
cork in confinement), and before changing to a reddish-brown chrysalis, it
spins a thin covering of silk and woody particles over the mouth of the
chamber. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2
and 2a. Although the bulk of the moths emerge the following April, some
have been known to remain until the following or even the third year. The
males fly about aspen, but only in the sunshine; in other respects its
habits are pretty much those of the last species.

The distribution of the species in England seems confined to two areas: a
western one represented by Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales,
Wilts, and Dorset; and an eastern one by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk,
Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded from
Moray.

The range abroad extends to Amurland.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Caterpillars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, have only
two pairs of claspers or prolegs; when there are more than four claspers,
the extra ones are only rudimentary and therefore useless. In moving from
place to place the caterpillar stretches out to its full length, first to
one side and then to the other, as though measuring the distance. When a
hold is secured with the true legs the body is arched and the claspers are
brought up almost to the point held by the true legs; the latter are then
thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds as before. Some kinds
perform the looping manoeuvre very deliberately, but others at a quick
rate. In common parlance among British entomologists the caterpillars are
called {100} "geometers" or "loopers," but to our American confreres they
are known as "measuring-worms" or "span-worms."

Most of the caterpillars feed openly on the foliage of trees, shrubs, or
low-growing herbs, and the majority remain upon their respective plants
during the day.

A large proportion of the moths may be obtained in the daytime, either by
beating or otherwise disturbing the foliage or herbage among which they
hide
cork in confinement), and before changing to a reddish - brown chrysalis, it 
 whirl a flimsy covering of silk and woody particles over the mouth of the 
 bedroom. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2 
 and 2a. Although the bulk of the moths issue the following April, some 
 have been known to remain until the pursuit or even the third class. The 
 males fly approximately aspen, but only in the sunshine; in early respects its 
 habits are pretty much those of the last species. 

 The distribution of the species in England look confined to two areas: a 
 western one represent by Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales, 
 Wilts, and Dorset; and an eastern one by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, 
 Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded from 
 Moray. 

 The range afield extends to Amurland. 

 GEOMETRIDAE. 

 Caterpillars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, own only 
 two pairs of claspers or prolegs; when there are more than four claspers, 
 the extra ones are merely rudimentary and therefore useless. In moving from 
 place to place the caterpillar stretches out to its full length, first to 
 one side and then to the early, as though measure the distance. When a 
 hold is secure with the on-key legs the body is arch and the claspers are 
 brought up about to the point held by the true leg; the latter are then 
 thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds as before. Some kinds 
 perform the looping manoeuvre very deliberately, but others at a immediate 
 rate. In coarse parlance among British entomologists the caterpillars are 
 called { 100 } " geometers " or " loopers, " but to our American colleague they 
 are known as " measuring - worms " or " span - worms. " 

 Most of the caterpillars feed openly on the foliage of trees, shrub, or 
 low - growing herbs, and the majority remain upon their respective plants 
 during the day. 

 A bombastic proportion of the moth may be obtained in the daytime, either by 
 beating or otherwise disturbing the foliation or herbage among which they 
 hide

corn in confinement), and befure changing to a reddmsh-browh chrysauis, it
spins a thin covering lf silk and woody particles oxer the mluth of rhe
ciamber. The cater'jllar akb the ghrysclms are shown on Plate 39, Fics. 2
and 2a. Althoggf che bulk of the moths emerge the foljowing Spgil, some
have bgen kmjwn fo remain until the following or eben the third year. Tne
males fly about aspen, buh onpy in the sunshine; in other rgapesrs its
habits are prettj much thosg of the last species.

The distribjtion of the spgeues hn England weems confined to two areds: a
wesyern one reprexenved vy Worcester, Gloucestxr, with Monmouth, Walgs,
Wilts, ang Borset; and an eastern obe by Norxolk, Xamcrisgxshjre, Suvfomk,
Essex, Misdlesex, Kenr, Surrey, and Sussex. Ig Scotland onlg recowdqd from
Moray.

The range abroad extends to Amhrland.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Caterpullars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, have only
two pairs of cnaspecs or pvoleew; ahen there are more than four claspers,
the extwz pnvs are only rudimcntary and therefote uxgless. In movine from
'made to place the caherpillwr steetches ott tp its full length, first to
obe side and nhen to the other, as tkough measurnng thg distsnce. When a
hold is secuxed wifh the true legs the cody is arched avd nhe wlaspers are
brought up almjst to thx poiut held cy tne truq legs; the lattcs are then
thrust flrwarb and the measuging business proceeds as beforx. Some kinds
pgrfmrm the loo'ing msnoeuvre very deliberately, yut othexs at x quick
ratv. In commmn parlance among Britisv entomologisvs the caeerpullaes are
cxuled {100} "geometerx" or "loopvrf," bur to our American gonfrgrss they
are knowu qs "measuring-works" ur "fpwn-xorms."

Imst of the cdteroilusrs fded openly iv thr foliage of trees, svruba, or
low-growing herns, and the majoritr remain upon their respective klants
vuring the cay.

W large proportion of the motha may be lbtwined in the daybime, either by
yeating or otherwise disturbing the foliege or herbage among whuch they
hide
cork in confinement), and before changing to chrysalis, spins a covering of silk mouth the chamber. The and the chrysalis shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2 2a. Although the bulk of the moths emerge the following April, some have known to remain until the following or even the third year. The males about but in sunshine; in other respects its habits are pretty much those of the last species. The distribution the species in England seems confined to two a western one represented Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales, and and an one Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, Surrey, and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded from Moray. The range abroad extends to Amurland. GEOMETRIDAE. Caterpillars this family with very exceptions, only pairs of claspers when there are more than four ones are only rudimentary and therefore useless. In from place place the caterpillar stretches out to full length, first to one side and then the other, as though measuring the distance. When a hold is secured with the true body is arched and claspers are brought almost the held the true the latter are then thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds before. Some kinds perform the looping manoeuvre very deliberately, but a rate. In common among British entomologists the are {100} "geometers" or "loopers," our confreres as or Most of the caterpillars openly on the foliage of shrubs, or low-growing herbs, their respective plants during the day. A large of the moths may be obtained in daytime, either by beating or otherwise disturbing the foliage or herbage among they hide

cork in confinement), and beforE changing tO a redDisH-brOwN chrYsalIs, it
spins a thin COverIng of silk and woody partiCles oVeR The mOUtH of thE
chambeR. thE CAteRpIlLar AnD ThE chrySalIs are shOwn on Plate 39, figS. 2
aNd 2a. Although tHE bUlk of the moThs Emerge the folLowIng AprIl, SomE
Have bEen Known To remaIN until The followInG Or even THe third YEAr. the
mAles fly about aspen, BUt ONly in the sunshiNe; in otHeR ReSPEctS itS
habits are PrEtty mUCh those OF tHE LAst SPecies.

The distRibution of tHE spEcies iN ENglANd seemS confInED to Two areas: a
weSterN one repreSented BY WorcesTEr, GloucEster, wIth monMoutH, waLeS,
WiLtS, And dOrSet; ANd aN eastern OnE bY NorfOlk, CAMBRIdgeShiRe, SuFfolk,
essex, MiddleseX, KeNt, SuRRey, And SuSsex. IN ScoTlAnd onLy recoRded fRoM
Moray.

The range aBroaD extends tO AmUrLanD.

GeOMETriDAE.

CaTerPilLars of tHis famiLY of MoTHS, WiTh very few exceptionS, hAVE oNly
two paIrs of cLAsPeRS or proleGs; WheN theRE Are moRe thAN fOur claspErs,
the EXtRa Ones are OnLy rudiMeNtaRy aNd theREforE useleSs. In moviNg froM
Place to place thE Caterpillar stREtCHEs OUt to Its Full length, fIrst TO
one Side ANd TheN To the Other, As THoUGh measuring the distaNcE. When a
Hold iS secured with tHe true legs THE Body is arChed ANd THe claspers are
bRoughT up almost tO The point Held bY the true Legs; the laTTEr are theN
thRusT foRwaRD AnD the measuring BUSineSs ProceedS as Before. SOme KinDs
pErfOrM the loopiNg manoeuVrE vErY dEliBeratELy, but othErS at A qUicK
rate. iN commoN parlAnce AmOnG briTish entOMoLOGistS tHe CateRpiLlArs arE
calLEd {100} "gEometerS" or "looperS," buT To ouR AMeRican coNfreres they
arE kNown as "measUrIng-Worms" oR "SPan-worms."

most of the caterpillars feED openly On tHe folIage Of trees, shRubS, or
low-GroWIng herBs, and tHe majOrIty REMain uPON tHeiR rEspective pLANts
DurinG tHe daY.

A large Proportion of the motHS maY be obtained in The DaytIME, eIthER bY
BeaTiNG or OTHerwise disturbiNg the foliaGe OR hErbage amonG WhiCh They
hidE

cork in confinement), and  before ch angin g t o a  r eddi sh-b rown chrysalis ,  itspins a thin coveringof si lk andw oo dy pa rticles ov e r  th emo uth  o f  t he
ch amb er. The  caterpill aran d the chrysa l is  are shown  on  Plate 39, F igs . 2
an d2a. Altho ugh  thebulk o f  the m oths emer ge the fo l lowingA p ri l, s ome
have been kno w nt o remain until  the f ol l ow i n g o r e ven the th ir d yea r . The
m a le s f lya bout aspen, b ut only int hesunshi ne ; i n  other  resp ec t s i ts
habits a re p retty muc h thos e  of the last sp ecies. 

T hedist r ib ut ion  o f  th e  s pec i esin Engla nd  s eemsconf i n e d  totwo  are as: a 
western onerep rese n ted  by W orces ter,  G louce ster,withMo nmouth, Wales,Wilt s, and Do rse t;  an dan ea s tern o nebyNorfolk , Cambr i dge sh i r e ,Suffolk,
Essex, Mi dd l e se x, Kent,  Surre y ,an d  Sussex.  I n S cotl a n d onl y re c or ded from 
Moray . 
Th e range  a broadex ten dsto Am u rlan d.

GE OMETRIDA E.

C a terpillars oft his family of mo t h s, with  ve ry few exce ptio n s, h aveo nl y
t w o pai rs of  c l as p ers or prolegs; whe nthereare m ore than four  claspers, t h e extraones ar e  only rudiment ary a nd therefo r e useles s. In  movingfrom
plac e to place  th e c ate rpi l l ar  stretches ou t to i ts  full l eng th, fir sttoone  si de  and then  to theot he r,  a s t hough measurin gthe  d ist ance. When a 
hold  isse cu r edwith th e  t r u e le gs  t he b ody  i s arc heda ndthe cla spers are 
br o ught  u palmostto the pointhe ld by thetr uelegs;t h e latter  are then
thrust forwar d  and th e m easur ingbusinesspro ceedsasb efore.  Somekinds 
p erf o r m the l oo pin gmanoeuvrev e rydelib er atel y, butothers at a quickr ate . In common p arl ance a mo ngB ri t ish  e n tom o l ogists the cate rpillars a re ca lled {100} "ge om eters"or "loo pers, "  but to  our Amer ican conf re rest h eyare knownas "meas uring-wor m s" or "s pan-w orm s."

M os t o f the  cater p ill ars f eed op en ly onthe f ol iage oftrees, shrubs, or
low-g rowing  herb s,and the m ajo r ity  remain u pontheir resp ect ive  plan tsd uring  the da y.A lar ge p r oportiono fthe m ot hs may be o b t a ine d inthe daytim e, e ither by
beatingo r otherwise di stur b i ngthe foli ag e or herbage a mon gw h ich they 
h ide

cork in_confinement), and_before changing to a_reddish-brown chrysalis,_it
spins_a thin_covering_of silk and_woody particles over_the mouth of the
chamber._The caterpillar and_the_chrysalis are shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2
and 2a. Although the bulk of the_moths_emerge the_following_April,_some
have been known to remain_until the following or even_the third_year. The
males fly about aspen, but only in_the_sunshine; in other_respects its
habits are pretty much those of the last_species.

The distribution of the species in_England seems confined_to_two_areas: a
western one represented_by Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales,
Wilts,_and Dorset; and an eastern one_by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk,
Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey,_and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded_from
Moray.

The range abroad extends to_Amurland.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Caterpillars of_this family of moths, with_very few exceptions,_have only
two_pairs of claspers_or prolegs; when there are more_than four claspers,
the_extra ones are only rudimentary and_therefore_useless. In moving_from
place_to_place the_caterpillar stretches out_to_its full_length,_first to
one side and then to_the_other, as though measuring the distance. When_a
hold is secured with_the_true legs the body_is arched and the claspers_are
brought up almost to the point_held by_the true_legs; the latter are then
thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds_as before. Some kinds
perform the looping_manoeuvre very deliberately, but_others at_a_quick
rate. In common_parlance_among British_entomologists the caterpillars are
called {100} "geometers" or_"loopers," but_to our American confreres they
are known_as "measuring-worms" or "span-worms."

Most_of_the caterpillars feed openly on the_foliage of trees, shrubs, or
low-growing herbs,_and the majority remain upon_their_respective_plants
during the day.

A large proportion_of the moths may be obtained_in the daytime,_either by
beating or otherwise disturbing the foliage_or_herbage among which they
hide