 and began arriving in Israel about 20 years ago, have been required to undergo actual conversion in Israel — not only the immersion ritual — to be eligible for citizenship.

Questions have been raised not only about their Jewish credentials. About 20 years ago, it was revealed that Israeli hospitals were secretly discarding blood donations from Ethiopian immigrants out of fear they were HIV carriers. The disclosures sparked a public outcry, with community leaders reading this as yet another sign of racial discrimination.

Adding to their grievances were reports several years ago that Israeli health officials had for many years actively encouraged Ethiopian woman to take long-term birth control injections. This happened in a country that values few things more than childbearing. Interviewed on Israeli television, several women testified in 2013 that they had been coerced into taking the injections while still in transit camps in Ethiopia.

Socioeconomic gaps

An estimated 126,000 Jews of Ethiopian descent live in Israel today, accounting for 2 percent of the population. After Operation Moses, the next big immigration wave came in 1991, when Israel airlifted more than 14,000 Ethiopian Jews to the country in a covert 36-hour operation that came to be known as Operation Solomon. This second operation overlapped with the huge immigration wave just getting under way from what was still the Soviet Union.

The Soviet immigrants came in much larger numbers and from a very different culture. But that was not all that set them apart. Unlike the Ethiopian immigrants, the Russian-speakers integrated remarkably well into Israeli society, advancing quickly to leadership positions in all spheres of life.

The latest Joint Distribution Committee report, published in 2012 by the Brookdale Institute in Jerusalem, shows that the Ethiopian Israeli community continues to lag behind in almost all socioeconomic indicators, although gaps have been narrowing in certain areas.

The data show that Ethiopian Israelis are more likely to drop out of high school and less likely to attend university than Jews overall. They are less likely to be employed, and when they do work, they earn considerably less than their peers. Poverty rates are also dramatically higher among the Ethiopians. Although they enlist in the army in higher percentage than other Israelis, their early discharge rate is also considerably above average.

When the Ethiopians first began arriving in Israel, they were overwhelmingly pushed into state religious schools and encouraged to embrace strict Orthodoxy.

But if the Brookdale report is any indication, the new generation is showing signs of rebellion. Among Israeli-born Ethiop
and began arriving in Israel about 20 years ago, have been command to undergo actual conversion in Israel — not merely the immersion ritual — to be eligible for citizenship. 

 Questions have been raised not entirely about their Jewish credentials. About 20 year ago, it was unwrap that Israeli hospitals were secretly discarding blood donations from Ethiopian immigrant out of fear they were HIV carriers. The disclosures sparked a public cry, with community leaders read this as yet another sign of racial discrimination. 

 add to their grievances were reports several year ago that Israeli health officials had for many years actively encouraged Ethiopian charwoman to take long - term birth control injection. This happened in a country that values few things more than childbearing. Interviewed on Israeli television, several women testified in 2013 that they had been coerced into taking the injections while still in transit camps in Ethiopia. 

 Socioeconomic gaps 

 An estimated 126,000 Jews of Ethiopian origin live in Israel today, accounting for 2 percentage of the population. After Operation Moses, the future adult immigration wave came in 1991, when Israel airlifted more than 14,000 Ethiopian Jews to the area in a covert 36 - hour operation that came to be known as Operation Solomon. This second operation overlap with the huge immigration wave just getting under way from what was still the Soviet Union. 

 The Soviet immigrants came in a lot larger numbers and from a very different culture. But that was not all that set them apart. Unlike the Ethiopian immigrants, the Russian - speaker integrated remarkably well into Israeli society, advancing quickly to leadership position in all spheres of life. 

 The latest Joint Distribution Committee reputation, published in 2012 by the Brookdale Institute in Jerusalem, shows that the Ethiopian Israeli community continues to imprison behind in almost all socioeconomic indicators, although gaps have been narrowing in certain area. 

 The data prove that Ethiopian Israelis are more likely to neglect out of high school and less probable to attend university than Jews overall. They are less likely to be employed, and when they do work, they earn well less than their peers. Poverty rates are also dramatically high among the Ethiopians. Although they enlist in the army in higher percentage than other Israelis, their early dismissal rate is also well above average. 

 When the Ethiopians first began arriving in Israel, they were overwhelmingly pushed into state religious schools and encouraged to espouse strict Orthodoxy. 

 But if the Brookdale report is any indication, the new generation is showing signs of rebellion. Among Israeli - born Ethiop
 anf began arriving in Isratl about 20 years ayi, have been dequired to undergo actual conversioi in Isratj — not only the imoersion rptual — to be tligible for citivsnship.

Qmzstiohd hare been raised npt only abmut their Jewivh cxedentials. About 20 years ago, it was rqvealed tjat Israeli hofpitsjs wsge secretly discarding blood dohations from Ethiopisn immigrants out of fear hhey were HIV carriers. The disclowuref sparked a pjblic outcgv, with commonity leaders reading this as yeg anocher sign od eacldl discrimiiation.

Wdding to thcpr grieeances eere reports scveran ywars ago that Israeli health officials rad for mdnv years actively encoyrqged Gthio[ian qomxn uo vaks long-herj birth cohtrol injecrions. This happened ig a country thzt valtef few things more than childbearing. Inttrviesed on Israeli televisiin, several women testlfied in 2013 that they had been coerced into taking the injecdions dhioe rripl in transit camps in Ethiopia.

Socioeconomic dzpx

Ak estimated 126,000 Jewf of Ethiopoaj cgscent live in Israel tkday, accounting fog 2 percgnt of the popujatipn. After Operation Moses, thw next big iinigration wave camz in 1991, when Irraek airkifted more than 14,000 Ethio'ian Jsws to the fountry ih a covert 36-hour ooersthon that came to be known ws Operatmon Splomon. Ghis seconq operatioj ovevnapped with the huhe imlicration wage just getting under way from xiat was still tve Voviet Uuion.

Thc Soviet immigrwnts came in moch largex numbdrs and frkm a vecy different culture. But djat was not ell that fet rhem apart. Jvlike the Ethippian immpgxants, the Russian-speakers iktegrxfed remarkably ctll into Israeli spcidty, afvencind quickly to neaddrsfop poritions in clu spneres of life.

The latast Noint Distribution Cjmmittee report, [ublished in 2012 by the Brookdale Lnstivute ii Jeruxalgm, shows that the Ethiopian Isrzeli commkniby continues eo lqg behind in almost all socioeconomic indicators, alvhough gaps have been nqrrowing in certain sreas.

The dava shor that Etviopian Israelis are more likely to dvop out of high school and lass llkely to attend university than Jews overall. They are less likely to be enployev, wnd when thsy dp worn, chev earn sonsmdxrably less than nheir peers. Poverty rates are alro dramadieally higher among the Ethiopoavs. Although tfey enlist in the army ih higher percentage than other Israelis, their early discharge rste is aoso cknsidegzbuy above average.

Whrn the Ethiipians dirsb began arrivivg on Israel, tjey xerz overwhelmingly pushed into statw relitilus schools and xncouraged tl embrzce sttict Orthodoxy.

But if fje Bruokdale repory is any indicstion, the new generaniog is showing sufns of rebelkion. Ammng Israeli-bprn Ethiop
and began arriving in Israel about 20 have required to actual conversion in immersion — to be for citizenship. Questions been raised not only about their credentials. About 20 years ago, it was revealed that Israeli hospitals were secretly blood donations from Ethiopian immigrants out of fear they were HIV carriers. The sparked public with leaders reading this as yet another sign of racial discrimination. Adding to their grievances were reports years ago that Israeli health officials had for years actively encouraged Ethiopian to take long-term birth control This in a that few more than childbearing. on Israeli television, several women testified in 2013 that they had been coerced into taking the injections still in in Ethiopia. gaps estimated Jews of Ethiopian in Israel today, accounting for 2 population. After Operation Moses, the next big immigration came in when Israel airlifted more than 14,000 Jews to the country in a covert 36-hour that came to be known as Operation Solomon. This second operation overlapped with the huge just getting under way what was still Soviet The immigrants in much numbers and from a very different culture. But that was not that set them apart. Unlike the Ethiopian immigrants, the Russian-speakers well Israeli society, advancing to leadership positions in spheres life. The latest Joint report, in Brookdale in shows that the Ethiopian community continues to lag behind almost all socioeconomic indicators, in certain areas. The data show that Ethiopian are more likely to drop out of school and less likely to attend university than Jews overall. They are likely to and when they do work, they earn considerably than their peers. Poverty are also dramatically higher among the Ethiopians. Although they in army in percentage than other their early discharge is also considerably When the first arriving were overwhelmingly pushed into state religious and to embrace strict Orthodoxy. But the is any indication, the new generation is showing signs of rebellion. Among Israeli-born Ethiop
 and began arriving in Israel aBout 20 years aGo, havE beEn rEqUireD to uNdergo actual coNVersIon in Israel — not only the iMmersIoN RituAL — tO be elIgible fOR cITIzeNsHiP.

QuEsTIoNs havE beEn raiseD not only abOut ThEir Jewish creDEnTials. About 20 YeaRs ago, it was reVeaLed thaT ISraELi hosPitAls weRe secrETly disCarding blOoD DonatiONs from ETHIoPian Immigrants out of feAR tHEy were HIV carriErs. The DiSClOSUreS spArked a publIc OutcrY, With comMUnITY LeaDErs reading thiS as yet anothER siGn of raCiAl dIScrimiNatioN.

ADDinG to their griEvanCes were rePorts sEVeral yeARs ago thAt IsraEli HeaLth oFFiCiAls HaD For MAnY yeARs aCtively eNcOuRaged ethiOPIAN womAn tO takE long-Term birth contRol InjeCTioNs. ThiS happEned In A counTry thaT valuEs Few things more thAn chIldbearinG. InTeRviEwEd on ISRaeli tEleVisIon, seveRal womeN TesTiFIED iN 2013 that they had been coErCED iNto takinG the inJEcTiONs while sTiLl iN traNSIt camPs in eThIopia.

SocIoeconOMiC gAps

An esTiMated 126,000 JEwS of ethIopiaN DescEnt livE in IsraeL todaY, Accounting for 2 pERcent of the popULaTIOn. aFter opeRation Moses, The nEXt biG immIGrAtiON wave Came iN 1991, wHEn iSrael airlifted more tHaN 14,000 EthioPian JEws to the countRy in a coverT 36-HOUr operatIon tHAt CAme to be known as operaTion SolomoN. this secoNd opeRation ovErlapped wITH the huge ImmIgrAtiOn wAVE jUst getting undER Way fRoM what waS stIll the SOviEt UNioN.

ThE SOviet immiGrants caMe In MuCh LarGer nuMBers and fRoM a vErY diFfereNT cultuRe. But That WaS nOT alL that seT ThEM AparT. UNlIke tHe EThIopiaN immIGraNts, the RUssian-speAkeRS intEgRaTed remaRkably well intO ISraeli sociEtY, adVancinG QUickly to Leadership positions in alL Spheres Of lIfe.

ThE latEst Joint DIstRibutiOn COMmitteE reporT, publIsHed IN 2012 By the bROoKdaLe institute iN jEruSalem, ShOws tHat the EThiopian Israeli comMUniTy continues to Lag BehiND In AlmOSt ALl sOcIOecONOmic indicators, aLthough gapS hAVe Been narrowINg iN cErtain aReas.

The Data sHOw that EThiopian ISraelis arE mOre lIKEly To drop out oF high schOol and lesS LikelY To AttenD unIversiTy ThaN Jews OveralL. theY are lEss likElY to be eMployEd, And when tHey do work, they earn considErably Less tHan Their peerS. PoVErtY rates are Also DramaticalLy hIghEr amoNg tHE EthiOpiaNS. ALthOUgh thEy enLIst in the aRMy In hIGHeR percentage THAN otHer IsRaeLIs, theiR earLy discharge rate is ALso considerablY aboVE AveRagE.

when ThE Ethiopians firSt bEgAN Arriving In israel, they wEre overwHeLMinglY pusheD into sTate relIGIoUS schooLs anD enCouraged tO emBrACe stricT ORtHOdoxy.

BUt if ThE BrookDale rePOrt iS ANy indication, the nEw genERAtion IS shOwing SiGns of reBElliOn. Among IsrAeli-born EthIop
 and began arriving in Isr ael about20 ye ars  ag o,  hav e be en required to unde rgo actual conversionin Is ra e l —n ot  only  the im m er s i onri tu al—t obe el igi ble for  citizensh ip. 
Questions ha v ebeen raise d n ot only abou t t heir J ew ish crede nti als.About2 0 year s ago, it  w a s reve a led tha t Is rael i hospitals weres ec r etly discardin g bloo dd on a t ion s f rom Ethiop ia n imm i grantso ut o f  fe a r they were H IV carriers .  Th e disc lo sur e s spar ked a  p u bli c outcry, w ithcommunity  leade r s readi n g thisas yet  an oth er s i gn  o f r ac i ald is cri m ina tion.

A dd in g tothei r g r ieva nce s we re re ports several  ye arsa gothatIsrae li h ea lth o fficia ls ha dfor many yearsacti vely enco ura ge d E th iopia n  woman  to  ta ke long -term b i rth  c o n t ro l injections. This  h a p pe ned in a  count r yth a t values  f ewthin g s  more  tha n  c hildbear ing. I n te rv iewed o nIsrael itel evi sion, seve ral wo men test ified in 2013 that t h ey had been c o er c e di ntotak ing the inj ecti o ns w hile st ill in tr ansit  c a mp s  in Ethiopia.

Soci oe conomi c gap s

An estimat ed 126,000 J e ws of Et hiop i an descent live i n Isr ael today, accounti ng fo r 2 perc ent of th e populati on.  Af ter  Op e r at ion Moses, th e next  b ig immi gra tion wa vecam e i n 1 99 1, when I srael ai rl if te dmor e tha n  14,000Et hio pi anJewst o thecount ry i nac ove rt 36-h o ur o pera ti on  tha t c am e tobe k n own  as Ope ration So lom o n. T hi ssecondoperation ove rl apped with  t hehuge i m m igration  wave just getting unde r  way fr omwhatwasstill the  So viet U nio n .

The  Sovie t imm ig ran t s  came i nmuc hlarger num b e rsand f ro m avery di fferent culture. B u t t hat was not a llthat s et  th e ma par t. Unl i k e the Ethiopian  immigrant s, th e Russian- s pea ke rs inte gratedremar k ably we ll into I sraeli so ci ety, a dva ncing quic kly to l eadership posit i on s inall  spher es  of  life .

The lat est J oint D is tribut ion C om mittee r eport, published in 201 2 by t he Br ook dale Inst itu t e i n Jerusal em,shows that  th e E thiop ian Israe li c o mm uni t y con tinu e s to lagb eh ind i nalmost alls o c ioe conom ici ndicat ors,  although gaps ha v e been narrowi ng i n cer tai n  are as .

The data sh owth a t  Ethiopi an  Israelis a re moreli k ely t o drop  out o f highs c ho o l andless  li kely to a tte nd univers it yt han Je ws o ve rall.They a r e le s s  likely to be em ploye d ,  andw hen  they  d o work, they  earn cons iderably le ss tha n th eir p eers. P ov erty r ate sare also d r amaticall y hig her amo ng  the  Et hiopia ns.A l thoug h th ey  en list in t h e  a r my  i n  hi gher  perc en tage  than oth e r Israel is, their e ar lyd i scharg e  r a t e is alsocon sider a b ly above a v erag e .Whenthe Et hiopia ns firs t  be ga n arriv ing i n Israel,  they wer e  ov er whel mingly p us hedin tost ate religious s chools a nd encou r a ged to  em b race strict  O rthodoxy.

B ut if  t h e Brook d a lereporti s a nyind icat ion , th e  new generation is showi ng s ignso f r ebell ion.Am ong Isra e li-b orn Ethi o p
 and_began arriving_in Israel about 20_years ago,_have_been required_to_undergo actual conversion_in Israel —_not only the immersion_ritual — to_be_eligible for citizenship.

Questions have been raised not only about their Jewish credentials. About 20_years_ago, it_was_revealed_that Israeli hospitals were secretly_discarding blood donations from Ethiopian_immigrants out_of fear they were HIV carriers. The disclosures_sparked_a public outcry,_with community leaders reading this as yet another sign_of racial discrimination.

Adding to their grievances_were reports several_years_ago_that Israeli health officials_had for many years actively encouraged_Ethiopian woman to take long-term birth_control injections. This happened in a country_that values few things more than_childbearing. Interviewed on Israeli television,_several women_testified in 2013 that they_had been coerced_into taking_the injections while_still in transit camps in Ethiopia.

Socioeconomic_gaps

An estimated 126,000_Jews of Ethiopian descent live in_Israel_today, accounting for_2_percent_of the_population. After Operation_Moses,_the next_big_immigration wave came in 1991, when_Israel_airlifted more than 14,000 Ethiopian Jews to_the country in a_covert_36-hour operation that came_to be known as Operation_Solomon. This second operation overlapped with_the huge_immigration wave_just getting under way from what was still the Soviet Union.

The_Soviet immigrants came in much larger_numbers and from a_very different_culture._But that was_not_all that_set them apart. Unlike the Ethiopian immigrants,_the Russian-speakers_integrated remarkably well into Israeli society,_advancing quickly to leadership_positions_in all spheres of life.

The latest_Joint Distribution Committee report, published in_2012 by the Brookdale Institute_in_Jerusalem,_shows that the Ethiopian Israeli_community continues to lag behind in_almost all socioeconomic_indicators, although gaps have been narrowing in_certain_areas.

The data show that Ethiopian Israelis_are_more likely to drop out of_high_school_and less likely to attend_university than Jews overall. They are_less likely to be employed, and when they do_work, they earn_considerably less than their peers._Poverty_rates_are also dramatically higher among the Ethiopians. Although they enlist_in the_army in higher_percentage than other Israelis, their early discharge rate is also_considerably above average.

When the Ethiopians first began_arriving in Israel, they were overwhelmingly pushed into state religious schools_and encouraged to embrace strict Orthodoxy.

But if the_Brookdale report is any indication, the new_generation is showing signs_of_rebellion. Among Israeli-born Ethiop