 by sailing
west, the unknown shores of Eastern India could be reached.  Some of his
hearers declared it to be grossly presumptuous in an ordinary man to
suppose, after so many profound philosophers and mathematicians had been
studying the world, and so many able navigators had been sailing about
it for years past, that there remained so vast a discovery for him to
make.  Some cited the books of the Old Testament to prove that he was
wrong, others the explanations of various reverend commentators.
Doctrinal points were mixed up with philosophical discussions, and a
mathematical demonstration was allowed no weight if it appeared to clash
with a text of Scripture or comment of one of the fathers.

Although Pliny and the wisest of the ancients had maintained the
possibility of an antipodes in the southern hemisphere, these learned
gentlemen made out that it was altogether a novel theory.

Others declared that to assert there were inhabited lands on the
opposite side of the globe would be to maintain that there were nations
not descended from Adam, as it would have been impossible for them to
have passed the intervening ocean, and therefore discredit would be
thrown on the Bible.

Again, some of the council more versed in science, though admitting the
globular form of the earth, and the possibility of an opposite habitable
hemisphere, maintained that it would be impossible to arrive there on
account of the insupportable heat of the torrid zone; besides which, if
the circumference of the earth was as great as they supposed, it would
require three years to make the voyage.

Several, with still greater absurdity, advanced as an objection that
should a ship succeed in reaching the extremity of India, she could
never get back again, as the rotundity of the globe would present a kind
of mountain up which it would be impossible for her to sail even with
the most favourable wind.

The mariner replied in answer to the scriptural objection that the
inspired writers were not speaking technically as cosmographers, but
figuratively, in language addressed to all comprehensions, and that the
commentaries of the fathers were not to be considered as philosophical
propoundings, which it was necessary either to admit or refute.

In regard to the impossibility of passing the torrid zone, he himself
stated that he
by sailing 
 west, the unknown shores of Eastern India could be reached.   Some of his 
 hearer declare it to be grossly presumptuous in an ordinary valet to 
 speculate, after so many profound philosopher and mathematician had been 
 studying the world, and so many able navigators had been sailing about 
 it for year past, that there remained so huge a discovery for him to 
 make.   Some cited the books of the Old Testament to prove that he was 
 wrong, others the explanations of various reverend observer. 
 Doctrinal points were mixed up with philosophical discussion, and a 
 mathematical demonstration was allowed no weight if it look to clash 
 with a text of Scripture or comment of one of the fathers. 

 Although Pliny and the knowing of the ancients had maintained the 
 possibility of an antipodes in the southern hemisphere, these learned 
 gentlemen made out that it was altogether a novel theory. 

 Others declared that to assert there were inhabited lands on the 
 opposite side of the earth would be to maintain that there were nation 
 not condescend from Adam, as it would have been impossible for them to 
 have passed the intervening ocean, and therefore disrepute would be 
 thrown on the Bible. 

 Again, some of the council more verse in science, though admitting the 
 ball-shaped form of the earth, and the possibility of an opposite habitable 
 hemisphere, maintained that it would be impossible to arrive there on 
 account of the insupportable heat of the torrid zone; besides which, if 
 the circumference of the earth was as great as they supposed, it would 
 command three years to reach the voyage. 

 Several, with still greater absurdity, advanced as an objection that 
 should a ship succeed in reach the extremity of India, she could 
 never get back again, as the rotundity of the globe would award a kind 
 of batch up which it would be impossible for her to sail even with 
 the most favourable wind. 

 The mariner replied in solution to the scriptural objection that the 
 inspired writers were not speaking technically as cosmographer, but 
 figuratively, in language addressed to all comprehensions, and that the 
 commentaries of the don were not to be considered as philosophical 
 propoundings, which it was necessary either to admit or refute. 

 In regard to the impossibility of passing the torrid zone, he himself 
 state that he
 by sailing
west, the unknown shores of Eastgrb Indie could be reacfed.  Some of his
hearers declered it ti be grossly presumptuuus in an ordinart mai to
suppose, aftec so mann prorlund 'hilosophers anc mathemathcians had beet
sgubying the world, and so many able navygators hwd been sailind abptt
it for years past, that there remaines so vavt a discoveru for him to
make.  Some citfd tje books of the Olf Testament to [eove that he was
wrong, others the esplanations of various reverend commzntators.
Docjxunap points werx mixeq up with phlkosophhcal dixcussions, and s
mavhemqtical demonstration xas allowed no weighj if it ap[ecred to clash
with a twxr of Vcri[turd or cojmxnt of onf oh the fatheds.

Although Pliny and the wisesu os the ancients had mwigtained the
possibility of an antipodes pn tge southern hemisphere, rhese learned
gentlemej made oue that it was altogether a novel theory.

Others decnared ghau bj qsdert there were inhabited lands on the
oppositq sodv of the globe womld be to maintain tjay there were nxtions
ukt descended from Adwm, as ij woule have betn imlossible for them to
have pawsed the intvrvebing ocean, and thexefore discrzdit wpuld ne
thrown on the Bible.

Agcin, soje of the cluncil modd versed in scievce, tvough admitting the
globulaw form of the earth, xnd jhe posfibility ov an opposite habitable
hfmispkere, kaintained that it would be impossible to arrive there pn
dccmunt of che inxupportable hqat of the tortid zone; yesider which, if
nhe circukference of the earth wav as great as they su[poswd, ir would
fdquire three yrars to mche tye voyage.

Several, wlth sjiml greater absuxbiuy, advanced as am ocjestpon trdt
should a svip ruczred iv reaching bhe exttemity of India, she wouls
never get back agsik, as the totundity of the globe would present a klnd
of monntain up which it would be impossible ror her tl swil even witr
the most favourcble wind.

The mariner replied in answer ti the scriptural ovjection that the
inxkired writers were not speaning technically as xosmographers, but
niguratively, in languafe addsessef to all comprehensions, and that the
commentaries of the fathers were not ro be rogsidered as phikosopvieal
'ropounqingd, which it was nebessary either to admit or refutx.

In regard tj the impossibility of passimg the torrid zune, he himself
stated thaf he
by sailing west, the unknown shores of could reached. Some his hearers declared in ordinary man to after so many philosophers and mathematicians had been studying world, and so many able navigators had been sailing about it for years that there remained so vast a discovery for him to make. Some cited books the Testament prove that he was wrong, others the explanations of various reverend commentators. Doctrinal points were mixed with philosophical discussions, and a mathematical demonstration was no weight if it to clash with a text Scripture comment of of fathers. Pliny and the of the ancients had maintained the possibility of an antipodes in the southern hemisphere, these learned gentlemen out that altogether a theory. declared to assert there lands on the opposite side of be to maintain that there were nations not from Adam, it would have been impossible for to have passed the intervening ocean, and therefore would be thrown on the Bible. Again, some of the council more versed in science, the globular form of earth, and the of opposite hemisphere, that it be impossible to arrive there on account of the insupportable heat the torrid zone; besides which, if the circumference of the as as they supposed, would require three years make voyage. Several, with still advanced an a succeed reaching the extremity of she could never get back as the rotundity of kind of mountain up which it would be for her to sail even with the favourable wind. The mariner replied in answer to the scriptural objection that inspired writers speaking technically as cosmographers, but figuratively, in language to all comprehensions, and the commentaries of the fathers were not to be as propoundings, which was necessary either admit or refute. regard to the passing the zone, himself
 by sailing
west, the unknown shOres of EastErn InDia CouLd Be reAcheD.  Some of his
hearERs deClared it to be grossly preSumptUoUS in aN OrDinarY man to
sUPpOSE, afTeR sO maNy PRoFound PhiLosopheRs and matheMatIcIans had been
sTUdYing the worLd, aNd so many able NavIgatorS hAd bEEn saiLinG abouT
it for YEars paSt, that theRe REmaineD So vast a DIScOverY for him to
make.  Some CItED the books of the old TesTaMEnT TO prOve That he was
wRoNg, othERs the exPLaNATIonS Of various reveRend commentATorS.
DoctrInAl pOInts weRe mixEd UP wiTh philosophIcal DiscussioNs, and a
MAthematICal demoNstratIon Was AlloWEd No WeiGhT If iT ApPeaREd tO clash
wiTh A tExt of scriPTURE or cOmmEnt oF one oF the fathers.

AlThoUgh PLIny And thE wiseSt of ThE anciEnts haD mainTaIned the
possibilIty oF an antipoDes In The SoUtherN HemispHerE, thEse learNed
gentLEmeN mADE OuT that it was altogethEr A NOvEl theory.

others DEcLaREd that to AsSerT theRE Were iNhabITeD lands on The
oppOSiTe Side of tHe Globe wOuLd bE to MaintAIn thAt therE were natIons
nOT descended from aDam, as it would hAVe BEEn IMposSibLe for them to
Have PAsseD the INtErvENing oCean, aNd THeREfore discredit would Be
Thrown On the bible.

Again, somE of the counCIL More versEd in SCiENce, though admitTing tHe
globular FOrm of the Earth, And the poSsibility OF An opposiTe hAbiTabLe
hEMIsPhere, maintainED That It Would be ImpOssible To aRriVe tHerE oN
account oF the insuPpOrTaBlE heAt of tHE torrid zOnE; beSiDes Which, IF
the ciRcumfErenCe Of THe eArth was AS gREAt as ThEy SuppOseD, iT woulD
reqUIre Three yeArs to make The VOyagE.

SEvEral, witH still greater AbSurdity, advAnCed As an obJECtion thaT
should a ship succeed in reAChing thE exTremiTy of india, she cOulD
never Get BAck agaIn, as thE rotuNdIty OF The glOBE wOulD pResent a kinD
OF moUntaiN uP whiCh it wouLd be impossible for hER to Sail even with
tHe mOst fAVOuRabLE wINd.

THe MAriNER replied in answeR to the scriPtURaL objection THat ThE
inspirEd writeRs werE Not speaKing technIcally as cOsMogrAPHerS, but
figuraTively, in Language aDDressED tO all cOmpRehensIoNs, aNd thaT the
coMMenTarieS of the FaThers wEre noT tO be consiDered as philosophical
proPoundiNgs, whIch It was neceSsaRY eiTher to admIt or Refute.

In reGarD to The imPosSIbiliTy of PAsSinG The toRrid ZOne, he himsELf
StaTED tHat he
 by sailing
west, the unkn own shores  of E ast ern  I ndia  cou ld be reached.  Som e of his
hearers decla red i tt o be gr ossly  presum p tu o u s i nan  or di n ar y man  to 
suppos e, after s o m an y profound p h il osophers a ndmathematicia nshad be en 
st u dying  th e wor ld, an d  so ma ny able n av i gators had bee n sa ilin g about
it for ye a rs past, that the re rem ai n ed s o v ast  a discove ry  forh im to
m a ke . Som e  cited the bo oks of theO ldTestam en t t o  prove  that  h e  wa s
wrong, ot hers  the expl anatio n s of va r ious re verend  co mme ntat o rs .Doc tr i nal po int s  we re mixed  u pwithphil o s o p hica l d iscu ssion s, and a
math ema tica l  de monst ratio n wa sallow ed noweigh tif it appearedto c lash
with  ate xtof  Scri p ture o r c omm ent ofone oft hefa t h e rs .

Although Plinyan d th e wisest  of th e  a nc i ents had  m ain tain e d  theposs i bi lity ofan ant i po de s in th esouthe rn  he mis phere ,  the se lea rned
gen tleme n  made out that it was altoge t he r an ovel  th eory.

Othe rs d e clar ed t h at  to asser t the re we r e inhabited lands o nthe
op posit e side of the  globe wou l d be to ma inta i nt hat there were  nati ons
not de s cended f rom A dam, asit wouldh a ve beenimp oss ibl e f o r  t hem to
have p a s sedth e inter ven ing oce an,  an d t her ef ore discr edit wou ld  b eth row n ont he Bible .
Ag ai n,someo f thecounc il m or ev ers ed in s c ie n c e, t ho ug h ad mit ti ng th e
gl o bul ar form  of the e art h , an dth e possi bility of anop posite hab it abl e
hemi s p here, ma intained that it wouldb e impos sib le to  arr ive there  on 
accou nto f theinsupp ortab le  he a t  of t h e  t orr id  zone; bes i d eswhich ,if
t he circ umference of the e a rth  was as great  as  the y su ppo s ed ,  it  w o uld r equire three ye ars to mak et he  voyage.
S eve ra l, with  stillgreat e r absur dity, adv anced asan  obj e c tio n that
sho uld a sh ip succee d  in r e ac hingthe  extre mi tyof In dia, s h e c ouldneverge t back  agai n,  as therotundity of the globewouldprese nta kind
of  mo u nta in up whi ch i t would be  im pos sible  fo r  herto s a il  ev e n wit h
th e  most fav o ur abl e wi nd.

The ma r i n errepli edi n answ er t o the scripturalo bjection thatthei n spi red writ er s were not spe aki ng t echnical ly  as cosmogr aphers,bu t 
figu rative ly, in  langua g e  a d dresse d to  al l compreh ens io n s, andth at the
co mmen ta ries o f thef athe r s  were not to beconsi d e red a s  ph iloso ph ical
pr o poun dings, whi ch it was n ecessa ry e ither  to adm it  or re fut e. 

In regar d  to the i mposs ibility  o f pa ssi ng the  tor r i d zon e, h ehim self
stat e d  t h at  h e 
 by_sailing
west, the_unknown shores of Eastern_India could_be_reached. _Some_of his
hearers declared_it to be_grossly presumptuous in an_ordinary man to
suppose,_after_so many profound philosophers and mathematicians had been
studying the world, and so many able_navigators_had been_sailing_about
it_for years past, that there_remained so vast a discovery_for him_to
make.  Some cited the books of the_Old_Testament to prove_that he was
wrong, others the explanations of various reverend_commentators.
Doctrinal points were mixed up with_philosophical discussions, and_a
mathematical_demonstration_was allowed no weight_if it appeared to clash
with a_text of Scripture or comment of_one of the fathers.

Although Pliny and the_wisest of the ancients had maintained_the
possibility of an antipodes in_the southern_hemisphere, these learned
gentlemen made out_that it was_altogether a_novel theory.

Others declared_that to assert there were inhabited_lands on the
opposite_side of the globe would be_to_maintain that there_were_nations
not_descended from_Adam, as it_would_have been_impossible_for them to
have passed the intervening_ocean,_and therefore discredit would be
thrown on the_Bible.

Again, some of the_council_more versed in science,_though admitting the
globular form of_the earth, and the possibility of_an opposite_habitable
hemisphere, maintained_that it would be impossible to arrive there on
account of the_insupportable heat of the torrid zone;_besides which, if
the circumference_of the_earth_was as great_as_they supposed,_it would
require three years to make the_voyage.

Several, with_still greater absurdity, advanced as an_objection that
should a ship_succeed_in reaching the extremity of India,_she could
never get back again, as_the rotundity of the globe_would_present_a kind
of mountain up which_it would be impossible for her_to sail even_with
the most favourable wind.

The mariner replied in_answer_to the scriptural objection that the
inspired_writers_were not speaking technically as cosmographers,_but
figuratively,_in_language addressed to all comprehensions,_and that the
commentaries of the fathers_were not to be considered as philosophical
propoundings, which it_was necessary either_to admit or refute.

In regard_to_the_impossibility of passing the torrid zone, he himself
stated that he