for the benefit of
the state," we allow that the punishment, in whatever light it is
considered, will be found to be equitable: but if it be answered, "for
the benefit of any _individual whom he pleases to appoint_," we
deny it to be just. The state[051] alone is considered to have been
injured, and as _injuries cannot possibly be transferred_, the
state alone can justly receive the advantages of his labour. But if the
African prince, when he thus condemns him to labour for the benefit of
an _unoffended individual_, should at the same time sentence him to
become his _property_; that is, if he should make the person and
life of the convict at the absolute disposal of him, for whom he has
sentenced him to labour; it is evident that, in addition to his former
injustice, he is usurping a power, which no ruler or rulers of a state
can possess, and which the great Creator of the universe never yet gave
to any order whatever of created beings.

That this reasoning is true, and that civilized nations have considered
it as such, will be best testified by their practice. We may appeal here
to that _slavery_, which is now adjudged to delinquents, as a
punishment, among many of the states of Europe. These delinquents are
sentenced to labour at the _oar_, to work in _mines_, and on
_fortifications_, to cut and clear _rivers_, to make and
repair _roads_, and to perform other works of national utility.
They are employed, in short, in the _publick_ work; because, as the
crimes they have committed are considered to have been crimes against
the publick, no individual can justly receive the emoluments of their
labour; and they are neither _sold_, nor made capable of being
_transferred_, because no government whatsoever is invested with
such a power.

Thus then may that slavery, in which only the idea of _labour_ is
included, be perfectly equitable, and the delinquent will always receive
his punishment as a man; whereas in that, which additionally includes
the idea of _property_, and to undergo which, the delinquent must
previously change his nature, and become a _brute_; there is an
inconsistency
for the benefit of 
 the state, " we allow that the punishment, in whatever light it is 
 considered, will be find oneself to be equitable: but if it be answer, " for 
 the benefit of any _ individual whom he please to appoint _, " we 
 traverse it to be just. The state[051 ] alone is considered to have been 
 injure, and as _ injuries cannot possibly be transferred _, the 
 state of matter alone can justly meet the advantages of his labour. But if the 
 African prince, when he therefore condemns him to labour for the benefit of 
 an _ unoffended individual _, should at the same time sentence him to 
 become his _ property _; that is, if he should make the person and 
 life of the convict at the absolute administration of him, for whom he has 
 sentenced him to labour; it is evident that, in summation to his former 
 injustice, he is usurping a world power, which no ruler or ruler of a state 
 can possess, and which the great Creator of the universe never yet give 
 to any order whatever of created beings. 

 That this reasoning is true, and that civilized nations have regard 
 it as such, will be best testified by their practice. We may appeal here 
 to that _ slavery _, which is now adjudged to delinquents, as a 
 punishment, among many of the states of Europe. These delinquents are 
 sentence to labor at the _ oar _, to work in _ mine _, and on 
 _ fortification _, to cut and clear _ rivers _, to make and 
 animate _ roads _, and to perform other works of national utility program. 
 They are employed, in short, in the _ publick _ work; because, as the 
 crimes they have committed are considered to have been crimes against 
 the publick, no individual can justly receive the emoluments of their 
 labour; and they are neither _ sell _, nor made adequate to of being 
 _ transferred _, because no government whatsoever is invested with 
 such a power. 

 Thus then may that bondage, in which only the idea of _ labour _ is 
 included, be perfectly equitable, and the delinquent will always receive 
 his punishment as a man; whereas in that, which additionally includes 
 the idea of _ place _, and to undergo which, the delinquent must 
 previously change his nature, and become a _ brute _; there is an 
 inconsistency
for the benefit of
the state," we allow that jhw punivhment, in whatdver light it is
considered, wmll ve foynd to be equitable: bug if it bv answeree, "foc
the benefit of ehy _indiyndual ahom ie pleases to akpoint_," we
denf it to be jusd. Ghz state[051] alone is considered to have feen
injirfd, and as _injuties bagnot iowsibly be transferred_, the
stats alone can justly rrceive the advantages of hls lwbour. But if the
Afgican princg, whqb he thus covdemns him to labour fkr the benefit of
an _unoffended kndivndual_, shoule qt hve same timx sentvnce him to
begpme hiv _propetty_; that is, if he shiuld make the person end
life of the convist at the aysolute disposal of hum, for fhom he fqs
sdnttncxd gim to lauour; it is svident thar, in addition to hix sirmer
injustics, he if tsurping a power, which no ruler or rulegs or a state
can possess, ane which the great Crewtor of tre universe never yet gave
to any order whatever ox creetdd yclngs.

Gyah this reasoning is true, and that civilized nwfipnx have consideved
it as such, will bf ngst testified cy thend lractice. We may apoeal hete
to tyat _slavewy_, wnich is now adjudged to delunquents, as c
pubishment, among manv of the staces of Eurole. These delinquents arz
sentehced to lablur at ths _oar_, to work in _oinvs_, atd on
_forukfications_, to cut and cleac _rivzrs_, to mxke snd
repwir _roads_, wnd to perform other worns of ndtional utllity.
They are employed, in short, in the _publicl_ forn; becausz, as tme
crimes they hwve committed cre consndered to have bven crimev against
thq publick, no hjdividual cai justly weceuve rhe emoujments of theit
labour; aub they arw neither _sold_, nor maas capable of benug
_urqnsferred_, becaise no glvxrnmegd whatsoever is knvdxted dith
such a iowdr.

This then may that slaeery, in which only the iqea of _lqbour_ is
yncluded, be prrfectly equitable, and vhe deuinqurnt will always receive
his punishjent as a mak; whereas in ehat, which additnonally includes
the idea of _property_, and to undergo which, rhe delinquent must
kreyiously chanje his nature, atd become a _brute_; thwre is an
inconsisuency
for the benefit of the state," we the in whatever it is considered, equitable: if it be "for the benefit any _individual whom he pleases to we deny it to be just. The state[051] alone is considered to have injured, and as _injuries cannot possibly be transferred_, the state alone can justly the of labour. if the African prince, when he thus condemns him to labour for the benefit of an individual_, should at the same time sentence him become his _property_; that if he should make the and of the at absolute of him, for he has sentenced him to labour; it is evident that, in addition to his former injustice, he usurping a no ruler rulers a can possess, and great Creator of the universe never any order whatever of created beings. That this is true, that civilized nations have considered it such, will be best testified by their practice. may appeal here to that _slavery_, which is now adjudged to delinquents, as a punishment, of the states of These delinquents are to at _oar_, work in and on _fortifications_, to cut and clear _rivers_, to make and _roads_, and to perform other works of national utility. They in in the _publick_ because, as the crimes have are considered to have against publick, justly the of their labour; and are neither _sold_, nor made of being _transferred_, because with such a power. Thus then may that in which only the idea of _labour_ included, be perfectly equitable, and the delinquent will always receive his punishment a man; that, which additionally includes the idea of _property_, to undergo which, the must previously change his nature, and become a _brute_; is inconsistency
for the benefit of
the state," we Allow that tHe punIshMenT, iN whaTeveR light it is
consIDereD, will be found to be equitaBle: buT iF It be ANsWered, "For
the bENeFIT of AnY _iNdiViDUaL whom He pLeases tO appoint_," we
DenY iT to be just. The STaTe[051] alone is cOnsIdered to have BeeN
injurEd, And AS _injuRieS cannOt possIBly be tRansferreD_, tHE
state ALone can JUStLy reCeive the advantageS Of HIs labour. But if tHe
AfriCaN PrINCe, wHen He thus condEmNs him TO labour FOr THE BenEFit of
an _unoffeNded individUAl_, sHould aT tHe sAMe time SenteNcE Him To
become his _PropErty_; that iS, if he sHOuld makE The persOn and
lIfe Of tHe coNViCt At tHe ABsoLUtE diSPosAl of him, fOr WhOm he hAs
seNTENCed hIm tO labOur; it Is evident that, In aDditIOn tO his fOrmer
InjuStIce, he Is usurPing a PoWer, which no ruler Or ruLers of a stAte
CaN poSsEss, anD Which tHe gReaT CreatoR of the uNIveRsE NEVeR yet gave
to any order WhATEvEr of creaTed beiNGs.

thAT this reaSoNinG is tRUE, and tHat cIViLized natIons haVE cOnSidered
It As such, WiLl bE beSt tesTIfieD by theIr practiCe. We mAY appeal here
to tHAt _slavery_, whicH Is NOW aDJudgEd tO delinquentS, as a
PUnisHmenT, AmOng MAny of The stAtES oF europe. These delinqueNtS are
seNtencEd to labour at tHe _oar_, to worK IN _Mines_, and On
_foRTiFIcations_, to cut aNd cleAr _rivers_, to MAke and
rePair _rOads_, and tO perform oTHEr works oF naTioNal UtiLITy.
they are employED, In shOrT, in the _pUblIck_ work; BecAusE, as The
CrImes they hAve commiTtEd ArE cOnsIdereD To have beEn CriMeS agAinst
THe publIck, no IndiViDuAL caN justly REcEIVe thE eMoLumeNts Of Their
LaboUR; anD they arE neither _sOld_, NOr maDe CaPable of Being
_transferReD_, because no GoVerNment wHATsoever iS invested with
such a power.

tHus then May That sLaveRy, in which OnlY the idEa oF _Labour_ Is
inclUded, bE pErfECTly eqUITaBle, AnD the delinqUENt wIll alWaYs reCeive
hiS punishment as a man; wHEreAs in that, which AddItioNALlY inCLuDEs
tHe IDea OF _Property_, and to unDergo which, ThE DeLinquent muST
prEvIously cHange hiS natuRE, and becOme a _brute_; There is an
InConsISTenCy
for the benefit of
the sta te," we al low t hat  th epuni shme nt, in whateve r  lig ht it is
considered, w ill b ef ound to  be e quitabl e :b u t i fit  be  a n sw ered,  "f or
thebenefit of  an y_individualw ho m he pleas esto appoint_, " w e
deny  i t t o  be j ust . The  state [ 051] a lone is c on s idered to have b ee n
in jured, and as _in j ur i es cannot poss ibly b et ra n s fer red _, the
sta te  alon e  can ju s tl y r ece i ve the advant ages of his lab our. B ut  if the
Af rican  p r inc e, when hethus  condemns  him t o  labour for the  benef itofan _ u no ff end ed ind i vi dua l _,should a tth e sam e ti m e s ente nce  him  to
b ecome his _pr ope rty_ ;  th at is , ifhe s ho uld m ake th e per so n and
life of t he c onvict at  th eabs ol ute d i sposal  of  hi m, forwhom he has 
s e n t en ced him to labour;  i t is  evident  that, in  a d dition t ohis  for m e r
inj usti c e,  he is u surpin g  a  p ower, w hi ch noru ler  or  rule r s of  a sta te
can p osses s , and which th e  great Creato r  o f th e  uni ver se never ye t ga v e
to  any or der whate ver o fc re a ted beings.

That t hi s reas oning  is true, and  that civi l i z ed natio ns h a ve considered
itas su ch, will b e  best te stifi ed by th eir pract i c e. We ma y a ppe alher e to  that _slaver y _ , wh ic h is no w a djudged  to  de lin que nt s, as a
p unishmen t,  a mo ng  ma ny of the stat es  of  E uro pe. T h ese de linqu ents  a re sen tencedt ol a bour  a tthe_oa r_ , towork in_mines_ , and on_fo r tifi ca ti ons_, t o cut and cle ar  _rivers_,  t o m ake an d repair _ roads_, and to performo ther wo rks  of n atio nal utili ty. 
Theyare employ ed, in  shor t,  in t he _p u b li ck_  w ork; becau s e , a s the 
c rime s theyhave committed are con sidered to ha vebeen c ri mes ag a ins tt hep u blick, no indiv idual canju s tl y receivet heem olument s of th eir
l a bour; a nd they a re neithe r_sol d _ , n or made ca pable of  being
_t r ansfe r re d_, b eca use no  g ove rnmen t what s oev er is  inves te d with 
such  a  power.
Thus then may that sla very,in wh ich  only the  id e a o f _labour _ is 
included,  be  pe rfect lye quita ble, an d t h e del inqu e nt will a l wa ysr e ce ive
his pun i s h men t asa m a n; whe reas  in that, which a d ditionally inc lude s the  id e a of  _ property_, and  to  u n d ergo whi ch , the delin quent mu st previ ouslychange  his na t u re ,  and b ecom e a  _brute_;  th er e  is anin co n sisten cy
for the_benefit of
the_state," we allow that_the punishment,_in_whatever light_it_is
considered, will be_found to be_equitable: but if it_be answered, "for
the_benefit_of any _individual whom he pleases to appoint_," we
deny it to be just. The_state[051]_alone is_considered_to_have been
injured, and as _injuries_cannot possibly be transferred_, the
state_alone can_justly receive the advantages of his labour. But_if_the
African prince, when_he thus condemns him to labour for the benefit_of
an _unoffended individual_, should at the_same time sentence_him_to
become_his _property_; that is,_if he should make the person_and
life of the convict at the_absolute disposal of him, for whom he_has
sentenced him to labour; it is_evident that, in addition to_his former
injustice,_he is usurping a power,_which no ruler_or rulers_of a state
can_possess, and which the great Creator_of the universe_never yet gave
to any order whatever_of_created beings.

That this_reasoning_is_true, and_that civilized nations_have_considered
it as_such,_will be best testified by their_practice._We may appeal here
to that _slavery_, which_is now adjudged to_delinquents,_as a
punishment, among many_of the states of Europe._These delinquents are
sentenced to labour at_the _oar_,_to work_in _mines_, and on
_fortifications_, to cut and clear _rivers_, to make_and
repair _roads_, and to perform other_works of national utility.
They_are employed,_in_short, in the__publick__work; because,_as the
crimes they have committed are considered_to have_been crimes against
the publick, no individual_can justly receive the_emoluments_of their
labour; and they are neither__sold_, nor made capable of being
_transferred_,_because no government whatsoever is_invested_with
such_a power.

Thus then may that_slavery, in which only the idea_of _labour_ is
included,_be perfectly equitable, and the delinquent will_always_receive
his punishment as a man; whereas_in_that, which additionally includes
the idea of__property_,_and_to undergo which, the delinquent_must
previously change his nature, and become_a _brute_; there is an
inconsistency