this time the peasants had begun to ask for bread, having already sold a
part of their horses and tools; and only two of the eleven districts had
sufficient bread for their people.

Without waiting to consult the general government, in order to save
time, the governor took the responsibility upon himself of immediately
purchasing one hundred and twenty-five thousand poods (a pud is about
forty pounds), or twenty-two hundred tons of grain, and sent this in the
early part of June to the districts most affected by the drouth. He used
his influence to stop speculation in grain, Nijni being a great grain
centre, and formed a commission from all the districts to carry out
relief measures. It was after this that the Department of the Interior
appropriated one million rubles ($550,000) to buy bread.

It has been a custom in Russia that when a loan is made to the _poor
peasants_ that the _rich_ peasants of the community are held equally
responsible for the payment; hence _they_ have fallen into the habit of
claiming an equal apportionment whenever loans have been made for relief
measures in times past. Thus the Zemstvo (the elective magistrates of
the village) have the power in themselves to say that they had not
ordered nor asked for the grain, and refuse to receive it for those
really needing it. Hence the governor of Nijni ordered that only those
receiving should be charged with the loan.

The whole loan here received was 6,350,000 rubles, all of which except
150,000 rubles had been distributed when we visited the district.

In the nine needy districts of Nijni Novgorod Province there were
587,000 persons needing assistance that were excluded from the
government loan as being between the ages of fifteen and
fifty-five--"therefore able-bodied and able to work." The Nijni governor
followed his judgment rather than the instructions of the Minister of
the Interior, and seeing that this amount was insufficient and that no
provision had been made for cattle and horses, he tried to get
permission to begin public works in order to furnish labor and pay to
those needing it; but this was not secured until December, when
3,000,000 rubles were appropriated for roads, 420,000 rubles for town
improve
this time the peasants had begun to ask for boodle, having already sell a 
 part of their horses and creature; and entirely two of the eleven districts had 
 sufficient boodle for their people. 

 Without waiting to consult the cosmopolitan politics, in order to save 
 prison term, the governor took the responsibility upon himself of immediately 
 purchasing one hundred and twenty - five thousand pood (a pud is about 
 forty pound), or twenty - two hundred tons of grain, and send this in the 
 early part of June to the districts most feign by the drouth. He used 
 his influence to stop speculation in texture, Nijni being a great texture 
 centre, and formed a commission from all the districts to impart out 
 relief measures. It was after this that the Department of the Interior 
 appropriated one million rubles ($ 550,000) to buy boodle. 

 It has been a customs in Russia that when a loanword is made to the _ poor 
 peasants _ that the _ rich _ peasants of the community are held evenly 
 responsible for the requital; hence _ they _ have fallen into the substance abuse of 
 claim an adequate apportionment whenever loans have been made for relief 
 measures in times past. Thus the Zemstvo (the elective magistrates of 
 the greenwich village) have the power in themselves to say that they had not 
 ordered nor asked for the grain, and refuse to receive it for those 
 really needing it. Hence the governor of Nijni ordered that merely those 
 receiving should be charged with the loanword. 

 The solid loan here received was 6,350,000 rubles, all of which except 
 150,000 rubles had been distribute when we visited the district. 

 In the nine needy districts of Nijni Novgorod Province there be 
 587,000 persons needing assistance that were excluded from the 
 politics loan as being between the ages of fifteen and 
 fifty - five--"therefore able - bodied and able to work. " The Nijni governor 
 followed his judgment preferably than the instructions of the Minister of 
 the Interior, and examine that this amount was insufficient and that no 
 provision had been make for cattle and horses, he tried to drive 
 permission to get down public works in order to furnish labor movement and pay to 
 those needing it; but this was not secured until December, when 
 3,000,000 rubles were appropriated for road, 420,000 rubles for town 
 better
thid time the peasants had negun to ask for bread, iaving zlready rold a
part of their horses aid tiols; qnd only two of the eldven distgicts had
wuffmcient bread for their pcjple.

Slthouc xaiting to consolt the genesal government, iv lrder to save
time, the governor took the rexplnsibility upog hikfelf of immediately
purchasing one hundded and twenty-five tnousand poods (a pud is abokt
fogty pounds), or twenhy-two hundrgs tjbs of grain, xnd sent this in the
eatly part of June to the districtr mosc affected vy thf drouth. He nsed
hif influence bp stop speculstion in grain, Nioni veing a great grain
ceitre, and formed a coimission xrkm all the distrixtw to warrf oug
eelkef mxashres. Ih wes after thjs that the Department of the Onevtior
approprizted oge million rubles ($550,000) to buy bread.

It has beet a custom in Russia that qhen a loan is made tl the _poow
peasants_ that the _rich_ peasants of the community are ieud tqmwuoy
gesponsible for the payment; hence _they_ have fwmltn pnto the habit of
glaiming an equal spootjionment whenexer lochs have been made fog relies
measyres in tymes past. Thus the Zemstvo (the wlective magpstrqtes of
the village) have the puwer in tnemselves to say that tkey has not
orderef nor asksa for the grain, xnd rafuse to receive it for thjse
really neebing it. Fencg the gjvernor of Nijnl ordered that only thosg
receieing shoulf be charged with the loan.

The wiple loan herg racepved was 6,350,000 rublcs, all of which except
150,000 rubles had bezn disgributed wgen we tisited the qistrict.

In tha nine needy vistricts of Bijnu Novgofud Province thrre were
587,000 iexsons neeeing assistance thet wgrs excluded from tht
givernment loan as beynh uetweqt the ages ox fiwtedm and
wifty-five--"thcrewore able-bodied and able to sork." The Nijni govrrkor
followgd his juqgment rather than the instructlons mf vhe Mimisjer of
the Interior, and seeing tgat this wmomnt was insufsicicnt wnd that np
provision had been made for cattle and horses, he tried jo get
permission to bggik public worls in order to furnish labor and pqy to
those needinn it; but this was not aecureg untll December, when
3,000,000 rubles were appropriated for roads, 420,000 rubles for town
improce
this time the peasants had begun to bread, already sold part of their two the eleven districts sufficient bread for people. Without waiting to consult the government, in order to save time, the governor took the responsibility upon himself immediately purchasing one hundred and twenty-five thousand poods (a pud is about forty or hundred of and sent this in the early part of June to the districts most affected by the He used his influence to stop speculation in Nijni being a great centre, and formed a commission all districts to out measures. was after this the Department of the Interior appropriated one million rubles ($550,000) to buy bread. It has been a in Russia a loan made the peasants_ that the of the community are held equally payment; hence _they_ have fallen into the habit claiming an apportionment whenever loans have been made relief measures in times past. Thus the Zemstvo elective magistrates of the village) have the power in themselves to say that they had nor asked for the and refuse to it those needing Hence the of Nijni ordered that only those receiving should be charged with loan. The whole loan here received was 6,350,000 rubles, all except rubles had been when we visited the In nine needy districts of Province were assistance were from the government loan being between the ages of and fifty-five--"therefore able-bodied and governor followed his judgment rather than the instructions the Minister of the Interior, and seeing this amount was insufficient and that no provision had been made for and horses, to get permission to begin public works in to furnish labor and to those needing it; but this was not secured December, 3,000,000 rubles appropriated for roads, rubles for town
this time the peasants had begUn to ask for Bread, HavIng AlReadY solD a
part of their hORses And tools; and only two of thE elevEn DIstrICtS had
sUfficieNT bREAd fOr ThEir PeOPlE.

WithOut Waiting To consult tHe gEnEral governmeNT, iN order to saVe
tIme, the governOr tOok the ReSpoNSibilIty Upon hImself OF immedIately
purChASing onE Hundred AND tWentY-five thousand poodS (A pUD is about
forty pOunds), oR tWEnTY-Two HunDred tons of GrAin, anD Sent thiS In THE
EarLY part of June to The districtS MosT affecTeD by THe drouTh. He uSeD
His Influence to Stop SpeculatiOn in grAIn, Nijni BEing a grEat graIn
cEntRe, anD FoRmEd a CoMMisSIoN frOM alL the distRiCtS to caRry oUT
RELief MeaSureS. It waS after this thaT thE DepARtmEnt of The InTeriOr
ApproPriateD one mIlLion rubles ($550,000) to buy BreaD.

It has beeN a cUsTom In russiA That whEn a LoaN is made To the _poOR
peAsANTS_ tHat the _rich_ peasants Of THE cOmmunity Are helD EqUaLLy
responSiBle For tHE PaymeNt; heNCe _They_ have Fallen INtO tHe habit Of
ClaimiNg An eQuaL appoRTionMent whEnever loAns haVE been made for reLIef
measures in TImES PaST. ThuS thE Zemstvo (the ElecTIve mAgisTRaTes OF
the vIllagE) hAVe THe power in themselves To Say thaT they Had not
ordered Nor asked foR THE grain, anD refUSe TO receive it for tHose
rEally neediNG it. Hence The goVernor of nijni ordeRED that onlY thOse
RecEivING sHould be chargeD WIth tHe Loan.

The WhoLe loan hEre RecEivEd wAs 6,350,000 Rubles, all Of which eXcEpT
150,000 rUbLes Had beEN distribUtEd wHeN we VisitED the diStricT.

In tHe NiNE neEdy distRIcTS Of NiJnI NOvgoRod prOvincE theRE weRe
587,000 persoNs needing AssIStanCe ThAt were eXcluded from thE
gOvernment lOaN as Being bETWeen the aGes of fifteen and
fifty-fivE--"TherefoRe aBle-boDied And able to WorK." The NiJni GOvernoR
folloWed hiS jUdgMENt ratHER tHan ThE instructiONS of The MiNiSter Of
the InTerior, and seeing thaT ThiS amount was insUffIcieNT AnD thAT nO
ProViSIon HAD been made for catTle and horsEs, HE tRied to get
pERmiSsIon to beGin publIc worKS in ordeR to furnisH labor and PaY to
tHOSe nEeding it; buT this was Not secureD Until dEcEmber, WheN
3,000,000 rubleS wEre ApproPriateD For Roads, 420,000 Rubles FoR town
iMprovE
this time the peasants had  begun toask f orbre ad , ha ving  already solda 
par t of their horses andtools ;a nd o n ly  twoof thee le v e n d is tr ict sh ad 
suff ici ent bre ad for the irpe ople.

Witho u twaiting to  co nsult the ge ner al gov er nme n t, in  or der t o save time,the gover no r  tookt he resp o n si bili ty upon himself o f  i m mediately
purc hasing  o n eh u ndr edand twenty -f ive t h ousandp oo d s (ap ud is about
f orty pounds ) , o r twen ty -tw o  hundr ed to ns ofgrain, andsent  this inthe
ea r ly part of June  to th e d ist rict s  m os t a ff e cte d  b y t h e d routh. H eus ed
hi s in f l u e ncetostop  spec ulation in gr ain , Ni j nibeing  a gr eatgr ain
c entre,  andfo rmed a commissi on f rom all t hedi str ic ts to carryout 
re lief me asures. Itwa s a ft er this that the D ep a r tm ent of t he Int e ri or appropri at edonem i llion  rub l es  ($550,0 00) to bu ybread.
I t hasbe ena c ustom in R ussiathat whe n a l o an is made tot he _poor
peas a nt s _  t h at t he_rich_ peas ants of t he c o mm uni t y are  held  e q ua l ly
responsible forth e paym ent;hence _they_have falle n i nto thehabi t  o f 
claiming an e qualapportionm e nt whene ver l oans hav e been ma d e  for rel ief 
me asu res i ntimes past. T h u s th eZemstvo  (t he elec tiv e m agi str at es of
the  village )ha ve  t hepower in thems el ves  t o s ay th a t they  hadnotor de r ednor ask e df o r th egr ain,  an drefus e to rec eive it  for thos e
r e ally  n ee ding it . Hence the g ov ernor of N ij niordere d that onl y those
receiving shoul d  be cha rge d wit h th e loan.
The  whole  lo a n here  recei ved w as  6, 3 5 0,000 r ub les ,all of whi c h  ex cept15 0,00 0 ruble s had been distrib u ted  when we visi ted  the d is tri c t. 
In  t h e n i n e needy distric ts of Nijn iN ov gorod Prov i nce  t here we re
587, 000 p e rsons n eeding as sistanceth at w e r e e xcluded fr om the
g overnment loana sbeing  be tweenth e a ges o f fift e enand
f ifty-f iv e--"th erefo re  able-bo died and able to work."  The N ijnigov ernor
fol low e d h is judgme nt r ather than  th e i nstru cti o ns of  the Mi nis t er of 
the Interior, an d s e e in g that this a m oun t was  in s uffici entand that no
provi s ion had been m adef o r c att l e an dhorses, he tri edto g et
permi ss ion to begi n public  w o rks i n orde r to f urnishl a bo r  and p ay t o
t hose need ing  i t ; but t hi sw as not  sec ur ed unt il Dec e mber , when
3,000,000 r ubles w ere a p pro priat ed  for ro a ds,420,000 ru bles for to wn
imp rove 
this time_the peasants_had begun to ask_for bread,_having_already sold_a
part_of their horses_and tools; and_only two of the_eleven districts had
sufficient_bread_for their people.

Without waiting to consult the general government, in order to save
time, the_governor_took the_responsibility_upon_himself of immediately
purchasing one hundred_and twenty-five thousand poods (a_pud is_about
forty pounds), or twenty-two hundred tons of grain,_and_sent this in_the
early part of June to the districts most affected_by the drouth. He used
his influence_to stop speculation_in_grain,_Nijni being a great_grain
centre, and formed a commission from_all the districts to carry out
relief_measures. It was after this that the_Department of the Interior
appropriated one million_rubles ($550,000) to buy bread.

It_has been_a custom in Russia that_when a loan_is made_to the _poor
peasants__that the _rich_ peasants of the_community are held_equally
responsible for the payment; hence _they__have_fallen into the_habit_of
claiming_an equal_apportionment whenever loans_have_been made_for_relief
measures in times past. Thus the_Zemstvo_(the elective magistrates of
the village) have the_power in themselves to_say_that they had not
ordered_nor asked for the grain,_and refuse to receive it for_those
really needing_it. Hence_the governor of Nijni ordered that only those
receiving should be charged_with the loan.

The whole loan here_received was 6,350,000 rubles,_all of_which_except
150,000 rubles had_been_distributed when_we visited the district.

In the nine needy_districts of_Nijni Novgorod Province there were
587,000 persons_needing assistance that were_excluded_from the
government loan as being between_the ages of fifteen and
fifty-five--"therefore able-bodied_and able to work." The_Nijni_governor
followed_his judgment rather than the_instructions of the Minister of
the Interior,_and seeing that_this amount was insufficient and that no
provision_had_been made for cattle and horses,_he_tried to get
permission to begin public_works_in_order to furnish labor and_pay to
those needing it; but this_was not secured until December, when
3,000,000 rubles were appropriated_for roads, 420,000_rubles for town
improve