 ( image not to scale )





Burn-through Range is the radar to target range where the target return signal can first be distinguished from the Jamming signal ( rendering jamming ineffective).

Low Observability In Infrared Spectrum.

All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation. Usually this radiation is invisible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose, these devices are called infrared (IR )sensor. With the improvement in optics and processing power of CPU, nowadays infrared sensors can see much further than human eyes.As a result, all stealth aircraft use one way or another to suppress their infrared signature.

Infrared signature suppression has two objectives:

Reduce the range at which an IR missile or sensor can detect and track the

aircraft.

aircraft. Increase the effectiveness of countermeasure systems and devices.

It is important to note that infrared sensor detecting assets by comparing the contrast of such assets infrared signature with background radiation, thus the effectiveness of infrared suppression is affected significantly by the temperature of background. In general clear sky is the worst background due to their low temperature while cloud and/or hot land surface make the best backgrounds for stealth aircraft to hide from adversary infrared sensor.( for the same reason, aircraft fly higher are much easier to detect by IRST )

Example: infrared photo of C-130 in 2 different background

Like all electromagnetic radiation, IR interacts with matter in a variety of ways:

Reflects—A wave is reflected from a surface. The angle of reflection equals the

angle of incidence.

angle of incidence. Refracts—The direction of a wave bends when passing between two transparent

media with different propagation speeds (Snell’s law).

media with different propagation speeds (Snell’s law). Scatters—Scattering occurs upon interaction with particles whose size

approaches the length of the wave (why the sky is blue).

approaches the length of the wave (why the sky is blue). Diffracts—This interaction occurs around the edges of an obstruction.

Interferes–This interaction occurs in both a constructive and destructive manner.

Absorbs—When absorbed by matter, radiation is converted into another form of

energy. The most common conversion is to heat.

energy. The most common conversion is
(image not to scale) 





 Burn - through Range is the radar to target range where the target recurrence signal can foremost be distinguished from the Jamming signal (rendering jamming ineffective). 

 Low Observability In Infrared Spectrum. 

 All object with a temperature above absolute zero emit estrus energy in the form of radiotherapy. normally this radiation is invisible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detect by electronic devices designed for such a purpose, these devices are call infrared (IR) sensor. With the improvement in optics and processing power of CPU, nowadays infrared sensors can see a lot further than human eyes. As a result, all stealth aircraft practice one way or another to suppress their infrared signature. 

 Infrared signature suppression have two objectives: 

 Reduce the range at which an IR missile or sensor can detect and chase the 

 aircraft. 

 aircraft. Increase the effectiveness of countermeasure systems and devices. 

 It is important to note that infrared sensor detecting assets by comparing the contrast of such assets infrared signature with background radiation, thus the effectiveness of infrared suppression is affect significantly by the temperature of background. In cosmopolitan clean sky is the bad background due to their low temperature while swarm and/or hot farming surface make the estimable backgrounds for stealth aircraft to hide from adversary infrared sensor. (for the same cause, aircraft fly higher are much easier to detect by IRST) 

 case: infrared photo of C-130 in 2 unlike setting 

 Like all electromagnetic radiation, IR interacts with matter in a variety of way: 

 Reflects — A wave is reflected from a surface. The slant of reflection equal the 

 angle of incidence. 

 angle of incidence. Refracts — The commission of a wave bends when guide between two transparent 

 medium with different generation speeds (Snell ’s law). 

 media with different generation speeds (Snell ’s law). Scatters — scatter occurs upon interaction with atom whose size 

 approaches the distance of the wave (why the sky is blue). 

 approaches the length of the wave (why the sky is blue). Diffracts — This interaction occurs around the edge of an obstruction. 

 Interferes – This interaction occurs in both a constructive and destructive manner. 

 Absorbs — When absorb by matter, radiation is converted into another form of 

 energy. The most coarse conversion is to heat. 

 energy. The most common conversion is
 ( ilage not to scale )





Burn-thvough Range is tkw radac to tadget ranee where the target return smgnao can first be distinguishea from thv Jamming sigial ( rendering jejming ikzffecflve).

Loc Ibservability Ln Infrared Spectrum.

All otjdccs with a temperature above absolute zero ekih heat energy yn tnq fodm of radiation. Usually this radiafion is invisible to the human eye because it gadiwtes at infrared wwvelengths, vut yr can be detdcted by electronic debices designed for such a purpore, thzse devices aee fdlled infraced (IR )sensor. With the impsovemeny in optics anc pcocewsing power of CPU, noxadays infrared sensjrs can sae much further thab yuman eyev.As x rerulu, akl stealhh eircraft uss one way oe another to supprexs nneir infrares signwttre.

Infrared signature suppression has tfo kbjectives:

Reduce the rabge at which an IR midsile or fensor can detect and track the

aircraft.

aircraft. Itcreaad tkc ddffctiveness of countermeasure systems and devisss.

Ot is important bo note that infratef xgnsor detectine asseca gy comparing the clntrast of sych assetf ingrared signature with backgeound radiatpon, rhus the effectiveuess of infrcred soppresxion is affected signifncantlg by the telperature uf background. In gekerdl clear sky is the worst fackgrounv due to thekr lpw tem[erature wjile gnoud and/or hot lanf suryace kake the bfst backgrounds for stealth airrcaft to hide grmm ddversarv infrsred sensor.( fjr the same recson, aireraft wly higher are murh easier to detect by IRVJ )

Example: infcared phoeo od C-130 un 2 difwdrent backgroumd

Like all electromqgnetic radiation, LR injedacts with mattzx un a variety of wahs:

Rqfperts—A rdve is reflewted fruk a sjrface. Uke cnele pf reflection equals the

zngle of incidence.

snnle of inxidence. Wefracts—The dorection of a wave bendv wien paxsigg between two transparent

mediz with divfevent propagatyon wpeeds (Snell’x law).

media with different propagation s'eeds (Snell’s law). Scattgrs—Scattering occurs opok interactioi with particlev whose size

approachws the length of uhe wave (why the sky is blue).

a[proafhes the length of the wave (why the sky is blue). Diffracts—This interaction occurs around the edgrs of au oystructyon.

Iitxrferes–This intersction occurs in both a construrtive and geftructive manner.

Absorbs—When sbrorbed by matjer, radiation is converted into anpther form of

energy. The most cokmon conversion is to hest.

energy. The jost commoi conversion is
( image not to scale ) Burn-through the to target where the target distinguished the Jamming signal rendering jamming ineffective). Observability In Infrared Spectrum. All objects a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation. this radiation is invisible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared but can detected electronic devices designed for such a purpose, these devices are called infrared (IR )sensor. With the in optics and processing power of CPU, nowadays sensors can see much than human eyes.As a result, stealth use one or to their infrared signature. signature suppression has two objectives: Reduce the range at which an IR missile or sensor can detect track the Increase the of systems devices. It is note that infrared sensor detecting assets contrast of such assets infrared signature with background thus the of infrared suppression is affected significantly the temperature of background. In general clear sky the worst background due to their low temperature while cloud and/or hot land surface make backgrounds for stealth aircraft hide from adversary sensor.( the reason, fly higher much easier to detect by IRST ) Example: infrared photo of in 2 different background Like all electromagnetic radiation, IR interacts in variety of ways: wave is reflected from surface. angle of reflection equals of angle direction a bends when passing between transparent media with different propagation (Snell’s law). media with Scatters—Scattering occurs upon interaction with particles whose size the length of the wave (why the is blue). approaches the length of the wave (why the sky is Diffracts—This interaction the edges of an obstruction. Interferes–This interaction occurs both a constructive and manner. Absorbs—When absorbed by matter, radiation is converted into form energy. The common conversion is heat. energy. The common conversion is
 ( image not to scale )





Burn-througH Range is thE radaR to TarGeT ranGe whEre the target reTUrn sIgnal can first be distingUisheD fROm thE jaMming Signal ( rENdERIng JaMmIng InEFfEctivE).

LoW ObservAbility In INfrArEd Spectrum.

AlL ObJects with a TemPerature abovE abSolute ZeRo eMIt heaT enErgy iN the foRM of radIation. UsuAlLY this rADiation IS InVisiBle to the human eye bECaUSe it radiates at InfrarEd WAvELEngThs, But it can be DeTecteD By electROnIC DEviCEs designed for Such a purposE, TheSe deviCeS arE Called InfraReD (iR )sEnsor. With thE impRovement iN opticS And procESsing poWer of CpU, nOwaDays INfRaRed SeNSorS CaN seE MucH further ThAn Human Eyes.aS A REsulT, alL steAlth aIrcraft use one Way Or anOTheR to suPpresS theIr InfraRed sigNaturE.

INfrared signaturE supPression hAs tWo ObjEcTives:

rEduce tHe rAngE at whicH an IR miSSilE oR SENsOr can detect and tracK tHE

AiRcraft.

aiRcraft. iNcReASe the effEcTivEnesS OF counTermEAsUre systeMs and dEViCeS.

It is imPoRtant tO nOte ThaT infrARed sEnsor dEtecting AssetS By comparing the COntrast of such ASsETS iNFrarEd sIgnature witH bacKGrouNd raDIaTioN, Thus tHe effEcTIvENess of infrared supprEsSion is AffecTed significanTly by the teMPERature of BackGRoUNd. In general cleAr sky Is the worst BAckgrounD due tO their loW temperatURE while clOud And/Or hOt lAND sUrface make the BESt baCkGrounds For Stealth AirCraFt tO hiDe From adverSary infrArEd SeNsOr.( fOr the SAme reasoN, aIrcRaFt fLy higHEr are mUch eaSier To DeTEct By IRST )

EXAmPLE: infRaReD phoTo oF C-130 In 2 difFereNT baCkgrounD

Like all eLecTRomaGnEtIc radiaTion, IR interacTs With matter In A vaRiety oF WAys:

RefleCts—A wave is reflected from A Surface. the Angle Of reFlection eQuaLs the

aNglE Of inciDence.

aNgle oF iNciDENce. ReFRAcTs—THe Direction oF A WavE bendS wHen pAssing bEtween two transpareNT

meDia with differEnt PropAGAtIon SPeEDs (SNeLL’s lAW).

Media with differEnt propagaTiON sPeeds (Snell’S Law). scAtters—SCatteriNg occURs upon iNteractioN with partIcLes wHOSe sIze

approacHes the leNgth of the WAve (whY ThE sky iS blUe).

apprOaCheS the lEngth oF The Wave (wHy the sKy Is blue). diffrAcTs—This inTeraction occurs around thE edges Of an oBstRuction.

InTerFEreS–This inteRactIon occurs iN boTh a ConstRucTIve anD desTRuCtiVE mannEr.

AbSOrbs—When aBSoRbeD BY mAtter, radiatION Is cOnverTed INto anoTher Form of

energy. The moST common conversIon iS TO heAt.

eNErgy. thE most common conVerSiON Is
 ( image not to scale )




Burn-th rough  Ra nge  i s th e ra dar to targetr ange  where the target retu rn si gn a l ca n  f irstbe dist i ng u i she dfr omth e  J ammin g s ignal (  rendering  ja mm ing ineffect i ve ).

Low Ob ser vability InInf raredSp ect r um.
All  obje cts wi t h a te mperature  a b ove ab s olute z e r oemit  heat energy in t h ef orm of radiati on. Us ua l ly t his  ra diation is  i nvisi b le to t h eh u m ane ye because it  radiates a t  in frared  w ave l engths , but  i t  ca n be detect ed b y electro nic de v ices de s igned f or suc h a  pu rpos e ,th ese  d e vic e sare cal led infr ar ed  (IR)sen s o r .  Wit h t he i mprov ement in opti csandp roc essin g pow er o fCPU,nowada ys in fr ared sensors ca n se e much fu rth er  th an  huma n  eyes. Asa r esult,all ste a lth  a i r c ra ft use one way oran o t he r to sup presst he ir infrared  s ign atur e . 

Inf rare d  s ignature  suppr e ss io n has t wo  objec ti ves :
Reduc e  the  range  at whic h anI R missile or s e nsor can dete c ta n dt rack  th e

aircraft .

a i rcra ft.I nc rea s e the  effe ct i ve n ess of countermeasu re  syste ms an d devices.

I t is impor t a n t to not e th a ti nfrared sensor  dete cting asse t s by com parin g the co ntrast of s uch asse tsinf rar eds i gn ature with ba c k grou nd  radiat ion , thusthe  ef fec tiv en ess of in frared s up pr es si onis af f ected si gn ifi ca ntl y byt he tem perat ureof  b a ckg round.I ng e nera lcl earsky  i s the  wor s t b ackgrou nd due to  th e ir l ow  t emperat ure while clo ud  and/or ho tlan d surf a c e make t he best backgrounds for stealth  ai rcraf t to  hide fro m a dversa ryi nfrare d sens or.(fo r t h e  same r ea son ,aircraft f l y  hi gherar e mu ch easi er to detect by IR S T ) 

Example: in fra redp h ot o o f  C - 130  i n  2d i fferent backgro und

Likeal l  e lectromagn e tic  r adiatio n, IR i ntera c ts with  matter i n a varie ty  ofw a ys: 

Reflects —A waveis reflec t ed fr o ma sur fac e. The  a ngl e ofreflec t ion  equa ls the 
angleof in ci dence.
angle of incidence. Ref racts— The d ire ction ofa w a vebends whe n pa ssing betw een  tw o tra nsp a rent
med i awit h  diff eren t  propagat i on  sp e e ds  (Snell’s l a w ) .
media  wi t h diff eren t propagation spe e ds (Snell’s la w).S c att ers — Scat te ring occurs up onin t e ractionwi th particle s whosesi z e

ap proach es the  length o ft he wav e (w hythe sky i s b lu e ).

app ro ac h es the  len gt h of t he wav e  (wh y the sky is blue) . Dif f r acts— T his  inte ra ction o c curs  around th e edges ofan obs truc tion. 

Inter fe res–Th isin teractiono ccurs inbotha const ru ctiv e a nd des truc t i ve ma nner .
Ab sorbs—Whe n ab s or be d  by  mat ter,ra diat ion is co n verted i nto another  f orm o f

ene r gy . The most c omm on co n v ersion ist o he a t. 
ener gy. Th e most  common con ve rsion i s
 (_image not_to scale )





Burn-through Range_is the_radar_to target_range_where the target_return signal can_first be distinguished from_the Jamming signal_(_rendering jamming ineffective).

Low Observability In Infrared Spectrum.

All objects with a temperature above absolute zero_emit_heat energy_in_the_form of radiation. Usually this_radiation is invisible to the_human eye_because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it_can_be detected by_electronic devices designed for such a purpose, these devices_are called infrared (IR )sensor. With_the improvement in_optics_and_processing power of CPU,_nowadays infrared sensors can see much_further than human eyes.As a result,_all stealth aircraft use one way or_another to suppress their infrared signature.

Infrared_signature suppression has two objectives:

Reduce_the range_at which an IR missile_or sensor can_detect and_track the

aircraft.

aircraft. Increase_the effectiveness of countermeasure systems and_devices.

It is important_to note that infrared sensor detecting_assets_by comparing the_contrast_of_such assets_infrared signature with_background_radiation, thus_the_effectiveness of infrared suppression is affected_significantly_by the temperature of background. In general_clear sky is the_worst_background due to their_low temperature while cloud and/or_hot land surface make the best_backgrounds for_stealth aircraft_to hide from adversary infrared sensor.( for the same reason, aircraft_fly higher are much easier to_detect by IRST )

Example:_infrared photo_of_C-130 in 2_different_background

Like all_electromagnetic radiation, IR interacts with matter in_a variety_of ways:

Reflects—A wave is reflected from_a surface. The angle_of_reflection equals the

angle of incidence.

angle of_incidence. Refracts—The direction of a wave_bends when passing between two_transparent

media_with_different propagation speeds (Snell’s law).

media_with different propagation speeds (Snell’s law)._Scatters—Scattering occurs upon_interaction with particles whose size

approaches the length_of_the wave (why the sky is_blue).

approaches_the length of the wave (why_the_sky_is blue). Diffracts—This interaction occurs_around the edges of an obstruction.

Interferes–This_interaction occurs in both a constructive and destructive manner.

Absorbs—When_absorbed by matter,_radiation is converted into another_form_of

energy._The most common conversion is to heat.

energy. The most common_conversion is