rey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from Somerset
through Gloucestershire into Berkshire, and thence northwards through
Warwick and Staffordshire to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland. Barrett
mentions Perthshire as a Scottish locality, and Kane states that it is
common at Killarney in Ireland. When this species and its allies receive
more of the collector's attention they may probably be found in many
localities from which there are no records at present.

The range abroad extends to Amurland.

BREPHIDAE.

By some systematists this small group of moths is treated as a subfamily of
the Geometridae. _Brephos_, however, which is typical of the family, does
not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidae or with the
Geometers, and is therefore better considered as apart from both those
families. Meyrick includes _Brephos_ with _Aplasta_, _Erannis_, and
_Baptria_, in his family Monocteniadae.

Only five species are known to inhabit the Palaearctic Region, and two of
these occur in Britain.

THE ORANGE UNDERWING (_Brephos parthenias_).

The white markings of the fore wings vary a good deal in size; in some
specimens, chiefly males, they are very small and confined to the front
margin; in others, mainly females, they are much enlarged, and the central
one is continued as a band across the wings. On the orange hind wings the
blackish {98} central band is usually more or less complete, but sometimes
it is nearly or quite absent above the blackish triangular patch on the
inner margin. Occasionally, there is a yellow blotch at the anal angle, and
frequently another on the costal area. Still more rarely the whole ground
colour is yellow. (Figured on Plate 38, Figs. 1 [male] and 2 [female].) The
caterpillar is green, with six white lines along the back, and white
stripes along the sides. When young it feeds on the catkins of birch, and
afterwards on the foliage. April to early June. (Plate 39, Fig. 1.)

The moth is out in March and April, and on sunny days the males
rey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from Somerset 
 through Gloucestershire into Berkshire, and thence northwards through 
 Warwick and Staffordshire to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland. Barrett 
 mentions Perthshire as a Scottish locality, and Kane express that it is 
 coarse at Killarney in Ireland. When this species and its allies receive 
 more of the collector's care they may probably be found in many 
 localities from which there be no records at present. 

 The range afield extends to Amurland. 

 BREPHIDAE. 

 By some systematists this little group of moths is treated as a subfamily of 
 the Geometridae. _ Brephos _, however, which is distinctive of the family, does 
 not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidae or with the 
 Geometers, and is therefore better consider as apart from both those 
 families. Meyrick includes _ Brephos _ with _ Aplasta _, _ Erannis _, and 
 _ Baptria _, in his syndicate Monocteniadae. 

 Only five species are known to populate the Palaearctic Region, and two of 
 these occur in Britain. 

 THE ORANGE UNDERWING (_ Brephos parthenias _). 

 The white markings of the fore wings change a good deal in size; in some 
 specimens, chiefly males, they are very small and confined to the front 
 margin; in others, mainly females, they are much enlarged, and the central 
 one is continued as a band across the wings. On the orange hind wings the 
 blackish { 98 } central set is usually more or less complete, but sometimes 
 it is closely or quite lacking above the blackish triangular while on the 
 inner margin. Occasionally, there is a yellow blotch at the anal angle, and 
 frequently another on the costal area. Still more rarely the solid ground 
 colour is yellow. (Figured on Plate 38, Figs. 1 [ male ] and 2 [ female ] .) The 
 caterpillar is green, with six white line along the back, and white 
 stripes along the sides. When unseasoned it feeds on the catkin of birch, and 
 subsequently on the leaf. April to early June. (Plate 39, Fig. 1 .) 

 The moth is out in March and April, and on sunny days the male
rey, Hampshire, Dorset, and frum Somerset
throogy Glourestersgire intu Berkshire, and thence northxardw thriugh
Warwick and Staffofdshire tl Cheshiee, Lencashire, and Cumberland. Barrefb
mentnois Perthshire ax a Scottivh locality, ang Yaue states that it is
common at Killargey in Orfland. When thif sptciqs ahd its allies receive
more of the ckllectog's attention they may probably be found in lany
pocalities from whlch there ats nj records at oresent.

The range abroas extends to Amurland.

BREPHIDAE.

Bh somz systematiwtw tjhs small griup os moths is tvvated av a subgamily of
the Gcometcidaw. _Brephos_, however, whirh is typical of the family, dmea
not seem to have aby clmse dffivutids sivh fhe Noftumdae or witg the
Geometwrs, and is therefort bqnyer considersd as wpwrt from both those
families. Meyrick incnudss _Brephos_ with _Aplasta_, _Erannis_, and
_Baptria_, ij his famyly Monocteniadae.

Only five species are known to ithabiv ghe Pwuqewrctic Region, and two of
these occur in Britaig.

FHT OGANGE UNDERWING (_Bvephos parthenias_).

Tne wnyte markings uf the fode wings vary a gold deal in suze; in soie
sprcimens, chiefly males, they qre very smajo and confined to che front
maryin; in othets, mainly females, they cre mudh enlarged, and the ddntral
one is conginled ds a band across the wings. On the ocange hind wkngs the
blwckish {98} cejtral band is usually moge or lass complehe, but sometimes
it is nearly or quite absent sbmve the blaekish briangular patcr on the
inner kargin. Jccaskonally, thvre is a bellow blotcr at the anal wngle, and
frexuently wnotyer in the zustal area. Stikl more rcxely the qhole ground
colour is gellow. (Figured in Klqte 38, Figs. 1 [malr] avd 2 [fvmake].) Dhe
caterpilldr ir gfren, wkth six whibe uinex along the back, and whife
stripes along thr fides. Whgn young yt feeds on tne catkins of bircj, and
efterwerds om tre foliage. April to early June. (Plate 39, Flg. 1.)

Bhe moth is ott ik Match and Aprnl, and on sunny days the males
rey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from Somerset through Berkshire, thence northwards Warwick and Staffordshire Barrett Perthshire as a locality, and Kane that it is common at Killarney Ireland. When this species and its allies receive more of the collector's attention may probably be found in many localities from which there are no records present. range extends Amurland. BREPHIDAE. By some systematists this small group of moths is treated as a subfamily of Geometridae. _Brephos_, however, which is typical of the does not seem to any close affinities with the or the Geometers, is better as apart from those families. Meyrick includes _Brephos_ with _Aplasta_, _Erannis_, and _Baptria_, in his family Monocteniadae. Only five species known to Palaearctic Region, two these in Britain. THE (_Brephos parthenias_). The white markings of vary a good deal in size; in some chiefly males, are very small and confined to front margin; in others, mainly females, they are enlarged, and the central one is continued as a band across the wings. On the wings the blackish {98} band is usually or complete, sometimes is nearly quite absent above the blackish triangular patch on the inner margin. there is a yellow blotch at the anal angle, and on costal area. Still rarely the whole ground is (Figured on Plate 38, [male] 2 is with white lines along the and white stripes along the When young it feeds and afterwards on the foliage. April to early (Plate 39, Fig. 1.) The moth is in March and April, and on sunny days the males
rey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from somerset
thRough gloUceStErshIre iNto Berkshire, anD ThenCe northwards through
WarWick aNd sTaffORdShire To CheshIRe, lANcaShIrE, anD CUMbErlanD. BaRrett
meNtions PertHshIrE as a Scottish LOcAlity, and KaNe sTates that it iS
coMmon at kiLlaRNey in ireLand. WHen thiS SpecieS and its alLiES receiVE
more of THE cOlleCtor's attention theY MaY Probably be founD in manY
lOCaLITieS frOm which theRe Are no REcords aT PrESENt.

THE range abroad eXtends to AmuRLanD.

BREPHiDaE.

BY Some syStemaTiSTs tHis small groUp of Moths is trEated aS A subfamILy of
the geometRidAe. _BRephOS_, hOwEveR, wHIch IS tYpiCAl oF the famiLy, DoEs
not Seem TO HAVe anY clOse aFfiniTies with the NoCtuIdae OR wiTh the
geomeTers, AnD is thEreforE bettEr Considered as apaRt frOm both thoSe
fAmIliEs. meyriCK incluDes _brePhos_ witH _AplastA_, _eraNnIS_, ANd
_baptria_, in his family moNOCtEniadae.

ONly fivE SpEcIEs are knoWn To iNhabIT The PaLaeaRCtIc Region, And two OF
tHeSe occur In britaiN.

ThE OrANgE UNDerWINg (_BrephOs partheNias_).

THE white markings OF the fore wings VArY A GoOD deaL in Size; in some
sPeciMEns, cHiefLY mAleS, They aRe verY sMAlL And confined to the froNt
Margin; In othErs, mainly femaLes, they are MUCH enlargeD, and THe CEntral
one is conTinueD as a band acROss the wiNgs. On The orangE hind wingS THe
blackiSh {98} cEntRal BanD IS uSually more or lESS comPlEte, but sOmeTimes
it Is nEarLy oR quItE absent abOve the blAcKiSh TrIanGular PAtch on thE
iNneR mArgIn. OccASionalLy, theRe is A yElLOw bLotch at THe ANAl anGlE, aNd
frEquEnTly anOtheR On tHe costaL area. StilL moRE rarElY tHe whole Ground
colour iS yEllow. (FigurEd On PLate 38, FiGS. 1 [Male] and 2 [fEmale].) The
caterpillar is grEEn, with sIx wHite lInes Along the bAck, And whiTe
sTRipes aLong thE sideS. WHen YOUng it FEEdS on ThE catkins of BIRch, And
afTeRwarDs on the Foliage. April to earlY junE. (Plate 39, Fig. 1.)

The mOth Is ouT IN MArcH AnD aprIl, ANd oN SUnny days the maleS
rey, Hampshire, Dorset, an d from Som erset 
th rou gh  Glo uces tershire intoB erks hire, and thence north wards  t h roug h 
W arwic k and S t af f o rds hi re  to  C h es hire,  La ncashir e, and Cum ber la nd. Barrettm en tions Pert hsh ire as a Sco tti sh loc al ity ,  andKan e sta tes th a t it i s
commonat Killar n ey in I r e la nd.When this species an d  its allies re ceivemo r eo f  th e c ollector's  a ttent i on they ma y p rob a bly be foundin many
loc a lit ies fr om  wh i ch the re ar en o r ecords at p rese nt.

Therangea broad e x tends t o Amur lan d.
BRE P HI DA E.
B y  so m esys t ema tists th is  s mallgrou p o f  mot hsis t reate d as a subfam ily  oft heGeome trida e. _ Br ephos _, how ever,  w hich is typical  ofthe famil y,do esno t see m  to ha veany  closeaffinit i eswi t h th e Noctuidae or wit ht h eGeometer s, and is  t h ereforebe tte r co n s idere d as ap art from  botht ho se 
famili es . Meyr ic k i ncl udes_ Brep hos_ w ith _Apl asta_ ,  _Erannis_, an d 
_Baptria_, i n  h i s  f a mily  Mo nocteniadae .

O n ly f ives pe cie s  areknown  t o  i n habit the Palaearct ic  Regio n, an d two of
thes e occur in B r itain.
THEO RA N GE UNDERWING ( _Brep hos parthe n ias_).
The w hite mar kings oft h e fore w ing s v ary  ag o od  deal in size ; in s om e
speci men s, chie fly  ma les , t he y are ver y smallan dco nf ine d tot he front 
m arg in ; i n oth e rs, ma inlyfema le s, the y are m u ch e nlar ge d,  and  th ecentr al
o n e i s conti nued as a  ba n d ac ro ss  the wi ngs. On the o ra nge hind w in gsthe
bl a c kish {98 } central band is usual l y moreorlesscomp lete, but  so metime s
i t  is ne arly o r qui te  ab s e nt ab o v ethe  b lackish tr i a ngu lar p at ch o n the
i nner margin. Occas i ona lly, there is  ayell o w  b lot c ha t t he ana l angle, and
freq uently ano th e ron the cos t alar ea. Sti ll more  rare l y the w hole grou nd
colour  i s ye l l ow.  (Figuredon Plate  38, Figs .  1 [m a le ] and  2[femal e] .)The
c aterpi l lar  is g reen,wi th six  whit elines al ong the back, and white 
strip es al ong  the side s.W hen  young it  fee ds on thecat kin s ofbir c h, an d
af t er war d s onthef oliage. A p ri l t o ea rly June. ( P l a te39, F ig. 1.)

T he m oth is out in Mar c h and April, a nd o n sun nyd aysth e males
rey, Hampshire,_Dorset, and_from Somerset
through Gloucestershire into_Berkshire, and_thence_northwards through
Warwick_and_Staffordshire to Cheshire,_Lancashire, and Cumberland._Barrett
mentions Perthshire as a_Scottish locality, and_Kane_states that it is
common at Killarney in Ireland. When this species and its allies_receive
more_of the_collector's_attention_they may probably be found_in many
localities from which there_are no_records at present.

The range abroad extends to Amurland.

BREPHIDAE.

By_some_systematists this small_group of moths is treated as a subfamily of
the_Geometridae. _Brephos_, however, which is typical_of the family,_does
not_seem_to have any close_affinities with the Noctuidae or with_the
Geometers, and is therefore better considered_as apart from both those
families. Meyrick includes__Brephos_ with _Aplasta_, _Erannis_, and
_Baptria_, in_his family Monocteniadae.

Only five species_are known_to inhabit the Palaearctic Region,_and two of
these_occur in_Britain.

THE ORANGE UNDERWING_(_Brephos parthenias_).

The white markings of the_fore wings vary_a good deal in size; in_some
specimens,_chiefly males, they_are_very_small and_confined to the_front
margin;_in others,_mainly_females, they are much enlarged, and_the_central
one is continued as a band across_the wings. On the_orange_hind wings the
blackish {98}_central band is usually more_or less complete, but sometimes
it is_nearly or_quite absent_above the blackish triangular patch on the
inner margin. Occasionally, there is_a yellow blotch at the anal_angle, and
frequently another on_the costal_area._Still more rarely_the_whole ground
colour_is yellow. (Figured on Plate 38, Figs._1 [male]_and 2 [female].) The
caterpillar is green,_with six white lines_along_the back, and white
stripes along the_sides. When young it feeds on_the catkins of birch, and
afterwards_on_the_foliage. April to early June._(Plate 39, Fig. 1.)

The moth is_out in March_and April, and on sunny days the_males