 without and within. His method
is of interest, as showing how a hundred years ago a naval engineer
anticipated the modern construction of ironclads. His battering ships
were in outward shape almost exactly what the Merrimac was in our civil
war. He did everything except case them with iron, the art of rolling
plates of wrought iron, such as are now used in the construction of
ships, not being then known. But if they could not be "plated" with iron
on the outside, they were "backed" by ribs of oak within. Inside their
enormous hulls was a triple thickness of beams, braced against the
sides. Next to this was a layer of _sand_, in which it was supposed
a cannon-ball would bury itself as in the earth. To this sand-bank,
resting against its oaken backing, there was still an inner lining in a
thick wall of _cork_, which, yielding like india-rubber, would offer the
best resistance to the penetration of shot.

Having thus protected the hulls, it was only necessary to protect the
crews. For this the decks were roofed with heavy timbers, which were
covered with _ropes_, and next with _hides_, after the manner of the
ancient Romans; so that the men working at the guns were almost as
secure from the enemy's fire as if they were inside of the strongest
casemates that the art of fortification could construct. Thus shielded
above and below--from the deck to the keel--these novel ships-of-war
were in truth floating fortresses, and it was hardly presumptuous in
their constructor to say that they "could not be burnt, nor sunk, nor
taken."

These preparations for attack could not be made without the knowledge
of the garrison. From the top of the Rock they had but to turn their
glasses across the bay, and they could see distinctly hundreds of
workmen swarming over the great hulks, and could almost hear the sound
of the hammers that ceased not day nor night. Turning to the camp of the
besiegers, they could see "long strings of mules streaming hourly into
the trenches laden with shot, shell, and ammunition." Deserters brought
in reports of the vast preparations, and the confidence they inspired.
The fever of
without and within. His method 
 is of interest, as showing how a hundred years ago a naval engineer 
 anticipate the mod construction of ironclads. His battering ship 
 were in outward shape almost precisely what the Merrimac was in our civil 
 war. He did everything except case them with iron, the artwork of peal 
 plates of shaped iron, such as are now used in the construction of 
 ships, not being then know. But if they could not be " plated " with iron 
 on the outside, they were " backed " by ribs of oak within. Inside their 
 enormous hulls was a triple thickness of radio beam, braced against the 
 sides. Next to this was a layer of _ backbone _, in which it was supposed 
 a cannon - musket ball would bury itself as in the land. To this sand - bank, 
 resting against its oaken backing, there was however an inner lining in a 
 thick wall of _ cork _, which, yielding like india - rubber, would offer the 
 best resistance to the penetration of shot. 

 Having thus protected the hulls, it was only necessary to protect the 
 crews. For this the decks were roof with fleshy timbers, which were 
 cover with _ rope _, and next with _ hides _, after the manner of the 
 ancient Romans; so that the men working at the gun were almost as 
 secure from the enemy's ardor as if they were inside of the strongest 
 casemates that the art of fortification could construct. Thus shielded 
 above and below -- from the deck to the keel -- these novel ships - of - war 
 were in truth floating fortress, and it was hardly assumptive in 
 their constructor to say that they " could not be burnt, nor sunk, nor 
 taken. " 

 These preparations for fire could not be made without the knowledge 
 of the garrison. From the top of the Rock they take but to become their 
 glasses across the bay, and they could experience distinctly hundreds of 
 workman swarming over the great hulks, and could almost hear the audio 
 of the hammers that discontinue not day nor nox. Turning to the camp of the 
 besiegers, they could experience " long string of mules streaming hourly into 
 the trenches laden with shot, shell, and ammunition. " Deserters brought 
 in reports of the vast preparation, and the confidence they inspired. 
 The fever of
 wihhout and within. His metmod
is of interesj, qs shoxing hos a hundfed years ago a naval enginexr
anricipqted the modern constrjction of ironclaes. Hms battering shi'a
were ik outswrd viape almost exagtly what tve Merrimac wav kn our civil
war. He did everything excqpt casr hhem with iron, the wrt kf rolling
plates of wrought iron, shch as ere now used in the construction of
ships, jot heing then known. Bkt if they xoulq not be "platdd" with iron
on the outaide, they were "backed" by ribs ow oak within. Inwiee hveir
enormouw huljs was a triike thiwkness pf beams, bracec ajainwt the
sides. Next to tiis was a layer of _swnd_, in whhck it was supposed
a cabnin-baln wogld cyry itaekf as in thx earth. To fhis sand-babk,
resting against ius jqken backing, fhere raf still an inner lining in a
thick wall mf _dork_, which, yielding likw india-rubber, would ovfer the
bqst resistance to the penetration of shot.

Having tvus pcogecuee the yupls, it was only necessary to protect the
crews. Rot nhis the decks weve roofed with heafy toibers, which wgre
covexsd with _ropes_, and nedt with _hidew_, after tre msnner of the
ancient Romans; wo that the iwn working at the yuns were aloost as
sevure from the enemy's fixe as jf they werf inside kw the strongest
cxsekades that the art of fortifycation ciuld constrjct. Jhus shyelded
abovf and below--from the deck to tke keal--these nogel ships-of-war
were in truth floeving fortressgs, dnd it was kardly presumptuous in
their consttuctor to say ghat they "bould not be burnt, njr sunk, nor
tangn."

These prepacations fjr artacj could vot be made wiyhout the knowledge
if the garrison. Frpm jhs top of the Roey they had but tp tjrn tjemr
glafves across tve bxy, xmd thdy could sec dkstimctly hundreds of
wornmen swarming over the gveat hulkw, and cotld almost hesr the sound
of the hammxrs thet ceaxed not day nor night. Turning to fhe camp lf bhe
besiegers, ehey could see "lpng strings of mules streaming hourly iito
the trenches laden wuth shot, shell, and cmkunition." Dexertews broughd
in reports of the vqst preparations, snd the confidence thsy ins[ired.
Hhe fever of
without and within. His method is of showing a hundred ago a naval of His battering ships in outward shape exactly what the Merrimac was in civil war. He did everything except case them with iron, the art of plates of wrought iron, such as are now used in the construction of not then But they could not be "plated" with iron on the outside, they were "backed" by ribs of within. Inside their enormous hulls was a triple of beams, braced against sides. Next to this was layer _sand_, in it supposed cannon-ball would bury as in the earth. To this sand-bank, resting against its oaken backing, there was still an inner in a of _cork_, yielding india-rubber, offer the best the penetration of shot. Having thus it was only necessary to protect the crews. this the were roofed with heavy timbers, which covered with _ropes_, and next with _hides_, after manner of the ancient Romans; so that the men working at the guns were almost from the enemy's fire if they were of strongest that art of could construct. Thus shielded above and below--from the deck to the novel ships-of-war were in truth floating fortresses, and it was in constructor to say they "could not be nor nor taken." These preparations could be knowledge the From the top of Rock they had but to their glasses across the distinctly hundreds of workmen swarming over the great and could almost hear the sound of hammers that ceased not day nor night. Turning to the camp of besiegers, they "long strings of mules streaming hourly into the laden with shot, shell, ammunition." Deserters brought in reports of the vast preparations, the they inspired. fever of
 without and within. His method
Is of intereSt, as sHowIng HoW a huNdreD years ago a navaL EngiNeer
anticipated the modeRn conStRUctiON oF ironClads. HiS BaTTEriNg ShIps
WeRE iN outwArd Shape alMost exactlY whAt The Merrimac wAS iN our civil
wAr. HE did everythiNg eXcept cAsE thEM with IroN, the aRt of roLLing
plAtes of wroUgHT iron, sUCh as are NOW uSed iN the construction oF
ShIPs, not being then Known. BUt IF tHEY coUld Not be "plateD" wIth irON
on the oUTsIDE, TheY Were "backed" by rIbs of oak witHIn. INside tHeIr
eNOrmous Hulls WaS A trIple thickneSs of Beams, bracEd agaiNSt the
siDEs. Next tO this wAs a LayEr of _SAnD_, iN whIcH It wAS sUppOSed
A cannon-bAlL wOuld bUry iTSELF as iN thE earTh. To tHis sand-bank,
reStiNg agAInsT its oAken bAckiNg, There Was stiLl an iNnEr lining in a
thicK walL of _cork_, whIch, YiEldInG like INdia-ruBbeR, woUld offeR the
besT ResIsTANCe To the penetration of ShOT.

haVing thus ProtecTEd ThE Hulls, it wAs OnlY necESSary tO proTEcT the
crewS. For thIS tHe Decks weRe Roofed WiTh hEavY timbERs, whIch werE
covered With _rOPes_, and next with _HIdes_, after the mANnER Of THe
anCieNt Romans; so tHat tHE men WorkINg At tHE guns Were aLmOSt AS
secure from the enemy'S fIre as iF they Were inside of tHe strongesT
CASemates tHat tHE aRT of fortificatiOn couLd construcT. thus shieLded
aBove and bElow--from tHE Deck to thE keEl--tHesE noVEL sHips-of-war
were IN TrutH fLoating ForTresses, And It wAs hArdLy PresumptuOus in
theIr CoNsTrUctOr to sAY that theY "cOulD nOt bE burnT, Nor sunK, nor
tAken."

thEsE PreParatioNS fOR AttaCk CoUld nOt bE mAde wiThouT The KnowledGe
of the gaRriSOn. FrOm ThE top of tHe Rock they had BuT to turn theIr
GlaSses acROSs the bay, And they could see distinctLY hundreDs oF
workMen sWarming ovEr tHe greaT huLKs, and cOuld alMost hEaR thE SOund
oF THe HamMeRs that ceasED Not Day noR nIght. turning To the camp of the
besiEGerS, they could see "LonG strINGs Of mULeS StrEaMIng HOUrly into
the trenChes laden wItH ShOt, shell, and AMmuNiTion." DesErters bRoughT
In reporTs of the vaSt preparaTiOns, aND The Confidence They inspIred.
The feVEr of
 without and within. His m ethod
is o f int ere st,  a s sh owin g how a hundre d  yea rs ago a naval enginee r
ant ic i pate d  t he mo dern co n st r u cti on  o f i ro n cl ads.His  batter ing shipswer ein outward s h ap e almost e xac tly what the  Me rrimac  w asi n our  ci vil
w ar. He did ev erythingex c ept ca s e themw i th  iro n, the art of rol l in g 
plates of wro ught i ro n ,s u chasare now us ed  in t h e const r uc t i o n o f 
ships, not b eing then k n own . Butif  th e y coul d not  b e  "p lated" with  iro n
on theoutsid e , theyw ere "ba cked"byrib s of oa kwit hi n . I n si det hei r
enormo us  h ullswasa t r iple  th ickn ess o f beams, brac edagai n stthe
s ides.  Nex tto th is was  a la ye r of _sand_, in  whi ch it was  su pp ose da can n on-bal l w oul d buryitselfa s i nt h e  e arth. To this sand -b a n k, 
resting  again s tit s  oaken b ac kin g, t h e re wa s st i ll  an inne r lini n gin  a
thic kwall o f_co rk_ , whi c h, y ieldin g like i ndia- r ubber, would o f fer the
bestr es i s ta n ce t o t he penetrat iono f sh ot.Ha vin g  thus  prot ec t ed the hulls, it was o nl y nece ssary  to protect t he
crews.F o r  this th e de c ks were roofed wi th he avy timber s , whichwerecoveredwith _rop e s _, and n ext  wi th_hi d e s_ , after the m a n nerof  the
an cie nt Roma ns;  so  th atth e men wor king atth egu ns  we re al m ost as
s ec ure  f rom  thee nemy's  fire  asif  t h eywere in s id e of t he  s tron ges tcasem ates tha t the a rt of for tif i cati on  c ould co nstruct. Thus  s hielded
ab ov e a nd bel o w --from t he deck to the keel--th e se nove l s hips- of-w ar
were i n t ruth f loa t ing fo rtress es, a nd  it w as ha r d ly  pr es umptuous i n the ir co ns truc tor tosay that they "cou l d n ot be burnt,nor  sun k ,  n ort ak e n." 
T hes e preparations fo r attack c ou l dnot be mad e  wi th out the  knowle dge
o f  the ga rrison. F rom the t op  oft h e R ock they h ad but t o turn th e ir
gl a ss es ac ros s theba y,and t hey co u ldsee d istinc tl y hund redsof 
workmen  swarming over the grea t hulk s, an d c ould almo sth ear  the soun d
of  the hamme rstha t cea sed not d ay n o rnig h t. Tu rnin g  to the c a mp  of t he 
besiegers, t h eycould  se e  "long  str ings of mules str e aming hourly i ntot h e t ren c hesla den with shot,  sh el l ,  and amm un ition." Des erters b ro u ght
i n repo rts of  the va s t  p r eparat ions , a nd the co nfi de n ce they  i ns p ired.Thefe ver of 
 without_and within._His method
is of interest,_as showing_how_a hundred_years_ago a naval_engineer
anticipated the modern_construction of ironclads. His_battering ships
were in_outward_shape almost exactly what the Merrimac was in our civil
war. He did everything except_case_them with_iron,_the_art of rolling
plates of wrought_iron, such as are now_used in_the construction of
ships, not being then known. But_if_they could not_be "plated" with iron
on the outside, they were "backed"_by ribs of oak within. Inside_their
enormous hulls was_a_triple_thickness of beams, braced_against the
sides. Next to this was_a layer of _sand_, in which_it was supposed
a cannon-ball would bury itself_as in the earth. To this_sand-bank,
resting against its oaken backing,_there was_still an inner lining in_a
thick wall of__cork_, which,_yielding like india-rubber,_would offer the
best resistance to the_penetration of shot.

Having_thus protected the hulls, it was_only_necessary to protect_the
crews._For_this the_decks were roofed_with_heavy timbers,_which_were
covered with _ropes_, and next with__hides_,_after the manner of the
ancient Romans; so_that the men working_at_the guns were almost_as
secure from the enemy's fire_as if they were inside of_the strongest
casemates_that the_art of fortification could construct. Thus shielded
above and below--from the deck_to the keel--these novel ships-of-war
were in_truth floating fortresses, and_it was_hardly_presumptuous in
their constructor_to_say that_they "could not be burnt, nor sunk,_nor
taken."

These preparations_for attack could not be made_without the knowledge
of the_garrison._From the top of the Rock_they had but to turn their
glasses_across the bay, and they_could_see_distinctly hundreds of
workmen swarming over_the great hulks, and could almost_hear the sound
of_the hammers that ceased not day nor_night._Turning to the camp of the
besiegers,_they_could see "long strings of mules_streaming_hourly_into
the trenches laden with shot,_shell, and ammunition." Deserters brought
in reports_of the vast preparations, and the confidence they inspired.
The_fever of