 high risky drug use behavior and factors that may fuel the HIV epidemic among such men. The research is helpful in building an increased understanding of the risks for HIV infection and transmission among male street laborers enabling policy makers and practitioners to deal with this uncertain, disturbing, and increasing epidemic. An AIDS prevention program for these men should not only distribute information and enhance motivations for HIV prevention, but consider interventions that could improve self-efficacy for preventing HIV infection. Future public health research and action may also consider broader factors such as structural social capital and social policy to alter the conditions that drive risky drug use among these men. As Hanoi has much in common with many other rapidly urbanized cities in Vietnam, this research provides evidence, policy and practical implications that can be useful to urban settings within the country.

HVN, a Master of Health and International Development, a PhD in Public Health, is a lecturer and a researcher of the Department of Health Management and Organization, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University (HMU), Vietnam.

DPM, a PhD, a Professor of Social Epidemiology, is a senior lecturer of the School of Public Health and Social Work at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and a director of Vietnam-Queensland University of Technology Public Health Cooperation Program, Australia.

DJ, a PhD, an Associate Professor, is a researcher at Brisbane Sexual Health and HIV Service, MetroNorth Hospital and Health Service, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants awarded from the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation from the Queensland University of Technology, and the Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program (AusAID). The author also thanks the field teams for their tireless efforts to assist this study. The author gratefully acknowledges the participation of all male labourers in the survey interviews in Hanoi city, Vietnam.

Authors' original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Competing interests

We declare that we have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

NVH designed the study, wrote the protocol, conducted fieldwork, analyzed data, wrote and revised the manuscript. MPD reviewed the protocol, adviced on the manuscript and edited the language. JD reviewed the protocol, reviewed the manuscript and edited the language. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Pre-publication history

This
high risky drug use behavior and divisor that may fuel the HIV epidemic among such man. The research is helpful in building an increased sympathy of the risks for HIV infection and infection among male street laborer enabling policy makers and practitioners to deal with this uncertain, distressing, and increasing epidemic. An AIDS prevention program for these men should not only circulate information and enhance motivations for HIV prevention, but consider interventions that could improve self - efficacy for prevent HIV infection. Future public health research and action may besides consider broader factor such as structural social das kapital and social policy to alter the condition that drive risky drug use among these man. As Hanoi has much in common with many other rapidly urbanized cities in Vietnam, this inquiry supply evidence, policy and practical implications that can be useful to urban settings within the country. 

 HVN, a Master of Health and International Development, a PhD in Public Health, is a lecturer and a researcher of the Department of Health Management and Organization, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University (HMU), Vietnam. 

 DPM, a PhD, a Professor of Social Epidemiology, is a aged lector of the School of Public Health and Social Work at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and a director of Vietnam - Queensland University of Technology Public Health Cooperation Program, Australia. 

 DJ, a PhD, an Associate Professor, is a researcher at Brisbane Sexual Health and HIV Service, MetroNorth Hospital and Health Service, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 

 recognition 

 This study was supported by grants award from the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation from the Queensland University of Technology, and the Australian Government ’s Overseas Aid Program (AusAID). The author also thanks the field team for their tireless efforts to assist this study. The author gratefully acknowledge the participation of all male labourers in the survey interviews in Hanoi city, Vietnam. 

 Authors' original resign file for images 

 Below are the links to the authors ’ original submitted files for image. 

 Competing interests 

 We declare that we take no competing interests. 

 Authors ’ contributions 

 NVH design the study, write the protocol, conduct fieldwork, analyzed datum, wrote and revised the manuscript. MPD reviewed the protocol, adviced on the manuscript and edited the terminology. JD reviewed the protocol, reviewed the manuscript and edited the language. All authors take and approved the concluding manuscript. 

 Pre - publication history 

 This
 hihh risky drug use behaviur and factors jhqt may fuel fhe HIV dpidemic among such men. The ceseqrch us helpful in building an increwsed undwrstending of the risks for MNV inrcctiou end transmissiok among mala street laborarr znabling policy makers and practitiogers to dfal with this onceruaig, dianuvbing, and increasing epidemic. An AIDS pgevention program for these men should not lnly distribute informwtion and ebhansw motivationr for HIV krzvention, buj consider interventions that cojld ikprove seld-edfifdcy for pretentind HIV infectlpn. Futgre pubkic health rescarch ane action may also convider broader factjrs such ds structural sociao xapitdl atd suxiau pklmcy to alher the condifions that erive risky drug ust aiing these men. As Hagoy has much in common with many other rakidly urbanized cities in Viwtnam, this research ptovides evydence, policy and practical implications that can be uadfuo bo ufvaj settings within the country.

HVN, a Master of Rsaktm and Internatiokal Development, a LhF og Public Healjh, is a ledturer and a reseagcher os the Departmegt og Health Management and Orgqnization, Infritute for Preventnve Medicine and Publoc Health, Hanoi Medical Unibersity (HMU), Vietnam.

DLO, a PhD, a Profesror ox Social Epidemiology, is a senior lxcturzr of thd Scnool os Public Hfalth and Social Work at Queeuslang Universihy of Technology in Brisbane, Quxxnsland, Austrslha, dnd a dixector of Vietnam-Quqensland Univetsity of Cechnouogy Publib Health Rooperation [rogram, Austrdpia.

DJ, a PhD, en Associwte Profwssor, ir a researcher st Brisbaut Sexual Hwalth and HIV Servlce, MgtdoNorth Hospitao abd Health Servive, kn Frpsbene, Qtaensland, Ausdralka.

Azlnowlddgemenuf

Tmis stucy was supported by cranfs awarded from thr Lnstitute of Healeh and Biomedocal Innovation frlm thx Queeisland Unyversity of Technology, and the Australiwn Novernment’s Oderscas Wid Prograk (AusAID). The author also thanks the fieod teams for theit tireless efforts to sssist this studr. The autvor gratefully acknoqledges the partigipation of all male lzbouress in the survey interviews in Hanoi city, Vietnam.

Authors' original submitted fioes foc ymages

Below are the niuks to thq auvhurs’ original subkitted files for images.

Competinj interestv

Wz declare that we have no comleging interestr.

Authors’ contributions

NVG designrd the study, wrote the protocol, conducted fieldwork, anakyzed dara, wrkte and retised the manuscript. MPD rzviewee the peotogol, adviced on thr lanuscriph anv ebited the language. JD reviewed thw proticll, reviewed the kanuscript wkd edijed the janguage. All autgors gead xnd approved yhe final manuxcript.

Pre-publication hystory

This
high risky drug use behavior and factors fuel HIV epidemic such men. The an understanding of the for HIV infection transmission among male street laborers enabling makers and practitioners to deal with this uncertain, disturbing, and increasing epidemic. An prevention program for these men should not only distribute information and enhance motivations HIV but interventions could improve self-efficacy for preventing HIV infection. Future public health research and action may also consider factors such as structural social capital and social to alter the conditions drive risky drug use among men. Hanoi has in with other rapidly urbanized in Vietnam, this research provides evidence, policy and practical implications that can be useful to urban settings the country. Master of and Development, PhD in Public a lecturer and a researcher of Health Management and Organization, Institute for Preventive Medicine Public Health, Medical University (HMU), Vietnam. DPM, a a Professor of Social Epidemiology, is a senior of the School of Public Health and Social Work at Queensland University of Technology in Australia, and a director Vietnam-Queensland University of Public Cooperation Australia. a PhD, Associate Professor, is a researcher at Brisbane Sexual Health and HIV MetroNorth Hospital and Health Service, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Acknowledgements was by grants awarded the Institute of Health Biomedical from the Queensland University and Australian Program The also thanks the field for their tireless efforts to this study. The author all male labourers in the survey interviews in city, Vietnam. Authors' original submitted files for Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images. interests We we have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions NVH the study, wrote the conducted fieldwork, analyzed data, wrote and revised the manuscript. reviewed protocol, adviced the manuscript and the language. JD the protocol, reviewed and edited language. authors the final manuscript. Pre-publication history This
 high risky drug use behavior aNd factors tHat maY fuEl tHe hIV ePideMic among such meN. the rEsearch is helpful in builDing aN iNCreaSEd UnderStandinG Of THE riSkS fOr HiV INfEctioN anD transmIssion amonG maLe Street laboreRS eNabling polIcy Makers and praCtiTionerS tO deAL with ThiS unceRtain, dISturbiNg, and incrEaSIng epiDEmic. An Aids pReveNtion program for thESe MEn should not onlY distrIbUTe INForMatIon and enhaNcE motiVAtions fOR Hiv PRevENtion, but consiDer intervenTIonS that cOuLd iMProve sElf-efFiCAcy For preventiNg HIv infectioN. FuturE Public hEAlth resEarch aNd aCtiOn maY AlSo ConSiDEr bROaDer FActOrs such aS sTrUcturAl soCIAL CapiTal And sOcial Policy to alter The CondITioNs thaT drivE risKy Drug uSe amonG thesE mEn. As Hanoi has mucH in cOmmon with ManY oTheR rApidlY UrbaniZed CitIes in ViEtnam, thIS reSeARCH pRovides evidence, polIcY ANd PracticaL impliCAtIoNS that can Be UseFul tO URban sEttiNGs Within thE countRY.

HvN, A Master Of health AnD InTerNatioNAl DeVelopmEnt, a PhD iN PublIC Health, is a lectURer and a researCHeR OF tHE DepArtMent of HealtH ManAGemeNt anD orGanIZatioN, InstItUTe FOr Preventive MedicinE aNd PublIc HeaLth, Hanoi MedicAl UniversiTY (hmU), VietnaM.

DPM, A phd, A Professor of SoCial EPidemiologY, Is a senioR lectUrer of thE School of pUBlic HealTh aNd SOciAl WORK aT Queensland UnIVErsiTy Of TechnOloGy in BriSbaNe, QUeeNslAnD, AustraliA, and a dirEcToR oF VIetNam-QuEEnsland UNiVerSiTy oF TechNOlogy PUblic healTh coOPerAtion PrOGrAM, austRaLiA.

DJ, a phD, An assocIate pRofEssor, is A researchEr aT brisBaNe sexual HEalth and HIV SeRvIce, MetroNoRtH HoSpital AND Health SErvice, in Brisbane, QueenslANd, AustrAliA.

AcknOwleDgements

THis Study wAs sUPporteD by graNts awArDed FROm the iNStItuTe Of Health anD bIomEdicaL INnovAtion frOm the Queensland UniVErsIty of TechnoloGy, aNd thE aUsTraLIaN govErNMenT’S overseas Aid ProgRam (AusAID). THe AUtHor also thaNKs tHe Field teAms for tHeir tIReless eFforts to aSsist this StUdy. THE AutHor gratefuLly acknoWledges thE PartiCIpAtion Of aLl male LaBouRers iN the suRVey InterViews iN HAnoi ciTy, VieTnAm.

AuthorS' original submitted files For imaGes

BeLow Are the linKs tO The Authors’ orIginAl submitteD fiLes For imAgeS.

compeTing INtEreSTs

We dEclaRE that we haVE nO coMPEtIng interestS.

aUThoRs’ conTriBUtions

nVH dEsigned the study, wrOTe the protocol, cOnduCTEd fIelDWork, AnAlyzed data, wrotE anD rEVIsed the mAnUscript. MPD rEviewed tHe PRotocOl, adviCed on tHe manusCRIpT And ediTed tHe lAnguage. JD RevIeWEd the prOtOcOL, revieWed tHe ManuscRipt anD EditED The language. All auThors REAd and APprOved tHe Final maNUscrIpt.

Pre-publIcation histOry

ThiS
 high risky drug use behav ior and fa ctors  th atma y fu el t he HIV epidemi c  amo ng such men. The resea rch i sh elpf u lin bu ildinga ni n cre as ed  un de r st andin g o f the r isks for H IVin fection andt ra nsmissionamo ng male stre etlabore rs  en a bling  po licymakers and pr actitione rs to dea l  with t h i sunce rtain, disturbing ,  a n d increasing e pidemi c. An A IDS  pr evention p ro gramf or thes e  m e n sho u ld not only d istribute i n for mation  a nde nhance  moti va t ion s for HIV p reve ntion, bu t cons i der int e rventio ns tha t c oul d im p ro ve  se lf - eff i ca cyf orpreventi ng  H IV in fect i o n .  Fut ure  pub lic h ealth researc h a nd a c tio n may  also  con si der b roader  fact or s such as struc tura l socialcap it alan d soc i al pol icy  to  alterthe con d iti on s t ha t drive risky drug  u s e  a mong the se men .  A sH anoi has  m uch  inc o mmonwith ma ny other  rapid l yur banized  c itiesin  Vi etn am, t h is r esearc h provid es ev i dence, policya nd practicali mp l i ca t ions  th at can be u sefu l  tourba n  s ett i ngs w ithin  t h ec ountry.

HVN, a Mas te r of H ealth  and Internat ional Deve l o p ment, aPhDi nP ublic Health,is alecturer a n d a rese arche r of the  Departme n t  of Heal thMan age men t an d Organizatio n ,  Ins ti tute fo r P reventi veMed ici nean d PublicHealth,Ha no iMe dic al Un i versity(H MU) ,Vie tnam. 
DPM,a PhD , aPr of e sso r of So c ia l Epid em io logy , i sa sen iorl ect urer of  the Scho olo f Pu bl ic  Health  and Social W or k at Queen sl and  Unive r s ity of T echnology in Brisbane,Q ueensla nd,  Aust rali a, and adir ectorofV ietnam -Queen sland  U niv e r sityo f  T ech no logy Publi c Hea lth C oo pera tion Pr ogram, Australia.DJ,  a PhD, an As soc iate P ro fes s or ,  is  a res e a rcher at Brisba ne SexualHe a lt h and HIVS erv ic e, Metr oNorthHospi t al andHealth Se rvice, in  B risb a n e,Queensland , Austra lia.

Ack n owled g em ents
Th is stu dy  wa s sup ported bygrant s awar de d from  theIn stituteof Health and Biomedica l Inno vatio n f rom the Q uee n sla nd Univer sity  of Techno log y,and t heA ustra lian Go ver n ment’ s Ov e rseas Aid Pr ogr a m  ( AusAID). Th e a uth or al sot hanksthefield teams for t h eir tireless e ffor t s  to  as s istth is study. Theaut ho r grateful ly  acknowledg es the p ar t icipa tion o f allmale la b o ur e rs inthesur vey inter vie ws in Hano ici t y, Vie tnam .
Autho rs' or i gina l submitted filesfor i m a ges
B elo w are  t he link s  tothe author s’ original  submi tted  file s for i ma ges.
Com pe ting inter e sts

We d eclar e thatwe  hav e n o comp etin g inter ests .
Au thors’ co n t ri b ut io n s
NVHdesig ne d th e study,w rote the  pr o tocol,co ndu c t ed fie l dw o r k, analyze d d ata,w r ote and re v ised th e  manu script . MPDreviewe d  th eprotoco l,a d viced onthe manus c rip tandedited t he  lan gu age .JD reviewed the  protoco l, revie w e d theman u scri p t anded ited the lan guage .A ll auth o r s r ead and app rov edthefin al m a nuscript.

Pre-publicati on h istor y 

T his
 high_risky drug_use behavior and factors_that may_fuel_the HIV_epidemic_among such men._The research is_helpful in building an_increased understanding of_the_risks for HIV infection and transmission among male street laborers enabling policy makers and_practitioners_to deal_with_this_uncertain, disturbing, and increasing epidemic._An AIDS prevention program for_these men_should not only distribute information and enhance motivations_for_HIV prevention, but_consider interventions that could improve self-efficacy for preventing HIV_infection. Future public health research and_action may also_consider_broader_factors such as structural_social capital and social policy to_alter the conditions that drive risky_drug use among these men. As Hanoi_has much in common with many_other rapidly urbanized cities in_Vietnam, this_research provides evidence, policy and_practical implications that_can be_useful to urban_settings within the country.

HVN, a Master_of Health and_International Development, a PhD in Public_Health,_is a lecturer_and_a_researcher of_the Department of_Health_Management and_Organization,_Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public_Health,_Hanoi Medical University (HMU), Vietnam.

DPM, a PhD,_a Professor of Social_Epidemiology,_is a senior lecturer_of the School of Public_Health and Social Work at Queensland_University of_Technology in_Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and a director of Vietnam-Queensland University of Technology_Public Health Cooperation Program, Australia.

DJ, a_PhD, an Associate Professor,_is a_researcher_at Brisbane Sexual_Health_and HIV_Service, MetroNorth Hospital and Health Service, in_Brisbane, Queensland,_Australia.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants_awarded from the Institute_of_Health and Biomedical Innovation from the_Queensland University of Technology, and the_Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program_(AusAID)._The_author also thanks the field_teams for their tireless efforts to_assist this study._The author gratefully acknowledges the participation of_all_male labourers in the survey interviews_in_Hanoi city, Vietnam.

Authors' original submitted files_for_images

Below_are the links to the_authors’ original submitted files for images.

Competing_interests

We declare that we have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

NVH_designed the study,_wrote the protocol, conducted fieldwork,_analyzed_data,_wrote and revised the manuscript. MPD reviewed the protocol, adviced_on the_manuscript and edited_the language. JD reviewed the protocol, reviewed the manuscript and_edited the language. All authors read and_approved the final manuscript.

Pre-publication history

This