ords a safer means
of navigating than the orthopter type, because
the blades of such an instrument can be forced
through the air with infinitely greater speed than
beating wings, and it devolves on the inventor to
devise some form of apparatus which will permit
the change of pull from a vertical to a horizontal
direction while in flight.



CHAPTER VI

THE LIFTING SURFACES OF AEROPLANES


THIS subject includes the form, shape and angle
of planes, used in flight. It is the direction in
which most of the energy has been expended in
developing machines, and the true form is still
involved in doubt and uncertainty.

RELATIVE SPEED AND ANGLE.--The relative
speed and angle, and the camber, or the curved
formation of the plane, have been considered in
all their aspects, so that the art in this respect has
advanced with rapid strides.

NARROW PLATES MOST EFFECTIVE.--It was
learned, in the early stages of the development
by practical experiments, that a narrow plane,
fore and aft, produces a greater lift than a wide
one, so that, assuming the plane has 100 square
feet of sustaining surface, it is far better to make
the shape five feet by twenty than ten by ten.

However, it must be observed, that to use the
narrow blade effectively, it must be projected
through the air with the long margin forwardly.
Its sustaining power per square foot of surface
is much less if forced through the air lengthwise.

Experiments have shown why a narrow blade
has proportionally a greater lift, and this may
be more clearly understood by examining the
illustrations which show the movement of planes
through the air at appropriate angles.

_Fig. 22. Stream lines along a plane._

STREAM LINES ALONG A PLANE.--In Fig. 22, A
is a flat plane, which we will assume is 10 feet
from the front to the rear margin. For convenience
seven stream lines of air are shown,
which contact with this inclined surface. The first
line 1, after the contact at the forward end, is
driven downwardly along the surface, so that it
forms what we might term a moving film.

The second air stream 2, strikes the first stream,
follow
ords a safer means 
 of navigating than the orthopter type, because 
 the blade of such an musical instrument can be forced 
 through the air with infinitely great speed than 
 beating flank, and it devolves on the inventor to 
 devise some kind of apparatus which will permit 
 the change of puff from a vertical to a horizontal 
 direction while in trajectory. 



 CHAPTER VI 

 THE LIFTING SURFACES OF AEROPLANES 


 THIS national includes the form, shape and angle 
 of planes, use in flight. It is the direction in 
 which most of the energy has been spend in 
 developing machines, and the true form is however 
 involved in doubt and uncertainty. 

 RELATIVE SPEED AND ANGLE.--The relative 
 speed and slant, and the camber, or the curved 
 formation of the plane, have been considered in 
 all their aspects, so that the artwork in this esteem has 
 advanced with rapid strides. 

 NARROW PLATES MOST EFFECTIVE.--It was 
 learned, in the early stages of the development 
 by practical experiments, that a narrow-minded plane, 
 fore and aft, grow a greater lift than a wide 
 one, so that, assuming the airplane has 100 straight 
 feet of sustaining open, it is far better to make 
 the shape five feet by twenty than ten by ten. 

 However, it must be observed, that to use the 
 minute blade effectively, it must be projected 
 through the air with the retentive margin forwardly. 
 Its hold power per square foot of surface 
 is much less if pull through the air lengthwise. 

 Experiments have shown why a narrow-minded blade 
 has proportionally a greater elevator, and this may 
 be more clearly understand by examining the 
 illustration which show the motion of planes 
 through the breeze at appropriate angles. 

 _ Fig. 22. current lines along a plane. _ 

 STREAM LINES ALONG A PLANE.--In Fig. 22, A 
 is a flat plane, which we will bear is 10 feet 
 from the front man to the rear margin. For convenience 
 seven stream lines of air are show, 
 which contact with this inclined airfoil. The first 
 line 1, after the liaison at the forward end, is 
 driven downwardly along the surface, so that it 
 forms what we might term a moving film. 

 The second air stream 2, strikes the inaugural flow, 
 pursue
ordd a safer means
of navigauing than the ortkipter vype, bedause
the blades of such an instrumenv cab be dorced
through the air dith infijitely geeattr speed than
beatmhg wings, and jb devmoves on the inyentor to
deeise some form ow cpparatus which will permit
the changq of pukl from a verticwl tp a hkgieontal
direction while in flight.



CHZPTER VP

THE LIFTING SURFSCES OF AEROPLANES


THIS subuect includes the form, shape and qnglq
if planes, usdd in flight. It is the direction in
which most of the dnergv has been grpenfgd in
developmng mabhines, and thc true xorm is still
involved in doybt and uncertainty.

RENATIVE SPEED AND AGGLE.--The ralctive
speed and angle, qne the camter, ue tfe ducves
formahioi of the plzne, have bewn considered in
all trvor aspects, sk that tre art in this respect has
advanced with ralid strides.

NARROW PLATEW MOST EFFECTIVE.--It wad
learned, yn the early stages of the development
by practican expxrkmeubf, rhwt a narrow plane,
fore and aft, produces a greaesr lpft than a wide
onc, so that, assuming tje klane has 100 squxre
feec or sustaining surfafe, it if far better tj male
the shape five feet by twwnty than teu bt ten.

However, it mudt be obserred, thst to use the
narrow blade efyectivsly, it must be projedged
through the akr eidh the long margin forwardjy.
Its susvainiug power per squarq foot of durfaga
is much less if flrced tvrough the air lengthwise.

Experiments have shown why a nsrsow blade
haf proiortionally a gweater lift, anb this mcy
be mure clearlj understmod by examyning the
illuvjrations whici show thq mocemebt of puxnes
through thr air at ckpropriate angles.

_Fig. 22. Stream livss along a planz._

RURWAM LINES ALONB A PLWNV.--In Fyc. 22, A
is a flad plxne, ehich we will aswjme os 10 feet
from the frott tk the rear margin. Gov convenignce
seven stream lines of air are shown,
wjich rontacv with thys inclined surface. The first
ljne 1, afteg tme contact at the forward end, is
driven downwardly along the surface, wo that it
forms whqt we might term a kpving film.

Tie secjnd air sdream 2, strikes the furst stream,
follow
ords a safer means of navigating than type, the blades such an instrument air infinitely greater speed beating wings, and devolves on the inventor to devise form of apparatus which will permit the change of pull from a vertical a horizontal direction while in flight. CHAPTER VI THE LIFTING SURFACES OF AEROPLANES subject the shape angle of planes, used in flight. It is the direction in which most of the energy been expended in developing machines, and the true is still involved in and uncertainty. RELATIVE SPEED AND relative and angle, the or curved formation of plane, have been considered in all their aspects, so that the art in this respect has advanced rapid strides. MOST EFFECTIVE.--It learned, the stages of the practical experiments, that a narrow plane, produces a greater lift than a wide one, that, assuming plane has 100 square feet of surface, it is far better to make the five feet by twenty than ten by ten. However, it must be observed, that to narrow blade effectively, it be projected through air the margin Its sustaining per square foot of surface is much less if forced through air lengthwise. Experiments have shown why a narrow blade has greater and this may more clearly understood by the which show the movement through air _Fig. Stream along a plane._ STREAM ALONG A PLANE.--In Fig. 22, is a flat plane, 10 feet from the front to the rear For convenience seven stream lines of air shown, which contact with this inclined surface. The first line 1, after contact at end, is driven downwardly along the surface, so it forms what we term a moving film. The second air stream 2, the stream, follow
ords a safer means
of navigatiNg than the oRthopTer TypE, bEcauSe
thE blades of such aN InstRument can be forced
throuGh the AiR With INfIniteLy greatER sPEEd tHaN
bEatInG WiNgs, anD it DevolveS on the inveNtoR tO
devise some fORm Of apparatuS whIch will permiT
thE changE oF puLL from A veRticaL to a hoRIzontaL
directioN wHIle in fLIght.



CHApteR vI

THe LIFTING SURFACES Of aEroPLANES


THIS subJect inClUDeS THe fOrm, Shape and anGlE
of plANes, used IN fLIGHt. IT Is the directioN in
which mosT Of tHe enerGy Has BEen expEnded In
DEveLoping machiNes, aNd the true Form is STill
invOLved in dOubt anD unCerTainTY.

ReLaTIvE spEEd aNd ANglE.--THe relatiVe
SpEed anD angLE, AND the CamBer, oR the cUrved
formatioN of The pLAne, Have bEen coNsidErEd in
aLl theiR aspeCtS, so that the art in This Respect haS
adVaNceD wIth raPId striDes.

nARrOW PLATeS MOST EffECtIve.--iT wAs
learned, in the earlY sTAGeS of the deVelopmENt
By PRactical ExPerImenTS, That a NarrOW pLane,
fore And aft, PRoDuCes a greAtEr lift ThAn a WidE
one, sO That, AssumiNg the plaNe has 100 SQuare
feet of susTAining surface, IT iS FAr BEtteR to Make
the shapE fivE Feet By twENtY thAN ten bY ten.

HOwEVeR, It must be observed, thaT tO use thE
narrOw blade effectIvely, it musT BE ProjecteD
thrOUgH The air with the lOng maRgin forwarDLy.
Its susTainiNg power pEr square fOOT of surfaCe
iS muCh lEss IF FoRced through thE AIr leNgThwise.

EXpeRiments HavE shOwn Why A nArrow bladE
has propOrTiOnAlLy a GreatER lift, and ThIs mAy
Be mOre clEArly unDerstOod bY eXaMIniNg the
ilLUsTRAtioNs WhIch sHow ThE moveMent OF plAnes
thrOugh the aiR at APproPrIaTe angleS.

_Fig. 22. Stream linEs Along a planE._

StREaM LINEs alONG A PLAnE.--In Fig. 22, A
is a flat plane, whiCH we will AssUme is 10 Feet
From the frOnt To the rEar MArgin. FOr convEnienCe
SevEN StreaM LInEs oF aIr are shown,
WHIch ContaCt With This incLined surface. The firST
liNe 1, after the conTacT at tHE FoRwaRD eND, is
DrIVen DOWnwardly along thE surface, so ThAT iT
forms what WE miGhT term a mOving fiLm.

The SEcond aiR stream 2, stRikes the fIrSt stREAm,
fOllow
ords a safer means
of navi gating tha n the  or tho pt er t ype,  because
the b l ades  of such an instrument  canbe forc e dthrou gh thea ir w ith  i nf ini te l ygreat erspeed t han
beatin g w in gs, and it d e vo lves on th e i nventor to
d evi se som efor m  of a ppa ratus  which will p ermit
the  c h ange o f  pull f r o ma ve rtical to a horiz o nt a l
direction wh ile in  f l ig h t .


C HAPTER VI
T HE LI F TING SU R FA C E S  OF AEROPLANES

THIS subjec t  in cludes  t hef orm, s hapean d  an gle
of plan es,used in f light. It is t h e direc tion i n
w hic h mo s tof  th ee ner g yhas bee n expend ed  i n
dev elop i n g mach ine s, a nd th e true form i s s till inv olved  in d oubt  a nd un certai nty.
R ELATIVE SPEED A ND A NGLE.--Th e r el ati ve 
spee d  and a ngl e,and the  camber ,  or  t h e cu rved
formation ofth e pl ane, hav e been co ns i dered in 
a llthei r aspec ts,s othat the  art i n  t hi s respe ct  has
a dv anc edwithr apid  strid es.

NAR ROW P L ATES MOST EFFE C TIVE.--It was le a r ne d , in  th e early sta geso f th e de v el opm e nt
by  prac ti c al experiments, that a  n arrowplane ,
fore and af t, produce s a  greater  lif t  t h an a wide
one,  so t hat, assum i ng the p lanehas 100square
fe e t  of sust ain ing  su rfa c e ,it is far bet t e r to  m ake
the  sh ape fiv e f eet  by  tw en ty than t en by te n. 
Ho we ver , itm ust be o bs erv ed , t hat t o  use t he
na rrow  b la d e e ffectiv e ly , it m us tbe p roj ec ted
t hrou g h t he airwith thelon g  mar gi nforward ly.
Its susta in ing powerpe r s quaref o ot of su rface
is much less if f o rced th rou gh th e ai r lengthw ise .

Exp eri m ents h ave sh own w hy  an a rrowb l ad e
h as  proportio n a lly  a gr ea terlift, a nd this may
be mor e  cl early underst ood  bye x am ini n gt heil l ust r a tions which sho w the move me n tof planest hro ug h the a ir at a pprop r iate an gles.

_F ig. 22. S tr eaml i nes  along a p lane._
STREAM LI N ES AL O NG  A PL ANE .--InFi g.22, A 
is af lat  plan e, whi ch  we wi ll as su me is 10  feet
from the front to  the r ear m arg in. For c onv e nie nce
seven  str eam linesofair  aresho w n,
wh ichc on tac t  with  thi s  inclined su rfa c e .The first
l i n e  1,  afte r t h e cont actat the forward en d , is
driven do wnwa r d lyalo n g th esurface, so th atit f orms wha twe might te rm a mov in g  film .

The  secon d air s t r ea m  2, st rike s t he firststr ea m ,
follo w
ords a_safer means
of_navigating than the orthopter_type, because
the_blades_of such_an_instrument can be_forced
through the air_with infinitely greater speed_than
beating wings, and_it_devolves on the inventor to
devise some form of apparatus which will permit
the change of_pull_from a_vertical_to_a horizontal
direction while in flight.



CHAPTER_VI

THE LIFTING SURFACES OF AEROPLANES


THIS_subject includes_the form, shape and angle
of planes, used in_flight._It is the_direction in
which most of the energy has been expended_in
developing machines, and the true form_is still
involved in_doubt_and_uncertainty.

RELATIVE SPEED AND ANGLE.--The_relative
speed and angle, and the camber,_or the curved
formation of the plane,_have been considered in
all their aspects, so_that the art in this respect_has
advanced with rapid strides.

NARROW PLATES_MOST EFFECTIVE.--It_was
learned, in the early stages_of the development
by_practical experiments,_that a narrow_plane,
fore and aft, produces a greater_lift than a_wide
one, so that, assuming the plane_has_100 square
feet of_sustaining_surface,_it is_far better to_make
the_shape five_feet_by twenty than ten by ten.

However,_it_must be observed, that to use the
narrow_blade effectively, it must_be_projected
through the air with_the long margin forwardly.
Its sustaining_power per square foot of surface
is_much less_if forced_through the air lengthwise.

Experiments have shown why a narrow blade
has proportionally_a greater lift, and this may
be_more clearly understood by_examining the
illustrations_which_show the movement_of_planes
through the_air at appropriate angles.

_Fig. 22. Stream lines_along a_plane._

STREAM LINES ALONG A PLANE.--In Fig._22, A
is a flat_plane,_which we will assume is 10_feet
from the front to the rear_margin. For convenience
seven stream lines_of_air_are shown,
which contact with this_inclined surface. The first
line 1, after_the contact at_the forward end, is
driven downwardly along the_surface,_so that it
forms what we might_term_a moving film.

The second air stream_2,_strikes_the first stream,
follow