
their defence? What treaty of empire can they produce, by which their
innocent victims ever resigned to them the least portion of their
_liberty_? In vain will they plead the _antiquity_ of the
custom: in vain will the _honourable_ light, in which _piracy_
was considered in the ages of barbarism, afford them an excuse. Impious
and abandoned men! ye invade the liberties of those, who, (with respect
to your impious selves) are in a state of _nature_, in a state of
original _dissociation_, perfectly _independent_, perfectly
_free_.

It appears then, that the two orders of slaves, which have been
mentioned in the history of the African servitude, "of those who are
publickly seized by virtue of the authority of their prince; and of
those, who are privately kidnapped by individuals," are collected by
means of violence and oppression; by means, repugnant to _nature_,
the principles of _government_, and the common notions of
_equity_, as established among men.


       *        *        *        *        *



CHAP. VI.

We come now to the third order of _involuntary_ slaves, "to
convicts." The only argument that the sellers advance here, is this,
"that they have been found guilty of offences, and that the punishment
is just." But before the equity of the sentence can be allowed two
questions must be decided, whether the punishment is _proportioned_
to the offence, and what is its particular _object_ and _end_?

To decide the first, we may previously observe, that the African
servitude comprehends _banishment_, a _deprivation_ of _liberty_,
and many _corporal_ sufferings.

On _banishment_, the following observations will suffice. Mankind
have their _local_ attachments. They have a particular regard for
the spot, in which they were born and nurtured. Here it was, that they
first drew their infant-breath: here, that they were cherished and
supported: here, that they passed those scenes of childhood, which, free
from care and anxiety, are the happiest in the life of man; scenes,
which accompany them through life; which throw themselves frequently
into
their defence? What treaty of empire can they produce, by which their 
 innocent victim always resigned to them the least portion of their 
 _ familiarity _? In vain will they plead the _ ancientness _ of the 
 custom: in vain will the _ honourable _ light, in which _ piracy _ 
 was consider in the ages of barbarism, yield them an apology. Impious 
 and abandoned men! ye intrude on the liberties of those, who, (with respect 
 to your impious self) are in a department of state of _ nature _, in a state of 
 original _ dissociation _, perfectly _ independent _, perfectly 
 _ free _. 

 It look then, that the two orders of slaves, which have been 
 mentioned in the history of the African servitude, " of those who are 
 publickly impound by virtue of the authority of their prince; and of 
 those, who are privately kidnapped by individuals, " are roll up by 
 means of violence and oppression; by means, repugnant to _ nature _, 
 the principles of _ politics _, and the common notions of 
 _ equity _, as established among men. 


        *         *         *         *         * 



 CHAP. VI. 

 We derive now to the third order of _ involuntary _ slaves, " to 
 convicts. " The only argument that the sellers advance here, is this, 
 " that they have been found guilty of offences, and that the punishment 
 is merely. " But before the equity of the sentence can be give up two 
 question must be decided, whether the punishment is _ proportioned _ 
 to the offence, and what is its especial _ object _ and _ end _? 

 To decide the first, we may previously observe, that the African 
 servitude comprehends _ banishment _, a _ deprivation _ of _ liberty _, 
 and many _ corporal _ distress. 

 On _ banishment _, the following observations will suffice. Mankind 
 have their _ local _ attachments. They have a finical regard for 
 the spot, in which they were born and nurtured. Here it was, that they 
 foremost drew their baby - breath: here, that they were cherished and 
 supported: here, that they passed those scenes of childhood, which, free 
 from care and anxiety, are the glad in the life of man; scenes, 
 which company them through life; which throw themselves frequently 
 into

thelr defence? What treaty on empire can thei producx, by whjch theif
innocent victims ever resigied ro thti the least portiov of theig
_liberty_? Un vein will they plxzd the _antiqujby_ of vhe
custom: in valn will the _honourable_ lichg, nn which _piracy_
was considered in the ages og harbarism, affotd thtm wn esbuwe. Impious
and abandoned men! ys invadt the liberties of those, who, (with respect
to jour impious selves) arf in a statg of _bature_, in a rtate of
orpyinal _dissodiation_, perfectly _independent_, pdrfeccly
_free_.

It ak'ward then, that vhe twj orders of slaves, wvich hafe been
mentioncd in thw history of the Afriran servitude, "of thofe who ara
pbblickly seized by vietye of the autfirigy kf tgeir pginre; and of
thkse, who are privately kidnappec fj individuals," are cjljected by
means of violence and oppressimn; gy means, repugnant to _nqture_,
the principles ov _governmqnt_, and the common notions of
_equity_, as establisheg amoig meu.


       *        *        *        *        *



CHAP. VI.

We come hoe no the third ordev of _involuntary_ skagex, "to
convicts." Tfe onlv adgument that the sfllers wdvanxe here, if thos,
"that they have been found guilty of oyfebces, and that the 'unishment
is jusj." But nefore the equity of thz sentsnce can be allowed fdo
questions must be dacided, whether the punishmqnt is _priporcioned_
to the offense, and whah is lds particular _objeft_ anb _end_?

Do decide hhe first, we may previously obsxcve, that the Sfsicdn
servitbde cokprehends _banyshment_, a _deprnvation_ jf _licerty_,
and mzny _cor'oral_ sufferyngs.

On _banishkgnt_, the folloxing obsewvatuons will sjwfice. Mankind
hsve their _local_ attqchments. They have a kadticular regard fot
rhe spot, in whoch thqy wxre bjsn and nurtused. Ferd it wxs, that then
fifst crew their infant-bredth: gere, that they werr gherished and
suppjrted: here, thst they passed thode scxnes oh chilchojd, which, free
from care and anxjety, are hhe happiest in the life of man; scenes,
which accompany them through lifx; which throw themselvgs frequently
into
their defence? What treaty of empire can by their innocent ever resigned to their In vain will plead the _antiquity_ the custom: in vain will the light, in which _piracy_ was considered in the ages of barbarism, afford them excuse. Impious and abandoned men! ye invade the liberties of those, who, (with to impious are a state of _nature_, in a state of original _dissociation_, perfectly _independent_, perfectly _free_. It appears that the two orders of slaves, which have mentioned in the history the African servitude, "of those are seized by of authority their prince; and those, who are privately kidnapped by individuals," are collected by means of violence and oppression; by means, to _nature_, of _government_, the notions _equity_, as established * * * * * CHAP. now to the third order of _involuntary_ slaves, convicts." The argument that the sellers advance here, this, "that they have been found guilty of and that the punishment is just." But before the equity of the sentence can be questions must be decided, the punishment is to offence, what its particular and _end_? To decide the first, we may previously observe, that African servitude comprehends _banishment_, a _deprivation_ of _liberty_, and many On the following observations suffice. Mankind have their attachments. have a particular regard spot, which and Here was, that they first their infant-breath: here, that they cherished and supported: here, of childhood, which, free from care and anxiety, the happiest in the life of man; which accompany them through life; which throw themselves frequently into

their defence? What treaty of eMpire can thEy proDucE, by WhIch tHeir
Innocent victimS Ever Resigned to them the least PortiOn OF theIR
_lIbertY_? In vain WIlL THey PlEaD thE _aNTiQuity_ Of tHe
custoM: in vain wilL thE _hOnourable_ ligHT, iN which _piraCy_
wAs considered In tHe ages Of BarBArism, AffOrd thEm an exCUse. ImpIous
and abAnDOned meN! Ye invadE THe LibeRties of those, who, (wiTH rESpect
to your impIous seLvES) aRE In a StaTe of _nature_, In A statE Of
origiNAl _DISSocIAtion_, perfectlY _independenT_, PerFectly
_FrEe_.

IT AppearS then, ThAT thE two orders oF slaVes, which hAve beeN
MentionED in the hIstory Of tHe AFricAN sErVitUdE, "Of tHOsE whO Are
PublicklY sEiZed by VirtUE OF The aUthOritY of thEir prince; and oF
thOse, wHO arE privAtely KidnApPed by IndiviDuals," ArE collected by
meaNs of Violence aNd oPpResSiOn; by mEAns, repUgnAnt To _naturE_,
the priNCipLeS OF _GoVernment_, and the commOn NOTiOns of
_equIty_, as eSTaBlIShed amonG mEn.


       *        *        *        *        *



ChAP. Vi.

wE come Now tO ThE third orDer of _iNVoLuNtary_ slAvEs, "to
coNvIctS." ThE only ARgumEnt thaT the sellErs adVAnce here, is this,
"THat they have beEN fOUNd GUiltY of Offences, and That THe puNishMEnT
is JUst." BuT befoRe THe EQuity of the sentence cAn Be alloWed twO
questions musT be decided, WHETher the pUnisHMeNT is _proportioneD_
to thE offence, anD What is itS partIcular _obJect_ and _enD_?

tO decide tHe fIrsT, we May PREvIously observe, THAt thE AFrican
sErvItude coMprEheNds _BanIsHment_, a _depRivation_ Of _LiBeRtY_,
anD many _COrporal_ sUfFerInGs.

ON _baniSHment_, tHe folLowiNg ObSErvAtions wILl SUFficE. MAnKind
HavE tHeir _lOcal_ ATtaChments. they have a ParTIculAr ReGard for
The spot, in whicH tHey were borN aNd nUrtureD. hEre it was, That they
first drew their iNFant-breAth: Here, tHat tHey were chEriShed anD
suPPorted: Here, thAt theY pAssED Those SCEnEs oF cHildhood, whICH, frEe
froM cAre aNd anxieTy, are the happiest in THe lIfe of man; sceneS,
whIch aCCOmPanY ThEM thRoUGh lIFE; which throw themSelves freqUeNTlY
into

their defence? What treat y of empir e can  th eypr oduc e, b y which theiri nnoc ent victims ever resig ned t ot hemt he  leas t porti o no f  th ei r_li be r ty _? In  va in will  they plea d t he  _antiquity_ of  the
custo m:in vain will  th e _hon ou rab l e_ li ght , inwhich_ piracy _
was con si d ered i n  the ag e s  o f ba rbarism, afford t h em an excuse. Imp ious
a nd ab a n don edmen! ye in va de th e  libert i es o f  th o se, who, (wit h respect
t o  yo ur imp io uss elves)  arein a s tate of _na ture _, in a s tate o f 
origin a l _diss ociati on_ , p erfe c tl y_in de p end e nt _,p erf ectly
_f re e_ .

It  app e a r s  the n,that  thetwo orders of  sl aves ,  wh ich h ave b eenme ntion ed inthe h is tory of the Afr ican  servitud e,"o f t ho se wh o  are
p ubl ick ly seiz ed by v i rtu eo f th e authority of the ir p ri nce; and  of
th o se ,w ho are p ri vat elyk i dnapp ed b y  i ndividua ls," a r eco llected  b y
mean sofvio lence andoppres sion; by  mean s , repugnant to _nature_,
the pr i n ci p lesof_government _, a n d th e co m mo n n o tions  of
_ eq u it y _, as established a mo ng men .


      *       *      *        *     *



CHAP. VI. 

Wecome now t o  the thi rd or der of _ involunta r y _ slaves , " tocon vic t s ."  The only arg u m entth at thesel lers ad van ceher e,is  this,
"t hat they  h av ebe enfound guilty o foff en ces , and that t he pu nish me nt isjust."B ut b efor eth e eq uit yof th e se n ten ce canbe allowe d t w o
qu es ti ons mus t be decided,  w hether the  p uni shment i s _propo rtioned_
to the offence ,  and wh atis it s pa rticular_ob ject_and _end_? 

To d ecide  t hef i rst,w e  m aypr eviously o b s erv e, th at  the  Africa n
servitude compre h end s _banishment _,a _d e p ri vat i on _  of  _ l ibe r t y_,
and many _c orporal_ s uf f er ings.

On_ ban is hment_,  the fo llowi n g obser vations w ill suffi ce . Ma n k ind 
have thei r _local _ attachm e nts.T he y hav e a  parti cu lar  rega rd for the  spot , in w hi ch the y wer eborn and  nurtured. Here it was,  thattheyfir st drew t hei r  in fant-brea th:here, that  th eywereche r ished  and su ppo r ted:here ,  that the y  p ass e d  t hose scenes o f  ch ildho od, which,  fre e
from care and a n xiety, are the  hap p i est  in theli fe of man; sce nes ,w h ich acco mp any them th rough li fe ;  whic h thro w them selvesf r eq u entlyinto 

their defence?_What treaty_of empire can they_produce, by_which_their
innocent victims_ever_resigned to them_the least portion_of their
_liberty_? In vain_will they plead_the__antiquity_ of the
custom: in vain will the _honourable_ light, in which _piracy_
was considered in_the_ages of_barbarism,_afford_them an excuse. Impious
and abandoned_men! ye invade the liberties_of those,_who, (with respect
to your impious selves) are in_a_state of _nature_,_in a state of
original _dissociation_, perfectly _independent_, perfectly
_free_.

It appears_then, that the two orders of_slaves, which have_been
mentioned_in_the history of the_African servitude, "of those who are
publickly_seized by virtue of the authority_of their prince; and of
those, who are_privately kidnapped by individuals," are collected_by
means of violence and oppression;_by means,_repugnant to _nature_,
the principles of__government_, and the_common notions_of
_equity_, as established_among men.


    _  *_     __*  ___ _ * __ __  *   __   *



CHAP. VI.

We come now_to the third order_of__involuntary_ slaves, "to
convicts." The_only argument that the sellers_advance here, is this,
"that they have_been found_guilty of_offences, and that the punishment
is just." But before the equity of_the sentence can be allowed two
questions_must be decided, whether_the punishment_is__proportioned_
to the offence,_and_what is_its particular _object_ and _end_?

To decide the_first, we_may previously observe, that the African
servitude_comprehends _banishment_, a _deprivation__of__liberty_,
and many _corporal_ sufferings.

On _banishment_, the_following observations will suffice. Mankind
have their__local_ attachments. They have a_particular_regard_for
the spot, in which they_were born and nurtured. Here it_was, that they
first_drew their infant-breath: here, that they were_cherished_and
supported: here, that they passed those_scenes_of childhood, which, free
from care and_anxiety,_are_the happiest in the life_of man; scenes,
which accompany them through_life; which throw themselves frequently
into