-stratified sandstone (Shc) beds occur where this lithofacies grades into the hummocky cross-stratified sandstone lithofacies. The massive nature of this lithofacies derives from pervasive bioturbation that has completely homogenized the primary sedimentary fabric. Typically the trace fossil Ophiomorpha is abundant, with the ichnofabric often composed entirely of cross-cutting, overlapping trace fossils. Teichichnus (concave up vertically migrating spreiten), Skolithos (vertical tube-shaped burrows <1 cm wide), and Planolites (small horizontal tube-shaped burrows <2 cm wide) traces are also common [63]. Bioclast-rich portions are rare within this lithofacies, and primarily include thin shell beds, pavements, and stringers. Clumps of articulated bivalves (often Anadara trilineata) in apparent life position also occur [34]. “Articulated” clumps of the colonial gastropod Crepidula are rarely present. This lithofacies often directly overlies laterally extensive bonebeds [34]. Bonebed 3 lacks abundant phosphatic and terrigenous pebbles and is instead composed of this lithofacies (rather than the massive pebbly sandstone (Spm) lithofacies). Vertebrate fossils are rare within this lithofacies; when present, preservation varies from abraded to pristine isolated elements and disarticulated to partially articulated skeletons. This lithofacies interfingers with the hummocky cross-stratified sandstone (Shc), massive mudrock (Mm), and pebbly massive sandstone (Spm) lithofacies ( Fig. 11B ).

The hummocky-cross stratified sandstone (Shc) lithofacies comprises beds of hummocky cross-stratified, very fine-medium grained, well-moderately sorted sandstone ( Fig. 10C ). These beds are typically 20–60 cm thick but range up to 120 cm in thickness [34]. Each bed fines upward, with a discontinuous shell lag present often developed at lower bounding surfaces that are sharp and often wavy. Mollusk shell concentrations typically comprise beds and pavements, with mudrock rip-up clasts (typically 1–3 cm in size, and up to 25 cm), phosphate nodules (typical of thicker shell lags), and rare vertebrate elements also present
-stratified sandstone (Shc) beds occur where this lithofacies grades into the hummocky cross - graded sandstone lithofacies. The massive nature of this lithofacies derive from pervasive bioturbation that has completely homogenized the elementary sedimentary fabric. Typically the tracing dodo Ophiomorpha is abundant, with the ichnofabric often composed entirely of cross - cutting, overlap trace fossils. Teichichnus (concave up vertically migrate spreiten), Skolithos (erect tube - shaped burrow < 1 cm broad), and Planolites (minor horizontal tube - shaped burrows < 2 curium wide) traces are also common [ 63 ]. Bioclast - fat portions are rare within this lithofacies, and primarily include thin shell bed, pavements, and stringers. Clumps of articulated bivalves (often Anadara trilineata) in apparent life position also occur [ 34 ]. “ Articulated ” clumps of the colonial gastropod Crepidula are rarely present. This lithofacies often directly overlies laterally extensive bonebeds [ 34 ]. Bonebed 3 lacks abundant phosphatic and terrigenous pebbles and is alternatively composed of this lithofacies (rather than the massive pebbly sandstone (Spm) lithofacies). Vertebrate fossil are rare within this lithofacies; when present, conservation vary from abraded to pristine isolated element and disarticulated to partially articulated skeletons. This lithofacies interfingers with the hummocky cross - graded sandstone (Shc), massive mudrock (Mm), and pebbly massive sandstone (Spm) lithofacies (Fig. 11B). 

 The hummocky - cross stratified sandstone (Shc) lithofacies comprises beds of hummocky cross - stratified, very all right - medium grained, well - moderately sorted sandstone (Fig. 10C). These beds are typically 20–60 cm thick but roll up to 120 cm in thickness [ 34 ]. Each bed fines upward, with a discontinuous shell stave present often developed at lower bounding surface that are sharp and often wavy. Mollusk shell concentration typically comprise layer and pavements, with mudrock rip - up clast (typically 1–3 cm in size, and up to 25 cm), phosphate nodules (typical of blockheaded shell lags), and rare vertebrate chemical element also present
-strwtified sandstone (Shc) beas occur where jhus litiofaciea grades into the hummocky cross-stravifiwd sabdstone lithofacies. Thd massive nature if tiis lithofacies vsrives nxom psvvasire bioturbation jhat has com[letely homogetixeb the primary sedimentary fabric. Typycally yhf trace fossil Ophpoiorpga is abundant, with the ichnofabrid often composed entorely of cross-cutting, overpapplng trace fossils. Heichichnus (consqve up vertizally migrating spreitgn), Skolithos (vertical tube-shaped burrpws <1 cm wiee), anf Planolites (smalj horizontal tube-sha[ed burtows <2 cm wide) bracev aee also common [63]. Bioclest-rich portions are rare witviu this lithofacies, ane primatily hncljee ghih xhsll befs, 'avements, ahd stringerw. Clumps of articulstqe bivalves (offen Anwdwra trilineata) in apparent life positiot amso occur [34]. “Articulated” xlumps of the coloniap gastropjd Crepidula are rarely present. This lithofacies mften airtcbjh ogerlies laterally extensive bonebeds [34]. Bonebed 3 lscls abundant phjsphatic anc hettigenous pebblgs and na jnstead composed ov this jithodacies (rauher yhan the massive pebbly sanestone (Spm) lpthodacies). Vertebrate yossils are xare wothin this lithofacies; when 'resenf, preservatlon variea from abraded to prpstite isolaudd elements and dysarticuleted co partixlly artictlated skepetons. This lithofacies lnteryingess with thf hummocky cross-stratified sandstone (Shc), massova mldrock (Mm), and iebbly massive fandstone (Spm) kithofaeies ( Wig. 11B ).

The gummockb-cross stratyfied sandstotg (Shc) lithofaries compwisew bees of hjomocky cross-sttatified, nexy fine-meeium grained, well-mpdetafely sorted sanbruobe ( Fig. 10C ). Thexe cedf wrx typywally 20–60 cm thhck cut tange up to 120 cm ln ghiclness [34]. Each bed finev upsard, with a disconyikuous sheol lag pwesent often ceveloped at lower bounving snrfacex trat are sharp and often wavy. Mkllusk shfll concentratijns bypisally compxise beds and pavements, with mudrock rip-np clasts (typically 1–3 cm in size, and up to 25 gm), phosphate nodujes (typicdl of thicker shell oags), and rare veruebrate elements also pdesent
-stratified sandstone (Shc) beds occur where this into hummocky cross-stratified lithofacies. The massive from bioturbation that has homogenized the primary fabric. Typically the trace fossil Ophiomorpha abundant, with the ichnofabric often composed entirely of cross-cutting, overlapping trace fossils. Teichichnus up vertically migrating spreiten), Skolithos (vertical tube-shaped burrows <1 cm wide), and Planolites horizontal burrows cm traces are also common [63]. Bioclast-rich portions are rare within this lithofacies, and primarily include thin beds, pavements, and stringers. Clumps of articulated bivalves Anadara trilineata) in apparent position also occur [34]. “Articulated” of colonial gastropod are present. lithofacies often directly laterally extensive bonebeds [34]. Bonebed 3 lacks abundant phosphatic and terrigenous pebbles and is instead composed of lithofacies (rather massive pebbly (Spm) Vertebrate are rare within when present, preservation varies from abraded elements and disarticulated to partially articulated skeletons. This interfingers with hummocky cross-stratified sandstone (Shc), massive mudrock and pebbly massive sandstone (Spm) lithofacies ( Fig. ). The hummocky-cross stratified sandstone (Shc) lithofacies comprises beds of hummocky cross-stratified, very fine-medium grained, sandstone ( Fig. 10C These beds are 20–60 thick range to 120 in thickness [34]. Each bed fines upward, with a discontinuous shell present often developed at lower bounding surfaces that are sharp wavy. shell concentrations typically beds and pavements, with rip-up (typically 1–3 cm in up 25 (typical thicker lags), and rare vertebrate also present
-stratified sandstone (Shc) bedS occur wherE this LitHofAcIes gRadeS into the hummocKY croSs-stratified sandstone lIthofAcIEs. ThE MaSsive Nature oF ThIS LitHoFaCieS dERiVes frOm pErvasivE bioturbatIon ThAt has completELy HomogenizeD thE primary sediMenTary faBrIc. TYPicalLy tHe traCe fossIL OphioMorpha is aBuNDant, wiTH the ichNOFaBric Often composed entiRElY Of cross-cutting, OverlaPpINg TRAce FosSils. TeichiChNus (coNCave up vERtICALly MIgrating spreiTen), SkolithoS (VerTical tUbE-shAPed burRows <1 cM wIDe), aNd PlanoliteS (smaLl horizonTal tubE-Shaped bURrows <2 cm Wide) trAceS arE alsO CoMmOn [63]. BIoCLasT-RiCh pORtiOns are raRe WiThin tHis lITHOFaciEs, aNd prImariLy include thin SheLl beDS, paVemenTs, and StriNgErs. ClUmps of ArticUlAted bivalves (oftEn AnAdara trilIneAtA) in ApParenT Life poSitIon Also occUr [34]. “ArticULatEd” CLUMpS of the colonial gastRoPOD CRepidula Are rarELy PrESent. This LiThoFaciES Often DireCTlY overlieS laterALlY eXtensivE bOnebedS [34]. BOneBed 3 Lacks ABundAnt phoSphatic aNd terRIgenous pebbles ANd is instead coMPoSED oF This LitHofacies (ratHer tHAn thE masSIvE peBBly saNdstoNe (sPm) LIthofacies). VertebratE fOssils Are raRe within this lIthofacies; WHEN present, PresERvATion varies from AbradEd to pristiNE isolateD elemEnts and dIsarticulATEd to partIalLy aRtiCulATEd Skeletons. This LIThofAcIes inteRfiNgers wiTh tHe hUmmOckY cRoss-stratIfied sanDsToNe (shC), maSsive MUdrock (Mm), AnD peBbLy mAssivE SandstOne (SpM) litHoFaCIes ( fig. 11B ).

The HUmMOCky-cRoSs StraTifIeD sandStonE (shc) LithofaCies comprIseS Beds Of HuMmocky cRoss-stratifieD, vEry fine-medIuM grAined, wELL-moderatEly sorted sandstone ( Fig. 10C ). THEse beds Are TypicAlly 20–60 Cm thick buT raNge up tO 120 cm IN thickNess [34]. EaCh bed FiNes UPWard, wITH a DisCoNtinuous shELL laG presEnT oftEn develOped at lower boundinG SurFaces that are sHarP and OFTeN waVY. MOLluSk SHelL COncentrations tyPically comPrISe Beds and pavEMenTs, With mudRock rip-Up claSTs (typicAlly 1–3 cm in sIze, and up tO 25 cM), phoSPHatE nodules (tyPical of tHicker sheLL lags), ANd Rare vErtEbrate ElEmeNts alSo presENt
-stratified sandstone (Shc ) beds occ ur wh ere  th is  lit hofa cies grades in t o th e hummocky cross-strat ified  s a ndst o ne  lith ofacies .  T h e  ma ss iv e n at u re  of t his  lithof acies deri ves  f rom pervasiv e  b ioturbatio n t hat has comp let ely ho mo gen i zed t heprima ry sed i mentar y fabric.  T y picall y  the tr a c efoss il Ophiomorpha is ab u ndant, with th e ichn of a br i c  of ten  composeden tirel y  of cro s s- c u t tin g , overlapping  trace foss i ls.  Teich ic hnu s  (conc ave u pv ert ically migr atin g spreite n), Sk o lithos( vertica l tube -sh ape d bu r ro ws  <1  c m  wi d e) , a n d P lanolite s(s mallhori z o n t al t ube -sha ped b urrows <2 cmwid e) t r ace s are  also  com mo n [63 ]. Bio clast -r ich portions ar e ra re within  th is  li th ofaci e s, and  pr ima rily in clude t h insh e l l  b eds, pavements, an ds t ri ngers. C lumpso far t iculated  b iva lves ( often  Ana d ar a trilin eata)i nap parentli fe pos it ion  al so oc c ur [ 34]. “ Articula ted”c lumps of the c o lonial gastro p od C re p idul a a re rarely p rese n t. T hisl it hof a ciesoften  d i re c tly overlies latera ll y exte nsive  bonebeds [34 ]. Bonebed 3 lacks ab unda n tp hosphatic andterri genous peb b les andis in stead co mposed of t his lith ofa cie s ( rat h e rthan the mass i v e pe bb ly sand sto ne (Spm ) l ith ofa cie s) . Vertebr ate foss il sar erar e wit h in thisli tho fa cie s; wh e n pres ent,pres er va t ion  varies fr o m  abr ad ed  topri st ine i sola t edelement s and dis art i cula te dto part ially articul at ed skeleto ns . T his li t h ofaciesinterfingers with the h u mmockycro ss-st rati fied sand sto ne (Sh c), massiv e mudr ock ( Mm ),a n d peb b l ymas si ve sandsto n e  (S pm) l it hofa cies (Fig. 11B ).

The h u mmo cky-cross str ati fied s an dst o ne (Sh c) lit h o facies comprise s beds ofhu m mo cky cross- s tra ti fied, v ery fin e-med i um grai ned, well -moderate ly  sor t e d s andstone (  Fig. 10 C ). Thes e  beds ar e typ ica lly 20 –6 0 c m thi ck but ran ge up  to 12 0cm inthick ne ss [34].  Each bed fines upward,  witha dis con tinuous s hel l  la g present  oft en develop edatlower  bo u nding  sur f ac est hat a re s h arp and o f te n w a v y.  Mollusk sh e l l  co ncent rat i ons ty pica lly comprise beds and pavements,  wit h mud roc k  rip -u p clasts (typi cal ly 1 –3 cm in  s ize, and up  to 25 c m) ,  phos phatenodule s (typi c a lo f thic kershe ll lags),  an dr are ver te br a te ele ment salso p resent 
-stratified sandstone_(Shc) beds_occur where this lithofacies_grades into_the_hummocky cross-stratified_sandstone_lithofacies. The massive_nature of this_lithofacies derives from pervasive_bioturbation that has_completely_homogenized the primary sedimentary fabric. Typically the trace fossil Ophiomorpha is abundant, with the_ichnofabric_often composed_entirely_of_cross-cutting, overlapping trace fossils. Teichichnus_(concave up vertically migrating spreiten),_Skolithos (vertical_tube-shaped burrows <1 cm wide), and Planolites (small_horizontal_tube-shaped burrows <2_cm wide) traces are also common [63]. Bioclast-rich portions_are rare within this lithofacies, and_primarily include thin_shell_beds,_pavements, and stringers. Clumps_of articulated bivalves (often Anadara trilineata)_in apparent life position also occur_[34]. “Articulated” clumps of the colonial gastropod_Crepidula are rarely present. This lithofacies_often directly overlies laterally extensive_bonebeds [34]._Bonebed 3 lacks abundant phosphatic_and terrigenous pebbles_and is_instead composed of_this lithofacies (rather than the massive_pebbly sandstone (Spm)_lithofacies). Vertebrate fossils are rare within_this_lithofacies; when present,_preservation_varies_from abraded_to pristine isolated_elements_and disarticulated_to_partially articulated skeletons. This lithofacies interfingers_with_the hummocky cross-stratified sandstone (Shc), massive mudrock_(Mm), and pebbly massive_sandstone_(Spm) lithofacies ( Fig._11B ).

The hummocky-cross stratified sandstone_(Shc) lithofacies comprises beds of hummocky_cross-stratified, very_fine-medium grained,_well-moderately sorted sandstone ( Fig. 10C ). These beds are typically_20–60 cm thick but range up_to 120 cm in_thickness [34]._Each_bed fines upward,_with_a discontinuous_shell lag present often developed at lower_bounding surfaces_that are sharp and often wavy._Mollusk shell concentrations typically_comprise_beds and pavements, with mudrock rip-up_clasts (typically 1–3 cm in size,_and up to 25 cm),_phosphate_nodules_(typical of thicker shell lags),_and rare vertebrate elements also present