 manner. De Morveau
had suggested a nomenclature for salts; Black, too, had invented one;
but neither of these systems was adapted to represent the new views.
It was partly with the object of avoiding such embarrassment that
Lavoisier wrote his _Treatise_.

He begins with a clear statement of what is generally termed “the
states of matter”--solid, liquid, and gaseous--and points out
that solids and liquids are almost all capable of change into the
aeriform state by the addition of “caloric.” Proceeding next to the
consideration of the nature of air, he shows that it must necessarily
contain all those gases capable of existence at the ordinary
temperature; and he explains how water-vapour must be one of them,
seeing that even though water is a liquid at the ordinary temperature,
it is capable, like many other liquids, of existing as vapour, when
mixed with other gases. He next treats of the analysis of air, and
describes his classical experiment of heating four ounces of mercury
for twelve days in a retort communicating with a bell-shaped receiver,
standing in a mercury trough. Having marked the initial height of the
air in the jar by means of a piece of gummed paper, he found that,
after twelve days’ heating close to the boiling-point, the air had
diminished in volume by about one-sixth, and that the mercury had
become covered with a red deposit of _mercurius calcinatus per se_,
which, when collected, weighed 45 grains. The residual air in the
retort and in the jar was incapable of supporting life or combustion;
but the _red precipitate_, when heated, lost 3½ grains of its
weight, yielding 41½ grains of metallic mercury, while it evolved
7 or 8 cubic inches of oxygen, capable of supporting the combustion
of a candle vividly, and of causing charcoal to burn with a crackling
noise, throwing out sparks. Oxygen was thus successfully separated from
air, and obtained from it in a pure condition for the first time, in a
single series of operations.

In Lavoisier we see a master mind, not only capable of devising and
executing beautiful experiments, but of assimilating those of others,
and deducing from them their true meaning. Although his additions to
the known chemical compounds were
manner. De Morveau 
 had suggested a nomenclature for salts; Black, too, had invent one; 
 but neither of these system was adapted to constitute the raw views. 
 It was partly with the aim of avoiding such embarrassment that 
 Lavoisier wrote his _ Treatise _. 

 He begin with a clear statement of what is broadly termed “ the 
 states of matter”--solid, liquid, and gaseous -- and point out 
 that solid and liquids are almost all capable of change into the 
 aeriform state of matter by the addition of “ caloric. ” Proceeding next to the 
 retainer of the nature of air, he shows that it must necessarily 
 contain all those gas capable of existence at the ordinary 
 temperature; and he explains how water - vapor must be one of them, 
 seeing that even though water is a liquid at the ordinary temperature, 
 it is capable, like many other liquids, of existing as vapour, when 
 mixed with other gases. He next treats of the analysis of air, and 
 describes his classical experiment of heat four ounces of mercury 
 for twelve days in a rejoinder convey with a chime - shaped receiver, 
 stand in a mercury trough. Having marked the initial height of the 
 air in the jolt by means of a piece of gummed paper, he found that, 
 after twelve days ’ heating close to the boiling - point, the air had 
 diminished in volume by approximately one - sixth, and that the mercury had 
 become cover with a red deposit of _ mercurius calcinatus per se _, 
 which, when collected, weighed 45 grains. The residual tune in the 
 retort and in the jar was incapable of supporting biography or combustion; 
 but the _ red precipitate _, when heated, lost 3½ grains of its 
 weight unit, yielding 41½ texture of metallic mercury, while it evolved 
 7 or 8 cubic inch of oxygen, capable of support the combustion 
 of a candle vividly, and of cause charcoal to burn with a crackle 
 noise, throwing out sparks. Oxygen was thus successfully separated from 
 air travel, and obtained from it in a pure condition for the first time, in a 
 single series of operations. 

 In Lavoisier we see a maestro mind, not only able of devising and 
 executing beautiful experiment, but of assimilating those of others, 
 and deducing from them their true meaning. Although his additions to 
 the known chemical compounds were
 majner. De Morveau
had suggerted a nomenclajuee for salts; Black, tuo, had invented one;
but neithxr od thewe systems was adapted to repredent the new ciews.
It was partly with fme oblert of avoiding xuch embarsassment that
Ldvuidier wrote his _Treatise_.

He begins wieh a clrag statement of whau if gehvrclly termed “the
states of matter”--aolid, lpquid, and gaseous--snd points out
that solids wnd piquids are almost all capablg of xhange into ghe
aeriform state by tge addition of “caloric.” Proceedivg nert to the
cobsudegdtion of thx natuge of air, he shows thdt it mist necessariln
contein qll those gases capabne of existence at the orditaxy
temperature; and he wxplainv hof wagwr-vxpohr mhst be onx of them,
sesing that ecen though water is a oiquid at the ordinwrr temperature,
it is capable, like many otver liquids, of existing as vapour, when
mixed witj other gwses. He next treats of the analysis of air, and
deswribea hiw glasrucwl experiment of heating four ounces of mercuwg
fpr twelve days ik a retort communivahimd with a bell-rhaped redeiver,
standing in w mercuty troygh. Havind matked the initial height of rhe
air in thv jae by means of a pizce of gummeb papet, he fpund that,
after twelve dcys’ hezting close to the bkkling-point, the akr mad
giminishta in volume by abjut one-sieth, aud that ghe kercurr had
becomf covcsed with a red deplsit lf _mercurius calcinatus per se_,
which, when collected, weighec 45 grdins. The resicual air in tre
retort and iu the jax was kncapable kf suppmrting life or combustiot;
hut the _red 'recipitaee_, wyen yeated, uust 3½ grains of its
weighn, vielding 41½ grains of metallig merzhry, while it evilvtd
7 or 8 cubic incnes of oqygxn, ca[dble of suppmrtivg gne coobustion
of c zandke vividly, and of cagsinf charcoal to burn wlth a craxkling
noyse, throwing put sparks. Oxygen aas tius surcessfilli separated from
air, and obtaines from it in a pure condytiok fot the first time, in a
single series of operations.

In Lavoisier we see q master mind, not ouln capable of devifing and
efecuting beautiful ezperiments, but of assimilating those or othess,
and deducing from them their true meaning. Although his additions to
the known chemiraj compounds werr
manner. De Morveau had suggested a nomenclature Black, had invented but neither of represent new views. It partly with the of avoiding such embarrassment that Lavoisier his _Treatise_. He begins with a clear statement of what is generally termed states of matter”--solid, liquid, and gaseous--and points out that solids and liquids are all of into aeriform state by the addition of “caloric.” Proceeding next to the consideration of the nature of he shows that it must necessarily contain all gases capable of existence the ordinary temperature; and he how must be of seeing even though water a liquid at the ordinary temperature, it is capable, like many other liquids, of existing as vapour, mixed with He next of analysis air, and describes experiment of heating four ounces of days in a retort communicating with a bell-shaped standing in mercury trough. Having marked the initial of the air in the jar by means a piece of gummed paper, he found that, after twelve days’ heating close to the air had diminished in by about one-sixth, that mercury become with a deposit of _mercurius calcinatus per se_, which, when collected, weighed 45 The residual air in the retort and in the jar of life or combustion; the _red precipitate_, when lost grains of its weight, grains metallic evolved or cubic inches of oxygen, of supporting the combustion of candle vividly, and of a crackling noise, throwing out sparks. Oxygen was successfully separated from air, and obtained from in a pure condition for the first time, in a single series operations. In see a master mind, not only capable of and executing beautiful experiments, of assimilating those of others, and deducing from them true Although his to the known compounds were
 manner. De Morveau
had suggestEd a nomenclAture For SalTs; blacK, too, Had invented one;
BUt neIther of these systems was AdaptEd TO repREsEnt thE new vieWS.
IT WAs pArTlY wiTh THe ObjecT of AvoidinG such embarRasSmEnt that
LavoiSIeR wrote his _TReaTise_.

He begins WitH a cleaR sTatEMent oF whAt is gEneralLY termeD “the
stateS oF Matter”--SOlid, liqUID, aNd gaSeous--and points out
THaT Solids and liquiDs are aLmOSt ALL caPabLe of change InTo the
AEriform STaTE BY thE Addition of “calOric.” ProceedINg nExt to tHe
ConSIderatIon of ThE NatUre of air, he sHows That it musT necesSArily
coNTain all Those gAseS caPablE Of ExIstEnCE at THe OrdINarY
temperaTuRe; And he ExplAINS How wAteR-vapOur muSt be one of them,
SeeIng tHAt eVen thOugh wAter Is A liquId at thE ordiNaRy temperature,
it Is caPable, like ManY oTheR lIquidS, Of exisTinG as Vapour, wHen
mixeD WitH oTHER gAses. He next treats of ThE ANaLysis of aIr, and
dEScRiBEs his claSsIcaL expERIment Of heATiNg four ouNces of MErCuRy
for twElVe days In A reTorT commUNicaTing wiTh a bell-sHaped REceiver,
standinG In a mercury troUGh. hAViNG marKed The initial hEighT Of thE
air IN tHe jAR by meAns of A pIEcE Of gummed paper, he founD tHat,
aftEr tweLve days’ heatinG close to thE BOIling-poiNt, thE AiR Had
diminished iN voluMe by about oNE-sixth, anD that The mercuRy had
becoME Covered wIth A reD dePosIT Of _Mercurius calcINAtus PeR se_,
whicH, whEn colleCteD, weIghEd 45 gRaIns. The resIdual air In ThE
rEtOrt And in THe jar was InCapAbLe oF suppORting lIfe or CombUsTiON;
buT the _red PReCIPitaTe_, WhEn heAteD, lOst 3½ grAins OF itS
weight, Yielding 41½ gRaiNS of mEtAlLic mercUry, while it evoLvEd
7 or 8 cubic iNcHes Of oxygEN, Capable oF supporting the combustioN
Of a candLe vIvidlY, and Of causing ChaRcoal tO buRN with a CracklIng
noIsE, thROWing oUT SpArkS. OXygen was thUS SucCessfUlLy seParated From
air, and obtained FRom It in a pure condItiOn foR THe FirST tIMe, iN a
SIngLE Series of operatiOns.

In LavoiSiER wE see a masteR MinD, nOt only cApable oF deviSIng and
eXecuting bEautiful eXpErimENTs, bUt of assimiLating thOse of otheRS,
and dEDuCing fRom Them thEiR trUe meaNing. AlTHouGh his AdditiOnS to
the Known ChEmical coMpounds were
 manner. De Morveau
had su ggested anomen cla tur eforsalt s; Black, too, hadinvented one;
but neit her o ft hese sy stems  was ad a pt e d  to  r ep res en t  t he ne w v iews.
I t was part lywi th the objec t  o f avoiding  su ch embarrass men t that 
L avo i sierwro te hi s _Tre a tise_. 

He begi ns with a clear s t a te ment  of what is gener a ll y  termed “the
s tatesof ma t t er” --s olid, liqu id , and gaseous - -a n d poi n ts out
that s olids and l i qui ds are  a lmo s t allcapab le ofchange into  the 
aeriform  state by thea ddition  of “c alo ric .” P r oc ee din gn ext to  th e 
co nsiderat io nof th e na t u r e  ofair , he  show s that it mus t n eces s ari ly
co ntain  all  t hosegasescapab le  of existence a t th e ordinar y
t em per at ure;a nd heexp lai ns howwater-v a pou rm u s tbe one of them,
se ei n g  t hat even  thoug h  w at e r is a l iq uid  att h e ord inar y  t emperatu re,
it is  c apable,  l ike ma ny  ot her  liqu i ds,of exi sting as  vapo u r, when
mixedw ith other gas e s. H en exttre ats of theanal y sisof a i r,  an d 
desc ribes  h i sc lassical experiment  o f heat ing f our ounces of  mercury
f o r twelve d aysi na  retort commun icati ng with ab ell-shap ed re ceiver,standingi n  a mercu rytro ugh . H a v in g marked thei n itia lheightofthe
air  in  th e j arby  means of  a piece  o fgu mm edpaper ,  he foun dtha t, 
af ter t w elve d ays’heat in gc los e to th e  b o i ling -p oi nt,the  a ir ha d
di m ini shed in  volume b y a b outon e- sixth,and that theme rcury hadbe com e cove r e d with a  red deposit of _mercur i us calc ina tus p er s e_,
which , w hen co lle c ted, w eighed  45 g ra ins . The r e s id ual  a ir in ther e tor t and  i n th e jar w as incapable of su p por ting life orcom bust i o n; 
bu t  t h e _ re d  pr e c ipitate_, whenheated, lo st 3½  grains of its 
w eight,yieldin g 41½ grainsof metall ic mercur y,  whi l e  it  evolved
7  or 8 cu bic inche s  of o x yg en, c apa ble of  s upp ortin g thec omb ustio n
of a  c andlevivid ly , and of  causing charcoal to bu rn wit h a c rac kling
noi se, thr owing out  spa rks. Oxyge n w asthussuc c essfu llys ep ara t ed fr om
a i r, and ob t ai ned f ro m it in a p u r e  co nditi onf or the  fir st time, in a
sin g le series of o pera t i ons .
I n La vo isier we see a  ma st e r  mind, n ot  only capab le of de vi s ing a nd
exe cuting  beauti f u le xperim ents , b ut of ass imi la t ing tho se  o f  other s,
a nd  deduc ing fr o m th e m  their true mean ing.A l thoug h  hi s add it ions to theknown chem ical compou nds we re
 manner._De Morveau
had_suggested a nomenclature for_salts; Black,_too,_had invented_one;
but_neither of these_systems was adapted_to represent the new_views.
It was partly_with_the object of avoiding such embarrassment that
Lavoisier wrote his _Treatise_.

He begins with a clear_statement_of what_is_generally_termed “the
states of matter”--solid, liquid,_and gaseous--and points out
that solids_and liquids_are almost all capable of change into the
aeriform_state_by the addition_of “caloric.” Proceeding next to the
consideration of the nature_of air, he shows that it_must necessarily
contain all_those_gases_capable of existence at_the ordinary
temperature; and he explains how_water-vapour must be one of them,
seeing_that even though water is a liquid_at the ordinary temperature,
it is capable,_like many other liquids, of_existing as_vapour, when
mixed with other gases._He next treats_of the_analysis of air,_and
describes his classical experiment of heating_four ounces of_mercury
for twelve days in a retort_communicating_with a bell-shaped_receiver,
standing_in_a mercury_trough. Having marked_the_initial height_of_the
air in the jar by means_of_a piece of gummed paper, he found_that,
after twelve days’ heating_close_to the boiling-point, the_air had
diminished in volume by_about one-sixth, and that the mercury_had
become covered_with a_red deposit of _mercurius calcinatus per se_,
which, when collected, weighed 45_grains. The residual air in the
retort_and in the jar_was incapable_of_supporting life or_combustion;
but_the _red_precipitate_, when heated, lost 3½ grains of_its
weight, yielding_41½ grains of metallic mercury, while_it evolved
7 or 8_cubic_inches of oxygen, capable of supporting_the combustion
of a candle vividly, and_of causing charcoal to burn_with_a_crackling
noise, throwing out sparks. Oxygen_was thus successfully separated from
air, and_obtained from it_in a pure condition for the first_time,_in a
single series of operations.

In Lavoisier_we_see a master mind, not only_capable_of_devising and
executing beautiful experiments, but_of assimilating those of others,
and deducing_from them their true meaning. Although his additions to
the_known chemical compounds_were