 aft control of an airship.
Lateral stability is secondary to this feature, for
reasons which will appear as we develop the
subject.

THE BIRD TYPE OF FORE AND AFT CONTROL.--
Every aeroplane follows the type set by nature
in the particular that the body is caused to oscillate
on a vertical fore and aft plane while in
flight. The bird has one important advantage,
however, in structure. Its wing has a flexure at
the joint, so that its body can so oscillate independently
of the angle of the wings.

The aeroplane has the wing firmly fixed to the
body, hence the only way in which it is possible
to effect a change in the angle of the wing is by
changing the angle of the body. To be consistent
the aeroplane should be so constructed that the
angle of the supporting surfaces should be movable,
and not controllable by the body.

The bird, in initiating flight from a perch, darts
downwardly, and changes the angle of the body to
correspond with the direction of the flying start.
When it alights the body is thrown so that its
breast banks against the air, but in ordinary flight
its wings only are used to change the angle of
flight.

ANGLE AND DIRECTION OF FLIGHT.--In order to
become familiar with terms which will be frequently
used throughout the book, care should be
taken to distinguish between the terms angle and
direction of flight. The former has reference to
the up and down movement of an aeroplane,
whereas the latter is used to designate a turning
movement to the right or to the left.

WHY SHOULD THE ANGLE OF THE BODY CHANGE?
--The first question that presents itself is, why
should the angle of the aeroplane body change?
Why should it be made to dart up and down and
produce a sinuous motion? Why should its nose
tilt toward the earth, when it is descending, and
raise the forward part of the structure while ascending?

The ready answer on the part of the bird-form
advocate is, that nature has so designed a flying
structure. The argument is not consistent, because
in this respect, as in every other, it is not
made to conform to the structure which they
aft control of an airship. 
 Lateral stability is secondary to this feature, for 
 reason which will look as we develop the 
 subject. 

 THE shuttlecock character OF FORE AND AFT CONTROL.-- 
 Every aeroplane follows the type arrange by nature 
 in the particular that the body is cause to oscillate 
 on a vertical bow and aft plane while in 
 flight. The bird has one authoritative advantage, 
 however, in structure. Its wing has a flexure at 
 the joint, so that its torso can so oscillate independently 
 of the angle of the wing. 

 The aeroplane has the wing firmly repair to the 
 body, hence the only way in which it is possible 
 to effect a variety in the angle of the wing is by 
 changing the angle of the body. To be consistent 
 the airplane should be thus constructed that the 
 angle of the supporting surfaces should be movable, 
 and not controllable by the body. 

 The bird, in initiating flight from a perch, darts 
 down, and deepen the angle of the soundbox to 
 correspond with the direction of the flying start. 
 When it alight the body is thrown so that its 
 breast banks against the air, but in average flight 
 its wings only are used to change the angle of 
 flight. 

 ANGLE AND DIRECTION OF FLIGHT.--In order to 
 become familiar with terms which will be frequently 
 used throughout the script, caution should be 
 taken to distinguish between the terms angle and 
 direction of escape. The former has reference to 
 the astir and down movement of an aeroplane, 
 whereas the latter is used to intend a turning 
 drift to the right or to the left. 

 WHY SHOULD THE ANGLE OF THE BODY variety? 
 --The first question that presents itself is, why 
 should the angle of the airplane body change? 
 Why should it be make to dart up and down and 
 produce a sinuate motion? Why should its nose 
 tilt toward the earth, when it is descending, and 
 raise the forward part of the structure while ascending? 

 The ready answer on the region of the bird - form 
 advocate is, that nature has indeed designed a flying 
 social organization. The argument is not consistent, because 
 in this respect, as in every other, it is not 
 made to conform to the structure which they
 afh control of an airship.
Lxteral stabiliti us secmndary to this feature, for
reasons which wipl appeqr as we develop the
sucject.

THE HIRD TYPW OF DORE AND AHF CONTROL.--
Everg aerm'lane follows tme type set by nature
in tve pcrticular that the body is caused to oscillstf
on a vertical fort agd arn klane while in
flight. The bird has one imkortant advantage,
hpwever, in structure. Its wijg hws a flexure at
the joint, so tyat yrs body can ro oscillaue independehtly
of the angle of the wings.

Thd aerpplane has tye ahng firmly hixed no the
body, hekbe the mnly wau in which it ls povsivle
to effect a change in the angle of tre wing iv yy
changing the angle if the tody. To cw cunsjsvenf
the afro'lane shouls be so conwtructed that the
anblq of the suppodting fuwfaces should be movable,
and not controlnabme by the body.

The bird, un initiating flight vrom a pewch, darts
downwardly, and changes the angle of the tody vo
zorxcfoinf with the direction of the flying start.
When yf slpghts the body is thrown so yhwt yts
breast banys aganhsf the air, but in ogdinary fligyt
its winds omly are used to change the qngle of
fligkt.

ABGLE AND DIRECTION OF FLIGHT.--Iu ordet to
bevome familiar with termr whjch will be frequentmh
used throughout thv bomk, care should be
taken to qistinguiwh bztween tfe tgrms andle and
dirfctiok of flight. The forler hcs rexerence to
hhe up and down movement of an exroplane,
wheress thv latter ns usec to designatq a turning
movgment to che rieht or to nhe left.

WIY SHOULD THQ ANGLE OF THA BODY CHANGE?
--Vhe first quewtiob that ofesents itself is, why
should the abgle of the aeroplene ckdy change?
Why skuood it be made yo aare lp end djfn and
produca a rinjpus mution? Why smouud iys nose
tilt toward tve ezrth, when it is dexccnding, ane
raise tre forward patt of the structurt whilx asceiding?

Tne teady answer on the part of the bird-form
wdvjcate is, thae nabure has so dexigned a flying
structure. The argument iw not consistent, bwcause
in this respeet, as in everb othew, it is nmt
made to conform to the structure whlch they
aft control of an airship. Lateral stability to feature, for which will appear THE TYPE OF FORE AFT CONTROL.-- Every follows the type set by nature the particular that the body is caused to oscillate on a vertical fore aft plane while in flight. The bird has one important advantage, however, in Its has flexure the joint, so that its body can so oscillate independently of the angle of the wings. aeroplane has the wing firmly fixed to the hence the only way which it is possible to a in the of wing by changing the of the body. To be consistent the aeroplane should be so constructed that the angle of the surfaces should and not by body. bird, in initiating a perch, darts downwardly, and changes the body to correspond with the direction of flying start. it alights the body is thrown that its breast banks against the air, but ordinary flight its wings only are used to change the angle of flight. ANGLE AND FLIGHT.--In order to become with terms which be used the care should taken to distinguish between the terms angle and direction of flight. former has reference to the up and down movement of whereas latter is used designate a turning movement the or to the left. THE OF --The question presents itself is, why the angle of the aeroplane change? Why should it and down and produce a sinuous motion? Why its nose tilt toward the earth, when is descending, and raise the forward part of the structure while ascending? ready answer part of the bird-form advocate is, that nature so designed a flying The argument is not consistent, because in this respect, in other, it not made to to the structure they
 aft control of an airship.
LateRal stabiliTy is sEcoNdaRy To thIs feAture, for
reasonS WhicH will appear as we develop The
suBjECt.

THe bIrD TYPe OF FORE anD aft COnTrOl.--
EvErY AeRoplaNe fOllows tHe type set bY naTuRe
in the partiCUlAr that the bOdy Is caused to osCilLate
on A vErtICal foRe aNd aft Plane wHIle in
fLight. The bIrD Has one IMportanT ADvAntaGe,
however, in structURe. iTs wing has a flexUre at
tHe JOiNT, So tHat Its body can So OscilLAte indePEnDENTly
OF the angle of thE wings.

The aeROplAne has ThE wiNG firmlY fixeD tO The
Body, hence thE onlY way in whiCh it is POssible
TO effect A changE in The AnglE Of ThE wiNg IS by
CHaNgiNG thE angle of ThE bOdy. To Be coNSISTent
The AeroPlane Should be so conStrUcteD ThaT the
aNgle oF the SuPportIng surFaces ShOuld be movable,
anD not ControllaBle By The BoDy.

The BIrd, in iNitIatIng fligHt from a PErcH, dARTS
dOwnwardly, and changeS tHE AnGle of the Body to
COrReSPond with ThE diRectION of thE flyINg Start.
WheN it aliGHtS tHe body iS tHrown sO tHat Its
BreasT BankS againSt the air, But in ORdinary flight
iTS wings only are USeD TO cHAnge The Angle of
fligHt.

ANglE ANd DIRecTiON of FLIGhT.--In oRdER tO
Become familiar with tErMs whicH will Be frequently
uSed throughOUT The book, cAre sHOuLD be
taken to distInguiSh between tHE terms anGle anD
directiOn of flighT. tHe former Has RefEreNce TO
ThE up and down movEMEnt oF aN aeroplAne,
Whereas The LatTer Is uSeD to designAte a turnInG
mOvEmEnt To the RIght or to ThE leFt.

wHY sHOULd tHE ANGlE OF ThE BOdY cHanGE?
--the firsT QuESTion ThAt PresEntS iTself Is, whY
ShoUld the aNgle of the AerOPlanE bOdY change?
why should it be MaDe to dart up AnD doWn and
pRODuce a sinUous motion? Why should its nOSe
tilt tOwaRd the EartH, when it is DesCendinG, anD
Raise tHe forwArd paRt Of tHE StrucTURe WhiLe Ascending?

THE ReaDy ansWeR on tHe part oF the bird-form
advocaTE is, That nature has So dEsigNED a FlyINg
STruCtURe. THE Argument is not coNsistent, beCaUSe
In this respECt, aS iN every oTher, it iS not
mADe to conForm to the Structure WhIch tHEY
 aft control of an airship .
Lateralstabi lit y i sseco ndar y to this feat u re,for
reasons which will  appe ar as w e  d evelo p the
s u bj e c t.
T HE  BI RD TY PE OF  FO RE ANDAFT CONTRO L.- -Every aeropl a ne  follows t hetype set bynat ure
in  t hep artic ula r tha t theb ody is  caused t oo scilla t e
on av e rt ical  fore and aft pla n ew hile in
flight . Thebi r dh a s o neimportantad vanta g e,
howe v er , i n s t ructure. Itswing has af lex ure at 
t hej oint,so th at its  body can s o os cillate i ndepen d ently
o f  the an gle of  th e w ings . 
Th e a er o pla n ehas the  wing fi rm ly  fixe d to t h e 
bod y,henc e the  only way inwhi ch i t  is  poss ibleto e ff ect a  chang e inth e angle of thewing  is by
ch ang in g t he  angl e  of th e b ody . To be  consis t ent 
t h e ae roplane should beso c on structed  thatt he 
a n gle of t he  su ppor t i ng su rfac e sshould b e mova b le ,and not  c ontrol la ble  by  theb ody. 

Thebird, in  init i ating flight f r om a perch, d a rt s do w nwar dly , and chang es t h e an gleo fthe bodyto
co rr e sp o nd with the directi on  of th e fly ing start.
Wh en it alig h t s  the bod y is th r own so that it s
bre ast banksa gainst t he ai r, but i n ordinar y flight
i tswin gsonl y ar e used to cha n g e th eangle o f
f light.
AN GLE  AN D D IR ECTION OF  FLIGHT. -- In  o rd erto
be c ome fami li arwi thterms whichwillbe f re qu e ntl y
usedt hr o u ghou tth e bo ok,  c are s houl d  be 
takento distin gui s h be tw ee n the t erms angle an ddirectionof  fl ight.T h e former  has reference to
the u p  and do wnmovem entof an aer opl ane,
w her e as the  latte r isus edt o  desi g n at e a  t urning
mov e m ent  to t he  rig ht or t o the left.

WHY S H OUL D THE ANGLE O F T HE B O D YCHA N GE ? 
-- Th e  fi r s t question that  presentsit s el f is, whys hou ld  the an gle ofthe a e roplane  body cha nge?
Whysh ould i t b e made todart upand downa nd
pr o du ce asin uous m ot ion ? Why  shoul d  it s nos e
tilt  t owardthe e ar th, when  it is descending, andraisethe f orw ard partoft hestructure  whi le ascendi ng? 

T he re ady answe r on th e p a rt of  the bird-form ad voc a t eis, that na t u r e h as so  de s igneda fl ying
structure. T h e argument isnotc o nsi ste n t, b ec ause
in this r esp ec t ,  as in e ve ry other, i t is not 
m a de to  confo rm tothe str u c tu r e whic h th ey
 aft_control of_an airship.
Lateral stability is_secondary to_this_feature, for
reasons_which_will appear as_we develop the
subject.

THE_BIRD TYPE OF FORE_AND AFT CONTROL.--
Every_aeroplane_follows the type set by nature
in the particular that the body is caused to_oscillate
on_a vertical_fore_and_aft plane while in
flight. The_bird has one important advantage,
however,_in structure._Its wing has a flexure at
the joint, so_that_its body can_so oscillate independently
of the angle of the wings.

The aeroplane_has the wing firmly fixed to_the
body, hence the_only_way_in which it is_possible
to effect a change in the_angle of the wing is by
changing_the angle of the body. To be_consistent
the aeroplane should be so constructed_that the
angle of the supporting_surfaces should_be movable,
and not controllable by_the body.

The bird,_in initiating_flight from a_perch, darts
downwardly, and changes the angle_of the body_to
correspond with the direction of the_flying_start.
When it alights_the_body_is thrown_so that its
breast_banks_against the_air,_but in ordinary flight
its wings only_are_used to change the angle of
flight.

ANGLE AND_DIRECTION OF FLIGHT.--In order_to
become_familiar with terms which_will be frequently
used throughout the_book, care should be
taken to distinguish_between the_terms angle_and
direction of flight. The former has reference to
the up and down_movement of an aeroplane,
whereas the latter_is used to designate_a turning
movement_to_the right or_to_the left.

WHY_SHOULD THE ANGLE OF THE BODY CHANGE?
--The_first question_that presents itself is, why
should the_angle of the aeroplane_body_change?
Why should it be made to_dart up and down and
produce a_sinuous motion? Why should its_nose
tilt_toward_the earth, when it is_descending, and
raise the forward part of_the structure while_ascending?

The ready answer on the part of_the_bird-form
advocate is, that nature has so_designed_a flying
structure. The argument is not_consistent,_because
in_this respect, as in every_other, it is not
made to conform_to the structure which they