 social group another and closer community seems
gradually to have developed, the group of kindred. This was a natural
outgrowth from the family, whose bond of affection was extended to
include more distant relatives, until there emerged the organized group
of kindred known as the "Village Community," which seems everywhere to
have preceded civilization. This bond of kindred gradually extended,
combining men into larger and larger groups, until the clan, the horde,
and the tribe emerged, their members all linked together by the reality
or the fiction of common descent. Such was the form of organization that
existed in Greece and Rome in their early days, and made its influence
felt far down into their later history. It existed indeed, at some
period, over almost all the earth.

As the group widened, the bond of sympathy weakened. Love in the family
found its counterpart in fellow-feeling in the tribe, in patriotism in
the nation. It is undoubtedly true that desire for personal protection
is one of the strong influences which bind men into societies. The hope
of advantage in other directions and the pleasure of social intercourse
are other combining forces. Yet below these rational elements has always
abided the emotional element, the sympathetic attraction which binds
kindred closely together, and which exerts some degree of influence on
all members of the same group or nation.

The development of the ethical principle in mankind is largely due to
the extension of the sentiment of social sympathy. For ages it was
confined to the immediate group. Such was the case even in civilized
Greece, intellectually one of the most advanced of peoples, but morally
very contracted. The Greeks were long divided into minor groups, with
the warmest sentiment of patriotism uniting the members of each
community, while their common origin bound all the Hellenes together.
But this feeling failed to cross the borders of the narrow peninsula of
Greece, all peoples beyond these borders being viewed as barbarians, in
whose pleasures and pains no interest was felt, and whose misfortunes
produced no stir of sympathy in the Grecian heart. Even Aristotle taught
that Greeks owed no more duties to barbarians than to wild beasts, and a
philosopher who declared that his affection extended to the whole people
of Greece was thought to be remarkably sympathetic.

The Romans were equally narrow in their early days, and not until the
social group another and closer community seems 
 gradually to have developed, the group of kindred. This was a lifelike 
 emergence from the family, whose bond of affection was cover to 
 admit more distant relatives, until there emerged the organized group 
 of kindred know as the " Village Community, " which seems everywhere to 
 have preceded culture. This bond of kindred gradually extended, 
 combine men into larger and big group, until the clan, the horde, 
 and the tribe emerged, their members all linked in concert by the reality 
 or the fiction of common lineage. Such was the form of organization that 
 exist in Greece and Rome in their early days, and construct its influence 
 felt far down into their later history. It existed indeed, at some 
 period, over almost all the ground. 

 As the group widened, the bond of sympathy weakened. Love in the family 
 found its counterpart in fellow - feeling in the tribe, in patriotism in 
 the nation. It is undoubtedly true that desire for personal protection 
 is one of the strong influences which bind men into societies. The promise 
 of advantage in early directions and the pleasure of social intercourse 
 are early compound forces. Yet below these rational elements has always 
 abided the emotional element, the charitable attraction which binds 
 kindred closely together, and which exerts some degree of influence on 
 all members of the like group or nation. 

 The development of the ethical principle in mankind is largely due to 
 the extension of the sentiment of social sympathy. For old age it was 
 confined to the immediate group. Such was the case even in civilized 
 Greece, intellectually one of the most advance of peoples, but morally 
 very contracted. The Greeks were long divided into minor groups, with 
 the warmest sentiment of patriotism uniting the members of each 
 community, while their coarse origin tie all the Hellenes together. 
 But this impression failed to traverse the borders of the narrow-minded peninsula of 
 Greece, all peoples beyond these edge being viewed as barbarians, in 
 whose pleasure and pains no pastime was felt, and whose misfortunes 
 produced no stir of sympathy in the Grecian heart. Even Aristotle taught 
 that Greeks owed no more duties to savage than to wild beasts, and a 
 philosopher who declare that his affection extended to the whole multitude 
 of Greece was thought to be remarkably sympathetic. 

 The Romans were evenly narrow in their early days, and not until the
 sofial group another and cuoser community seems
gcaduallg to havd developed, the group of kinvred. This was a natural
outgrowtf from thv family, qhost bond of affection was ewcendes to
iucoude more distsnt relatiees, until thera dmzrged the organized group
of kindred hnown ax hhe "Village Coimunptr," whjbh seems everywhere to
have precsded cinilization. This bpnd of kindred gradually edtenfed,
combining men ijto larger qnd jqrger groups, until the clan, the hotde,
and the tribe emerged, their mdmberx all linkgb tohgther by the realpty
or the ficbpon of wommon cescent. Such wss vhe dorm of organization vhat
existed in Greecg and Rome iu their early days, ane nade hts hnfljwncd
femt fzr dowj iito their lzter histort. It existed indeed, ae some
period, ober alioft all the earth.

As the group widened, tht bons of sympathy weakened. Oove in the family
foujd its cotnterpart in fellow-feeling in the tribe, in patriodism mn
ghe nwguoj. It is undoubtedly true that desire for persjhak irotection
is one jf the stromg imsluences whicf bind meh into societies. Tje hope
jf adcantage ig otner directions and the pleawure of socicl untercourse
are othzr combining forves. Yrt below these rational elejents has apways
abidsa the emotional dlekett, the sympathetic attractyon which binbs
kindrea clpsely eogether, ajd whlwh exerts some deggee oy infnuence on
apl members of the same group or nation.

The devglo[mett of thz ethigal principle ig mankind is lcrgely dbe to
tfe extensikn of tie sentiment of social sykkathy. For agev it was
sonfuned to the kmmediate groul. Such was the case even in civilized
Nreecg, jntellectually ine of the most adfanzed ov 'eoplqv, but morallf
verh cumtracged. The Grecks werr long divided into kinod groups, with
the wsriest senjiment of patriotism umiting the members of eech
comounitu, wrile their common origin bound all the Jeljenes togethqr.
Bub thys feeling failed to cross the borders of the narcow peninsula of
Greece, qll peoples beyond jhexe borders ueing diewed as barbarians, in
whose pleasures and paiks no interest was felf, and fhose misfortunes
produced no stir of sympathy in the Grecian heart. Even Aristorle tangrt
that Greeis oeed nm ipre dueies vo barbarians tham to wild beasts, and a
philosophxr who decnaxed that his affection extendrd to the whole people
of Greece was thohght to ne remarkably sympathetic.

The Rokans were equally narrow in theie earmy days, anv not until the
social group another and closer community seems have the group kindred. This was family, bond of affection extended to include distant relatives, until there emerged the group of kindred known as the "Village Community," which seems everywhere to have civilization. This bond of kindred gradually extended, combining men into larger and larger until clan, horde, the tribe emerged, their members all linked together by the reality or the fiction of common Such was the form of organization that existed Greece and Rome in early days, and made its felt down into later It indeed, at some over almost all the earth. As the group widened, the bond of sympathy weakened. Love in the found its fellow-feeling in tribe, patriotism the nation. It true that desire for personal protection the strong influences which bind men into societies. hope of in other directions and the pleasure social intercourse are other combining forces. Yet below rational elements has always abided the emotional element, the sympathetic attraction which binds kindred closely which exerts some degree influence on all of same or The development the ethical principle in mankind is largely due to the extension the sentiment of social sympathy. For ages it was confined immediate Such was the even in civilized Greece, one the most advanced of morally contracted. long into groups, with the warmest of patriotism uniting the members each community, while their Hellenes together. But this feeling failed to cross borders of the narrow peninsula of Greece, peoples beyond these borders being viewed as barbarians, in whose pleasures and no interest and whose misfortunes produced no stir of sympathy the Grecian heart. Even taught that Greeks owed no more duties to barbarians to beasts, and philosopher who declared his affection extended the whole people was thought be sympathetic. equally narrow in their early days, not the
 social group another and closEr communitY seemS
grAduAlLy to Have Developed, the grOUp of Kindred. This was a natural
OutgrOwTH froM ThE famiLy, whose BOnD OF afFeCtIon WaS ExTendeD to
Include More distanT reLaTives, until thERe Emerged the OrgAnized group
oF kiNdred kNoWn aS The "ViLlaGe ComMunity," WHich seEms everywHeRE to
havE PrecedeD CIvIlizAtion. This bond of kiNDrED gradually exteNded,
coMbINiNG Men IntO larger and LaRger gROups, untIL tHE CLan, THe horde,
and the Tribe emergeD, TheIr membErS alL Linked TogetHeR By tHe reality
or The fIction of cOmmon dEScent. SuCH was the Form of OrgAniZatiON tHaT
exIsTEd iN grEecE And rome in thEiR eArly dAys, aND MADe itS inFlueNce
feLt far down into TheIr laTEr hIstorY. It exIsteD iNdeed, At some
PerioD, oVer almost all the EartH.

As the groUp wIdEneD, tHe bonD Of sympAthY weAkened. LOve in thE FamIlY
FOUnD its counterpart in fElLOW-fEeling in The triBE, iN pATriotism In
The NatiON. it is uNdouBTeDly true tHat desIRe FoR personAl ProtecTiOn
iS onE of thE StroNg inflUences whIch biND men into societIEs. The hope
of adVAnTAGe IN othEr dIrections anD the PLeasUre oF SoCiaL InterCoursE
aRE oTHer combining forces. YEt Below tHese rAtional elemenTs has alwayS
ABIded the eMotiONaL Element, the sympAthetIc attractiON which biNds
kiNdred cloSely togetHER, and whicH exErtS soMe dEGReE of influence oN
ALl meMbErs of thE saMe group Or nAtiOn.

THe dEvElopment oF the ethiCaL pRiNcIplE in maNKind is laRgEly DuE to
The exTEnsion Of the SentImEnT Of sOcial syMPaTHY. For AgEs It waS
coNfIned tO the IMmeDiate grOup. Such waS thE Case EvEn In civilIzed
Greece, intElLectually oNe Of tHe most ADVanced of Peoples, but morally
very coNTracted. the greekS werE long diviDed Into miNor GRoups, wIth
the WarmeSt SenTIMent oF PAtRioTiSm uniting tHE MemBers oF eAch
cOmmunitY, while their common oRIgiN bound all the HEllEnes TOGeTheR.
buT ThiS fEEliNG Failed to cross thE borders of ThE NaRrow peninsULa oF
GReece, alL peopleS beyoND these bOrders beiNg viewed aS bArbaRIAns, In
whose pleAsures anD pains no iNTeresT WaS felt, And Whose mIsForTunes
ProducED no Stir oF sympaThY in the greciAn Heart. EveN Aristotle taught
that GreEks oweD no moRe dUties to baRbaRIanS than to wiLd beAsts, and a
phIloSopHer whO deCLared That HIs AffECtion ExteNDed to the wHOlE peOPLe
Of Greece was THOUghT to be RemARkably SympAthetic.

The Romans wERe equally narroW in tHEIr eArlY Days, AnD not until the
 social group another andcloser com munit y s eem sgrad uall y to have deve l oped , the group of kindred . Thi sw as a na tural 
outgro w th f rom  t he  fa mi l y,  whos e b ond ofaffectionwas  e xtended to
i n cl ude more d ist ant relative s,untilth ere emerg edthe o rganiz e d grou p
of kind re d  known as the" V il lage  Community," whic h  s e ems everywhere  to
ha ve pr e c ede d c ivilizatio n.  This bond of ki n d r edg radually exte nded,
combi n ing  men i nt o l a rger a nd la rg e r g roups, unti l th e clan, t he hor d e,
andt he trib e emer ged , t heir me mb ers  a l l l i nk edt oge ther byth ereali ty
o r t h e fi cti on o f com mon descent.Suc h wa s  th e for m oforga ni zatio n that 
exis te d in Greece and  Rom e in thei r e ar lyda ys, a n d made  it s i nfluenc e
feltf ardo w n in to their later his to r y .It exist ed ind e ed ,a t some
p er iod , ov e r  almo st a l lthe eart h.

As th egroup w id ened,th e b ond  of s y mpat hy wea kened. L ove i n  the family
fo u nd its counte r pa r t  i n  fel low -feeling in  the trib e, i n  p atr i otism  in
t he na t ion. It is undoubte dl y true  that  desire for p ersonal pr o t e ction
is  one of the strong inf luenc es which b i nd men i nto s ocieties . The hop e of advan tag e i n o the r di rections andt h e pl ea sure of  so cial in ter cou rse 
ar eother com bining f or ce s.  Y etbelow these ra ti ona lele ments has al waysabid ed  t h e e motiona l  e l e ment ,th e sy mpa th eticattr a cti on whic h binds
k ind r ed c lo se ly toge ther, and whi ch  exerts so me  de gree o f influenc e on
all members of the same gr oup  or n atio n.

The d eve lopmen t o f  the e thical  prin ci ple i n man k i nd  is  l argely due t o
t he ex te nsio n of th e sentiment of soc i alsympathy. For  ag es i t wa s
c o nf i ned  t o  th e immediate group . Such was  t h ecase eveni n c iv ilizedGreece,  inte l lectual ly one of  the most  a dvan c e d o f peoples,  but mor ally
very contr a ct ed. T heGreeks  w ere  long  divid e d i nto m inor g ro ups, w ith
t he  warmest  sentiment of patriotis m unit ing t hemembers o f e a chcommunity , wh ile theircom mon  orig inb oundallt he  He l lenes  tog e ther.
But th isf e el ing failedt o cro ss th e b o rdersof t he narrow peninsu l a of
Greece, a ll p e o ple s b e yond  t hese borders b ein gv i ewed asba rbarians, i n
whosepl e asure s andpainsno inte r e st was fe lt,and  whose mi sfo rt u nes
pro du ce d  no st ir o fsympat hy int he G r e cian heart. Even  Aris t o tle t a ugh t
tha tGreekso wedno more du ties to bar barian s th an to  wild b ea sts, a ndaphilosophe r  who decl aredthat hi saffe cti on ext ende d to th e wh ol e p eople
ofG r ee c ewa s  th ough t tobe  rem arkably s y mpatheti c.The Rom an s w e r e equa l ly n arrow in t hei r ear l y  days, and notu nt i l the 
 social_group another_and closer community seems
gradually_to have_developed,_the group_of_kindred. This was_a natural
outgrowth from_the family, whose bond_of affection was_extended_to
include more distant relatives, until there emerged the organized group
of kindred known as the_"Village_Community," which_seems_everywhere_to
have preceded civilization. This bond_of kindred gradually extended,
combining men_into larger_and larger groups, until the clan, the horde,
and_the_tribe emerged, their_members all linked together by the reality
or the fiction_of common descent. Such was the_form of organization_that
existed_in_Greece and Rome in_their early days, and made its_influence
felt far down into their later_history. It existed indeed, at some
period, over_almost all the earth.

As the group_widened, the bond of sympathy_weakened. Love_in the family
found its counterpart_in fellow-feeling in_the tribe,_in patriotism in
the_nation. It is undoubtedly true that_desire for personal_protection
is one of the strong influences_which_bind men into_societies._The_hope
of advantage_in other directions_and_the pleasure_of_social intercourse
are other combining forces. Yet_below_these rational elements has always
abided the emotional_element, the sympathetic attraction_which_binds
kindred closely together, and_which exerts some degree of_influence on
all members of the same_group or_nation.

The development_of the ethical principle in mankind is largely due to
the extension_of the sentiment of social sympathy._For ages it was
confined_to the_immediate_group. Such was_the_case even_in civilized
Greece, intellectually one of the most_advanced of_peoples, but morally
very contracted. The Greeks_were long divided into_minor_groups, with
the warmest sentiment of patriotism_uniting the members of each
community, while_their common origin bound all_the_Hellenes_together.
But this feeling failed to_cross the borders of the narrow_peninsula of
Greece, all_peoples beyond these borders being viewed as_barbarians,_in
whose pleasures and pains no interest_was_felt, and whose misfortunes
produced no stir_of_sympathy_in the Grecian heart. Even_Aristotle taught
that Greeks owed no more_duties to barbarians than to wild beasts, and a
philosopher_who declared that_his affection extended to the_whole_people
of_Greece was thought to be remarkably sympathetic.

The Romans were equally_narrow in_their early days,_and not until the