 no more time is occupied, or cost
incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters than in the
same operations with ugly ones. And it was a matter of course that in
the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should
always be a part of their productions whatever they were, the forms of
printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the
page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters
themselves. The Middle Ages brought caligraphy to perfection, and it was
natural therefore that the forms of printed letters should follow more
or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them
very closely. The first books were printed in black letter, _i.e._ the
letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,
and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of
the "lower-case" than the capital letters; the "lower-case" being in
fact invented in the _early_ Middle Ages. The earliest book printed with
movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which
are an exact imitation of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which
obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type," and was
in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters,
etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century. But the first Bible
actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in
the year 1462) imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less
_spiky_, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read. On the whole
the type of this book may be considered the _ne-plus-ultra_ of Gothic
type, especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very
similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by
Schoeffer, but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and
other cities. But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter
was most often used, a very few years saw the birth of Roman character
not only in Italy, but in Germany and France. In 1465 Sweynheim and
Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome, and used
no more time is occupied, or cost 
 incurred, in cast, arrange, or printing beautiful letters than in the 
 same operation with ugly ones. And it was a topic of course that in 
 the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took caution that beautiful form should 
 always be a share of their productions whatever they were, the forms of 
 print letter should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the 
 page should be fair and a help to the curvaceousness of the letter 
 themselves. The Middle Ages brought caligraphy to perfection, and it was 
 natural consequently that the forms of printed letters should follow more 
 or less closely those of the write character, and they followed them 
 very closely. The first books were print in black letter, _ i.e. _ the 
 letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character, 
 and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of 
 the " lower - case " than the capital letters; the " lower - case " being in 
 fact invented in the _ early _ Middle Ages. The earliest book printed with 
 movable character, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is print in letters which 
 are an accurate caricature of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which 
 obtained at that time; this has since been called " missal character, " and was 
 in fact the kind of letter used in the many brilliant missals, psalters, 
 etc. , grow by printing in the fifteenth century. But the first Bible 
 actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in 
 the class 1462) imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less 
 _ spiky _, and therefore far pleasanter and easy to understand. On the whole 
 the type of this book may be regard the _ ne - plus - ultra _ of Gothic 
 character, especially as regard the lower - case letter; and type very 
 similar was use during the next fifteen or twenty years not merely by 
 Schoeffer, but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and 
 early cities. But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter 
 was most often used, a very few days saw the birth of Roman quality 
 not only in Italy, but in Germany and France. In 1465 Sweynheim and 
 Pannartz begin printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome, and used
 no more time is occupied, ov cost
incurred, iu castiig, settjng, or pfinting beautiful letters then ib the
wame operations with uely ones. Wnd it wqs a natter of rkurse tmct in
fme Mibdoe Ages, when tme craftsmet took care thdt bzautiful form should
always be a part of theor productions wratenew thsj cere, the forms of
printed lettera shoulv be beautiful, snd that their arrangement on hhe
page should be geasonable qnd w help to the shapeliness of the lejters
themselves. The Middle Ages crougkt caligrapyy to kerfection, aid it ras
natural tmvrefore that tne forms of prlnted lerters should follow mmre
or less closely those of tke written character, qne thei folnowea thdm
vtry cmosely. Thx first boois were pribted in black lettet, _y.v._ the
letter wgich wws a Gothic development of the ancient Rokan character,
and which devwloped more completeli and satiffactorily on the side of
the "lower-case" than the cdpitam leutcvs; tfw "power-case" being in
fact invented in the _early_ Ijdclv Ages. The earlieft book primtfd rith
movable tipe, the afkresaid Gutenberg Hible, if pribted in lttterx which
are an exact imitatiin of the moge firmal ecclesiasticcl writing wkich
objained at that time; this has rincs been callfd "missal gype," and was
in fxct tve kind of letter used in ehe many wpleudid misrals, psaltqrs,
etc., profuced by printing in the fiftgenth wentury. Buh the first Bible
actually dated (which also wax [ritted at Iaintd by Peter Schoqffer in
the yecr 1462) imitctes a much freeg hand, sikpler, roundqr, and less
_sphny_, and therehore far [leawantwr and dxsier to read. Pn the whole
the typw of this book may be donsidered the _ut-plow-ultra_ of Gothoc
thpe, edpxcialjf as regards the lodrr-casd letters; akd gype very
similar was useg duding the next fiftrek or twenjy years got only by
Scnoeffer, but by prijters in Straxbutg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and
other dities. Buh tmough on the rholc, exsept in Itcly, Gothic letter
was most often used, a vxry few years saw the burth of Roman charaettr
not only in Italr, but in Cermany and France. Ib 1465 Sweynheim and
Psnnartz began printinf in tve mojastery of Subiaco near Rome, and used
no more time is occupied, or cost casting, or printing letters than in ones. it was a of course that the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever were, the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement the should reasonable a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves. The Middle Ages brought caligraphy to perfection, it was natural therefore that the forms of letters should follow more less closely those of the character, they followed very The books were printed black letter, _i.e._ the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character, and which more completely on the of "lower-case" the capital letters; being in fact invented in the The earliest book printed with movable type, the Gutenberg Bible, printed in letters which are an imitation of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which at that time; this has since been called "missal type," and was in fact the letter used in the splendid missals, psalters, produced printing the century. But first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Schoeffer in the year 1462) imitates a much freer hand, and _spiky_, and therefore pleasanter and easier to On whole the type of may considered Gothic especially regards the lower-case letters; type very similar was used the next fifteen or Schoeffer, but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, and other cities. But though on the except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used, a very few saw the Roman character not only in Italy, but in and France. In 1465 and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco Rome, used
 no more time is occupied, or cosT
incurred, iN castIng, SetTiNg, or PrinTing beautiful lETterS than in the
same operatioNs witH uGLy onES. ANd it wAs a mattER oF COurSe ThAt iN
tHE MIddle ageS, when thE craftsmen TooK cAre that beautIFuL form shoulD
alWays be a part oF thEir proDuCtiONs whaTevEr theY were, tHE forms Of
printed LeTTers shOUld be beAUTiFul, aNd that their arrangEMeNT on the
page shouLd be reAsONaBLE anD a hElp to the shApElineSS of the lETtERS
TheMSelves. The MiddLe Ages brougHT caLigrapHy To pERfectiOn, and It WAs
nAtural thereFore That the foRms of pRInted leTTers shoUld folLow MorE
or lESs ClOseLy THosE Of The WRitTen charaCtEr, And thEy foLLOWEd thEm
vEry cLoselY. The first bookS weRe prINteD in blAck leTter, _I.e._ The
leTter whIch waS a gothic developmeNt of The ancienT RoMaN chArActer,
ANd whicH deVelOped morE compleTEly AnD SATiSfactorily on the sidE oF
THe "Lower-casE" than tHE cApITal letteRs; The "LoweR-CAse" beIng iN
FaCt inventEd in thE _EaRlY_ Middle agEs. The eArLieSt bOok prINted With
moVable typE, the aFOresaid GutenbeRG Bible, is printED iN LEtTErs wHicH
are an exact ImitATion Of thE MoRe fORmal eCclesIaSTiCAl writing which
obtaiNeD at thaT time; This has since bEen called "mISSAl type," anD was
IN fACt the kind of letTer usEd in the manY Splendid MissaLs, psalteRs,
etc., prodUCEd by prinTinG in The FifTEEnTh century. But tHE FirsT BIble
actUalLy dated (WhiCh aLso Was PrInted at MaIntz by PeTeR SChOeFfeR in
thE Year 1462) imitAtEs a MuCh fReer hANd, simpLer, roUndeR, aNd LEss
_Spiky_, anD ThEREforE fAr PleaSanTeR and eAsieR To rEad. On thE whole
the TypE Of thIs BoOk may be Considered the _Ne-Plus-ultra_ oF GOthIc
type, ESPecially As regards the lower-case leTTers; and TypE very
SimiLar was useD duRing thE neXT fifteEn or twEnty yEaRs nOT Only bY
sChOefFeR, but by prinTERs iN StraSbUrg, BAsle, ParIs, Lubeck, and
other ciTIes. but though on thE whOle, eXCEpT in iTaLY, GoThIC leTTEr
was most often uSed, a very feW yEArS saw the birTH of roMan charActer
noT only IN Italy, bUt in GermaNy and FranCe. in 1465 SwEYNheIm and
PannaRtz began Printing iN The moNAsTery oF SuBiaco nEaR RoMe, and Used
 no more time is occupied,  or cost
i ncurr ed,  in  c asti ng,setting, or pr i ntin g beautiful letters th an in  t h e
sa m eopera tions w i th u gly  o ne s.An d  i t was  amatterof coursetha tin
the Middl e  A ges, whenthe  craftsmen t ook  careth atb eauti ful  form  shoul d 
alway s be a pa rt of the i r produ c t io ns w hatever they were ,  t h e forms of
pri nted l et t er s sho uld  be beauti fu l, an d  that t h ei r a rra n gement on the 
page shoul d  be  reaso na ble and ahelpto the  shapelines s of  the lett ers
th e mselves .  The Mi ddle A ges  br ough t  c al igr ap h y t o  p erf e cti on, andit  w as
na tura l t h eref ore  tha t the  forms of pri nte d le t ter s sho uld f ollo wmoreor les s clo se ly those of the  wri tten char act er , a nd  they follow edthe m
veryclosely .  Th ef i r st  books were printe di n  b lack let ter, _ i .e ._ the
lett er  wh ichw a s a G othi c  d evelopme nt oft he  a ncientRo man ch ar act er, 
andw hich  devel oped mor e com p letely and sat i sfactorily on th e si d e of 
th e "lower-ca se"t hanthec ap ita l  lett ers;th e  " l ower-case" being in 
f act in vente d in the _ear ly_ Middle A g es. Theearl i es t  book printedwithmovable ty p e, the a fores aid Gute nberg Bib l e , is pri nte d i n l ett e r swhich
are ane x actim itation  of  the mo refor mal  ec cl esiastica l writin gwh ic hobt ained at thatti me;  t his  hass ince b een c alle d"m i ssa l type, "  a n d  was 
i nfact  th ekindof l e tte r usedin the ma nys plen di dmissals , psalters,
e tc ., produce dbyprinti n g  in thefifteenth century. Butt he firs t B ibleactu ally date d ( whichals o  was p rinted  at M ai ntz b y Pet e r  S cho ef fer in
the y ear  1462 )imit ates amuch freer hand, s i mpl er, rounder,and  les s _s pik y _, and  t h ere f o re far pleasant er and eas ie r  t o read. On the  w hole
th e typeof th i s bookmay be co nsideredth e _n e - plu s-ultra_ o f Gothic 
type, es p ecial l yas re gar ds the  l owe r-cas e lett e rs;  andtype v er y
simi lar w as  used du ring the next fifteen o r twen ty ye ars  not only  by Sch oeffer, b ut b y printers  in  St rasbu rg, Basle , Pa r is , L u beck,  and other cit i es . B u t  t hough on th e w hol e, ex cep t  in It aly,  Gothic letter
wa s  most often us ed,a ver y f e w ye ar s saw the birt h o fR o man char ac ter
not onl y in Ita ly ,  butin Ger many a nd Fran c e .I n 1465  Swe ynh eim and
P ann ar t z began  p ri n ting i n th emonast ery of Subi a c o near Rome, and  used 
 no_more time_is occupied, or cost
incurred,_in casting,_setting,_or printing_beautiful_letters than in_the
same operations with_ugly ones. And it_was a matter_of_course that in
the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should
always_be_a part_of_their_productions whatever they were, the_forms of
printed letters should be_beautiful, and_that their arrangement on the
page should be reasonable_and_a help to_the shapeliness of the letters
themselves. The Middle Ages brought_caligraphy to perfection, and it was
natural_therefore that the_forms_of_printed letters should follow_more
or less closely those of the_written character, and they followed them
very_closely. The first books were printed in_black letter, _i.e._ the
letter which was_a Gothic development of the_ancient Roman_character,
and which developed more completely_and satisfactorily on_the side_of
the "lower-case" than_the capital letters; the "lower-case" being_in
fact invented in_the _early_ Middle Ages. The earliest_book_printed with
movable type,_the_aforesaid_Gutenberg Bible,_is printed in_letters_which
are an_exact_imitation of the more formal ecclesiastical_writing_which
obtained at that time; this has since_been called "missal type,"_and_was
in fact the kind_of letter used in the_many splendid missals, psalters,
etc., produced by_printing in_the fifteenth_century. But the first Bible
actually dated (which also was printed at_Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in
the year_1462) imitates a much_freer hand,_simpler,_rounder, and less
_spiky_,_and_therefore far_pleasanter and easier to read. On the_whole
the type_of this book may be considered_the _ne-plus-ultra_ of Gothic
type,_especially_as regards the lower-case letters; and_type very
similar was used during the_next fifteen or twenty years_not_only_by
Schoeffer, but by printers in_Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and
other cities._But though on_the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter
was_most_often used, a very few years_saw_the birth of Roman character
not only_in_Italy,_but in Germany and France._In 1465 Sweynheim and
Pannartz began printing_in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome, and used