 the sun is considerably abated.
While the soil, on the other hand, if of a sandy nature, retains the
heat in an uncommon degree, and makes the summers considerably hotter
than those which are found to exist in the same latitude, where the soil
is different. To this proximity of what may be termed _burning
sands_, and to the sulphurous and metallick particles, which are
continually exhaling from the bowels of the earth, is ascribed the
different degree of blackness, by which some _African_ nations are
distinguishable from each other, though under the same parallels. To
these observations we may add, that though the inhabitants of the same
parallel are not exactly of the same hue, yet they differ only by shades
of the same colour; or, to speak with more precision, that there are no
two people, in such a situation, one of whom is white, and the other
black. To sum up the whole--Suppose we were to take a common globe; to
begin at the equator; to paint every country along the meridian line in
succession from thence to the poles; and to paint them with the same
colour which prevails in the respective inhabitants of each, we should
see the black, with which we had been obliged to begin, insensibly
changing to an olive, and the olive, through as many intermediate
colours, to a white: and if, on the other hand, we should complete any
one of the parallels according to the same plan, we should see a
difference perhaps in the appearance of some of the countries through
which it ran, though the difference would consist wholly in shades of
the same colour.

The argument therefore, which is brought against the hypothesis, is so
far from being, an objection, that we shall consider it one of the first
arguments in its favour: for if _climate_ has really an influence
on the _mucous substance_ of the body, it is evident, that we must
not only expect to see a gradation of colour in the inhabitants from the
equator to the poles, but also different[085] shades of the same colour
in the inhabitants of the same parallel.

To this argument, we shall add one that is incontrovertible, which is,
that when the _black_ inhabitants of _Africa_ are transplanted
to _colder_,
the sun is considerably abated. 
 While the soil, on the early bridge player, if of a sandy nature, retains the 
 heating system in an rare degree, and makes the summers well hot 
 than those which are found to exist in the like latitude, where the territory 
 is different. To this proximity of what may be term _ burning 
 sands _, and to the sulphurous and metallick particles, which are 
 continually exhale from the bowels of the earth, is ascribed the 
 different degree of black, by which some _ African _ nations are 
 distinguishable from each other, though under the like parallels. To 
 these observations we may lend, that though the inhabitants of the like 
 parallel are not precisely of the same hue, yet they differ only by shade 
 of the same colour; or, to speak with more precision, that there are no 
 two citizenry, in such a situation, one of whom is white, and the other 
 black. To sum up the whole -- Suppose we were to take a common globe; to 
 begin at the equator; to paint every state along the meridian line in 
 sequence from thence to the pole; and to paint them with the same 
 colour which prevails in the respective inhabitant of each, we should 
 see the total darkness, with which we had been obliged to begin, insensibly 
 exchange to an olive, and the olive, through as many intermediate 
 colours, to a white: and if, on the other hand, we should complete any 
 one of the parallels according to the same plan, we should go steady a 
 deviation perhaps in the appearance of some of the countries through 
 which it ran, though the difference would consist wholly in tad of 
 the same colour. 

 The argument consequently, which is brought against the guess, is so 
 far from being, an objection, that we shall consider it one of the first 
 arguments in its favor: for if _ climate _ has truly an influence 
 on the _ mucous substance _ of the torso, it is evident, that we must 
 not merely expect to visit a gradation of colour in the inhabitants from the 
 equator to the poles, but also different[085 ] ghost of the same colour 
 in the inhabitants of the same parallel. 

 To this argument, we shall add one that is incontrovertible, which is, 
 that when the _ bootleg _ inhabitants of _ Africa _ are transplanted 
 to _ cold _,
 thf sun is considerably abxted.
While the soil, on vhe othsr hand, kf of a sandy nature, retains tye
heau in an uncommon deeree, and lakes thw sunners consivsrably mjtted
bhan chise which are nound to exhst in the sama uacitude, where the soil
is different. To this ptodimity of what may fe tsgmtd _burning
sands_, and to the sulphudous anv metallick paryicles, which are
continuallj exjaling from the boaels of the earey, is ascribea the
diffegznt degree kf blackness, by which some _Afrizan_ nctions are
dusrinhoishable fron eacr other, thounn undes the ssme parallels. Bo
theve ibservations we may avd, that though the ighabitantv kf the same
parallwl are tot axacgoy uf uhe szme huf, yxt they difrer only by shades
of the same vojiur; or, to spezk witr iore precision, that there are no
two peokle, ih such a situation, one if whom is white, and jhe other
bjack. To sum up the whole--Suppose we were to take a commkv goone; tu
vehin at the equator; to paint every country alogf uhe meridian line in
successipn ftjm thence to jhe polza; znd to paint them aith thg same
xolour whych lrevails in the respective unhabitants jd each, we should
sez the black, cith wnich ee had been obliged to yegin, jnsensibly
cjanging tk an olive, and thd okiee, through as many intermeqiate
colonrs, tp a whige: amd if, jn the othfr hakg, we should complehe ani
one ox the paraplels according to the same plai, we should sge d
dixference perhsps in the ap[earance of soke of tke couvtries thrkugh
whirh it ran, thjugh the diffatence would cmnsist wrollt in shades uf
the same colpur.

The arybment theeefore, which is brpugff against the hvkotyesis, is so
far groo bqijg, ag objection, tvat de rnall zonsider it une pf the first
argumentv in its favour: for if _cjimate_ hqs reallr an influencr
on the _mucous subdtancx_ of tie bodu, ij is evident, that we must
not onmy expect to see a gradaeion of colour iu the inhabitants from the
equator to the poles, but also didferent[085] shades of tke same colouc
in thq inhabitdnts of the same parqllel.

To this argukent, we shall add one that hs infontrovertible, which is,
that when the _black_ inhabitants of _Africa_ are tranwplantxd
eo _colder_,
the sun is considerably abated. While the the hand, if a sandy nature, uncommon and makes the considerably hotter than which are found to exist in same latitude, where the soil is different. To this proximity of what may termed _burning sands_, and to the sulphurous and metallick particles, which are continually from bowels the is ascribed the different degree of blackness, by which some _African_ nations are distinguishable from each though under the same parallels. To these observations may add, that though inhabitants of the same parallel not of the hue, they only by shades the same colour; or, to speak with more precision, that there are no two people, in such situation, one is white, the black. sum up the were to take a common globe; the equator; to paint every country along the line in from thence to the poles; and paint them with the same colour which prevails the respective inhabitants of each, we should see the black, with which we had been begin, insensibly changing to olive, and the through many colours, a white: if, on the other hand, we should complete any one of parallels according to the same plan, we should see a in appearance of some the countries through which ran, the difference would consist shades the argument which brought against the hypothesis, so far from being, an that we shall consider arguments in its favour: for if _climate_ has an influence on the _mucous substance_ of body, it is evident, that we must not only expect to see gradation of the inhabitants from the equator to the poles, also different[085] shades of same colour in the inhabitants of the same parallel. this we shall one that is which is, that the _black_ inhabitants are transplanted _colder_,
 the sun is considerably abateD.
While the sOil, on The OthEr Hand, If of A sandy nature, reTAins The
heat in an uncommon degRee, anD mAKes tHE sUmmerS considERaBLY hoTtEr
ThaN tHOsE whicH arE found tO exist in thE saMe Latitude, wherE ThE soil
is difFerEnt. To this proXimIty of wHaT maY Be terMed _BurniNg
sandS_, And to tHe sulphurOuS And metALlick paRTIcLes, wHich are
continuallY ExHAling from the boWels of ThE EaRTH, is AscRibed the
diFfErent DEgree of BLaCKNEss, BY which some _AfrIcan_ nations ARe
dIstingUiShaBLe from Each oThER, thOugh under thE samE parallelS. To
theSE observATions we May add, ThaT thOugh THe InHabItANts OF tHe sAMe
pArallel aRe NoT exacTly oF THE Same Hue, Yet tHey diFfer only by shaDes
Of thE SamE coloUr; or, tO speAk With mOre preCisioN, tHat there are no
twO peoPle, in such A siTuAtiOn, One of WHom is wHitE, anD the othEr
black. tO suM uP THE wHole--Suppose we were tO tAKE a Common glObe; to
bEGiN aT The equatOr; To pAint EVEry coUntrY AlOng the meRidian LInE iN
succesSiOn from ThEncE to The poLEs; anD to paiNt them wiTh the SAme
colour which PRevails in the rESpECTiVE inhAbiTants of each, We shOUld
sEe thE BlAck, WIth whIch we HaD BeEN obliged to begin, inseNsIbly
chAnginG to an olive, and The olive, thROUGh as many InteRMeDIate
colours, to a White: And if, on the OTher hand, We shoUld complEte any
one OF The paralLelS acCorDinG TO tHe same plan, we sHOUld sEe A
differEncE perhapS in The AppEarAnCe of some oF the counTrIeS tHrOugH
whicH It ran, thoUgH thE dIffErencE Would cOnsisT whoLlY iN ShaDes of
thE SaME ColoUr.

thE argUmeNt ThereFore, WHicH is brouGht againsT thE HypoThEsIs, is so
fAr from being, an ObJection, thaT wE shAll conSIDer it one Of the first
arguments in itS Favour: fOr iF _climAte_ hAs really aN inFluencE
on THe _mucoUs subsTance_ Of The BODy, it iS EViDenT, tHat we must
nOT OnlY expeCt To seE a gradaTion of colour in the iNHabItants from the
EquAtor TO ThE poLEs, BUt aLsO DifFERent[085] shades of the Same colour
In THe InhabitantS Of tHe Same parAllel.

To This aRGument, wE shall add One that is InContROVerTible, which Is,
that whEn the _blacK_ InhabITaNts of _afrIca_ are TrAnsPlantEd
to _coLDer_,
 the sun is considerably a bated.
Whi le th e s oil ,on t he o ther hand, ifo f asandy nature, retainsthe
h ea t  ina nuncom mon deg r ee , and  m ak esth e  s ummer s c onsider ably hotte r
t ha n those whic h  a re found t o e xist in thesam e lati tu de, where  th e soi l
is d i fferen t. To thi sp roximi t y of wh a t  m ay b e termed _burning sa n ds_, and to th e sulp hu r ou s and  me tallick pa rt icles ,  whicha re c o nti n ually exhalin g from theb owe ls ofth e e a rth, i s asc ri b edthe
differe nt d egree ofblackn e ss, byw hich so me _Af ric an_  nat i on sare 
d i sti n gu ish a ble  from ea ch  o ther,  tho u g h unde r t he s ame p arallels. Tothe se o b ser vatio ns we  may  a dd, t hat th oughth e inhabitants o f th e same
pa ral le l a re  note xactly  of  th e samehue, ye t  th ey d i ff er only by shadesof t he  same co lour;o r,  t o  speak w it h m orep r ecisi on,t ha t thereare no tw opeople,  i n such  a  si tua tion, oneof who m is whi te, a n d the other
bl a ck. To sum up th e wh o le-- Sup pose we wer e to take  a c o mm ong lobe;  to
b eg i na t the equator; to p ai nt eve ry co untry along t he meridia n l ine in
s ucce s si o n from thenceto th e poles; a n d to pai nt th em withthe samec o lour whi chpre vai lsi n  t he respective i nhab it ants of  ea ch, wesho uld 
se e t he  black, w ith whic hwe  h ad  be en ob l iged tobe gin ,ins ensib l y
chan gingto a nol i ve,  and th e  o l i ve,th ro ughasma ny in term e dia te
colo urs, to a  wh i te:an dif, onthe other han d,  we should  c omp lete a n y 
one ofthe parallels according to thesam e pla n, w e shouldsee  a
dif fer e nce pe rhapsin th eapp e a rance o fsom eof the cou n t rie s thr ou gh
w hich it  ran, though the d i ffe rence would c ons istw h ol lyi ns had es oft h e same colour.
The argum en t  t herefore,w hic his brou ght aga instt he hypo thesis, i s so
farfr om b e i ng,  an object ion, tha t we shal l  cons i de r itone  of th efir st
ar gument s  in  itsfavour :for if  _cli ma te_ hasreally an influence
onthe _m ucous  su bstance_oft hebody, itis e vident, th atwemustnot onlyexpe c ttos ee agrad a tion of c o lo uri n  t he inhabita n t s  fr om th e
e q uatorto t he poles, but als o  different[085 ] sh a d esoft he s am e colour
in th e i nh a b itants o fthe same pa rallel.
T o  this  argum ent, w e shall a dd one th at i s i ncontrove rti bl e , which  i s, that w henth e _bla ck_ in h abit a n ts of _Africa_ a re tr a n splan t edto _c ol der_,
 the_sun is_considerably abated.
While the soil,_on the_other_hand, if_of_a sandy nature,_retains the
heat in_an uncommon degree, and_makes the summers_considerably_hotter
than those which are found to exist in the same latitude, where the soil
is_different._To this_proximity_of_what may be termed _burning
sands_,_and to the sulphurous and_metallick particles,_which are
continually exhaling from the bowels of the_earth,_is ascribed the
different_degree of blackness, by which some _African_ nations are
distinguishable_from each other, though under the_same parallels. To
these_observations_we_may add, that though_the inhabitants of the same
parallel are_not exactly of the same hue,_yet they differ only by shades
of the_same colour; or, to speak with_more precision, that there are_no
two people,_in such a situation, one_of whom is_white, and_the other
black. To_sum up the whole--Suppose we were_to take a_common globe; to
begin at the equator;_to_paint every country_along_the_meridian line_in
succession from thence_to_the poles;_and_to paint them with the same
colour_which_prevails in the respective inhabitants of each,_we should
see the black,_with_which we had been_obliged to begin, insensibly
changing to_an olive, and the olive, through_as many_intermediate
colours, to_a white: and if, on the other hand, we should complete_any
one of the parallels according to_the same plan, we_should see_a
difference_perhaps in the_appearance_of some_of the countries through
which it ran, though_the difference_would consist wholly in shades of
the_same colour.

The argument therefore,_which_is brought against the hypothesis, is_so
far from being, an objection, that_we shall consider it one_of_the_first
arguments in its favour: for_if _climate_ has really an influence
on_the _mucous substance__of the body, it is evident, that_we_must
not only expect to see a_gradation_of colour in the inhabitants from_the
equator_to_the poles, but also different[085]_shades of the same colour
in the_inhabitants of the same parallel.

To this argument, we shall_add one that_is incontrovertible, which is,
that when_the__black__inhabitants of _Africa_ are transplanted
to _colder_,