 Greenlanders know of many supernatural beings of a higher order.
Among those who stand nearest to man, and are most useful to him through
the medium of the angekoks, we must first name the so-called _tornat_
(the plural of _tornak_). These are the angekoks' ministering spirits,
who impart to them their supernatural power. They are often said to be
souls of the dead, especially of grandfathers or other ancestors; but
they may also be the souls of various animals, or other supernatural
beings, either of human origin, like the _kivigtut_, to be hereafter
mentioned, or independent spiritual essences dwelling in the sea or far
inland. They may also be the souls of absent Europeans. An angekok would
as a rule have several, some acting as councillors, others as helpers in
danger, and others, again, as avengers and destroyers. These last were
despatched by the angekok to show themselves in the form of ghosts, and
thus to frighten to death those against whom the vengeance was directed.

In connection with, or superior to, the tornat, we find the
_tornarssuk_, which is generally held to be their master, or a
particularly powerful tornak. The tornarssuk was regarded as, on the
whole, a benevolent power; through his tornak the angekok could get into
communication with him and obtain wise counsels. But evil deeds seem
often to have been attributed to him. With him, as with all the other
supernatural beings, it probably depended on the angekoks whether he
should be beneficent or the reverse. His home lay in the under-world,
in the land of the souls. As to his appearance, ideas were very vague;
some holding that he had no form at all; others that he was like a bear;
others, again, that he was huge and had only one arm; and some, finally,
that he was no larger than a finger. As to his nature, according to Hans
Egede, there was no less difference of opinion; for while some held that
he was immortal, others believed that it needed very little to kill him.
Thus Egede relates that during an angekok's magic operations, or while
he
Greenlanders know of many supernatural beings of a higher order. 
 Among those who digest nearest to valet, and are most useful to him through 
 the medium of the angekoks, we must foremost name the so - called _ tornat _ 
 (the plural of _ tornak _). These are the angekoks' minister spirits, 
 who impart to them their supernatural ability. They are often said to be 
 soul of the dead, especially of grandfather or other ancestors; but 
 they may also be the souls of various animals, or other supernatural 
 being, either of human origin, like the _ kivigtut _, to be hereafter 
 mentioned, or independent apparitional essences dwelling in the sea or far 
 inland. They may also be the soul of absent Europeans. An angekok would 
 as a rule have several, some acting as council member, others as helpers in 
 danger, and others, again, as avengers and destroyers. These last were 
 despatched by the angekok to usher themselves in the form of ghosts, and 
 thus to frighten to death those against whom the vengeance was directed. 

 In connection with, or superior to, the tornat, we find the 
 _ tornarssuk _, which is generally held to be their maestro, or a 
 particularly powerful tornak. The tornarssuk was involve as, on the 
 whole, a benevolent power; through his tornak the angekok could get into 
 communication with him and obtain fresh counsels. But evil deeds seem 
 frequently to have been attributed to him. With him, as with all the other 
 supernatural beings, it probably depended on the angekoks whether he 
 should be beneficent or the reverse. His home plate lay in the under - world, 
 in the land of the souls. As to his appearance, mind were very obscure; 
 some holding that he had no form at all; others that he was like a bear; 
 others, again, that he was huge and had merely one arm; and some, finally, 
 that he was no larger than a finger. As to his nature, harmonize to Hans 
 Egede, there was no less difference of opinion; for while some held that 
 he was immortal, others believe that it needed very fiddling to kill him. 
 Thus Egede associate that during an angekok's magic process, or while 
 he
 Grfenlanders know of many rupernatural benbgs of a higger ordef.
Among those who stand nearedt to mqn, and are most useful to him tjrough
thw mevium of the angekoks, we must fjvst ncmx the so-called _jornat_
(the plgral of _tornak_). Tfede are the angekoks' ministering spiwits,
who ilpart to them jheir fupednatural power. They are often said to be
smuls of the drad, especially of grandfatjers or other ancestord; but
they mqy ajwo be the sojls of varpmus animala, or other supernatural
beings, ekther of human irugij, like the _kmvigtun_, to be hereanner
menthoned, ot independent xpicituql essences dwelling mn the sea or far
inlwnd. They kav also be the souls od qbsenj Eurmpeavw. Av ahgxkoi woulf
as a rule habe several, wome acting as counvijoors, others aa helpqrf in
danger, and others, again, as avengers ans destroyers. These last were
despatched by thg angekok eo show themselves in the form of ghosts, and
thus do frmgfteu to ddqtj those against whom the vengeance was directqs.

Im bonnection with, ov superior to, the yognsj, we find the
_turnarssuk_, which is generallj held jo be rheir masuer, ot a
particularly powerful toenak. The toruarwsuk was regarded cs, on the
whoue, a benefolent power; through hir todnak the anhekok couma get into
communkcanion with him and obtain wise sounsels. Uut eril deedr segm
often to have bfen abdributed to him. Wihh hil, ds with alp the other
supernatural beings, mv probably dekenged on the cngekols whether he
fhould be beneyicent ox the feverse. Hia home nay in the tnder-world,
in dje land of tie souls. Ws ti hiw appeafxnce, ideas werr very vaybe;
some hooding that he had ko fotm at all; others ckau ye was like a neaf;
otregs, egain, dhat he was vuge ana had unly ont avm; xnd xome, finally,
that he fas ho larger than a fonner. As to his nattre, according to Hans
Egede, thert was io lesr difgergnce of opinion; for while some geld that
je ras immortal, othcrs felieved tkat it needed very little to kill him.
Thuw Egede relates thqt during an angekol'x magic opecationf, or whila
he
Greenlanders know of many supernatural beings of order. those who nearest to man, him the medium of angekoks, we must name the so-called _tornat_ (the plural _tornak_). These are the angekoks' ministering spirits, who impart to them their supernatural They are often said to be souls of the dead, especially of grandfathers other but may be the souls of various animals, or other supernatural beings, either of human origin, like the to be hereafter mentioned, or independent spiritual essences in the sea or inland. They may also be souls absent Europeans. angekok as rule have several, acting as councillors, others as helpers in danger, and others, again, as avengers and destroyers. These last despatched by to show in form ghosts, and thus to death those against whom the In connection with, or superior to, the tornat, find the which is generally held to be master, or a particularly powerful tornak. The tornarssuk regarded as, on the whole, a benevolent power; through his tornak the angekok could get with him and obtain counsels. But evil seem to been to him. him, as with all the other supernatural beings, it probably depended the angekoks whether he should be beneficent or the reverse. lay the under-world, in land of the souls. to appearance, ideas were very holding he at others he was like a others, again, that he was and had only one he was no larger than a finger. As his nature, according to Hans Egede, there no less difference of opinion; for while some held that he was others believed needed very little to kill him. Thus Egede that during an angekok's operations, or while he
 Greenlanders know of many supErnatural bEings Of a HigHeR ordEr.
AmOng those who staND neaRest to man, and are most useFul to HiM ThroUGh
The meDium of tHE aNGEkoKs, We MusT fIRsT name The So-calleD _tornat_
(the PluRaL of _tornak_). TheSE aRe the angekOks' Ministering sPirIts,
who ImParT To theM thEir suPernatURal powEr. They are OfTEn said TO be
soulS OF tHe deAd, especially of graNDfAThers or other anCestorS; bUT
tHEY maY alSo be the souLs Of varIOus animALs, OR OTheR Supernatural
bEings, either OF huMan oriGiN, liKE the _kiVigtuT_, tO Be hEreafter
menTionEd, or indepEndent SPirituaL EssenceS dwellIng In tHe seA Or FaR
inLaND. ThEY mAy aLSo bE the soulS oF aBsent euroPEANS. An aNgeKok wOuld
aS a rule have sevEraL, somE ActIng as CouncIlloRs, OtherS as helPers iN
dAnger, and others, aGain, As avengerS anD dEstRoYers. THEse lasT weRe
dEspatchEd by the ANgeKoK TO ShOw themselves in the fOrM OF gHosts, and
Thus to FRiGhTEn to deatH tHosE agaINSt whoM the VEnGeance waS direcTEd.

in ConnectIoN with, oR sUpeRioR to, thE TornAt, we fiNd the
_torNarssUK_, which is generaLLy held to be theIR mASTeR, Or a
pArtIcularly powErfuL TornAk. ThE ToRnaRSsuk wAs regArDEd AS, on the
whole, a benevolEnT power; ThrouGh his tornak thE angekok coULD Get into
cOmmuNIcATion with him and ObtaiN wise counsELs. But eviL deedS seem
oftEn to have bEEN attribuTed To hIm. WIth HIM, aS with all the otHER
supErNatural BeiNgs, it prObaBly DepEndEd On the angeKoks whetHeR hE
sHoUld Be benEFicent or ThE reVeRse. his hoME lay in The unDer-wOrLd,
IN thE land of THe SOUls. AS tO hIs apPeaRaNce, idEas wERe vEry vaguE;
some holdIng THat hE hAd No form aT all; others thaT hE was like a bEaR;
otHers, agAIN, that he wAs huge and had only one arm; aND some, fiNalLy,
thaT he wAs no largeR thAn a finGer. aS to his Nature, AccorDiNg tO hAns
EgEDE, tHerE wAs no less diFFEreNce of OpInioN; for whiLe some held that
he waS ImmOrtal, others beLieVed tHAT iT neEDeD VerY lITtlE TO kill him.
Thus EgeDe relates tHaT DuRing an angeKOk's MaGic operAtions, oR whilE
He
 Greenlanders know of many  supernatu ral b ein gsof  a h ighe r order.
Among thos e who stand nearest to  man,  a n d ar e  m ost u seful t o  h i m  th ro ug h
t he me diumofthe ang ekoks, wemus tfirst name t h eso-called_to rnat_
(the p lur al of_t orn a k_).The se ar e thea ngekok s' minist er i ng spi r its,
wh o im part  to them their su p er n atural power.They a re of t e n s aid  to be
sou ls  of t h e dead, es p e c ial l y of grandfat hers or oth e r a ncesto rs ; b u t
they  mayal s o b e the souls  ofvarious a nimals ,  or oth e r super natura l
b ein gs,e it he r o fh uma n  o rig i n,like the  _ ki vigtu t_,t o b e he rea fter 
ment ioned, or ind epe nden t  sp iritu al es senc es  dwel ling i n the  s ea or far
inlan d. T hey may a lso  b e t he  soul s  of ab sen t E uropean s. An a n gek ok w o ul d
as a rule have s ev e r al , some a ctinga sco u ncillors ,oth ersa s  help ersi ndanger,and ot h er s,  again,  a s aven ge rsand  dest r oyer s. The se lastwered espatched by t h e angekok tos ho w th e msel ves  in the for m of ghos ts,a nd 
th u s tofrigh te n  t o  death those agains twhom t he ve ngeance was d irected.
I n connecti on w i th ,  or superior t o, th e tornat,w e find t he
_t ornarssu k_, which i s genera lly  he ldtob e  t heir master,o r  a
p ar ticular lypowerfu l t orn ak.  Th etornarssu k was re ga rd ed  a s,on th e 
whole,aben ev ole nt po w er; th rough  his  t or n akthe ang e ko k coul dge t in toco mmuni cati o n w ith him  and obta inw iseco un sels. B ut evil deeds  s eem
oftento  ha ve bee n attribut ed to him. With him, as with al l t he ot hersupernatu ral  being s,i t prob ably d epend ed  on t he an g e ko kswh ether he
s h o uld  be b en efic ent orthe reverse. His h o melay in the un der -wor l d ,int he lan do f t h e  souls. As to h is appeara nc e ,ideas were ver yvague;some ho lding that he  had no f orm at al l;  oth e r s t hat he was  like abear;
oth e rs, a g ai n, th athe was  h uge  andhad on l y o ne ar m; and  s ome, f inall y, 
that he  was no larger than a f inger.  As t o h is nature , a c cor ding to H ansEgede, the rewas  no l ess diffe renc e  o f o p inion ; fo r  while so m ehel d th at
he was i m m o rta l, ot her s  belie vedthat it needed ve r y little to ki ll h i m .
T hus Eged erelates that d uri ng a n angeko k' s magic ope rations,  o r  whil e
he
 Greenlanders_know of_many supernatural beings of_a higher_order.
Among_those who_stand_nearest to man,_and are most_useful to him through
the_medium of the_angekoks,_we must first name the so-called _tornat_
(the plural of _tornak_). These are the angekoks'_ministering_spirits,
who impart_to_them_their supernatural power. They are_often said to be
souls of_the dead,_especially of grandfathers or other ancestors; but
they may_also_be the souls_of various animals, or other supernatural
beings, either of human_origin, like the _kivigtut_, to be_hereafter
mentioned, or independent_spiritual_essences_dwelling in the sea_or far
inland. They may also be_the souls of absent Europeans. An_angekok would
as a rule have several, some_acting as councillors, others as helpers_in
danger, and others, again, as_avengers and_destroyers. These last were
despatched by_the angekok to_show themselves_in the form_of ghosts, and
thus to frighten to_death those against_whom the vengeance was directed.

In connection_with,_or superior to,_the_tornat,_we find_the
_tornarssuk_, which is_generally_held to_be_their master, or a
particularly powerful tornak._The_tornarssuk was regarded as, on the
whole, a_benevolent power; through his_tornak_the angekok could get_into
communication with him and obtain_wise counsels. But evil deeds seem
often_to have_been attributed_to him. With him, as with all the other
supernatural beings, it_probably depended on the angekoks whether_he
should be beneficent or_the reverse._His_home lay in_the_under-world,
in the_land of the souls. As to his_appearance, ideas_were very vague;
some holding that he_had no form at_all;_others that he was like a_bear;
others, again, that he was huge_and had only one arm;_and_some,_finally,
that he was no larger_than a finger. As to his_nature, according to_Hans
Egede, there was no less difference of_opinion;_for while some held that
he was_immortal,_others believed that it needed very_little_to_kill him.
Thus Egede relates that_during an angekok's magic operations, or_while
he