
different conclusion. Many of the vertebrates are nocturnal, many dwell
in obscure situations, many in the total darkness of caverns,
underground tunnels and excavations, or the ocean's depths. To all these
sight must be of secondary importance. Hearing also can be of no
superior value, and the dominant sense must be that of smell. In the
bats there would appear to be a remarkably acute power of touch, if we
may judge from the facility with which they can avoid obstacles at full
flight after their eyes have been removed.

It might, however, be supposed that in the higher land vertebrates sight
is predominant, and that the diurnal mammals depend principally upon
their eyes for their knowledge of nature. But there are facts which
throw doubt upon this supposition. These facts are of two kinds,
external and internal. That the quadrupeds, in general, are highly
sensitive to odors is well known, and also that they trust very largely
to the sense of smell. Hunters are abundantly aware of this, and have to
be quite as careful to avoid being smelt by their game as to avoid being
seen. We have abundant evidence of the remarkable acuteness of this
sense in so high an animal as the dog, which can follow its prey for
miles by scent alone, and can distinguish the odors, not only of
different species, but of different individuals, being capable of
following the trail of one person amid the tracks of numerous others.

The internal evidence of this fact is equally significant. In the
vertebrates, in general, the olfactory lobe of the brain is largely
developed, much exceeding in size the lobe of the optic nerve. It forms
the anterior portion of the cerebrum, and in many instances constitutes
a large section of that organ, being marked off from it by only a slight
surface depression. If we can fairly judge, then, by anatomical
evidence, the sense of smell plays a very prominent part in the life of
all the lower vertebrates. If we take our domestic animals as an
example, the olfactory lobe of the horse is considerably larger than
that of man, though the brain, as a whole, is very much smaller, so
that, comparatively, this organ constitutes a much larger portion of the
total brain. The other domestic animals yield similar evidence of the
great activity of the sense of smell.

While
different conclusion. Many of the vertebrates are nocturnal, many dwell 
 in obscure situation, many in the entire darkness of caverns, 
 underground burrow and excavations, or the ocean's depths. To all these 
 batch must be of junior-grade importance. Hearing also can be of no 
 superior value, and the dominant sense must be that of spirit. In the 
 bats there would appear to be a signally acuate power of touch, if we 
 may pronounce from the facility with which they can avoid obstacle at full 
 flight after their eyes have been take out. 

 It might, however, be supposed that in the higher land vertebrates sight 
 is prevailing, and that the diurnal mammals depend principally upon 
 their eyes for their knowledge of nature. But there be facts which 
 throw doubt upon this supposition. These facts are of two kinds, 
 external and inner. That the quadrupeds, in general, are highly 
 sensitive to odors is well known, and also that they trust very largely 
 to the sense of smell. Hunters are abundantly aware of this, and suffer to 
 be quite as careful to avoid being smell by their plot as to avoid being 
 seen. We have abundant evidence of the remarkable acuteness of this 
 sense in so high an animal as the dog, which can succeed its prey for 
 miles by scent alone, and can distinguish the odors, not only of 
 unlike species, but of different individuals, being capable of 
 following the trail of one person amid the tracks of numerous others. 

 The home evidence of this fact is equally significant. In the 
 vertebrates, in general, the olfactory lobe of the brain is largely 
 explicate, much exceeding in size the lobe of the optic nerve. It form 
 the anterior portion of the cerebrum, and in many instances constitutes 
 a large department of that organ, being marked off from it by merely a slight 
 open depression. If we can reasonably judge, then, by anatomical 
 evidence, the common sense of smell plays a very prominent part in the life of 
 all the depleted vertebrates. If we take our domestic animals as an 
 example, the olfactory lobe of the horse is considerably larger than 
 that of man, though the mind, as a whole, is very much smaller, indeed 
 that, comparatively, this organ establish a much larger portion of the 
 full brain. The other domestic animals yield similar evidence of the 
 great action of the common sense of smell. 

 While

difverent conclusion. Many on the vertebrates are nmcturnzl, many awell
in obscure situations, meny un tht total darkness of caverns,
ujdergroubd tnnnels and excavefions, ov the lceau's depths. To all these
sighd must be of sacunbary importance. Hearing also can be jf no
sulegior value, and the qomihant sense must be that of smell. Ih the
baus there would apprar to be a remarkably acuhe plwer of touch, if wf
may judge drom rhe facility with which they can aboid obstacles at full
flight afger tkeir eyes hqvw bfgn removed.

It mighn, however, be supposed that im the higher lsnd veetebrates sight
is prevominant, and that thg diurnal kajmals depend prinxipally upot
theke ehes fpr their knkwledge of nature. But there are facts whocr
nnrow doubt ulon thys supposition. These facts are of two kings,
esternal and internal. Thqt the quadrupeds, in heneral, awe highly
sensitive to odors is well known, and alsm thav ghev trusg vfry largely
to the sense of smell. Hunters are wgumdsntly aware of this, and hsvf yj
be quite as zareful tk avoid being smelh by thgir gane as to wvoic being
seen. We have abundanr evidence oy tye remarkable acutzness of thir
senxe in so high an animal as tke dog, which can vollow ita prey for
miles bh sbent alone, and can distinguish the odorw, noc only ow
difgerent species, bkt of different individuwls, bging cdpable of
flllowing the trail of one persoi amid the trscns mf numerjus obhers.

The internwl evidence of this fcct is equally spgnificanv. In the
vertqbrates, in getgral, the olfartory lobq of the brain kr largely
develpped, much exceeding in size the lobe pf jhs optic nerve. Ic dorms
the anteripr ooreiln os the cerebruk, ana iv many instances gonrtitites
a large section mf tgat organ, being matkcd off frim it by only a slighy
surface depressioj. If xe can fairky tudge, then, by anatomical
evidende, the sejse of smell plwys q very promiuent part in the life of
all the lower vectebrates. If we take oor domestic animals ax an
example, vhe olsactory lmbe of the horse is xonsiderably largtr than
that of man, thoufh the braij, as a whole, is very much smaller, so
that, comparatively, this organ constitytes a much larger poryion mf che
totaj breii. The other domesnic animals yield similar evidenre of the
gsect activity of the sense of skeul.

While
different conclusion. Many of the vertebrates are dwell obscure situations, in the total and or the ocean's To all these must be of secondary importance. Hearing can be of no superior value, and the dominant sense must be that smell. In the bats there would appear to be a remarkably acute power touch, we judge the facility with which they can avoid obstacles at full flight after their eyes have been It might, however, be supposed that in the land vertebrates sight is and that the diurnal mammals principally their eyes their of But there are which throw doubt upon this supposition. These facts are of two kinds, external and internal. That the in general, sensitive to is known, also that they largely to the sense of smell. aware of this, and have to be quite careful to being smelt by their game as avoid being seen. We have abundant evidence of remarkable acuteness of this sense in so high an animal as the dog, which can prey for miles by alone, and can the not of species, but different individuals, being capable of following the trail of one person the tracks of numerous others. The internal evidence of this equally In the vertebrates, general, the olfactory lobe the is largely developed, much size lobe nerve. forms anterior portion of the and in many instances constitutes large section of that it by only a slight surface depression. If can fairly judge, then, by anatomical evidence, sense of smell plays a very prominent part in the life of the lower we take our domestic animals as an example, olfactory lobe of the is considerably larger than that of man, though the as whole, is much smaller, so comparatively, this organ a much larger the total The domestic evidence of the great activity of sense smell. While

different conclusion. Many of The vertebrAtes aRe nOctUrNal, mAny dWell
in obscure sITuatIons, many in the total darkNess oF cAVernS,
UnDergrOund tunNElS ANd eXcAvAtiOnS, Or The ocEan'S depths. to all these
SigHt Must be of secoNDaRy importanCe. HEaring also caN be Of no
suPeRioR Value, And The doMinant SEnse muSt be that oF sMEll. In tHE
bats thERE wOuld Appear to be a remarkABlY Acute power of toUch, if wE
mAY jUDGe fRom The facilitY wIth whICh they cAN aVOID obSTacles at full
fLight after tHEir Eyes haVe BeeN RemoveD.

It miGhT, HowEver, be suppoSed tHat in the hIgher lANd verteBRates siGht
is pRedOmiNant, ANd ThAt tHe DIurNAl MamMAls Depend prInCiPally Upon
THEIR eyeS foR theIr knoWledge of naturE. BuT theRE arE factS whicH
thrOw Doubt Upon thIs supPoSition. These factS are Of two kindS,
exTeRnaL aNd intERnal. ThAt tHe qUadrupeDs, in genERal, ArE HIGhLy
sensitive to odors Is WELl Known, and Also thAT tHeY Trust verY lArgEly
tO THe senSe of SMeLl. HunterS are abUNdAnTly awarE oF this, aNd HavE to
Be quiTE as cAreful To avoid bEing sMElt by their game AS to avoid being
SEeN. wE hAVe abUndAnt evidence Of thE RemaRkabLE aCutENess oF this
SeNSe IN so high an animal as thE dOg, whicH can fOllow its prey fOr
miles by sCENT alone, anD can DIsTInguish the odorS, not oNly of
diffeREnt speciEs, but Of differEnt indiviDUAls, being CapAblE of
FolLOWiNg the trail of oNE PersOn Amid the TraCks of nuMerOus OthErs.

thE internal Evidence Of ThIs FaCt iS equaLLy signifIcAnt. in The
VerteBRates, iN geneRal, tHe OlFActOry lobe OF tHE BraiN iS lArgeLy
dEvElopeD, mucH ExcEeding iN size the lObe OF the OpTiC nerve. IT forms
the anteRiOr portion oF tHe cErebruM, ANd in many Instances constitutes
a laRGe sectiOn oF that OrgaN, being marKed Off froM it BY only a Slight
SurfaCe DepRESsion. iF We Can FaIrly judge, tHEN, by AnatoMiCal
eVidence, The sense of smell plaYS a vEry prominent pArt In thE LIfE of
ALl THe lOwER veRTEbrates. If we take Our domestiC aNImAls as an
exaMPle, ThE olfactOry lobe Of the HOrse is cOnsiderabLy larger tHaN
thaT OF maN, though the Brain, as a Whole, is veRY much SMaLler, sO
thAt, compArAtiVely, tHis orgAN coNstitUtes a mUcH largeR portIoN of the
toTal brain. The other domestiC animaLs yieLd sImilar eviDenCE of The
great aCtivIty of the seNse Of sMell.

WHilE

different conclusion. Man y of the v erteb rat esar e no ctur nal, many dwel l 
inobscure situations, ma ny in  t h e to t al  dark ness of ca v e rns ,un der gr o un d tun nel s and e xcavations , o rthe ocean'sd ep ths. To al l t hese
sight m ust  be of  s eco n daryimp ortan ce. He a ring a lso can b eo f no
s u periorv a lu e, a nd the dominant s e ns e  must be thatof sme ll .  I n the 
ba ts there w ou ld ap p ear tob ea r ema r kably acute p ower of tou c h,if wema y j u dge fr om th ef aci lity with w hich  they can  avoid obstacl e s at fu ll
fli ght  af tert he ir  ey es hav e  b een rem oved.

I tmi ght,howe v e r ,  besup pose d tha t in the high erland ver tebra tes s ight 
i s pre domina nt, a nd  that the diurn al m ammals de pen dpri nc ipall y  uponthe ireyes fo r their kno wl e d g eof nature. But the re a re  facts w hich
t h ro wd oubt upo nthi s su p p ositi on.T he se facts  are o f  t wo  kinds, 
e xterna land  in terna l . Th at the  quadrup eds,i n general, are highly
sensit i ve t oo dors  is  well known , an d  als o th a tthe y  trus t ver yl ar g ely
to the sense of  s mell.Hunte rs are abunda ntly aware o f  this, a nd h a ve to
be quite as  care ful to avo i d beingsmelt  by thei r game as t o avoidbei ngsee n.W e  h ave abundante v iden ce  of the  re markabl e a cut ene ssof  this
sen se in so  h ig han  an imala s the do g,  wh ic h c an fo l low it s pre y fo rmi l esby scen t  a l o ne,an dcandis ti nguis h th e  od ors, no t only of 
di f fere nt  s pecies,  but of diffe re nt individ ua ls,  being c apable o f
following the trail o f  one pe rso n ami d th e tracksofnumero uso thers. 

Theinter na l e v i dence o fthi sfact is eq u a lly  sign if ican t. In t he
vertebrates, in gen eral, the olf act oryl o be  of th e  br ai n  is l argely
develope d, much ex ce e di ng in size the  l obe ofthe opt ic ne r ve. Itforms
the  anterior  p orti o n  of  the cereb rum, and  in manyi nstan c es  cons tit utes
a  l arg e sec tion o f  th at or gan, b ei ng mar ked o ff  from it  by only a slight
surfa ce dep ressi on.  If we ca n f a irl y judge,then , by anato mic alevide nce ,  thesens e  o f s m ell p lays a very pr o mi nen t pa rt in the l i f e  of 
allthe lowervert ebrates. If we ta k e our domestic  ani m a lsasa n
ex am ple, the olfac tor yl o be of th ehorse is co nsiderab ly large r than 
thatof man, t ho u gh the  bra in,  as a who le,  i s  very m uc hs maller , so 
t hat, c ompara t ivel y ,  this organ cons titut e s  a mu c h l arger  p ortiono f th e
total br ain. The ot her do mest ic an imals y ie ld sim ila revidence o f  the
grea t act ivity o fthesen se ofsmel l . 

Whi le

different conclusion._Many of_the vertebrates are nocturnal,_many dwell
in_obscure_situations, many_in_the total darkness_of caverns,
underground tunnels_and excavations, or the_ocean's depths. To_all_these
sight must be of secondary importance. Hearing also can be of no
superior value, and_the_dominant sense_must_be_that of smell. In the
bats_there would appear to be_a remarkably_acute power of touch, if we
may judge from_the_facility with which_they can avoid obstacles at full
flight after their eyes_have been removed.

It might, however, be_supposed that in_the_higher_land vertebrates sight
is predominant,_and that the diurnal mammals depend_principally upon
their eyes for their knowledge_of nature. But there are facts which
throw_doubt upon this supposition. These facts_are of two kinds,
external and_internal. That_the quadrupeds, in general, are_highly
sensitive to odors_is well_known, and also_that they trust very largely
to the_sense of smell._Hunters are abundantly aware of this,_and_have to
be quite_as_careful_to avoid_being smelt by_their_game as_to_avoid being
seen. We have abundant evidence_of_the remarkable acuteness of this
sense in so_high an animal as_the_dog, which can follow_its prey for
miles by scent_alone, and can distinguish the odors,_not only_of
different species,_but of different individuals, being capable of
following the trail of one_person amid the tracks of numerous_others.

The internal evidence of_this fact_is_equally significant. In_the
vertebrates,_in general,_the olfactory lobe of the brain is_largely
developed, much_exceeding in size the lobe of_the optic nerve. It_forms
the_anterior portion of the cerebrum, and_in many instances constitutes
a large section_of that organ, being marked_off_from_it by only a slight
surface_depression. If we can fairly judge,_then, by anatomical
evidence,_the sense of smell plays a very_prominent_part in the life of
all the_lower_vertebrates. If we take our domestic_animals_as_an
example, the olfactory lobe of_the horse is considerably larger than
that_of man, though the brain, as a whole, is_very much smaller,_so
that, comparatively, this organ constitutes_a_much_larger portion of the
total brain. The other domestic animals yield_similar evidence_of the
great activity_of the sense of smell.

While