 definite rules, however, except the avoidance of
"rivers" and excess of white, can be given for the spacing, which
requires the constant exercise of judgment and taste on the part of the
printer.

The position of the page on the paper should be considered if the book
is to have a satisfactory look. Here once more the almost invariable
modern practice is in opposition to a natural sense of proportion. From
the time when books first took their present shape till the end of the
sixteenth century, or indeed later, the page so lay on the paper that
there was more space allowed to the bottom and fore margin than to the
top and back of the paper, thus:

  +---------+---------+
  |   xxxxx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxxx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxxx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxxx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxxx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxxx | xxxxx   |
  |         |         |
  +---------+---------+

the unit of the book being looked on as the two pages forming an
opening. The modern printer, in the teeth of the evidence given by his
own eyes, considers the single page as the unit, and prints the page in
the middle of his paper--only nominally so, however, in many cases,
since when he uses a headline he counts that in, the result as measured
by the eye being that the lower margin is less than the top one, and
that the whole opening has an upside-down look vertically, and that
laterally the page looks as if it were being driven off the paper.

The paper on which the printing is to be done is a necessary part of our
subject: of this it may be said that though there is some good paper
made now, it is never used except for very expensive books, although it
would not materially increase the cost in all but the very cheapest. The
paper that is used for ordinary books is exceedingly bad even in this
country, but is beaten in the race for vileness by that made in America,
which is the worst conceivable. There seems to be no reason why ordinary
paper should not be better made, even allowing the necessity for a very
low price; but any improvement must be based on showing openly that the
cheap article _is
definite rules, however, except the avoidance of 
 " rivers " and excess of white, can be give for the spacing, which 
 command the constant exercise of judgment and preference on the part of the 
 printer. 

 The position of the page on the paper should be consider if the book 
 is to have a satisfactory expression. Here once more the almost invariable 
 modern exercise is in opposition to a natural sense of proportion. From 
 the meter when books first took their present shape till the end of the 
 sixteenth hundred, or indeed later, the page so lay on the newspaper that 
 there was more space give up to the bed and fore margin than to the 
 acme and back of the paper, thus: 

   + ---------+---------+ 
   |    xxxxx | xxxxx    | 
   |    xxxxx | xxxxx    | 
   |    xxxxx | xxxxx    | 
   |    xxxxx | xxxxx    | 
   |    xxxxx | xxxxx    | 
   |    xxxxx | xxxxx    | 
   |          |          | 
   + ---------+---------+ 

 the whole of the book being looked on as the two pages forming an 
 opening. The mod printer, in the teeth of the evidence given by his 
 own eyes, considers the single page as the unit, and prints the page in 
 the middle of his paper -- only nominally thus, however, in many cases, 
 since when he uses a headline he count that in, the resultant role as measured 
 by the eye being that the lower gross profit is less than the top one, and 
 that the whole opening has an upside - down look vertically, and that 
 laterally the page look as if it were being driven off the paper. 

 The paper on which the printing is to be done is a necessary part of our 
 topic: of this it may be said that though there is some good paper 
 make now, it is never practice except for very expensive books, although it 
 would not materially increase the cost in all but the very cheapest. The 
 paper that is used for average books is exceedingly bad even in this 
 country, but is beaten in the race for vileness by that made in America, 
 which is the worst conceivable. There seems to be no cause why ordinary 
 newspaper should not be better made, even allow the necessity for a very 
 low monetary value; but any improvement must be based on showing openly that the 
 cheap article _ is
 devinite rules, however, exctpt the avoidance of
"rivecs" and sxcess ow white, can be given for the spacint, which
requires the covstant exvrcise of judjment and taste on the part of bhe
prnnver.

The position of the pace on the papes rhluld be considered if the book
is to have a swtisfactory lojk. Htre oncs more the almost invariable
modern practibe is in oppositipn to a natural sense of pgopogtion. From
the time when books firfr took their present shape till thg end of the
sixteenth century, or indezd later, thg lahg so lay on vhe paier that
there was mora space allowed to thc botvom qnd fore margin than vo the
top and back os the papar, thus:

  +---------+---------+
  |   xxxxx | zxxxx   |
  |   bzxxb | sxexx   |
  |   xexxx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxzx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxcxv | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxxv | xxxxx   |
  |         |         |
  +---------+---------+

the unit of the book being looked in as the two pages flrming an
jpening. The modern printer, in the teeth of the evhdencx eivtn by hkw
oan eyes, considers the single page as the unit, znc irints the page ik
the middle of his pwprt--only nominalli so, hocsvsr, in many cases,
sijce wheg he yses a hewdlime he counts that in, the rewult as measlred
vy the eye being tkat the lowex margon is less than the top one, cnd
thaf the whole opening gxs an upside-down lopk vertically, and that
laterajly the pege lpoks as if ot werq being drlven off the paper.

The paoer ou whiwh the prijting is to be done is a necessecy part of out
sutjebt: of thif it kay be said trat though thete is somz good paper
made now, it is never ufed except fos very expensmve books, altyougy it
wouua not materialky increase the cosr in all but the vcry cfsapest. The
paper thqt is used for prdknawy bpohv is exceeditgly baa even in this
couktrh, buy is beaten in the rdce ror vileness by thst made in America,
rhich is the eorst conceivable. Uhere veeos to be no reason why ordinary
paper sgould not be better made, evek aljowing the necessity for a very
low price; but any mmprovement must be baswd on showing openli tmat the
cheap artisle _is
definite rules, however, except the avoidance of excess white, can given for the exercise judgment and taste the part of printer. The position of the page the paper should be considered if the book is to have a satisfactory Here once more the almost invariable modern practice is in opposition to a sense proportion. the when books first took their present shape till the end of the sixteenth century, or indeed the page so lay on the paper that was more space allowed the bottom and fore margin to top and of paper, +---------+---------+ | xxxxx xxxxx | | xxxxx | xxxxx | | xxxxx | xxxxx | | xxxxx | xxxxx | xxxxx | | xxxxx xxxxx | | +---------+---------+ the the book being looked on as forming an opening. The modern printer, in the of the given by his own eyes, considers single page as the unit, and prints the in the middle of his paper--only nominally so, however, in many cases, since when he headline he counts that the result as by eye that lower margin less than the top one, and that the whole opening has upside-down look vertically, and that laterally the page looks as were driven off the The paper on which printing to be done is part our it be that though there is good paper made now, it never used except for would not materially increase the cost in all the very cheapest. The paper that is for ordinary books is exceedingly bad even in this country, but is in the vileness by that made in America, which is worst conceivable. There seems be no reason why ordinary paper should not be made, allowing the for a very price; but any must be based openly that cheap _is
 definite rules, however, excepT the avoidaNce of
"RivErs" AnD excEss oF white, can be givEN for The spacing, which
requireS the cOnSTant EXeRcise Of judgmENt AND taStE oN thE pARt Of the
PriNter.

The Position of The PaGe on the paper SHoUld be consiDerEd if the book
iS to Have a sAtIsfACtory LooK. Here Once moRE the alMost invarIaBLe
modeRN practiCE Is In opPosition to a naturaL SeNSe of proportion. from
thE tIMe WHEn bOokS first took ThEir prESent shaPE tILL The ENd of the
sixteeNth century, oR IndEed latEr, The PAge so lAy on tHe PApeR that
there wAs moRe space alLowed tO The bottOM and forE margiN thAn tO the
TOp AnD baCk OF thE PaPer, THus:

  +---------+---------+
  |   Xxxxx | xxxXx   |
  |   XxXxx | xxXxx   |
  |   xXXXX | XxxxX   |
  |   xxXxx | xXxxx   |
  |   xXxxx | xxxxx   |
  |   xxxxX | xxXxx   |
  |         |         |
  +---------+---------+

tHE unIt of tHe booK beiNg LookeD on as tHe two PaGes forming an
opeNing. the modern PriNtEr, iN tHe teeTH of the EviDenCe given By his
owN EyeS, cONSIdErs the single page as ThE UNiT, and prinTs the pAGe In
THe middle Of His PapeR--ONly noMinaLLy So, howeveR, in manY CaSeS,
since wHeN he useS a HeaDliNe he cOUnts That in, The resulT as meASured
by the eye bEIng that the lowER mARGiN Is leSs tHan the top onE, and
THat tHe whOLe OpeNIng haS an upSiDE-dOWn look vertically, and ThAt
lateRally The page looks aS if it were bEING driven oFf thE PaPEr.

The paper on whIch thE printing iS To be done Is a neCessary pArt of our
sUBJect: of thIs iT maY be SaiD THaT though there iS SOme gOoD paper
mAde Now, it is NevEr uSed ExcEpT for very eXpensive BoOkS, aLtHouGh it
wOUld not maTeRiaLlY inCreasE The cosT in alL but ThE vERy cHeapest. tHe
PAPer tHaT iS useD foR oRdinaRy boOKs iS exceedIngly bad eVen IN thiS
cOuNtry, but Is beaten in the RaCe for vilenEsS by That maDE In AmericA,
which is the worst conceivABle. TherE seEms to Be no Reason why OrdInary
pApeR Should Not be bEtter MaDe, eVEN alloWINg The NeCessity for A VEry
Low prIcE; but Any imprOvement must be based ON shOwing openly thAt tHe
chEAP aRtiCLe _IS
 definite rules, however,except the  avoi dan ceof 
"ri vers " and excess o f  whi te, can be given for t he sp ac i ng,w hi ch
re quirest he c ons ta nt  ex er c is e ofjud gment a nd taste o n t he  part of the pr inter.

Th e p osition of t hepage o nthe paper  sh ouldbe con s idered  if the b oo k 
is to have as a ti sfac tory look. Here o n ce more the almos t inva ri a bl e mod ern  practiceis  in o p positio n  t o a  na t ural sense of  proportion .  Fr om
the  t ime when b ooksfi r sttook theirpres ent shape  tillt he endo f the
s ixteen thcen tury ,  o rind ee d  la t er , t h e p age so l ay  o n the  pap e r t hatthe re w as mo re space allo wed  tot hebotto m and  for emargi n than  to t he 
top and back o f th e paper,thu s: 

 + ----- - ---+-- --- --- -+
  |  xxxxx | x xx x x  |
  |   xxxxx | xx xx x  |
  |  xxxxx|  x xx x x   |
 |  x xxxx |  xxxx x  | 
 |   xxx xx | x x xx x  |
  |   xxxxx  |  xx xxx    | |       |        | +---------+-- - ------+

theu ni t of theboo k being loo kedo n as  the tw o p a ges f ormin ga no pening. The modernpr inter,  in t he teeth of t he evidenc e g iven byhiso wn eyes, consider s the  single pa g e as the  unit , and pr ints thep a ge in
th e m idd leofh i spaper--only n o m inal ly  so, ho wev er, inman y c ase s,si nce whenhe usesahe ad li nehe co u nts that  i n,th e r esult as mea sured 
byth ee yebeing t h at t he l ow er  mar gin  i s les s th a n t he topone, andtha t  the  w ho le open ing has an up si de-down lo ok  ve rtical l y , and th at
laterally the page l o oks asifit we re b eing driv enoff th e p a per.
The pa per o nwhi c h  thep r in tin gis to be d o n e i s a n ec essa ry part  of our
subject: o f  th is it may besai d th a t  t hou g ht her ei s s o m e good paper
ma de now, it  i s  n ever usede xce pt  for ve ry expe nsive books,althoughit
wouldno t ma t e ria lly increa se the c ost in al l  butt he  very  ch eapest .The 
pape r that isusedfor or di nary b ooksis  exceedi ngly bad even in this
c ountry , but  is  beaten i n t h e r ace for v ilen ess by tha t m ade  in A mer i ca,
w hich is  th e  wors t co n ceivable. Th ere s ee ms to be no r e aso n why  or d inarypape r should not be b e tter made, eve n al l o win g t h e ne ce ssity for a ve rylo w price; b ut  any improv ement mu st be ba sed on  showi ng open l y  t h at the 
che aparticle _ is
 definite_rules, however,_except the avoidance of
"rivers"_and excess_of_white, can_be_given for the_spacing, which
requires the_constant exercise of judgment_and taste on_the_part of the
printer.

The position of the page on the paper should be considered if_the_book
is to_have_a_satisfactory look. Here once more_the almost invariable
modern practice is_in opposition_to a natural sense of proportion. From
the time_when_books first took_their present shape till the end of the
sixteenth century,_or indeed later, the page so_lay on the_paper_that
there_was more space allowed_to the bottom and fore margin_than to the
top and back of_the paper, thus:

  +---------+---------+
  |_  xxxxx | xxxxx _ |
  | _ xxxxx_| xxxxx   |
_ | _ xxxxx_| xxxxx _ |
  |  _xxxxx | xxxxx_  |
  | __xxxxx | xxxxx___|
 _|  _xxxxx_| xxxxx__ |
  |  __     | _   __  |
 _+---------+---------+

the unit of the book_being looked on as the two_pages forming_an
opening. The_modern printer, in the teeth of the evidence given by his
own_eyes, considers the single page as_the unit, and prints_the page_in
the_middle of his_paper--only_nominally so,_however, in many cases,
since when he uses_a headline_he counts that in, the result_as measured
by the eye_being_that the lower margin is less_than the top one, and
that the_whole opening has an upside-down_look_vertically,_and that
laterally the page looks_as if it were being driven_off the paper.

The_paper on which the printing is to_be_done is a necessary part of_our
subject:_of this it may be said_that_though_there is some good paper
made_now, it is never used except_for very expensive books, although it
would not materially increase_the cost in_all but the very cheapest._The
paper_that_is used for ordinary books is exceedingly bad even in_this
country, but_is beaten in_the race for vileness by that made in America,
which is_the worst conceivable. There seems to be_no reason why ordinary
paper should not be better made, even allowing_the necessity for a very
low price; but any_improvement must be based on showing openly_that the
cheap article _is