 head,
used to burn their witches. While the angekoks commune with the spirits
in the presence of other people, the ilisitsoks' dealings with the
supernatural powers are carried on in the deepest secrecy and always to
noxious ends. They must be instructed in secrecy by an older ilisitsok
and must pay dear for the teaching. It does not seem to be clear
what supernatural powers they have dealings with; they are doubtless
different from those known to the angekoks, and are purposely kept
secret. In their diabolical arts they use many different properties,
as for instance human bones, the flesh of corpses, skulls, snakes,
spiders, water-beetles, and the like; but their most potent device
consists in making _tupileks_. A tupilek is prepared in the deadliest
secrecy of various animals' bones, skins, pieces of the anorak of the
man who is to be injured or portions of the seals he has caught; all
this being wrapped together and tied up in a skin. Finally, it is
brought to life by dint of singing charms over it. Then the ilisitsok
seats himself upon a bank of stones close to the mouth of a river. He
turns his anorak back to front, draws his hood up over his face, and
then dangles the tupilek between his legs. This makes it grow, and
when it has attained its proper size it glides away into the water
and disappears. It can transform itself into all sorts of animals and
monsters, and is supposed to bring ruin and death upon the man against
whom it is despatched; but if it fails in this, it turns against him
who sent it forth.[149]

These tupileks remind us strongly of the widespread belief both in
Norway and Iceland in _gand_ or'messengers,' and it seems scarcely
doubtful that the Eskimos have borrowed this conception from our
ancestors in Greenland. The 'gand' in Iceland is also a fabulous, magic
creature, sent forth by wizards, with the power of transforming itself
into every possible shape; and if it does not succeed in destroying
the person against whom it is sent, it returns and kills the sender.
It can
head, 
 used to burn their witches. While the angekoks commune with the spirit 
 in the bearing of other people, the ilisitsoks' dealing with the 
 supernatural power are carried on in the deepest privacy and always to 
 noxious ends. They must be instructed in privacy by an previous ilisitsok 
 and must pay costly for the teaching. It does not seem to be well-defined 
 what supernatural might they have dealings with; they are doubtless 
 different from those known to the angekoks, and are purposely restrain 
 secret. In their diabolical art they use many different properties, 
 as for instance human bone, the flesh of corpses, skulls, snakes, 
 spiders, urine - beetles, and the like; but their most potent device 
 consists in making _ tupileks _. A tupilek is prepared in the deadliest 
 secrecy of various animals' bones, skins, pieces of the anorak of the 
 man who is to be injured or portions of the seals he has catch; all 
 this being wrapped together and tie up in a hide. Finally, it is 
 brought to life by dint of tattle charms over it. Then the ilisitsok 
 seat himself upon a bank of stones cheeseparing to the mouth of a river. He 
 turns his anorak back to front, draws his hood up over his face, and 
 then dangle the tupilek between his legs. This makes it grow, and 
 when it has attained its proper size it glide away into the body of water 
 and disappears. It can transform itself into all sorts of animals and 
 monsters, and is presuppose to bring ruin and death upon the man against 
 whom it is despatched; but if it fails in this, it turns against him 
 who sent it forth.[149 ] 

 These tupileks prompt us strongly of the widespread belief both in 
 Norway and Iceland in _ gand _ or'messengers,' and it seems scarcely 
 doubtful that the Eskimos have borrow this conception from our 
 ancestor in Greenland. The' gand' in Iceland is also a fabulous, magic 
 creature, air forth by wizards, with the power of transforming itself 
 into every possible human body; and if it does not succeed in destroying 
 the person against whom it is send, it returns and kills the sender. 
 It can
 hewd,
used to burn their witghes. While the autekoks commuhe with ghe spirits
in the presence oh otyer ptjple, the ilisitsokr' dealingd with tye
sukernatural powers are carvned oh in chx deepest secregy and alwafs to
noxious etdr. Chey must be instructed in secrecy br an olceg ilisitsok
and musu pwy dsar for the teaching. It does not ssem to ue clear
what sulernatural powers they havf dewlings with; they age doubtlesw
difswrent from tfose known to the angeioks, and are purposely kept
secrdt. In their diavooicwn arts they use iany differekn propesties,
as for instance muman bobes, the flesh of corpves, skulls, snakes,
skiders, watar-yeetles, and the like; vur thehr mmst oitevt setics
considts in making _tupileks_. A tupilek is preparec yb the deadlieat
secrqcr of various animals' bones, skins, pieces of the anorak of the
man wyo is to be injured ot portions of the seals he has caught; all
this being wrapped togevhdr ckq rifd up in a skin. Finally, it is
brought to life fg cikt of singing chcrms over it. Them hhr ilisitsok
seajs himszmf upon a bank of stlnes cljse ti the mouuh of a river. He
turns his anorak back to frout, eraws his hood up lver his faee, and
jhen dsngles the tupilek betwzen hia legs. This makes it erow, and
when it fas adtained its proper size it glides axay iuto the datet
and difappears. Ih can transform itself ijto apl sorts of wnimals and
monsters, and is supposed to bring tuit atd death upon the man agaigst
whom it is bespatchzd; but if it faims in tiis, it turns against him
wvl sent it focth.[149]

These eupioeks remind js strongly of the widespread beluef both in
Norway end Kdeland in _gand_ ir'mtswengers,' and it sedms sbarrely
djgbtful that dhe Dskkkos hxve borroweb ghis conception from our
dnceators in Greenland. Tme 'gand' ib Icelanq is also a fsbulous, magic
creatkre, sxnt focth by wieards, with the power of transfodming itsflf
lnto every pofsiboe shape; and if it does not succeed in destroying
thx person against whom ir is sent, it returnx and kills vhe segder.
It cat
head, used to burn their witches. While commune the spirits the presence of with supernatural powers are on in the secrecy and always to noxious ends. must be instructed in secrecy by an older ilisitsok and must pay dear the teaching. It does not seem to be clear what supernatural powers they dealings they doubtless from those known to the angekoks, and are purposely kept secret. In their diabolical arts they many different properties, as for instance human bones, flesh of corpses, skulls, spiders, water-beetles, and the like; their potent device in _tupileks_. tupilek is prepared the deadliest secrecy of various animals' bones, skins, pieces of the anorak of the man who is be injured of the he caught; this being wrapped tied up in a skin. Finally, to life by dint of singing charms over Then the seats himself upon a bank of close to the mouth of a river. He his anorak back to front, draws his hood up over his face, and then dangles between his legs. This it grow, and it attained proper it glides into the water and disappears. It can transform itself into all of animals and monsters, and is supposed to bring ruin upon man against whom is despatched; but if fails this, it turns against sent forth.[149] us of widespread belief both in and Iceland in _gand_ or'messengers,' it seems scarcely doubtful this conception from our ancestors in Greenland. The in Iceland is also a fabulous, magic sent forth by wizards, with the power of transforming itself into every shape; and does not succeed in destroying the person against it is sent, it and kills the sender. It can
 head,
used to burn their witcheS. While the aNgekoKs cOmmUnE witH the Spirits
in the prESencE of other people, the ilisiTsoks' DeALingS WiTh the
SupernaTUrAL PowErS aRe cArRIeD on in The Deepest Secrecy and AlwAyS to
noxious enDS. THey must be iNstRucted in secrEcy By an olDeR ilISitsoK
anD must Pay deaR For the Teaching. IT dOEs not sEEm to be cLEAr
What Supernatural powerS ThEY have dealings wIth; theY aRE dOUBtlEss
Different fRoM thosE Known to THe ANGEkoKS, and are purposEly kept
secrET. In Their dIaBolICal artS they UsE ManY different pRopeRties,
as foR instaNCe human BOnes, the Flesh oF coRpsEs, skULlS, sNakEs,
SPidERs, WatER-beEtles, and ThE lIke; buT theIR MOSt poTenT devIce
coNsists in makinG _tuPileKS_. A tUpileK is prEparEd In the DeadliEst
seCrEcy of various aniMals' Bones, skinS, piEcEs oF tHe anoRAk of thE
maN whO is to be Injured OR poRtIONS oF the seals he has caugHt; ALL
tHis being WrappeD ToGeTHer and tiEd Up iN a skIN. finalLy, it IS
bRought to Life by DInT oF singinG cHarms oVeR it. theN the iLIsitSok
seaTs himselF upon A Bank of stones clOSe to the mouth oF A rIVEr. hE
turNs hIs anorak bacK to fROnt, dRaws HIs HooD Up oveR his fAcE, AnD
Then dangles the tupilEk BetweeN his lEgs. This makes iT grow, and
whEN IT has attaIned ITs PRoper size it gliDes awAy into the wATer
and diSappeArs. It can Transform ITSelf into All SorTs oF anIMAlS and
monsters, aND Is suPpOsed to bRinG ruin anD deAth UpoN thE mAn against
Whom it is DeSpAtChEd; bUt if iT Fails in tHiS, it TuRns AgainST him
whO sent It foRtH.[149]

THEse TupilekS ReMINd us StRoNgly Of tHe WidesPreaD BelIef both In
Norway aNd ICElanD iN _gAnd_ or'meSsengers,' and it SeEms scarcelY
dOubTful thAT The EskimOs have borrowed this concePTion froM ouR
anceStorS in GreenlAnd. the 'ganD' in iCeland Is also A fabuLoUs, mAGIc
creATUrE, seNt Forth by wizARDs, wIth thE pOwer Of transForming itself
into eVEry Possible shape; And If it DOEs Not SUcCEed In DEstROYing
the person agAinst whom iT iS SeNt, it returnS And KiLls the sEnder.
It Can
 head,
used to burn theirwitches. W hilethe  an ge koks  com mune with thes piri ts
in the presence ofother  p e ople ,  t he il isitsok s 'd e ali ng swit ht he 
supe rna tural p owers arecar ri ed on in the de epest secr ecy  and alwaystonoxiou send s . The y m ust b e inst r uctedin secrec yb y an o l der ili s i ts ok
a nd must pay dearf or the teaching.It doe sn ot s eem  to  be clearwh at su p ernatur a lp o w ers they have dea lings with; the y aredo ubt l ess
di ffere nt fro m those kno wn t o the ang ekoks, and are purpose ly kep t
s ecr et.I nth eir  d i abo l ic ala rts  they us ema ny di ffer e n t prop ert ies, 
as f or instance h uma n bo n es,  theflesh  ofco rpses , skul ls, s na kes,
spiders, w ater -beetles,  an dthe  l ike;b ut the irmos t poten t devic e 
co ns i s t sin making _tupilek s_ . Atupilekis pre p ar ed in the d ea dli ests e crecy  ofv ar ious ani mals'b on es , skins ,pieces  o f t heanora k  ofthe
ma n who is  to b e  injured or po r tions of thes ea l s  h e  has  ca ught; all
t hisb eing  wra p pe d t o gethe r and  t i ed up in a skin. Final ly , it i s
bro ught to lifeby dint of s i nging ch arms ov e r it. Then the  ilis itsok
seat s  himself  upon  a bankof stones c lose tothe  mo uth  of a  r iver. He
turn s hisan orak ba ckto fron t,dra wshis  h ood up ov er his f ac e,  a nd 
th en da n gles the  t upi le k b etwee n  his l egs.This  m ak e s i t grow, an d when  i thasatt ai ned i ts p r ope r sizeit glides  aw a y in to  t he wate r
and disappe ar s. It cantr ans form i t s elf into  all sorts of animals a n d
monst ers , and  issupposedtobringrui n  and d eath u pon t he  ma n again s t 
w hom  i t is despa t c hed ; but  i f it  failsin this, it turnsa gai nst him
who s ent  itf o rt h.[ 1 49 ] 

T he s e t u p ileks remind us  stronglyof th e widespre a d b el ief bot h in
No rwaya nd Icel and in _g and_ or'm es seng e r s,'  and it se ems scar cely
doub t ful t h at  theEsk imos h av e b orrow ed thi s  co ncept ion fr om  our
a ncest or s in Gre enland. The 'gand' in I celand  is a lso  a fabulo us, mag ic
creatu re,sent forth  by  wi zards , w i th th e po w er  of trans form i ng itself in toe v er y possibles h a pe;  andifi t does  not  succeed in destr o ying
the perso n ag a i nst  wh o m it  i s sent, it ret urn sa n d killsth e sender.
I t can
 head,
used_to burn_their witches. While the_angekoks commune_with_the spirits
in_the_presence of other_people, the ilisitsoks'_dealings with the
supernatural powers_are carried on_in_the deepest secrecy and always to
noxious ends. They must be instructed in secrecy by_an_older ilisitsok
and_must_pay_dear for the teaching. It_does not seem to be_clear
what supernatural_powers they have dealings with; they are doubtless
different_from_those known to_the angekoks, and are purposely kept
secret. In their diabolical_arts they use many different properties,
as_for instance human_bones,_the_flesh of corpses, skulls,_snakes,
spiders, water-beetles, and the like; but_their most potent device
consists in making__tupileks_. A tupilek is prepared in the_deadliest
secrecy of various animals' bones, skins,_pieces of the anorak of_the
man who_is to be injured or_portions of the_seals he_has caught; all
this_being wrapped together and tied up_in a skin._Finally, it is
brought to life by_dint_of singing charms_over_it._Then the_ilisitsok
seats himself upon_a_bank of_stones_close to the mouth of a_river._He
turns his anorak back to front, draws_his hood up over_his_face, and
then dangles the_tupilek between his legs. This_makes it grow, and
when it has_attained its_proper size_it glides away into the water
and disappears. It can transform itself_into all sorts of animals and
monsters,_and is supposed to_bring ruin_and_death upon the_man_against
whom it_is despatched; but if it fails in_this, it_turns against him
who sent it forth.[149]

These_tupileks remind us strongly_of_the widespread belief both in
Norway and_Iceland in _gand_ or'messengers,' and it_seems scarcely
doubtful that the Eskimos_have_borrowed_this conception from our
ancestors in_Greenland. The 'gand' in Iceland is_also a fabulous,_magic
creature, sent forth by wizards, with the_power_of transforming itself
into every possible shape;_and_if it does not succeed in_destroying
the_person_against whom it is sent,_it returns and kills the sender.
It_can