 ones granting your neighbor the right to cross over it to reach a road. Or it may be sold with limitations to its usage: for example, the Adirondack State Park was bequeathed to the people of New York State with the stipulation that it remain forever wild.



Public limitations on property are not much different from private ones. Property is sold with zoning and tax requirements. A public equivalent of an easement is the Fourth Amendment, which allows the government to enter and search your property if it has a legal search warrant.



As noted above, many modern governments have made the rules of property use quite liberal; one example is the personal defense of private property. Although the police are charged with protecting property, the law gives citizens a large (but limited) degree of freedom in protecting their own. For example, you may use a sufficient level of force to stop a pickpocket, but you do not have the legal right to kill him. (If you do, the aforementioned police will pay you a courtesy call.)



The rules of property ownership also include definitions of what can and cannot be property. History shows us many forms of property that have been abolished (for example, ownership of slaves, women, and children) or forms of property that have been explicitly created (intellectual property) or forms of property that have been privately asserted, but defined by government as commons (control of air passage over private lands).



A person buys property already encumbered by the rules of the original or ultimate owner, and agrees to them as part of the purchase. The original or ultimate owner gets to determine the method of agreement, which can be either explicit or implicit. But once having agreed to these rules, the new owner cannot void them. For example, if someone buys property that comes with an easement allowing a neighbor to cross over it, the new owner does not have the right to cancel it. And the original sale may require that the easements be included in the next sale. In the U.S., all property is sold under the continuing provisions of its ultimate owners, the U.S., state, and local governments.



PART TWO: Possible types of property systems



Some people are dissatisfied with the current property system, claiming that better and more just property systems are possible. Alternatives exist at both the ultimate and subordinate property levels. Let's examine all the possibilities:



Ultimate property systems



There are only four possibilities of who may own the ultimate property:


ones granting your neighbor the right to cross over it to strive a road. Or it may be sell with limitations to its usage: for example, the Adirondack State Park was bequeath to the people of New York State with the stipulation that it remain everlastingly wild. 



 Public limitations on place are not a lot different from private one. Property is sold with zoning and tax requirements. A public equivalent of an easing is the Fourth Amendment, which allows the government to record and search your property if it accept a legal search warrant. 



 As noted above, many advanced governments have made the rules of property function quite liberal; one example is the personal defense of private property. Although the police are charge with protecting property, the law gives citizens a big (but limited) degree of freedom in protecting their own. For example, you may use a sufficient level of force to stop a pickpocket, but you do not have the legal right field to stamp out him. (If you do, the aforesaid police will yield you a courtesy call option .) 



 The rules of property possession also admit definitions of what can and cannot be property. History shows us many form of property that have been abolished (for example, ownership of slaves, women, and children) or forms of property that have been explicitly created (intellectual place) or forms of place that have been privately asserted, but defined by government as commons (control of air enactment over private lands). 



 A person buys place already encumbered by the convention of the original or ultimate owner, and agrees to them as part of the leverage. The original or ultimate owner gets to determine the method of agreement, which can be either explicit or implicit. But once having agreed to these rule, the new owner cannot invalidate them. For example, if someone buy property that hail with an easement allowing a neighbor to cross over it, the new owner does not have the right field to cancel it. And the original sale may require that the easements be include in the next sale. In the U.S., all property is sold under the continuing provisions of its ultimate owner, the U.S., state, and local governments. 



 PART TWO: potential types of property systems 



 Some people are dissatisfied with the current property system, claim that better and more just property systems are possible. Alternatives exist at both the ultimate and subordinate place levels. Let's examine all the possibilities: 



 Ultimate property systems 



 There are only four possibility of who may own the ultimate property:
 onfs granting your neighbov the right to ctows ovec it to reach a road. Or it may be sold with lumitaupons to its usage: for example, nhe Adirobdacj State Park was bequeathsf to vhe people of Ngw York Stata with the sti[uuacion that it remain forever wild.



Publyc limiyahions on propetty age not much different from private ones. Lropertj is sold with zoming and tax requirements. W puhlic equivalent of an easemenj is rhe Fourth Aoendment, which allows jhe government to enter and searzh yobr property id ih has a legao seagch warrant.



As noted atove, mamy modern govevnmenvs hqve made the rules of property use quitg liberal; mnz example is the persinql dexensa of prixatt pcopsrty. Apthkugh the pklice are cyarged with protectond property, the law gyvqs citizens a large (but limited) degree mf rreedom in protecting tyeir own. For example, iou may usq a sufficient level of force to stop a pickpocked, but hou dj boh have the legal right to kill him. (If you do, ege anorementioned pojice will psy ypo a courtesy cxll.)



The rumes of property owjership also include qefimitions of what can and canbot be propegty. Yistory shows us mcny forms of prokerty yhat have been abolisheb (for sxample, ownfrship of rlaves, women, and chpldran) or forms of property thwt have bxen erplicitlh crgated (igtellectuap proiarty) or forms of pgoperjy thad have beej privately asserted, but definev by governmemt as commons (contvol of air passwge over privaje lands).



A persun buys prkperty elready encuibered by the tules of the mriginal or yltinate owvdr, and agrees yo them as part of rhe purchase. The oviginxm or ultimate ocuet gets to deterkind tre mxthod mf agreement, whizh zsn be either expokcit or implicit. But onca habing agreed to thexe rules, tye new orner cannot vpid them. For examppe, if sooeone buis property that comes with an sasement wlljwing a neigrbor to cross ovzr it, the new owner does not have the rijht to cancel it. And thw original sale may vequire that the qasements be included in the bext sale. In the M.S., all property is sols undes the continuing provisions of its ultimate owners, the U.S., state, and local goveenments.



PART TWO: Poasibke tyies pf pro[ertb rystems



Some peopke are dissatisfied with the cucrent proparcy system, claiming that bettet xnd more just property systems are poasible. Akternatives exist at both the uktimate and subordinate iroperty oevela. Let's exaoine all the possinilitizs:



Ultinate priperby systems



Therd ate only foug poxsnbilities of who may own the ultinate peooerty:


ones granting your neighbor the right to it reach a Or it may its for example, the State Park was to the people of New York with the stipulation that it remain forever wild. Public limitations on property are much different from private ones. Property is sold with zoning and tax requirements. public of easement the Fourth Amendment, which allows the government to enter and search your property if it has legal search warrant. As noted above, many modern have made the rules property use quite liberal; one is personal defense private Although police are charged protecting property, the law gives citizens a large (but limited) degree of freedom in protecting their own. example, you a sufficient of to a pickpocket, but not have the legal right to you do, the aforementioned police will pay you courtesy call.) rules of property ownership also include of what can and cannot be property. History us many forms of property that have been abolished (for example, ownership of slaves, women, or forms of property have been explicitly (intellectual or of that have privately asserted, but defined by government as commons (control of air over private lands). A person buys property already encumbered by of original or ultimate and agrees to them part the purchase. The original owner to of which be either explicit or But once having agreed to rules, the new owner if someone buys property that comes with an allowing a neighbor to cross over it, new owner does not have the right to cancel it. And the sale may the easements be included in the next sale. the U.S., all property sold under the continuing provisions of its ultimate owners, U.S., and local PART TWO: Possible of property systems people are dissatisfied current property claiming better property systems are possible. Alternatives exist both ultimate and subordinate property levels. examine possibilities: Ultimate property systems There are only four possibilities of who may own the ultimate
 ones granting your neighbor tHe right to cRoss oVer It tO rEach A roaD. Or it may be sold WIth lImitations to its usage: foR examPlE, The ADIrOndacK State PARk WAS beQuEaTheD tO ThE peopLe oF New YorK State with The StIpulation thaT It Remain foreVer Wild.



Public liMitAtions On ProPErty aRe nOt mucH diffeREnt froM private oNeS. properTY is sold WITh ZoniNg and tax requiremeNTs. a Public equivaleNt of an EaSEmENT is The fourth AmenDmEnt, whICh allowS ThE GOVerNMent to enter anD search your PRopErty if It Has A Legal sEarch WaRRanT.



As noted aboVe, maNy modern gOvernmENts have MAde the rUles of ProPerTy usE QuItE liBeRAl; oNE eXamPLe iS the persOnAl DefenSe of PRIVAte pRopErty. althoUgh the police aRe cHargED wiTh proTectiNg prOpErty, tHe law gIves cItIzens a large (but lImitEd) degree oF frEeDom In ProteCTing thEir Own. for examPle, you mAY usE a SUFFiCient level of force tO sTOP a PickpockEt, but yOU dO nOT have the LeGal RighT TO kill Him. (IF YoU do, the afOremenTIoNeD police WiLl pay yOu A coUrtEsy caLL.)



The Rules oF propertY owneRShip also includE Definitions of WHaT CAn ANd caNnoT be property. histORy shOws uS MaNy fORms of PropeRtY ThAT have been abolished (fOr ExamplE, owneRship of slaves, Women, and chILDRen) or forMs of PRoPErty that have beEn expLicitly creATed (intelLectuAl properTy) or forms OF Property ThaT haVe bEen PRIvAtely asserted, BUT defInEd by govErnMent as cOmmOns (ConTroL oF air passaGe over prIvAtE lAnDs).



A PersoN Buys propErTy aLrEadY encuMBered bY the rUles Of ThE OriGinal or ULtIMAte oWnEr, And aGreEs To theM as pARt oF the purChase. The oRigINal oR uLtImate owNer gets to deteRmIne the methOd Of aGreemeNT, Which can Be either explicit or impliCIt. But onCe hAving AgreEd to these RulEs, the nEw oWNer canNot voiD them. foR exAMPle, if SOMeOne BuYs property THAt cOmes wItH an eAsement Allowing a neighbor tO CroSs over it, the neW owNer dOES nOt hAVe THe rIgHT to CANcel it. And the oriGinal sale mAy REqUire that thE EasEmEnts be iNcluded In the NExt sale. in the U.S., alL property Is Sold UNDer The continuIng proviSions of itS UltimATe OwnerS, thE U.S., staTe, And Local GovernMEntS.



PART tWO: PosSiBle typEs of pRoPerty sysTems



Some people are dissatIsfied With tHe cUrrent proPerTY syStem, claimIng tHat better aNd mOre Just pRopERty syStemS ArE poSSible. alteRNatives exISt At bOTH tHe ultimate aND SUboRdinaTe pROperty LeveLs. Let's examine all tHE possibilities:



ultiMATe pRopERty sYsTems



There are onLy fOuR POssibiliTiEs of who may oWn the ultImATe proPerty:


 ones granting your neighb or the rig ht to  cr oss  o verit t o reach a road .  Orit may be sold with li mitat io n s to it s usa ge: for ex a m ple ,th e A di r on dackSta te Park  was beque ath ed  to the peop l eof New Yor k S tate with th e s tipula ti ont hat i t r emain  forev e r wild .



Publ ic limita t ions on p ro pert y are not much di f fe r ent from priva te one s. Pr o p ert y i s sold wit hzonin g  and ta x  r e q u ire m ents. A publi c equivalen t  of  an ea se men t  is th e Fou rt h  Am endment, wh ichallows th e gove r nment t o  enterand se arc h y ourp ro pe rty  i f  it ha s a leg al searc hwa rrant .

A s note d a bove , man y modern gove rnm ents hav e mad e the  rul es  of p ropert y use  q uite liberal; o ne e xample is  th eper so nal d e fenseofpri vate pr operty. Alt ho u g h  t he police are char ge d wi th prote ctingp ro pe r ty, thela w g ives c itize ns a la rge (but  limit e d)  d egree o ffreedo minpro tecti n g th eir ow n. For e xampl e , you may usea  sufficient l e ve l of forc e t o stop a pi ckpo c ket,  but yo u d o  nothaveth e  l e gal right to kill h im . (Ifyou d o, the aforem entioned p o l i ce willpayy ou a courtesy cal l.)


The rule s  of prop ertyownershi p also in c l ude defi nit ion s o f w h a tcan and canno t be p ro perty.His tory sh ows  us  ma nyfo rms of pr operty t ha tha ve  be en ab o lished ( fo r e xa mpl e, ow n ership  of s lave s,  w o men , and c h il d r en)or  f orms  of  p roper ty t h athave be en explic itl y  cre at ed  (intel lectual prope rt y) or form sofproper t y  that ha ve been privately asser t ed, but  de fined  bygovernmen t a s comm ons (contr ol ofair p as sag e overp r iv ate  l ands).


A per son b uy s pr opertyalready encumbered bythe rules ofthe  ori g i na l o r  u l tim at e  ow n e r, and agrees t o them aspa r tof the pur c has e.  The or iginalor ul t imate o wner gets  to deter mi ne t h e  me thod of ag reement,  which ca n  be e i th er ex pli cit or  i mpl icit.  But o n cehavin g agre ed  to th ese r ul es, thenew owner cannot void t hem. F or ex amp le, if so meo n e b uys prope rtythat comes  wi than ea sem e nt al lowi n ga n e ighbo r to cross ove r  i t,t h enew owner d o e s  no t hav e t h e righ t to  cancel it. And t h e original sal e ma y req uir e  tha tthe easementsbein c l uded inth e next sale . In the  U . S., a ll pro pertyis sold u nd e r thecont inu ing provi sio ns of itsul ti m ate ow ners ,the U. S., st a te,a n d local governme nts.
PART TWO : Pos si ble typ e s of  propertysystems


Some p eopl e are  dissat is fied w ith  t he current propertysyste m, clai mi ng t hat  bette r an d morejust  p rop erty syst e m sa re  p o ssi ble.  Alte rn ativ es exista t both t heu ltimate  a nds u bordin a te p roperty le vel s. Le t ' s examinea ll t h ep ossib ilitie s:


Ultimat e  pr op erty sy ste m s 



There  are only fou rposs ibilitie sof w ho  ma yown the ultimat e proper ty:


 ones_granting your_neighbor the right to_cross over_it_to reach_a_road. Or it_may be sold_with limitations to its_usage: for example,_the_Adirondack State Park was bequeathed to the people of New York State with the_stipulation_that it_remain_forever_wild.



Public limitations on property are_not much different from private_ones. Property_is sold with zoning and tax requirements. A_public_equivalent of an_easement is the Fourth Amendment, which allows the government_to enter and search your property_if it has_a_legal_search warrant.



As noted above,_many modern governments have made the_rules of property use quite liberal;_one example is the personal defense of_private property. Although the police are_charged with protecting property, the_law gives_citizens a large (but limited)_degree of freedom_in protecting_their own. For_example, you may use a sufficient_level of force_to stop a pickpocket, but you_do_not have the_legal_right_to kill_him. (If you_do,_the aforementioned_police_will pay you a courtesy call.)



The_rules_of property ownership also include definitions of_what can and cannot_be_property. History shows us_many forms of property that_have been abolished (for example, ownership_of slaves,_women, and_children) or forms of property that have been explicitly created (intellectual_property) or forms of property that_have been privately asserted,_but defined_by_government as commons_(control_of air_passage over private lands).



A person buys property_already encumbered_by the rules of the original_or ultimate owner, and_agrees_to them as part of the_purchase. The original or ultimate owner_gets to determine the method_of_agreement,_which can be either explicit_or implicit. But once having agreed_to these rules,_the new owner cannot void them. For_example,_if someone buys property that comes_with_an easement allowing a neighbor to_cross_over_it, the new owner does_not have the right to cancel_it. And the original sale may require that the_easements be included_in the next sale. In_the_U.S.,_all property is sold under the continuing provisions of its_ultimate owners,_the U.S., state,_and local governments.



PART TWO: Possible types of property systems



Some people_are dissatisfied with the current property system,_claiming that better and more just property systems are possible. Alternatives_exist at both the ultimate and subordinate property_levels. Let's examine all the possibilities:



Ultimate property_systems



There are only four_possibilities_of who may own the ultimate property:

