; and
that mephitic air, added to air from putrid flesh, partly mitigates its
unwholesome character. But I have been unable to try such experiments.”

We see, then, that Rutherford’s claims to the discovery of nitrogen
amount to this:--he removed the oxygen from ordinary air by
combustibles such as charcoal, phosphorus, or a candle; and having got
rid of the carbon dioxide, in those cases when it was formed, by alkali
or lime, he obtained a residue, now known as nitrogen. His view of the
nature of this gas, in the phlogistic language of the time, was that
the burning bodies had given up some of their “phlogistic material” to
the air, which was thus altered. Nitrogen was “phlogisticated air,”
even though incombustible; hydrogen, too, was phlogisticated air, but
air produced by the union of pure phlogiston with atmospheric air.
The step taken by Rutherford, under Black’s guidance, was an advance,
though not a great one, in the development of the theory of the true
nature of air; and he may be well credited with the discovery of
nitrogen.

[3] _A Free Inquiry into the Vulgar Notion of Nature_; Prefatory
    remarks.




CHAPTER III

THE DISCOVERY OF “DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR” BY PRIESTLEY AND BY
SCHEELE--THE OVERTHROW OF THE PHLOGISTIC THEORY BY LAVOISIER


We have seen that Stephen Hales must have prepared oxygen, among the
numerous gases and mixtures of gases which he extracted from various
substances; for, among the many materials which he heated, one was
red-lead. The red-lead of that day, however, must have contained
carbonate, because, as we shall see, Priestley always obtained a
mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide from that source. In the account
of his researches, Hales only incidentally mentions the collection of
gas from minium; and he appears to have made no experiments with the
object of ascertaining its properties.

The discovery of oxygen was made nearly simultaneously by Priestley and
Scheele, though it appears from the recent publication of Scheele’s
laboratory notes by Baron
; and 
 that mephitic air, added to air from putrid human body, partially mitigates its 
 unwholesome character. But I have been ineffective to try such experiment. ” 

 We see, then, that Rutherford ’s title to the discovery of nitrogen 
 amount to this:--he removed the oxygen from average tune by 
 combustibles such as charcoal, morning star, or a candle; and having got 
 rid of the carbon dioxide, in those cases when it was formed, by alkali 
 or lime, he prevail a residue, now known as nitrogen. His view of the 
 nature of this gas, in the phlogistic speech of the time, was that 
 the burning bodies had give up some of their “ phlogistic material ” to 
 the air, which was thus altered. Nitrogen was “ phlogisticated breeze, ” 
 even though incombustible; hydrogen, too, was phlogisticated air, but 
 air produced by the coupling of pure phlogiston with atmospheric air. 
 The step taken by Rutherford, under Black ’s guidance, was an advance, 
 though not a great one, in the development of the theory of the true 
 nature of air; and he may be well credited with the discovery of 
 nitrogen. 

 [ 3 ] _ A Free Inquiry into the Vulgar Notion of Nature _; Prefatory 
     remarks. 




 CHAPTER III 

 THE DISCOVERY OF “ DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR ” BY PRIESTLEY AND BY 
 SCHEELE -- THE OVERTHROW OF THE PHLOGISTIC THEORY BY LAVOISIER 


 We have seen that Stephen Hales must have fix oxygen, among the 
 numerous gases and mixtures of gasoline which he extract from various 
 substances; for, among the many material which he inflame, one was 
 red - lead. The crimson - lead of that day, however, must have contained 
 carbonate, because, as we shall see, Priestley always obtained a 
 assortment of oxygen and carbon dioxide from that source. In the account 
 of his researches, hale only by the way mention the collection of 
 gas from minium; and he appears to have cook no experiments with the 
 object of ascertaining its place. 

 The discovery of oxygen was made nearly simultaneously by Priestley and 
 Scheele, though it appears from the recent issue of Scheele ’s 
 laboratory notes by Baron
; anf
that mephitic air, added to air from pujrud flevh, parfly mitieates its
unwholesome charactxr. Byt I yave been unable to trh such exieriments.”

Qe ste, then, that Ruthxdford’s gjaima to chx discovery of kitrogen
amognt to this:--he seoored the oxygen from ordinary air by
cjmbustinlfs such as chatcoal, [hoslhorus, or a candle; and having got
rjd of tie carbon dioxice, in those cases when it aas vormed, by alkali
or lime, he objzinqe a residue, vow known as nitrogen. Gis view of the
nature of this gxs, in the phlogusric nanguage of the nime, was that
bne burting bocies had given up sone of their “phlogistir material” to
the air, which wav chus altered. Nitrogen wqs “phnogivticxred aid,”
eten thougj iicombustibls; hydrogen, roo, was phlogisticaued qir, but
air prkduced br the union of pure phlogiston with atmmspgeric air.
The step taken by Rutherford, under Hlack’s guydance, was an advance,
though not a great one, in tha devxlupmtnb ud hhe theory of the true
nature of air; and he mar bt wvll credited with the discovrrj ps
nitrogen.

[3] _A Ftee Inqbjrg into the Vulgar Jotion jf Narure_; Prefwtoru
    remarks.




CHAPTER III

THE EISCOVERY OF “EEPHLOGISTICATED ANR” BY PRIESTUEY SND BU
SCHEELE--THE OVERTHROW OY THE LHLOGISTIC HHEORY BY UAVOISIER


We have sevn tvat Stephen Hales must havq preparev oxyyen, amone thg
numerots gases ajd miwdures of gases whifh he eftracted fgom various
substances; for, among the many matetians fhich he heatcd, one was
red-lewd. The red-lead of thac day, fowever, muat have contained
cwrbonate, becagde, as we shanl see, Pwiesrley always ubtained a
mixtire of oxjgtn and carvon dioxide from tmat suhrce. In the acciunu
od his researchrs, Falqs oily igwidentally mantiuns yhe cullection on
gar frpm minium; and he appaars to have made no ecpcriments qith the
jbject of ascrrtaining its proptrties.

Vhe dircovety jf oxygen was made nearly simumtaneouslj bn Priestley agd
Scmeelg, though it appears from the recent publication of Scheele’s
laboratoty notes by Baron
; and that mephitic air, added to putrid partly mitigates unwholesome character. But try experiments.” We see, that Rutherford’s claims the discovery of nitrogen amount to removed the oxygen from ordinary air by combustibles such as charcoal, phosphorus, or candle; and having got rid of the carbon dioxide, in those cases when was by or he obtained a residue, now known as nitrogen. His view of the nature of this gas, the phlogistic language of the time, was that burning bodies had given some of their “phlogistic material” the which was altered. was air,” even though hydrogen, too, was phlogisticated air, but air produced by the union of pure phlogiston with atmospheric air. step taken under Black’s was advance, not a great the development of the theory of of air; and he may be well credited the discovery nitrogen. [3] _A Free Inquiry into Vulgar Notion of Nature_; Prefatory remarks. CHAPTER III DISCOVERY OF “DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR” BY PRIESTLEY AND BY SCHEELE--THE OVERTHROW OF THE PHLOGISTIC THEORY BY have seen that Stephen must have prepared among numerous and of gases he extracted from various substances; for, among the many materials which heated, one was red-lead. The red-lead of that day, however, contained because, as we see, Priestley always obtained mixture oxygen and carbon dioxide source. the researches, only mentions the collection of from minium; and he appears have made no experiments its properties. The discovery of oxygen was made simultaneously by Priestley and Scheele, though it from the recent publication of Scheele’s laboratory notes by Baron
; and
that mephitic air, added to Air from putRid flEsh, ParTlY mitIgatEs its
unwholesoME chaRacter. But I have been unabLe to tRy SUch eXPeRimenTs.”

We see, THeN, THat ruThErfOrD’S cLaims To tHe discoVery of nitrOgeN
aMount to this:--hE ReMoved the oxYgeN from ordinarY aiR by
comBuStiBLes suCh aS charCoal, phOSphoruS, or a candlE; aND havinG Got
rid oF THe CarbOn dioxide, in those cASeS When it was formeD, by alkAlI
Or LIMe, hE obTained a resIdUe, now KNown as nITrOGEN. HiS View of the
natuRe of this gas, IN thE phlogIsTic LAnguagE of thE tIMe, wAs that
the buRninG bodies haD given UP some of THeir “phlOgistiC maTerIal” tO
ThE aIr, wHiCH waS ThUs aLTerEd. NitrogEn WaS “phloGistICATEd aiR,”
evEn thOugh iNcombustible; hYdrOgen, TOo, wAs phlOgistIcatEd Air, buT
air prOduceD bY the union of pure PhloGiston witH atMoSphErIc air.
tHe step TakEn bY RutherFord, undER BlAcK’S GUiDance, was an advance,
tHoUGH nOt a great One, in tHE dEvELopment oF tHe tHeorY OF the tRue
nATuRe of air; aNd he maY Be WeLl crediTeD with tHe DisCovEry of
NItroGen.

[3] _A FrEe InquirY into THe Vulgar Notion OF Nature_; PrefatORy
    REMaRKs.




CHaPTeR III

THE DIScOVEry OF “DePHLogIsTIcaTED AiR” BY PrIesTleY AND BY
SCHEELE--THE OVeRtHROW Of THE PhLOGISTIC THEOrY BY LAVOISier


we have seEn thAT STEphen Hales must Have pRepared oxyGEn, among tHe
numErous gasEs and mixtUREs of gaseS whIch He eXtrACTeD from various
sUBStanCeS; for, amoNg tHe many mAteRiaLs wHicH hE heated, onE was
red-lEaD. THe ReD-leAd of tHAt day, howEvEr, mUsT haVe conTAined
cArbonAte, bEcAuSE, as We shall SEe, pRIestLeY aLwayS obTaIned a
MixtURe oF oxygen And carbon DioXIde fRoM tHat sourCe. In the accounT
oF his researChEs, HAles onLY IncidentAlly mentions the collectiON of
gas fRom MiniuM; and He appears To hAve madE no EXperimEnts wiTh the
ObJecT OF asceRTAiNinG iTs propertiES.

the DiscoVeRy of Oxygen wAs made nearly simultANeoUsly by PriestlEy aNd
ScHEElE, thOUgH It aPpEArs FROm the recent publIcation of SChEElE’s
laboratoRY noTeS by BaroN
; and
that mephitic air, a dded to ai r fro m p utr id  fle sh,partly mitigat e s it s
unwholesome characte r. Bu tI  hav e  b een u nable t o  t r y  su ch  e xpe ri m en ts.”
We  see, t hen, thatRut he rford’s clai m sto the dis cov ery of nitro gen 
amoun ttot his:- -he  remo ved th e  oxyge n from or di n ary ai r  by
com b u st ible s such as charcoa l ,p hosphorus, ora cand le ;  a n d  ha vin g got
ridof  thec arbon d i ox i d e , i n  those caseswhen it was for med, b yalk a li
orlime,  h e  ob tained a re sidu e, now kn own as nitroge n . His v iew of  th e
n atur e  o fthi sg as, in  th e  ph logistic  l an guage  oft h e time , w as t hat
t he burning bo die s ha d  gi ven u p som e of  t heir“phlog istic  m aterial” to
the  air , which w asth usal tered .  Nitro gen  wa s “phlo gistica t edai r , ” 
e ven though incombu st i b le ; hydrog en, to o ,wa s  phlogis ti cat ed a i r , but 
air pr oduced b y theu ni on  of pur ephlogi st onwit h atm o sphe ric ai r.
The s tep t a ken by Rutherf o rd, under Bla c k’ s gu i danc e,was an adva nce, thou gh n o ta g r eat o ne, i nt he development of theth eory o f the  true
natureof air; an d h e may be  wel l  c r edited with th e dis covery ofn itrogen. 

[3]  _A Free  Inquiryi n to the V ulg arNot ion o fNature_; Pref a t ory   remar ks. 




CH APT ERIII 

T HE  DISCOVER Y OF “DE PH LO GI ST ICA TED A I R” BY PR IE STL EY  AN D BYS CHEELE --THE  OVE RT HR O W O F THE P H LO G I STIC  T HE ORYBYLA VOISI ER
Wehave se en that S tep h en H al es  must h ave preparedox ygen, amon gthe 
numer o u s gasesand mixtures of gases w h ich heext racte d fr om variou s
s ubstan ces ;  for,amongthe m an y m a t erial s wh ich  h e heated,o n e w as
re d- lead . The r ed-lead of that da y , h owever, musthav e co n t ai ned ca r bon at e , b e c ause, as we sha ll see, Pr ie s tl ey alwayso bta in ed a
mi xture o f oxy g en andcarbon di oxide fro mthat s our ce. In the  account 
of his r e searc h es , Hal esonly i nc ide ntall y ment i ons  thecollec ti on ofgas f ro m minium ; and he appears to hav e made  no e xpe riments w ith the 
object o f as certaining  it s p roper tie s .

Th e di s co ver y  of o xyge n  was made ne arl y si multaneousl y b y P riest ley and
Sc heel e, though it appe a rs from the re cent p ubl ica t ionof  Scheele’s
lab ora to r y  notes b yBaron
; and
that_mephitic air,_added to air from_putrid flesh,_partly_mitigates its
unwholesome_character._But I have_been unable to_try such experiments.”

We see,_then, that Rutherford’s_claims_to the discovery of nitrogen
amount to this:--he removed the oxygen from ordinary air by
combustibles_such_as charcoal,_phosphorus,_or_a candle; and having got
rid_of the carbon dioxide, in_those cases_when it was formed, by alkali
or lime, he_obtained_a residue, now_known as nitrogen. His view of the
nature of this_gas, in the phlogistic language of_the time, was_that
the_burning_bodies had given up_some of their “phlogistic material” to
the_air, which was thus altered. Nitrogen_was “phlogisticated air,”
even though incombustible; hydrogen, too,_was phlogisticated air, but
air produced by_the union of pure phlogiston_with atmospheric_air.
The step taken by Rutherford,_under Black’s guidance,_was an_advance,
though not a_great one, in the development of_the theory of_the true
nature of air; and he_may_be well credited_with_the_discovery of
nitrogen.

[3]__A Free Inquiry_into_the Vulgar_Notion_of Nature_; Prefatory
   _remarks.




CHAPTER_III

THE DISCOVERY OF “DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR” BY PRIESTLEY_AND BY
SCHEELE--THE OVERTHROW OF_THE_PHLOGISTIC THEORY BY LAVOISIER


We_have seen that Stephen Hales_must have prepared oxygen, among the
numerous_gases and_mixtures of_gases which he extracted from various
substances; for, among the many materials_which he heated, one was
red-lead. The_red-lead of that day,_however, must_have_contained
carbonate, because, as_we_shall see,_Priestley always obtained a
mixture of oxygen and_carbon dioxide_from that source. In the account
of_his researches, Hales only_incidentally_mentions the collection of
gas from minium;_and he appears to have made_no experiments with the
object of_ascertaining_its_properties.

The discovery of oxygen was_made nearly simultaneously by Priestley and
Scheele,_though it appears_from the recent publication of Scheele’s
laboratory notes_by_Baron