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21  Vernie r, J.-P. Major inf l uen ce of tropica l v olca n i ceru p ti o nson the s tratospheric ae rosol laye rd ur ing the la s t d ec ade. Ge ophys.Res.L ett. 38 , L12807(
 Meehl,_G. A.,_Teng, H. & Arblaster,_J. M._Climate_model simulations_of_the observed early-2000s_hiatus of global_warming. Nat. Clim. Change_4, 898–902 (2014).

12_Risbey,_J. S. et al. Well-estimated global surface warming in climate projections selected for ENSO_phase._Nat. Clim._Change_4,_835–840 (2014).

13 England, M. H._et al. Recent intensification of_wind–driven circulation_in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus._Nat._Clim. Change 4,_222–227 (2014).

14 Steinman, B. A., Mann, M. E. &_Miller, S. K. Atlantic and Pacific_multidecadal oscillations and_Northern_Hemisphere_temperatures. Science 347, 988–991_(2015).

15 Santer, B. D. et al._Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in_tropospheric temperature. Nat. Geosci. 7, 185–189 (2014).

16_Fyfe, J. C. et al. Making_sense of the early-2000s warming_slowdown. Nat._Clim. Change 6, 224–228 (2016).

17_Schmidt, G. A.,_Shindell, D._T. & Tsigaridis,_K. Reconciling warming trends. Nat. Geosci._7, 1–3 (2014).

18_Gleisner, H., Thejll, P., Christianson, B._&_Nielsen, J. K._Recent_global_warming hiatus_dominated by low-latitude_temperature_trends in_surface_and troposphere data. Geophys. Res. Lett._42,_510–517 (2014).

19 Medhaug, I., Stolpe, M. B.,_Fischer, E. M. &_Knutti,_R. Reconciling controversies about_the ‘global warming hiatus’. Nature_545, 41–47 (2017).

20 Solomon, S. et_al. The_persistently variable_“background” stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change. Science 333, 866–870_(2011).

21 Vernier, J.-P. Major influence of_tropical volcanic eruptions on_the stratospheric_aerosol_layer during the_last_decade. Geophys._Res. Lett. 38, L12807 (