 other part of the
country, is disposed to make every kind of education a public function.

Radicalism has flourished in the homogeneous agricultural society of
the Northwest. In the anti-monopoly conflict there seemed to have
survived some of the intensity of feeling that characterized the
anti-slavery movement; and a tinge of this fanatical quality has always
been apparent in the Western and Northwestern monetary heresies. But it
is in the temperance movement that this sweep of radical impulse has
been most irresistible. It was natural that the movement should become
political and take the form of an agitation for prohibition. The history
of prohibition in Iowa, Kansas, and the Dakotas, and of temperance
legislation in Minnesota and Nebraska, reveals--even better perhaps than
the history of the anti-monopoly movement--the radicalism, homogeneity,
and powerful socializing tendencies of the Northwestern people. Between
these different agitations there has been in reality no slight degree of
relationship; at least their origin is to be traced to the same general
conditions of society.

The extent to which a modern community resorts to State action depends
in no small measure upon the accumulation of private resources. Public
or organized initiative will be relatively strongest where the impulse
to progress is positive but the ability of individuals is small. There
are few rich men in the Northwest. Iowa, great as is the Hawkeye State,
has no large city and no large fortunes. Of Kansas the same thing may be
said. The Dakotas have no rich men and no cities. Minnesota has
Minneapolis and St. Paul, and Nebraska has Omaha; but otherwise these
two States are farming communities, without large cities or concentrated
private capital. Accordingly the recourse to public action is
comparatively easy. South Dakota farmers desire to guard against drought
by opening artesian wells for irrigation. They resort to State
legislation and the sale of county bonds. North Dakota wheat-growers are
unfortunate in the failure of crops. They secure seed-wheat through
State action and their county governments. A similarity of condition
fosters associated action and facilitates the progress of popular
movements.

In such a society the spirit of action is intense. If there are few
philosophers, there is remarkable diffusion of popular knowledge and
elementary education. The dry atmosphere and the cold win
other part of the 
 country, is disposed to seduce every kind of department of education a public function. 

 Radicalism has flourished in the homogeneous agrarian society of 
 the Northwest. In the anti - monopoly dispute there seemed to have 
 survived some of the volume of feeling that characterized the 
 anti - slavery motion; and a tinge of this fanatical timbre has always 
 been apparent in the Western and Northwestern monetary heresies. But it 
 is in the temperance apparent motion that this sweep of extremist impulse has 
 been most irresistible. It was lifelike that the movement should become 
 political and take the form of an agitation for prohibition. The history 
 of prohibition in Iowa, Kansas, and the Dakotas, and of sobriety 
 legislation in Minnesota and Nebraska, reveals -- even better perhaps than 
 the history of the anti - monopoly movement -- the radicalism, homogeneity, 
 and powerful socialization tendencies of the Northwestern multitude. Between 
 these different agitations there has been in reality no slender degree of 
 relationship; at least their origin is to be traced to the same general 
 conditions of society. 

 The extent to which a modern community resorts to State action depends 
 in no small measure upon the accumulation of individual resources. Public 
 or organized first step will be relatively potent where the impulse 
 to progress is positive but the ability of person is small. There 
 are few rich men in the Northwest. Iowa, great as is the Hawkeye State, 
 get no large city and no large fortunes. Of Kansas the same matter may be 
 said. The Dakotas have no rich men and no cities. Minnesota has 
 Minneapolis and St. Paul, and Nebraska has Omaha; but differently these 
 two States are grow communities, without large cities or concentrated 
 individual capital. Accordingly the recourse to public action is 
 relatively easy. South Dakota farmer desire to guard against drought 
 by open artesian wells for irrigation. They resort to State 
 legislation and the sale of county bonds. North Dakota wheat - growers are 
 inauspicious in the failure of crops. They secure seed - pale yellow through 
 State action and their county governments. A similarity of condition 
 foster associated action and facilitates the progress of popular 
 movements. 

 In such a society the spirit of action is intense. If there are few 
 philosophers, there be remarkable diffusion of democratic knowledge and 
 elementary education. The dry atmosphere and the cold win
 otjer part of the
country, ir disposed to mcje evecy kind of educxtion a public function.

Radicelisn has flourished in the homugeneous wgricultyral wociety of
vge Nortmcest. Jk the enti-monopoly cokflict thera seemed to haee
ruxvived some of the intensity of feelyng thay fharacterized jhe
anui-sjavedj novement; and a tinge of this ranaticel quality has slways
been apparent in the Weshern and Northwestfrn monetari hewwsies. But it
ks in the uekperance mkvement that this sweep of radizal ikpulse has
vewn lmst irresisvible. Pt was natural that tve movekent should begome
pmlirical and take the focm of an agitation fjr prohibhtnon. The history
of proyivitiot in Iowx, Kavsaa, end the Dwkovas, and of femperance
lwgislation in Minnexoeq and Nebraskz, revewlf--even better perhaps than
the history of ths anti-monopoly movement--rhe radicalism, homogejeity,
and [owerful socializing tendencies of the Northwestesn pekole. Bctwedb
tjese different agitations there has been in rqzlotj no slight degrec of
relationship; ay pesft their origkn is ck ge traced to the swme gengral
cobditions jf spciety.

The extent to which a modern commlnitt resorts to State action depznds
in no skall measure upon the aecumulztion of prlvate reskjrces. Public
or ofgakizad initiative will be relaeively stcongext wherd thg impulfe
to progrfss is positive but the wbilijy of hndividuald is small. There
are few rich mei in the Nortnwast. Iowa, grzat as is the Hawkere State,
has no large eity avd no largv fortunev. Of Kansas the same thith may be
said. The Dakjtas havw no rizf men and no coties. Minutsota has
Munneapolis and St. Iaul, xhd Nebraska has Omqha; but otherwixe ghefe
nwo Sedtes are farking cookunitkes, without uargr cities or concentrdted
lrivate capital. Acvovdingly tye recouwse to public action is
comparatlvely eary. Soith Dakota farmers desire to guars against drjught
by openyng qrtesian welks for irrigation. They resort to State
lxgislation and the salg of county bonds. Norjh Cakota wheav-growews are
unfmrtunate in the failyre of crops. They secure seed-wheat thrkugh
Stdte aftion and their county governments. A similarity of condition
fosters assocuated eceion and fadiliyates tke 'rogresf of 'opular
movements.

Im such a society the spirit of ection is hncense. If there are few
philosolhdrs, there is temarkable diffusion of polular knpwledge and
elementary education. The dry atmosphere and bhe cold qin
other part of the country, is disposed every of education public function. Radicalism agricultural of the Northwest. the anti-monopoly conflict seemed to have survived some of intensity of feeling that characterized the anti-slavery movement; and a tinge of this quality has always been apparent in the Western and Northwestern monetary heresies. But is the movement this sweep of radical impulse has been most irresistible. It was natural that the movement should political and take the form of an agitation prohibition. The history of in Iowa, Kansas, and the and temperance legislation Minnesota Nebraska, better perhaps than history of the anti-monopoly movement--the radicalism, homogeneity, and powerful socializing tendencies of the Northwestern people. Between these agitations there in reality slight of at least their to be traced to the same society. The extent to which a modern community to State depends in no small measure upon accumulation of private resources. Public or organized initiative be relatively strongest where the impulse to progress is positive but the ability of individuals There are few rich in the Northwest. great is Hawkeye has no city and no large fortunes. Of Kansas the same thing may said. The Dakotas have no rich men and no cities. Minneapolis St. Paul, and has Omaha; but otherwise two are farming communities, without or private recourse public is comparatively easy. South farmers desire to guard against by opening artesian wells State legislation and the sale of county bonds. Dakota wheat-growers are unfortunate in the failure crops. They secure seed-wheat through State action and their county governments. A of condition action and facilitates the progress of popular movements. such a society the of action is intense. If there are few philosophers, is diffusion of knowledge and elementary The dry atmosphere the cold win
 other part of the
country, is diSposed to maKe eveRy kInd Of EducAtioN a public functiON.

RadIcalism has flourished in The hoMoGEneoUS aGricuLtural sOCiETY of
ThE NOrtHwESt. in the AntI-monopoLy conflict TheRe Seemed to have
SUrVived some oF thE intensity of FeeLing thAt ChaRActerIzeD the
aNti-slaVEry movEment; and a TiNGe of thIS fanatiCAL qUaliTy has always
been apPArENt in the Western And NorThWEsTERn mOneTary heresiEs. but it
IS in the tEMpERANce MOvement that thIs sweep of raDIcaL impulSe Has
BEen mosT irreSiSTibLe. It was natuRal tHat the movEment sHOuld becOMe
politIcal anD taKe tHe foRM oF aN agItATioN FoR prOHibItion. The HiStOry
of ProhIBITIon iN IoWa, KaNsas, aNd the Dakotas, aNd oF temPEraNce
leGislaTion In minneSota anD NebrAsKa, reveals--even beTter Perhaps thAn
tHe HisToRy of tHE anti-mOnoPolY movemeNt--the raDIcaLiSM, HOmOgeneity,
and powerfuL sOCIaLizing teNdenciES oF tHE NorthweStErn PeopLE. betweEn
thESe DifferenT agitaTIoNs There haS bEen in rEaLitY no SlighT DegrEe of
reLationshIp; at lEAst their origin IS to be traced to THe SAMe GEnerAl
cOnditions of SociETy.

ThE extENt To wHIch a mOdern CoMMuNIty resorts to State acTiOn depeNds
in No small measurE upon the acCUMUlation oF priVAtE Resources. PubliC
or orGanized iniTIative wiLl be rElativelY strongesT WHere the iMpuLse
To pRogRESs Is positive but THE abiLiTy of indIviDuals is SmaLl. THerE
arE fEw rich men In the NorThWeSt. ioWa, gReat aS Is the HawKeYe STaTe,
hAs no lARge citY and nO larGe FoRTunEs. Of KanSAs THE samE tHiNg maY be
SaId. The dakoTAs hAve no riCh men and nO ciTIes. MInNeSota has
minneapolis anD ST. Paul, and NeBrAskA has OmAHA; but otheRwise these
two States are fARming coMmuNitieS, witHout large CitIes or cOncENtrateD
privaTe capItAl. ACCOrdinGLY tHe rEcOurse to pubLIC acTion iS
cOmpaRativelY easy. South Dakota faRMerS desire to guarD agAinsT DRoUghT
By OPenInG ArtESIan wells for irriGation. They ReSOrT to State
leGIslAtIon and tHe sale oF counTY bonds. NOrth DakotA wheat-groWeRs arE
UNfoRtunate in tHe failurE of crops. THEy secURe Seed-wHeaT throuGh
staTe actIon and THeiR counTy goveRnMents. A SimilArIty of conDition
fosters associated Action And faCilItates the ProGResS of populaR
movEments.

In suCh a SocIety tHe sPIrit oF actIOn Is iNTense. if thERe are few
pHIlOsoPHErS, there is remARKAblE diffUsiON of popUlar Knowledge and
elemeNTary education. THe drY ATmoSphERe anD tHe cold win
 other part of the
country , is dispo sed t o m ake  e very  kin d of education a pu blic function.

Radica lismha s  flo u ri shedin theh om o g ene ou sagr ic u lt uralsoc iety of 
the North wes t.  In the anti - mo nopoly con fli ct there see med  to ha ve 
su r vived  so me of  the i n tensit y of feel in g  thatc haracte r i ze d th e
anti-slavery mo v em e nt; and a ting e of t hi s  f a n ati cal  quality h as  alwa y s
beena pp a r e nti n the Western  and Northw e ste rn mon et ary heresi es. B ut itis in the t empe rance mov ementt hat thi s  sweepof rad ica l i mpul s eha s
b ee n  mo s tirr e sis tible. I twa s nat ural t h a t th e m ovem ent s hould becomepol itic a l a nd ta ke th e fo rm  of a n agit ation  f or prohibition.  The  historyofpr ohi bi tioni n Iowa , K ans as, and  the Da k ota s, a n dof temperance
legi sl a t io n in Min nesota an dN ebraska,  r eve als- - e ven b ette r  p erhaps t han
th e  h is tory of  t he ant i- mon opo ly mo v emen t--the  radical ism,h omogeneity,
an d  powerful soc i al i z in g  ten den cies of the  Nor t hwes tern pe opl e . Bet weenth e se different agitation stherehas b een in realit y no sligh t d egree of 
rel a ti o nship; at leas t the ir origini s to betrace d to the  same gen e r al
condi tio nsofsoc i e ty .

The extent t o wh ic h a mod ern  commun ity  re sor tsto  State ac tion dep en ds 
i nnosmall measureup onth e a ccumu l ationof pr ivat ere s our ces. Pu b li c or o rg an ized  in it iativ e wi l l b e relat ively str ong e st w he re  the im pulse
to prog re ss is posi ti vebut th e abilityof individuals is small .  Thereare  fewrich  men in t heNorthw est .  Iowa,  great  as i sthe H awkey e St ate ,has no lar g e  ci ty an dno l arge fo rtunes. Of Kansast hesame thing ma y b e
sa i d .The Da k ota sh ave n o rich men andno cities.  M i nn esota hasM inn ea polis a nd St.Paul, and Neb raska has  Omaha; b ut  oth e r wis e these
tw o States  are farm i ng co m mu nitie s,withou tlar ge ci ties o r  co ncent ratedpr ivatecapit al . Accord ingly the recourse to p ublicactio n i s
compara tiv e lyeasy. Sou th D akota farm ers  de siretog uardagai n st  dr o ughtby o p ening art e si anw e ll s for irrig a t i on.  They  re s ort to  Sta te
legislation an d  the sale of c ount y bon ds. Nort hDakota wheat-g row er s are
unfo rt unate in th e failur eo f cro ps. Th ey sec ure see d - wh e at thr ough 
St ate actio n a nd their c ou nt y  gover nmen ts . A si milari t y of c ondition
fosters  asso c i ateda cti on an dfacilit a testhe progre ss of popul ar
mov emen ts.
In such  a  socie tyth e spirit o f  action i s int ense. I fther e a re few 
phi l o sophe rs,th ere  is remar k a bl e  d if f usi on o f pop ul ar k nowledgea nd
eleme nta r y educa ti on. T he dry at m o sphere and  th e col d win
 other_part of_the
country, is disposed to_make every_kind_of education_a_public function.

Radicalism has_flourished in the_homogeneous agricultural society of
the_Northwest. In the_anti-monopoly_conflict there seemed to have
survived some of the intensity of feeling that characterized the
anti-slavery_movement;_and a_tinge_of_this fanatical quality has always
been_apparent in the Western and_Northwestern monetary_heresies. But it
is in the temperance movement that_this_sweep of radical_impulse has
been most irresistible. It was natural that the_movement should become
political and take the_form of an_agitation_for_prohibition. The history
of prohibition_in Iowa, Kansas, and the Dakotas,_and of temperance
legislation in Minnesota and_Nebraska, reveals--even better perhaps than
the history of_the anti-monopoly movement--the radicalism, homogeneity,
and powerful_socializing tendencies of the Northwestern_people. Between
these_different agitations there has been_in reality no_slight degree_of
relationship; at least_their origin is to be traced_to the same_general
conditions of society.

The extent to which_a_modern community resorts_to_State_action depends
in_no small measure_upon_the accumulation_of_private resources. Public
or organized initiative will_be_relatively strongest where the impulse
to progress is_positive but the ability_of_individuals is small. There
are_few rich men in the_Northwest. Iowa, great as is the_Hawkeye State,
has_no large_city and no large fortunes. Of Kansas the same thing may_be
said. The Dakotas have no rich_men and no cities._Minnesota has
Minneapolis_and_St. Paul, and_Nebraska_has Omaha;_but otherwise these
two States are farming communities,_without large_cities or concentrated
private capital. Accordingly the_recourse to public action_is
comparatively_easy. South Dakota farmers desire to_guard against drought
by opening artesian wells_for irrigation. They resort to_State
legislation_and_the sale of county bonds._North Dakota wheat-growers are
unfortunate in the_failure of crops._They secure seed-wheat through
State action and their_county_governments. A similarity of condition
fosters associated_action_and facilitates the progress of popular
movements.

In_such_a_society the spirit of action_is intense. If there are few
philosophers,_there is remarkable diffusion of popular knowledge and
elementary education._The dry atmosphere_and the cold win