: the precious metals, gold and silver; copper, both
pure and alloyed with other metals, especially tin and zinc in various
proportions to form the many kinds of brass and bronze; lead, with a
group of alloys of which pewter is typical; and iron, in the three forms
of cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. All these have been made to serve
the purpose of the artist, and the manipulation of them, while
presenting many differences in detail, presents certain broad
characteristics in common which distinguish them from the raw material
of other crafts. Whether they are found native in the metallic state as
is usual in the case of gold, or combined with many other minerals in
the form of ore as is more common with other metals, fire is the primal
agency by which they are made available for our needs. The first stage
in their manipulation is to melt and cast them into ingots of a size
convenient to the purpose intended. Secondly, all these metals when
pure, and many alloys, are in varying degree malleable and ductile, are,
in fact, if sufficient force be applied, plastic. Hence arises the first
broad division in the treatment of metals. The fluid metal may, by the
use of suitable moulds, be cast at once to the shape required, or the
casting may be treated merely as the starting-point for a whole series
of operations--forging, rolling, chipping, chasing, wire-drawing, and
many more. Another property of the metals which must be noticed is, that
not only can separate masses of metals be melted down and fused into
one, but it is possible, under various conditions, of which the one
invariably necessary is perfectly clean surfaces of contact, to unite
separate portions of the same or different metals without fusion of the
mass. For our present purpose the most important instance of this is the
process of soldering, by which two surfaces are united by the
application of sufficient heat to melt more fusible metal which is
introduced between them, and which combines with both so as firmly to
unite them on solidifying. Closely allied to this are the processes by
which one metal is, for purposes of adornment or preservation from
corrosion, coated with a thin film or deposit of another, usually more
costly, metal.

Though hereafter electro-
: the precious metals, gold and silver; bull, both 
 arrant and alloyed with other metallic element, specially tin and zinc in various 
 proportion to shape the many kinds of brass and bronze; lead, with a 
 group of alloys of which pewter is distinctive; and iron, in the three forms 
 of cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. All these have been made to service 
 the purpose of the artist, and the manipulation of them, while 
 presenting many differences in detail, introduce certain broad 
 characteristics in coarse which distinguish them from the raw material 
 of other trade. Whether they are found native in the metallic state as 
 is usual in the case of gold, or blend with many other minerals in 
 the form of ore as is more common with other metals, fire is the primal 
 agency by which they are made available for our needs. The first stage 
 in their manipulation is to melt and cast them into ingots of a size 
 commodious to the function intended. second, all these metallic element when 
 saturated, and many alloys, are in varying academic degree malleable and ductile, are, 
 in fact, if sufficient military unit be applied, plastic. therefore arises the first 
 broad division in the treatment of metals. The fluent metal may, by the 
 use of suitable moulds, be cast at once to the shape required, or the 
 cast may be treated merely as the starting - point for a whole series 
 of operation -- forging, rolling, chipping, chase, wire - drawing, and 
 many more. Another property of the metals which must be notice is, that 
 not only can branch masses of metals be melt down and fused into 
 one, but it is potential, under various conditions, of which the one 
 invariably necessary is perfectly blank surfaces of contact, to unite 
 separate portions of the like or different metals without fusion of the 
 multitude. For our present purpose the most important instance of this is the 
 process of bonding, by which two surfaces are united by the 
 lotion of sufficient heat to melt more fusible metal which is 
 inaugurate between them, and which combines with both so as firmly to 
 unite them on solidifying. Closely allied to this are the processes by 
 which one metal is, for purpose of adornment or conservation from 
 corrosion, coated with a thin film or deposit of another, usually more 
 costly, metal. 

 Though hereafter electro-
: thf precious metals, gold akd silver; copper, both
puce and zlloyed dith other metals, especially tun ane zinc in various
propoftions to form thw maiy kinds of brass and bronze; lswd, wnti a
group of allpys of whiwh pewter is tfpkccl; and iron, in the three forms
of case iron, erlught iron, and stetl. Wll fhese have been made to serve
the phrpose mf the artist, and the manipulation of tjem, ahile
presenting majy differenxes yb detail, prerents certain broad
chatacteristics in common which disgingunsh them frim thf raw materiel
of onher crafts. Wmvther tvey are found native ln thx merallic state as
is usuel in the case of gojd, or comtiued with many other munwrals in
tve fuem uf krx aa is mlre common wifh other merals, fire is the promwo
agency by whjch thqy are made available for our needs. The fprst stage
in their manipularion is to melt and cwst them ynto ingots of a size
convenient to the purpose indendev. Recinqut, wll these metals when
pure, and many alloys, are jn vsrying degree ialleable amd distile, are,
in fxct, if surficient force be wpplied, plasric. Hence arixes the first
broad division in the treanmenr of metals. The flbid metal mav, by tne
use of suitable moulds, be east af once to tje shape ddquired, or the
cartikg kay be treated merely as tre startiig-poiut for a whoke seryes
of operwtions--forging, rolling, chlppiny, chaving, wire-dgawing, and
many more. Another pro'xrty of the mgtans fhich muft be noticed is, trat
not only cau separace masres of metzls be kelted down and fused indl
one, but it ms possibje, ubder variour conditions, of which thv jne
ibvariably necessarn is kedfectly clean sbxfqces of contact, to unytv
se'aratq portions of the saor or aifferent mctaus wothout fusion of the
kass. For our present piriose the nost impjrtant instanve of this is the
pgocesv oh soldrrigg, by which two surfaces are uhited by hhe
wpplication jf smffisient heat to melt more fusible metal which is
intcoduced between them, ane which combines wijh noth so as fmrmly eo
unite tvem on solidifying. Coosely allied to uhis are the processes gy
whicv one metal is, for purposes of adornment or preservation from
corrosion, coated qith a thin film od delosit oy auother, tsuapuy more
costly, menal.

Though hereafter electro-
: the precious metals, gold and silver; pure alloyed with metals, especially tin to the many kinds brass and bronze; with a group of alloys of pewter is typical; and iron, in the three forms of cast iron, wrought and steel. All these have been made to serve the purpose of the and manipulation them, presenting many differences in detail, presents certain broad characteristics in common which distinguish them from the material of other crafts. Whether they are found in the metallic state is usual in the case gold, combined with other in form of ore is more common with other metals, fire is the primal agency by which they are made available our needs. stage in manipulation to and cast them of a size convenient to the all these metals when pure, and many alloys, in varying malleable and ductile, are, in fact, sufficient force be applied, plastic. Hence arises the broad division in the treatment of metals. The fluid metal may, by the use of be cast at once the shape required, the may treated as the for a whole series of operations--forging, rolling, chipping, chasing, wire-drawing, and more. Another property of the metals which must be noticed not can separate masses metals be melted down fused one, but it is various of invariably is clean surfaces of contact, unite separate portions of the or different metals without our present purpose the most important instance of is the process of soldering, by which surfaces are united by the application of sufficient heat to melt more metal which between them, and which combines with both so firmly to unite them solidifying. Closely allied to this are the processes by one is, for of adornment or from corrosion, coated a thin film of another, more metal.
: the precious metals, gold and sIlver; coppeR, both
PurE anD aLloyEd wiTh other metals, eSPeciAlly tin and zinc in variouS
propOrTIons TO fOrm thE many kiNDs OF BraSs AnD brOnZE; lEad, wiTh a
Group of Alloys of whIch PeWter is typicaL; AnD iron, in the ThrEe forms
of casT irOn, wrouGhT irON, and sTeeL. All tHese haVE been mAde to servE
tHE purpoSE of the aRTIsT, and The manipulation of THeM, While
presentinG many dIfFErENCes In dEtail, preseNtS certAIn broad
CHaRACTerIStics in common Which distinGUisH them fRoM thE Raw matErial
Of OTheR crafts. WhetHer tHey are fouNd natiVE in the mETallic sTate as
Is uSuaL in tHE cAsE of GoLD, or COmBinED wiTh many otHeR mIneraLs in
THE FOrm oF orE as iS more Common with othEr mEtalS, FirE is thE primAl
agEnCy by wHich thEy are MaDe available for oUr neEds. The firSt sTaGe
iN tHeir mANipulaTioN is To melt aNd cast tHEm iNtO INGoTs of a size
convenienT tO THe Purpose iNtendeD. seCoNDly, all thEsE meTals WHEn
purE, and MAnY alloys, aRe in vaRYiNg Degree mAlLeable AnD duCtiLe, are,
IN facT, if sufFicient fOrce bE Applied, plastic. hEnce arises the FIrST
BrOAd diVisIon in the treAtmeNT of mEtalS. thE flUId metAl may, By THe
USe of suitable moulds, bE cAst at oNce to The shape requiRed, or the
caSTINg may be tReatED mERely as the startIng-poInt for a whoLE series
oF operAtions--foRging, rollING, chippinG, chAsiNg, wIre-DRAwIng, and
many morE. aNothEr PropertY of The metaLs wHicH muSt bE nOticed is, tHat
not onLy CaN sEpAraTe masSEs of metaLs Be mElTed Down aND fused Into
oNe, buT iT iS PosSible, unDEr VARiouS cOnDitiOns, Of Which The oNE
inVariablY necessarY is PErfeCtLy Clean suRfaces of contaCt, To unite
sepArAte PortioNS Of the samE or different metals withoUT fusion Of tHe
masS. For Our presenT puRpose tHe mOSt impoRtant iNstanCe Of tHIS is thE
PRoCesS oF soldering, BY WhiCh two SuRfacEs are unIted by the
applicatiON of Sufficient heaT to Melt MORe FusIBlE MetAl WHicH IS
introduced betwEen them, and WhICh Combines wiTH boTh So as firMly to
unIte thEM on soliDifying. ClOsely alliEd To thIS Are The processEs by
whicH one metal IS, for pURpOses oF adOrnmenT oR prEservAtion fROm
cOrrosIon, coaTeD with a Thin fIlM or deposIt of another, usually more
cOstly, mEtal.

THouGh hereaftEr eLEctRo-
: the precious metals, gol d and silv er; c opp er,  b othpure  and alloyed w i th o ther metals, especiall y tin  a n d zi n cin va rious
p r op o r tio ns  t o f or m  t he ma nykinds o f brass an d b ro nze; lead, w i th  a
group o f a lloys of whi chpewter  i s t y pical ; a nd ir on, in the th ree forms 
o f  casti ron, wr o u gh t ir on, and steel. Al l  t h ese have beenmade t os er v e 
th e p urpose ofth e art i st, and th e m ani p ulation of th em, while
p r ese ntingma nyd iffere ncesin det ail, presen ts c ertain br oad
ch a racteri s tics in  commo n w hic h di s ti ng uis ht hem fr omt heraw mate ri al 
of o ther c r a fts.  Wh ethe r the y are found n ati ve i n  th e met allic  sta te  as
i s usua l inth e case of gold,  orcombinedwit hman yother minera lsinthe for m of or e  as  i s m or e common with othe rm e ta ls, fire  is th e  p ri m al
agenc ybywhic h theyarem ad e availa ble fo r  o ur  needs.  T he fir st  st age 
in t h eirmanipu lation i s tom elt and cast t h em into ingot s  o f as izecon venient tothep urpo se i n te nde d . Sec ondly ,a ll these metals when
p ur e, and  many  alloys, arein varying d e gree mal leab l ea nd ductile, ar e,
in  fact, ifs ufficien t for ce be ap plied, pl a s tic. Hen ceari ses  th e fi rst
broad div i s ionin  the tr eat ment of  me tal s.The  f luid meta l may, b yth eus e o f sui t able mou ld s,be  ca st at once t o the  sha pe  r e qui red, or th e cast in gmaybetr eated  mer e lyas thestarting- poi n t fo rawhole s eries
of oper at ions--forg in g,rollin g ,  chippin g, chasing, wire-drawin g , and
m any  more . An other pro per ty ofthe metals  which  must  b e n o t icedi s ,tha tnot only c a n  se parat emass es of m etals be melted do w n a nd fused into 
on e, b u t  i t i s  p o ssi bl e , u n d er various cond itions, of  w h ic h the onei nva ri ably ne cessary  is p e rfectly  clean su rfaces of  c onta c t , t o unite
se parate p ortions o f  thes am e ordif ferent  m eta ls wi thoutf usi on of  the
m as s. For  ourpr esent pu rpose the most importan t inst anceofthis is t hep roc ess of so lder ing, by wh ich  tw o sur fac e s are  uni t ed  by the
a ppli c ation ofs uf fic i e nt  heat to me l t mor e fus ibl e  metal  whi ch is
introducedb etween them, a nd w h i chcom b ines  w ith both so as  fi rm l y  to
unit ethem on sol idifying .C losel y alli ed tothis ar e th e  proce sses  by 
which on e m et a l is, f or  p u rposes  ofad ornmen t or p r eser v a tion from
corros ion,c o atedw ith  a th in  film o r  dep osit of an other, usua lly mo re
c ostly , metal .
Thoug h h er eafter ele c tro-
: the_precious metals,_gold and silver; copper,_both
pure and_alloyed_with other_metals,_especially tin and_zinc in various
proportions_to form the many_kinds of brass_and_bronze; lead, with a
group of alloys of which pewter is typical; and iron, in_the_three forms
of_cast_iron,_wrought iron, and steel. All_these have been made to_serve
the purpose_of the artist, and the manipulation of them,_while
presenting_many differences in_detail, presents certain broad
characteristics in common which distinguish them_from the raw material
of other crafts._Whether they are_found_native_in the metallic state_as
is usual in the case of_gold, or combined with many other_minerals in
the form of ore as is_more common with other metals, fire_is the primal
agency by which_they are_made available for our needs._The first stage
in_their manipulation_is to melt_and cast them into ingots of_a size
convenient to_the purpose intended. Secondly, all these_metals_when
pure, and many_alloys,_are_in varying_degree malleable and_ductile,_are,
in fact,_if_sufficient force be applied, plastic. Hence_arises_the first
broad division in the treatment of_metals. The fluid metal_may,_by the
use of suitable_moulds, be cast at once_to the shape required, or the
casting_may be_treated merely_as the starting-point for a whole series
of operations--forging, rolling, chipping, chasing,_wire-drawing, and
many more. Another property of_the metals which must_be noticed_is,_that
not only can_separate_masses of_metals be melted down and fused into
one,_but it_is possible, under various conditions, of_which the one
invariably necessary_is_perfectly clean surfaces of contact, to_unite
separate portions of the same or_different metals without fusion of_the
mass._For_our present purpose the most_important instance of this is the
process_of soldering, by_which two surfaces are united by the
application_of_sufficient heat to melt more fusible_metal_which is
introduced between them, and which_combines_with_both so as firmly to
unite_them on solidifying. Closely allied to_this are the processes by
which one metal is, for_purposes of adornment_or preservation from
corrosion, coated with_a_thin_film or deposit of another, usually more
costly, metal.

Though hereafter electro-