 male dummy conspecifics simultaneously. Thus, how chemical exposure impacts behavioral consistency and whether individuals differ in their sensitivity to exposure was assessed. Overall aggression was reduced after fluoxetine administration while courtship was unaffected. Fluoxetine affected behavioral consistency towards both the male and female, with individuals behaving less consistently to the male and more consistently to the female. In addition, males appeared to differ in their sensitivity to fluoxetine exposure as not all males reduced their aggression after administration. This has important implications for studying the effects of unintended pharmaceutical exposure. Exposure may have evolutionary implications as it may influence both territorial defense and mating success. In sum, these findings demonstrate that pharmaceutical exposure may alter more than just overall level of behavior and stress the importance of examining the effects of exposure on an individual level.

The neurology of male sexuality has been poorly studied owing to difficulties in studying brain circuitry in humans. Dopamine (DA) is essential for both physiological and behavioural responses, including the regulation of sexuality. Previous studies have revealed that alterations in DA synthesis in dopaminergic neurons can induce male-male courtship behaviour, while increasing DA levels in the protocerebral posteriolateral dopaminergic cluster neuron 2ab (PPL2ab) may enhance the intensity of male courtship sustainment in Drosophila. Here we report that changes in the ability of the PPL2ab in the central nervous system (CNS) to produce DA strongly impact male-male courtship in D. melanogaster. Intriguingly, the DA-synthesizing abilities of these neurons appear to affect both the courting activities displayed by male flies and the sex appeal of male flies for other male flies. Moreover, the observed male-male courtship is triggered primarily by target motion, yet chemical cues can replace visual input under dark conditions. This is interesting evidence that courtship responses in male individuals are controlled by PPL2ab neurons in the CNS. Our study provides insight for subsequent studies focusing on sexual circuit modulation by PPL2ab neurons. PMID:28294190

The ultrasonic motor, invented in 1980, utilizes the piezoelectric effect in the ultrasonic frequency range to provide the motive force. (In conventional electric motors the motive force is electromagnetic.) The result is a motor with unusually good low-speed high-torque and power-to-weight characteristics. It has already found applications in camera autofocus mechanisms, medical equipment subject to high magnetic fields, and motorized car accessories. Its applications will increase as designers become more familiar with its unique characteristics. This
male dummy conspecifics simultaneously. Thus, how chemical exposure impacts behavioral consistency and whether person disagree in their sensitivity to exposure was assessed. Overall aggression was reduce after fluoxetine government while courtship was unaffected. Fluoxetine affected behavioral consistency towards both the male and female, with individual behave less consistently to the male and more consistently to the female. In addition, males appear to differ in their sensitivity to fluoxetine exposure as not all male reduce their aggression after administration. This take important implications for analyze the effects of unintended pharmaceutical exposure. Exposure may consume evolutionary implications as it may influence both territorial defense and mating achiever. In sum, these finding demonstrate that pharmaceutical exposure may alter more than precisely overall level of behavior and stress the importance of examining the effects of vulnerability on an individual level. 

 The neurology of male sexuality has been poorly studied owing to difficulties in studying brain circuitry in humans. Dopamine (DA) is essential for both physiologic and behavioral responses, including the regulation of sex. former studies have revealed that alterations in DA synthesis in dopaminergic neurons can induce male - male courtship behaviour, while increasing DA level in the protocerebral posteriolateral dopaminergic cluster neuron 2ab (PPL2ab) may enhance the intensity of male courtship sustainment in Drosophila. Here we report that changes in the ability of the PPL2ab in the central nervous organization (CNS) to produce DA strongly impact male - male courtship in D. melanogaster. Intriguingly, the district attorney - synthesizing ability of these nerve cell look to affect both the courting activities displayed by male flies and the sex appeal of male flies for early male flies. furthermore, the observed male - male courtship is triggered primarily by target motion, yet chemical clue can replace visual input signal under dark condition. This is interesting evidence that courtship responses in male person are controlled by PPL2ab nerve cell in the CNS. Our study provides insight for subsequent cogitation focusing on sexual circuit modulation by PPL2ab neurons. PMID:28294190 

 The ultrasonic motor, invented in 1980, utilizes the piezoelectric effect in the ultrasonic frequency range to supply the motive force. (In ceremonious electric motors the motive force is electromagnetic .) The result is a motor with unusually good low - speed high - torsion and power - to - weight characteristics. It has already found applications in camera autofocus mechanisms, medical equipment capable to high magnetic fields, and motorized car accessories. Its applications will increase as designers become more conversant with its unique characteristics. This
 mape dummy conspecifics sioultaneously. Thos, how ciemical exposurd impacts behavioral consistxncy and qhether individuals diwfer in tjeir senwititity to exposure was asscfsed. Lverclo aggression wss reduced after fluoxethnd cdministration while courtship was ugaffectrd. Fluoxetine afsecttd fehabpoval consistency towards both the male aid female, with ondividuals behaving less fonslstently to the mape and more confustently to ghe female. In addition, males appeared to differ in thdir sznsitivity jo fpooxetine expisure as not all males reguced tneir aggressiok aftxr aeministration. This hav important implicwtions fos atudying the effextw of onintandea phxrmzcxutjcal edpoaure. Exposhre may havw evolutionary implocwnoons as it mzy infjuqnce both territorial defense and matinc shccess. In sum, these fineings demonstrate thaj pharmacettical exposure may alter more than just overall nevel uf ycmaviue wnd stress the importance of examining the efsscus pf exposure on an individiap kgvel.

The neurolugy of mame sexuality has bfen pootly stydied owigg tp difficulties in studying vrain circuinry un humans. Dopamine (DA) is esseutial gor bpth physiological and bzhaviohral respondes, incluskng the regulatiun pf sexualiuh. Previous studief have retealeb that auterstions in DA synhhesis in dopaminergic nfurond wan induce male-male courtship behaviour, wimle increasinb GA nevels iu the irotocerebral pjsteriolateral dopamiuergic cluster nvuron 2ab ('PL2ab) may enrance the intajsity of malx courtshyp systaunment kv Drosophila. Hrre we reioxt that cyanges in the abillty ow the PPL2ab in tkt ctnrral nervous sustdm (SND) vo prjguce DA strotgly imosct mxle-male couvtsfip on D. melanogaster. Indrighingly, the DA-synthrslzing abioities os these neuroms appear to affecu both thx couryind activities displayed by male flies anf tme sex appeal of nale flies fpr other male flies. Moreover, the observxd male-male courtship iw triggered primarikn by target kotiog, yet chekical cues can replaxe visual input ukder dark conditions. Tgis is integesting evidence that courtship responses in male individuals are controloed by PPL2ab neurohs im the CUS. Pur sttdy 'ruvides insight fpr subsequent studies focusing un sexuan eircuit modulation by PPL2ab nrufons. PMID:28294190

The oltrasonic motor, invented jn 1980, utilozes the piezoelectric effect im the ultrasonic frequengy range ro prkvide nge motive force. (In cpnventnonal wlectrix mobors the motivd fprge is elechromegnztic.) The result is a motor with ubusualoy good low-speed hmgh-torque anf powet-to-weighj characteristics. It gws alteady found apllications in vamera autofocus mecvagisms, medical tquipment subjevt to hpgh magnetic hields, and mmtorized car accessories. Its applications will incrgase as desjgners bccome more familisc with its unique characberiseics. Thir
male dummy conspecifics simultaneously. Thus, how chemical behavioral and whether differ in their Overall was reduced after administration while courtship unaffected. Fluoxetine affected behavioral consistency towards the male and female, with individuals behaving less consistently to the male and consistently to the female. In addition, males appeared to differ in their sensitivity fluoxetine as all reduced their aggression after administration. This has important implications for studying the effects of unintended pharmaceutical Exposure may have evolutionary implications as it may both territorial defense and success. In sum, these findings that exposure may more just level of behavior stress the importance of examining the effects of exposure on an individual level. The neurology of male has been owing to in brain in humans. Dopamine essential for both physiological and behavioural regulation of sexuality. Previous studies have revealed that in DA in dopaminergic neurons can induce male-male behaviour, while increasing DA levels in the protocerebral dopaminergic cluster neuron 2ab (PPL2ab) may enhance the intensity of male courtship sustainment in Drosophila. report that changes in ability of the in central system to produce strongly impact male-male courtship in D. melanogaster. Intriguingly, the DA-synthesizing abilities these neurons appear to affect both the courting activities displayed flies the sex appeal male flies for other flies. the observed male-male courtship primarily target cues replace input under dark conditions. is interesting evidence that courtship in male individuals are the CNS. Our study provides insight for subsequent focusing on sexual circuit modulation by PPL2ab PMID:28294190 The ultrasonic motor, invented in 1980, utilizes the piezoelectric effect in ultrasonic frequency provide the motive force. (In conventional electric motors motive force is electromagnetic.) result is a motor with unusually good low-speed high-torque power-to-weight It has found applications in autofocus mechanisms, medical subject to high and motorized accessories. applications designers become more familiar with its characteristics.
 male dummy conspecifics simuLtaneously. thus, hOw cHemIcAl exPosuRe impacts behavIOral Consistency and whether iNdiviDuALs diFFeR in thEir sensITiVITy tO eXpOsuRe WAs AssesSed. overall Aggression Was ReDuced after flUOxEtine adminIstRation while cOurTship wAs UnaFFecteD. FlUoxetIne affECted beHavioral cOnSIstencY Towards BOTh The mAle and female, with iNDiVIduals behaving Less coNsIStENTly To tHe male and mOrE consIStently TO tHE FEmaLE. In addition, maLes appeared TO diFfer in ThEir SEnsitiVity tO fLUoxEtine exposuRe as Not all malEs reduCEd their AGgressiOn afteR adMinIstrATiOn. thiS hAS imPOrTanT ImpLicationS fOr StudyIng tHE EFFectS of UninTendeD pharmaceuticAl eXposURe. EXposuRe may Have EvOlutiOnary iMplicAtIons as it may inflUencE both terrItoRiAl dEfEnse aND matinG suCceSs. In sum, These fiNDinGs DEMOnStrate that pharmaceUtICAl Exposure May altER mOrE Than just OvEraLl leVEL of beHaviOR aNd stress The impORtAnCe of exaMiNing thE eFfeCts Of expOSure On an inDividual Level.

tHe neurology of mALe sexuality haS BeEN PoORly sTudIed owing to dIffiCUltiEs in STuDyiNG braiN circUiTRy IN humans. Dopamine (DA) is EsSentiaL for bOth physiologiCal and behaVIOUral respOnseS, InCLuding the regulAtion Of sexualitY. previous StudiEs have reVealed thaT ALteratioNs iN DA SynTheSIS iN dopaminergic NEUronS cAn inducE maLe-male cOurTshIp bEhaViOur, while iNcreasinG Da lEvElS in The prOTocerebrAl PosTeRioLaterAL dopamInergIc clUsTeR NeuRon 2ab (PPl2Ab) MAY enhAnCe The iNteNsIty of Male COurTship suStainment In DROsopHiLa. here we rEport that chanGeS in the abilItY of The PPL2AB In the cenTral nervous system (CNS) to pROduce DA StrOngly ImpaCt male-malE coUrtshiP in d. MelanoGaster. intriGuIngLY, The DA-SYNtHesIzIng abilitiES Of tHese nEuRons Appear tO affect both the courTIng Activities disPlaYed bY MAlE flIEs ANd tHe SEx aPPEal of male flies fOr other malE fLIeS. Moreover, tHE obSeRved malE-male coUrtshIP is trigGered primArily by taRgEt moTIOn, yEt chemical Cues can rEplace visUAl inpUT uNder dArk ConditIoNs. THis is IntereSTinG evidEnce thAt CourtsHip reSpOnses in mAle individuals are controLled by pPL2ab NeuRons in the cNS. oUr sTudy proviDes iNsight for sUbsEquEnt stUdiES focuSing ON sExuAL circUit mODulation bY pPl2ab NEUrOns. PMID:28294190

The uLTRAsoNic moTor, INventeD in 1980, uTilizes the piezoelECtric effect in tHe ulTRAsoNic FRequEnCy range to proviDe tHe MOTive forcE. (IN conventionAl electrIc MOtors The motIve forCe is eleCTRoMAgnetiC.) The ResUlt is a motOr wItH UnusualLy GoOD low-spEed hIgH-torquE and poWEr-to-WEIght characteristIcs. It HAS alreADy fOund aPpLicatioNS in cAmera autofOcus mechaniSms, medIcal EquipMent subJeCt to hiGh mAgNetic fieldS, And motoriZed caR accessOrIes. ITs aPplicaTionS WIll inCreaSe As dEsigners bECOmE MoRe FAmiLiar With iTs UniqUe charactERistics. THis
 male dummy conspecifics s imultaneou sly.Thu s,ho w ch emic al exposure im p acts  behavioral consistenc y and  w h ethe r  i ndivi duals d i ff e r  in  t he irse n si tivit y t o expos ure was as ses se d. Overall a g gr ession was  re duced afterflu oxetin eadm i nistr ati on wh ile co u rtship  was unaf fe c ted. F l uoxetin e af fect ed behavioral con s is t ency towards b oth th em al e and  fe male, with  i ndivi d uals be h av i n g  le s s consistentl y to the ma l e a nd mor econ s istent ly to  t h e f emale. In a ddit ion, male s appe a red tod iffer i n thei r s ens itiv i ty  t o f lu o xet i ne  ex p osu re as no tal l mal es r e d u c ed t hei r ag gress ion after adm ini stra t ion . Thi s has  imp or tantimplic ation sfor studying th e ef fects ofuni nt end ed  phar m aceuti cal  ex posure.  Exposu r e m ay h a ve  evolutionary impl ic a t io ns as it  may i n fl ue n ce bothte rri tori a l  defe nsea nd  matingsucces s .In  sum, t he se fin di ngs  de monst r atethat p harmaceu tical exposure may a l ter more than ju s t  o v eral l l evel of beh avio r  and  str e ss  th e  impo rtanc eo fe xamining the effect sof exp osure  on an indivi dual level . The neur olog y  o f  male sexualit y has  been poor l y studie d owi ng to di fficultie s in study ing  br ain  ci r c ui try in humans . Dopa mi ne (DA)  is  essent ial  fo r b oth  p hysiologi cal andbe ha vi ou ral  resp o nses, in cl udi ng  th e reg u lation  of s exua li ty .  Pr eviouss tu d i es h av ereve ale dthatalte r ati ons inDA synthe sis in d op am inergic  neurons canin duce male- ma lecourts h i p behavi our, while increasing D A  levels  in  theprot ocerebral  po sterio lat e ral do pamine rgiccl ust e r  neur o n  2 ab(P PL2ab) may e nha nce t he  int ensityof male courtships ust ainment in Dr oso phil a .  H ere we rep or t  th a t  changes in the  ability o ft he  PPL2ab in the  c entralnervous  syst e m (CNS)  to produ ce DA str on glyi m pac t male-mal e courts hip in D. melan o ga ster.  In trigui ng ly,  theDA-syn t hes izing  abili ti es ofthese  n eurons a ppear to affect both th e cour tingact ivities d isp l aye d by male  fli es and the  se x a ppeal  of maleflie s  f oro thermale flies. Mo r eo ver , th e observedm a l e-m ale c our t ship i s tr iggered primarily by target moti on,y e t c hem i calcu es can replace  vi su a l  input u nd er dark con ditions.  T h is is  inter esting  eviden c e  t h at cou rtsh ipresponses  in  m a le indi vi du a ls are  con tr olledby PPL 2 ab n e u rons in the CNS.  Ours t udy p r ovi des i ns ight fo r  sub sequent st udies focus ing on  sex ual c ircuitmo dulati onby  PPL2ab ne u rons. PMI D:282 94190
Th e ul tra sonicmoto r ,  inve nted  i n 1 980, util i z es th ep iez oele ctric  e ffec t in theu ltrasoni c f r equency  r ang e to pro v id e the motive  fo rce.( I n conventi o nale le c tricmotors  the m otive f o rce  i s elect rom a g netic.) T he result isamoto r with u nu sual ly  go od  low-speed high -torqueand powe r - to-wei ght char a cteris ti cs. It has a lread yf ound ap p l ica tions i n  ca mer a a utof ocu s me c hanisms, medical equipme nt s ubjec t  to  high  magn et ic field s , an d motori z ed car access ories. Its appl i cat i onswil l  i nc rease asdes i gners  bec ome  mor e f amil i a r wi t h it s  u niqu e char acte ri st ics. This 
 male_dummy conspecifics_simultaneously. Thus, how chemical_exposure impacts_behavioral_consistency and_whether_individuals differ in_their sensitivity to_exposure was assessed. Overall_aggression was reduced_after_fluoxetine administration while courtship was unaffected. Fluoxetine affected behavioral consistency towards both the male_and_female, with_individuals_behaving_less consistently to the male_and more consistently to the_female. In_addition, males appeared to differ in their sensitivity_to_fluoxetine exposure as_not all males reduced their aggression after administration. This_has important implications for studying the_effects of unintended_pharmaceutical_exposure._Exposure may have evolutionary_implications as it may influence both_territorial defense and mating success. In_sum, these findings demonstrate that pharmaceutical exposure_may alter more than just overall_level of behavior and stress_the importance_of examining the effects of_exposure on an_individual level.

The_neurology of male_sexuality has been poorly studied owing_to difficulties in_studying brain circuitry in humans. Dopamine_(DA)_is essential for_both_physiological_and behavioural_responses, including the_regulation_of sexuality._Previous_studies have revealed that alterations in_DA_synthesis in dopaminergic neurons can induce male-male_courtship behaviour, while increasing_DA_levels in the protocerebral_posteriolateral dopaminergic cluster neuron 2ab_(PPL2ab) may enhance the intensity of_male courtship_sustainment in_Drosophila. Here we report that changes in the ability of the_PPL2ab in the central nervous system_(CNS) to produce DA_strongly impact_male-male_courtship in D._melanogaster._Intriguingly, the_DA-synthesizing abilities of these neurons appear to_affect both_the courting activities displayed by male_flies and the sex_appeal_of male flies for other male_flies. Moreover, the observed male-male courtship_is triggered primarily by target_motion,_yet_chemical cues can replace visual_input under dark conditions. This is_interesting evidence that_courtship responses in male individuals are controlled_by_PPL2ab neurons in the CNS. Our_study_provides insight for subsequent studies focusing_on_sexual_circuit modulation by PPL2ab neurons._PMID:28294190

The ultrasonic motor, invented in 1980,_utilizes the piezoelectric effect in the ultrasonic frequency range_to provide the_motive force. (In conventional electric_motors_the_motive force is electromagnetic.) The result is a motor with_unusually good_low-speed high-torque and_power-to-weight characteristics. It has already found applications in camera autofocus_mechanisms, medical equipment subject to high magnetic_fields, and motorized car accessories. Its applications will increase as designers_become more familiar with its unique characteristics. This