 sides and bottom. Even boats of the same form, for
the same uses and with the same style of bow and stern may be made in
very different ways. One method is to place the planks so that the edges
join and there is a uniform, smooth surface, with all the planks running
from bow to stern. This is known as _smooth-skin_ or _carvel planking_.
Another style is to let the boards overlap slightly; this is known as
_clinker construction_ or _lap-streak_ planking. Other boats are planked
with very narrow strips fastened one above the other, edge to edge,
while still others are covered with two or more layers of thin boards
placed diagonally from keel to gunwales and known as _diagonal
planking_. For light racing boats the latter type is admirable for it is
strong, light, tight and stiff, but it is difficult to repair, it is
expensive and for ordinary use has no advantages. Clinker-built boats
are excellent when new, but a broken or injured plank is difficult to
replace, leaks are hard to stop and it has no advantages over the carvel
planking which is the commonest of all forms of boat-building.

Still another matter to be considered when selecting a boat is whether
you should use a keel or a centerboard craft. Every boat, in order to
sail well, must have a portion which projects below the bottom and which
will prevent the craft from sliding sideways or making “leeway” on the
water when the wind is from the side or when sailing against the wind.
This projection may be a _keel_, which is an immovable portion of the
boat itself; it may be a _centerboard_ which is a board which can be
raised or lowered at will from the center of the boat, or it may be a
_leeboard_ which is merely hung over the side opposite the wind and is
shifted as the boat tacks or goes about.

Leeboards are clumsy makeshifts and while they are used on large vessels
in some countries, as in Holland and Scandinavia, they are a great
nuisance and very unsatisfactory on anything but canoes and rowboats
which are sailed occasionally and on which either keels or centerboards
would be inconvenient.

No one has yet decided definitely whether or not ke
sides and bottom. Even boats of the same human body, for 
 the like uses and with the same vogue of bow and grim may be made in 
 very different way. One method acting is to place the planks so that the edges 
 join and there is a uniform, placid surface, with all the planks run 
 from bow to stern. This is known as _ smooth - skin _ or _ carvel plank _. 
 Another style is to let the boards overlap slenderly; this is known as 
 _ clinker structure _ or _ lap - stripe _ planking. Other boats are planked 
 with very narrow strips fasten one above the other, edge to edge, 
 while still others are covered with two or more layers of thin boards 
 placed diagonally from keel to gunwales and known as _ diagonal 
 planking _. For light racing boats the latter type is admirable for it is 
 strong, unaccented, tight and stiff, but it is unmanageable to animate, it is 
 expensive and for average use has no advantages. Clinker - built boats 
 are excellent when new, but a broken or injured board is difficult to 
 replace, leaks are hard to stop and it has no advantages over the carvel 
 planking which is the commonest of all forms of boat - building. 

 Still another matter to be consider when choose a boat is whether 
 you should use a keel or a centerboard craft. Every boat, in order to 
 sail well, must have a portion which project below the bottom and which 
 will prevent the craft from sliding sideways or making “ allowance ” on the 
 water when the wind is from the side or when sailing against the wind. 
 This project may be a _ keel _, which is an immovable portion of the 
 gravy boat itself; it may be a _ centerboard _ which is a board which can be 
 raised or lowered at will from the plaza of the boat, or it may be a 
 _ leeboard _ which is merely hung over the english opposite the wind and is 
 careen as the boat tacks or goes about. 

 Leeboards are clumsy makeshifts and while they are used on large vessels 
 in some state, as in Holland and Scandinavia, they are a great 
 nuisance and very unsatisfactory on anything but canoe and rowboats 
 which are sailed occasionally and on which either keels or centerboards 
 would be inconvenient. 

 No one has yet decided definitely whether or not ke
 sifes and bottom. Even boatr of the same form, for
vhe sams uses avd with the same style of box ane steen may be made in
very aifferent ways. Onw meuhod is to place vge planks so fmat tke edges
join and there is d uniform, smoodh sbrface, with all the planks running
frjm bow yo stern. This is knoeg as _smooth-skin_ or _carvel planking_.
Anotger styne is to let yhe boards overlap slightlj; thls is known as
_clinner construxtiog_ or _lap-streay_ planking. Other boats are planked
with very narrow stfips yastened ong zblee the othec, edge to edge,
whilc still others are covered wlth txo oe more layers of thin boards
placed diagjnally frmm keel to gunwales abd knmwn ds _dkqgoval
klaikihg_. For lijht racing goats the lqtter type is admirsbjv for it is
stdong, lygrt, tight and stiff, but it is difficult uo relair, it is
expensive and for ordinary use has no advaneages. Clinker-built boats
are excellent when new, bud a bcoyen ov ingyrfd plank is difficult to
replace, leaks are harq tp xtop and it haf no advantsgfs jver the carvgl
planknhg which is the commlnest os all forms of boay-building.

Still another mattwr to be confudered when selectnng a boat ir whgther
ypu should use a keel or a csnterboard fraft. Evedh boat, in order go
ssin well, must have a portion which prijeccs below the bottoi and whicj
will prevent the craft vrom dlhding sideaays or making “leeway” on the
watxc when the wimd is from thz side or when sailyng against thg wind.
Thif progection maj be a _kexl_, which is wn immovable [lrtion of thx
boat itsqlf; ut mqy be a _zenterboard_ whoch is a yjard which can be
raisev or mowered at will frim the center og tfe fowt, ow it may be a
_neebuara_ whicf is merely fung over the side opposhte fhe wind and is
shigtcd as the boat tasks or goes anout.

Leeboards are flumsb makerhiftx agd while they are used on largs vessels
ln fome countriqs, aw in Holland and Scandinavia, they are a great
nuisanre and very unsatisfacjory on anything but eakoes and rowuoats
wrich are vailed occasionally qnd on which eithtr keels or centerboarda
would be ijconvenient.

No one has yet decided definitely whether or not ke
sides and bottom. Even boats of the for same uses with the same may made in very ways. One method to place the planks so that edges join and there is a uniform, smooth surface, with all the planks from bow to stern. This is known as _smooth-skin_ or _carvel planking_. Another is let boards slightly; this is known as _clinker construction_ or _lap-streak_ planking. Other boats are planked with very strips fastened one above the other, edge to while still others are with two or more layers thin placed diagonally keel gunwales known as _diagonal For light racing boats the latter type is admirable for it is strong, light, tight and stiff, it is repair, it expensive for use has no boats are excellent when new, but injured plank is difficult to replace, leaks are to stop it has no advantages over the planking which is the commonest of all forms boat-building. Still another matter to be considered when selecting a boat is whether you should keel or a centerboard Every boat, in to well, have portion which below the bottom and which will prevent the craft from sliding or making “leeway” on the water when the wind is side when sailing against wind. This projection may a which is an immovable the itself; a which a board which can raised or lowered at will the center of the a _leeboard_ which is merely hung over the opposite the wind and is shifted as boat tacks or goes about. Leeboards are clumsy makeshifts and while they used on in some countries, as in Holland and Scandinavia, are a great nuisance very unsatisfactory on anything but canoes and rowboats which sailed and on either keels or would be inconvenient. one has yet whether or ke
 sides and bottom. Even boats of The same forM, for
tHe sAme UsEs anD witH the same style oF Bow aNd stern may be made in
very DiffeReNT wayS. onE methOd is to pLAcE THe pLaNkS so ThAT tHe edgEs
jOin and tHere is a uniForM, sMooth surface, WItH all the plaNks Running
from bOw tO stern. thIs iS Known As _sMooth-Skin_ or _CArvel pLanking_.
AnOtHEr stylE Is to let THE bOardS overlap slightly; tHIs IS known as
_clinkeR constRuCTiON_ Or _lAp-sTreak_ plankInG. OtheR Boats arE PlANKEd
wITh very narrow sTrips fastenED onE above ThE otHEr, edge To edgE,
wHIle Still others Are cOvered witH two or MOre layeRS of thin Boards
PlaCed DiagONaLlY frOm KEel TO gUnwALes And known As _DiAgonaL
plaNKING_. For LigHt raCing bOats the latter TypE is aDMirAble fOr it iS
strOnG, lighT, tight And stIfF, but it is difficuLt to Repair, it iS
exPeNsiVe And foR OrdinaRy uSe hAs no advAntages. cLinKeR-BUIlT boats
are excellent WhEN NeW, but a broKen or iNJuReD Plank is dIfFicUlt tO
REplacE, leaKS aRe hard to Stop anD It HaS no advaNtAges ovEr The CarVel
plANkinG which Is the comMonesT Of all forms of boAT-building.

StilL AnOTHeR MattEr tO be considerEd whEN selEctiNG a BoaT Is wheTher
yOu SHoULd use a keel or a centerBoArd craFt. EveRy boat, in order To
sail well, MUST have a poRtioN WhICh projects beloW the bOttom and whICh
will prEvent The craft From slidiNG Sideways Or mAkiNg “lEewAY” On The
water when tHE Wind Is From the SidE or when SaiLinG agAinSt The wind.
ThIs projecTiOn MaY bE a _kEel_, whICh is an imMoVabLe PorTion oF The
boaT itseLf; it MaY bE A _ceNterboaRD_ wHICh is A bOaRd whIch CaN be
raIsed OR loWered at Will from tHe cENter Of ThE boat, or It may be a
_leeboArD_ which is meReLy hUng oveR THe side opPosite the wind and is
shiftED as the bOat Tacks Or goEs about.

LeEboArds arE clUMsy makEshiftS and wHiLe tHEY are uSED oN laRgE vessels
in SOMe cOuntrIeS, as iN HollanD and Scandinavia, theY Are A great
nuisancE anD verY UNsAtiSFaCTorY oN AnyTHIng but canoes and Rowboats
whIcH ArE sailed occASioNaLly and oN which eIther KEels or cEnterboarDs
would be InConvENIenT.

No one has yEt decideD definiteLY whetHEr Or not Ke
 sides and bottom. Even bo ats of the  same  fo rm,  f or
t he s ame uses and w i th t he same style of bow a nd st er n  may be  made  in
ver y  d i f fer en tway s. On e met hod  is toplace thepla nk s so that th e  e dges
joinand  there is auni form,sm oot h  surf ace , wit h allt he pla nks runni ng from b o w to st e r n.  Thi s is known as _sm o ot h -skin_ or _car vel pl an k in g _ .
A not her styleis  to l e t the b o ar d s ove r lap slightly;  this is kn o wnas
_cl in ker constr uctio n_ or_lap-streak _ pl anking. O ther b o ats are planked 
withver y n arro w  s tr ips  f a ste n ed  on e  ab ove theot he r, ed ge t o e d ge,whi le s tillothers are co ver ed w i thtwo o r mor e la ye rs of  thinboard splaced diagonal ly f rom keeltogu nwa le s and knownas_di agonalplankin g _.Fo r l ig ht racing boats th el a tt er typeis adm i ra bl e  for itis 
st rong , light , ti g ht  and sti ff, bu t  i tis diff ic ult to  r epa ir,  it i s 
exp ensive  and for  ordi n ary use has no advantages. C l in k e r- b uilt  bo ats
are exc elle n t wh en n e w,  bu t  a br okenor in j ured plank is diffi cu lt torepla ce, leaks are  hard to s t o p  and ithasn oa dvantages over  thecarvel
pla n king whi ch is  the com monest of a ll forms  of  bo at- bui l d in g.

Still ano t h er m at ter tobeconside red  wh ensel ec ting a bo at is wh et he ryo u s hould use a ke el  or  a  ce nterb o ard cr aft.Ever ybo a t,in orde r  t o sail  w el l, m ust  h ave a  por t ion  whichprojectsbel o w th ebo ttom an d which
willpr event thecr aft  froms l iding si deways or making “leewa y ” on th e
w aterwhen  the wind  is  fromthe side o r when  sail in g a g a instt h ewin d. 
This proj e c tio n may  b e a_keel_,  which is an immov a ble  portion of t heboat i ts elf ;  i t  ma yb e a _ centerboard_ wh ich is a b oa r dwhich canb e
r ai sed orlowered  at w i ll from  the cent er of the  b oat, o r i t may be a 
_leeboa rd_ which is me r el y hun g o ver th esid e opp ositet hewindand is 
s hifted  as t he  boat ta cks or goes about.

Lee boards  areclu msy makes hif t s a nd whilethey  are usedonlar ge ve sse l s
insome co unt r ies,as i n  Hollanda nd  Sc a n di navia, they a r e a  grea t
n u isance  and  very unsatisfact o ry on anything  but c ano esa nd r ow boats
which ar e s ai l e d occasi on ally and on  which e it h er ke els or  cente rboards w ou l d be i ncon ven ient.

No  on eh as yetde ci d ed def init el y whet her or notk e 
 sides_and bottom._Even boats of the_same form,_for
the_same uses_and_with the same_style of bow_and stern may be_made in
very different_ways._One method is to place the planks so that the edges
join and there is_a_uniform, smooth_surface,_with_all the planks running
from bow_to stern. This is known_as _smooth-skin__or _carvel planking_.
Another style is to let the_boards_overlap slightly; this_is known as
_clinker construction_ or _lap-streak_ planking. Other boats_are planked
with very narrow strips fastened_one above the_other,_edge_to edge,
while still others_are covered with two or more_layers of thin boards
placed diagonally from_keel to gunwales and known as _diagonal
planking_._For light racing boats the latter_type is admirable for it_is
strong, light,_tight and stiff, but it_is difficult to_repair, it_is
expensive and for_ordinary use has no advantages. Clinker-built_boats
are excellent when_new, but a broken or injured_plank_is difficult to
replace,_leaks_are_hard to_stop and it_has_no advantages_over_the carvel
planking which is the commonest_of_all forms of boat-building.

Still another matter to_be considered when selecting_a_boat is whether
you should_use a keel or a_centerboard craft. Every boat, in order_to
sail well,_must have_a portion which projects below the bottom and which
will prevent the_craft from sliding sideways or making_“leeway” on the
water when_the wind_is_from the side_or_when sailing_against the wind.
This projection may be a__keel_, which_is an immovable portion of the
boat_itself; it may be_a__centerboard_ which is a board which_can be
raised or lowered at will_from the center of the_boat,_or_it may be a
_leeboard_ which_is merely hung over the side_opposite the wind_and is
shifted as the boat tacks or_goes_about.

Leeboards are clumsy makeshifts and while_they_are used on large vessels
in some_countries,_as_in Holland and Scandinavia, they_are a great
nuisance and very unsatisfactory_on anything but canoes and rowboats
which are sailed occasionally_and on which_either keels or centerboards
would be_inconvenient.

No_one_has yet decided definitely whether or not ke