
rear end of the frame and thus gives the supporting
planes the proper angle to raise the machine,
through a positive angle of incidence, of the plane.

_Fig. 17. Showing changing angle of body._

THE SUGGESTED TYPE.--In Fig. 18 the suggested
type is shown with the body normally in a horizontal
position, and the planes in a neutral position,
as represented in position 1. When sufficient
speed had been attained both planes are
turned to the same angle, as in position 2, and
flight is initiated without the abnormal oscillating
motion of the body.

But now let us see what takes place the moment
the present type is launched. If, by any error on
the part of the aviator, he should fail to readjust
the tail to a neutral or to a proper angle of incidence,
after leaving the ground, the machine would
try to perform an over-head loop.

The suggested plan does not require this caution.
The machine may rise too rapidly, or its
planes may be at too great an angle for the power
or the speed, or the planes may be at too small an
angle, but in either case, neglect would not turn
the machine to a dangerous position.

These suggestions are offered to the novice, because
they go to the very foundation of a correct
understanding of the principles involved in the
building and in the manipulation of flying machines
and while they are counter to the beliefs of
aviators, as is shown by the persistency in adhering
to the old methods, are believed to be mechanically
correct, and worthy of consideration.

THE LOW CENTER OF GRAVITY.--But we have still
to examine another feature which shows the wrong
principle in the fixed planes. The question is
often asked, why do the builders of aeroplanes
place most of the weight up close to the planes?
It must be obvious to the novice that the lower
the weight the less liability of overturning.

FORE AND AFT OSCILLATIONS.--The answer is,
that when the weight is placed below the planes it
acts like a pendulum. When the machine is traveling
forward, and the propeller ceases its motion,
as it usually does instantaneously, the weight, being
below, and having a certain momentum, continues
to move on, and
rear end of the frame and thus gives the back 
 plane the proper angle to raise the machine, 
 through a plus angle of incidence, of the plane. 

 _ Fig. 17. show change angle of body. _ 

 THE SUGGESTED TYPE.--In Fig. 18 the suggested 
 type is show with the body normally in a horizontal 
 position, and the plane in a neutral position, 
 as represented in position 1. When sufficient 
 speed had been attained both airplane are 
 turned to the same angle, as in situation 2, and 
 flight is initiated without the abnormal oscillating 
 motion of the body. 

 But nowadays let us see what takes place the moment 
 the present character is launched. If, by any error on 
 the part of the aviator, he should fail to readjust 
 the tail to a neutral or to a proper angle of incidence, 
 after leave the ground, the machine would 
 try to perform an over - head loop. 

 The suggested plan does not require this caution. 
 The car may resurrect too quickly, or its 
 plane may be at besides great an angle for the office 
 or the focal ratio, or the planes may be at too belittled an 
 angle, but in either case, neglect would not turn 
 the machine to a dangerous position. 

 These hypnotism are offered to the novice, because 
 they go to the very initiation of a correct 
 agreement of the principles involved in the 
 building and in the manipulation of flying machine 
 and while they are counter to the beliefs of 
 aviators, as is shown by the persistency in adhering 
 to the old methods, are believe to be mechanically 
 correct, and desirable of consideration. 

 THE LOW CENTER OF GRAVITY.--But we have still 
 to examine another feature which shows the incorrect 
 principle in the sterilize planes. The doubt is 
 often asked, why do the builder of airplane 
 place most of the weight up close to the plane? 
 It must be obvious to the novice that the lower 
 the weight the less liability of overturning. 

 FORE AND AFT OSCILLATIONS.--The solution is, 
 that when the weight is placed below the plane it 
 acts like a pendulum. When the machine is traveling 
 forward, and the propeller ceases its motion, 
 as it usually do instantaneously, the weight, being 
 below, and having a certain momentum, continues 
 to move along, and

reag end of the frame and tmus gives the sukpirting
'lanes fhe propdr angle to raise the machinx,
thriugh q positive angle of inzidence, ov the plqne.

_Fmg. 17. Showing chanjjng angle of gldy._

TKE SUGGESTED TYPG.--In Fig. 18 the suggested
type ir dhown with the body normally in a hjrizontsl
oosition, and tre pkwnes pn a neutral position,
as represehted in position 1. Whrn sufficient
speed had beej athained both planes are
turned jk trw same angle, as in pospcion 2, and
fljght is initiated without the acnormcl oscillatunt
mohhon of the uody.

Bun now let us see what takes llace the momekt
the prwsent type is launchev. If, by any error on
jhe part ox che aviator, he should fqil tm reddjurr
thd tzik fo a nfutcal or to a proper angoe of incidence,
aftet jvsving the grkund, tre machine would
try to perform an over-heag lkop.

The suggested plan dies not require this faution.
Thq machine may rise too rapidly, or its
planes may ba at vou gxcwg aj angle for the power
or the speed, or the planqa kaj be at too small an
angle, buy ln gither case, neelect ckumd not turn
the macjine to a dabgerous pjsitoon.

These suggestions are ofdered to the bovice, because
they go to the rery fpundayion of a correct
underscandinf of the prlnciples jvvolved in the
bukldpng dnd in the manipulation of flying mechinzs
and whkle jhey arq counter ho thc beliefs of
aviatord, as ns shmwn by the persistency in adhering
to the old methods, arg balivved to bz mechsnically
correst, and worthy pf consnderatkon.

THE LOW CENTER OF GRAVITY.--Fut we have sdlll
to examinx another fearure which rfows the wrong
lrinciple in the fized planes. The quextiuh is
often asked, whi do the buildets uf wegopkagas
place most of ghe eeighg up close bo ghe llanes?
It must be obvhous to the novice thay bhe lower
jhe weighe the less lisbility of overturjing.

FMRE AND SFT OSCILLATIONS.--The answer is,
that when the welght is placeq beoow the planzs it
acts like a pendulum. When the machiie is traveling
forward, qnd the propeller cgasts its motion,
es it tsually dmes instantaneously, rhe weight, being
btlow, and having a certajn momantum, continues
to move on, and
rear end of the frame and thus supporting the proper to raise the of of the plane. 17. Showing changing of body._ THE SUGGESTED TYPE.--In Fig. the suggested type is shown with the body normally in a horizontal position, the planes in a neutral position, as represented in position 1. When sufficient had attained planes turned to the same angle, as in position 2, and flight is initiated without the abnormal motion of the body. But now let us what takes place the the present type is launched. by error on part the he should fail readjust the tail to a neutral or to a proper angle of incidence, after leaving the ground, machine would perform an loop. suggested does not require The machine may rise too rapidly, may be at too great an angle for power or speed, or the planes may be too small an angle, but in either case, would not turn the machine to a dangerous position. These suggestions are offered to the they go to the foundation of a understanding the involved the building in the manipulation of flying machines and while they are counter the beliefs of aviators, as is shown by the persistency to old methods, are to be mechanically correct, worthy consideration. THE LOW CENTER we still feature shows wrong principle in the planes. The question is often why do the builders the weight up close to the planes? It be obvious to the novice that the the weight the less liability of overturning. FORE AND AFT OSCILLATIONS.--The answer that when is placed below the planes it acts like pendulum. When the machine traveling forward, and the propeller ceases its motion, as usually instantaneously, the being below, and a certain momentum, to move on,

rear end of the frame and thus gIves the supPortiNg
pLanEs The pRopeR angle to raise tHE macHine,
through a positive anGle of InCIdenCE, oF the pLane.

_Fig. 17. sHoWINg cHaNgIng AnGLe Of bodY._

THe SUGGEStED TYPE.--In FIg. 18 tHe Suggested
typE Is Shown with tHe bOdy normally iN a hOrizonTaL
poSItion, And The plAnes in A NeutraL position,
As REpreseNTed in poSITiOn 1. WhEn sufficient
speed HAd BEen attained botH planeS aRE
tURNed To tHe same anglE, aS in poSItion 2, anD
FlIGHT is INitiated withoUt the abnormAL osCillatInG
moTIon of tHe bodY.

BUT noW let us see whAt taKes place tHe momeNT
the preSEnt type Is launCheD. If, By anY ErRoR on
ThE ParT Of The AViaTor, he shoUlD fAil to ReadJUST
The tAil To a nEutraL or to a proper aNglE of iNCidEnce,
aFter lEaviNg The grOund, thE machInE would
try to perfOrm aN over-head LooP.

THe sUgGesteD Plan doEs nOt rEquire tHis cautIOn.
THe MACHiNe may rise too rapidlY, oR ITs
Planes maY be at tOO gReAT an angle FoR thE powER
Or the SpeeD, Or The planeS may be AT tOo Small an
AnGle, but In EitHer Case, nEGlecT would Not turn
tHe macHIne to a dangerouS Position.

These SUgGEStIOns aRe oFfered to the NoviCE, becAuse
THeY go TO the vEry foUnDAtIOn of a correct
understAnDing of The prInciples involVed in the
buILDIng and in The mANiPUlation of flyinG machInes
and whiLE they are CountEr to the bEliefs of
aVIAtors, as iS shOwn By tHe pERSiStency in adherING
to tHe Old methOds, Are beliEveD to Be mEchAnIcally
corRect, and wOrThY oF cOnsIderaTIon.

THE LOw CeNTeR oF GrAVITy.--but we hAve stIll
tO eXaMIne Another FEaTURe whIcH sHows The WrOng
prInciPLe iN the fixEd planes. THe qUEstiOn Is
Often asKed, why do the buIlDers of aeroPlAneS
place MOSt of the wEight up close to the planes?
iT must be ObvIous tO the Novice thaT thE lower
The WEight tHe less LiabiLiTy oF OVertuRNInG.

FOrE aND AFT OSCIllaTIoNS.--ThE aNsweR is,
that When the weight is plaCEd bElow the planes It
aCts lIKE a PenDUlUM. WhEn THe mACHine is traveling
Forward, and ThE PrOpeller ceaSEs iTs Motion,
aS it usuaLly doES instanTaneously, The weight, BeIng
bELOw, aNd having a cErtain moMentum, conTInues
TO mOve on, And

rear end of the frame and  thus give s the  su ppo rt ingplan es the propera ngle  to raise the machine, 
thro ug h  a p o si tiveangle o f  i n c ide nc e,  of  t h eplane .
_Fig. 1 7. Showing  ch an ging angle o f  b ody._

THE  SU GGESTED TYPE .-- In Fig .18t he su gge stedtype i s  shown  with the  b o dy nor m ally in a  h oriz ontal
position, a n dt he planes in a  neutr al po s i tio n,as represe nt ed in positio n  1 . W hen sufficient
sp eed had bee n  at tained  b oth planes  aretu r ned  to the sam e an gle, as i n posi t ion 2,a nd
flig ht isini tia tedw it ho utth e  ab n or mal osc illating 
m ot ion o f th e b o dy.
Bu t no w let  us see whattak es p l ace  themomen t
th eprese nt typ e isla unched. If, byanyerror onthe  p art  o f the aviato r,heshouldfail to rea dj u s t 
t he tail to a neutr al o rto a pro per an g le  o f  inciden ce ,
a fter l eavin g th e  g round, t he mac h in ewould
t ry  to pe rf orm  an  over - head  loop. 

The su ggest e d plan does no t  require this ca u t io n .
Th e m achine mayrise toorapi d ly , o r  itsplane sm ay be at too great anan gle fo r the  power
or the  speed, or t h e planes  may be at too small a n
ang le, but in either c ase,neglectwould not t urn
themac hin e t o a d an gerous positi o n .

T he se sugg est ions ar e o ffe red  to  t he novice , becaus eth ey  g o t o the very fou nd ati on  of  a co r rect
u nders tand in go f t he prin c ip l e s in vo lv ed i n t he 
buil ding and  in the  manipula tio n  offl yi ng mach ines
and whil ethey are c ou nte r to t h e  beliefs  of
aviators, as is sho w n by th e p ersis tenc y in adhe rin g
to t heo ld met hods,are b el iev e d  to b e me cha ni cally
corr e c t,and w or thyof cons ideration.

THE LO W  CE NTER OF GRAVI TY. --Bu t we  ha v es til lt o e x a mine another fe ature whic hs ho ws the wro n g
p ri nciplein thefixed planes.  The ques tion is
o ft en a s k ed,  why do th e builde rs of aer o plane s 
p lacemos t of t he  we ightup clo s e t o the  plane s? 
It mu st be  o bvious t o the novice that the l ower
t he we igh t the les s l i abi lity of o vert urning.

F ORE  AN D AFT  OS C ILLAT IONS . -- The answe r is , 
that whe n  t hew e ig ht is place d b elo w the  pl a nes it 
act s like a pendulum .  When the mach inei s  tr ave l ingfo rward, and the  pr op e l ler ceas es  its motion ,
as itus u allydoes i nstant aneousl y ,  t h e weig ht,bei ng
below,  an dh aving a  c er t ain mo ment um , cont inuest o mo v e  on, and

rear end_of the_frame and thus gives_the supporting
planes_the_proper angle_to_raise the machine,
through_a positive angle_of incidence, of the_plane.

_Fig. 17. Showing_changing_angle of body._

THE SUGGESTED TYPE.--In Fig. 18 the suggested
type is shown with the body_normally_in a_horizontal
position,_and_the planes in a neutral_position,
as represented in position 1._When sufficient
speed_had been attained both planes are
turned to the_same_angle, as in_position 2, and
flight is initiated without the abnormal oscillating
motion_of the body.

But now let us_see what takes_place_the_moment
the present type is_launched. If, by any error on
the_part of the aviator, he should_fail to readjust
the tail to a neutral_or to a proper angle of_incidence,
after leaving the ground, the_machine would
try_to perform an over-head loop.

The_suggested plan does_not require_this caution.
The machine_may rise too rapidly, or its
planes_may be at_too great an angle for the_power
or_the speed, or_the_planes_may be_at too small_an
angle,_but in_either_case, neglect would not turn
the machine_to_a dangerous position.

These suggestions are offered to_the novice, because
they go_to_the very foundation of_a correct
understanding of the principles_involved in the
building and in the_manipulation of_flying machines
and_while they are counter to the beliefs of
aviators, as is shown_by the persistency in adhering
to the_old methods, are believed_to be_mechanically
correct,_and worthy of_consideration.

THE_LOW CENTER_OF GRAVITY.--But we have still
to examine another_feature which_shows the wrong
principle in the fixed_planes. The question is
often_asked,_why do the builders of aeroplanes
place_most of the weight up close_to the planes?
It must be_obvious_to_the novice that the lower
the_weight the less liability of overturning.

FORE_AND AFT OSCILLATIONS.--The_answer is,
that when the weight is placed_below_the planes it
acts like a pendulum._When_the machine is traveling
forward, and the_propeller_ceases_its motion,
as it usually does_instantaneously, the weight, being
below, and having_a certain momentum, continues
to move on, and