 the figure of the goddess under the peristyle
of her temple is sometimes replaced by a pyramidal cypress. In a coin of
Myra, in Lycia, the bust of a goddess is represented in the foliage of a
tree.[192] The goddess, who is of the veiled archaic type and wears on
her head the _calathus_, the symbol of fertility, is identified by Mr.
Farnell with Artemis-Aphrodite, "who is here clearly conceived as a
divinity of vegetation."[193] The Canaanites, and under their influence
the Israelites, worshipped Ashtaroth, the fruitful goddess, under the
symbol of an _ashera_, a tree or pole, decked with fillets, like the
May-tree. An ancient Babylonian cylinder represents a decorated tree
with a worshipper beside it, who in the inscription invokes the goddess
as her servant.[194] On other cylinders the tree-symbol sometimes
accompanies and sometimes replaces the figure of Istar, the great
procreative goddess more or less related to the goddess of the
_asherim_.[195]

[Illustration: Fig. 25.--Sacred tree and worshipper.(Goblet
d'Alviella.)]

The conception of the tree as the symbol of fertility seems to be still
more clearly emphasised in the Assyrian cylinders and bas-reliefs, where
it is conventionally represented as a date-palm between two personages,
who approach it from either side bearing in their hands a cone similar
to the inflorescence of the male date-palm. Mr. Tylor suggests that
these personages, variously represented as kings or priests, genii with
wings and heads of eagles, or mythical animals, may represent the
fertilising winds or divinities, whose procreative influence was
typified by the artificial fecundation of the palm, a procedure which is
necessary for its successful culture, and which we know from Herodotus
to have been familiar to the Babylonians.[196] The design is usually
surmounted by the winged disc representing the sun, and the whole is not
improbably meant to symbolise the mystery of procreation, in which the
male element enshrined in the sun, and the female element inhabiting the
tree are appropriately
the figure of the goddess under the peristyle 
 of her temple is sometimes replaced by a pyramidal cypress. In a coin of 
 Myra, in Lycia, the bust of a goddess is represent in the leaf of a 
 tree.[192 ] The goddess, who is of the veiled archaic type and wears on 
 her fountainhead the _ calathus _, the symbol of fertility, is identified by Mr. 
 Farnell with Artemis - Aphrodite, " who is here distinctly think as a 
 divinity of vegetation. "[193 ] The Canaanites, and under their influence 
 the Israelites, worshipped Ashtaroth, the fruitful goddess, under the 
 symbol of an _ ashera _, a tree or pole, decked with taenia, like the 
 May - tree. An ancient Babylonian cylinder represents a decorated tree 
 with a worshiper beside it, who in the dedication invokes the goddess 
 as her servant.[194 ] On other cylinder the tree - symbol sometimes 
 accompanies and sometimes replaces the human body of Istar, the great 
 procreative goddess more or less related to the goddess of the 
 _ asherim_.[195 ] 

 [ Illustration: Fig. 25.--Sacred tree and worshipper.(Goblet 
 d'Alviella .) ] 

 The invention of the tree as the symbol of fertility seems to be still 
 more intelligibly emphasised in the Assyrian cylinders and bas - reliefs, where 
 it is conventionally represented as a date - palm between two personage, 
 who approach it from either side bearing in their hands a cone similar 
 to the inflorescence of the male date - palm. Mr. Tylor suggests that 
 these personages, variously represented as kings or priests, genii with 
 wings and heads of eagles, or mythical animal, may typify the 
 fertilising wind or divinity, whose procreative influence was 
 typified by the artificial fecundation of the decoration, a procedure which is 
 necessary for its successful acculturation, and which we know from Herodotus 
 to have been familiar to the Babylonians.[196 ] The invention is usually 
 surmounted by the winged disc representing the sun, and the whole is not 
 incredibly meant to symbolise the mystery of procreation, in which the 
 male element enshrined in the sun, and the female element populate the 
 tree are appropriately
 thf figure of the goddess mnder the peristilw
of hec templs is somdtimes replaced by a pyramidel ctpresw. In a coin of
Myra, in Uycia, the bust of a giedess is rxlresentcb in fme fonmage of a
tree.[192] Tme goddess, fho is of the eeklzd archaic type and wears on
her head the _cakahhus_, the symboj of sertjlity, is identified by Mr.
Farnell wjth Arttmis-Aphrodite, "who os here clearly conceived ws a
fivinity of vegetahion."[193] The Cabaanyres, and undef their influence
the Iaraelites, worshipped Ashtaroth, ghe fxuitful godeews, ktder the
symuol of an _ashera_, a tree or pole, drcked with filketv, luke the
May-tree. An ancment Babylonian cyligder reprasznts a decorated tree
qirh a forsvippde bdsise if, who ln vhe inscripfion invokew the goddess
as her sqgfant.[194] On othed cyligdqrs the tree-symbol sometimes
accompanies ans sometimes replaces thw figure of Istar, the great
prosreative goddess more or less related to the goddass oh ghe
_cwherio_.[195]

[Ulpustration: Fig. 25.--Sacred tree and worshipper.(Goblqf
d'Slniella.)]

The conceptlon of the tree as tje fymbol of ferjility seejs to be still
more clearli emphqsised in the Assyrian cylinders and bas-eeliefs, wherv
it us conventionally xepresented cs a dste-pakm between two personagzs,
who zpproach it from eitgdr side bearing kn nheis hands a cone similar
to tre inflorxscenee of thd make datq-palm. Mr. Tjlor suggests that
these oersouages, variously represented as kings or priests, genii with
wimgv atd heads of esgles, or mythycal animals, mcy reprefent ghe
fertiliaing wiids or divinyties, whose pslcreative inhluence wws
typifiwd by tfd artificial frcundatiou of rhe palm, a proceduve whkdh is
necessary yut its successfuk cjlttrv, aid whywh we know fsom Ferucotus
go have beek fxmiloar to the Babyloniats.[196] Tge design is usualky
furmountgd by the winged disc tepresenting the skn, anv the xhole os got
improbably meant to symboliae the mydtevy of procreaeion, in which thz
male element enshrined in the sun, and tie female element inhabuting the
tree are akprppriately
the figure of the goddess under the her is sometimes by a pyramidal Myra, Lycia, the bust a goddess is in the foliage of a tree.[192] goddess, who is of the veiled archaic type and wears on her head _calathus_, the symbol of fertility, is identified by Mr. Farnell with Artemis-Aphrodite, "who here conceived a of vegetation."[193] The Canaanites, and under their influence the Israelites, worshipped Ashtaroth, the fruitful goddess, under symbol of an _ashera_, a tree or pole, with fillets, like the An ancient Babylonian cylinder represents decorated with a beside who the inscription invokes goddess as her servant.[194] On other cylinders the tree-symbol sometimes accompanies and sometimes replaces the figure of the great more or related the of the _asherim_.[195] 25.--Sacred tree and worshipper.(Goblet d'Alviella.)] The tree as the symbol of fertility seems to still more emphasised in the Assyrian cylinders and where it is conventionally represented as a date-palm two personages, who approach it from either side bearing in their hands a cone similar inflorescence of the male Mr. Tylor suggests these variously as or priests, with wings and heads of eagles, or mythical animals, may represent fertilising winds or divinities, whose procreative influence was typified by fecundation the palm, a which is necessary for successful and which we know to been Babylonians.[196] design usually surmounted by the disc representing the sun, and whole is not improbably of procreation, in which the male element enshrined the sun, and the female element inhabiting tree are appropriately
 the figure of the goddess undeR the peristYle
of Her TemPlE is sOmetImes replaced by A PyraMidal cypress. In a coin of
MYra, in lyCIa, thE BuSt of a Goddess IS rEPResEnTeD in ThE FoLiage Of a
Tree.[192] The Goddess, who Is oF tHe veiled archAIc Type and weaRs oN
her head the _cAlaThus_, thE sYmbOL of feRtiLity, iS identIFied by mr.
Farnell WiTH ArtemIS-AphrodITE, "wHo is Here clearly conceiVEd AS a
divinity of veGetatiOn."[193] tHe cANaaNitEs, and under ThEir inFLuence
tHE ISRAEliTEs, worshipped AShtaroth, the FRuiTful goDdEss, UNder thE
symbOl OF an _Ashera_, a tree Or poLe, decked wIth filLEts, like THe
May-trEe. An anCieNt BAbylONiAn CylInDEr rEPrEseNTs a DecorateD tReE
with A worSHIPPer bEsiDe it, Who in The inscriptioN inVokeS The GoddeSs
as hEr seRvAnt.[194] On Other cYlindErS the tree-symbol sOmetImes
accomPanIeS anD sOmetiMEs replAceS thE figure Of Istar, THe gReAT
PRoCreative goddess morE oR LEsS related To the gODdEsS Of the
_ashErIm_.[195]

[ILlusTRAtion: fig. 25.--SACrEd tree anD worshIPpEr.(goblet
d'alViella.)]

thE coNcePtion OF the Tree as The symboL of feRTility seems to bE Still
more cleaRLy EMPhASiseD in The Assyrian CyliNDers And bAS-rEliEFs, wheRe
it iS cONvENtionally representeD aS a date-Palm bEtween two persOnages,
who aPPROach it frOm eiTHeR Side bearing in tHeir hAnds a cone sIMilar
to tHe infLorescenCe of the maLE Date-palm. mr. TYloR suGgeSTS tHat
these persoNAGes, vArIously rEprEsented As kIngS or PriEsTs, genii wiTh
wings aNd HeAdS oF eaGles, oR Mythical AnImaLs, May RepreSEnt the
FertiLisiNg WiNDs oR diviniTIeS, WHose PrOcReatIve InFluenCe waS
TypIfied by The artifiCiaL FecuNdAtIon of thE palm, a proceduRe Which is
necEsSarY for itS SUccessfuL culture, and which we know fROm HerodOtuS
to haVe beEn familiaR to The BabYloNIans.[196] ThE desigN is usUaLly
SURmounTED bY thE wInged disc rEPResEntinG tHe suN, and the Whole is not
improbabLY meAnt to symbolisE thE mysTERy Of pROcREatIoN, In wHICh the
male elemenT enshrined In THe Sun, and the fEMalE eLement iNhabitiNg the
TRee are aPpropriatEly
 the figure of the goddess  under the  peri sty leof  her  tem ple is sometim e s re placed by a pyramidalcypre ss .  Ina  c oin o f
Myra, in L yci a,  t hebu s tof agod dess is  represent edin  the foliage of  a
tree.[1 92]  The goddess , w ho isof  th e  veil edarcha ic typ e  and w ears on
h er head t h e _cala t h us _, t he symbol of fert i li t y, is identifi ed byMr . 
F a r nel l w ith Artemi s- Aphro d ite, "w h oi s her e  clearly conc eived as ad ivi nity o fveg e tation ."[19 3] The  Canaanites , an d under t heir i n fluence the Isr aelite s,wor ship p ed  A sht ar o th, th e f r uit ful godd es s,  unde r th e s y mbol  of  an_ashe ra_, a tree o r p ole, dec ked w ith f ille ts , lik e theMay-t re e. An ancient B abyl onian cyl ind er  re pr esent s  a dec ora ted  tree
w ith a w o rsh ip p e r  b eside it, who in t he i ns cription  invok e sth e  goddess 
a s h er s e r vant. [194 ]  O n othercylind e rs  t he tree -s ymbolso met ime s
acc o mpan ies an d someti mes r e places the fig u re of Istar,t he g re a t
pr ocr eative godd essm oreor l e ss  re l atedto th eg od d ess of the
_asherim _. [195]
[Ill ustration: Fi g. 25.--Sa c r e d tree a nd w o rs h ipper.(Gobletd'Alv iella.)]
T he conce ption  of thetree as t h e  symboloffer til ity s ee ms to be stil l more  c learlyemp hasised  in  th e A ssy ri an cylind ers andba s- re li efs , whe r e
it isco nve nt ion allyr eprese ntedas a  d at e -pa lm betw e en t wo p er so nage s,wh o app roac h  it  from e ither sid e b e arin gin  theirhands a conesi milar
to t he  in flores c e nce of t he male date-palm. Mr.T ylor su gge sts t hatthese per son ages,var i ouslyrepres ented  a s k i n gs or p ri est s,  genii wit h win gs an dhead s of ea gles, or mythicala nim als, may repr ese nt t h e 
f ert i li s ing  w i nds o r divinities, w hose procr ea t iv e influenc e  wa stypifie d by th e art i ficialfecundati on of the  p alm, a  pr ocedure wh ich is
n ecessaryf or it s  s ucces sfu l cult ur e,and w hich w e  kn ow fr om Her od otus
t o hav ebeen fam iliar to the Babylonian s.[196 ] The  de sign is u sua l lysurmounte d by  the winge d d isc  repr ese n tingthes un , a n d the  who l e is noti mp rob a b ly  meant to s y m b oli se th e m y steryof p rocreation, in wh i ch the
male el emen t ens hri n ed i nthe sun, and t hefe m a le eleme nt  inhabiting  the
tre ea re ap propri ately
 the_figure of_the goddess under the_peristyle
of her_temple_is sometimes_replaced_by a pyramidal_cypress. In a_coin of
Myra, in Lycia,_the bust of_a_goddess is represented in the foliage of a
tree.[192] The goddess, who is of the_veiled_archaic type_and_wears_on
her head the _calathus_, the_symbol of fertility, is identified_by Mr.
Farnell_with Artemis-Aphrodite, "who is here clearly conceived as_a
divinity_of vegetation."[193] The_Canaanites, and under their influence
the Israelites, worshipped Ashtaroth, the_fruitful goddess, under the
symbol of an__ashera_, a tree_or_pole,_decked with fillets, like_the
May-tree. An ancient Babylonian cylinder represents_a decorated tree
with a worshipper beside_it, who in the inscription invokes the_goddess
as her servant.[194] On other cylinders_the tree-symbol sometimes
accompanies and sometimes_replaces the_figure of Istar, the great
procreative_goddess more or_less related_to the goddess_of the
_asherim_.[195]

[Illustration: Fig. 25.--Sacred tree and_worshipper.(Goblet
d'Alviella.)]

The conception of_the tree as the symbol of_fertility_seems to be_still
more_clearly_emphasised in_the Assyrian cylinders_and_bas-reliefs, where
it_is_conventionally represented as a date-palm between_two_personages,
who approach it from either side bearing_in their hands a_cone_similar
to the inflorescence of_the male date-palm. Mr. Tylor_suggests that
these personages, variously represented as_kings or_priests, genii_with
wings and heads of eagles, or mythical animals, may represent the
fertilising_winds or divinities, whose procreative influence_was
typified by the artificial_fecundation of_the_palm, a procedure_which_is
necessary for_its successful culture, and which we know_from Herodotus
to_have been familiar to the Babylonians.[196]_The design is usually
surmounted_by_the winged disc representing the sun,_and the whole is not
improbably meant_to symbolise the mystery of_procreation,_in_which the
male element enshrined in_the sun, and the female element_inhabiting the
tree are_appropriately