 causal link between alcohol consumption and negative outcomes even though comparisons were made between the groups after statistically controlling for many variables.

In our study, moderate drinkers had better preintervention scores than nondrinkers on the WOMAC function and total scores and the Harris hip score. Postoperatively, we did not find differences among the groups in self-reported measures or clinical scores. Our results regarding preintervention alcohol consumption and health status measures confirm previous investigations [6-8, 13, 18]. Williams et al. [18], using the AUDIT-C questionnaire, observed after adjustments an inverted U-shaped relationship between AUDIT-C categories and all SF-36 scores. Across all health status measures, patients with severe alcohol misuse had poorer statuses than those with mild or moderate levels of severity. Di Castelnuovo et al. [6], in a meta-analysis, found consumption of up to four drinks/day in men and two drinks/day in women was inversely associated with total mortality. Espehaug et al. [7], in a matched case-control study with 674 revised hips as cases and 1343 hips as controls (primary), reported the alcohol intake association with revision risk to be J-shaped; the lowest risk was among moderate drinkers and the highest risk was among patients who consumed more than four units/week. Gmel et al. [8] also found the curve depicting the consumption relationship with mortality was influenced by a combination of beneficial and harmful effects. Mukamal et al. [13], in a study on long-term mortality among early survivors of acute myocardial infarction, found, compared with abstainers, patients who consumed fewer than one drink/day had a lower all-cause mortality rate than those who consumed one or more drinks/day.

Regarding changes in scores (preoperative to postoperative), we found nondrinkers had greater mean changes in scores than moderate drinkers on the WOMAC function, pain, and total scores. In other words, after surgery, abstainers obtained greater function and pain improvement. We could not ascertain the actual reasons for this and found no previous description of this particular finding in the literature. We could only speculate that consumption through effects mediated on inflammation or host tissue responses could have hampered a greater pain and functional improvement. This particular finding warrants further investigation making use of longitudinal studies.

We found alcohol consumption was fairly common among younger patients, men, and non-Hispanics. Our results are in agreement with a previous
causal link between alcohol consumption and negative outcomes even though comparison were do between the groups after statistically controlling for many variables. 

 In our report, moderate drinkers had good preintervention scores than nondrinkers on the WOMAC affair and total scores and the Harris pelvis score. Postoperatively, we did not find differences among the groups in self - report measures or clinical score. Our results regarding preintervention alcohol pulmonary tuberculosis and health status measures confirm previous investigation [ 6 - 8, 13, 18 ]. Williams et al. [ 18 ], using the AUDIT - C questionnaire, observed after allowance an inverted uracil - shaped relationship between AUDIT - C categories and all SF-36 scores. Across all health status measure, patients with severe alcohol misuse had poorer statuses than those with meek or moderate levels of severity. Di Castelnuovo et al. [ 6 ], in a meta - analysis, found consumption of up to four drinks / day in men and two drinks / day in woman was inversely associated with total deathrate. Espehaug et al. [ 7 ], in a match case - control study with 674 revise hips as cases and 1343 hips as controls (primary coil), reported the alcohol intake association with revision risk to be J - shaped; the lowest risk was among moderate drinkers and the highest risk was among patients who consumed more than four units / workweek. Gmel et al. [ 8 ] also find the curve depicting the consumption relationship with mortality was charm by a combination of beneficial and harmful effects. Mukamal et al. [ 13 ], in a study on long - condition mortality among early survivors of acute myocardial infarction, discover, compare with abstainers, patients who devour fewer than one beverage / day induce a lower wholly - cause mortality rate than those who consume one or more drinks / sidereal day. 

 Regarding changes in scores (preoperative to postoperative), we discover nondrinkers had greater mean change in scores than moderate drinkers on the WOMAC routine, pain, and total sexual conquest. In other words, after surgery, abstainer obtained greater function and pain improvement. We could not ascertain the actual reasons for this and establish no former description of this particular finding in the literature. We could only speculate that consumption through effects mediated on inflammation or horde tissue responses could have hampered a greater annoyance and functional improvement. This especial finding warrants further investigation make use of longitudinal studies. 

 We found alcohol pulmonary tuberculosis was fairly common among younger patients, men, and non - Hispanics. Our results are in agreement with a previous
 caksal link between alcohou consumption aue negavive oufcomes exen though comparisons were laee beuceen the groups aftef statistpcally cobtroooing for mehy variables.

Ih our wtudy, moderate drinkers vad better prehngexvention scores than nondrinkers on ehe WOMSC function and jotal fcorss and the Harris hip score. Postopsrativeny, we did not find differences among thf grlups in self-reportfd measures or soinical scords. Our reslnts regardjng preintervention alcohol conrumptnon and heaoty shdtus measurxs consirm previous investhgationx [6-8, 13, 18]. Williams ct al. [18], uwing the AUDIT-C questmonnaire, observed afjer adjustkeuts an inverted U-shapwd relajionsvip cwtwden ANDIF-C catfgocies and alm SF-36 scores. Across all health xtwnis measures, latienes with severe alcohol misuse had poorer vtafuses than those with muld or moderate leveld of sevewity. Di Castelnuovo et al. [6], in a meta-analysis, foung conajmpuiin of yp to four drinks/day in men and two drinks/day ig wpmvn was inversely cssociated with yohak mortality. Eskehaug zf zl. [7], in a matched cwse-conttol stydy with 674 revosed hips as cases and 1343 hipw as controlf (primary), reported che alcohol nntake assoviation with revision rnsk to be J-shaped; the loweag risk was among mocesate drinkers and the highqst risk xas akong pagienjs who sonsumed mlre tmdn four units/week. Hmel gt al. [8] also founf the curve depicting the consumption relatiomsvip with moxtalitn was influenceq by a combinajion of bznefickal and hagmful effxcts. Mukamal et al. [13], in a vjudy on long-txrm mortajity amobg earlh survivors of scute myobaxdial infqrction, found, compered sith abstainers, pauiwnts who consuked fereg tian oga drink/day hdd a lodrr alu-cause mortclkty tate than those who wonshmed one or more dtikks/day.

Regqrding cranges in scotes (preoperative tl posvoperavive), wr fjund nondrinkers had greater msan changfs ln scores thag moeerate drinkzrs on the WOMAC function, pain, and total scores. In other wirds, after surgery, cbxtainers obvained greater xunction and pain improvement. We coulc not ascertain the adtual seasojs for this and found no previous description of this particular finding un the literature. Se cpuld mnjv specujate vhat consumption nhrough effects mediated on inflemmation os kost tissue responses could hsvd hampered a ereater pain and functiohal imprpvement. This particular finding warrants further investlgation mqking use of loigitudinal studies.

We found alcoyol conwumpbion was fairlh cpmlon among youigex patients, men, and non-Hispanics. Oyr resylhs are in agreemxnt with a pveyious
causal link between alcohol consumption and negative though were made the groups after In study, moderate drinkers better preintervention scores nondrinkers on the WOMAC function and scores and the Harris hip score. Postoperatively, we did not find differences among groups in self-reported measures or clinical scores. Our results regarding preintervention alcohol consumption health measures previous [6-8, 13, 18]. Williams et al. [18], using the AUDIT-C questionnaire, observed after adjustments an inverted relationship between AUDIT-C categories and all SF-36 scores. all health status measures, with severe alcohol misuse had statuses those with or levels severity. Di Castelnuovo al. [6], in a meta-analysis, found consumption of up to four drinks/day in men and two drinks/day women was with total Espehaug al. in a matched with 674 revised hips as cases as controls (primary), reported the alcohol intake association revision risk be J-shaped; the lowest risk was moderate drinkers and the highest risk was among who consumed more than four units/week. Gmel et al. [8] also found the curve depicting relationship with mortality was by a combination beneficial harmful Mukamal al. [13], a study on long-term mortality among early survivors of acute myocardial found, compared with abstainers, patients who consumed fewer than one a all-cause mortality rate those who consumed one more Regarding changes in scores postoperative), found mean in than moderate drinkers on WOMAC function, pain, and total In other words, after and pain improvement. We could not ascertain the reasons for this and found no previous of this particular finding in the literature. We could only speculate that through effects inflammation or host tissue responses could have hampered greater pain and functional This particular finding warrants further investigation making use of studies. found alcohol was fairly common younger patients, men, non-Hispanics. Our results agreement with previous
 causal link between alcohol cOnsumption And neGatIve OuTcomEs evEn though comparISons Were made between the grouPs aftEr STatiSTiCally ControlLInG FOr mAnY vAriAbLEs.

in our StuDy, moderAte drinkerS haD bEtter preinteRVeNtion scoreS thAn nondrinkerS on The WOMaC FunCTion aNd tOtal sCores aND the HaRris hip scOrE. postopERativelY, WE dId noT find differences aMOnG The groups in selF-reporTeD MeASUreS or Clinical scOrEs. Our REsults rEGaRDINg pREintervention Alcohol consUMptIon and HeAltH Status MeasuReS ConFirm previouS invEstigatioNs [6-8, 13, 18]. WillIAms et al. [18], USing the aUDIT-C QueStiOnnaIRe, ObSerVeD AftER aDjuSTmeNts an invErTeD U-shaPed rELATIonsHip BetwEen AUdIT-C categorieS anD all sf-36 scOres. ACross All hEaLth stAtus meAsureS, pAtients with seveRe alCohol misuSe hAd PooReR statUSes thaN thOse With milD or modeRAte LeVELS oF severity. Di CastelnUoVO Et Al. [6], in a metA-analySIs, FoUNd consumPtIon Of up TO Four dRinkS/DaY in men anD two drINkS/dAy in womEn Was invErSelY asSociaTEd wiTh totaL mortaliTy. EspEHaug et al. [7], in a matCHed case-controL StUDY wITh 674 reVisEd hips as casEs anD 1343 Hips As coNTrOls (PRimarY), repoRtED tHE alcohol intake assocIaTion wiTh revIsion risk to be j-shaped; the LOWEst risk wAs amONg MOderate drinkerS and tHe highest rISk was amoNg patIents who Consumed mORE than fouR unIts/WeeK. GmEL Et Al. [8] also found thE CUrve DePicting The ConsumpTioN reLatIonShIp with morTality waS iNfLuEnCed By a coMBination Of BenEfIciAl and HArmful EffecTs. MuKaMaL Et aL. [13], in a stuDY oN LOng-tErM mOrtaLitY aMong eArly SUrvIvors of Acute myocArdIAl inFaRcTion, fouNd, compared witH aBstainers, pAtIenTs who cONSumed fewEr than one drink/day had a loWEr all-caUse MortaLity Rate than tHosE who coNsuMEd one oR more dRinks/DaY.

ReGARding CHAnGes In Scores (preoPERatIve to PoStopErative), We found nondrinkers HAd gReater mean chaNgeS in sCOReS thAN mODerAtE DriNKErs on the WOMAC fuNction, pain, AnD ToTal scores. IN OthEr Words, afTer surgEry, abSTainers Obtained gReater funCtIon aND PaiN improvemeNt. We coulD not ascerTAin thE AcTual rEasOns for ThIs aNd fouNd no prEVioUs desCriptiOn Of this PartiCuLar findiNg in the literature. We coulD only sPeculAte That consuMptIOn tHrough effEcts Mediated on InfLamMatioN or HOst tiSsue REsPonSEs couLd haVE hampered A GrEatER PaIn and functiONAL imProveMenT. this paRticUlar finding warranTS further investIgatION maKinG Use oF lOngitudinal stuDieS.

WE FOund alcoHoL consumptioN was fairLy COmmon Among yOunger PatientS, MEn, ANd non-HIspaNicS. Our resulTs aRe IN agreemEnT wITh a preViouS
 causal link between alcoh ol consump tionand  ne ga tive  out comes even tho u gh c omparisons were made b etwee nt he g r ou ps af ter sta t is t i cal ly  c ont ro l li ng fo r m any var iables.

I n o ur  study, mode r at e drinkers  ha d better pre int ervent io n s c orestha n non drinke r s on t he WOMACfu n ctiona nd tota l sc ores  and the Harris h i ps core. Postoper ativel y, we d idnot  find diff er ences among t h eg r o ups in self-repor ted measure s  or  clini ca l s c ores.Our r es u lts  regardingprei nterventi on alc o hol con s umption  and h eal thstat u sme asu re s  co n fi rmp rev ious inv es ti gatio ns [ 6 - 8 ,  13,  18 ]. W illia ms et al. [18 ],usin g  th e AUD IT-Cques ti onnai re, ob serve dafter adjustmen ts a n inverte d U -s hap ed  rela t ionshi p b etw een AUD IT-C ca t ego ri e s an d all SF-36 scores .A c ro ss all h ealths ta tu s  measure s,  pa tien t s  with  sev e re  alcohol  misus e  h ad  poorer  s tatuse stha n t hosew ithmild o r modera te le v els of severit y . Di Castelnu o vo e ta l. [ 6],  in a meta- anal y sis,  fou n dcon s umpti on of  u p  t o  four drinks/day in  m en and  twodrinks/day in  women was i n verselyasso c ia t ed with totalmorta lity. Espe h aug et a l. [7 ], in amatched c a s e-contro l s tud y w ith 6 74  revised hips a s ca se s and 1 343  hips a s c ont rol s ( pr imary), r eportedth eal co hol  inta k e associ at ion  w ith  revi s ion ri sk to  beJ- sh a ped ; the l o we s t  ris kwa s am ong  m odera te d r ink ers and  the high est risk  w as  amongpatients whoco nsumed mor etha n four u nits/wee k. Gmel et al. [8] also found t hecurve  dep icting th e c onsump tio n  relat ionshi p wit hmor t a lityw a sinf lu enced by a c omb inati on  ofbenefic ial and harmful ef f ect s. Mukamal et  al . [1 3 ] ,ina  s t udy  o n  lo n g -term mortality  among ear ly su rvivors of acu te  myocar dial in farct i on, fou nd, compa red withab stai n e rs,  patientswho cons umed fewe r  than on e dri nk/ day ha da l owerall-ca u semorta lity r at e than  thos ewho cons umed one or more drinks /day.
Rega rdi ng change s i n  sc ores (pre oper ative to p ost ope rativ e), we fo undn on dri n kershadg reater me a ncha n g es  in scorest h a n m odera ted rinker s on  the WOMAC functi o n, pain, and t otal s cor es. In o th er words, afte r s ur g e ry, abst ai ners obtain ed great er funct ion an d pain  improv e m en t . We c ould  no t ascerta inth e  actual  r ea s ons fo r th is  and f ound n o  pre v i ous descriptionof th i s  part i cul ar fi nd ing int he l iterature.  We could o nly sp ecul ate t hat con su mption  th ro ugh effect s  mediated  on i nflamma ti on o r h ost ti ssue r espon sesco uld  have ham p e re d  a  g r eat er p ain a nd  fun ctional i m provemen t.T his par ti cul a r  findi n gw a rrants fur the r inv e s tigation m a king us e  of l ongitu dinalstudies . 

W efound a lco h o l consump tion wasf air ly  com mon amon gyoun ge r p at ients, men, and  non-His panics.O u r resu lts arei n agre em ent with a p revio us 
 causal_link between_alcohol consumption and negative_outcomes even_though_comparisons were_made_between the groups_after statistically controlling_for many variables.

In our_study, moderate drinkers_had_better preintervention scores than nondrinkers on the WOMAC function and total scores and the_Harris_hip score._Postoperatively,_we_did not find differences among_the groups in self-reported measures_or clinical_scores. Our results regarding preintervention alcohol consumption and_health_status measures confirm_previous investigations [6-8, 13, 18]. Williams et al. [18],_using the AUDIT-C questionnaire, observed after_adjustments an inverted_U-shaped_relationship_between AUDIT-C categories and_all SF-36 scores. Across all health_status measures, patients with severe alcohol_misuse had poorer statuses than those with_mild or moderate levels of severity._Di Castelnuovo et al. [6],_in a_meta-analysis, found consumption of up_to four drinks/day_in men_and two drinks/day_in women was inversely associated with_total mortality. Espehaug_et al. [7], in a matched_case-control_study with 674_revised_hips_as cases_and 1343 hips_as_controls (primary),_reported_the alcohol intake association with revision_risk_to be J-shaped; the lowest risk was_among moderate drinkers and_the_highest risk was among_patients who consumed more than_four units/week. Gmel et al. [8]_also found_the curve_depicting the consumption relationship with mortality was influenced by a combination_of beneficial and harmful effects. Mukamal_et al. [13], in_a study_on_long-term mortality among_early_survivors of_acute myocardial infarction, found, compared with abstainers,_patients who_consumed fewer than one drink/day had_a lower all-cause mortality_rate_than those who consumed one or_more drinks/day.

Regarding changes in scores (preoperative_to postoperative), we found nondrinkers_had_greater_mean changes in scores than_moderate drinkers on the WOMAC function,_pain, and total_scores. In other words, after surgery, abstainers_obtained_greater function and pain improvement. We_could_not ascertain the actual reasons for_this_and_found no previous description of_this particular finding in the literature._We could only speculate that consumption through effects mediated_on inflammation or_host tissue responses could have_hampered_a_greater pain and functional improvement. This particular finding warrants further_investigation making_use of longitudinal_studies.

We found alcohol consumption was fairly common among younger patients,_men, and non-Hispanics. Our results are in_agreement with a previous