
need a firmer grasp, and the final result of spreading its toes for
this purpose may well have been the opposable great toe.

It must be borne in mind, in this consideration, that the apes differ
from the other tree-dwellers in being destitute of claws. The squirrels,
the opossums, and other arboreal animals have sharp claws, by whose aid
they can easily cling to the surface of the bark-covered boughs. The
nails of the apes are incapable of affording them this service, and it
is not easy to perceive how a foot like theirs could become adapted to
locomotion in the trees otherwise than by the gaining of mobile action
and grasping power in the toes.

The existing habits of the ape tribe lead us to the conclusion that the
ancestral animal may have soon begun to seek support from upper limbs.
The plantigrade foot is one capable of readily curving into an organ of
support, and in the case of the forefoot the toes would tend to spread
and gain flexibility of motion, and the first toe to become opposable to
the others and yield a more complete grasping power. It does not seem
difficult to comprehend, from this point of view, how the feet of a
five-toed plantigrade animal may in time have developed into grasping
organs, since there would be required only an increased flexibility of
the joints, and a wider and fuller movement of the great toes. That such
a change took place in this instance the facts appear to indicate, the
most simple and probable explanation of the development of the grasping
power in the hands and feet of the ape being seemingly that given above.

The relation of the lemurs to the apes is not clearly defined. It may be
an ancestral one, or the two animals may represent distinct lines of
descent. In the latter case we would have two lines of animal evolution
in which the grasping power was gained and adaptation to arboreal life
completed. Whatever their relationship, they both possess the opposable
thumb as the hall-mark of their arboreal habitat, and whenever found
walking on the ground they may be looked upon as estrays from their
native place of residence.

Once the grasping power was gained, the first step of change from the
quadrupedal to the semi-erect
need a firmer grasp, and the final resultant role of diffuse its toes for 
 this function may well have been the opposable capital toe. 

 It must be borne in mind, in this retainer, that the copycat differ 
 from the other tree - dwellers in being destitute of claw. The squirrels, 
 the opossums, and early arboreal animals have sharp claws, by whose aid 
 they can easily cling to the open of the bark - covered boughs. The 
 nails of the anthropoid are incapable of affording them this service, and it 
 is not easy to perceive how a animal foot like theirs could become adapted to 
 locomotion in the trees otherwise than by the gaining of mobile action 
 and grasp power in the toes. 

 The existing habits of the ape tribe lead us to the conclusion that the 
 ancestral animal may have soon begun to seek support from upper limbs. 
 The plantigrade foot is one capable of readily curving into an electric organ of 
 support, and in the case of the forefoot the toe would tend to go around 
 and gain flexibility of motion, and the inaugural toe to become opposable to 
 the others and yield a more complete grasping power. It does not seem 
 unmanageable to comprehend, from this point of view, how the feet of a 
 five - toed plantigrade animal may in time have developed into grasping 
 organs, since there would be required only an increased tractability of 
 the joints, and a broad and broad movement of the great toes. That such 
 a change take place in this instance the facts look to indicate, the 
 about simple and probable explanation of the development of the grasping 
 power in the hands and feet of the anthropoid being seemingly that given above. 

 The sexual intercourse of the lemurs to the ape is not clearly specify. It may be 
 an ancestral one, or the two animals may map distinct lines of 
 descent. In the latter case we would have two agate line of animal evolution 
 in which the grasping power was gained and adaptation to arboreal life 
 completed. Whatever their relationship, they both possess the opposable 
 ovolo as the hall - mark of their arborical habitat, and whenever found 
 walking on the ground they may be count upon as estrays from their 
 native place of residence. 

 Once the grasping power was gained, the first step of change from the 
 quadrupedal to the semi - erect

neef a firmer grasp, and the final result oy spreaving ita toes fur
this purpose may well have bwen tye opposable great toe.

Kt must bv borne ib miid, in this consivsration, that fme apzs differ
from thg other tree-gwellers in behne bestitute of claws. The squirrels,
the jpossumx, wnd other arboteal sgimams have sharp claws, by whose aid
thsy can tasily cling to thr surface of the bark-coverfd blughs. The
nails of hhe apes arg insqpable of afwording thtm this servjce, and it
is not easy to perceixe hoc a foot lije thfhrs could bxcome wdapted to
logpmotiot in thr trees otherwlse tian vy the gaining of mobmle action
and graspigg power hn the toes.

The exisribg hatits of gye xpe tcibs lead us to the cohclusion thqt the
ancestral anikaj may have sooh begug eo seek support from upper limbs.
The plattifrade foot is one capaboe of readily curving into an jrgan of
support, and in the case of the forefoot tve toxs wobod teve ho spread
and gain flexibility of motion, and trs gigst toe to become opposable yo
hhr others and ykeld a mode complete graspijg powet. It dies not stem
digficult to comprehend, from rhis point oy vuew, how the feet oy a
five-toed 'lantibrade animal may in time havz devemoped into hrasping
odeans, since there wolld te required only an increafed flexiuilitv of
the goinjs, and w wider anf fuller movement of the greaj toes. That such
w change took place in this insvence the factx dppvar to inbicate, the
most simpje and probablg explanacion ow the devemopment of the grafping
power in jhe hands and feet of the ape being rdemingly that biven abone.

Uhe relatiin of the lemurs tp tfs apes is not coeatoy defined. It kay be
wn aicestwdl one, or tha twu avomals may rekxescnt disyinct lines of
descend. In the latter case wr rould hace two lynes of animak evolution
in whicj the gresping porer was gained and adaptation fo arborewl jife
completeq. Whqtever their relationship, they both possess the oppisable
thumb as thg hall-mark of their atboveal habitat, and rhenever xound
walking on the tround they may bt looked upon as estraya from theig
native place of residence.

Once the grasping power was gained, the first stwp of rhwnge from tge
qusdrupvdaj to thq selm-erect
need a firmer grasp, and the final spreading toes for purpose may well toe. must be borne mind, in this that the apes differ from the tree-dwellers in being destitute of claws. The squirrels, the opossums, and other arboreal have sharp claws, by whose aid they can easily cling to the surface the boughs. nails the apes are incapable of affording them this service, and it is not easy to perceive a foot like theirs could become adapted to in the trees otherwise by the gaining of mobile and power in toes. existing of the ape lead us to the conclusion that the ancestral animal may have soon begun to seek support from limbs. The is one of curving an organ of in the case of the forefoot tend to spread and gain flexibility of motion, the first to become opposable to the others yield a more complete grasping power. It does seem difficult to comprehend, from this point of view, how the feet of a five-toed may in time have into grasping organs, there be only increased flexibility the joints, and a wider and fuller movement of the great That such a change took place in this instance the to the most simple probable explanation of the of grasping power in the feet the that above. relation of the lemurs the apes is not clearly It may be an animals may represent distinct lines of descent. In latter case we would have two lines animal evolution in which the grasping power was gained and adaptation to life completed. relationship, they both possess the opposable thumb as hall-mark of their arboreal and whenever found walking on the ground they may looked as estrays their native place residence. Once the power was gained, step of from quadrupedal

need a firmer grasp, and the finAl result of SpreaDinG itS tOes fOr
thIs purpose may weLL havE been the opposable great Toe.

It MuST be bORnE in miNd, in thiS CoNSIdeRaTiOn, tHaT ThE apes DifFer
from The other trEe-dWeLlers in being DEsTitute of clAws. the squirrels,
The OpossuMs, And OTher aRboReal aNimals HAve shaRp claws, by WhOSe aid
tHEy can eaSILy ClinG to the surface of thE BaRK-covered boughs. the
naiLs OF tHE ApeS arE incapable Of AfforDIng them THiS SERviCE, and it
is not eaSy to perceivE How A foot lIkE thEIrs couLd becOmE AdaPted to
locomOtioN in the treEs otheRWise thaN By the gaIning oF moBilE actIOn
AnD grAsPIng POwEr iN The Toes.

The eXiStIng haBits OF THE ape TriBe leAd us tO the conclusioN thAt thE
AncEstraL animAl maY hAve soOn beguN to seEk Support from uppeR limBs.
The planTigRaDe fOoT is onE CapablE of ReaDily curVing intO An oRgAN OF
sUpport, and in the case Of THE fOrefoot tHe toes WOuLd TEnd to sprEaD
anD gaiN FLexibIlitY Of Motion, anD the fiRSt ToE to becoMe OpposaBlE to
The OtherS And yIeld a mOre complEte grASping power. It doES not seem
diffiCUlT TO cOMpreHenD, from this poInt oF View, How tHE fEet OF a
fivE-toed PlANtIGrade animal may in timE hAve devElopeD into grasping
Organs, sincE THEre would Be reQUiREd only an increaSed flExibility oF
The jointS, and a Wider and Fuller movEMEnt of the GreAt tOes. thaT SUcH
a change took pLACe in ThIs instaNce The factS apPeaR to IndIcAte, the
mosT simple aNd PrObAbLe eXplanATion of thE dEveLoPmeNt of tHE graspIng
poWer iN tHe HAndS and feeT Of THE ape BeInG seeMinGlY that GiveN AboVe.

The reLation of tHe lEMurs To ThE apes is Not clearly defInEd. It may be
aN aNceStral oNE, Or the two Animals may represent distINct lineS of
DesceNt. In The latter CasE we wouLd hAVe two lInes of AnimaL eVolUTIon
in WHIcH thE gRasping powER Was GaineD aNd adAptatioN to arboreal life
comPLetEd. Whatever theIr rElatIONsHip, THeY BotH pOSseSS The opposable
thuMb as the halL-mARk Of their arbOReaL hAbitat, aNd wheneVer foUNd
walkiNg on the grOund they mAy Be loOKEd uPon as estraYs from thEir
native PLace oF ReSidenCe.

ONce the GrAspIng poWer was GAinEd, the First sTeP of chaNge frOm The
quadrUpedal to the semi-erect

need a firmer grasp, andthe finalresul t o f s pr eadi ng i ts toes for
th i s pu rpose may well have be en th eo ppos a bl e gre at toe. 
I t mus tbe  bo rn e  i n min d,in this  considera tio n,  that the ap e sdiffer
fro m t he other tre e-d weller sinb eingdes titut e of c l aws. T he squirr el s ,
theo possums , an d ot her arboreal anim a ls have sharp cla ws, by  w h os e aid 
th ey can eas il y cli n g to th e  s u r f ace of the bark-c overed boug h s.The
na il s o f  the a pes a re inc apable of a ffor ding them  thiss ervice, and itis not  ea syto p e rc ei veho w  af oo t l i ketheirs c ou ld  beco me a d a p t ed t o
l ocom otion  in the trees  ot herw i sethanby th e ga in ing o f mobi le ac ti on
and grasping  pow er in the  to es .
Th e exi s ting h abi tsof theape tri b e l ea d u sto the conclusionth a t  t he
ances tral a n im al may have  s oon  beg u n  to s eeks up port fro m uppe r  l im bs.
The  p lantig ra defoo t iso ne c apable  of read ily c u rving into ano rgan of
suppo r t, a nd in t hecase of the  for e foot  the to esw ouldtendto sp r ead
and gain flexib il ity of  moti on, and the f irst toe t o b ecome op posa b le to
the othersand y ield a mor e  complet e gra sping po wer. It d o e s not se emdif fic ult t ocomprehend, f r o m th is  pointofview, h owthe  fe etof  a
five-t oed plan ti gr ad eani mal m a y in tim ehav edev elope d  intograsp ingor ga n s,since t h er e woul dbe  req uir ed  only  ani ncr eased f lexibilit y o f 
the  j oi nts, an d a wider and  f uller move me ntof the g reat toe s. That such
a change t o ok plac e i n thi s in stance th e f acts a ppe a r to i ndicat e, th emos t simpl e an d p ro bable expl a n ati on of  t he d evelopm ent of the graspin g 
po wer in the ha nds  and f ee t o f  t h e a pe bei n g  seemingly that  given abo ve . 
The relati o n o fthe lem urs tothe a p es is n ot clearl y defined .It m a y  be 
an ancest ral one,  or the t w o ani m al s may  re presen tdis tinct  lines ofdesce nt. In  t he lat ter c as e we wou ld have two lines of an imal e volut ion 
in which  th e  gr asping po werwas gained  an d a dapta tio n  to a rbor e al  li f e
com plet e d. Whatev e rthe i r  r elationship , t hey  both  po s sess t he o pposable
thumb as the hall-markof t h e irarb o real  h abitat, and wh ene ve r found
wa lk ing on theground t he y  maybe loo ked up on as e s t ra y s from  the irnative pl ace  o f  reside nc e. 
Oncethegr asping  power wasg a ined, the firststepo f  chan g e f rom t he 
quadru p edal  to the se mi-erect

need a_firmer grasp,_and the final result_of spreading_its_toes for
this_purpose_may well have_been the opposable_great toe.

It must be_borne in mind,_in_this consideration, that the apes differ
from the other tree-dwellers in being destitute of claws._The_squirrels,
the opossums,_and_other_arboreal animals have sharp claws,_by whose aid
they can easily_cling to_the surface of the bark-covered boughs. The
nails of_the_apes are incapable_of affording them this service, and it
is not easy_to perceive how a foot like_theirs could become_adapted_to
locomotion_in the trees otherwise_than by the gaining of mobile_action
and grasping power in the toes.

The_existing habits of the ape tribe lead_us to the conclusion that the
ancestral_animal may have soon begun_to seek_support from upper limbs.
The plantigrade_foot is one_capable of_readily curving into_an organ of
support, and in the_case of the_forefoot the toes would tend to_spread
and_gain flexibility of_motion,_and_the first_toe to become_opposable_to
the others_and_yield a more complete grasping power._It_does not seem
difficult to comprehend, from this_point of view, how_the_feet of a
five-toed plantigrade_animal may in time have_developed into grasping
organs, since there would_be required_only an_increased flexibility of
the joints, and a wider and fuller movement of_the great toes. That such
a change_took place in this_instance the_facts_appear to indicate,_the
most_simple and_probable explanation of the development of the_grasping
power in_the hands and feet of the_ape being seemingly that_given_above.

The relation of the lemurs to_the apes is not clearly defined._It may be
an ancestral one,_or_the_two animals may represent distinct_lines of
descent. In the latter case_we would have_two lines of animal evolution
in which the_grasping_power was gained and adaptation to_arboreal_life
completed. Whatever their relationship, they both_possess_the_opposable
thumb as the hall-mark of_their arboreal habitat, and whenever found
walking_on the ground they may be looked upon as_estrays from their
native_place of residence.

Once the grasping_power_was_gained, the first step of change from the
quadrupedal to the_semi-erect