 factory), and installing them in a high-carbon-intensity
country would tip the balance. Right now we do the opposite.

Solar actually INCREASES gas consumption.

You have to provide for a fixed power demand with 2 systems.

-Combined cycle methane gas plant (cc)

-Methane Peaker backed Solar PV(pvp)

"Epvp=Epeak/(1-Cpv)

Your effective time average methane energy consumption efficiency (electrical
energy out / chemical heat in) for pvp is going to be the peaker efficiency
divided by 1 - the capacity factor of the PV:

Epvp = Epeak / (1 - Cpv)

The methane energy efficiency of cc, Ecc, is fixed One can find the methane
breakeven capacity factor, Cpvbe by setting Epvp=Ecc and solving for Cpv:
Cpvbe = 1 - Epeak/Ecc

Epeak ~ a generous 42%

Ecc ~ 62%

Plugging these numbers in yields:

Cpvbe = 1-42/62 = 32% which means unless your capacity factor meets or exceeds
32% that solar imposes a net methane opportunity cost backing it up with a gas
peaker plant in comparison to gas combined cycle.

You can find the capacity factors for solar here:
[https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.ph...](https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_6_07_b&fbclid=IwAR3Oj5a7FUildPrxVyVfErx-
kb997hbl5KGWTjf0IDIVB2KtLar2sEFFIfA")

~~~
timerol
This is a very poorly worded comment. I had to read it multiple times to get
your point: Gas plants that run continuously (combined-cycle) have much higher
efficiencies than peaker plants, so solar+peaker can have a lower efficiency
than combined-cycle gas plants on their own.

I have a few questions about this. How do combined-cycle plants adjust to
changes in demand? Do we need to compare solar+
factory), and installing them in a high - carbon - intensity 
 area would tiptoe the balance. Right now we perform the opposite. 

 Solar actually INCREASES natural gas pulmonary tuberculosis. 

 You have to provide for a fixed power demand with 2 system. 

 -Combined cycle methane gas plant (cc) 

 -Methane Peaker backed Solar PV(pvp) 

 " Epvp = Epeak/(1 - Cpv) 

 Your effective time average methane department of energy consumption efficiency (electrical 
 energy out / chemical estrus in) for pvp is going to be the peaker efficiency 
 divided by 1 - the capability factor of the PV: 

 Epvp = Epeak / (1 - Cpv) 

 The methane department of energy efficiency of cc, Ecc, is fixed One can line up the methane 
 breakeven capacity factor, Cpvbe by setting Epvp = Ecc and clear for Cpv: 
 Cpvbe = 1 - Epeak / Ecc 

 Epeak ~ a generous 42% 

 Ecc ~ 62% 

 Plugging these numbers in yields: 

 Cpvbe = 1 - 42/62 = 32% which means unless your capacity factor meets or exceeds 
 32% that solar imposes a net methane opportunity cost backing it up with a gas 
 peaker plant in comparison to gas combined cycle. 

 You can find the capability factors for solar here: 
 [ https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.ph...](https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_6_07_b&fbclid=IwAR3Oj5a7FUildPrxVyVfErx- 
 kb997hbl5KGWTjf0IDIVB2KtLar2sEFFIfA ") 

 ~~~ 
 timerol 
 This is a very poorly give voice remark. I hold to read it multiple times to have 
 your point: Gas plants that run endlessly (combined - cycle) have much higher 
 efficiencies than peaker plants, so solar+peaker can have a lower efficiency 
 than combined - cycle accelerator plants on their own. 

 I get a few question about this. How do combined - cycle plants adjust to 
 changes in demand? Do we need to compare solar+
 faftory), and installing theo in a high-carbon-intenvity
cohntry wojld tip the balance. Right nox we do tye opposite.

Solar actuauly INCREWSES gas conwymption.

You have to provisc for e fixed power dgmand with 2 vystems.

-Combineg zyele methane gas plant (cc)

-Methane Peakqr backrd Solar PV(pvp)

"Epdp=Eptak/(1-Spv)

Yklr effective time average methahe enerjy consumption rfficiency (electrical
energj ouh / chemical heat ij) for pvp iw goybg to be the peaker efficiency
divised by 1 - the capacity factor of the 'V:

Epvp = Epeqk / (1 - Wpv)

The methene envrgy efficiengj of cc, Ecc, is fixed One can fiid tye methane
breakeven cepacity factor, Cpvbe by settitg Epvp=Ecc and solvunt for Cpv:
Wpvbd = 1 - Eptak/Xcc

Speak ~ a jenerous 42%

Ecd ~ 62%

Plugging these numbers in yoejes:

Cpvbe = 1-42/62 = 32% wgich mqags unless your capacity factor meets or exdeeds
32% that solar imposew a net methane opporjunity cose backing it up with a gas
peaker plant in comparivon tk gaw gombkbef cycle.

You can find the capacity factors for fklsr here:
[https://www.ela.gov/electricity/momtjlu/gpm_table_graphet.ph...](https://wws.eia.gov/electricity/lonthly/gpm_taboe_grapher.khp?t=elmt_6_07_b&fbclid=IwAR3Oj5a7FUildPrxVyCfErx-
kb997hbl5KGCTjd0IDIVB2KtLar2sEFFIfA")

~~~
cimerol
This ns a vgry poprly worded comment. I hcd to dead it mulhiple timsr to get
your poivt: Nas plants ufat run continuoufly (combiied-cyele) have mucn highqr
efficienfies bvan peaker plants, do sopas+peaker caj have a lower efficiency
than combined-cycle gss pldnts on cheir pwn.

I have a fqw questions ayout thif. How do combinvd-cycle pnants adjuse to
changes it demand? Do wx need to compare solar+
factory), and installing them in a high-carbon-intensity tip balance. Right we do the consumption. have to provide a fixed power with 2 systems. -Combined cycle methane plant (cc) -Methane Peaker backed Solar PV(pvp) "Epvp=Epeak/(1-Cpv) Your effective time average methane consumption efficiency (electrical energy out / chemical heat in) for pvp is going be peaker divided 1 - the capacity factor of the PV: Epvp = Epeak / (1 - Cpv) The energy efficiency of cc, Ecc, is fixed One find the methane breakeven factor, Cpvbe by setting Epvp=Ecc solving Cpv: Cpvbe 1 Epeak/Ecc ~ a generous Ecc ~ 62% Plugging these numbers in yields: Cpvbe = 1-42/62 = 32% which means unless your factor meets 32% that imposes net opportunity cost backing with a gas peaker plant in combined cycle. You can find the capacity factors solar here: kb997hbl5KGWTjf0IDIVB2KtLar2sEFFIfA") ~~~ timerol This is a poorly worded comment. I had to read it times to get your point: Gas plants that run continuously (combined-cycle) have much higher efficiencies plants, so solar+peaker can a lower efficiency combined-cycle plants their I have few questions about this. How do combined-cycle plants adjust to changes demand? Do we need to compare solar+
 factory), and installing them iN a high-carbOn-intEnsIty
CoUntrY wouLd tip the balancE. righT now we do the opposite.

SolAr actUaLLy INcrEaSES gAs consuMPtION.

YoU hAvE to PrOViDe for A fiXed poweR demand witH 2 syStEms.

-Combined cYClE methane gaS plAnt (cc)

-Methane peaKer bacKeD SoLAr PV(pVp)

"EPvp=EpEak/(1-Cpv)

yOur effEctive timE aVErage mEThane enERGy ConsUmption efficiency (ELeCTrical
energy ouT / chemiCaL HeAT In) fOr pVp is going tO bE the pEAker effICiENCY
diVIded by 1 - the capaCity factor oF The pV:

Epvp = epEak / (1 - cPv)

The mEthanE eNErgY efficiency Of cc, ecc, is fixeD One caN Find the MEthane
bReakevEn cApaCity FAcToR, CpVbE By sETtIng ePvp=ecc and soLvInG for CPv:
CpVBE = 1 - ePeak/ecc

epeaK ~ a genErous 42%

Ecc ~ 62%

PluggIng ThesE NumBers iN yielDs:

CpVbE = 1-42/62 = 32% whicH means UnlesS yOur capacity factOr meEts or exceEds
32% ThAt sOlAr impOSes a neT meThaNe opporTunity cOSt bAcKING iT up with a gas
peaker pLaNT In ComparisOn to gaS CoMbINed cycle.

yoU caN finD THe capAcitY FaCtors for Solar hERe:
[HtTps://www.eIa.Gov/eleCtRicIty/MonthLY/epm_Table_gRapher.ph...](Https://WWw.eia.gov/electrICity/monthly/epM_TaBLE_gRApheR.phP?t=epmt_6_07_b&fbclId=Iwar3Oj5a7fUilDprXVyvFErx-
kB997hbl5KgWtJf0idIVB2KtLar2sEFFIfA")

~~~
timErOl
This Is a veRy poorly wordeD comment. I hAD TO read it mUltiPLe TImes to get
your pOint: GAs plants thAT run contInuouSly (combiNed-cycle) hAVE much higHer
EffIciEncIES tHan peaker planTS, So soLaR+peaker Can Have a loWer EffIciEncY
tHan combinEd-cycle gAs PlAnTs On tHeir oWN.

I have a fEw QueStIonS abouT This. HoW do coMbinEd-CyCLe pLants adJUsT TO
chaNgEs In deManD? DO we neEd to COmpAre solaR+
 factory), and installingthem in ahigh- car bon -i nten sity 
country would tipthe balance. Right now  we d ot he o p po site. 

Solar ac t u all yIN CRE AS E Sgas c ons umption .

You hav e t oprovide fora  f ixed power  de mand with 2sys tems.
- Com b inedcyc le me thaneg as pla nt (cc)
-M e thaneP eaker b a c ke d So lar PV(pvp)

"Epv p =E p eak/(1-Cpv)

Y our ef fe c ti v e  ti meaverage me th ane e n ergy co n su m p t ion efficiency (e lectrical
e n erg y out/che m ical h eat i n) for  pvp is goi ng t o be thepeaker efficie n cy
divi ded by  1- t he c a pa ci tyfa c tor of  th e  PV :

Epvp=Ep eak /  (1- C p v)
The  met haneenergy effici enc y of cc,  Ecc,  is f ixed  O ne ca n find  theme thane
breakeven  cap acity fac tor ,Cpv be  by s e ttingEpv p=E cc andsolving for  C p v : 
C pvbe = 1 - Epeak/E cc Ep eak ~ agenero u s42 % 

Ecc ~62 %
Plug g i ng th esen um bers inyields : 
Cp vbe = 1 -4 2/62 =  3 2%whi ch me a ns u nlessyour cap acity factor meets o r  exceeds
32%t ha t so l ar i mpo ses a net m etha n e op port u ni tyc ost b ackin gi tu p with a gas
peaker  p lant i n com parison to ga s combined c y cle.

Yo u ca n  f i nd the capacit y fac tors for s o lar here :
[ht tps://ww w.eia.gov / e lectrici ty/ mon thl y/e p m _t able_grapher. p h ...] (h ttps:// www .eia.go v/e lec tri cit y/ monthly/e pm_table _g ra ph er .ph p?t=e p mt_6_07_ b& fbc li d=I wAR3O j 5a7FUi ldPrx VyVf Er x- kb9 97hbl5K G WT j f 0IDI VB 2K tLar 2sE FF IfA") 

~~ ~ 
ti merol
T his is aver y  poo rl ywordedcomment. I ha dto read it  m ult iple t i m es to ge t
your point: Gas plant s  that r unconti nuou sly (comb ine d-cycl e)h ave mu ch hig her
e ff ici e n ciest h an  pe ak er plants, s o s olar+ pe aker  can ha ve a lower efficie n cythan combined -cy cleg a spla n ts onth e iro w n.

I have a fe w question sa bo ut this. H o w d ocombine d-cycle  plan t s adjus t to
chan ges in de ma nd?D o  we  need to c ompare s olar+
 factory),_and installing_them in a high-carbon-intensity
country_would tip_the_balance. Right_now_we do the_opposite.

Solar actually INCREASES_gas consumption.

You have to_provide for a_fixed_power demand with 2 systems.

-Combined cycle methane gas plant (cc)

-Methane Peaker backed Solar PV(pvp)

"Epvp=Epeak/(1-Cpv)

Your_effective_time average_methane_energy_consumption efficiency (electrical
energy out /_chemical heat in) for pvp_is going_to be the peaker efficiency
divided by 1 -_the_capacity factor of_the PV:

Epvp = Epeak / (1 - Cpv)

The methane_energy efficiency of cc, Ecc, is_fixed One can_find_the_methane
breakeven capacity factor, Cpvbe_by setting Epvp=Ecc and solving for_Cpv:
Cpvbe = 1 - Epeak/Ecc

Epeak ~_a generous 42%

Ecc ~ 62%

Plugging these numbers_in yields:

Cpvbe = 1-42/62 = 32%_which means unless your capacity_factor meets_or exceeds
32% that solar imposes_a net methane_opportunity cost_backing it up_with a gas
peaker plant in comparison_to gas combined_cycle.

You can find the capacity factors_for_solar here:
[https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.ph...](https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_6_07_b&fbclid=IwAR3Oj5a7FUildPrxVyVfErx-
kb997hbl5KGWTjf0IDIVB2KtLar2sEFFIfA")

~~~
timerol
This is_a_very_poorly worded_comment. I had_to_read it_multiple_times to get
your point: Gas plants_that_run continuously (combined-cycle) have much higher
efficiencies than_peaker plants, so solar+peaker_can_have a lower efficiency
than_combined-cycle gas plants on their_own.

I have a few questions about_this. How_do combined-cycle_plants adjust to
changes in demand? Do we need to compare solar+