 the higher will his flax grow that season.(422) The gilded
plough with which the Siamese mock king opens the ploughing may be
compared with the bronze ploughs which the Etruscans employed at the
ceremony of founding cities;(423) in both cases the use of bare iron was
probably forbidden on superstitious grounds.(424)

(M126) In the foregoing cases the temporary king is appointed annually in
accordance with a regular custom. But in other cases the appointment is
made only to meet a special emergency, such as to relieve the real king
from some actual or threatened evil by diverting it to a substitute, who
takes his place on the throne for a short time. The history of Persia
furnishes instances of such occasional substitutes for the Shah. Thus Shah
Abbas the Great, the most eminent of all the kings of Persia, who reigned
from 1586 to 1628 A.D., being warned by his astrologers in the year 1591
that a serious danger impended over him, attempted to avert the omen by
abdicating the throne and appointing a certain unbeliever named Yusoofee,
probably a Christian, to reign in his stead. The substitute was
accordingly crowned, and for three days, if we may trust the Persian
historians, he enjoyed not only the name and the state but the power of
the king. At the end of his brief reign he was put to death: the decree of
the stars was fulfilled by this sacrifice; and Abbas, who reascended his
throne in a most propitious hour, was promised by his astrologers a long
and glorious reign.(425) Again, Shah Sufi II., who reigned from 1668 to
1694 A.D., was crowned a second time and changed his name to Sulaiman or
Soliman under the following circumstances: "The King, a few days after,
was out of danger, but the matter was to restore him to perfect health.
Having been always in a languishing condition, and his physicians never
able to discover the cause of his distemper, he suspected that their
ignorance retarded his recovery, and two or three of them were therefore
ill treated. At length the other physicians, fearing it might be their own
turn next, beth
the higher will his flax grow that season.(422) The gilded 
 plough with which the thai mock baron opens the ploughing may be 
 compare with the bronze plow which the Etruscans employed at the 
 ceremony of founding cities;(423) in both case the use of bare iron was 
 probably forbidden on superstitious grounds.(424) 

 (M126) In the foregoing cases the irregular king is appointed per annum in 
 accordance with a regular custom. But in other cases the appointment is 
 made merely to meet a special emergency, such as to salvage the real king 
 from some actual or threatened evil by diverting it to a substitute, who 
 remove his place on the throne for a short time. The history of Persia 
 furnishes case of such occasional substitutes for the Shah. Thus Shah 
 Abbas the Great, the most eminent of all the kings of Persia, who reigned 
 from 1586 to 1628 A.D., being warned by his astrologers in the year 1591 
 that a serious danger impended over him, attempted to avert the omen by 
 abdicating the throne and appoint a certain unbeliever list Yusoofee, 
 credibly a Christian, to predominate in his stead. The substitute was 
 accordingly crowned, and for three days, if we may trust the Persian 
 historians, he enjoyed not only the name and the department of state but the power of 
 the king. At the end of his brief reign he was put to death: the decree of 
 the headliner was fulfilled by this sacrifice; and Abbas, who reascended his 
 throne in a most propitious hour, was predict by his astrologers a retentive 
 and glorious reign.(425) Again, Shah Sufi II. , who reigned from 1668 to 
 1694 A.D., was crowned a second time and changed his name to Sulaiman or 
 Soliman under the following circumstance: " The King, a few days after, 
 was out of danger, but the matter was to restore him to perfect health. 
 Having been always in a languishing condition, and his physicians never 
 able to discover the causal agent of his distemper, he suspected that their 
 ignorance retard his recovery, and two or three of them were consequently 
 ill treated. At length the other physicians, fear it might be their own 
 turn next, beth
 thf higher will his flax gvow that season.(422) Jhw gildxd
plougg with wfich the Siamese mock king o'ens the kjoughing may be
comoared witj the brinze ploughs whmdh the Ccrusczks em'liyed at the
cergmony of foutding cities;(423) it coch cases the use of bare iron was
profably fprhidden on supetstitpots gdounds.(424)

(M126) In the foregoing cases the temporery king is apppinted annually in
accordanfe wlth a regular custlm. But in ojger xases the apoointment pv
made only to meet a special emergency, suzh as to relievg fhf real king
fcom soie actual or threateted evik by diverting it to a substitute, who
takev his place on the throne fmr a short time. The hustori of [erskq
fufniahxs jnstanfes of such odcasional sybstitutes for the Xhwy. Thus Shah
Abgas thq Dreat, the most eminent of all the kings of Persia, who reigned
from 1586 to 1628 A.D., being warned by his aftrologers in the year 1591
that a serious danger impetded kxer hlm, agrelpted to avert the omen by
abdicating the throgs snc appointing a certain unnepirder named Yusuofee,
pxkbzbly a Christian, tl reign in hus stead. Uhe sibstitute was
accordingly criwned, and fog theee days, if we may trust the 'ersiam
histprians, he enjoyed not ouly ths name and hhe state cut the power of
ghe khng. At the end of his bries reign hx was put to deajh: the qecree of
tje stars was fulfilled bj thid vacrifice; wnd Abbas, who reascended his
throne in a most kro[itpous hour, was iromised by his astrologers a long
anb glorkous reign.(425) Again, Vhah Sufi IY., who reigned vrom 1668 to
1694 A.D., xas crownqd a secind timd and changed hos name to Sulaiman or
Soliman under tme foumowing circumstcucts: "The King, a fee dxys avtxr,
was mut of danges, bug tfr matger was to vesgore him to perfect healdh.
Habing been always im w languiwhing cogdition, and hos physicians neveg
able to discpvet the cause of his distemper, he suspectef tmat their
ignowancc rejarded his xecovery, and two or three of them were tierefore
ill treated. At oength the other phisigians, fearinj it myght be tveir own
turn next, berh
the higher will his flax grow that gilded with which Siamese mock king compared the bronze ploughs the Etruscans employed the ceremony of founding cities;(423) in cases the use of bare iron was probably forbidden on superstitious grounds.(424) (M126) the foregoing cases the temporary king is appointed annually in accordance with a custom. in cases appointment is made only to meet a special emergency, such as to relieve the real king some actual or threatened evil by diverting it a substitute, who takes place on the throne for short The history Persia instances such occasional substitutes the Shah. Thus Shah Abbas the Great, the most eminent of all the kings of Persia, who from 1586 A.D., being by astrologers the year 1591 serious danger impended over him, attempted omen by abdicating the throne and appointing a unbeliever named probably a Christian, to reign in stead. The substitute was accordingly crowned, and for days, if we may trust the Persian historians, he enjoyed not only the name and but the power of king. At the of brief he put to the decree of the stars was fulfilled by this sacrifice; and who reascended his throne in a most propitious hour, was his a long and reign.(425) Again, Shah Sufi who from 1668 to 1694 crowned second his to or Soliman under the circumstances: "The King, a few after, was out of to restore him to perfect health. Having been in a languishing condition, and his physicians able to discover the cause of his distemper, he suspected that their retarded his two or three of them were therefore ill At length the other fearing it might be their own turn next, beth
 the higher will his flax grow tHat season.(422) THe gilDed
PloUgH witH whiCh the Siamese moCK kinG opens the ploughing may bE
compArED witH ThE bronZe plougHS wHICh tHe etRusCaNS eMployEd aT the
cerEmony of fouNdiNg Cities;(423) in both CAsEs the use of BarE iron was
probAblY forbiDdEn oN SuperStiTious GroundS.(424)

(m126) In the Foregoing CaSEs the tEMporary KINg Is apPointed annually in
ACcORdance with a regUlar cuStOM. BUT In oTheR cases the aPpOintmENt is
madE OnLY TO meET a special emerGency, such as TO reLieve tHe ReaL King
frOm somE aCTuaL or threatenEd evIl by diverTing it TO a substITute, who
Takes hIs pLacE on tHE tHrOne FoR A shORt TimE. the History oF PErSia
fuRnisHES INstaNceS of sUch ocCasional substItuTes fOR thE Shah. thus SHah
ABbAs the great, tHe mosT eMinent of all the kIngs Of Persia, wHo rEiGneD
fRom 1586 to 1628 a.d., being WarNed By his asTrologeRS in ThE YEAr 1591
That a serious danger ImPENdEd over hiM, attemPTeD tO Avert the OmEn bY
abdICAting The tHRoNe and appOintinG A cErTain unbElIever nAmEd YUsoOfee,
pRObabLy a ChrIstian, to Reign IN his stead. The suBStitute was
accORdINGlY CrowNed, And for three Days, IF we mAy trUSt The pErsiaN
histOrIAnS, He enjoyed not only the NaMe and tHe staTe but the power Of
the king. AT THE end of hiS briEF rEIgn he was put to dEath: tHe decree of
THe stars wAs fulFilled by This sacriFICe; and AbbAs, wHo rEasCenDED hIs
throne in a moST PropItIous houR, waS promisEd bY hiS asTroLoGers a long
And gloriOuS rEiGn.(425) agaIn, ShaH sufi II., whO rEigNeD frOm 1668 to
1694 A.d., Was croWned a SecoNd TiME anD changeD HiS NAme tO SUlAimaN or
soLiman UndeR The FollowiNg circumsTanCEs: "ThE KInG, a few daYs after,
was out Of Danger, but tHe MatTer was TO Restore hIm to perfect health.
Having BEen alwaYs iN a lanGuisHing condiTioN, and hiS phYSicianS never
Able tO dIscOVEr the CAUsE of HiS distemper, HE SusPecteD tHat tHeir
ignOrance retarded his rECovEry, and two or thRee Of thEM WeRe tHErEForE
iLL trEATed. At length the oTher physicIaNS, fEaring it miGHt bE tHeir own
Turn nexT, beth
 the higher will his flaxgrow thatseaso n.( 422 )Thegild ed
plough with whic h the Siamese mock kin g ope ns thep lo ughin g may b e 
c o m par ed  w ith  t h ebronz e p loughswhich theEtr us cans employe d  a t the
cere mon y of foundin g c ities; (4 23) in bo thcases  the u s e of b are ironwa s 
proba b ly forb i d de n on  superstitious gr o un d s.(424)

(M126 ) In t he fo r e goi ngcases thete mpora r y kingi sa p p oin t ed annually i n
accordanc e  wi th a r eg ula r  custo m. Bu ti n o ther casestheappointme nt ism ade onl y  to mee t a sp eci alemer g en cy , s uc h  as to  re l iev e the re al  k ing
f roms o m e  act ual  orthrea tened evil by  di vert i ngit to  a su bsti tu te, w ho
tak es hi splace on the th rone  for a sh ort  t ime .The h i storyofPer sia
fur nishesi nst an c e s  o f such occasionalsu b s ti tutes fo r theS ha h. Thus Sha hAbb as t h e  Grea t, t h emost emi nent o f  a ll  the ki ng s of P er sia , w ho re i gned 
from1586 to1628A .D., being war n ed by his ast r ol o g er s  inthe  year 1591that a se riou s  d ang e r imp ended  o v er him, attempted to a ve rt the  omen  by
abdicatin g the thro n e and appo inti n ga  certain unbel iever  named Yus o ofee,
pr obabl y a Chri stian, to r eign inhis  st ead . T h e  s ubstitute was a ccor di ngly cr own ed, and  fo r t hre e d ay s, if wemay trus tth ePe rsi an
hi s torians,  h e e nj oye d not only t he na me a nd  t h e s tate bu t  t h e  pow er  o f
th e k in g. At  the end  of his  brief re ign he w as  p ut to d eath: the dec re e of
the s ta rswas fu l f illed by  this sacrifice; and Ab b as, who  re ascen dedhis
thron e i n a mo stp ropiti ous ho ur, w as  pr o m isedb y  h isas trologersa lon g
and  g lori ous rei gn.(425) Again, Sh a h S ufi II., whorei gned f ro m 1 6 68 to16 9 4 A . D ., was crowneda second t im e  a nd changed his  n ame toSulaima n orS olimanunder the  followin gcirc u m sta nces: "The  King, a  few days after , 
w as ou t o f dang er , b ut th e matt e r w as to  resto re  him t o per fe ct healt h.
Having been always i n a la nguis hin g conditi on, and  his phys icia ns never
a ble  to  disc ove r  thecaus e  o f h i s dis temp e r, he sus p ec ted t ha t their
ign o r a nce  reta rde d  his r ecov ery, and two or t h ree of them we re t h e ref ore illtr eated. At leng thth e other ph ys icians, fea ring itmi g ht be  their  own
t urn nex t ,  b e th
 the_higher will_his flax grow that_season.(422) The_gilded
plough_with which_the_Siamese mock king_opens the ploughing_may be
compared with the_bronze ploughs which_the_Etruscans employed at the
ceremony of founding cities;(423) in both cases the use of bare_iron_was
probably forbidden_on_superstitious_grounds.(424)

(M126) In the foregoing cases_the temporary king is appointed_annually in
accordance_with a regular custom. But in other cases_the_appointment is
made only_to meet a special emergency, such as to relieve_the real king
from some actual or_threatened evil by_diverting_it_to a substitute, who
takes_his place on the throne for_a short time. The history of_Persia
furnishes instances of such occasional substitutes for_the Shah. Thus Shah
Abbas the Great,_the most eminent of all_the kings_of Persia, who reigned
from 1586_to 1628 A.D.,_being warned_by his astrologers_in the year 1591
that a serious_danger impended over_him, attempted to avert the omen_by
abdicating_the throne and_appointing_a_certain unbeliever_named Yusoofee,
probably a_Christian,_to reign_in_his stead. The substitute was
accordingly crowned,_and_for three days, if we may trust_the Persian
historians, he enjoyed_not_only the name and_the state but the power_of
the king. At the end of_his brief_reign he_was put to death: the decree of
the stars was fulfilled by_this sacrifice; and Abbas, who reascended_his
throne in a most_propitious hour,_was_promised by his_astrologers_a long
and_glorious reign.(425) Again, Shah Sufi II., who_reigned from_1668 to
1694 A.D., was crowned a_second time and changed_his_name to Sulaiman or
Soliman under the_following circumstances: "The King, a few_days after,
was out of danger,_but_the_matter was to restore him_to perfect health.
Having been always in_a languishing condition,_and his physicians never
able to discover the_cause_of his distemper, he suspected that_their
ignorance_retarded his recovery, and two or_three_of_them were therefore
ill treated. At_length the other physicians, fearing it_might be their own
turn next, beth