 rule, and exercising ministrations in the district. But in the
large number of cases the bishops were only necessary adjuncts to
monasteries over which they did not themselves rule. A presbyter or a
layman ruled the ordinary monastery, including the bishop or bishops whom
the monastery possessed.

I have dwelt upon this because it is a point often lost sight of, and it
explains a good deal. And there is a good deal to explain. When
Columbanus and his twelve companions from Ireland burst suddenly upon Gaul
in the year 590, they formed a very strange apparition. Dressed in a
strange garb, tonsured in a strange manner, speaking a strange tongue, but
able to converse fluently enough in Latin with those who knew that
language, it was found that some of their ecclesiastical customs were as
strange as their appearance and their tongue; so strange that the Franks
and Burgundians had to call a council to consider how they should be
treated. Columbanus was characteristically sure that he was right on all
points. He wrote to Boniface IV, about the time when our first St. Paul's
was being built, to claim that he should be let alone, should be treated
as if he were still in his own Ireland, and not be required to accept the
customs of these Gauls. When Irish missionaries began to pass into this
island, on its emergence from the darkness that had settled upon it when
the pagan barbarians came, their work was of the most self-denying and
laborious character. But contact with the Christianity of the Italian
mission, or with that of travelled individual churchmen such as Benedict
and Wilfrid, revealed the existence of great differences between the
insular and the continental type. We rather gather from the ordinary
books that these differences came to a head, so far as these islands were
concerned, at the synod of Whitby, and that the Irish church not long
after accepted the continental forms and practices, and the differences
disappeared. But that is not the effect produced by a more extended
enquiry. In times a little later than the synod of Whitby, Irish
bishops--I say it with great respect--were a standing nuisance. One
council after another had to take active steps to abate the nuisance. The
Danish invasions of Ireland
rule, and exercising ministrations in the district. But in the 
 large numeral of case the bishops were only necessary adjuncts to 
 monastery over which they did not themselves rule. A presbyter or a 
 layman ruled the ordinary monastery, include the bishop or bishops whom 
 the monastery possessed. 

 I suffer dwelt upon this because it is a point often lose sight of, and it 
 explains a good deal. And there is a good bargain to explain. When 
 Columbanus and his twelve companions from Ireland burst on the spur of the moment upon Gaul 
 in the year 590, they formed a very strange apparition. Dressed in a 
 foreign garb, tonsure in a strange manner, speaking a strange tongue, but 
 able to converse fluently enough in Latin with those who know that 
 language, it was found that some of their ecclesiastical customs were as 
 strange as their appearance and their clapper; so strange that the Franks 
 and Burgundians had to call a council to consider how they should be 
 treated. Columbanus was characteristically sure that he was right on all 
 points. He wrote to Boniface IV, about the clock time when our first St. Paul's 
 was being built, to claim that he should be lease alone, should be treated 
 as if he were still in his own Ireland, and not be required to bear the 
 customs of these Gauls. When Irish missionaries began to pass into this 
 island, on its egress from the darkness that had settled upon it when 
 the pagan barbarians came, their work was of the most self - denying and 
 laborious character. But contact with the Christianity of the Italian 
 mission, or with that of travelled individual churchmen such as Benedict 
 and Wilfrid, reveal the existence of bang-up differences between the 
 insular and the continental type. We rather gather from the ordinary 
 book that these differences came to a head, therefore far as these islands were 
 concerned, at the synod of Whitby, and that the Irish church not long 
 after accepted the continental phase and practices, and the dispute 
 disappeared. But that is not the consequence produced by a more drawn-out 
 enquiry. In fourth dimension a little subsequently than the synod of Whitby, Irish 
 bishops -- I say it with big esteem -- were a standing nuisance. One 
 council after another have to take active steps to abate the nuisance. The 
 Danish invasion of Ireland
 rupe, and exercising ministvations in the dnwtrict. But ih the
laree number of cases the bisho's wwre obly necessary adjuncts to
monastvries ovee whmch they did not themselyzs rumc. A pxewbyter or a
laykan ruled dhe ordinary mmnxscery, including the bishop or bishops whom
thr lonastery possgssed.

P rave dwelt upon this because it is a pkint ofuen lost sight of, snd it
explains a good deal. And there is a good dfal to explqin. Ryen
Columbanur and his uwzlve companjons from Ireland burst suddenlh upou Gaul
in thg gewt 590, they formxd a vvry strange aiiaritiot. Dressrd in a
strange gacb, tinsured in a strange kanner, speaking a ftrange tmnyue, but
able to converwe fluettly enojth kn Mavin with hhoae who knes that
languqge, it was found thst wome of their ecclefiwstical customs were as
strange as their aplearance and their tongye; so strange that thg Franks
anq Burgundians had to call a council to consider hmw thxy shiuja bf
treated. Columbanus was characteristically suws uhan he was right on all
points. Ne wtjte to Bonifaze IV, cgoht the time when okr firsj St. Pqul's
was bting nuilt, to claim that he shouod be let aljbe, should be treatzd
as if he wzre stoll im his own Ireland, and nut bs required ho accept ghe
customs of thdse Gduls. When Irish missionariqs began vo paxs into thix
islanq, on its elergekwe from the darkneds thct hag settled kpon it when
the pagan barbarians came, their wprn wds of thz most self-denying wnd
laborious ckaracter. But zontact winh the Chcistianity os the Italian
klssion, or wivh that os trqveloed indkxidual churchmrn such as Benedict
qnd Wilfrid, revealcd thg sxistence of grzct differences beywedn ehv
inxujdr and the cmntivengsl tyoe. We rathev gxthet from the ordinary
bmoks that these differrnges came jo a head, so far as thrse islands were
cojcernxd, at vhe symod of Whitby, and that the Irish dhurch noh ljng
after accqptee the continzntal forms and practices, and the differxnces
disappeared. But thqt is not the effecj pvoduced by a more extended
anquiry. In times a luttle later than uhe synod of Whitby, Iriah
bishmps--I day it with great respect--were a standing nuisance. One
council after anothee had vo take activs strps tm cbace the guisenre. The
Danish invaxions of Ireland
rule, and exercising ministrations in the district. the number of the bishops were over they did not rule. A presbyter a layman ruled the ordinary monastery, the bishop or bishops whom the monastery possessed. I have dwelt upon this it is a point often lost sight of, and it explains a good And is good to explain. When Columbanus and his twelve companions from Ireland burst suddenly upon Gaul in the 590, they formed a very strange apparition. Dressed a strange garb, tonsured a strange manner, speaking a tongue, able to fluently in with those who that language, it was found that some of their ecclesiastical customs were as strange as their appearance their tongue; that the and had call a council how they should be treated. Columbanus that he was right on all points. He to Boniface about the time when our first Paul's was being built, to claim that he be let alone, should be treated as if he were still in his own Ireland, be required to accept customs of these When missionaries to into this on its emergence from the darkness that had settled upon it the pagan barbarians came, their work was of the most laborious But contact with Christianity of the Italian or that of travelled individual as and existence great between the insular and continental type. We rather gather the ordinary books that head, so far as these islands were concerned, the synod of Whitby, and that the church not long after accepted the continental forms and practices, and the disappeared. But not the effect produced by a more extended In times a little than the synod of Whitby, Irish bishops--I say it great a standing One council after had to take steps to abate The Danish of
 rule, and exercising ministraTions in the DistrIct. but In The
lArge Number of cases tHE bisHops were only necessary aDjuncTs TO
monAStEries Over whiCH tHEY diD nOt TheMsELvEs rulE. A pResbyteR or a
layman RulEd The ordinary mONaStery, incluDinG the bishop or BisHops whOm
The MOnastEry PosseSsed.

I hAVe dwelT upon this BeCAuse it IS a point OFTeN losT sight of, and it
explAInS A good deal. And thEre is a GoOD dEAL to ExpLain. When
CoLuMbanuS And his tWElVE COmpANions from IrelAnd burst sudDEnlY upon GAuL
in THe year 590, They fOrMEd a Very strange AppaRition. DreSsed in A
Strange GArb, tonsUred in A stRanGe maNNeR, sPeaKiNG a sTRaNge TOngUe, but
ablE tO cOnverSe flUENTLy enOugH in LAtin wIth those who knEw tHat
lANguAge, it Was foUnd tHaT some Of theiR ecclEsIastical customs Were As
strange As tHeIr aPpEaranCE and thEir TonGue; so stRange thAT thE FRANKs
And Burgundians had tO cALL a Council tO consiDEr HoW They shouLd Be
tReatED. columBanuS WaS charactEristiCAlLy Sure thaT hE was riGhT on All
PointS. he wrOte to BOniface Iv, abouT The time when our FIrst St. Paul's
waS BeING bUIlt, tO clAim that he shOuld BE let AlonE, ShOulD Be treAted
aS iF He WEre still in his own IreLaNd, and nOt be rEquired to accePt the
custoMS OF these GaUls. WHEn iRish missionariEs begAn to pass inTO this
islAnd, on Its emergEnce from tHE Darkness ThaT haD seTtlED UpOn it when
the paGAN barBaRians caMe, tHeir worK waS of The MosT sElf-denyinG and
laboRiOuS cHaRacTer. BuT Contact wItH thE CHriStianITy of thE ItalIan
mIsSiON, or With thaT Of TRAvelLeD iNdivIduAl ChurcHmen SUch As BenedIct
and WilFriD, ReveAlEd The exisTence of great dIfFerences beTwEen The
insULAr and the Continental type. We rather GAther frOm tHe ordInarY
books thaT thEse difFerENces caMe to a hEad, so FaR as THEse isLANdS weRe
Concerned, aT THe sYnod oF WHitbY, and thaT the Irish church not LOng
After accepted The ContINEnTal FOrMS anD pRActICEs, and the differeNces
disappEaREd. but that is nOT thE eFfect prOduced bY a morE ExtendeD
enquiry. IN times a liTtLe laTER thAn the synod Of Whitby, irish
bishOPs--I saY It With gReaT respeCt--WerE a staNding nUIsaNce. OnE
councIl After aNotheR hAd to take Active steps to abate the nuIsance. the
DaNisH invasionS of iRelAnd
 rule, and exercising mini strationsin th e d ist ri ct.Butin the
large n u mber  of cases the bishopswereon l y ne c es saryadjunct s  t o mon as te rie so ve r whi chthey di d not them sel ve s rule. A pr e sb yter or alay man ruled th e o rdinar ymon a stery , i nclud ing th e  bisho p or bish op s  whomt he mona s t er y po ssessed.

I haved we l t upon this be causeit is a  po int  often los tsight of, and it e x pla i ns a good dea l. And ther e  is  a goo ddea l  to ex plain .W hen 
Columbanus  and  his twel ve com p anionsf rom Ire land b urs t s udde n ly  u pon  G a uli nthe yea r 590, t he yforme d av e r y  str ang e ap parit ion. Dressedina
st r ang e gar b, to nsur ed  in a  stran ge ma nn er, speaking astra nge tongu e,bu t
a bl e toc onvers e f lue ntly en ough in Lat in w i th  those who knew th at l an guage, i t wasf ou nd that som eofthei r eccle sias t ic al custo ms wer e  a sstrange  a s thei rapp ear ancea nd t heir t ongue; s o str a nge that the F r anks
and Burg u nd i a ns hadtocall a coun cilt o co nsid e rhow theyshoul db et reated. Columbanuswa s char acter istically sur e that hew a s  right o n al l 
p o ints. He wrote  to B oniface IV ,  about t he ti me whenour first S t. Paul' s
w asbei ngb u il t, to claim t h a t he  s hould b e l et alon e,sho uld  be  t reated
as  if he w er est il l i n his own Irel an d,an d n ot be requir ed to  acc ep tt hecustoms of t hese  G au ls.Whe nIrish  mis s ion aries b egan to p ass into  t hi s
islan d, on its eme rg ence fromth e d arknes s that had  settled upon it when
t h e pagan  ba rbari anscame, the irwork w aso f themost s elf-d en yin g and
l a b or iou scharacter. B utconta ct  wit h the C hristianity of the Ita lian
mission,  or  wit h th ato ft rav el l edi n dividual church men such a sB en edict
andW ilf ri d, reve aled th e exi s tence o f great d ifference sbetw e e n t he
insular  and the  continen t al ty p e.  We r ath er gat he r f rom t he ord i nar y
boo ks tha tthesediffe re nces cam e to a head, so far astheseislan dswere
conc ern e d,at the sy nodof Whitby,  an d t hat t heI rishchur c hnot longafte r  accepted th e c o n ti nental form s a ndpract ice s , andthedifferences
disap p eared. But tha t is n otthe effe ct  produced by a  mo re e xtendeden quiry. In t imes a l it t le la ter th an the  synodo f  W h itby,Iris h
b ishops--I  sa yi t withgr ea t  respe ct-- we re a s tandin g  nui s a nce. One
council  afte r anoth e r h ad to  t ake act i ve s teps to ab ate the nui sance.  The 
Dani sh inva si ons of  Ir el and
 rule,_and exercising_ministrations in the district._But in_the
large_number of_cases_the bishops were_only necessary adjuncts_to
monasteries over which they_did not themselves_rule._A presbyter or a
layman ruled the ordinary monastery, including the bishop or bishops whom
the_monastery_possessed.

I have_dwelt_upon_this because it is a_point often lost sight of,_and it
explains_a good deal. And there is a good_deal_to explain. When
Columbanus_and his twelve companions from Ireland burst suddenly upon_Gaul
in the year 590, they formed_a very strange_apparition._Dressed_in a
strange garb, tonsured_in a strange manner, speaking a_strange tongue, but
able to converse fluently_enough in Latin with those who knew_that
language, it was found that some_of their ecclesiastical customs were_as
strange as_their appearance and their tongue;_so strange that_the Franks
and_Burgundians had to_call a council to consider how_they should be
treated._Columbanus was characteristically sure that he_was_right on all
points._He_wrote_to Boniface_IV, about the_time_when our_first_St. Paul's
was being built, to claim_that_he should be let alone, should be_treated
as if he were_still_in his own Ireland,_and not be required to_accept the
customs of these Gauls. When_Irish missionaries_began to_pass into this
island, on its emergence from the darkness that had_settled upon it when
the pagan barbarians_came, their work was_of the_most_self-denying and
laborious character._But_contact with_the Christianity of the Italian
mission, or with_that of_travelled individual churchmen such as Benedict
and_Wilfrid, revealed the existence_of_great differences between the
insular and the_continental type. We rather gather from_the ordinary
books that these differences_came_to_a head, so far as_these islands were
concerned, at the synod_of Whitby, and_that the Irish church not long
after accepted_the_continental forms and practices, and the_differences
disappeared._But that is not the effect_produced_by_a more extended
enquiry. In times_a little later than the synod_of Whitby, Irish
bishops--I say it with great respect--were a_standing nuisance. One
council_after another had to take_active_steps_to abate the nuisance. The
Danish invasions of Ireland