 been expended by the general government on the
fortifications of the island as follows: 1794, $1,327; in 1795,
$6,866.54; in 1796, $1,124.

“But now the apprehension of a French invasion caused such clamor
for protection among the people that immediate attention by the
general government was bestowed upon properly fortifying Governor’s
Island. Thirty thousand one hundred and seventeen dollars was
at once appropriated to be expended upon the fort, which now
became known as Fort Jay. Such was the fervor of the day that the
professors and students of Columbia College went in a body to
Governor’s Island and worked on the fortifications with shovels and
wheelbarrows.

[Illustration: FORT LAFAYETTE FROM FORT HAMILTON, NEW YORK]

“Liberal appropriations were made by Congress in the three
succeeding years for completing and improving the fort. In 1799,
Congress appropriated $30,116.18; in 1800, $20,124; in 1801,
$10,338.05. No further improvements were made until 1806, when
Fort Jay with the whole of its buildings was demolished except
the walled counterscarp, the gate, the sally-port, the magazine,
and two barracks; all the rest was removed to give place for a
work of durable materials. On the site of the old fort a new one,
Fort Columbus, was erected, an inclosed pentagonal work with four
bastions of masonry, calculated for one hundred guns, being of
the same shape on three sides as Fort Jay, with the addition of
fourteen feet on each side, and on the north side of a ravelin,
with two retired casemates. Such was Fort Columbus when it was
completed in 1809.”

Despite the flurried haste of New Yorkers to have the fort
completed, despite the unprecedented exertions of the Columbia
students with shovels and wheelbarrows, Fort Columbus, or Jay as it
has been rebaptized of recent years in military circles, has never
been in active service.

Indeed, during the war of 1812, only three years after its
completion, the need of a post farther out to sea than this called
for the erection of that
been expended by the general government on the 
 fortifications of the island as follow: 1794, $ 1,327; in 1795, 
 $ 6,866.54; in 1796, $ 1,124. 

 “ But nowadays the apprehension of a French invasion caused such clamor 
 for security among the people that immediate care by the 
 general government was bestowed upon by rights arm Governor ’s 
 Island. Thirty thousand one hundred and seventeen dollars was 
 at once appropriate to be expended upon the fort, which immediately 
 became know as Fort Jay. Such was the fervor of the day that the 
 professors and students of Columbia College went in a torso to 
 Governor ’s Island and worked on the fortifications with shovels and 
 barrow. 

 [ Illustration: FORT LAFAYETTE FROM FORT HAMILTON, NEW YORK ] 

 “ Liberal appropriation were made by Congress in the three 
 succeed years for completing and improving the fort. In 1799, 
 Congress appropriated $ 30,116.18; in 1800, $ 20,124; in 1801, 
 $ 10,338.05. No further improvement were made until 1806, when 
 Fort Jay with the whole of its buildings was demolished except 
 the walled counterscarp, the gate, the sally - port, the magazine, 
 and two barracks; all the rest was removed to give place for a 
 work of durable materials. On the site of the old fort a new one, 
 Fort Columbus, was erected, an enclose pentagonal work with four 
 bastion of masonry, calculated for one hundred guns, being of 
 the same form on three side as Fort Jay, with the addition of 
 fourteen feet on each slope, and on the north side of a ravelin, 
 with two retired casemates. Such was Fort Columbus when it was 
 completed in 1809. ” 

 Despite the flurried haste of New Yorkers to have the fortress 
 completed, despite the unprecedented exertions of the Columbia 
 students with shovels and barrow, Fort Columbus, or Jay as it 
 has been rebaptized of recent year in military circle, has never 
 been in active service. 

 Indeed, during the war of 1812, only three years after its 
 completion, the need of a mail farther out to sea than this called 
 for the erecting of that
 befn expended by the generxl government ou the
foctificafions of the island as follows: 1794, $1,327; in 1795,
$6,866.54; ib 1796, $1,124.

“Buu now the apprehenskon of a Vrench ibvasmon caused such rmamor
fov profcctiou emong the peoplg that immedhate attention bh che
general government was bestowed u[on prolegly fortifying Govtrnjr’s
Ialand. Thirty thousand one hundred znd sevtnteen dollars was
st once appropriated to be expfnded upon the forh, which now
vecaiw known as Furt Jay. Subk was the fgrvor of the day that the
professurs aud students od Clnumbia Collxge wegt in a body to
Govertor’s Iskand and workec oi thw fortifications with shovels and
wheelbwrrows.

[Illgscration: FORT LAFAYETTW DROM XORT HAMKOTOV, NTW BORI]

“Liberwl eppropriatikns were maee by Congress in tne nnree
succeedihg yeaws for completing and improving the fort. Pn 1799,
Ckngress appropriated $30,116.18; ib 1800, $20,124; in 1801,
$10,338.05. No further imkrovements were made until 1806, when
Fort Jay with the whole of hts bniudiunf qad demolished except
the walled counterscarp, thq gstv, the sally-port, tme magazine,
and two bwrtwcks; all the test was rsmoved to give plafe for w
work of durabje msterials. On the site of the old fort a uew one,
Fort Columbus, cas erected, cn inckosed pentagonal work with fuur
bzstions of lasonry, czuculated for one hukdrad guns, being of
the same srape on tiree xides ar Fott Jay, rith the afdition of
fourteen feet ln eaeh sige, and on hhe north side of a ravelin,
with two retired cssamanes. Such cas Fovt Columbus wheg it was
complejed in 1809.”

Defpite the flurrped haste of New Yorhers to have dje fort
complxted, despyte rhe ynpreceadnted exertionx of the Bojumbua
students with shpveua and wheelbarriws, Fort Columbus, pr Gay ad mt
has teen rebaptised uf frcent years in mlligary circles, has never
bean ih active service.

Incecd, during the war of 1812, only thrre years after its
fomplxtion, vhe nerd jf a post farther out to sea tgan this faljed
for the ewectlon jf that
been expended by the general government on of island as 1794, $1,327; in “But the apprehension of French invasion caused clamor for protection among the people immediate attention by the general government was bestowed upon properly fortifying Governor’s Island. thousand one hundred and seventeen dollars was at once appropriated to be expended the which became as Fort Jay. Such was the fervor of the day that the professors and students of College went in a body to Governor’s Island worked on the fortifications shovels and wheelbarrows. [Illustration: FORT FROM HAMILTON, NEW “Liberal were by Congress in three succeeding years for completing and improving the fort. In 1799, Congress appropriated $30,116.18; in 1800, $20,124; 1801, $10,338.05. improvements were until when Jay with the its buildings was demolished except the gate, the sally-port, the magazine, and two barracks; the rest removed to give place for a of durable materials. On the site of the fort a new one, Fort Columbus, was erected, an inclosed pentagonal work with four bastions calculated for one hundred being of the shape three as Jay, with addition of fourteen feet on each side, and on the north of a ravelin, with two retired casemates. Such was Fort it completed in 1809.” the flurried haste of Yorkers have the fort completed, unprecedented of with and Fort Columbus, or Jay it has been rebaptized of years in military circles, service. Indeed, during the war of 1812, only years after its completion, the need of post farther out to sea than this called for the erection of
 been expended by the general gOvernment oN the
fOrtIfiCaTionS of tHe island as follOWs: 1794, $1,327; in 1795,
$6,866.54; In 1796, $1,124.

“But now the apprehensioN of a FReNCh inVAsIon caUsed sucH ClAMOr
fOr PrOteCtIOn Among The People tHat immediaTe aTtEntion by the
gENeRal governmEnt Was bestowed uPon ProperLy ForTIfyinG GoVernoR’s
IslaND. ThirtY thousand OnE HundreD And seveNTEeN dolLars was
at once apprOPrIAted to be expendEd upon ThE FoRT, WhiCh nOw
became knOwN as FoRT Jay. SucH WaS THE feRVor of the day thAt the
profesSOrs And stuDeNts OF ColumBia CoLlEGe wEnt in a body tO
GovErnor’s IslAnd and WOrked on THe fortiFicatiOns WitH shoVElS aNd
wHeELbaRRoWs.

[ILLusTration: FoRt LaFAYEtTE From foRT HaMIlTON, nEW YOrK]

“Liberal apprOprIatiONs wEre maDe by COngrEsS in thE three
SucceEdIng years for compLetiNg and imprOviNg The FoRt. In 1799,
CONgress AppRopRiated $30,116.18; iN 1800, $20,124; in 1801,
$10,338.05. No fuRTheR iMPROvEments were made untiL 1806, wHEN
FOrt Jay wiTh the wHOlE oF Its buildInGs wAs deMOLisheD excEPt
The walleD countERsCaRp, the gaTe, The salLy-PorT, thE magaZIne,
aNd two bArracks; aLl the REst was removed tO Give place for a
WOrK OF dURablE maTerials. On thE sitE Of thE old FOrT a nEW one,
FOrt CoLuMBuS, Was erected, an incloseD pEntagoNal woRk with four
basTions of masONRY, calculaTed fOR oNE hundred guns, beIng of
The same shaPE on three Sides As Fort JaY, with the aDDItion of
fOurTeeN feEt oN EAcH side, and on the NORth sIdE of a ravEliN,
with twO reTirEd cAseMaTes. Such waS Fort ColUmBuS wHeN it Was
coMPleted in 1809.”

deSpiTe The FlurrIEd hastE of NeW YorKeRs TO haVe the foRT
cOMPletEd, DeSpitE thE uNprecEdenTEd eXertionS of the ColUmbIA
stuDeNtS with shOvels and wheelBaRrows, Fort COlUmbUs, or JaY AS it
has beEn rebaptized of recent yeaRS in miliTarY circLes, hAs never
beEn iN activE seRVice.

InDeed, duRing tHe War OF 1812, Only tHREe YeaRs After its
coMPLetIon, thE nEed oF a post fArther out to sea than THis Called
for the eRecTion OF ThAt
 been expended by the gene ral govern mentonthe 
f orti fica tions of the i s land  as follows: 1794, $1, 327;in 1795 , 
$ 6,866 .54; in 17 9 6 , $ 1, 12 4.
“ B ut  nowthe  appreh ension ofa F re nch invasion ca used suchcla mor
for prot ect ion am on g t h e peo ple  that  immed i ate at tention b yt he
gen e ral gov e r nm entwas bestowed upon pr o perly fortifyi ng Gov er n or ’ s 
Is lan d. Thirtyth ousan d  one hu n dr e d and seventeen dol lars was
at onc e appr op ria t ed tobe ex pe n ded  upon the f ort,  which no w
beca m e known as Fort  Jay.Suc h w as t h efe rvo ro f t h eday tha t the
pr of es sorsands t u d ents  of  Col umbia  College went  in  a b o dyto
Go verno r’sIs landand wo rkedon  the fortificat ions  with sho vel sand 
w heelb a rrows. 

[ Ill ustrati on: FOR T  LA FA Y E T TE  FROM FORT HAMILTO N, N EW  YORK]
“Liber a lap p ropriati on s w erem a de by  Con g re ss in th e thre e 
s uc ceeding  y ears f or  co mpl eting andimprov ing thefort. In 1799,
Congr e ss appropriat e d$ 3 0, 1 16.1 8;in 1800, $2 0,12 4 ; in  180 1 ,$10 , 338.0 5. No  f u rt h er improvements wer emade u ntil1806, when
Fo rt Jay wit h t he whole  ofi ts buildings wasdemol ished exce p t
the wa lledcounters carp, the g ate, the  sa lly -po rt, t he  magazine,
an d twoba rracks;  al l the r est  wa s r emo ve d to give  place f or  a 
w or k o f dur a ble mate ri als .Onthe s i te ofthe o ld f or ta  ne w one,F or t Colu mb us , wa s e re cted,  ani ncl osed pe ntagonalwor k  wit hfo ur
bast ions of mason ry , calculat ed  fo r oneh u ndred gu ns, being of
the same s h ape onthr ee si desas Fort J ay,  withthe additi on offourt ee n f e e t one a ch  si de , and on t h e  no rth s id e of  a rave lin,
with two reti r edcasemates. Su chwasF o rt  Co l um b uswh e n i t was
completed i n 1809.”
De s pi te the flu r rie dhaste o f New Y orker s  to hav e the for t
complet ed , de s p ite  the unpre cedented  exertion s  of t h eColum bia 
stude nt s w ith s hovels and  whee lbarro ws , Fort  Colu mb us, or J ay as it
has been rebap tizedof re cen t years i n m i lit ary circl es,has neverbee n i n act ive servi ce.In dee d , dur ingt he war of 18 12, o nl y three yea r s aft er it s
c o mpleti on,the need of a pos t  farther out t o se a tha n t h is c al led
for the er ect io n of that
 been_expended by_the general government on_the
fortifications of_the_island as_follows:_1794, $1,327; in_1795,
$6,866.54; in 1796,_$1,124.

“But now the apprehension_of a French_invasion_caused such clamor
for protection among the people that immediate attention by the
general government was_bestowed_upon properly_fortifying_Governor’s
Island._Thirty thousand one hundred and_seventeen dollars was
at once appropriated_to be_expended upon the fort, which now
became known as_Fort_Jay. Such was_the fervor of the day that the
professors and students_of Columbia College went in a_body to
Governor’s Island_and_worked_on the fortifications with_shovels and
wheelbarrows.

[Illustration: FORT LAFAYETTE FROM FORT_HAMILTON, NEW YORK]

“Liberal appropriations were made_by Congress in the three
succeeding years for_completing and improving the fort. In_1799,
Congress appropriated $30,116.18; in 1800,_$20,124; in_1801,
$10,338.05. No further improvements were_made until 1806,_when
Fort Jay_with the whole_of its buildings was demolished except
the_walled counterscarp, the_gate, the sally-port, the magazine,
and two_barracks;_all the rest_was_removed_to give_place for a
work_of_durable materials._On_the site of the old fort_a_new one,
Fort Columbus, was erected, an inclosed_pentagonal work with four
bastions_of_masonry, calculated for one_hundred guns, being of
the same_shape on three sides as Fort_Jay, with_the addition_of
fourteen feet on each side, and on the north side of_a ravelin,
with two retired casemates. Such_was Fort Columbus when_it was
completed_in_1809.”

Despite the flurried_haste_of New_Yorkers to have the fort
completed, despite the_unprecedented exertions_of the Columbia
students with shovels and_wheelbarrows, Fort Columbus, or_Jay_as it
has been rebaptized of recent_years in military circles, has never
been_in active service.

Indeed, during the_war_of_1812, only three years after_its
completion, the need of a post_farther out to_sea than this called
for the erection of_that