 2.
These are controlled by a shoulder rack or swinging
frame operated by the driver, so that the body
in swinging laterally will change the two wings
at the same time, but with angles in different
directions.

THE FARMAN AILERONS.--Farman's disposition
is somewhat different, as shown in sketch 3. The
wings are hinged to the upper planes at their rear
edges, and near the extremities of the planes.
Operating wires lead to a lever within reach of the
aviator, and, by this means, the wings are held at
any desired angle, or changed at will.

The difficulty of using any particular model, is
true, also, of the arrangement of the fore and aft
control, as well as the means for laterally stabilizing
it. In view of this we shall submit a general
form, which may be departed from at will.

FEATURES WELL DEVELOPED.--Certain features
are fairly well developed, however. One is the
angle of the supporting plane, with reference to
the frame itself; and the other is the height at
which the tail and rudder should be placed above
the surface of the ground when the machine is at
rest.

DEPRESSING THE REAR END.--This latter is a
matter which must be taken into consideration,
because in initiating flight the rear end of the
frame is depressed in order to give a sufficient
angle to the supporting planes so as to be able to
inaugurate flight.

In order to commence building we should have
some definite idea with respect to the power, as
this will, in a measure, determine the area of the
supporting surfaces, as a whole, and from this
the sizes of the different planes may be determined.

DETERMINING THE SIZE.--Suppose we decide on
300 square feet of sustaining surface. This may
require a 30, a 40 or a 50 horse power motor,
dependent on the speed required, and much higher
power has been used on that area.

However, let us assume that a forty horse power
motor is available, our 300 square feet of surface
may be put into two planes, each having 150 square
feet of surface, which would make each 5' by 30'
in size; or, it may be decided to make the planes
narrower, and proportionally
2. 
 These are controlled by a shoulder rack or swinging 
 frame operate by the driver, so that the soundbox 
 in swinging laterally will change the two wings 
 at the like time, but with angles in different 
 management. 

 THE FARMAN AILERONS.--Farman's disposition 
 is somewhat unlike, as usher in sketch 3. The 
 wing are hinged to the upper planes at their rear 
 edges, and near the extremities of the planes. 
 Operating wire lead to a lever within reach of the 
 aviator, and, by this means, the wing are held at 
 any desired angle, or changed at volition. 

 The difficulty of use any particular model, is 
 true, besides, of the arrangement of the fore and aft 
 control, as well as the means for laterally stabilizing 
 it. In view of this we shall put in a cosmopolitan 
 form, which may be departed from at will. 

 FEATURES WELL DEVELOPED.--Certain features 
 are fairly well developed, however. One is the 
 angle of the support airplane, with reference to 
 the frame itself; and the other is the altitude at 
 which the tail and rudder should be placed above 
 the surface of the flat coat when the machine is at 
 rest. 

 DEPRESSING THE REAR END.--This latter is a 
 matter which must be accept into consideration, 
 because in initiating flight the rear end of the 
 frame is depressed in order to give a sufficient 
 angle to the supporting planes so as to be able to 
 inaugurate escape. 

 In order to commence construction we should have 
 some definite idea with respect to the power, as 
 this will, in a measure, settle the area of the 
 supporting surfaces, as a whole, and from this 
 the size of the different planes may be determined. 

 DETERMINING THE SIZE.--Suppose we decide on 
 300 hearty feet of sustain surface. This may 
 require a 30, a 40 or a 50 cavalry power motor, 
 pendent on the speed necessitate, and much eminent 
 power has been used on that sphere. 

 However, let us assume that a forty horse power 
 motor is available, our 300 square feet of surface 
 may be put into two planes, each having 150 square 
 feet of open, which would make each 5' by 30' 
 in size; or, it may be decided to induce the planes 
 narrower, and proportionally
 2.
Thfse are controlled by a rhoulder rack ot wwingiig
frame operatea by the driver, so that the uody
un swunging laterally will zhange thv two wints
at rhe same tmje, but with ahnles nn different
diregtions.

THE FDRMAN AILERONS.--Xafmcn's disposition
is somewhat different, as shoen in sketch 3. Thg
wingx are hinged to the upper planes at thejr rear
tdges, and near the extremities of the planes.
Lperwting wires lead tl a lever wuthig reach of thd
aviator, and, by this mgans, the wings are held at
any derired angle, or xhqngfg at will.

Thx diffpculty of usikb any [articukar model, is
trme, alvo, if the arrangement of the fore and aft
cjntrol, as wzll as the means for oareralny sdabiuuzivg
iu. Ii vjew of thms we shall submit a gwneral
form, which mau fv departed frkm at rijl.

FEATURES WELL DEVELOPED.--Certain featurts
are fairly well developed, yowever. One is the
angpe of the supporting plane, with reference to
the frame itsenf; anv ghe obher us the height at
which the tail and rudder shoulq bt pkaced above
the surface of tje dround when tfe mackjns is at
rest.

DEPRESSLNG THE REAR END.--This jattrr is a
matter which must be taken into bonsuderation,
because iu initiating flibht tne rear end of the
frame is sepressed ij order tk give a sufficievt
akgla to the supporting planes so as to be cble to
ivaugorate fjight.

In orfer to commence building we skould have
some fefinite idea with respect to tix power, as
thix filn, in a mzasure, determine thq area of the
sopporting surfxces, as a shole, aid from this
ehe sizes of dje different planes iay ve dwterminda.

DETERMINING TNE SIZE.--Suipjse qe decide on
300 squarc feej kf sustaining sbxfqce. This may
reqiird a 30, w 40 ow a 50 horse pofer ootut,
depevdent on thc soeed required, and much hhghed
power has been usrd on that area.

Howqver, let us axsume that a forty horsx powec
motor is available, our 300 square feet of surface
mwy ne put into tro poanes, each hcving 150 square
feet of surface, which would make each 5' by 30'
in wize; or, it may be dgciced to make the [lanes
narsower, and proportionqlly
2. These are controlled by a shoulder swinging operated by driver, so that will the two wings the same time, with angles in different directions. THE AILERONS.--Farman's disposition is somewhat different, as shown in sketch 3. The wings are to the upper planes at their rear edges, and near the extremities of planes. wires to lever within reach of the aviator, and, by this means, the wings are held at any angle, or changed at will. The difficulty of any particular model, is also, of the arrangement of fore aft control, well the for laterally stabilizing In view of this we shall submit a general form, which may be departed from at will. WELL DEVELOPED.--Certain fairly well however. is angle of the with reference to the frame itself; is the height at which the tail and should be above the surface of the ground the machine is at rest. DEPRESSING THE REAR latter is a matter which must be taken into consideration, because in initiating flight the of the frame is in order to a angle the planes so to be able to inaugurate flight. In order to commence building should have some definite idea with respect to the power, will, a measure, determine area of the supporting as whole, and from this of different determined. THE we decide on 300 feet of sustaining surface. This require a 30, a power motor, dependent on the speed required, and higher power has been used on that However, let us assume that a forty horse power motor is available, 300 square surface may be put into two planes, each 150 square feet of which would make each 5' by 30' in size; it be decided make the planes and proportionally
 2.
These are controlled by a shouLder rack or SwingIng
FraMe OperAted By the driver, so tHAt thE body
in swinging lateralLy wilL cHAnge THe Two wiNgs
at thE SaME TimE, bUt WitH aNGlEs in dIffErent
diRections.

THe FArMaN AILERONS.--FaRMaN's dispositIon
Is somewhat diFfeRent, as ShOwn IN sketCh 3. THe
winGs are hINged to The upper pLaNEs at thEIr rear
eDGEs, And nEar the extremities OF tHE planes.
OperatiNg wireS lEAd TO A leVer Within reacH oF the
aVIator, anD, By THIS meANs, the wings are Held at
any deSIreD angle, Or ChaNGed at wIll.

ThE dIFfiCulty of usinG any ParticulaR model, IS
true, alSO, of the aRrangeMenT of The fORe AnD afT
cONtrOL, aS weLL as The means FoR lAteraLly sTABILiziNg
iT. In vIew of This we shall suBmiT a geNEraL
form, Which May bE dEpartEd from At wilL.

FeATURES WELL DEVElOPEd.--Certain fEatUrEs
aRe FairlY Well deVelOpeD, howeveR. One is tHE
anGlE OF ThE supporting plane, wiTh REFeRence to
tHe framE ItSeLF; and the oThEr iS the HEIght aT
whiCH tHe tail anD ruddeR ShOuLd be plaCeD above
ThE suRfaCe of tHE groUnd wheN the machIne is AT
rest.

DEPRESSINg tHE REAR END.--ThiS LaTTEr IS a
maTteR which must bE takEN intO conSIdEraTIon,
beCause In INiTIating flight the rear EnD of the
Frame Is depressed in Order to givE A SUfficienT
angLE tO The supporting pLanes So as to be abLE to
inaugUrate Flight.

In Order to coMMEnce builDinG we ShoUld HAVe
Some definite iDEA witH rEspect tO thE power, aS
thIs wIll, In a MeAsure, deteRmine the ArEa Of ThE
suPportINg surfacEs, As a WhOle, And frOM this
tHe sizEs of ThE dIFfeRent plaNEs MAY be dEtErMineD.

DEtErMINInG THe sIZe.--SupposE we decide On
300 sQUare FeEt Of sustaIning surface. THiS may
requirE a 30, A 40 or A 50 horse POWer motor,
Dependent on the speed requIRed, and mUch HigheR
powEr has been UseD on thaT arEA.

HowevEr, let uS assuMe ThaT A Forty HORsE poWeR
motor is avAILabLe, our 300 SqUare Feet of sUrface
may be put into TWo pLanes, each haviNg 150 sQuarE
FEeT of SUrFAce, WhICh wOULd make each 5' by 30'
in sIze; or, it may Be DEcIded to make THe pLaNes
narrOwer, and PropoRTionallY
 2.
These are controlled b y a should er ra ckorsw ingi ng
f rame operatedb y th e driver, so that thebodyin swin g in g lat erallyw il l cha ng ethe  t w owings 
at  the sa me time, b utwi th angles in di fferent
di rec tions.

THEFAR MAN AI LE RON S .--Fa rma n's d isposi t ion
is  somewhat  d i fferen t , as sh o w nin s ketch 3. The
wing s  a r e hinged to th e uppe rp la n e s a t t heir reared ges,a nd near th e e xtr e mities of the  planes.
Op e rat ing wi re s l e ad toa lev er wit hin reach o f th e
aviator , and, by this means,the wi ngs  ar e he l dat 
an yd esi r ed  an g le,  or chan ge dat wi ll.T h e  dif fic ulty  of u sing any part icu larm ode l, is 
true , al so , ofthe ar range me nt of the foreandaft
contr ol,  a s w el l ast he mea nsfor  latera lly sta b ili zi n g it . In view of thiswe s ha ll submi t a ge n er al form, wh ic h m ay b e depar tedf ro m at wil l.

FE A TU RE S WELLDE VELOPE D. --C ert ain f e atur es
are  fairlywelld eveloped, howe v er. One is th e 
a n g le of t hesupportingplan e , wi th r e fe ren c e tothe f ra m ei tself; and the othe ris the  heig ht at
which t he tail an d r udder sh ould be placed above
t he su rface of t h e ground  when  the mac hine is a t rest.

D EPR ESS ING  TH E RE AR END.--This l atte ris a
ma tte r which  mu stbetak en  into con siderati on ,be ca use  in i n itiating  f lig ht  th e rea r  end o f the 
fra me  i s  de pressed in o rder  t ogive  asu ffici enta ngl e to th e support ing plan es  s o as to  be able to
i na ugurate fl ig ht. 

In o r d er to co mmence building we shou l d havesom e def init e idea wi threspec t t o  the p ower,as
th is  wi l l , ina me asu re , determin e the  area  o f th e
suppo rting surfaces, as a w hole, and fro m t hist h esiz e so f t he dif f e rent planes may  be determ in e d. 

DETERMIN I NGTH E SIZE. --Suppo se we decideon
300 sq uare feet  o f su s t ain ing surfac e. Thismay
requi r e a 3 0 ,a 40ora 50 h or sepower  motor , 
de pende nt onth e spee d req ui red, and  much higher
power hasbeen u sed o n t hat area. 

H o wev er, let u s as sume thata f ort y hor sep owermoto r  i s a v ailab le,o ur 300 sq u ar e f e e tof surfacem a y  be  putint o  two p lane s, each having 15 0  square
feet o f su r f ace , w h ichwo uld make each5'by 3 0'
in si ze ; or, it ma y be dec id e d tomake t he pla nes
nar r o we r , andprop ort ionally
 2.
These_are controlled_by a shoulder rack_or swinging
frame_operated_by the_driver,_so that the_body
in swinging laterally_will change the two_wings
at the same_time,_but with angles in different
directions.

THE FARMAN AILERONS.--Farman's disposition
is somewhat different, as shown in sketch_3._The
wings are_hinged_to_the upper planes at their_rear
edges, and near the extremities_of the_planes.
Operating wires lead to a lever within reach_of_the
aviator, and, by_this means, the wings are held at
any desired angle,_or changed at will.

The difficulty of_using any particular_model,_is
true,_also, of the arrangement_of the fore and aft
control, as_well as the means for laterally_stabilizing
it. In view of this we shall_submit a general
form, which may be_departed from at will.

FEATURES WELL_DEVELOPED.--Certain features
are_fairly well developed, however. One_is the
angle of_the supporting_plane, with reference_to
the frame itself; and the other_is the height_at
which the tail and rudder should_be_placed above
the surface_of_the_ground when_the machine is_at
rest.

DEPRESSING_THE REAR_END.--This_latter is a
matter which must be_taken_into consideration,
because in initiating flight the rear_end of the
frame is_depressed_in order to give_a sufficient
angle to the supporting_planes so as to be able_to
inaugurate flight.

In_order to_commence building we should have
some definite idea with respect to the_power, as
this will, in a measure,_determine the area of_the
supporting surfaces,_as_a whole, and_from_this
the sizes_of the different planes may be determined.

DETERMINING_THE SIZE.--Suppose_we decide on
300 square feet of_sustaining surface. This may
require_a_30, a 40 or a 50_horse power motor,
dependent on the speed_required, and much higher
power has_been_used_on that area.

However, let us_assume that a forty horse power
motor_is available, our_300 square feet of surface
may be put_into_two planes, each having 150 square
feet_of_surface, which would make each 5'_by_30'
in_size; or, it may be_decided to make the planes
narrower, and_proportionally