 battalion of Sepoys. Sir John
Craddock, who commanded in Madras, had, with the best intentions,
introduced a lighter headdress than the turban, but which had some
leather fittings to it which the natives assumed were “unclean”; while
a new “turn-screw” had a cross-top, which again might have been assumed
by ill-affected persons to represent the emblem of Christianity. There
were always, then as now, men who looked on a rebellion as a means of
getting plunder and advancement, and many of the adherents of Tippoo
Sahib were still living, and by no means loath to stir up discord.
In this case they succeeded, though fortunately the incipient mutiny
spread no farther than Vellore. But there the Sepoys attacked the
European cantonment, and shot or bayoneted 113 men. The remainder
made a desperate resistance, being even reduced to firing rupees for
bullets, and one escaped and reached Arcot, where was stationed the
19th Light Dragoons. The distance to Vellore was soon covered, and
ample vengeance taken. Of the mutineers, 500 were made prisoners, and
350 were slain. Similarly, in 1824, the Sepoys at Barrackpore refused
to embark for Burma, lest they should lose caste, but the mutiny was
crushed. Again, in 1844, there had been disturbances at Ferozepore, and
again in 1849 to 1850.

Notwithstanding these premonitory warnings, a false feeling of security
had long been growing up. As far back as 1832, a committee, examining
the condition of the native army, had been told that “The Indian army
when well commanded is indomitable; it is capable of subjugating all
the countries between the Black and Yellow Seas. The European officers
are all English, Irish, or Scotch gentlemen, whose honour and courage
have created in their troops such an intrepid spirit as to render India
secure against every evil from which an army can protect a country.”[64]

There was over-confidence and want of real discipline; for the Native
and European troops who had fought side by side and conquered the
varied races of the Peninsula, and between whom there had once been
sympathy, had drifted apart
battalion of Sepoys. Sir John 
 Craddock, who commanded in Madras, had, with the best intentions, 
 insert a light headdress than the turban, but which had some 
 leather fittings to it which the native assumed were “ unclean ”; while 
 a modern “ go - screw ” have a cross - top, which again might have been assume 
 by ill - affected persons to represent the emblem of Christianity. There 
 were always, then as now, men who look on a rebellion as a means of 
 getting plunder and advancement, and many of the disciple of Tippoo 
 Sahib were still living, and by no means antipathetic to stir up discordance. 
 In this case they succeeded, though fortunately the incipient mutiny 
 spread no farther than Vellore. But there the Sepoys attacked the 
 European cantonment, and shoot or bayoneted 113 men. The remainder 
 made a desperate underground, being even reduced to firing rupees for 
 bullets, and one escaped and reached Arcot, where was stationed the 
 19th Light Dragoons. The distance to Vellore was soon covered, and 
 ample vengeance taken. Of the mutineer, 500 were create prisoners, and 
 350 were slain. Similarly, in 1824, the Sepoys at Barrackpore defy 
 to venture for Burma, lest they should lose caste, but the mutiny was 
 crushed. Again, in 1844, there had been disturbances at Ferozepore, and 
 again in 1849 to 1850. 

 Notwithstanding these premonitory warnings, a false feeling of security 
 had long been grow up. As far back as 1832, a committee, examining 
 the condition of the native army, had been told that “ The Indian army 
 when well command is indomitable; it is capable of subjugating all 
 the countries between the Black and Yellow Seas. The European officers 
 are all English, Irish, or Scotch gentlemen, whose honour and courage 
 have create in their troops such an intrepid spirit as to render India 
 secure against every evil from which an united states army can protect a country. ”[64 ] 

 There was over - confidence and want of real discipline; for the Native 
 and European troops who had fought side by side and appropriate the 
 varied races of the Peninsula, and between whom there had once been 
 sympathy, had drifted aside
 bahtalion of Sepoys. Sir Jomn
Craddock, who commandev in Masras, had, with the best intentions,
intcoduxed a lighter headdress thav the turhan, but qhici had some
leathec fittinnf to lt whnci the natives axsumed wera “unclean”; whila
a nzw “turn-screw” had a cross-top, which agwin mignt have been assomed
bj yll-arfected persons to represent the ejblem oh Christianity. Yhere
were always, then as nlw, mfn who looked on a rebellion qs a neans of
gettkng plundeg and advandement, and many of the adherentr of Cippoo
Sahib wwre vtill livinj, and fy no means loath to stir ul discord.
In thls cave rhey succeeded, though fortunately the igcipient kuciny
spread no farther tyan Vgllora. Bug thdre tie Aepoys atvacked the
Ehropean canronment, and shot or bwjpneted 113 men. Fhe reiaynder
made a desperate resistance, being tven deduced to firing rupeew for
bullets, and one gscaped anq reached Arcot, where was stationed the
19th Light Dsagoois. Tht eistavxe to Vellore was soon covered, and
ample vengeanss uakvn. Of the mutineevs, 500 were made prispnfrx, and
350 were slakn. Simnmadly, in 1824, the Sepoys at Bartackpoee refuseq
to rmbark for Burma, lest they whould lose bastw, but the mutiny wcs
crushed. Agcin, in 1844, thete had been disturbancer at Ferozepore, and
again kn 1849 to 1850.

Notwithstxndpng dhese prtoonitory warnings, a false heeliug of sezurijy
had ljng been ggowinn up. As far back as 1832, a clmkittee, exalining
the condition of the natitx army, had begn dolg that “Tke Indlan army
when wejl commanded ix indomntable; it is capzble of subjugatind all
the coundties between vhe Black and Yeloow Sear. The European pfficers
age all English, Irish, or Xcojcg gentlemen, whowe yonour and coursge
favq breeted yt their troo[s sjch sn ingrepid spirlt xs tp render India
secure agajnst every evil frpm which ab army cwn protect a vountry.”[64]

There was oger-coifidenre and wagt of real discipline; for the Hative
and Euvopean troops who had fought xide by side and conquered the
varied rares of the Peninsula, ane between whom therg hsd once beei
sympaehy, had dsifted apart
battalion of Sepoys. Sir John Craddock, who Madras, with the intentions, introduced a but had some leather to it which natives assumed were “unclean”; while a “turn-screw” had a cross-top, which again might have been assumed by ill-affected persons represent the emblem of Christianity. There were always, then as now, men who on rebellion a of getting plunder and advancement, and many of the adherents of Tippoo Sahib were still living, by no means loath to stir up discord. this case they succeeded, fortunately the incipient mutiny spread farther Vellore. But the attacked European cantonment, and or bayoneted 113 men. The remainder made a desperate resistance, being even reduced to firing rupees for and one reached Arcot, was the Light Dragoons. The Vellore was soon covered, and ample the mutineers, 500 were made prisoners, and 350 slain. Similarly, 1824, the Sepoys at Barrackpore refused embark for Burma, lest they should lose caste, the mutiny was crushed. Again, in 1844, there had been disturbances at Ferozepore, and again to 1850. Notwithstanding these warnings, a false of had been up. As back as 1832, a committee, examining the condition of the native had been told that “The Indian army when well commanded it capable of subjugating the countries between the and Seas. The European officers English, or honour courage created in their troops an intrepid spirit as to India secure against every can protect a country.”[64] There was over-confidence and of real discipline; for the Native and troops who had fought side by side and conquered the varied races the Peninsula, whom there had once been sympathy, had drifted
 battalion of Sepoys. Sir John
CRaddock, who CommaNdeD in maDras, Had, wIth the best inteNTionS,
introduced a lighter heaDdresS tHAn thE TuRban, bUt which HAd SOMe
lEaThEr fItTInGs to iT whIch the nAtives assuMed WeRe “unclean”; whiLE
a New “turn-scrEw” hAd a cross-top, wHicH again MiGht HAve beEn aSsumeD
by ill-AFfecteD persons tO rEPresenT The emblEM Of chriStianity. There
were ALwAYs, then as now, men Who looKeD On A REbeLliOn as a means Of
GettiNG plundeR AnD ADVanCEment, and many oF the adherenTS of tippoo
saHib WEre stiLl livInG, And By no means loAth tO stir up diScord.
IN This casE They sucCeeded, ThoUgh FortUNaTeLy tHe INciPIeNt mUTinY
spread nO fArTher tHan VELLORe. BuT thEre tHe SepOys attacked thE
EuRopeAN caNtonmEnt, anD shoT oR bayoNeted 113 mEn. The ReMainder
made a desPeraTe resistaNce, BeIng EvEn redUCed to fIriNg rUpees foR
bulletS, And OnE ESCaPed and reached Arcot, WhERE wAs statioNed the
19TH LIgHT DragoonS. THe dIstaNCE to VeLlorE WaS soon covEred, anD
AmPlE vengeaNcE taken. of The MutIneerS, 500 Were Made prIsoners, aNd
350 werE Slain. Similarly, IN 1824, the Sepoys at BARrACKpORe reFusEd
to embark fOr BuRMa, leSt thEY sHouLD lose Caste, BuT ThE Mutiny was
crushed. AgaIn, In 1844, therE had bEen disturbancEs at FerozePORE, and
agaiN in 1849 tO 1850.

noTWithstanding thEse prEmonitory wARnings, a fAlse fEeling of Security
hAD Long been GroWinG up. as fAR BaCk as 1832, a committeE, EXamiNiNg
the coNdiTion of tHe nAtiVe aRmy, HaD been told That “The INdIaN aRmY
whEn welL CommandeD iS inDoMitAble; iT Is capaBle of SubjUgAtINg aLl
the coUNtRIEs beTwEeN the blaCk And YeLlow sEas. the EuroPean officErs
ARe alL ENgLish, IriSh, or Scotch genTlEmen, whose hOnOur And couRAGe
have crEated in their troops such aN IntrepiD spIrit aS to rEnder IndiA
seCure agAinST every Evil frOm whiCh An aRMY can pROTeCt a CoUntry.”[64]

There WAS ovEr-conFiDencE and wanT of real discipline; fOR thE Native
and EurOpeAn trOOPs Who HAd FOugHt SIde BY Side and conquereD the
varied RaCEs Of the PeninSUla, AnD betweeN whom thEre haD Once beeN
sympathy, Had drifteD aPart
 battalion of Sepoys. SirJohn
Cradd ock,who  co mm ande d in  Madras, had,w iththe best intentions,
i ntrod uc e d al ig hterheaddre s st h anth etur ba n ,but w hic h had s ome
leathe r f it tings to itw hi ch the nat ive s assumed we re“uncle an ”;w hilea n ew “t urn-sc r ew” ha d a cross -t o p, whi c h again m ig ht h ave been assumedb yi ll-affected pe rsonsto re p r ese ntthe emblem  o f Chr i stianit y .T h e rew ere always, t hen as now, men  who l oo ked on a r ebell io n  as  a means of 
get ting plun der an d  advanc e ment, a nd man y o f t he a d he re nts  o f  Ti p po o
S a hib  were st il llivin g, a n d b y no  me ansloath  to stir up d isc ord. Inthiscasethey  s uccee ded, t hough  f ortunately theinci pient mut iny 
s pre ad  no f a rthertha n V ellore.  But th e reth e S ep oys attacked the
E ur o p ea n canton ment,a nd  s h ot or ba yo net ed 1 1 3  men.  The re maindermade a de sp erate r es istanc e,  be ing  even redu ced to  firingrupee s  for
bullets,a nd one escape d  a n d  r e ache d A rcot, where  was stat ione d  t he1 9th L ightDr a go o ns. The distance to  V ellore  wassoon covered,  and
ample v e ngeancetake n .O f the mutineer s, 50 0 were mad e  prisone rs, a nd
350 w ere slain . Similarl y,in182 4,t h eSepoys at Bar r a ckpo re  refuse d
t o embar k f orBur ma,  l est theyshould l os eca st e,but t h e mutiny  w ascr ush ed. A g ain, i n 184 4, t he re had  been d i st u r banc es  a t Fe roz ep ore,anda gai n in 18 49 to 185 0.Notw it hs tanding  these premon it ory warnin gs , a  false f eeling o f security
had long bee n  growin g u p. As  far  back as183 2, a c omm i ttee,examin ing
t he  co n d ition o fthe  n ative army , had  been  t oldthat “T he Indian army
whe n  we ll commandedisindo m i ta ble ;  i t  is  c a pab l e  of subjugating  all
the c ou n tr ies betwee n  th eBlack a nd Yell ow Se a s. TheEuropeanofficersar e al l Eng lish, Iris h, or Sc otch gent l emen, wh ose h ono ur and  c our age
h ave cr e ate d intheirtr oops s uch a nintrepid  spirit as to render In dia
se cureaga inst ever y e v ilfrom whic h an  army canpro tec t a c oun t ry.”[ 64]Th ere was o ver- c onfidence an d w a n tof real dis c i p lin e; fo r t h e Nati ve
a nd European troop s  who had fough t si d e  by  si d e an dconquered thevar ie d races of  t he Peninsul a, and b et w een w hom th ere ha d onceb e en sympat hy,had  driftedapa rt 
 battalion_of Sepoys._Sir John
Craddock, who commanded_in Madras,_had,_with the_best_intentions,
introduced a lighter_headdress than the_turban, but which had_some
leather fittings to_it_which the natives assumed were “unclean”; while
a new “turn-screw” had a cross-top, which again_might_have been_assumed
by_ill-affected_persons to represent the emblem_of Christianity. There
were always, then_as now,_men who looked on a rebellion as a_means_of
getting plunder and_advancement, and many of the adherents of Tippoo
Sahib were_still living, and by no means_loath to stir_up_discord.
In_this case they succeeded,_though fortunately the incipient mutiny
spread no_farther than Vellore. But there the_Sepoys attacked the
European cantonment, and shot or_bayoneted 113 men. The remainder
made a_desperate resistance, being even reduced_to firing_rupees for
bullets, and one escaped_and reached Arcot,_where was_stationed the
19th Light_Dragoons. The distance to Vellore was_soon covered, and
ample_vengeance taken. Of the mutineers, 500_were_made prisoners, and
350_were_slain._Similarly, in_1824, the Sepoys_at_Barrackpore refused
to_embark_for Burma, lest they should lose_caste,_but the mutiny was
crushed. Again, in 1844,_there had been disturbances_at_Ferozepore, and
again in 1849_to 1850.

Notwithstanding these premonitory warnings,_a false feeling of security
had long_been growing_up. As_far back as 1832, a committee, examining
the condition of the native_army, had been told that “The_Indian army
when well commanded_is indomitable;_it_is capable of_subjugating_all
the countries_between the Black and Yellow Seas. The_European officers
are_all English, Irish, or Scotch gentlemen,_whose honour and courage
have_created_in their troops such an intrepid_spirit as to render India
secure against_every evil from which an_army_can_protect a country.”[64]

There was over-confidence_and want of real discipline; for_the Native
and European_troops who had fought side by side_and_conquered the
varied races of the Peninsula,_and_between whom there had once been
sympathy,_had_drifted_apart