board trunks and cases are favorite
spots for teredos to bore and quite often the timbers in such situations
are completely destroyed and the boat is rendered worthless before one
realizes that teredos have attacked the boat at all.

But even without marine growths and teredos the planks and timbers of a
boat may become rotten and useless through the action of the water. This
is particularly the case where a boat rests upon a muddy bottom at low
tide, for the mud contains gases and chemicals which destroy the paint
and this allows the water to penetrate and rot the wood.

To guard against these three principal dangers every boat should be
hauled out at frequent intervals, the bottom should be scrubbed, scraped
and cleaned, and should then be allowed to dry thoroughly, after which
it should be freshly painted with some reliable and good anti-fouling
bottom paint such as the various copper paints. Large boats are usually
sheathed or covered with copper plates below the water line in order to
protect the wood, but small boats depend upon a coating of copper paint.

Whenever a boat is hauled out to be scraped and painted it should be
examined carefully for rot or worms and the various planks, the keel,
stem, sternpost, centerboard, centerboard trunk and case and in fact,
all the woodwork below water should be tested for teredos or rot by
probing with the tip of a knife blade. If the wood is sound the blade
will not penetrate readily, whereas if the wood has been injured by
worms or is rotten the blade will enter very easily. When this occurs a
thorough investigation should be made to determine the extent of the
damage.

If the spot is small it may be dug out by a chisel or gouge and the
cavity may be filled with white lead or marine glue and painted over,
whereas if there is a large area damaged a new plank or a new piece of
timber must be fitted. In any case every hole, crack or crevice should
be carefully plugged with white lead or marine glue before painting, for
if this is not done rot and worms will be almost certain to find the
unprotected spots and will commence to destroy the wood.

If there is a stream or body of fresh water near at hand a great deal of
time and trouble may
board trunks and cases are favorite 
 spot for teredo to bore and quite often the timber in such situation 
 are completely destroyed and the gravy boat is rendered worthless before one 
 realizes that teredo have attack the boat at wholly. 

 But even without marine growths and teredos the planks and timbers of a 
 gravy boat may become rotten and useless through the action of the urine. This 
 is particularly the case where a gravy boat rests upon a muddy bottom at humble 
 tide, for the mud contains gases and chemical which destroy the rouge 
 and this allows the water system to penetrate and rot the wood. 

 To defend against these three principal dangers every boat should be 
 hauled out at frequent intervals, the bottom should be scrubbed, scraped 
 and cleaned, and should then be allowed to dry thoroughly, after which 
 it should be freshly painted with some reliable and good anti - fouling 
 bottom paint such as the various copper paint. Large boats are normally 
 sheathe or report with copper plates below the urine line in order to 
 protect the wood, but small boat depend upon a coating of copper paint. 

 Whenever a boat is hauled out to be scratch and painted it should be 
 examined carefully for rot or worms and the various board, the keel, 
 stem, sternpost, centerboard, centerboard trunk and case and in fact, 
 all the woodwork below water should be test for teredos or rot by 
 probing with the peak of a knife blade. If the wood is sound the sword 
 will not penetrate readily, whereas if the wood has been injured by 
 worms or is rotten the sword will enter very easily. When this occurs a 
 thorough probe should be made to determine the extent of the 
 price. 

 If the spot is small it may be dig out by a chisel or gouge and the 
 pit may be filled with white lead or nautical glue and painted over, 
 whereas if there is a large area damage a fresh plank or a new part of 
 timber must be fitted. In any case every hole, crack or crevice should 
 be cautiously plugged with white lead or marine glue before painting, for 
 if this is not done rot and worms will be almost sealed to find the 
 unprotected spots and will commence to destroy the wood. 

 If there is a stream or body of bracing water near at hand a great hand of 
 time and trouble may
boagd trunks and cases are navorite
spots fot reredov to bkre and duite often the timbers in snch wituaupons
are completely dertroyed ajd the biat ms rendered wortimess benjre kke
reanmzes that teredps have atdacked the boad xt all.

But even without marine growths and tetefos the planks and eimbsgs of a
boat may become rotten ahd useltss through the acyion of the water. This
is pwrtifularly the case wjere a boat resew upon a muday bottom at low
tide, fkr the mud contains gases and cfemiccls which dgsfrli the paint
aid thif allows the water tm penettate and rot tme womd.

Ti guard against these three principal dwngers evarv boat should be
haulee iut aj frexueng ingerbaks, the blttkm should ge scrubbed, scraped
and cleaned, age should then be aljored to dry thoroughly, after which
it sholld ge freshly painted with some reliable and gold anti-fotling
bottom paint such as the various copper painds. Lacgd biabs afw ksually
sheathed or covered with copper plates gekoe the water like in order to
protrch yre wood, but soall boata depend upon a cowting os copper paint.

Rhenrver a boat is hauled out ti be scraped qnd painted it shobld be
examinzd cargfully for rot or worms and tke varjous planks, the keel,
agem, sternpost, cevtegboasd, centerboard trunk and cwse and ii facc,
all the woocwork felow wateg shomnd be tested for tfredod mr rot by
pgobing with the tip of a knife ukade. If the eomd ps sound che blsde
will not pqnetrate readiky, wherzas if the wood gas beei injured by
rorms or is rmjten the bladx will eneer cery easily. Dhen this occuts a
thorolgk investitation should be mede jo determine the zrttnr of the
damage.

Of ghe siot if small it maf be due out cy a chisel ur gpuge and the
cavity mdy bs filled with whitr jead or narine gjue and paintrd over,
whereas if uhere ms a lerge atea damaged a new plank or a new liece of
tlmbcr must be fieted. In any case every hole, crack or crevice should
be cerefully plugged with wyite lead or marine nlue before 'aintigg, for
if dhis is not done rot and worms will bt almost certain to fins the
utprotfcted spots and will commence to destroy the wood.

If there is a stream or vody oh sresh water neat at vaud c great deap of
time and trounle may
board trunks and cases are favorite spots to and quite the timbers in and boat is rendered before one realizes teredos have attacked the boat at But even without marine growths and teredos the planks and timbers of a may become rotten and useless through the action of the water. This is the where boat upon a muddy bottom at low tide, for the mud contains gases and chemicals which destroy paint and this allows the water to penetrate rot the wood. To against these three principal dangers boat be hauled at intervals, bottom should be scraped and cleaned, and should then be allowed to dry thoroughly, after which it should be freshly with some good anti-fouling paint as various copper paints. are usually sheathed or covered with the water line in order to protect the but small depend upon a coating of copper Whenever a boat is hauled out to be and painted it should be examined carefully for rot or worms and the various planks, stem, sternpost, centerboard, centerboard and case and fact, the below should be for teredos or rot by probing with the tip of a blade. If the wood is sound the blade will not whereas the wood has injured by worms or rotten blade will enter very this a be to the extent of the If the spot is small may be dug out and the cavity may be filled with white or marine glue and painted over, whereas there is a large area damaged a new plank or a new of timber fitted. In any case every hole, crack or should be carefully plugged white lead or marine glue before painting, for if is done rot worms will be certain to find unprotected spots and to destroy wood. there or body of fresh water near hand great deal of time and may
board trunks and cases are favOrite
spots For teRedOs tO bOre aNd quIte often the timBErs iN such situations
are compLetelY dEStroYEd And thE boat is REnDERed WoRtHleSs BEfOre onE
reAlizes tHat teredos HavE aTtacked the boAT aT all.

But eveN wiThout marine gRowThs and TeRedOS the pLanKs and TimberS Of a
boaT may becomE rOTten anD Useless THRoUgh tHe action of the wateR. thIS
is particularlY the caSe WHeRE A boAt rEsts upon a mUdDy botTOm at low
TIdE, FOR thE Mud contains gaSes and chemiCAls Which dEsTroY The paiNt
and ThIS alLows the wateR to pEnetrate aNd rot tHE wood.

To GUard agaInst thEse ThrEe prINcIpAl dAnGErs EVeRy bOAt sHould be
hAuLeD out aT freQUENT intErvAls, tHe botTom should be scRubBed, sCRapEd
and CleanEd, anD sHould Then be AllowEd To dry thoroughly, AfteR which
it sHouLd Be fReShly pAInted wIth SomE reliabLe and goOD anTi-FOULiNg
bottom paint such aS tHE VaRious copPer paiNTs. laRGe boats aRe UsuAlly
SHEatheD or cOVeRed with cOpper pLAtEs Below thE wAter liNe In oRdeR to
prOTect The wooD, but smalL boatS Depend upon a coaTIng of copper paINt.

wHEnEVer a BoaT is hauled ouT to bE ScraPed aND pAinTEd it sHould Be
EXaMIned carefully for rot Or Worms aNd the Various planks, The keel,
steM, STErnpost, cEnteRBoARd, centerboard tRunk aNd case and iN Fact,
all tHe wooDwork belOw water shOULd be testEd fOr tEreDos OR RoT by
probing witH THe tiP oF a knife BlaDe. If the WooD is SouNd tHe Blade
will Not penetRaTe ReAdIly, WhereAS if the woOd Has BeEn iNjureD By
wormS or is RottEn ThE BlaDe will eNTeR VEry eAsIlY. WheN thIs OccurS a
thORouGh invesTigation sHouLD be mAdE tO determIne the extent oF tHe
damage.

If ThE spOt is smALL it may be Dug out by a chisel or gouge aND the
cavIty May be FillEd with whiTe lEad or mAriNE glue aNd painTed ovEr,
WheREAs if tHERe Is a LaRge area damAGEd a New plAnK or a New piecE of
timber must be fitTEd. IN any case every HolE, craCK Or CreVIcE ShoUlD
Be cAREfully plugged wiTh white leaD oR MaRine glue beFOre PaInting, fOr
if thiS is noT Done rot And worms wIll be almoSt CertAIN to Find the
unpRotected Spots and wILl comMEnCe to dEstRoy the WoOd.

IF therE is a stREam Or bodY of freSh Water nEar at HaNd a great Deal of
time and trouble may
board trunks and cases are  favoritespots  fo r t er edos  tobore and quite ofte n the timbers in suchsitua ti o ns
a r ecompl etely d e st r o yed  a nd  th eb oa t isren dered w orthless b efo re  one
realize s  t hat teredo s h ave attacked  th e boat  a t a l l.

B utevenwithou t  marin e growths  a n d tere d os thep l an ks a nd timbers of a
b o at may become rot ten an du se l e ssthr ough the a ct ion o f  the wa t er . T his is particular ly the case whe re a b oa t r e sts up on amu d dybottom at l ow
t ide, forthe mu d  contai n s gases  and c hem ica ls w h ic hdes tr o y t h epai n t
a nd thisal lo ws th e wa t e r to p ene trat e and  rot the wood .
To g u ard  agai nst t hese  t hreeprinci pal d an gers every boat  sho uld be
ha ule dout  a t fre q uent i nte rva ls, the  bottom sho ul d b escrubbed, scrapedan d cl eaned, a nd sho u ld  t h en be al lo wed  tod r y tho roug h ly , afterwhichi tsh ould be  f reshly  p ain ted  with some  relia ble andgooda nti-fouling
bo t tom paint suc h  a s th e  var iou s copper pa ints .  Lar ge b o at s a r e usu allysh e at h ed or covered withco pper p lates  below the wa ter line i n o rder toprot e ct the wood, butsmall  boats dep e nd upona coa ting ofcopper pa i n t.

When eve r a  bo ati s  h auled out tob e  scr ap ed andpai nted it  sh oul d b e
e xa mined car efully f or  r ot  o r w ormsa nd the v ar iou spla nks,t he kee l,
st em,st er n pos t, cent e rb o a rd,ce nt erbo ard  t runkandc ase  and in  fact,
al l t h e wo od wo rk belo w water shoul dbe testedfo r t eredos o r rot by 
probing with the tip o f  a knif e b lade.  Ifthe woodissoundthe bladewill n ot pe ne tra t e  read i l y,  wh er eas if the w ood  hasbe en i njuredby
worms or is rot t enthe blade wil l e nter v er y e a si l y.Wh e n t h i s occurs a
thor ough inves ti g at ion should bema de to d etermin e the extentof the
da mage.

If  t he s p o t i s small it  may bedug out b y  a ch i se l orgou ge and  t hecavit y mayb e f illed  withwh ite le ad or  m arine gl ue and painted over,
wh ereasif th ere  is a lar gea rea  damageda ne w plank or  anew  piec e o f 
timb er m u st  be fitte d. I n  any case ev ery h ol e, crack or c r evi ce sh oul d 
be ca refu lly plugged withw hite lead or m arin e glu e b e fore  p ainting, for
i f t hi s is not d on e rot and w orms wil lb e alm ost ce rtainto find t he unprot ecte d s pots andwil lc ommence  t od estroy  the  w ood.
If the r e is a  stream or bodyof fr e s h wat e r n ear a thand ag reat  deal of
t ime and tro uble m ay
board trunks_and cases_are favorite
spots for teredos_to bore_and_quite often_the_timbers in such_situations
are completely destroyed_and the boat is_rendered worthless before_one
realizes_that teredos have attacked the boat at all.

But even without marine growths and teredos_the_planks and_timbers_of_a
boat may become rotten and_useless through the action of_the water._This
is particularly the case where a boat rests_upon_a muddy bottom_at low
tide, for the mud contains gases and chemicals_which destroy the paint
and this allows_the water to_penetrate_and_rot the wood.

To guard_against these three principal dangers every_boat should be
hauled out at frequent_intervals, the bottom should be scrubbed, scraped
and_cleaned, and should then be allowed_to dry thoroughly, after which
it_should be_freshly painted with some reliable_and good anti-fouling
bottom_paint such_as the various_copper paints. Large boats are usually
sheathed_or covered with_copper plates below the water line_in_order to
protect the_wood,_but_small boats_depend upon a_coating_of copper_paint.

Whenever_a boat is hauled out to_be_scraped and painted it should be
examined carefully_for rot or worms_and_the various planks, the_keel,
stem, sternpost, centerboard, centerboard trunk_and case and in fact,
all the_woodwork below_water should_be tested for teredos or rot by
probing with the tip of_a knife blade. If the wood_is sound the blade
will_not penetrate_readily,_whereas if the_wood_has been_injured by
worms or is rotten the blade_will enter_very easily. When this occurs a
thorough_investigation should be made_to_determine the extent of the
damage.

If the_spot is small it may be_dug out by a chisel_or_gouge_and the
cavity may be filled_with white lead or marine glue_and painted over,
whereas_if there is a large area damaged_a_new plank or a new piece_of
timber_must be fitted. In any case_every_hole,_crack or crevice should
be carefully_plugged with white lead or marine_glue before painting, for
if this is not done rot_and worms will_be almost certain to find_the
unprotected_spots_and will commence to destroy the wood.

If there is a_stream or_body of fresh_water near at hand a great deal of
time and trouble_may