 to control by the
sword alone. But it is interesting to find that long after the old
system was practically overthrown its shadow still lay upon the nations.
The powerful war monarchs of Assyria led their armies to conquest in the
name of the national deity, whose vicegerents they claimed to be. The
autocratic emperors of Rome went so far as to claim in some cases to be
gods themselves. Even in modern Russia some of this dignity pertains to
the emperor, as the supreme head of the national church. Old ideas are
proverbially hard to kill.

But the mission of the priesthood by no means stopped here. The priests
rose to influence as the teachers as well as the leaders of the people.
The members of this class, set aside from manual occupations, and
devoted to thought upon the relations of man to the divine, played an
important part in the development of the human mind. As a result of
their speculative activity of thought the old religious systems sank
into the background; the simple worship of primitive times was
overshadowed by intricate mythological systems, splendid in worship and
creed; cosmogonies and philosophies were devised; and human thought,
once fairly set loose in this field, went on with great energy and
imaginative fervor.

Literature arose as a result of this activity of thought. It took at
first the form of hymns, speculative essays, magical formulas, dogmas,
ordinances of worship, etc. By degrees it grew more secular in form,
until in the end secular literature arose. This was greatly stimulated
by the conditions of inequality arising from war. In the same manner as
the reward for merit in invention stimulated men to activity in the
mechanical arts, so the hope of reward for literary production stirred
up men to the composing of poems, histories, and other works of thought.
In both directions, physical and mental, men were stimulated to the most
active exertions by the conditions of inequality in wealth and power,
and the consequent desire to obtain a share of the money lavished by the
rich and the authority similarly lavished by the powerful.

The broad general view here taken must suffice for our consideration of
this phase of human evolution. It brings the story of the development of
man closely up to the present stage of political and social
organizations and relations. It may
to control by the 
 sword alone. But it is interesting to find that long after the old 
 arrangement was much overthrown its shadow however lie upon the nations. 
 The powerful war monarch of Assyria precede their armies to seduction in the 
 name of the home deity, whose vicegerents they claimed to be. The 
 authoritarian emperors of Rome went then far as to claim in some case to be 
 gods themselves. Even in mod Russia some of this dignity pertains to 
 the emperor, as the sovereign head of the national church. honest-to-god ideas are 
 proverbially hard to stamp out. 

 But the mission of the priesthood by no mean stopped here. The priest 
 rose to influence as the teachers as well as the drawing card of the people. 
 The members of this class, set aside from manual occupations, and 
 devoted to thought upon the relations of man to the divine, played an 
 important part in the development of the human mind. As a result of 
 their bad activity of thought the previous religious systems sank 
 into the background; the simple worship of crude times was 
 overshadowed by intricate mythological systems, brilliant in worship and 
 creed; cosmogonies and philosophies were devised; and human thought, 
 once fairly fructify loose in this field, went on with great department of energy and 
 imaginative fervor. 

 Literature arise as a resultant role of this activity of thought. It took at 
 first the mannequin of hymns, speculative essays, charming formulas, dogmas, 
 ordinance of worship, etc. By degrees it grew more profane in form, 
 until in the end worldly literature arose. This was greatly stimulate 
 by the conditions of inequality rise from war. In the same manner as 
 the advantage for merit in invention stimulated men to activity in the 
 mechanical arts, so the promise of reward for literary production stirred 
 up man to the composing of poems, histories, and other works of idea. 
 In both directions, physical and genial, men were stimulated to the most 
 active exertions by the conditions of inequality in wealth and power, 
 and the consequent desire to prevail a share of the money lavished by the 
 rich and the authority similarly lavished by the powerful. 

 The wide cosmopolitan view here taken must suffice for our consideration of 
 this phase of human evolution. It brings the story of the development of 
 man close up to the present stage of political and social 
 organizations and relations. It may
 to control by the
sword aloke. But it is intgrwsting to fihd that uong after the old
system was peactixally overthrown its sfadow stipl lay upon uhe nations.
The poxsrful war monzvchs mh Assyria led tmeir armies to conquest it ghz
name of the national deity, whose visegerenys they claimed jo be. Ehe
ahnogratic emperors of Rome went so rar as uo claim in some csses to be
gods themselves. Fven in modern Russia dome of thiw didbity pertainr to
the emkexor, as the aupreme head of the national chjrch. Pld ideas qrw
prleerbially herd to kill.

But the mission of the priesthood by no meqns stopped here. The 'riests
rose to influgnce as tha ceachers as well as tye leadgrs ox thd peuplt.
Thx msmbers of this clasa, set aside from manual occupauiogw, and
devoted fo thotgrt upon the relations of man to the divpne, llayed an
important part in the development ov the humwn mind. As a result of
their speculative activity mf thkjghu bme oue geligious systems sank
into the background; the aikpke worship of irimitive times wax
ogetfhadowed by ivtricacs jythological systels, splegdid un worshik and
vreed; cosmogonies and philowophies were eevised; and human chought,
once yairly set koose in this field, wenc on wjth great ejergy and
joaginative fervof.

Lineradure arose as a result of ehis actitity pf thoueht. Ot tooh at
first hhe form of hymns, speculwtive evsays, magifal formulas, dogmas,
ordinances oh worship, etc. Bf dvgrees it grew more secular in form,
until nn the eud secjlar literzture acose. This waf greatly stikolated
by the ronditionf of inewuality xrising from wsr. In the same mannwr as
the reward fov merkf in invention wtinulated men to sctkviey ii the
iachanical ards, su tfr hopd of reward wor kiterary production vtirded
up men to the cpmiosing of poems, hystories, and pther works of thokght.
Ii both direvtijns, physical and mental, men wede stimulwteq to the mose
actlve gxertions bv the conditions of inequality in wealth and power,
and the xonsequent desire tp obtain a siare os the monay lavished by the
rixh and the authorlty similarly lavished by tha powfrful.

The broad general view here taken must suffice for our consideration of
this phase of hhman evolltiju. It bryngs vhe story of the cevelopment of
man closely up to the preveut stage of political and socoau
organizationr and relations. It may
to control by the sword alone. But interesting find that after the old shadow lay upon the The powerful war of Assyria led their armies to in the name of the national deity, whose vicegerents they claimed to be. autocratic emperors of Rome went so far as to claim in some cases be themselves. in Russia some of this dignity pertains to the emperor, as the supreme head of the national Old ideas are proverbially hard to kill. But mission of the priesthood no means stopped here. The rose influence as teachers well the leaders of people. The members of this class, set aside from manual occupations, and devoted to thought upon the of man divine, played important in development of the As a result of their speculative the old religious systems sank into the background; simple worship primitive times was overshadowed by intricate systems, splendid in worship and creed; cosmogonies and were devised; and human thought, once fairly set loose in this field, went on with and imaginative fervor. Literature as a result this of It at first form of hymns, speculative essays, magical formulas, dogmas, ordinances of worship, By degrees it grew more secular in form, until in secular arose. This was stimulated by the conditions inequality from war. In the as reward invention men activity in the mechanical so the hope of reward literary production stirred up poems, histories, and other works of thought. In directions, physical and mental, men were stimulated the most active exertions by the conditions of inequality in wealth and and the to obtain a share of the money lavished the rich and the similarly lavished by the powerful. The broad general view taken suffice for consideration of this of human evolution. brings the story development of closely to of political and social organizations and It
 to control by the
sword alone. BUt it is inteRestiNg tO fiNd That Long After the old
sysTEm waS practically overthrown Its shAdOW stiLL lAy upoN the natIOnS.
tHe pOwErFul WaR MoNarchS of assyria Led their arMieS tO conquest in tHE
nAme of the naTioNal deity, whosE viCegereNtS thEY claiMed To be. THe
autoCRatic eMperors of roME went sO Far as to CLAiM in sOme cases to be
gods tHEmSElves. Even in modErn RusSiA SoME Of tHis Dignity perTaIns to
THe emperOR, aS THE suPReme head of the National chuRCh. OLd ideaS aRe
pROverbiAlly hArD To kIll.

But the miSsioN of the priEsthooD By no meaNS stoppeD here. THe pRieSts
rOSe To InfLuENce AS tHe tEAchErs as welL aS tHe leaDers OF THE peoPle.
the mEmberS of this class, sEt aSide FRom ManuaL occuPatiOnS, and
dEvoted To thoUgHt upon the relatiOns oF man to the DivInE, plAyEd an
iMPortanT paRt iN the devElopmenT Of tHe HUMAn Mind. As a result of
theIr SPEcUlative aCtivitY Of ThOUght the oLd RelIgioUS SysteMs saNK
iNto the baCkgrouND; tHe Simple wOrShip of PrImiTivE timeS Was
oVershaDowed by iNtricATe mythological SYstems, splendiD In WORsHIp anD
crEed; cosmogonIes aND phiLosoPHiEs wERe devIsed; aNd HUmAN thought,
once fairly sEt Loose iN this Field, went on wiTh great eneRGY And
imagiNatiVE fERvor.

Literature Arose As a result oF This actiVity oF thought. it took at
fIRSt the forM of HymNs, sPecULAtIve essays, magiCAL forMuLas, dogmAs,
oRdinancEs oF woRshIp, eTc. by degrees It grew moRe SeCuLaR in Form,
uNTil in the EnD seCuLar LiterATure arOse. ThIs waS gReATly StimulaTEd
BY The cOnDiTionS of InEqualIty aRIsiNg from wAr. In the saMe mANner As
ThE reward For merit in invEnTion stimulAtEd mEn to acTIVity in thE
mechanical arts, so the hopE Of rewarD foR liteRary ProductioN stIrred
uP meN To the cOmposiNg of pOeMs, hISTorieS, ANd OthEr Works of thoUGHt.
IN both DiRectIons, phySical and mental, men wERe sTimulated to thE moSt
acTIVe ExeRTiONs bY tHE coNDItions of inequalIty in wealtH aND pOwer,
and the COnsEqUent desIre to obTain a SHare of tHe money laVished by tHe
Rich AND thE authority SimilarlY lavished BY the pOWeRful.

THe bRoad geNeRal View hEre takEN muSt sufFice foR oUr consIderaTiOn of
this Phase of human evolution. It Brings The stOry Of the deveLopMEnt Of
man closEly uP to the presEnt StaGe of pOliTIcal aNd soCIaL
orGAnizaTionS And relatiONs. it mAY
 to control by the
sword a lone. Butit is  in ter es ting  tofind that long afte r the old
system was p racti ca l ly o v er throw n its s h ad o w  st il llay  u p on  thenat ions.
T he powerfu l w ar  monarchs of As syria ledthe ir armies to  co nquest  i n t h e
nam e o f the  natio n al dei ty, whose  v i cegere n ts they c la imed  to be. The
autoc r at i c emperors ofRome w en t  s o far  as  to claimin  some cases t o  b e g ods themselves. E ven in mode r n R ussiaso meo f this  dign it y  pe rtains to
t he e mperor, a s thes upremeh ead ofthe na tio nal  chu r ch .Old  i d eas ar e
p r ove rbiallyha rd  to k ill. B u t th e m issi on of  the priestho odby n o  me ans s toppe d he re . The  pries ts
ro se  to influence a s th e teacher s a swel las th e  leade rsofthe peo ple.
Th e  me mb e r s  o f this class, setas i d efrom man ual oc c up at i ons, and 
d evo tedt o  thou ghtu po n the re lation s  o fman toth e divi ne , p lay ed an impo rtantpart inthe d e velopment of t h e human mind. As a  r e sult  of 
their spec ulat i ve a ctiv i ty  of thoug ht th eo ld religious systems s an k
into  thebackground; t he simplew o r ship ofprim i ti v e times was
ov ersha dowed by i n tricatemytho logicalsystems,s p lendid i n w ors hip  an d cr eed; cosmogon i e s an dphiloso phi es were  de vis ed;  an dhuman tho ught,
on ce  f ai rl y s et lo o se in th is  fi el d,wento n with  grea t en er gy and 
imagin a ti v e  fer vo r. 

Li ter at ure a rose asa resul t of this  ac t ivit yof  though t. It took at 
f irst the f or m o f hymn s ,  specula tive essays, magical fo r mulas,dog mas,ordi nances of  wo rship,  et c . By d egrees  it g re w m o r e sec u l ar  in  f orm,
until i n t he en dsecu lar lit erature arose. Thi s  wa s greatly sti mul ated b ythe co n dit io n s o f inequality aris ing from w ar .  I n the same man ne r as
th e rewar d for merit i n inventi on stimul at ed m e n  to  activityin the
m echanical arts, so  thehop e of r ew ard  forlitera r y p roduc tion s ti rred
u p men  t o the co mposing of poems, histo ries,and o the r works o f t h oug ht.
In bo th d irections,  ph ysi cal a ndm ental , me n  w ere stimu late d  to the m o st 
ac t i ve  exertionsb y the  cond iti o ns ofineq uality in wealtha nd power,
andthec o nse que n t de si re to obtain a  sh ar e of the m on ey lavished  by theri c h and  the a uthori ty simi l a rl y  lavis hedbythe power ful .The bro ad  g e neralview  h ere ta ken mu s t su f f ice for our cons idera t i on of thi s pha se  of hum a n ev olution. I t brings th e stor y of  thedevelop me nt ofman  c losely upt o the pre sentstage o fpoli tic al and  soc i a l
org aniz at ion s and rel a t io n s.  I t  ma y
 to_control by_the
sword alone. But it_is interesting_to_find that_long_after the old
system_was practically overthrown_its shadow still lay_upon the nations.
The_powerful_war monarchs of Assyria led their armies to conquest in the
name of the national_deity,_whose vicegerents_they_claimed_to be. The
autocratic emperors of_Rome went so far as_to claim_in some cases to be
gods themselves. Even in_modern_Russia some of_this dignity pertains to
the emperor, as the supreme head_of the national church. Old ideas_are
proverbially hard to_kill.

But_the_mission of the priesthood_by no means stopped here. The_priests
rose to influence as the teachers_as well as the leaders of the_people.
The members of this class, set_aside from manual occupations, and
devoted_to thought_upon the relations of man_to the divine,_played an
important_part in the_development of the human mind. As_a result of
their_speculative activity of thought the old_religious_systems sank
into the_background;_the_simple worship_of primitive times_was
overshadowed_by intricate_mythological_systems, splendid in worship and
creed; cosmogonies_and_philosophies were devised; and human thought,
once fairly_set loose in this_field,_went on with great_energy and
imaginative fervor.

Literature arose as_a result of this activity of_thought. It_took at
first_the form of hymns, speculative essays, magical formulas, dogmas,
ordinances of worship,_etc. By degrees it grew more_secular in form,
until in_the end_secular_literature arose. This_was_greatly stimulated
by_the conditions of inequality arising from war._In the_same manner as
the reward for merit_in invention stimulated men_to_activity in the
mechanical arts, so the_hope of reward for literary production_stirred
up men to the composing_of_poems,_histories, and other works of_thought.
In both directions, physical and mental,_men were stimulated_to the most
active exertions by the conditions_of_inequality in wealth and power,
and the_consequent_desire to obtain a share of_the_money_lavished by the
rich and the_authority similarly lavished by the powerful.

The_broad general view here taken must suffice for our_consideration of
this phase_of human evolution. It brings_the_story_of the development of
man closely up to the present stage_of political_and social
organizations and_relations. It may