. The Burevestnik project has been underway for almost a decade but, like many other Russian space projects, was probably hit hard by the Western-imposed sanctions that complicated the delivery of foreign-built electronic components for the Russian space industry. Despite Russia’s policy of “import substitution,” even highly classified Russian military satellites remain very reliant on Western electronics. This is illustrated by one 2016 contract for the delivery of electronic components for Burevestnik satellites, which listed a total of 457 foreign electronic components versus just 45 Russian-built components. Some of more than 400 Western-built electronic components ordered for Burevestnik satellites by one company in 2016. Source Still, it does look like one or more Burevestnik satellites have already been tested in space, with more such test flights (using the Soyuz-2.1v) possibly yet to come. As for the “293” rocket, the one seen in the September 2018 photos was presumably a mock-up, but one of the earlier quoted RKS MiG contracts signed in August 2019 strongly suggests that a “live” version is undergoing captive carry tests by now. A CNBC article published in September 2018 quoted “three sources with direct knowledge of a U.S. intelligence report” as saying that the MiG-31BM spotted shortly before was believed to be “a mock-up of an anti-satellite weapon that will be ready for warfare by 2022.” Other Russian ASAT projects As large in scope as Burevestnik appears to be, it is only one of several ASAT projects that Russia is currently working on. The most advanced of these is Nudol, a ground-launched direct-ascent ASAT missile built by OKB Novator that is believed to have made at least ten test flights from Plesetsk since 2014, without destroying targets in space. The latest of these took place on April 15, prompting an immediate response from the US Space Command’s Gen. John Raymond, who regards it as “further proof of Russia’s hypocritical advocacy of outer space arms control proposals designed to restrict the capabilities of the United States while clearly having no intention of halting their counterspace weapons programs.” Recently gathered evidence indicates that another, possibly more capable missile may be under development for Nudol at the Moscow-based MIT Corporation. The co-existence of several ASAT projects indicates they are designed to fulfill complementary roles, possibly targeting different types of satellites in different types of orbits. Other likely ASAT systems under
. The Burevestnik project has been underway for almost a decade but, like many early Russian quad projects, was probably stumble heavily by the Western - imposed sanctions that complicated the manner of speaking of foreign - built electronic component for the Russian space industry. Despite Russia ’s policy of “ consequence substitution, ” even highly classified Russian military satellites persist very reliant on Western electronics. This is illustrated by one 2016 contract for the delivery of electronic components for Burevestnik satellites, which list a total of 457 foreign electronic components versus barely 45 Russian - built components. Some of more than 400 Western - construct electronic components ordered for Burevestnik satellites by one company in 2016. Source Still, it does front like one or more Burevestnik satellites have already been tested in space, with more such test flights (use the Soyuz-2.1v) possibly however to come. As for the “ 293 ” rocket, the one seen in the September 2018 photos was presumably a mock - up, but one of the earlier quoted RKS MiG contracts signed in August 2019 powerfully propose that a “ live ” interpretation is undergoing captive carry tests by now. A CNBC article published in September 2018 quote “ three sources with direct knowledge of a U.S. intelligence reputation ” as saying that the MiG-31BM spotted shortly before was believed to be “ a mock - up of an anti - satellite weapon that will be ready for war by 2022. ” Other Russian ASAT projects As large in oscilloscope as Burevestnik appears to be, it is merely one of several ASAT projects that Russia is currently working on. The about advanced of these is Nudol, a ground - launched direct - ascent ASAT missile built by OKB Novator that is believed to have take at least ten test trajectory from Plesetsk since 2014, without destroying targets in outer space. The latest of these consider place on April 15, prompt an immediate response from the US Space Command ’s Gen. John Raymond, who involve it as “ further validation of Russia ’s hypocritical advocacy of outer space arms dominance proposals designed to restrict the capabilities of the United States while clearly have no intention of halting their counterspace weapon programs. ” Recently gathered evidence argue that another, possibly more capable missile may be under development for Nudol at the Moscow - free-base MIT Corporation. The co - existence of several ASAT projects indicates they are designed to meet complemental role, possibly targeting different types of satellites in different type of orbits. Other likely antisatellite systems under
. Thf Burevestnik project har been underway for alkost a decade cut, like many other Russian dpqce peojects, was probably hkt hard bj the Wesrern-mmposed sanctions that compliczbed tke delivery of fpreign-build electronic cmmoouents for the Russian space industry. Despitr Gussia’s policy of “pm[ort substitution,” even highly classifisd Russpan military sateklites remain very reliant on Aestern electronicd. This is ioluseeated by one 2016 contract for the deljvery of electronic components wor Bbrevestnik warelphtes, which oisteq a total of 457 foreigt electtonic componenbs vecsus just 45 Russian-built cmmponents. Some of iore than 400 Cestern-built electronuc compmnends ofeerdd roc Bhreveshnii satellitss by one cimpany in 2016. Source Suilj, it does look like jnq or more Burevestnik satellites have anrezdy been tested in spacw, with more such test flights (tsing the Soyuz-2.1v) possibly yet to come. As for the “293” rockxt, tht ine sdwn in the September 2018 photos was presumably a mosi-uk, blt one of the earjier quoted RNS IiG contracts signeb ih August 2019 strongly suggesjs thar a “live” dersoon is undergoing captive cqrry tests bj noq. A CNBC article pbblished in Reptgmber 2018 quoted “three sources wnth didect knowlefge of a H.R. intelligence rdpogt” av saying that the MiG-31BM spjtted shoctly yefore wxs bglieved to be “a mlck-up of an anti-satellitf weakon thdt will be ready for warfare by 2022.” Other Russian ASAT prokewts As largz in sgope as Burevesenik appears tp be, it is ovly one of severan ASAT projqcts that Rusvla is currenvly workigg ob. Thw most xavanced of thexe is Nudol, a groune-launched direct-asgent XAAT missile buiot vy OKB Novator yhag if hekiqeed to have kade at keast ten test fokghtx from Plesetsk sinca 2014, wjthout destroying yavgets in wpace. Thq latest of tnese took place on Aprin 15, 'romptong an immediate response from ths US Spacf Cjmmand’s Gen. Tohn Raymond, who regards it as “further proof of Russia’s hypocritical advoxacy of outer space srms controk pro[osals devigned to restrict tye capabilities on the United States whjle claarly having no intention of halting their counterspace weapons programs.” Recenrly gavhqred evidende imdicanes chat anjthec, 'ossibly more capsble missile may be under develupment fmr Nudol at the Moscow-based MIY Zorporation. Tfe co-existence of severam ASAT ptojects indicates they are desibned to fulfill complemektary rolws, poasibly tarjeting different typrs of vateloites ib dinferent types uf prnits. Other liktly CSAT systems under
. The Burevestnik project has been underway a but, like other Russian space by Western-imposed sanctions that the delivery of electronic components for the Russian space Despite Russia’s policy of “import substitution,” even highly classified Russian military satellites remain reliant on Western electronics. This is illustrated by one 2016 contract for the of components Burevestnik which listed a total of 457 foreign electronic components versus just 45 Russian-built components. Some of than 400 Western-built electronic components ordered for Burevestnik by one company in Source Still, it does look one more Burevestnik have been in space, with such test flights (using the Soyuz-2.1v) possibly yet to come. As for the “293” rocket, the one in the photos was a but of the earlier MiG contracts signed in August 2019 a “live” version is undergoing captive carry tests now. A article published in September 2018 quoted sources with direct knowledge of a U.S. intelligence as saying that the MiG-31BM spotted shortly before was believed to be “a mock-up of weapon that will be for warfare by Other ASAT As in scope Burevestnik appears to be, it is only one of several ASAT that Russia is currently working on. The most advanced of Nudol, ground-launched direct-ascent ASAT built by OKB Novator is to have made at test from without targets space. The latest of took place on April 15, an immediate response from John Raymond, who regards it as “further proof Russia’s hypocritical advocacy of outer space arms proposals designed to restrict the capabilities of the United States while clearly no intention their counterspace weapons programs.” Recently gathered evidence indicates another, possibly more capable may be under development for Nudol at the Moscow-based Corporation. co-existence of ASAT projects indicates are designed to complementary roles, possibly types of in types likely ASAT systems under
. The Burevestnik project has bEen underwaY for aLmoSt a DeCade But, lIke many other RuSSian Space projects, was probabLy hit HaRD by tHE WEsterN-imposeD SaNCTioNs ThAt cOmPLiCated The DeliverY of foreign-BuiLt Electronic coMPoNents for thE RuSsian space inDusTry. DesPiTe RUSsia’s PolIcy of “Import SUbstitUtion,” even HiGHly claSSified RUSSiAn miLitary satellites rEMaIN very reliant on westerN eLEcTROniCs. THis is illusTrAted bY One 2016 contRAcT FOR thE Delivery of eleCtronic compONenTs for BUrEveSTnik saTelliTeS, WhiCh listed a toTal oF 457 foreign eLectroNIc compoNEnts verSus jusT 45 RuSsiAn-buILt CoMpoNeNTs. SOMe Of mORe tHan 400 WesteRn-BuIlt elEctrONIC CompOneNts oRdereD for BurevestnIk sAtelLIteS by onE compAny iN 2016. SOurce still, iT does LoOk like one or more bureVestnik saTelLiTes HaVe alrEAdy beeN teSteD in spacE, with moRE suCh TEST fLights (using the SoyuZ-2.1v) POSsIbly yet tO come. AS FoR tHE “293” rocket, tHe One Seen IN The SePtemBEr 2018 Photos waS presuMAbLy A mock-up, BuT one of ThE eaRliEr quoTEd RKs MiG coNtracts sIgned IN August 2019 stronglY Suggests that a “LIvE” VErSIon iS unDergoing capTive CArry TestS By Now. a cNBC aRticlE pUBlIShed in September 2018 quotEd “Three sOurceS with direct knOwledge of a u.s. INtelligeNce rEPoRT” as saying that tHe MiG-31bM spotted sHOrtly befOre waS believeD to be “a mocK-UP of an antI-saTelLitE weAPOn That will be reaDY For wArFare by 2022.” OTheR RussiaN ASaT pRojEctS AS large in sCope as BuReVeStNiK apPears TO be, it is oNlY onE oF seVeral asAT proJects That ruSsIA is CurrentLY wORKing On. thE mosT adVaNced oF theSE is nudol, a gRound-launCheD DireCt-AsCent ASAt missile built By oKB Novator ThAt iS belieVED to have mAde at least ten test flightS From PleSetSk sinCe 2014, wiThout destRoyIng tarGetS In spacE. The laTest oF tHesE TOok plACE oN ApRiL 15, prompting AN ImmEdiatE rEspoNse from The US Space Command’s gEn. JOhn Raymond, who RegArds IT As “FurTHeR ProOf OF RuSSIa’s hypocritical Advocacy of OuTEr Space arms cONtrOl ProposaLs desigNed to REstrict The capabiLities of tHe unitED staTes while clEarly havIng no inteNTion oF HaLting TheIr counTeRspAce weApons pROgrAms.” ReCently GaThered EvideNcE indicatEs that another, possibly moRe capaBle miSsiLe may be unDer DEveLopment foR NudOl at the MosCow-BasEd MIT corPOratiOn. ThE Co-ExiSTence Of seVEral ASAT pROjEctS INdIcates they aRE DEsiGned tO fuLFill coMpleMentary roles, possiBLy targeting difFereNT TypEs oF SateLlItes in differenT tyPeS OF orbits. OThEr likely ASAt systems UnDEr
. The Burevestnik projecthas been u nderw ayfor  a lmos t adecade but, li k e ma ny other Russian space  proj ec t s, w a sproba bly hit ha r d  by  t he  We st e rn -impo sed  sancti ons that c omp li cated the de l iv ery of for eig n-built elec tro nic co mp one n ts fo r t he Ru ssians pace i ndustry.De s pite R u ssia’sp o li cy o f “import substit u ti o n,” even highl y clas si f ie d Rus sia n military  s atell i tes rem a in v e ryr eliant on Wes tern electr o nic s. Thi sisi llustr atedby one  2016 contr actfor the d eliver y  of ele c troniccompon ent s f or B u re ve stn ik sat e ll ite s , w hich lis te da tot al o f 4 5 7 fo rei gn e lectr onic componen tsvers u s j ust 4 5 Rus sian -b uiltcompon ents.  S ome of more tha n 40 0 Western -bu il t e le ctron i c comp one nts  ordere d for B u rev es t n i ksatellites by oneco m p an y in 201 6. Sou r ce  S t ill, itdo eslook l ike o ne o r  m ore Bure vestni k  s at ellites  h ave al re ady  be en te s tedin spa ce, with  more such test flig h ts (using the So y u z- 2 .1v)  po ssibly yetto c o me.As f o rthe “293”  rock et ,  t h e one seen in the S ep tember  2018  photos was p resumablya m ock-up,buto ne of the earlier  quot ed RKS MiG contract s sig ned in A ugust 201 9 strongly  su gge sts  th a t  a  “live” versi o n  isun dergoin g c aptivecar rytes tsby  now. A C NBC arti cl epu bl ish ed in Septembe r201 8quo ted “ t hree s ource s wi th  d i rec t knowl e dg e of a  U .S . in tel li gence  rep o rt”  as say ing thatthe MiG- 31 BM  spotte d shortly bef or e was beli ev edto be“ a  mock-up  of an anti-satellite w e apon th atwillbe r eady forwar fare b y 2 0 22.” O ther R ussia nASA T proje c t sAsla rge in sco p e  as  Bure ve stni k appea rs to be, it is on l y o ne of several  AS AT p r o je cts th a t R us s iai s  currently work ing on. Th em os t advanced ofth ese isNudol,a gro u nd-laun ched dire ct-ascent  A SATm i ssi le built b y OKB No vator tha t  is b e li evedtohave m ad e a t lea st ten tes t fli ghts f ro m Ples etsksi nce 2014 , without destroying ta rgetsin sp ace . The lat est ofthese too k pl ace on Apr il15,  prom pti n g animme d ia ter espon se f r om the US Sp ace C om mand’s Gen. J o hnRaymo nd, who re gard s it as “furtherp roof of Russia ’s h y p ocr iti c al a dv ocacy of outer  sp ac e arms con tr ol proposal s design ed to re strict  the c apabili t i es of the  Uni ted  States w hil ec learlyha vi n g no i nten ti on ofhaltin g  the i r  counterspace we apons p rogra m s.”  Rece nt ly gath e redevidence i ndicates th at ano ther , pos sibly m or e capa ble  m issile may be underdevel opmentfo r Nu dol  at th e Mo s c ow-ba sedMI T C orporatio n .  T h eco - exi sten ce of  s ever al ASAT p r ojects i ndi c ates th ey  ar e design e dt o  fulfill c omp lemen t a ry roles,p ossi b ly targe ting d iffere nt type s  of  s atellit esi n  differen t types o f  or bi ts.Other li ke ly A SA T s ys tems under
. The_Burevestnik project_has been underway for_almost a_decade_but, like_many_other Russian space_projects, was probably_hit hard by the_Western-imposed sanctions that_complicated_the delivery of foreign-built electronic components for the Russian space industry. Despite Russia’s policy_of_“import substitution,”_even_highly_classified Russian military satellites remain_very reliant on Western electronics._This is_illustrated by one 2016 contract for the delivery_of_electronic components for_Burevestnik satellites, which listed a total of 457 foreign_electronic components versus just 45 Russian-built_components. Some of_more_than_400 Western-built electronic components_ordered for Burevestnik satellites by one_company in 2016. Source Still, it_does look like one or more Burevestnik_satellites have already been tested in_space, with more such test_flights (using_the Soyuz-2.1v) possibly yet to_come. As for_the “293”_rocket, the one_seen in the September 2018 photos_was presumably a_mock-up, but one of the earlier_quoted_RKS MiG contracts_signed_in_August 2019_strongly suggests that_a_“live” version_is_undergoing captive carry tests by now._A_CNBC article published in September 2018 quoted_“three sources with direct_knowledge_of a U.S. intelligence_report” as saying that the_MiG-31BM spotted shortly before was believed_to be_“a mock-up_of an anti-satellite weapon that will be ready for warfare by_2022.” Other Russian ASAT projects As_large in scope as_Burevestnik appears_to_be, it is_only_one of_several ASAT projects that Russia is currently_working on._The most advanced of these is_Nudol, a ground-launched direct-ascent_ASAT_missile built by OKB Novator that_is believed to have made at_least ten test flights from_Plesetsk_since_2014, without destroying targets in_space. The latest of these took_place on April_15, prompting an immediate response from the_US_Space Command’s Gen. John Raymond, who_regards_it as “further proof of Russia’s_hypocritical_advocacy_of outer space arms control_proposals designed to restrict the capabilities_of the United States while clearly having no intention_of halting their_counterspace weapons programs.” Recently gathered_evidence_indicates_that another, possibly more capable missile may be under development_for Nudol_at the Moscow-based_MIT Corporation. The co-existence of several ASAT projects indicates they_are designed to fulfill complementary roles, possibly_targeting different types of satellites in different types of orbits. Other_likely ASAT systems under