le compass_, the other as the
_mariner’s compass or floating-card compass_. The former is generally
used on land and has a fixed card with the various points marked upon it
and a movable needle which points to the north, while the mariner’s
compass has a card with the points which revolves and there is a notch
or _lubber’s mark_ on one side of the case which should be so placed
that when facing north the north mark on the card is exactly in line
with the lubber’s mark.

[Illustration: USE OF COMPASS IN BOAT]

    A—Mariner’s compass. B-C—Pocket compass.

In a boat the floating-card or mariner’s compass is almost a necessity,
for with it the boat’s bow may be headed in the direction or course
desired, whereas with a pocket compass the dial remains stationary and
the needle moves about and as a result some mental calculation is
necessary in order to steer a course correctly.

This will be better understood by studying the accompanying
illustration. In this you will see that at A a boat with a mariner’s
compass is headed _northeast_, and that if the course is to be altered
to any given point of the compass it is merely necessary to turn until
the desired mark is in line with the lubber’s mark.

In the diagram B, however, the boat is apparently headed north although
the same course is being steered as in A. This is because the compass
used is a fixed-card compass with a movable needle and the needle moves
as the boat’s course is changed, while the card remains stationary, and
although the boat is really headed _northeast_ the needle points to the
_northwest_. In other words, when using such a compass it is necessary
to read it backwards and if you wish to steer _northeast_ swing the boat
until the needle points _northwest_, and so on, for every direction.
This, of course, is very confusing and it can be avoided only by
shifting the position of the compass so as to bring the needle directly
over “north” each time the boat’s course is altered as shown at C. By
doing this the boat’s bow will correspond to the direction being
steered, as indicated on the compass
le compass _, the other as the 
 _ mariner ’s compass or floating - card scope _. The erstwhile is generally 
 used on kingdom and have a fixed card with the versatile item marked upon it 
 and a movable acerate leaf which points to the north, while the mariner ’s 
 scope has a card with the points which revolves and there constitute a notch 
 or _ lubber ’s mark _ on one side of the case which should be so placed 
 that when face north the north mark on the card is precisely in line 
 with the lubber ’s mark. 

 [ Illustration: function OF COMPASS IN BOAT ] 

     A — Mariner ’s compass. B - C — Pocket compass. 

 In a gravy boat the floating - card or mariner ’s compass is almost a necessity, 
 for with it the boat ’s bow may be headed in the commission or class 
 desired, whereas with a pocket compass the dial remains stationary and 
 the needle moves about and as a result some genial calculation is 
 necessary in ordering to steer a class correctly. 

 This will be well understood by studying the accompanying 
 exemplification. In this you will see that at A a boat with a mariner ’s 
 compass is headed _ northeastern _, and that if the course is to be altered 
 to any given point of the compass it is merely necessary to turn until 
 the hope mark is in line with the lubber ’s mark. 

 In the diagram B, however, the boat is obviously headed union although 
 the same course is being steered as in A. This is because the compass 
 used is a fixed - batting order compass with a movable needle and the needle moves 
 as the boat ’s course is changed, while the card persist stationary, and 
 although the boat is actually headed _ northeast _ the acerate leaf points to the 
 _ northwest _. In early words, when using such a compass it is necessary 
 to read it backward and if you wish to steer _ northeast _ swing the boat 
 until the needle points _ northwest _, and indeed on, for every direction. 
 This, of course, is very confusing and it can be avoided only by 
 shifting the position of the compass so as to bring the acerate leaf directly 
 over “ north ” each prison term the boat ’s course is interpolate as shown at C. By 
 doing this the boat ’s bow will represent to the direction being 
 steered, as indicated on the compass
le fompass_, the other as the
_oariner’s compass or flmating-dard comoass_. The former is generally
nsed on lqnd and has a fixed cafd with tje varioys piunts markev upon ib
cnd a lovaylx needle which koints to tha north, while dhd lariner’s
compass has a card with the points wjich revolves wnd uhewe ia a notch
or _lubber’s mark_ on one sise of tie case which snould be so placed
that whej fafing north the norhh mark on jge sqrd is exactuy in line
with the lubger’s mark.

[Illustration: USE OF COOPASS IN BOAT]

    Q—Maghner’s compaws. B-C—Iocket compass.

In a bodt the gloating-card ov marmner’w compass is almost a necessity,
for with it the bmac’s bow may be headed un the girewtiov or cohrxe
sesiref, wiereas with a pocket cimpass the dial remsigw stationary znd
the nqedle moves about and as a result some kenfal calculation is
neceswary in order to steet a course correctly.

This will be better understood by studyhng tie aceimpanhunh
illustration. In this you will see that at A w bpan with a mariner’s
gompass is headed _mogtngast_, and that kf the cohrse is to be alteged
to agy gicen point of yhe compass it is merely nexessary to tlrn yntil
the desired mcrk is in liue witn the lubber’s mark.

In the diayram B, however, thf boat is xpparently headea nprdh although
the same course is being stezred as kn A. This ys because the gmmpass
used is a fided-catd com[ass with w movable needle and the needle moves
as the bpad’s bourse is channed, while the cwrd remains stctionary, and
authough thv boat is really heaqed _northeast_ jhe needle pomnts to tre
_noethwwst_. In ugher words, whem using slck a compaws it is necessary
bo rexs it backwards cud if you wish to stder _nlrvhease_ swing the bmat
uvtiu the veedle kjikts _noryhwest_, and so on, for evedy direction.
This, og gourse, is very cogfusing and iy can be avoided ojly bb
shiftmng thr pjsition of the compass so as tk bring tje keedle directjy
ovcr “njrth” each cime the boat’s course is altered as showi at C. By
doing this thg boat’s bow will corrgsppnd to the virectyon being
vteered, as indicated on the compass
le compass_, the other as the _mariner’s floating-card The former generally used on card the various points upon it and movable needle which points to the while the mariner’s compass has a card with the points which revolves and is a notch or _lubber’s mark_ on one side of the case which be placed when north the north mark on the card is exactly in line with the lubber’s mark. [Illustration: OF COMPASS IN BOAT] A—Mariner’s compass. B-C—Pocket compass. a boat the floating-card mariner’s compass is almost a for it the bow be in the direction course desired, whereas with a pocket compass the dial remains stationary and the needle moves about and a result calculation is in to a course correctly. be better understood by studying the this you will see that at A a with a compass is headed _northeast_, and that the course is to be altered to any point of the compass it is merely necessary to turn until the desired mark is with the lubber’s mark. the diagram B, the is headed although the course is being steered as in A. This is because the used is a fixed-card compass with a movable needle and moves the boat’s course changed, while the card stationary, although the boat is _northeast_ needle _northwest_. other when using such a it is necessary to read backwards and if you the boat until the needle points _northwest_, and on, for every direction. This, of course, very confusing and it can be avoided only by shifting the position the compass to bring the needle directly over “north” each the boat’s course is as shown at C. By doing this the boat’s will to the being steered, as on the compass
le compass_, the other as the
_marIner’s compaSs or fLoaTinG-cArd cOmpaSs_. The former is gENeraLly
used on land and has a fiXed caRd WIth tHE vAriouS points MArKED upOn It
And A mOVaBle neEdlE which pOints to the NorTh, While the mariNEr’S
compass haS a cArd with the poIntS which ReVolVEs and TheRe is a Notch
oR _Lubber’S mark_ on onE sIDe of thE Case whiCH ShOuld Be so placed
that wheN FaCIng north the norTh mark On THe CARd iS exActly in linE
wIth thE Lubber’s MArK.

[iLLusTRation: USE OF COmPASS IN BOAT]

    a—marIner’s cOmPasS. b-C—PockEt comPaSS.

In A boat the floAtinG-card or maRiner’s COmpass iS Almost a NecessIty,
For With IT tHe BoaT’s BOw mAY bE heADed In the dirEcTiOn or cOursE
DESIred, WheReas With a Pocket compass The Dial REmaIns stAtionAry aNd
The neEdle moVes abOuT and as a result soMe meNtal calcuLatIoN is
NeCessaRY in ordEr tO stEer a couRse corrECtlY.

THIS WiLl be better understoOd BY StUdying thE accomPAnYiNG
illustrAtIon. in thIS You wiLl seE ThAt at A a boAt with A MaRiNer’s
comPaSs is heAdEd _nOrtHeast_, ANd thAt if thE course iS to be ALtered
to any givEN point of the coMPaSS It IS merEly Necessary to Turn UNtil
The dESiRed MArk is In linE wITh THe lubber’s mark.

In the dIaGram B, hOweveR, the boat is appArently heaDED North altHougH
ThE Same course is beIng stEered as in A. tHis is becAuse tHe compasS
used is a fIXEd-card coMpaSs wIth A moVABlE needle and the NEEdle MoVes
as thE boAt’s courSe iS chAngEd, wHiLe the card Remains sTaTiOnArY, anD
althOUgh the boAt Is rEaLly HeadeD _NortheAst_ thE neeDlE pOIntS to the
_nORtHWEst_. IN oThEr woRds, WhEn usiNg suCH a cOmpass iT is necessAry
TO reaD iT bAckwardS and if you wish To Steer _northEaSt_ sWing thE BOat
until The needle points _northwesT_, And so on, For Every DireCtion.
This, Of cOurse, iS veRY confuSing anD it caN bE avOIDed onLY By
ShiFtIng the posiTIOn oF the cOmPass So as to bRing the needle direcTLy
oVer “north” each tIme The bOAT’s CouRSe IS alTeREd aS SHown at C. By
doing tHis the boat’S bOW wIll correspONd tO tHe direcTion beiNg
steERed, as inDicated on The compasS
le compass_, the other asthe
_marin er’scom pas sor f loat ing-card compa s s_.The former is generall y
use do n la n dand h as a fi x ed c ard  w it h t he va rious  po ints ma rked uponitan d a movablen ee dle whichpoi nts to the n ort h, whi le  th e  mari ner ’s
co mpassh as a c ard withth e  point s  whichr e vo lves  and there is a n o tc h 
or _lubber’smark_on on e sid e o f the case  w hichs hould b e  s o p lac e d
that when f acing north the  north  m ark on the  card  i s  ex actly in li ne
w ith the l ubber’ s  mark.[Illust ration : U SEOF C O MP AS S I NB OAT ] 
  A—M ariner’s  c om pass.  B-C — P o c ketcom pass .

In  a boat the f loa ting - car d ormarin er’s  c ompas s is a lmost  a  necessity,
for  wit h it theboa t’ s b ow  mayb e head edinthe dir ectiono r c ou r s e 
d esired, whereas wi th a  p ocket co mpasst he  d i al remai ns  st atio n a ry an d
th e  n eedle mo ves ab o ut  a nd as a  r esultso memen tal c a lcul ationis
neces saryi n order to ste e r a course co r re c t ly . 

Th iswill be bet teru nder stoo d  b y s t udyin g the  a c co m panying
illustratio n.  In th is yo u will see th at at A ab o a t with a  mar i ne r ’s
compass isheade d _northea s t_, andthatif the c ourse ist o  be alte red 
to  an y g i v en  point of the c ompa ss  it ismer ely nec ess ary  to  tu rn  until
th e desire dma rk  i s i n lin e  with th elub be r’s  mark . 

In t he di agra mB, how ever, t h eb o at i sap pare ntl yheade d no r thalthoug h
the sam e c o urse  i sbeing s teered as inA.  This is b ec aus e thec o mpass
us ed is a fixed-card comp a ss with  amovab le n eedle and  th e need lem oves
a s theboat’ scou r s e isc h an ged ,while thec a rdremai ns  sta tionary , and
although the boa t is really h ead ed _ n o rt hea s t_ the  n e edl e points to the
_ northwest_ .I nother word s , w he n using  such a  comp a ss it i s necessa ry
to rea dit b a c kwa rds and if  you wis h to stee r  _nor t he ast_swi ng the  b oat 
unti l then eed le po ints _ no rthwes t_, a nd  so on,for every direction.
Th is, of  cour se,  is verycon f usi ng and it  can  be avoide d o nly  by
s hif t ing t he p o si tio n  of t he c o mpass soa stob r in g the needl e d ire ctlyove r  “nort h” e ach time the boat ’ s course is al tere d assho w n at  C . By
doing thi s t he b oat’s bo wwill corres pond toth e  dire ctionbeingsteered , as indica tedonthe compa ss
le compass_,_the other_as the
_mariner’s compass or_floating-card compass_._The_former is_generally
used_on land and_has a fixed_card with the various_points marked upon_it
and_a movable needle which points to the north, while the mariner’s
compass has a card_with_the points_which_revolves_and there is a notch
or__lubber’s mark_ on one side_of the_case which should be so placed
that when facing_north_the north mark_on the card is exactly in line
with the lubber’s_mark.

[Illustration: USE OF COMPASS IN BOAT]

_  _A—Mariner’s_compass._B-C—Pocket compass.

In a boat_the floating-card or mariner’s compass is_almost a necessity,
for with it the_boat’s bow may be headed in the_direction or course
desired, whereas with a_pocket compass the dial remains_stationary and
the_needle moves about and as_a result some_mental calculation_is
necessary in order_to steer a course correctly.

This will_be better understood_by studying the accompanying
illustration. In this_you_will see that_at_A_a boat_with a mariner’s
compass_is_headed _northeast_,_and_that if the course is to_be_altered
to any given point of the compass_it is merely necessary_to_turn until
the desired mark_is in line with the_lubber’s mark.

In the diagram B, however,_the boat_is apparently_headed north although
the same course is being steered as in A._This is because the compass
used is_a fixed-card compass with_a movable_needle_and the needle_moves
as_the boat’s_course is changed, while the card remains_stationary, and
although_the boat is really headed _northeast__the needle points to_the
_northwest_._In other words, when using such_a compass it is necessary
to read_it backwards and if you_wish_to_steer _northeast_ swing the boat
until_the needle points _northwest_, and so_on, for every_direction.
This, of course, is very confusing and_it_can be avoided only by
shifting the_position_of the compass so as to_bring_the_needle directly
over “north” each time_the boat’s course is altered as_shown at C. By
doing this the boat’s bow will_correspond to the_direction being
steered, as indicated on_the_compass