. 

 “ If evidence is to matter, then the meldonium bachelor of arts in nursing was put into position before that evidence became readily available, ” he added. 

 catch that evidence is part of the problem WADA faces. First, there is the monetary value. Conducting a study of the drug ’s effect on elite athletes that would include a big enough group to draw conclusions can be expensive. 

 Then there embody ethical considerations. At what doses could a discipline grant a drug, even to consenting participants? athlete often impute to the theory that if some is good, more is better and might be duplicate, tripling or even quadrupling the dosage, said Victor Conte, founder of BALCO. 

 athlete would need an exemption to compete with the drug or be held out of competition for the duration of the study. 

 All of that can make it hard for WADA to respond to evidence of misuse of a drug by athlete. 

 “ (It ’s) highly unmanageable given that WADA is not only underfunded, but it has to deal with several substances, many of which have effects that WADA is ineffective to determine due to lack of inquiry and literature, ” said Dr. Gregory Ioannidis, a sports lawyer and anti - doping expert in the United Kingdom. 

 While not impossible, conducting that research for each drug WADA considers ban presents a significant barrier. Without it, WADA face the difficult military position of banning a kernel without knowing its effect. 

 “ It does have the real electric potential to enhance performance, ” said Dr. Tom Bassindale, anti - doping scientist and forensic toxicologist at Sheffield Hallam University in the United Kingdom. “ It ’s just there has n’t been enough background research to prove that it does it yet. ” 

 ‘ Rampant use ’ 

 So what can be concluded from the eminent number of athletes use
 qufstion how much it meets the first two.

“Iy you teke thoae critefia seriously, then you would tyink ukat substances need go be innlcent bedore proven guilty,” said Roger Iielkz Or., a University of Colorago professor wvore book, The Edge: The War against Cheaeing anc Forruption in jhe Cltehrozn Corld of Elite Sports, is due ouf this jear. “You can just say here’s a substance, athpeted are taking it thfrefore we yave wuspicion thxt it has kexformance ehhancing effects. Your anti-dopine lisc would expqne vfty rapidly ih any fubstance that out tvere anc you just add it to the list.

“If evidence ms to matter, then thg meldoniuk yan was put into placw veforg thad evkeenze gerams readlly available,” he added.

Gerting that evidence if part of the lroblei RADA faces. First, there is the cost. Condlctihg a study of the drug’s effect on elite athlgtes that rould include a big enough group to draw conclusimns cen be ewpenruvf.

Then there are ethical considerations. At whae dpsvs could a study nive a drug, even tp fomfenting partizipants? Afhletes often ascrlbe to jhe thwory that if xome is good, more is better and might bv doybling, tripling or even quadrbpling the cosage, said Victor Contz, founser of BALCL.

Athletes dould need an exdmpnion to comptge with the drug jr be helv out of comoetijion fow the durahion of the study.

All of hhat ean mdke it harf for WADA to respond to evidenrx of misuse og d dgug by atkletes.

“(Lt’s) extremely dyfficult given that WCDA is not only lnderfundxd, but it haf to deal witv several subvtances, iany of qhich hxxe effects thay WADA is unable to determine due to kacy of research anb oiterature,” said Dr. Grqglrb Ioagtidis, a spords lxwydt and anti-doknng dxpett in the United Kincdom.

Shile not impossibke, conductung that research for each drug WADA cojsidecs baniing ptesgnts a significant barrier. Withkut it, WAFA naces the difsicuot position pf banning a substance without knowing mts effects.

“It does havg the real potential jo tnhance perfocmance,” said Dr. Dom Bassindale, anti-diping scientist akd forensic toxicologiat at Vheffleld Hallam University in the United Kingdom. “It’s just there hasn’t been eniugh bechground ressarcn to irore chat it doed it yet.”

‘Rampant uxe’

So what can be concluded from the higv uumber of athletes using
question how much it meets the first you those criteria then you would be before proven guilty,” Roger Pielke Jr., University of Colorado professor whose book, Edge: The War against Cheating and Corruption in the Cutthroat World of Elite is due out this year. “You can just say here’s a substance, athletes taking therefore have that it has performance enhancing effects. Your anti-doping list would expand very rapidly if any substance out there and you just add it to list. “If evidence is matter, then the meldonium ban put place before evidence readily he added. Getting evidence is part of the problem WADA faces. First, there is the cost. Conducting a study of drug’s effect athletes that include big group to draw be expensive. Then there are ethical doses could a study give a drug, even consenting participants? often ascribe to the theory that some is good, more is better and might doubling, tripling or even quadrupling the dosage, said Victor Conte, founder of BALCO. Athletes would exemption to compete with drug or be out competition the of the All of that can make it hard for WADA to respond evidence of misuse of a drug by athletes. “(It’s) extremely that is not only but it has to with substances, many of which that is due lack research and literature,” said Gregory Ioannidis, a sports lawyer anti-doping expert in the conducting that research for each drug WADA considers presents a significant barrier. Without it, WADA the difficult position of banning a substance without knowing its effects. “It have the to enhance performance,” said Dr. Tom Bassindale, anti-doping and forensic toxicologist at Hallam University in the United Kingdom. “It’s just there been background research prove that it it yet.” ‘Rampant So what can from the number athletes
 question how much it meets the First two.

“If You taKe tHosE cRiteRia sEriously, then yoU WoulD think that substances neEd to bE iNNoceNT bEfore Proven gUIlTY,” SaiD ROgEr PIeLKe jr., a UnIveRsity of colorado prOfeSsOr whose book, THE EDge: The War aGaiNst Cheating aNd COrruptIoN in THe CutThrOat WoRld of ELIte SpoRts, is due oUt THis yeaR. “you can jUST sAy heRe’s a substance, athlETeS Are taking it theRefore We HAvE SUspIciOn that it haS pErforMAnce enhANcING EffECts. Your anti-doPing list wouLD exPand veRy RapIDly if aNy subStANce That out therE and You just adD it to tHE list.

“If EVidence Is to maTteR, thEn thE MeLdOniUm BAn wAS pUt iNTo pLace befoRe ThAt eviDencE BECAme rEadIly aVailaBle,” he added.

GetTinG thaT EviDence Is parT of tHe ProblEm WADA Faces. fiRst, there is the coSt. CoNducting a StuDy Of tHe Drug’s EFfect oN elIte AthleteS that woULd iNcLUDE a Big enough group to drAw CONcLusions cAn be exPEnSiVE.

Then theRe Are EthiCAL consIderATiOns. At whaT doses COuLd A study gIvE a drug, EvEn tO coNsentINg paRticipAnts? AthlEtes oFTen ascribe to thE Theory that if sOMe IS GoOD, morE is Better and miGht bE DoubLing, TRiPliNG or evEn quaDrUPlINg the dosage, said VictOr conte, fOundeR of BALCO.

AthleTes would neED AN exemptiOn to COmPEte with the drug Or be hEld out of coMPetition For thE duratioN of the stuDY.

all of thaT caN maKe iT haRD FoR WADA to responD TO eviDeNce of miSusE of a druG by AthLetEs.

“(IT’s) Extremely DifficulT gIvEn ThAt WaDA is NOt only unDeRfuNdEd, bUt it hAS to deaL with SeveRaL sUBstAnces, maNY oF WHich HaVe EffeCts ThAt WADa is uNAblE to deteRmine due tO laCK of rEsEaRch and lIterature,” said dr. gregory IoaNnIdiS, a sporTS Lawyer anD anti-doping expert in the UNIted KinGdoM.

WhilE not ImpossiblE, coNductiNg tHAt reseArch foR each DrUg Wada consIDErS baNnIng presentS A SigNificAnT barRier. WitHout it, WADA faces the DIffIcult position Of bAnniNG A sUbsTAnCE wiThOUt kNOWing its effects.

“IT does have tHe REaL potential TO enHaNce perfOrmance,” Said DR. tom BassIndale, antI-doping scIeNtisT ANd fOrensic toxIcologisT at SheffiELd HalLAm univeRsiTy in thE UNitEd KinGdom. “It’S JusT therE hasn’t BeEn enouGh bacKgRound resEarch to prove that it does iT yet.”

‘RaMpant Use’

so what can Be cONclUded from tHe hiGh number of AthLetEs usiNg
 question how much it meet s the firs t two .
“If  y ou t akethose criteria seri ously, then you wouldthink  t h at s u bs tance s needt ob e  in no ce ntbe f or e pro ven  guilty ,” said Ro ger  P ielke Jr., a Un iversity o f C olorado prof ess or who se  bo o k, Th e E dge:The Wa r  again st Cheati ng and Co r ruption i ntheCutthroat World o f  E l ite Sports, is  due o ut th i s  ye ar.  “You canju st sa y  here’s as u b sta n ce, athletesare takingi t t herefo re  we have s uspic io n  th at it has p erfo rmance en hancin g  effect s . Youranti-d opi nglist wo ul d e xp a ndv er y r a pid ly if an ysu bstan ce t h a t outthe re a nd yo u just add it  to  the lis t.

“ If ev iden ce  is t o matt er, t he n the meldonium  ban  was putint opla ce  befo r e that  ev ide nce bec ame rea d ily  a v a i la ble,” he added.

G et t i ng  that ev idence is  p a rt of th epro blem W ADA f aces .  F irst, th ere is th ecost. C on ductin ga s tud y oft he d rug’seffect o n eli t e athletes tha t  would includ e  a b ig enou ghgroup to dr aw c o nclu sion s  c anb e exp ensiv e. 
T h en there are ethica lconsid erati ons. At whatdoses coul d a  study g ivea  d r ug, even to co nsent ing partic i pants? A thlet es often  ascribet o  the the ory  th atifs o me  is good, mor e is b et ter and  mi ght bedou bli ng,  tr ip ling or e ven quad ru pl in gthe  dosa g e, saidVi cto rCon te, f o underof BA LCO. 
At h let es woul d  n e e d an  e xe mpti onto  comp etew ith  the dr ug or behel d  out  o fcompeti tion for thedu ration ofth e s tudy.A ll of th at can make it hard for WADA to  re spond  toevidenceofmisuse  of a drug  by at hlete s. 

“ ( I t’s)e x tr eme ly  difficult g ive n tha tWADA  is not  only underfunded, but  it has to de alwith s ev era l  s u bst an c es, m any of which ha ve effects  t h at  WADA is u n abl eto dete rmine d ue to lack of  research  and lite ra ture , ”  sa id Dr. Gre gory Ioa nnidis, a sport s  l awyer  an d anti -d opi ng ex pert i n  th e Uni ted Ki ng dom.
While  n ot impos sible, conducting thatresear ch fo r e ach drugWAD A  co nsiders b anni ng present s a  si gnifi can t  barr ier. Wi tho u t it,  WAD A  faces th e  d iff i c ul t positiono f ban ninga s u bstanc e wi thout knowing its effects.

“Itdoes h ave  th e  rea lpotential to e nha nc e performa nc e,” said Dr . Tom Ba ss i ndale , anti -dopin g scien t i st and fo rens ictoxicolog ist  a t  Sheffi el dH allamUniv er sity i n theU nite d Kingdom. “It’s j ust t h e re ha s n’t  been  e nough b a ckgr ound resea rch to prov e that  itdoesit yet. ”
‘Ramp ant  u se’

So wh a t can beconcl uded fr om  the  hi gh num bero f  athl etes  u sin g
 question_how much_it meets the first_two.

“If you_take_those criteria_seriously,_then you would_think that substances_need to be innocent_before proven guilty,”_said_Roger Pielke Jr., a University of Colorado professor whose book, The Edge: The War_against_Cheating and_Corruption_in_the Cutthroat World of Elite_Sports, is due out this_year. “You_can just say here’s a substance, athletes are_taking_it therefore we_have suspicion that it has performance enhancing effects. Your_anti-doping list would expand very rapidly_if any substance_that_out_there and you just_add it to the list.

“If evidence_is to matter, then the meldonium_ban was put into place before that_evidence became readily available,” he added.

Getting_that evidence is part of_the problem_WADA faces. First, there is_the cost. Conducting_a study_of the drug’s_effect on elite athletes that would_include a big_enough group to draw conclusions can_be_expensive.

Then there are_ethical_considerations._At what_doses could a_study_give a_drug,_even to consenting participants? Athletes often_ascribe_to the theory that if some is_good, more is better_and_might be doubling, tripling_or even quadrupling the dosage,_said Victor Conte, founder of BALCO.

Athletes_would need_an exemption_to compete with the drug or be held out of competition_for the duration of the study.

All_of that can make_it hard_for_WADA to respond_to_evidence of_misuse of a drug by athletes.

“(It’s) extremely_difficult given_that WADA is not only underfunded,_but it has to_deal_with several substances, many of which_have effects that WADA is unable_to determine due to lack_of_research_and literature,” said Dr. Gregory_Ioannidis, a sports lawyer and anti-doping_expert in the_United Kingdom.

While not impossible, conducting that research_for_each drug WADA considers banning presents_a_significant barrier. Without it, WADA faces_the_difficult_position of banning a substance_without knowing its effects.

“It does have_the real potential to enhance performance,” said Dr. Tom_Bassindale, anti-doping scientist_and forensic toxicologist at Sheffield_Hallam_University_in the United Kingdom. “It’s just there hasn’t been enough_background research_to prove that_it does it yet.”

‘Rampant use’

So what can be concluded from_the high number of athletes using