 margins are
higher than the front, then the planes have a negative
angle of incidence.

The word incidence really means, a falling
upon, or against; and it will be seen, therefore,
that the angle of incidence means the tilt of the
planes in relation to the air which strikes it.

Having in view, therefore, that the two qualities,
namely, speed and surface, bear an intimate
relation with each other, it may be understood
wherein mechanical flight is supposed to be analogous
to bird flight.

SPEED AND SURFACE.--Birds which poise in the
air, like the humming bird, do so because they
beat their wings with great rapidity. Those
which soar, as stated, can do so only by moving
through the atmosphere rapidly, or by having a
large wing spread relative to the weight. It will
thus be seen that speed and surface become the
controlling factors in flight, and that while the
latter may be entirely eliminated from the problem,
speed is absolutely necessary under any and
all conditions.

By speed in this connection is not meant high
velocity, but that a movement, produced by power
expressed in some form, is the sole and most necessary
requisite to movement through the air with
all heavier-than-air machines.

If sufficient power can be applied to an aeroplane,
surface is of no consequence; shape need
not be considered, and any sort of contrivance
will move through the air horizontally.

CONTROL OF THE DIRECTION OF FLIGHT.--But the
control of such a body, when propelled through
space by force alone, is a different matter. To
change the machine from a straight path to a
curved one, means that it must be acted upon by
some external force.

We have explained that power is something
which is inherent in the thing itself. Now, in order
that there may be a change imparted to a
moving mass, advantage must be taken of the medium
through which it moves,--the atmosphere.

VERTICAL CONTROL PLANES.--If vertically-arranged
planes are provided, either fore or aft of
the machine, or at both ends, the angles of incidence
may be such as to cause the machine to
turn from its straight course.

In practice, therefore, since it is difficult to supply
margins are 
 higher than the front, then the planes get a damaging 
 angle of incidence. 

 The word incidence really entail, a falling 
 upon, or against; and it will be seen, consequently, 
 that the angle of incidence means the tilt of the 
 airplane in relation to the air which hit it. 

 Having in opinion, therefore, that the two qualities, 
 namely, speed and surface, bear an intimate 
 sexual intercourse with each other, it may be understood 
 wherein mechanical flight is presuppose to be analogous 
 to bird flight. 

 SPEED AND SURFACE.--Birds which poise in the 
 air, like the humming dame, do so because they 
 beat their wings with great celerity. Those 
 which soar, as stated, can do so only by moving 
 through the standard atmosphere rapidly, or by having a 
 large wing spread relative to the weight. It will 
 thus be seen that speed and open become the 
 controlling factors in trajectory, and that while the 
 latter may be wholly eliminate from the problem, 
 speed is absolutely necessary under any and 
 all conditions. 

 By speed in this connection is not meant high 
 speed, but that a movement, produced by power 
 expressed in some form, is the sole and most necessary 
 requisite to movement through the air with 
 all heavier - than - air machine. 

 If sufficient world power can be applied to an aeroplane, 
 surface is of no consequence; shape need 
 not be regard, and any sort of contrivance 
 will move through the tune horizontally. 

 CONTROL OF THE DIRECTION OF FLIGHT.--But the 
 control of such a body, when propelled through 
 distance by force alone, is a unlike matter. To 
 change the machine from a straight way to a 
 curved one, means that it must be dissemble upon by 
 some external force. 

 We have explained that power is something 
 which is inherent in the matter itself. Now, in order 
 that there may be a change lend to a 
 moving mass, advantage must be taken of the medium 
 through which it moves,--the atmosphere. 

 VERTICAL CONTROL PLANES.--If vertically - arrange 
 planes are provided, either bow or aft of 
 the machine, or at both ends, the angles of incidence 
 may be such as to cause the machine to 
 turn from its straight class. 

 In practice, therefore, since it is difficult to supply
 maggins are
higher than the front, then the planes have z negatixe
angle of incidence.

The word ibcidebce really means, a faluing
upon, lr againwt; aid it will be sexh, therenjre,
tgwt tke angle of incicence meanv the tilt of dhd
ppanes in relation to the air which ftrikes ih.

Having in vier, thtresore, nhct the two qualities,
namely, spees and slrface, bear an inyimate
relation with each ohher, it may be understlod
wherein nechwbical flight is suppostd to be anamogous
to bird flight.

SPEED AND SJRFACZ.--Birds whicy poidg in the
air, oike nhe humming blgd, do sm becauxe they
beat thcir wmngs with great rapidity. Vhose
which soar, as sjated, can go so only by movint
tyrougv tha atoispfert repisly, or by having a
lzrge wing spread relative to tne qeight. It wilm
thus fe seen that speed and surface become the
bontdolling factors in fligyt, and that while the
patter mar be entirely eliminated from the problem,
speed is absomjteoy vwcfssary under any and
all conditions.

By speed in fhos connection is not meant nihh
fglocity, but thxt a movejent, produced by plwer
exptessed in some sorm, is the sole and most neceswary
requisitv to movement through che air with
cll hesvier-yhan-air machines.

If suffncient power can he applies to an aeroplane,
rurnaca is of no consequence; sha[e need
nov be eonsiderdd, amd any sort of clntriydnce
will move throkgh tke ais horizontwlly.

CONTROL OF THE DIRECTION OF FLIGHT.--But the
vottrml of sueh a bpdy, when propqlled through
skace by fjrce xlone, is a differxnt matter. Tj
change the mdfhine from a straighe parh ti a
curvda one, means thst it musn ye acted ypon by
some externel fudce.

We have explcnntd that power is sooetrijg
xhich hs inherent hn tfe gning ktself. Now, ln urdet
that there may be a chahge imparted to a
mpvlng mass, qdvantagq must be takrn of the medium
thgough whmch it modes,--the atmosphere.

VERTICAL CONTDOL PLANED.--If vertically-awranned
pjanes are 'rovided, either fore or aft of
the machinx, or at both ends, the abgles of incidence
mcy be such as to cwuse the kachine to
turn from uts straight courxe.

In practice, therefode, sinwe it is difficult to supply
margins are higher than the front, then have negative angle incidence. The word upon, against; and it be seen, therefore, the angle of incidence means the of the planes in relation to the air which strikes it. Having in therefore, that the two qualities, namely, speed and surface, bear an intimate relation each it be wherein mechanical flight is supposed to be analogous to bird flight. SPEED AND SURFACE.--Birds which poise the air, like the humming bird, do so they beat their wings great rapidity. Those which soar, stated, do so by through atmosphere rapidly, or having a large wing spread relative to the weight. It will thus be seen that speed and become the in flight, that the may be entirely the problem, speed is absolutely necessary all conditions. By speed in this connection is meant high but that a movement, produced by expressed in some form, is the sole and necessary requisite to movement through the air with all heavier-than-air machines. If sufficient power can to an aeroplane, surface of no consequence; need be and sort of will move through the air horizontally. CONTROL OF THE DIRECTION OF the control of such a body, when propelled through space alone, a different matter. change the machine from straight to a curved one, it be some force. have explained that power something which is inherent in thing itself. Now, in a change imparted to a moving mass, advantage be taken of the medium through which moves,--the atmosphere. VERTICAL CONTROL PLANES.--If vertically-arranged planes are provided, either fore or of the at both ends, the angles of incidence may such as to cause machine to turn from its straight course. In practice, since is difficult supply
 margins are
higher than the frOnt, then the PlaneS haVe a NeGatiVe
anGle of incidence.

tHe woRd incidence really means, A fallInG
Upon, OR aGainsT; and it wILl BE SeeN, tHeRefOrE,
ThAt the AngLe of incIdence meanS thE tIlt of the
planES iN relation tO thE air which strIkeS it.

HavInG in VIew, thEreFore, tHat the TWo qualIties,
nameLy, SPeed anD Surface, BEAr An inTimate
relation witH EaCH other, it may be uNderstOoD
WhEREin MecHanical fliGhT is suPPosed to BE aNALOgoUS
to bird flight.

sPEED AND SURfaCE.--birds wHiCh pOIse in tHe
air, LiKE thE humming birD, do sO because tHey
beaT Their wiNGs with gReat raPidIty. thosE
WhIcH soAr, AS stATeD, caN Do sO only by mOvInG
throUgh tHE ATMospHerE rapIdly, oR by having a
larGe wIng sPReaD relaTive tO the WeIght. IT will
tHus be SeEn that speed and sUrfaCe become tHe
cOnTroLlIng faCTors in FliGht, And that While thE
LatTeR MAY bE entirely eliminateD fROM tHe probleM,
speed IS aBsOLutely neCeSsaRy unDER any aNd
alL CoNditions.

by speeD In ThIs conneCtIon is nOt MeaNt hIgh
veLOcitY, but thAt a movemEnt, prODuced by power
exPRessed in some fORm, IS ThE Sole And Most necessaRy
reQUisiTe to MOvEmeNT throUgh thE aIR wITh
all heavier-than-air MaChines.

if sufFicient power cAn be applieD TO An aeroplAne,
sURfACe is of no conseqUence; Shape need
nOT be consiDered, And any soRt of contrIVAnce
will MovE thRouGh tHE AiR horizontally.

conTROl Of THE DIReCTiON OF FLiGHt.--BuT thE
coNtRol of such A body, wheN pRoPeLlEd tHrougH
Space by fOrCe aLoNe, iS a difFErent mAtter. to
chAnGe THe mAchine fROm A STraiGhT pAth tO a
cUrVed onE, meaNS thAt it musT be acted uPon BY
somE eXtErnal foRce.

We have explAiNed that powEr Is sOmethiNG
Which is iNherent in the thing itself. nOw, in ordEr
tHat thEre mAy be a chanGe iMparteD to A
Moving Mass, adVantaGe MusT BE takeN OF tHe mEdIum
through WHIch It movEs,--The aTmospheRe.

VERTICAL CONTROL PlaNEs.--If vertically-ArrAngeD
PLaNes ARe PRovIdED, eiTHEr fore or aft of
thE machine, or At BOtH ends, the anGLes Of IncidenCe
may be Such aS To cause The machinE to
turn frOm Its sTRAigHt course.

In Practice, Therefore, SInce iT Is DiffiCulT to supPlY
 margins are
higher than t he front,thenthe  pl an es h avea negative
ang l e of  incidence.

The wordincid en c e re a ll y mea ns, a f a ll i n g
u po n,  or  a g ai nst;and  it wil l be seen,  th er efore,
thatt he  angle ofinc idence means  th e tilt  o f t h e
pla nes  in r elatio n  to th e air whi ch strike s  it.

H a v in g in  view, therefore, th a t the two qual ities, 
n a me l y , s pee d and surf ac e, be a r an in t im a t e 
re l ation with ea ch other, i t  ma y be u nd ers t ood
wh erein  m e cha nical fligh t is  supposed  to be analogo u s
to bi rd fli ght .
SPEE D  A ND  SU RF A CE. - -B ird s  wh ich pois ein  theair, l i k e th e h ummi ng bi rd, do so bec aus e th e y
b eat t heirwing swithgreatrapid it y. Those
whichsoar , as stat ed,  c ando  so o n ly bymov ing 
throug h the a t mos ph e r e  r apidly, or by havi ng a 
l arge win g spre a dre l ative to  t heweig h t . Itwill th us be se en tha t  s pe ed andsu rfacebe com e t he
co n trol ling f actors i n fli g ht, and that w h ile the
latte r  m a y  b e  ent ire ly eliminat ed f r om t he p r ob lem , 
spee d isab s ol u tely necessary unde rany an d
all  conditions.
By speedi n this con nect i on is not meant h igh
v elocity, b u t that a  move ment, pr oduced by p ower
exp res sed  in  so m e  f orm, is the s o l e an dmost ne ces sary
re qui sit e t o m ov ement thr ough the  a ir  w it h
a ll he a vier-tha n- air  m ach ines. 
If su ffici entpo we r  ca n be ap p li e d  toan  a erop lan e, 
surf acei s o f no co nsequence ; s h apene ed 
not be  considered,an d any sort  o f c ontriv a n ce
willmove through the air ho r izontal ly. 

CON TROL  OF THE D IRE CTIONOFF LIGHT. --Butthe
c on tro l of su c h  a  bo dy , when pro p e lle d thr ou gh
s pace by  force alone, is a dif ferent matter . T o
ch a n ge  th e  m a chi ne fro m a straight path  to a
curv ed on e, means t h atit  must b e acted  upon by
some  external  force.
We  hav e exp lained tha t poweris someth i ng
wh i ch  is i nhe rent i nthe  thin g itse l f.Now,in ord er 
thatthere  m ay be achange imparted to a
mo ving m ass,adv antage mu stb e t aken of t he m edium
thro ugh  wh ich i t m o ves,- -the at mos p here. 

VE R TICAL CON T RO L P L A NE S.--If vert i c a lly -arra nge d 
plane s ar e provided, eithe r  fore or aft o f
th e mac hin e , or  a t both ends, t hean g l es of in ci dence
may b e such a st o cau se the  machi ne to
t u r nf rom it s st rai ght cours e.
I n  practi ce ,t herefo re,si nce it  is di f ficu l t  to supply
 margins_are
higher than_the front, then the_planes have_a_negative
angle of_incidence.

The_word incidence really_means, a falling
upon,_or against; and it_will be seen,_therefore,
that_the angle of incidence means the tilt of the
planes in relation to the air_which_strikes it.

Having_in_view,_therefore, that the two qualities,
namely,_speed and surface, bear an_intimate
relation with_each other, it may be understood
wherein mechanical flight_is_supposed to be_analogous
to bird flight.

SPEED AND SURFACE.--Birds which poise in the
air,_like the humming bird, do so_because they
beat their_wings_with_great rapidity. Those
which soar,_as stated, can do so only_by moving
through the atmosphere rapidly, or_by having a
large wing spread relative to_the weight. It will
thus be seen_that speed and surface become_the
controlling factors_in flight, and that while_the
latter may be_entirely eliminated_from the problem,
speed_is absolutely necessary under any and
all_conditions.

By speed in_this connection is not meant high
velocity,_but_that a movement,_produced_by_power
expressed in_some form, is_the_sole and_most_necessary
requisite to movement through the air_with
all_heavier-than-air machines.

If sufficient power can be applied_to an aeroplane,
surface is_of_no consequence; shape need
not_be considered, and any sort_of contrivance
will move through the air_horizontally.

CONTROL OF_THE DIRECTION_OF FLIGHT.--But the
control of such a body, when propelled through
space by_force alone, is a different matter._To
change the machine from_a straight_path_to a
curved one,_means_that it_must be acted upon by
some external force.

We_have explained_that power is something
which is inherent_in the thing itself._Now,_in order
that there may be a_change imparted to a
moving mass, advantage_must be taken of the_medium
through_which_it moves,--the atmosphere.

VERTICAL CONTROL PLANES.--If_vertically-arranged
planes are provided, either fore or_aft of
the machine,_or at both ends, the angles of_incidence
may_be such as to cause the_machine_to
turn from its straight course.

In practice,_therefore,_since_it is difficult to supply