,
to receive the gold.

(13) First the leather is washed with water or with vinegar.

(14) Then the pattern is pencilled over with "glaire" (white of egg
beaten up and drained off), or the surface is wholly washed with it.

(15) Next it is smeared lightly with grease or oil.

(16) And, finally, the gold (gold leaf) is applied by a pad of cotton
wool, or a flat thin brush called a "tip."

(17) The pattern, visible through the gold, is now reimpressed or worked
with the tools heated to about the temperature of boiling water, and the
unimpressed or waste gold is removed by an oiled rag, leaving the
pattern in gold and the rest of the leather clear.

       *       *       *       *       *

These several operations are, in England, usually distributed among
five classes of persons.

(1) The _superintendent_ or person responsible for the whole work.

(2) The _sewer_, usually a woman, who folds, sews, and makes the
head-bands.

(3) The _book-edge gilder_, who gilds the edges. Usually a craft apart.

(4) The _forwarder_, who performs all the other operations leading up to
the finishing.

(5) The _finisher_, who decorates and letters the volume after it is
forwarded.

In Paris the work is still further distributed, a special workman
(_couvreur_) being employed to prepare the leather for covering and to
cover.

In the opinion of the writer, the work, as a craft of beauty, suffers,
as do the workmen, from the allocation of different operations to
different workmen. The work should be conceived of as one, and be
wholly executed by one person, or at most by two, and especially should
there be no distinction between "finisher" and "forwarder," between
"executant" and "artist."

       *       *       *       *       *

The following technical names may serve to call attention to the
principal features of a bound book.

(1) The _back_, the posterior edge of the volume upon which at the
present time the title is
, 
 to receive the gold. 

 (13) First the leather is washed with urine or with vinegar. 

 (14) Then the design is pencilled over with " glaire " (white of egg 
 beat up and drained off), or the surface is wholly lave with it. 

 (15) Next it is defame lightly with dirt or petroleum. 

 (16) And, finally, the amber (gold leaf) is applied by a pad of cotton 
 wool, or a flat flimsy brush called a " tip. " 

 (17) The pattern, visible through the gold, is now reimpressed or ferment 
 with the tools heated to about the temperature of boiling water, and the 
 unimpressed or lay waste to gold is removed by an oiled rag, leaving the 
 form in gold and the rest of the leather clear. 

        *        *        *        *        * 

 These several operations are, in England, normally distributed among 
 five classes of persons. 

 (1) The _ superintendent _ or person responsible for the whole workplace. 

 (2) The _ sewer _, usually a woman, who folds, sews, and makes the 
 head - bands. 

 (3) The _ book - edge gilder _, who gilds the edge. Usually a craft aside. 

 (4) The _ forwarder _, who perform all the early operations leading up to 
 the finishing. 

 (5) The _ finisher _, who decorates and letters the volume after it is 
 forwarded. 

 In Paris the work is however further distributed, a special workman 
 (_ couvreur _) being employed to prepare the leather for covering and to 
 overlay. 

 In the opinion of the writer, the work, as a craft of beauty, suffers, 
 as serve the workmen, from the allotment of different operations to 
 different workmen. The work should be conceive of as one, and be 
 wholly executed by one person, or at most by two, and especially should 
 there be no distinction between " closer " and " forwarder, " between 
 " executant " and " artist. " 

        *        *        *        *        * 

 The following technical name may serve to call care to the 
 principal features of a bound book. 

 (1) The _ back _, the posterior boundary of the volume upon which at the 
 present time the title is
,
to geceive the gold.

(13) First tme leather is washed wivh wated or witf vinegar.

(14) Then the pattern id pencioled over with "glaire" (dhite of vgg
beaten up end drained off), or the smxface ls whmoly washed witm it.

(15) Next id is smeared lhgftpy with grease or oil.

(16) And, finally, tre gold (glld leaf) is apklied fy a iab of cotton
wool, or a flat thin grush celled a "tip."

(17) The pattern, visible through tje glld, is now reimpredsed or worjed
wyrh the tools heated to about the tgmperature of boiling water, and ghe
unnmpressed ot sadje gold is rxmoved by an oiled rag, leaeing thr
pattern in gokd end rhe rest of the leathxr clear.

       *       *       *       *       *

These swveran oparatkins art, ii Ehgland, usnally distrjbuted amont
five classes of petsjbs.

(1) The _superihtendegt_ or person responsible for the whole wogk.

(2) Tge _sewer_, usually a womab, who folds, sews, and lakes the
read-bands.

(3) The _book-edge gilder_, who gilds the edges. Usuamuy c crafg aoart.

(4) The _forwarder_, who performs all the other kptranions leading up bo
the finishing.

(5) Thr _vimysher_, who decurates ans letters the volule aftet it iw
forwardeq.

In Laris the work is still furrher distriblted, a special workman
(_eouvreur_) beiug empkoyed to prepare the leather for covering ajd to
coved.

Kn the opinion ow tme friter, the work, as a craft of beautb, sufyers,
as du thg workmqn, from thf allocation of differenh opetationv to
differfnt workmen. The work should be rpnceived of ss onv, and be
wkolly cxecuted by one person, or at kost by two, xnd especizlly shmuld
there bq no distincthln between "fmnisher" agd "firwaeder," begdeen
"executant" snd "artisn."

       *       *       *       *       *

The foloowung technical nsmer mwy sxrve em call attendion to yhe
prkncipal feaburds og a bound book.

(1) The _bdck_, fhe posterior edge on the volome upon rhich at the
ptesent time the tiule is
, to receive the gold. (13) First is with water with vinegar. (14) over "glaire" (white of beaten up and off), or the surface is wholly with it. (15) Next it is smeared lightly with grease or oil. (16) finally, the gold (gold leaf) is applied by a pad of cotton wool, a thin called "tip." (17) The pattern, visible through the gold, is now reimpressed or worked with the tools to about the temperature of boiling water, and unimpressed or waste gold removed by an oiled rag, the in gold the of leather clear. * * * * These several operations are, in England, usually distributed among five classes of persons. (1) _superintendent_ or for the work. The usually a woman, sews, and makes the head-bands. (3) who gilds the edges. Usually a craft apart. The _forwarder_, performs all the other operations leading to the finishing. (5) The _finisher_, who decorates letters the volume after it is forwarded. In Paris the work is still further distributed, workman (_couvreur_) being employed prepare the leather covering to In opinion of writer, the work, as a craft of beauty, suffers, as do workmen, from the allocation of different operations to different workmen. should conceived of as and be wholly executed one or at most by especially there between and between "executant" and "artist." * * * * The technical names may serve principal features of a bound book. (1) The the posterior edge of the volume upon at the present time the title is
,
to receive the gold.

(13) First the lEather is waShed wIth WatEr Or wiTh viNegar.

(14) Then the paTTern Is pencilled over with "glaIre" (whItE Of egG
BeAten uP and draINeD OFf), oR tHe SurFaCE iS wholLy wAshed wiTh it.

(15) Next it Is sMeAred lightly wITh Grease or oiL.

(16) AnD, finally, the gOld (Gold leAf) Is aPPlied By a Pad of Cotton
WOol, or a Flat thin bRuSH calleD A "tip."

(17) The PATtErn, vIsible through the gOLd, IS now reimpresseD or worKeD
WiTH The TooLs heated to AbOut thE TemperaTUrE OF BoiLIng water, and thE
unimpresseD Or wAste goLd Is rEMoved bY an oiLeD Rag, Leaving the
pAtteRn in gold aNd the rESt of the LEather cLear.

       *       *       *       *       *

ThEse SevEral OPeRaTioNs ARe, iN enGlaND, usUally disTrIbUted aMong
FIVE ClasSes Of peRsons.

(1) the _superintenDenT_ or pERsoN respOnsibLe foR tHe whoLe work.

(2) the _seWeR_, usually a woman, wHo foLds, sews, anD maKeS thE
hEad-baNDs.

(3) The _bOok-EdgE gilder_, Who gildS The EdGES. usUally a craft apart.

(4) ThE _fORWaRder_, who pErformS AlL tHE other opErAtiOns lEADing uP to
tHE fInishing.

(5) the _finIShEr_, Who decoRaTes and LeTteRs tHe volUMe afTer it iS
forwardEd.

In PARis the work is stILl further distRIbUTEd, A SpecIal Workman
(_couvReur_) BEing EmplOYeD to PReparE the lEaTHeR For covering and to
covEr.

in the oPinioN of the writer, tHe work, as a cRAFT of beautY, sufFErS,
As do the workmen, From tHe allocatiON of diffeRent oPerationS to
differENT workmen. the WorK shOulD BE cOnceived of as oNE, And bE
wHolly exEcuTed by onE peRsoN, or At mOsT by two, and EspecialLy ShOuLd
TheRe be nO DistinctIoN beTwEen "FinisHEr" and "fOrwarDer," bEtWeEN
"exEcutant" ANd "ARTist."

       *       *       *       *       *

thE fOlloWinG tEchniCal nAMes May servE to call atTenTIon tO tHe
PrincipAl features of a BoUnd book.

(1) The _BaCk_, tHe postERIor edge oF the volume upon which at thE
Present TimE the tItle Is
,
to receive the gold.

(1 3) First t he le ath eris  was hedwith water orw ithvinegar.

(14) Then th e pat te r n is pe ncill ed over wi t h  "g la ir e"(w h it e ofegg 
beaten  up and dr ain ed  off), or th e  s urface iswho lly washed w ith  it.
(1 5)N ext i t i s sme ared l i ghtlywith grea se or oil . 

(16)A n d,  fin ally, the gold (g o ld leaf) is appli ed byap ad o f c ott on
wool, o ra fla t  thin b r us h c all e d a "tip."

( 17) The pat t ern , visi bl e t h roughthe g ol d , i s now reimp ress ed or wor ked
wi t h the t o ols hea ted to  ab out  the te mp era tu r e o f  b oil i ngwater, a nd  t he
un impr e s s e d or  wa stegoldis removed by  an  oil e d r ag, l eavin g th epatte rn ingoldan d the rest of t he l eather cl ear .
     *     *      *      *     * 
T h e se  several operation sa r e,  in Engl and, u s ua ll y  distrib ut edamon g fiveclas s es  of pers ons.
( 1)  T he _sup er intend en t_orperso n  res ponsib le for t he wh o le work.

(2)T he _sewer_, u s ua l l ya  wom an,  who folds,  sew s , an d ma k es  th e 
head -band s. 
( 3 ) The _book-edge gi ld er_, w ho gi lds the edges . Usuallya c raft apa rt.(4 )  The _forwarde r_, w ho perform s  all the  othe r operat ions lead i n g up tothe  fi nis hin g . 
(5) The _fini s h er_,  w ho deco rat es andlet ter s t hevo lume afte r it isfo rw ar de d.
In P a ris thewo rkis  st ill f u rtherdistr ibut ed ,a  sp ecial w o rk m a n
(_ co uv reur _)be ing e mplo y edto prep are the l eat h er f or  c overing  and to
cover .
In the op in ion  of th e writer,the work, as a craft of beauty,  su ffers ,
as  do the w ork men, f rom the al locati on of  d iff e r ent o p e ra tio ns  to
differ e n t w orkme n.  The  work s hould be conceived ofas one, and b e
w holl y ex ecu t ed byon e  pe r s on, or at mostby two, an de sp ecially sh o uld 
t here be  no dis tinct i on betw een "fini sher" and  " forw a r der ," between 
"execut ant" and" artis t ." 

     *     *     *     *       *

T he  follo wingte chnicalnames may serve to call  atten tiontothe
princ ipa l  fe atures of  a b ound book. 

( 1)The _ bac k _, th e po s te rio r  edge  oft he volume up onw h ic h at the
pr e s e nttimethe titleis
,
to receive_the gold.

(13)_First the leather is_washed with_water_or with_vinegar.

(14)_Then the pattern_is pencilled over_with "glaire" (white of_egg
beaten up and_drained_off), or the surface is wholly washed with it.

(15) Next it is smeared lightly_with_grease or_oil.

(16)_And,_finally, the gold (gold leaf)_is applied by a pad_of cotton
wool,_or a flat thin brush called a "tip."

(17)_The_pattern, visible through_the gold, is now reimpressed or worked
with the tools_heated to about the temperature of_boiling water, and_the
unimpressed_or_waste gold is removed_by an oiled rag, leaving the
pattern_in gold and the rest of_the leather clear.

    _  *   _   * _ _   * _  _ _*  _    *

These several_operations are, in_England, usually distributed among
five classes of_persons.

(1)_The _superintendent_ or_person_responsible_for the_whole work.

(2) The__sewer_,_usually a_woman,_who folds, sews, and makes the
head-bands.

(3)_The__book-edge gilder_, who gilds the edges. Usually_a craft apart.

(4) The__forwarder_,_who performs all the_other operations leading up to
the_finishing.

(5) The _finisher_, who decorates and_letters the_volume after_it is
forwarded.

In Paris the work is still further distributed, a special_workman
(_couvreur_) being employed to prepare the_leather for covering and_to
cover.

In the_opinion_of the writer,_the_work, as_a craft of beauty, suffers,
as do the_workmen, from_the allocation of different operations to
different_workmen. The work should_be_conceived of as one, and be
wholly_executed by one person, or at_most by two, and especially_should
there_be_no distinction between "finisher" and_"forwarder," between
"executant" and "artist."

  _  _ *     __*     __*     __*_    _ *

The following technical names may_serve to call attention to the
principal features of a_bound book.

(1) The__back_, the posterior edge of_the_volume_upon which at the
present time the title is