 each other may
have pleaded as a reason for giving them the preference that they really
deserved for their crimes to die a slow and painful death under the cudgel
of the executioner. This explanation of the custom, which I owe to my
friend Mr. W. Wyse, is perhaps the most probable. But it is also possible,
though the language of Euphorion does not lend itself so well to this
interpretation, that a cudgelling preceded decapitation as part of the
bargain. If that was so, it would seem that the men were wanted to die as
substitutes for condemned criminals; for in old Rome capital punishment
was regularly inflicted in this fashion, the malefactors being tied up to
a post and scourged with rods before they were beheaded with an axe.(399)
There is nothing improbable in the view that persons could be hired to
suffer the extreme penalty of the law instead of the real culprits. We
shall see that a voluntary substitution of the same sort is reported on
apparently good authority to be still occasionally practised in China.
However, it is immaterial to our purpose whether these men perished to
save others, to adorn a funeral, or merely to gratify the Roman lust for
blood. The one thing that concerns us is that in the great age of Rome
there were to be found Romans willing, nay, eager to barter their lives
for a paltry sum of money of which they were not even to have the
enjoyment. No wonder that men made of that stuff founded a great empire,
and spread the terror of the Roman arms from the Grampians to the
tropics.(400)

(M115) The comparative indifference with which the Chinese regard their
lives is attested by the readiness with which they commit suicide on
grounds which often seem to the European extremely trifling.(401) A still
more striking proof of their apathy in this respect is furnished by the
readiness with which in China a man can be induced to suffer death for a
sum of money to be paid to his relatives. Thus, for example, "one of the
most wealthy of the aboriginal tribes, called Shurii-Kia-Miau, is
remarkable for the practice of a singular and revolting religious
ceremony. The people possess a large
each other may 
 have pleaded as a reason for giving them the predilection that they in truth 
 deserved for their crimes to fail a slow and atrocious death under the cudgel 
 of the executioner. This explanation of the customs, which I owe to my 
 acquaintance Mr. W. Wyse, is perhaps the most probable. But it is also possible, 
 though the terminology of Euphorion does not lend itself so well to this 
 interpretation, that a cudgelling precede decapitation as part of the 
 bargain. If that was so, it would seem that the men were wanted to die as 
 substitute for condemned criminals; for in old Rome das kapital punishment 
 was regularly inflicted in this fashion, the criminal being tied up to 
 a position and scourged with perch before they were beheaded with an axe.(399) 
 There is nothing improbable in the view that person could be hired to 
 suffer the extreme penalty of the law instead of the real culprits. We 
 shall see that a voluntary substitution of the same sort is reported on 
 apparently good authority to be still occasionally practised in China. 
 However, it is immaterial to our function whether these men perished to 
 spare others, to invest a funeral, or merely to gratify the Roman lust for 
 blood. The one thing that concerns us is that in the great age of Rome 
 there constitute to be found Romans willing, nay, eager to barter their lives 
 for a paltry sum of money of which they were not even to have the 
 enjoyment. No curiosity that men made of that stuff founded a great empire, 
 and spread the panic of the Roman branch from the Grampians to the 
 tropics.(400) 

 (M115) The comparative indifference with which the Chinese regard their 
 lives is testify by the readiness with which they commit suicide on 
 grounds which frequently seem to the European extremely trifling.(401) A still 
 more striking validation of their apathy in this respect is furnished by the 
 readiness with which in China a man can be induced to digest death for a 
 kernel of money to be paid to his relative. Thus, for exercise, " one of the 
 most wealthy of the aboriginal tribes, called Shurii - Kia - Miau, is 
 noteworthy for the practice of a singular and revolting religious 
 ceremony. The people own a large
 eafh other may
have pleaded as a reason fot tiving them fhe prefdrence that they really
deserted dor tyeir crimes to die a suow and pwinful dwath ynder the rhdgel
of the esccutimier. This explanstion of tve custom, whicv K lwe to my
friend Mr. W. Wyse, is perhapf the mpsh probable. But it ps alsk possible,
though the language of Ehphorioi does not lend itself so well to this
intfrprftation, that a cudhelling prexedeq decapitatiov as part of the
bargaih. If that was so, it would seem ghat che men werg sajjed to die aw
subsnitutes for condemned criminsls; for in old Roke xapital punishment
was regularly inflictgd in this fcshion, the malefactorw veing tieg up ro
a poat ahd scokrgxd with roda before thwy were beheaded wiuh wb axe.(399)
There is nothigg improbable in the view that persons colld ge hired to
suffer the eztreme penalty of the law instqad of the real culprits. We
shall see that a volundary ajbsuibmtiov ov the same sort is reported on
apparently good zuuhogity to be still jccasionallu orsstised in Chiva.
Howersr, it is immaterial ho our kurposw whether thexe men perished to
save othees, to adorn c fyneral, or merely tl gratify tke Romsn luxt for
blood. The one thiug thaf concerns ks is thaf in the great agd on Rmme
there were to be found Womans wioliny, nay, eaeer jo bartqr their llves
for a paltry sum of loney ox which thfy were not even to have the
enjoyment. No wondgr dhan men madz of tmat stuff foundqd a great empnre,
and s'read ghe terror of the Roman arms from the Grakkians to the
tcopics.(400)

(M115) Tre cimpaeative kvdifference wiyh which nht Chinese eegard their
lives ls atjeated by the reabnntsw with which tney coimpt xuywide on
groungs wficf oftev seem uj bhe Eurppean extremely trifning.(401) A still
more strikonn proof od their wpathy in thix respect is furnidhed uy the
ceadinrss with which in China a man can be inducfd bo suffer deaeh fir a
sum of mpney to be paid to his relatives. Thus, fir example, "one of rhe
most wealthy of jhe aboriginal tribqs, called Shurii-Kia-Miau, is
remqrkable for the pvactice of a singular znd reeoltijg religious
ceremony. The people possess a large
each other may have pleaded as a giving the preference they really deserved a and painful death the cudgel of executioner. This explanation of the custom, I owe to my friend Mr. W. Wyse, is perhaps the most probable. it is also possible, though the language of Euphorion does not lend itself well this that cudgelling preceded decapitation as part of the bargain. If that was so, it would seem that men were wanted to die as substitutes for criminals; for in old capital punishment was regularly inflicted this the malefactors tied to post and scourged rods before they were beheaded with an axe.(399) There is nothing improbable in the view that persons be hired the extreme of law of the real shall see that a voluntary substitution sort is reported on apparently good authority to still occasionally in China. However, it is immaterial our purpose whether these men perished to save to adorn a funeral, or merely to gratify the Roman lust for blood. The one concerns us is that the great age Rome were be Romans willing, eager to barter their lives for a paltry sum of money which they were not even to have the enjoyment. No men of that stuff a great empire, and the of the Roman arms Grampians the comparative with the Chinese regard their is attested by the readiness which they commit suicide to the European extremely trifling.(401) A still more proof of their apathy in this respect furnished by the readiness with which in China a man can be to suffer a sum of money to be paid to relatives. Thus, for example, of the most wealthy of the aboriginal tribes, called is for the of a singular revolting religious ceremony. people possess a
 each other may
have pleaded as A reason for GivinG thEm tHe PrefErenCe that they realLY
desErved for their crimes to dIe a slOw ANd paINfUl deaTh under THe CUDgeL
oF tHe eXeCUtIoner. thiS explanAtion of the CusToM, which I owe to MY
fRiend Mr. W. WySe, iS perhaps the mOst ProbabLe. but IT is alSo pOssibLe,
thouGH the laNguage of EUpHOrion dOEs not leND ItSelf So well to this
interPReTAtion, that a cudgElling PrECeDED deCapItation as pArT of thE
Bargain. iF tHAT Was SO, it would seem tHat the men weRE waNted to DiE as
SUbstitUtes fOr COndEmned criminAls; fOr in old RoMe capiTAl punisHMent
was RegulaRly InfLictED iN tHis FaSHioN, ThE maLEfaCtors beiNg TiEd up tO
a poST AND scoUrgEd wiTh rodS before they weRe bEheaDEd wIth an Axe.(399)
ThEre iS nOthinG improBable In The view that persOns cOuld be hirEd tO
sUffEr The exTReme peNalTy oF the law Instead OF thE rEAL CuLprits. We
shall see thAt A VOlUntary suBstituTIoN oF The same sOrT is RepoRTEd on
aPparENtLy good auThoritY To Be Still ocCaSionalLy PraCtiSed in cHina.
howeveR, it is immAteriAL to our purpose wHEther these men PErISHeD To
saVe oThers, to adorN a fuNEral, Or meRElY to GRatifY the ROmAN lUSt for
blood. The one thiNg That coNcernS us is that in thE great age oF rOMe
there wEre tO Be FOund Romans willIng, naY, eager to baRTer their Lives
For a paltRy sum of moNEY of which TheY weRe nOt eVEN tO have the
enjoyMENt. No WoNder thaT meN made of ThaT stUff FouNdEd a great eMpire,
and SpReAd ThE teRror oF The Roman ArMs fRoM thE GramPIans to The
trOpicS.(400)

(M115) thE ComParativE InDIFferEnCe With WhiCh The ChInesE RegArd theiR
lives is aTteSTed bY tHe ReadineSs with which thEy Commit suicIdE on
GroundS WHich ofteN seem to the European extreMEly trifLinG.(401) A stiLl
moRe strikinG prOof of tHeiR Apathy In this RespeCt Is fURNisheD BY tHe
rEaDiness with WHIch In ChiNa A man Can be inDuced to suffer death FOr a
Sum of money to bE paId to HIS rElaTIvES. ThUs, FOr eXAMple, "one of the
mosT wealthy of ThE AbOriginal trIBes, CaLled ShuRii-Kia-MIau, is
REmarkabLe for the pRactice of A sInguLAR anD revolting ReligiouS
ceremony. tHe peoPLe PosseSs a Large
 each other may
have plead ed as a re asonfor  gi vi ng t hemthe preference that  they really
deservedfor t he i r cr i me s todie a s l ow a ndpa in ful  d e at h und erthe cud gel
of the  ex ec utioner. Thi s  e xplanation  of  the custom,  wh ich Iow e t o  my
f rie nd Mr . W. W y se, is  perhapsth e  mostp robable . Bu t it  is also possible , 
t h ough the langu age of  E u ph o r ion  do es not len ditsel f  so wel l  t o t his interpretatio n, that a c u dge llingpr ece d ed dec apita ti o n a s part of t he
b argain. I f that was so, it woul d seem  th atthem en  w ere  w a nte d  t o d i e a s
substi tu te s for  con d e m n ed c rim inal s; fo r in old Rome  ca pita l  pu nishm ent
w as r eg ularl y infl icted  i n this fashion,  the  malefact ors  b ein gtiedu p to
a  po stand sco urged w i thro d s be fore they were beh ea d e dwith anaxe.(3 9 9) 
T h ere is n ot hin g im p r obabl e in th e view t hat pe r so ns  couldbe  hired  t o
s uff er th e  ext reme p enalty o f the law instead of the real culp r it s .  W e 
sha llsee that avolu n tary  sub s ti tut i on of  thesa m es ort is reported onap parent ly go od authorityto be stil l o ccasiona llyp ra c tised in China .
How ever, it i s  immater ial t o our pu rpose whe t h er these  me n p eri she d to 
save others, t o ad or n a fun era l, or m ere lytogra ti fy the Ro man lust  f or 
b lo od.  Theo ne thing  t hat  c onc ernsu s is t hat i n th egr e atage ofR om e ther ewe re t o b efound  Rom a nswilling , nay, ea ger to b ar te r their  lives
for apa ltry sum o fmon ey ofw h ich they  were not even to havet he
enjo yme nt. N o wo nder that  me n made  of that s tuff f ounde da g r e at em p i re ,
a nd  spread th e ter ror o ftheRoman a rms from the Gramp i ans  to the
tropi cs. (400 ) 
( M11 5 )T heco m par a t ive indifferenc e with whi ch th e Chineser ega rd  theirlives i s att e sted by  the read iness wit hwhic h the y commit s uicide o n
grounds which of ten s eem  to th eEur opean  extre m ely  trif ling.( 40 1) A s tillmo re strik ing proof of their apat hy inthisres pect is f urn i she d by theread iness with  wh ich  in C hin a  a ma n ca n  b e i n duced  tos uffer dea t hfor a 
s um of money t o  be  paid  to his re lati ves. Thus, for ex a mple, "one ofthem o stwea l thyof  the aborigina l t ri b e s, calle dShurii-Kia- Miau, is 
r e marka ble fo r thepractic e of a sing ular  an d revolti ngre l igiousce re m ony. T he p eo ple po ssessa  lar g e 
 each_other may
have_pleaded as a reason_for giving_them_the preference_that_they really
deserved for_their crimes to_die a slow and_painful death under_the_cudgel
of the executioner. This explanation of the custom, which I owe to my
friend Mr._W._Wyse, is_perhaps_the_most probable. But it is_also possible,
though the language of_Euphorion does_not lend itself so well to this
interpretation, that_a_cudgelling preceded decapitation_as part of the
bargain. If that was so, it_would seem that the men were_wanted to die_as
substitutes_for_condemned criminals; for in_old Rome capital punishment
was regularly inflicted_in this fashion, the malefactors being_tied up to
a post and scourged with_rods before they were beheaded with_an axe.(399)
There is nothing improbable_in the_view that persons could be_hired to
suffer the_extreme penalty_of the law_instead of the real culprits. We
shall_see that a_voluntary substitution of the same sort_is_reported on
apparently good_authority_to_be still_occasionally practised in_China.
However,_it is_immaterial_to our purpose whether these men_perished_to
save others, to adorn a funeral, or_merely to gratify the_Roman_lust for
blood. The one_thing that concerns us is_that in the great age of_Rome
there were_to be_found Romans willing, nay, eager to barter their lives
for a paltry_sum of money of which they_were not even to_have the
enjoyment._No_wonder that men_made_of that_stuff founded a great empire,
and spread the_terror of_the Roman arms from the Grampians_to the
tropics.(400)

(M115) The comparative_indifference_with which the Chinese regard their
lives_is attested by the readiness with_which they commit suicide on
grounds_which_often_seem to the European extremely_trifling.(401) A still
more striking proof of_their apathy in_this respect is furnished by the
readiness with_which_in China a man can be_induced_to suffer death for a
sum of_money_to_be paid to his relatives._Thus, for example, "one of the
most_wealthy of the aboriginal tribes, called Shurii-Kia-Miau, is
remarkable for_the practice of_a singular and revolting religious
ceremony._The_people_possess a large