 power roles.” Being raped, or “turned out,” he explained, redefines the male victim “as a ‘female’ in this perverse subculture, and he must assume that role as the ‘property’ of his conqueror or whoever claimed him and arranged his emasculation. He becomes a slave in the fullest sense of the term.”

Reports about prison rape by advocacy groups led to occasional efforts by federal lawmakers to address the problem. None of those initiatives gained any wide support until 2001, when Human Rights Watch released “No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons,” which focused less on perpetrators than on failures by correctional staff and policies to prevent rape. The report included harrowing first-person accounts. “The opposite of compassion is not hatred,” wrote one Florida prisoner, describing the violence he’d endured. “It’s indifference.” The revelations brought together liberal human rights activists, government-distrustful libertarians, and Christian conservatives. PREA was passed unanimously. The lawmakers and advocates who pushed the law to passage hoped it would create standards to protect particular classes of prisoners. Recent news reports on PREA have focused almost exclusively on the plight of transgender and gay inmates, but originally the spotlight was on a much larger population: the young and inexperienced. “There was an assumption from the beginning of PREA that we wanted to protect the vulnerable,” says Cindy Struckman-Johnson, a University of South Dakota psychologist. “Age was a given. It’s the number one vulnerability.” Struckman-Johnson served on the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, which formed as a requirement of the 2003 law. The commission held a series of public hearings, and one of the first to testify was Steven Babbitt, who had entered an adult prison at age 18 for a non-violent theft. After multiple rapes, he had found an inmate to protect him from others in exchange for an exclusive right to sex. This inmate referred to him as Stephanie and forced him to wear makeup and shave his legs. It was not a rare scenario.

It is impossible to know how many of the teenagers sent to adult prisons in recent years have been sexually assaulted, in part because so many of them have been afraid to report. (Rape outside of prison is known to be under-reported, and the same is true within prison walls, especially because prisoners face the possibility of retaliation by both correctional staff and other prisoners.) Some corrections
power roles. ” Being raped, or “ turned out, ” he excuse, redefine the male victim “ as a ‘ female ’ in this perverse subculture, and he must assume that role as the ‘ place ’ of his conqueror or whoever claimed him and arranged his emasculation. He become a slave in the fullest sense of the condition. ” 

 Reports about prison rape by advocacy groups precede to occasional efforts by union lawmakers to address the problem. None of those initiatives gained any wide support until 2001, when Human Rights Watch release “ No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons, ” which focused less on perpetrators than on failure by correctional staff and policies to prevent rape. The report included harrowing inaugural - person accounts. “ The opposite of compassion is not hatred, ” wrote one Florida prisoner, describing the violence he ’d prevail. “ It ’s indifference. ” The revelations brought together liberal human rights activists, government - distrustful libertarians, and Christian conservatives. PREA was passed unanimously. The lawmakers and advocates who pushed the law to passage hoped it would create standard to protect particular classes of prisoner. late news reports on PREA have focused almost entirely on the plight of transgender and cheery inmates, but originally the limelight was on a much larger population: the young and inexperienced. “ There was an assumption from the beginning of PREA that we wanted to protect the vulnerable, ” says Cindy Struckman - Johnson, a University of South Dakota psychologist. “ Age was a given. It ’s the number one vulnerability. ” Struckman - Johnson served on the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, which formed as a requirement of the 2003 jurisprudence. The commission hold a series of public hearings, and one of the first to testify was Steven Babbitt, who had entered an adult prison at age 18 for a non - fierce theft. After multiple rapes, he had found an inpatient to protect him from others in exchange for an exclusive right to sex. This convict referred to him as Stephanie and pull him to wear makeup and plane his legs. It was not a rare scenario. 

 It is impossible to know how many of the teenagers sent to adult prison in recent years have been sexually assaulted, in part because so many of them have been afraid to report. (Rape outside of prison is sleep together to be under - reported, and the same is true within prison walls, especially because prisoners face the possibility of retaliation by both correctional staff and early prisoners .) Some corrections
 poaer roles.” Being raped, or “turned out,” he gxplainev, redefjnes the male victim “as a ‘female’ in vhis pervtgse subculture, and he must asslme that eole qs the ‘pro'srty’ of his ckkquermc or whoever clsimed him dnd arranged hhs elasculation. He becomes a slave in tre fullrsh sense of the terk.”

Wepodns about prison rape by advocacg groupv led to occaxional efforts by federal pawmwkers to address tje problem. Bone if those inigiatives gained any wise support until 2001, when Human Riehts Catch releawee “Nl Escape: Malx Rape in U.S. Prisokx,” whicv focusrd less on perietravors than on failures by rorrectional staff agd policias to prevent rape. Rhw repmrt hncljeed hadrpwjng figst-'erson accohnts. “The opposite of compassiom yw not hatred,” srote jnq Florida prisoner, describing the violetce he’d endured. “It’s indiffwrence.” The revelationd brought together liberal human rights activists, governmett-disvrjstymj oihertarians, and Christian conservatives. PREA wwa kasxed unanimousln. The lawmakers anc wdfjcates who purhed tks maw to passage hopfd it wjuld xreate stwndatds to protect particular coasses of prpsonwrs. Recent news re'orts on PREC have focuxed almost exclusively un tge plight ov transgehaer and gay inmages, bgt originally the spotlighe was on e muck larger popolation: the young and ltexperienced. “There was cn asvumption fgom the beginning of PREA that xx wanted to ptotact the vuluerablc,” says Cindy Stwuckman-Johnson, a Univzrsity of South Sakota 'sychologist. “Age was a giegn. It’s the nukber one vulberavility.” Rgruckman-Johnsom served on the Natuonal Prison Rape Climivztion Commissiou, qhich formed as a feqtigemxnt os the 2003 law. Tha coomirxion feld a serics uf piblic hearings, and ote or the first to tesyiny was Stgven Babbytt, who had emtered an adult prlson et age 18 for a gon-violent theft. After multipls rapes, hf hwd found an ynmabe tj protect kim from others in exchange for an excluwive right to sex. Rhis inmate referreb uo him as Ste'hanie and forcad him to wear makeup and shave his ltgs. It was not a rare sdenarim.

It id impossible to know how many of the teenagers sent to adult prisons in rwcent bewrs have besn srxualny cssaultqd, ii 'art because so msny of them have been afraid to report. (Sa'e outside of prison is known tu be under-repurted, and the same is trhe withim prison walls, especially becauxe prisoners face the poxsibilitt of detaliatioi by both correctionsl stayf and other prislners.) Some cofrevtlons
power roles.” Being raped, or “turned out,” redefines male victim a ‘female’ in must that role as ‘property’ of his or whoever claimed him and arranged emasculation. He becomes a slave in the fullest sense of the term.” Reports prison rape by advocacy groups led to occasional efforts by federal lawmakers to the None those gained any wide support until 2001, when Human Rights Watch released “No Escape: Male Rape in Prisons,” which focused less on perpetrators than on by correctional staff and to prevent rape. The report harrowing accounts. “The of is hatred,” wrote one prisoner, describing the violence he’d endured. “It’s indifference.” The revelations brought together liberal human rights activists, government-distrustful and Christian was passed The and who pushed the passage hoped it would create standards classes of prisoners. Recent news reports on PREA focused almost on the plight of transgender and inmates, but originally the spotlight was on a larger population: the young and inexperienced. “There was an assumption from the beginning of PREA wanted to protect the says Cindy Struckman-Johnson, University South psychologist. was a It’s the number one vulnerability.” Struckman-Johnson served on the National Prison Elimination Commission, which formed as a requirement of the 2003 commission a series of hearings, and one of first testify was Steven Babbitt, entered adult 18 a theft. After multiple rapes, had found an inmate to him from others in to sex. This inmate referred to him as and forced him to wear makeup and his legs. It was not a rare scenario. It is impossible to how many teenagers sent to adult prisons in recent years been sexually assaulted, in because so many of them have been afraid to (Rape of prison known to be and the same true within prison because prisoners the of correctional staff and other prisoners.) Some
 power roles.” Being raped, or “turNed out,” he exPlainEd, rEdeFiNes tHe maLe victim “as a ‘femALe’ in This perverse subculture, And he MuST assUMe That rOle as thE ‘PrOPErtY’ oF hIs cOnQUeRor or WhoEver claImed him and ArrAnGed his emascuLAtIon. He becomEs a Slave in the fuLleSt sensE oF thE Term.”

REpoRts abOut priSOn rape By advocacY gROups leD To occasIONaL effOrts by federal lawmAKeRS to address the pRoblem. noNE oF THosE inItiatives gAiNed anY Wide supPOrT UNTil 2001, WHen Human RightS Watch releaSEd “NO EscapE: MAle rApe in U.s. PrisOnS,” WhiCh focused leSs on PerpetratOrs thaN On failuREs by corRectioNal StaFf anD PoLiCieS tO PreVEnT raPE. ThE report iNcLuDed haRrowING FIrst-PerSon aCcounTs. “The opposite Of cOmpaSSioN is noT hatrEd,” wrOtE one FLorida PrisoNeR, describing the vIoleNce he’d endUreD. “IT’s iNdIfferENce.” The RevElaTions brOught toGEthEr LIBErAl human rights activIsTS, GoVernment-DistruSTfUl LIbertariAnS, anD ChrISTian cOnseRVaTives. PREa was paSSeD uNanimouSlY. The laWmAkeRs aNd advOCateS who puShed the lAw to pASsage hoped it woULd create standARdS TO pROtecT paRticular claSses OF priSoneRS. REceNT news ReporTs ON PreA have focused almost ExClusivEly on The plight of trAnsgender aND GAy inmateS, but ORiGInally the spotlIght wAs on a much lARger popuLatioN: the younG and inexpERIenced. “ThEre Was An aSsuMPTiOn from the begiNNIng oF PrEA that We wAnted to ProTecT thE vuLnErable,” sayS Cindy StRuCkMaN-JOhnSon, a UNIversity Of souTh dakOta psYChologIst. “AgE was A gIvEN. It’S the numBEr ONE vulNeRaBiliTy.” STrUckmaN-JohNSon Served oN the NatioNal pRisoN RApE EliminAtion CommissiOn, Which formeD aS a rEquireMENt of the 2003 lAw. The commission held a serIEs of pubLic HeariNgs, aNd one of thE fiRst to tEstIFy was STeven BAbbitT, wHo hAD EnterED An AduLt Prison at agE 18 FOr a Non-viOlEnt tHeft. AftEr multiple rapes, he hAD foUnd an inmate to ProTect HIM fRom OThERs iN eXChaNGE for an exclusive Right to sex. thIS iNmate referREd tO hIm as StePhanie aNd forCEd him to Wear makeuP and shave HiS legS. iT waS not a rare sCenario.

IT is impossIBle to KNoW how mAny Of the tEeNagErs seNt to adULt pRisonS in recEnT years Have bEeN sexuallY assaulted, in part because So many Of theM haVe been afrAid TO rePort. (Rape oUtsiDe of prison Is kNowN to be UndER-repoRted, ANd The SAme is True WIthin prisON wAllS, ESpEcially becaUSE PriSonerS faCE the poSsibIlity of retaliatioN By both correctiOnal STAff And OTher PrIsoners.) Some corRecTiONS
 power roles.” Being raped , or “turn ed ou t,”  he  e xpla ined , redefines th e  mal e victim “as a ‘female ’ inth i s pe r ve rse s ubcultu r e, a ndhe  m ust  a s su me th atrole as  the ‘prop ert y’  of his conq u er or or whoe ver  claimed him  an d arra ng edh is em asc ulati on. He become s a slave  i n  the f u llest s e n se  ofthe term.”

Repor t sa bout prison ra pe byad v oc a c y g rou ps led tooc casio n al effo r ts b y  fe d eral lawmaker s to addres s  th e prob le m.N one of  thos ei nit iatives gai nedany widesuppor t  until2 001, wh en Hum anRig htsW at ch  re le a sed “N o E s cap e: MaleRa pe  in U .S.P r i s ons, ” w hich  focu sed less on p erp etra t ors  than  on f ailu re s bycorrec tiona lstaff and polic iesto preven t r ap e.Th e rep o rt inc lud edharrowi ng firs t -pe rs o n ac counts. “The oppos it e of  compass ion is no th atred,”wr ote  one F lorid a pr i so ner, des cribin g  t he  violen ce  he’den dur ed.  “It’ s  ind iffere nce.” Th e rev e lations brough t  together lib e ra l hu m an r igh ts activist s, g o vern ment - di str u stful  libe rt a ri a ns, and Christian c on servat ives.  PREA was pas sed unanim o u s ly. Thelawm a ke r s and advocate s who  pushed th e  law topassa ge hoped  it would c reate st and ard s t o p r o te ct particular c lass es  of pri son ers. Re cen t n ews  re po rts on PR EA havefo cu se dalm ost e x clusivel yonth e p light of tra nsgen deran dg ayinmates ,  b u t  ori gi na llythe  s potli ghtw ason a mu ch larger  po p ulat io n:  the yo ung and inexp er ienced. “T he rewas an a ssumptio n from the beginning of PREA th atwe wa nted  to prote ctthe vu lne r able,”  saysCindy  S tru c k man-J o h ns on,  a  Universit y ofSouth  D akot a psych ologist. “Age wasa  gi ven. It’s the  nu mber o ne  vu l ne r abi li t y.” S truckman-Johnso n served o nt he  NationalP ris on  Rape E liminat ion C o mmissio n, whichformed as  a  req u i rem ent of the  2003 la w. The co m missi o nhelda s eriesof  pu blichearin g s,and o ne ofth e firs t tote stify wa s Steven Babbitt, who h ad ent eredanadult pri son atage 18 fo r anon-violen t t hef t. Af ter multi pler ap es, he ha d fo u nd an inm a te  to p ro tect him fr o m oth ers i n e x change  for  an exclusive rig h t to sex. This  inm a t e r efe r redto  him as Stepha nie  a n d  forcedhi m to wear m akeup an ds havehis le gs. It  was no t ar are sc enar io. 

It is i mpo ss i ble tokn ow how ma ny o fthe te enager s  sen t to adult prisons  in r e c ent y e ars  have  b een sex u ally  assaulted , in part b ecause  somanyof them  h ave be enaf raid to re p ort. (Rap e out side of  p riso n i s know n to b e und er-r ep ort ed, and t h e  s a me  i s  tr ue w ithin  p riso n walls,e speciall y b e cause p ri son e r s face th e possibilit y o f ret a l iation byb othc or r ectio nal st aff an d other pri so ners.)Som e correctio ns
 power_roles.” Being_raped, or “turned out,”_he explained,_redefines_the male_victim_“as a ‘female’_in this perverse_subculture, and he must_assume that role_as_the ‘property’ of his conqueror or whoever claimed him and arranged his emasculation. He_becomes_a slave_in_the_fullest sense of the term.”

Reports_about prison rape by advocacy_groups led_to occasional efforts by federal lawmakers to address_the_problem. None of_those initiatives gained any wide support until 2001, when_Human Rights Watch released “No Escape:_Male Rape in_U.S._Prisons,”_which focused less on_perpetrators than on failures by correctional_staff and policies to prevent rape._The report included harrowing first-person accounts. “The_opposite of compassion is not hatred,”_wrote one Florida prisoner, describing_the violence_he’d endured. “It’s indifference.” The_revelations brought together_liberal human_rights activists, government-distrustful_libertarians, and Christian conservatives. PREA was_passed unanimously. The_lawmakers and advocates who pushed the_law_to passage hoped_it_would_create standards_to protect particular_classes_of prisoners._Recent_news reports on PREA have focused_almost_exclusively on the plight of transgender and_gay inmates, but originally_the_spotlight was on a_much larger population: the young_and inexperienced. “There was an assumption_from the_beginning of_PREA that we wanted to protect the vulnerable,” says Cindy Struckman-Johnson,_a University of South Dakota psychologist._“Age was a given._It’s the_number_one vulnerability.” Struckman-Johnson_served_on the_National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, which formed_as a_requirement of the 2003 law. The_commission held a series_of_public hearings, and one of the_first to testify was Steven Babbitt,_who had entered an adult_prison_at_age 18 for a non-violent_theft. After multiple rapes, he had_found an inmate_to protect him from others in exchange_for_an exclusive right to sex. This_inmate_referred to him as Stephanie and_forced_him_to wear makeup and shave_his legs. It was not a_rare scenario.

It is impossible to know how many of_the teenagers sent_to adult prisons in recent_years_have_been sexually assaulted, in part because so many of them_have been_afraid to report._(Rape outside of prison is known to be under-reported, and_the same is true within prison walls,_especially because prisoners face the possibility of retaliation by both correctional_staff and other prisoners.) Some corrections