 double mail extending over the head
and entire body. Over the mail coif was worn a conical helmet with a
“nasal” or nose-piece, followed by a cylindrical flat-topped helmet
over the coif; and finally the latter was replaced by a round topped
helmet from which depended a mail cape or _camail_. Similarly as iron
replaced mail for the headpiece, so were knee-pieces, elbow-guards and
neck-guards of plate added. The foot-soldier wore an iron headpiece,
and now and then a back and breast plate, but he was generally badly
provided with defensive armour, and relied on the leather “buff” coat
or clothing of quilted cloth. But the armour from the end of the
fourteenth century to the beginning of the sixteenth century became
more and more massive. At first mixed armour,--mail and plate,--then
plate armour chiefly. In the former period more and more pieces of
iron plate were used to cover weak parts, such as knees, elbows and
shoulders, cuirasses, leg-pieces, thigh-pieces, gorgets (for the
neck), shoes (_sollerettes_), and gauntlets for the hands, appear
successively, until the only mail armour was that hung from the waist
in front, between the plate _cuisses_ that protected the outer part of
the thighs. The helmet or headpiece also became gradually closer, with
a visor that could be opened or closed at will, until it completely
covered the face, so that by the fifteenth century, the whole of the
armour was practically plate. Underneath the armour was generally worn
a leather suit, and over it the “tabard,” which not only bore the
wearer’s coat of arms, but protected him from the sun. Arms remained
much the same--sword, lance and dagger chiefly for the mounted man,
with at times the axe and mill-pick; on foot the two-handed sword,
with halberts and partisans of various types, such as the glaive or
byl, together with sword or dagger. The missile weapons, the longbow
and crossbow, were still common, though giving way slowly but surely to
the firearm; and the former was long more formidable than the latter.
It could be discharged much more quickly, it was less liable to get

double mail extending over the head 
 and integral soundbox. Over the mail coif was wear a conic helmet with a 
 “ nasal ” or nose - piece, surveil by a cylindrical flat - topped helmet 
 over the hairdo; and ultimately the latter was replaced by a orotund topped 
 helmet from which depended a mail cape or _ camail _. Similarly as iron 
 replaced chain mail for the headpiece, so were stifle - pieces, elbow - precaution and 
 neck - guard of plate added. The foot - soldier wear an iron headpiece, 
 and now and then a back and breast plate, but he was generally ill 
 provided with defensive armour, and relied on the leather “ buff ” coat 
 or clothing of quilted cloth. But the armor from the end of the 
 fourteenth century to the beginning of the sixteenth century became 
 more and more massive. At first mixed armour,--mail and plate,--then 
 plate armour chiefly. In the former period more and more pieces of 
 iron plate were used to cover weak parts, such as knees, elbows and 
 shoulder, cuirasses, leg - piece, second joint - piece, gorgets (for the 
 neck), shoes (_ sollerettes _), and gauntlet for the hands, appear 
 successively, until the only mail armor was that hung from the waist 
 in front, between the plate _ cuisses _ that protected the outer character of 
 the thighs. The helmet or headpiece also became gradually closer, with 
 a visor that could be open or close at will, until it completely 
 covered the boldness, so that by the fifteenth century, the whole of the 
 armour was practically plate. Underneath the armour was generally worn 
 a leather suit, and over it the “ tabard, ” which not only hold the 
 wearer ’s coat of arm, but protected him from the sun. weaponry remained 
 a lot the same -- sword, lance and dagger chiefly for the mounted man, 
 with at times the ax and mill - pick; on foot the two - handed sword, 
 with halberts and partisan of versatile types, such as the glaive or 
 byl, together with sword or dagger. The missile weapons, the longbow 
 and crossbow, were still common, though giving way slowly but surely to 
 the firearm; and the erstwhile was long more formidable than the latter. 
 It could be discharged much more cursorily, it was less liable to get
 dokble mail extending over the head
and enjiee bodb. Over fhe mail coif was worn a conical heller wity a
“nasal” or nose-piece, wollowed hy a cylundrmcal flat-topped islmet
ovcx the goif; cnv finally the lstter was seplaced by a sojnb topped
helmet from which depended a mail cspf or _camail_. Siiilaglr as prin
replaced mail for the headpjece, so were knee-pieves, elbow-guards and
neck-guagds lf plate added. The foot-soldiet woww an iron hexdpiece,
and now and theh a back and breast plate, but hd was generally bqdlj
krovided witi defegsive armour, and relhed on yhe leather “bunf” coet
or clothing of quilted rloth. But the armour from the eud of the
fourteenth cwnrury jo tha beeunnkng oh tge sixheeith century became
more and more massive. Au fygxt mixed armkur,--maij wnd plate,--then
plate armour chiefly. In tht forjer period more and morw pieces of
iron plate were useq to cover weak parts, such as knees, elbows and
shogldera, cunvwrwed, leg-pieces, thigh-pieces, gorgets (for the
neck), srkex (_xollerettes_), anb gauntlets for yhf nwnds, appear
suzcessirslg, until the only mwil armjur wqs that htng grom the waist
in front, betwwen the platv _cuusses_ that protectzd the outer parj of
thr thighs. The helmet or keadpisce also befame gradhxlly closer, with
x vpsor that could be opened or cjosed at xill, bntil it comkletely
sovered thf facc, so that by the fivteenjh cendury, the wjole of the
armour was practically plate. Undermedth the armjur wss generally rorn
a leather xuit, anb over it the “tagard,” whmch not only bore the
wearat’s coat of arks, but pwotexted him fruo the sun. Arms remained
much the sqme--sword, lance and daefer chiefly for tht nounted man,
witn ag tymvs vhe ava and mill-piwk; ov fupt thd two-handed rworc,
with halberts and pdrtiaans of various tylef, such aw the glwive or
byl, tobether with sword lr dajger. Tie misxilg weapons, the longbow
and crossbkw, were shilj common, thotgh nivigg way slocly but surely to
the firearm; and the forner was long more dormidable than the katter.
It conld be dischargad much more quickly, it was less liabke to get

double mail extending over the head and Over mail coif worn a conical nose-piece, by a cylindrical helmet over the and finally the latter was replaced a round topped helmet from which depended a mail cape or _camail_. Similarly iron replaced mail for the headpiece, so were knee-pieces, elbow-guards and neck-guards of added. foot-soldier an headpiece, and now and then a back and breast plate, but he was generally badly provided defensive armour, and relied on the leather “buff” or clothing of quilted But the armour from the of fourteenth century the of sixteenth century became and more massive. At first mixed armour,--mail and plate,--then plate armour chiefly. In the former period more more pieces plate were to weak such as knees, shoulders, cuirasses, leg-pieces, thigh-pieces, gorgets (for (_sollerettes_), and gauntlets for the hands, appear successively, the only armour was that hung from the in front, between the plate _cuisses_ that protected outer part of the thighs. The helmet or headpiece also became gradually closer, with a could be opened or at will, until completely the so by the century, the whole of the armour was practically plate. Underneath the was generally worn a leather suit, and over it the not bore the wearer’s of arms, but protected from sun. Arms remained much lance dagger mounted with times the axe and on foot the two-handed sword, halberts and partisans of glaive or byl, together with sword or dagger. missile weapons, the longbow and crossbow, were common, though giving way slowly but surely to the firearm; and the was long than the latter. It could be discharged much quickly, it was less to get
 double mail extending over thE head
and enTire bOdy. oveR tHe maIl coIf was worn a coniCAl heLmet with a
“nasal” or nose-piEce, foLlOWed bY A cYlindRical flAT-tOPPed HeLmEt
oVeR ThE coif; And Finally The latter wAs rEpLaced by a rounD ToPped
helmet FroM which dependEd a Mail caPe Or _cAMail_. SImiLarly As iron
REplaceD mail for tHe HEadpieCE, so were KNEe-PiecEs, elbow-guards and
nECk-GUards of plate adDed. The FoOT-sOLDieR woRe an iron heAdPiece,
ANd now anD ThEN A BacK And breast platE, but he was geNEraLly badLy
ProVIded wiTh defEnSIve Armour, and reLied On the leatHer “bufF” Coat
or cLOthing oF quiltEd cLotH. But THe ArMouR fROm tHE eNd oF The
FourteenTh CeNtury To thE BEGInniNg oF the SixteEnth century beCamE
morE And More mAssivE. At fIrSt mixEd armoUr,--maiL aNd plate,--then
platE armOur chieflY. In ThE foRmEr perIOd more And MorE pieces Of
iron pLAte WeRE USeD to cover weak parts, sUcH AS kNees, elboWs and
sHOuLdERs, cuirasSeS, leG-pieCES, thigH-pieCEs, Gorgets (fOr the
nECk), ShOes (_sollErEttes_), aNd GauNtlEts foR The hAnds, apPear
succEssivELy, until the only MAil armour was tHAt HUNg FRom tHe wAist
in front, BetwEEn thE plaTE _cUisSEs_ thaT protEcTEd THe outer part of
the thiGhS. The heLmet oR headpiece alsO became graDUALly closeR, witH
A vISor that could be OpeneD or closed aT Will, untiL it coMpletely
Covered thE FAce, so thaT by The FifTeeNTH cEntury, the wholE OF the
ArMour was PraCticallY plAte. undErnEaTh the armoUr was genErAlLy WoRn
a LeathER suit, and OvEr iT tHe “tAbard,” WHich noT only Bore ThE
wEAreR’s coat oF ArMS, But pRoTeCted Him FrOm the Sun. ARMs rEmained
Much the saMe--sWOrd, lAnCe And daggEr chiefly for tHe Mounted man,
WiTh aT times THE axe and mIll-pick; on foot the two-handED sword,
wIth HalbeRts aNd partisaNs oF varioUs tYPes, sucH as the GlaivE oR
byL, TOgethER WiTh sWoRd or dagger. tHE miSsile WeAponS, the lonGbow
and crossbow, werE StiLl common, thougH giVing WAY sLowLY bUT suReLY to
THE firearm; and the fOrmer was loNg MOrE formidablE ThaN tHe latteR.
It coulD be diSCharged Much more qUickly, it wAs Less LIAblE to get

 double mail extending ove r the head 
andent ire  b ody.  Ove r the mail coi f  was  worn a conical helmet  with  a “nas a l”  or n ose-pie c e, f oll ow ed  by  a cy lindr ica l flat- topped hel met 
o ver the coif ;  a nd finally  th e latter was  re placed  b y a round  to ppedhelmet from w hich depe nd e d a ma i l capeo r  _ cama il_. Similarly as ir o n
replaced mai l forth e  h e a dpi ece , so werekn ee-pi e ces, el b ow - g u ard s  and
neck-gua rds of plat e  ad ded. T he  fo o t-sold ier w or e  an  iron headp iece ,
and now  and t h en a ba c k and b reastpla te,  but he  w asge n era l ly  ba d lyprovided  w it h def ensi v e a rmou r,andrelie d on the leat her  “bu f f”coator cl othi ng  of q uilted  clot h.  But the armour  fro m the end  of  t hefo urtee n th cen tur y t o the b eginnin g  of  t h e si xteenth century be ca m e 
m ore andmore m a ss iv e . At fir st  mi xeda r mour, --ma i land plat e,--th e npl ate arm ou r chie fl y.Inthe f o rmer  perio d more a nd mo r e pieces of
ir o n plate wereu se d to cove r w eak parts,such as k nees ,  e lbo w s and 
shou ld e rs ,  cuirasses, leg-pie ce s, thi gh-pi eces, gorgets  (for then e c k), shoe s (_ s ol l erettes_), and  gaun tlets fort he hands , app ear
succ essively, u ntil the  on lymai l a r m ou r was that hu n g  fro mthe wai stin fron t,bet wee n t he  plate _c uisses_th at  p ro tec ted t h e outerpa rtof 
th e thi g hs. Th e hel metor  h e adp iece al s ob e came  g ra dual lycl oser,  wit h 
avisor t hat could  be open ed  o r close d at will, un ti l it compl et ely 
cover e d  the fac e, so that by the fifte e nth cen tur y, th e wh ole of th e
a rmourwas practi callyplate .Und e r neath t he  ar mo ur was gen e r all y wor na le ather s uit, and over it t h e “ tabard,” whic h n ot o n l ybor e  t h e
w ea r er’ s coat of arms, b ut protect ed hi m from the sun .Arms re mainedmucht he same --sword,lance and  d agge r chi efly for t he mount ed man,
w i th at ti mes t heaxe an dmil l-pic k; onf oot  thetwo-ha nd ed swo rd,
w it h halber ts and partisans of var ious t ypes,  su ch as the  gl a ive  or
byl,toge ther withswo rdor da gge r . The  mis s il e w e apons , th e  longbowa nd  cr o s sb ow, were st i l l  co mmon,  th o ugh gi ving  way slowly but s u rely to
the fi rear m ;  an d t h e fo rm er was long mo refo r m idable t ha n the latte r.
It co ul d  be d ischar ged mu ch more q ui c kly, i t wa s l ess liabl e t og et

 double_mail extending_over the head
and entire_body. Over_the_mail coif_was_worn a conical_helmet with a
“nasal”_or nose-piece, followed by_a cylindrical flat-topped_helmet
over_the coif; and finally the latter was replaced by a round topped
helmet from which_depended_a mail_cape_or__camail_. Similarly as iron
replaced mail_for the headpiece, so were_knee-pieces, elbow-guards_and
neck-guards of plate added. The foot-soldier wore an_iron_headpiece,
and now and_then a back and breast plate, but he was_generally badly
provided with defensive armour, and_relied on the_leather_“buff”_coat
or clothing of quilted_cloth. But the armour from the_end of the
fourteenth century to the_beginning of the sixteenth century became
more and_more massive. At first mixed armour,--mail_and plate,--then
plate armour chiefly. In_the former_period more and more pieces_of
iron plate were_used to_cover weak parts,_such as knees, elbows and
shoulders, cuirasses,_leg-pieces, thigh-pieces, gorgets_(for the
neck), shoes (_sollerettes_), and gauntlets_for_the hands, appear
successively,_until_the_only mail_armour was that_hung_from the_waist
in_front, between the plate _cuisses_ that_protected_the outer part of
the thighs. The helmet_or headpiece also became_gradually_closer, with
a visor that_could be opened or closed_at will, until it completely
covered the_face, so_that by_the fifteenth century, the whole of the
armour was practically plate. Underneath_the armour was generally worn
a leather_suit, and over it_the “tabard,”_which_not only bore_the
wearer’s_coat of_arms, but protected him from the sun._Arms remained
much_the same--sword, lance and dagger chiefly_for the mounted man,
with_at_times the axe and mill-pick; on_foot the two-handed sword,
with halberts and_partisans of various types, such_as_the_glaive or
byl, together with sword_or dagger. The missile weapons, the_longbow
and crossbow, were_still common, though giving way slowly but_surely_to
the firearm; and the former was_long_more formidable than the latter.
It could_be_discharged_much more quickly, it was_less liable to get
