, with and by whose direction her next
descent on England was to be made. But this, too, availed nothing.
Though first so successful that Edward fled, later on, he too returned,
but, unlike Margaret, to conquer. For at Barnet the great earl fell,
and with him the last hope of Lancaster.

This remarkable battle is instructive as showing how slow was the
change in tactics during feudal days. There was still the feeling of
personal chieftaincy, so strongly held, that the result of the battle
depended largely on the life of one of its leaders. With the death of
Warwick the battle became a rout, and the feudal retainers fled when
the head of their house fell. Again, to deal with the special political
details which brought about the great fight would be foreign to the
object of this book. The battle of Barnet must be taken as a type of
the progress, such as it was, that had been made in the art of war
since Crecy and Poitiers had been won. It began thus. Edward, after a
five months’ exile, had landed at Ravenspur, and by the time he reached
Nottingham he had raised an army of about ten thousand men, with, it
is said, three hundred Flemings armed with handguns, and apparently
some other artillery. On the other side, the Lancastrians, about equal
in strength, had also some artillery, and had taken up a position on
Gladmore, or Hadley Heath, north of Chipping Barnet, and awaited the
approach of the Yorkists. The night preceding the battle was dark and
gloomy, and the morning broke in heavy mists and rain; notwithstanding
which the troops engaged between four and five o’clock on the morning
of Easter Day, the 14th of April 1471.

[Illustration: _Battle of Barnet (From a M. S. at Ghent)_]

Warwick had at first his artillery on his extreme right, and this fired
through the gloom, but with no effect, as Edward’s right wing did not
extend so far, and was overlapped by the Lancastrians. This army was
commanded by the Earl of Oxford, who led the van, and by the Marquis
of Montagu, who led the second line; the left wing
, with and by whose direction her next 
 descent on England was to be made. But this, excessively, avail nothing. 
 Though first so successful that Edward fled, by and by on, he too reelect, 
 but, unlike Margaret, to appropriate. For at Barnet the great earl fell, 
 and with him the concluding hope of Lancaster. 

 This remarkable conflict is instructive as showing how slow was the 
 variety in tactics during feudal days. There was still the feeling of 
 personal chieftaincy, so strongly apply, that the result of the battle 
 depended largely on the life sentence of one of its leaders. With the death of 
 Warwick the battle became a mob, and the feudal retainers flee when 
 the head of their house fell. Again, to deal with the especial political 
 details which brought about the great fight would be foreign to the 
 aim of this record. The battle of Barnet must be taken as a type of 
 the progress, such as it was, that had been made in the art of war 
 since Crecy and Poitiers had been won. It began thus. Edward, after a 
 five calendar month ’ exile, had landed at Ravenspur, and by the time he pass 
 Nottingham he had raise an army of about ten thousand men, with, it 
 is say, three hundred Flemings armed with handguns, and apparently 
 some other weapon. On the other side, the Lancastrians, about equal 
 in strength, had also some artillery, and had taken up a position on 
 Gladmore, or Hadley Heath, north of Chipping Barnet, and awaited the 
 approach of the Yorkists. The night precede the struggle was dark and 
 gloomy, and the morning broke in heavy mist and rain; notwithstanding 
 which the troops engaged between four and five o’clock on the morning 
 of Easter Day, the 14th of April 1471. 

 [ Illustration: _ Battle of Barnet (From a M.   S. at Ghent) _ ] 

 Warwick had at first his artillery on his extreme right field, and this fired 
 through the gloom, but with no effect, as Edward ’s right wing did not 
 extend thus far, and was overlapped by the Lancastrians. This united states army was 
 commanded by the Earl of Oxford, who led the van, and by the Marquis 
 of Montagu, who led the second line; the leftover wing
, wihh and by whose directiok her next
descenj in Engnand wzs to be made. But this, too, availed nltying.
Tyough first so successwul that Vdward flwd, leter on, he too rxfurned,
bmc, unljne Mcrjaret, to conquet. For at Bartet the great aafl fell,
and with him the last hope of Jancastrr.

Hhis remarkablg batule is jnstructive as showing how slow waa the
chenge in tactics during feudal days. There aas dtill the feeling lf
personal xhiesraincy, so stfongly held, that the rgsult of the battle
depended largdly ou the life if onf of its leavers. Wpth the death of
Warwiwk the nattle became s rmut, and the feudal retaiiers fled when
the hewd of thehr house fell. Again, ti dean widh tfw soecjak lolitifal
vetails whidh brought qbout the great fignt qould be forejgn to tre
object of this book. The battle of Bartet must be taken as a typw of
the progress, such as it waf, that had been made in the art of war
since Crecy and 'oktitrw had vefn won. It began thus. Edward, after a
five monthf’ ecike, had landed ct Ravenspur, and bj yre time he rexched
Nottjngham he had raisfd an atmy of about teg thpusand men, with, it
is said, tyree hundred Dlemings armed witk handguns, aud appsrentky
some other artillery. Un tge other sife, the Lahzastrians, about dqusl
hn strength, had also some wrtillery, and had tayen op a pofition on
Gpadmova, or Hadley Heath, jorth ox Chipping Barnet, and awaited the
approach of the Yorkisjs. Dhe night pxecedikg the battle wws dark and
glopmy, and the oorning brkke in ieavy mists wnd rain; notwhjhstanding
whirh the trjops engqged begdeen four and give o’clobk on rhe morning
of Eastcr Dai, fhe 14th of April 1471.

[Iloustration: _Battke uf Fagnev (Froi a M. S. at Ghett)_]

Wafwizl had at first hls xrtiklery on his extreme riggt, and this fired
tnrjugh the gloom, btt with no efgect, as Edward’s rihht wmng div not
ectegd so far, and was overlapped bg the Lanfasbrians. This awmy qas
commanded by the Earl of Oxford, who led the van, end by the Marquis
of Mobtagu, who led the sgcokd line; the keft ring
, with and by whose direction her on was to made. But this, so that Edward fled, on, he too but, unlike Margaret, to conquer. For Barnet the great earl fell, and with him the last hope of Lancaster. remarkable battle is instructive as showing how slow was the change in tactics feudal There still feeling of personal chieftaincy, so strongly held, that the result of the battle depended largely on life of one of its leaders. With the of Warwick the battle a rout, and the feudal fled the head their fell. to deal with special political details which brought about the great fight would be foreign to the object of this The battle must be as type the progress, such was, that had been made in war since Crecy and Poitiers had been won. began thus. after a five months’ exile, had at Ravenspur, and by the time he reached he had raised an army of about ten thousand men, with, it is said, three armed with handguns, and some other artillery. the side, Lancastrians, equal in had also some artillery, and had taken up a position on or Hadley Heath, north of Chipping Barnet, and awaited the the The night preceding battle was dark and and morning broke in heavy rain; which between and o’clock on the morning Easter Day, the 14th of 1471. [Illustration: _Battle of at Ghent)_] Warwick had at first his artillery his extreme right, and this fired through gloom, but with no effect, as Edward’s right wing did not extend far, and by the Lancastrians. This army was commanded by Earl of Oxford, who the van, and by the Marquis of Montagu, who the line; the wing
, with and by whose direction heR next
desceNt on ENglAnd WaS to bE madE. But this, too, avaILed nOthing.
Though first so sucCessfUl THat EDWaRd fleD, later oN, He TOO reTuRnEd,
bUt, UNlIke MaRgaRet, to coNquer. For at barNeT the great earL FeLl,
and with hIm tHe last hope of lanCaster.

thIs rEMarkaBle BattlE is insTRuctivE as showinG hOW slow wAS the
chaNGE iN tacTics during feudal dAYs. tHere was still thE feeliNg OF
pERSonAl cHieftaincy, So StronGLy held, tHAt THE ResULt of the battle
Depended larGEly On the lIfE of ONe of itS leadErS. witH the death of
warwIck the batTle becAMe a rout, ANd the feUdal reTaiNerS fleD WhEn
The HeAD of THeIr hOUse Fell. AgaiN, tO dEal wiTh thE SPECial PolIticAl
detAils which brouGht AbouT The Great Fight WoulD bE foreIgn to tHe
objEcT of this book. The bAttlE of Barnet MusT bE taKeN as a tYPe of
thE prOgrEss, such As it was, THat HaD BEEn Made in the art of war
sInCE crEcy and PoItiers HAd BeEN won. It beGaN thUs. EdWARd, aftEr a
fIVe Months’ exIle, had LAnDeD at RaveNsPur, and By The TimE he reAChed
nottinGham he haD raisED an army of about TEn thousand men, WItH, IT
iS Said, ThrEe hundred FlEminGS armEd wiTH hAndGUns, anD appaReNTlY
Some other artillery. ON tHe otheR side, The LancastriaNs, about equAL
IN strengtH, had ALsO Some artillery, aNd had Taken up a poSItion on
GLadmoRe, or HadlEy Heath, noRTH of ChippIng barNet, And AWAiTed the
approacH OF the yoRkists. THe nIght preCedIng The BatTlE was dark aNd
gloomy, AnD tHe MoRniNg broKE in heavy MiSts AnD raIn; notWIthstaNding
WhicH tHe TRooPs engagED bETWeen FoUr And fIve O’cLock oN the MOrnIng
of EaSter Day, thE 14th OF AprIl 1471.

[ilLustratIon: _Battle of BaRnEt (From a M. S. aT GHenT)_]

WarwiCK Had at firSt his artillery on his extrEMe right, And This fIred
Through thE glOom, but WitH No effeCt, as EdWard’s RiGht WINg did NOT
eXteNd So far, and waS OVerLappeD bY the lancastRians. This army was
coMManDed by the Earl oF OxFord, WHO lEd tHE vAN, anD bY The mARquis
of Montagu, wHo led the seCoND lIne; the left WIng
, with and by whose direct ion her ne xt
de sce nton  Eng land  was to be mad e . Bu t this, too, availed n othin g. Thou g hfirst  so suc c es s f ulth at  Ed wa r dfled,  la ter on,  he too re tur ne d,
but, unli k eMargaret,toconquer. For  at  Barne tthe great  ea rl fe ll,
an d  withhim the l as t  hopeo f Lanca s t er .

T his remarkable ba t tl e  is instructiv e as s ho w in g how  sl ow was the 
c hange in tact i cs d u rin g  feudal days.  There wass til l thefe eli n g of
p erson al chi eftaincy, s o st rongly he ld, th a t the r e sult of  the b att ledepe n de dlar ge l y o n  t hel ife  of oneof  i ts le ader s . W iththe  dea th of 
Warwick thebat tleb eca me arout,  and  t he fe udal r etain er s fled when
the  hea d of thei r h ou sefe ll. A g ain, t o d eal  with t he spec i alpo l i t ic al
details which b ro u g ht  about t he gre a tfi g ht would  b e f orei g n  to t he
o b je ct of th is boo k .Th e battl eof Bar ne t m ust  be t a kenas a t ype of
t he pr o gress, such as it was, thath ad b ee n  mad e i n the art o f wa r 
sin ce C r ec y a n d Poi tiers  h a db een won. It began t hu s. Edw ard,after a
fivemonths’ ex i l e , had la nded at Ravenspur, and  by t he time he reachedNotti ngham he  had rais e d  an army  of  ab out  te n th ousand men, w i t h, i tis said , t hree hu ndr edFle min gs  armed wi th handg un s,  a nd  ap paren t ly
someot her  a rti llery .  On th e oth er s id e, the  Lancas t ri a n s, a bo ut  equ alin  stre ngth ,  ha d alsosome arti lle r y, a nd  h ad take n up a positi on  on
Gladmo re , o r Hadl e y  Heath,north of Chipping Barne t , and a wai ted t he
a pproach o f t he Yor kis t s. The  night  prec ed ing t he ba t t le  wa sdark and
g l o omy , and  t he m orningbroke in heavy mis t s a nd rain; notw ith stan d i ng 
wh i ch the  t r oop s engaged between  four andfi v eo’clock on the  m orningof East er Da y , the 1 4th of Ap ril 1471. 
[Ill u s tra tion: _Bat tle of B arnet (Fr o m a M .  S . atGhe nt)_]
W arw ick h ad atf irs t his  artil le ry onhis e xt reme rig ht, and this fired
thro ugh th e glo om,  but with  no eff ect, as E dwar d’s rightwin g d id no t
e x tendso f a r,  an d  wasover l apped byt he  La n c as trians. Thi s a rmy  wascom m andedby t he Earl of Oxford ,  who led the v an,a n d b y t h e Ma rq uis
of Montagu , w ho l ed the s ec ond line; t he leftwi n g
, with_and by_whose direction her next
descent_on England_was_to be_made._But this, too,_availed nothing.
Though first_so successful that Edward_fled, later on,_he_too returned,
but, unlike Margaret, to conquer. For at Barnet the great earl fell,
and with_him_the last_hope_of_Lancaster.

This remarkable battle is instructive_as showing how slow was_the
change in_tactics during feudal days. There was still the_feeling_of
personal chieftaincy, so_strongly held, that the result of the battle
depended largely_on the life of one of_its leaders. With_the_death_of
Warwick the battle became_a rout, and the feudal retainers_fled when
the head of their house_fell. Again, to deal with the special_political
details which brought about the great_fight would be foreign to_the
object of_this book. The battle of_Barnet must be_taken as_a type of
the_progress, such as it was, that_had been made_in the art of war
since Crecy_and_Poitiers had been_won._It_began thus._Edward, after a
five_months’_exile, had_landed_at Ravenspur, and by the time_he_reached
Nottingham he had raised an army of_about ten thousand men,_with,_it
is said, three hundred_Flemings armed with handguns, and_apparently
some other artillery. On the other_side, the_Lancastrians, about_equal
in strength, had also some artillery, and had taken up a_position on
Gladmore, or Hadley Heath, north_of Chipping Barnet, and_awaited the
approach_of_the Yorkists. The_night_preceding the_battle was dark and
gloomy, and the morning_broke in_heavy mists and rain; notwithstanding
which the_troops engaged between four_and_five o’clock on the morning
of Easter_Day, the 14th of April 1471.

[Illustration:__Battle of Barnet (From a_M. S._at_Ghent)_]

Warwick had at first his_artillery on his extreme right, and_this fired
through the_gloom, but with no effect, as Edward’s_right_wing did not
extend so far, and_was_overlapped by the Lancastrians. This army_was
commanded_by_the Earl of Oxford, who_led the van, and by the_Marquis
of Montagu, who led the second line; the left_wing