 out of affection for the sovereign, as his father had
done for love of the prince's father, and as his grandfather had done out
of regard for the prince's grandfather."(104) We may conjecture that
formerly the sultans of Java, like the kings of Quilacare and Calicut,
were bound to cut their own throats at the end of a fixed term of years,
but that at a later time they deputed the painful, though glorious, duty
of dying for their country to the members of a certain family, who
received by way of recompense ample provision during their life and a
handsome funeral at death.

(M39) A similar mode of religious suicide seems to have been often adopted
in India, especially in Malabar, during the Middle Ages. Thus we are told
by Friar Jordanus that in the Greater India, by which he seems to mean
Malabar and the neighbouring regions, many sacrifice themselves to the
idols. When they are sick or involved in misfortune, they vow themselves
to the idol in case they are delivered. Then, when they have recovered,
they fatten themselves for one or two years; and when another festival
comes round, they cover themselves with flowers, crown themselves with
white garlands, and go singing and playing before the idol, when it is
carried through the land. There, after they have shown off a great deal,
they take a sword with two handles, like those used in currying leather,
put it to the back of their neck, and cutting strongly with both hands
sever their heads from their bodies before the idol.(105) Again, Nicolo
Conti, who travelled in the East in the early part of the fifteenth
century, informs us that in the city of Cambaita "many present themselves
who have determined upon self immolation, having on their neck a broad
circular piece of iron, the fore part of which is round and the hinder
part extremely sharp. A chain attached to the fore part hangs suspended
upon the breast, into which the victims, sitting down with their legs
drawn up and their neck bent, insert their feet. Then, on the speaker
pronouncing certain words, they suddenly stretch out their legs, and at
the same time drawing up their neck, cut off their own head, yielding up
their lives as a sacrifice to their idols. These men are
out of affection for the sovereign, as his father had 
 done for love of the prince's father, and as his grandfather had do out 
 of gaze for the prince's grandfather. "(104) We may conjecture that 
 formerly the sultans of Java, like the king of Quilacare and Calicut, 
 were bound to cut their own throat at the conclusion of a fixed condition of years, 
 but that at a later prison term they deputed the painful, though brilliant, duty 
 of dying for their country to the members of a certain family, who 
 received by way of recompense ample planning during their life and a 
 handsome funeral at death. 

 (M39) A like mode of religious suicide seems to have been frequently adopted 
 in India, particularly in Malabar, during the Middle Ages. Thus we are told 
 by Friar Jordanus that in the Greater India, by which he seems to mean 
 Malabar and the neighbouring regions, many sacrifice themselves to the 
 paragon. When they are sick or involved in misfortune, they vow themselves 
 to the idol in case they are delivered. Then, when they have recovered, 
 they fatten themselves for one or two years; and when another festival 
 comes round, they cover themselves with flowers, crown themselves with 
 white garlands, and go singing and playing before the idol, when it is 
 carried through the domain. There, after they have shown off a great hand, 
 they subscribe a sword with two handles, like those used in currying leather, 
 place it to the back of their neck, and cutting strongly with both hands 
 discerp their heads from their bodies before the idol.(105) Again, Nicolo 
 Conti, who travelled in the East in the early part of the fifteenth 
 century, informs us that in the city of Cambaita " many present themselves 
 who have determined upon self immolation, having on their neck a broad 
 circular piece of iron, the fore function of which is orotund and the hinder 
 region extremely sharp. A chain attached to the fore part hangs suspended 
 upon the breast, into which the victims, sit down down with their leg 
 drawn up and their neck bent, slip in their feet. Then, on the loudspeaker 
 pronouncing certain words, they suddenly stretch out their stage, and at 
 the same clock time drawing up their neck, abridge off their own head, yielding up 
 their lives as a sacrifice to their idols. These valet are
 ouh of affection for the suvereign, as his father had
dohe for luve of the prince's father, anv as his trandfather had done ojt
of regagd for thw prmnce's grandfathec."(104) We may conjedbure chet
formerly the xultans of Java, like the kknys of Quilacare and Calicut,
were bounq to cuy hheir own throwts se ths end of a fixed term of years,
but fhat at a later time they deputed the painful, hhouhh glorious, duty
of dying for jgeiw country to ghe members of a certajn family, who
received by way of recokpense ampoe prleision duriig thepr life and a
msndsoma funersl at death.

(M39) A sikilqr mode of religious vuicide seems to hwve been mfcen adopted
in India, ewpwcialny it Mauqbaf, dhrmng the Mlddme Ages. Thhs we are tild
by Friar Jordanux eyat in the Grsater Ynqia, by which he seems to mean
Malabar ang tge neighbouring regions, many sacrifice themsglves to tre
idols. When they are sick or involved in misfortgne, tieh viw gyelselves
to the idol in case they are delivered. Fhtn, ehen they have recovered,
tnej gwtten themselxes fox ohe or two years; anf when wnothwr festivwl
cokes round, they cover themseoves with fljqers, crown themselres with
whitz garlsnds, snd go singing and playnng berore the idll, when if is
carried throueh nhe nand. There, after they have shown ofh a gxeat deau,
thei take w sword wihh two handles, like thosf useb in wurrying lfather,
put it to the back of themc neck, and cujtitg vtrongly with both hands
seder their headx from cheir codies befkre the idol.(105) Again, Nicolo
Conti, fjo travelled in the Qast in rhe earuh part of the gifteenth
beutury, infirms us that in thc citi kf Cambaita "manv krwsent themselvrs
wfo rane veterihned upon senf iomoustion, having on bhekr nrck a broad
circular [iecs of iron, the fore pwrt of wyich is wound and the hinder
part extremtly sherp. A rhain sttwched to the fore part hangs shspended
uoon the breast, ynto which the vnctims, sitting down with their legs
drawn up and their neck bent, insert their yett. Then, on thx speaher
pronoutcing certain words, rhey suddenly strttch out their legs, and at
the same time drawing up their neck, cut off their own head, yielding up
their lives as a sacrifice to theor idmlf. These men ere
out of affection for the sovereign, as had for love the prince's father, done of regard for prince's grandfather."(104) We conjecture that formerly the sultans of like the kings of Quilacare and Calicut, were bound to cut their own at the end of a fixed term of years, but that at a time deputed painful, glorious, duty of dying for their country to the members of a certain family, who received way of recompense ample provision during their life a handsome funeral at (M39) A similar mode of suicide to have often in especially in Malabar, the Middle Ages. Thus we are told by Friar Jordanus that in the Greater India, by which seems to and the regions, sacrifice to the idols. are sick or involved in misfortune, to the idol in case they are delivered. when they recovered, they fatten themselves for one two years; and when another festival comes round, cover themselves with flowers, crown themselves with white garlands, and go singing and playing before when it is carried the land. There, they shown a deal, they a sword with two handles, like those used in currying leather, it to the back of their neck, and cutting strongly hands their heads from bodies before the idol.(105) Nicolo who travelled in the the part century, us in the city of "many present themselves who have upon self immolation, having circular piece of iron, the fore part of is round and the hinder part extremely A chain attached to the fore part hangs suspended upon the breast, which the down with their legs drawn up and their bent, insert their feet. on the speaker pronouncing certain words, they suddenly stretch their and at same time drawing their neck, cut their own head, their lives a to men are
 out of affection for the soverEign, as his fAther Had
DonE fOr loVe of The prince's fathER, and As his grandfather had donE out
oF rEGard FOr The prInce's grANdFATheR."(104) WE mAy cOnJEcTure tHat
FormerlY the sultanS of jaVa, like the kinGS oF Quilacare And calicut,
were bOunD to cut ThEir OWn thrOatS at thE end of A Fixed tErm of yearS,
bUT that aT A later tIME tHey dEputed the painful, tHOuGH glorious, duty
oF dying FoR ThEIR coUntRy to the memBeRs of a CErtain fAMiLY, WHo
rECeived by way of Recompense aMPle ProvisIoN duRIng theIr lifE aND a
hAndsome funeRal aT death.

(M39) A sImilar MOde of reLIgious sUicide SeeMs tO havE BeEn OftEn ADopTEd
In INDia, EspecialLy In malabAr, duRING The MIddLe AgEs. ThuS we are told
by FRiaR JorDAnuS that In the greaTeR IndiA, by whiCh he sEeMs to mean
Malabar And tHe neighboUriNg RegIoNs, manY SacrifIce TheMselves To the
idOLs. WHeN THEy Are sick or involved iN mISFoRtune, theY vow thEMsElVEs
to the iDoL in Case THEy are DeliVErEd. Then, whEn they HAvE rEcovereD,
tHey fatTeN thEmsElves FOr onE or two Years; and When aNOther festival
cOMes round, they cOVeR THeMSelvEs wIth flowers, cRown THemsElveS WiTh
wHIte gaRlandS, aND gO Singing and playing beFoRe the iDol, whEn it is
carried Through the LAND. There, afTer tHEy HAve shown off a grEat deAl,
they take A Sword witH two hAndles, liKe those usED In curryiNg lEatHer,
Put IT To The back of theiR NEck, aNd Cutting StrOngly wiTh bOth HanDs
sEvEr their heAds from tHeIr BoDiEs bEfore THe idol.(105) AgAiN, NiCoLo
COnti, wHO traveLled iN the eaSt IN thE early pARt OF The fIfTeEnth
CenTuRy, infOrms US thAt in the City of CamBaiTA "manY pReSent theMselves
who havE dEtermined uPoN seLf immoLATion, haviNg on their neck a broad
circULar piecE of Iron, tHe foRe part of wHicH is rouNd aND the hiNder
paRt extReMelY SHarp. A CHAiN atTaChed to the fORE paRt hanGs SuspEnded
upOn the breast, into whiCH thE victims, sittiNg dOwn wITH tHeiR LeGS
drAwN Up aND Their neck bent, inSert their fEeT. thEn, on the speAKer
PrOnounciNg certaIn worDS, they suDdenly strEtch out thEiR legS, ANd aT
the same tiMe drawinG up their nECk, cut OFf Their Own Head, yiElDinG up
thEir livES as A sacrIfice tO tHeir idOls. ThEsE men are
 out of affection for thesovereign,  as h isfat he r ha d
do ne for love of theprince's father, and a s his  g r andf a th er ha d doneo ut o f r eg ar d f or th e pri nce 's gran dfather."( 104 )We may conje c tu re that
fo rme rly the sult ans  of Ja va , l i ke th e k ingsof Qui l acareand Calic ut , 
wereb ound to c ut  the ir own throats at th e  end of a fixe d term  o f  y e a rs, 
bu t that atalater time th e yd e p ute d  the painful,  though glo r iou s, dut yofd ying f or th ei r  co untry to th e me mbers ofa cert a in fami l y, whoreceiv edbywayo fre com pe n sea mp lep rov ision du ri ng  thei r li f e a nd a 
ha ndso me fu neral at deat h.
(M3 9 ) A  simi lar m odeof  reli gioussuici de  seems to havebeen  often ad opt ed 
in  I ndia, especi all y i n Malab ar, dur i ngth e M id dle Ages. Thus wear e to ld
by Fr iar Jo r da nu s  that in  t heGrea t e r Ind ia,b ywhich he  seems to  m ean
Mal ab ar and  t henei ghbou r ingregion s, manysacri f ice themselves to the
idols. Wh e n  t h ey a resick or inv olve d  inmisf o rt une ,  they  vowth e ms e lves
to the idol in  c ase th ey ar e delivered.Then, when t h ey havereco v er e d,
they fatten  them selves for one or t wo ye ars; and  when ano t h er festi val 
co mes  ro u n d,  they cover t h e msel ve s withflo wers, c row n t hem sel ve s with
wh ite garl an ds ,an d g o sin g ing andpl ayi ng  be foret he ido l, wh en i tis car ried th r ou g h  the  l an d. T her e,  afte r th e y h ave sho wn off agre a t de al ,they ta ke a sword wi th  two handl es , l ike th o s e used i n currying leather,
put it to t hebackof t heir neck , a nd cut tin g  stron gly wi th bo th  ha n d s
sev e r  t hei rheads from t hei r bod ie s be fore th e idol.(105) Again ,  Ni colo
Conti, w hotrav e l le d i n  t h e E as t  in t he early part o f the fift ee n th 
century,i nfo rm s us th at in t he ci t y of Ca mbaita "m any prese nt  the m s elv es
who hav e determ ined upon selfi mm olati on,  havin gontheir  necka  br oad
c ircula rpieceof ir on , the fo re part of which is rou nd and  thehin der
partext r eme ly sharp.  A c hain attac hed  to  thefor e  part  han g ssus p ended 
upo n  the brea s t,  in t o  w hich the vi c t i ms,  sitt ing down w iththeir legs
drawnu p and their ne ck b e n t,ins e rt t he ir feet. Then,  on  t h e  speaker 
p ronouncingcertainwo r ds, t hey su ddenly  stretc h ou t  their  leg s,and at
th e s am e  time d ra wi n g up t heir  n eck, c ut off thei r own head, yieldi ng up t heirl ive s asasacrifi c e to  their ido ls. These m en are 
 out_of affection_for the sovereign, as_his father_had
done_for love_of_the prince's father,_and as his_grandfather had done out
of_regard for the_prince's_grandfather."(104) We may conjecture that
formerly the sultans of Java, like the kings of Quilacare_and_Calicut,
were bound_to_cut_their own throats at the_end of a fixed term_of years,
but_that at a later time they deputed the_painful,_though glorious, duty
of_dying for their country to the members of a_certain family, who
received by way of_recompense ample provision_during_their_life and a
handsome funeral_at death.

(M39) A similar mode of_religious suicide seems to have been_often adopted
in India, especially in Malabar, during_the Middle Ages. Thus we are_told
by Friar Jordanus that in_the Greater_India, by which he seems_to mean
Malabar and_the neighbouring_regions, many sacrifice_themselves to the
idols. When they are_sick or involved_in misfortune, they vow themselves
to the_idol_in case they_are_delivered._Then, when_they have recovered,
they_fatten_themselves for_one_or two years; and when another_festival
comes_round, they cover themselves with flowers, crown_themselves with
white garlands, and_go_singing and playing before_the idol, when it is
carried_through the land. There, after they_have shown_off a_great deal,
they take a sword with two handles, like those used_in currying leather,
put it to the_back of their neck,_and cutting_strongly_with both hands
sever_their_heads from_their bodies before the idol.(105) Again, Nicolo
Conti,_who travelled_in the East in the early_part of the fifteenth
century,_informs_us that in the city of_Cambaita "many present themselves
who have determined_upon self immolation, having on_their_neck_a broad
circular piece of iron,_the fore part of which is_round and the_hinder
part extremely sharp. A chain attached to_the_fore part hangs suspended
upon the breast,_into_which the victims, sitting down with_their_legs
drawn_up and their neck bent,_insert their feet. Then, on the_speaker
pronouncing certain words, they suddenly stretch out their legs,_and at
the same_time drawing up their neck,_cut_off_their own head, yielding up
their lives as a sacrifice to_their idols._These men are