 conventional plastics, with the rise of oil prices and concerns over the environment.

The development of bio-plastics in Hopeland was a mental exercise in showing how a developing country might choose and use a strategic industry with large backward and forward linkages, and therefore potentially large spillover effects. The most important thing however, is that the targeted industry must be growing, using varied levels of technology and be technologically dynamic, so that new skills are continuously needed, providing ample opportunities to enter at the low skills end, and then to move up the technological ladder in a continuous fashion. In the process, when sufficient technological capability is accumulated and with parallel institutional development such as protection of intellectual property rights, it can begin to undertake indigenous innovation, jumping up the technological ladder, creating new rungs of its own.

Of course, technological development itself is not sufficient. It is also important for the developing country to be “outward oriented,” to be a part of the international production and R&D network. Otherwise, it will lose important sources of know-how, new technology, and economies of scale.

Only 60 years ago, there was no industry and no highly-educated people in Korea. Today the country is a leading economic powerhouse armed with world-class industries such as Samsung, LG, Hyundai and etc.

In less than 50 years since the end of the Korean War, South Korea has achieved phenomenal rapid development and transformed herself from a poor agrarian country into a leading industrial country.

Transformation that took more than a century to achieve in most nations was shortened to only half the time in Korea. This economic success story became known as the ‘Miracle on the Han River’ and has served as a role model for many developing countries.

What were the major factors behind this ‘miracle’? What are the distinctive characteristics of the Korean people which made this success? Korea’s progress can be attributed to various aspects and features.

The leadership of the president, the Korean bureaucracy and elites, the government’s plans and policies, entrepreneurs and people are all important factors in the making and development of Korea.

Among these various factors, this article particularly expounds on “ppalli ppalli” and “familism”, two important cultural traits of the Korean society which contributed to the development of the nation.

“Ppalli ppalli” can be often translated as “Hurry, hurry” or “Quickly, quickly.” The term is
conventional plastics, with the rise of oil price and concern over the environment. 

 The development of bio - plastics in Hopeland was a mental use in showing how a developing country might choose and practice a strategic diligence with large backward and forward linkages, and therefore potentially large spillover effect. The most important matter however, is that the targeted industry must be growing, using varied levels of technology and be technologically dynamic, so that new skill are continuously needed, providing ample opportunity to enter at the low skill end, and then to travel up the technological ladder in a continuous fashion. In the process, when sufficient technological capability is roll up and with parallel institutional development such as protection of intellectual property rights, it can begin to undertake indigenous innovation, jumping up the technological ladder, creating new rungs of its own. 

 Of course, technological growth itself is not sufficient. It is also important for the modernize area to be “ outward oriented, ” to be a part of the international production and R&D network. Otherwise, it will lose authoritative sources of know - how, new technology, and economies of scale. 

 Only 60 year ago, there was no industry and no highly - educated people in Korea. Today the area is a leading economic power station arm with world - class industries such as Samsung, LG, Hyundai and etc. 

 In less than 50 years since the goal of the Korean War, South Korea has achieved phenomenal rapid development and transformed herself from a hapless agrarian country into a leading industrial country. 

 Transformation that took more than a hundred to achieve in most nations was shortened to only half the time in Korea. This economic success narrative became known as the ‘ Miracle on the Han River ’ and has serve as a role exemplar for many developing nation. 

 What were the major factors behind this ‘ miracle ’? What are the distinctive characteristic of the Korean people which make this success? Korea ’s progress can be attributed to various aspects and features. 

 The leadership of the president, the Korean bureaucracy and elites, the government ’s plan and policies, entrepreneurs and multitude are all important factors in the qualification and development of Korea. 

 Among these various factors, this article peculiarly expounds on “ ppalli ppalli ” and “ familism ”, two important cultural traits of the Korean society which contributed to the development of the nation. 

 “ Ppalli ppalli ” can be often translate as “ Hurry, hurry ” or “ Quickly, quickly. ” The term is
 cojventional plastics, with the rise of oil pricev and doncerns over the environment.

The devxlopnent if bio-plastics in Hopeuand was w mental execcise in showing how a dcrelopjkg cobnvry might choosg and use a vtrategic induvtfy with large backward and forward ligkages, snf therefore pojentisjly marge spillover effects. The most ijportanu thing however, is that the targeted industrj mudt be growing, usinh varied lecels if technologh and be ttcknologicalli dynamic, so that new skills are contnnuously negbwd, otoviding ampoe opiortunities to enter dt the kow skills end, anv thwn to move up the tecinological ladder in a contingobs fashion. In the proxews, whgn suxfickwnt tedhiolkgical ca'ability is accumulatee and with parallel igwtitutional dsvelopiegt such as protection of intellectual pgopedty rights, it can begin to undertake indigenlus innovwtion, jumping up the technological ladder, creatinc new funyw of krs own.

Of course, technological development itsels ix kot sufficient. Ib is also importany vot the developivg couufrg to be “outward orlented,” jo be q part of the international production abd R&D networh. Otherwise, it will lose imporcant spurcex of know-how, new technouogy, and economles of sczue.

Only 60 years agu, tmera was no industry and no hyghly-educeted 'eople iv Kotea. Todwy the coujtry lv a leading economlc pocerhogse armed aith world-class industries such as Samsung, LG, Hfungai and ztc.

In kess than 50 yewrs since the gnd of thz Korexn War, Sounh Korea ias achieved phenomenal rdkid developmeit and trwnsfirmee herseuw from a poor sgrarian bobntry inti a leading industvial zkuntry.

Transformcuiob that took morr tfan a cxnturr to achieve hn must matiovs was shorbendd tp only half the time in Iorea. This economiv fuccess wtory besame known as the ‘Miracle on tht Han Civer’ end hax sgrved as a role model for many sevelopinh cjuntries.

What werc thg major faccors behind this ‘miracle’? What are the diwtinctive charactgristics of the Koreau keople which kade ehis succass? Korea’s progress xan be attributed to various aspects ahd feadures.

Hhe leadership of the president, the Korean bureaucracy and elites, the govwrnmenv’s plans and lolivies, vntxepxeneurs and 'eople are all imiortant factors in the making anv developmanc of Korea.

Among these various fxctors, this atticle particularly expounss on “ppslli ppalli” and “familism”, two imlortant cultural traits pf the Kirean socieni wiich contributed to yhe derelopmwnt of rhe kation.

“Ppalli poalki” can be ovten txanslated as “Hurry, hurry” or “Quickoy, quixkpy.” The term is
conventional plastics, with the rise of oil concerns the environment. development of bio-plastics exercise showing how a country might choose use a strategic industry with large and forward linkages, and therefore potentially large spillover effects. The most important thing is that the targeted industry must be growing, using varied levels of technology be dynamic, that skills are continuously needed, providing ample opportunities to enter at the low skills end, and then move up the technological ladder in a continuous In the process, when technological capability is accumulated and parallel development such protection intellectual rights, it can to undertake indigenous innovation, jumping up the technological ladder, creating new rungs of its own. Of course, development itself sufficient. It also for developing country to oriented,” to be a part of and R&D network. Otherwise, it will lose important of know-how, technology, and economies of scale. Only years ago, there was no industry and no people in Korea. Today the country is a leading economic powerhouse armed with world-class industries Samsung, LG, Hyundai and In less than years the of Korean War, Korea has achieved phenomenal rapid development and transformed herself from a agrarian country into a leading industrial country. Transformation that took a to achieve in nations was shortened to half time in Korea. This story known on Han and has served as role model for many developing What were the major are the distinctive characteristics of the Korean people made this success? Korea’s progress can be to various aspects and features. The leadership of the president, the Korean and elites, plans and policies, entrepreneurs and people are all factors in the making development of Korea. Among these various factors, this article expounds “ppalli ppalli” “familism”, two important traits of the society which contributed development of nation. ppalli” translated as “Hurry, hurry” or “Quickly, The is
 conventional plastics, with tHe rise of oiL pricEs aNd cOnCernS oveR the environmenT.

the dEvelopment of bio-plasticS in HoPeLAnd wAS a MentaL exerciSE iN SHowInG hOw a DeVElOping CouNtry migHt choose anD usE a Strategic indUStRy with largE baCkward and forWarD linkaGeS, anD ThereForE poteNtiallY Large sPillover eFfECts. The MOst impoRTAnT thiNg however, is that thE TaRGeted industry mUst be gRoWInG, USinG vaRied levels Of TechnOLogy and BE tECHNolOGically dynamiC, so that new sKIllS are coNtInuOUsly neEded, pRoVIdiNg ample oppoRtunIties to enTer at tHE low skiLLs end, anD then tO moVe uP the TEcHnOloGiCAl lADdEr iN A coNtinuous FaShIon. In The pROCESs, whEn sUffiCient Technological CapAbilITy iS accuMulatEd anD wIth paRallel InstiTuTional developmeNt suCh as proteCtiOn Of iNtEllecTUal proPerTy rIghts, it Can begiN To uNdERTAkE indigenous innovatIoN, JUmPing up thE technOLoGiCAl ladder, CrEatIng nEW Rungs Of itS OwN.

Of coursE, technOLoGiCal deveLoPment iTsElf Is nOt sufFIcieNt. It is Also impoRtant FOr the developinG Country to be “ouTWaRD OrIEnteD,” to Be a part of thE intERnatIonaL PrOduCTion aNd R&D nEtWOrK. otherwise, it will lose ImPortanT sourCes of know-how, nEw technoloGY, ANd economIes oF ScALe.

Only 60 years ago, There Was no indusTRy and no hIghly-Educated People in KOREa. Today tHe cOunTry Is a LEAdIng economic poWERhouSe Armed wiTh wOrld-claSs iNduStrIes SuCh as SamsuNg, LG, HyunDaI aNd EtC.

In Less tHAn 50 years sInCe tHe End Of the kOrean WAr, SouTh KoReA hAS acHieved pHEnOMEnal RaPiD devEloPmEnt anD traNSfoRmed herSelf from a PooR AgraRiAn Country Into a leading iNdUstrial couNtRy.

TRansfoRMAtion thaT took more than a century to AChieve iN moSt natIons Was shorteNed To only HalF The timE in KorEa. ThiS eConOMIc sucCESs StoRy Became knowN AS thE ‘MiraClE on tHe Han RiVer’ and has served as a ROle Model for many dEveLopiNG CoUntRIeS.

whaT wERe tHE Major factors behInd this ‘mirAcLE’? WHat are the dIStiNcTive chaRacteriStics OF the KorEan people Which made ThIs suCCEss? korea’s progRess can bE attributED to vaRIoUs aspEctS and feAtUreS.

The lEadersHIp oF the pResideNt, The KorEan buReAucracy aNd elites, the government’s pLans anD poliCieS, entrepreNeuRS anD people arE all Important fActOrs In the MakINg and DeveLOpMenT Of KorEa.

AmONg these vaRIoUs fACToRs, this articLE PArtIculaRly EXpoundS on “pPalli ppalli” and “famILism”, two importaNt cuLTUraL trAIts oF tHe Korean societY whIcH COntributEd To the develoPment of tHe NAtion.

“ppalli Ppalli” Can be ofTEN tRAnslatEd as “hurRy, hurry” or “quiCkLY, quicklY.” THe TErm is
 conventional plastics, wi th the ris e ofoil  pr ic es a nd c oncerns over t h e en vironment.

The develo pment  o f  bio - pl astic s in Ho p el a n d w as  a  me nt a lexerc ise  in sho wing how a  de ve loping count r ymight choo seand use a st rat egic i nd ust r y wit h l argebackwa r d andforward l in k ages,a nd ther e f or e po tentially large s p il l over effects.The mo st im p o rta ntthing howe ve r, is that th e  t a r g ete d  industry mus t be growin g , u sing v ar ied levels  of t ec h nol ogy and betech nological ly dyn a mic, so that ne w skil lsare  con t in uo usl yn eed e d,  pr o vid ing ampl eop portu niti e s t o en ter  atthe l ow skills end , a nd t h ento mo ve up  the  t echno logica l lad de r in a continuo us f ashion. I n t he  pr oc ess,w hen su ffi cie nt tech nologic a l c ap a b i li ty is accumulatedan d wi th paral lel in s ti tu t ional de ve lop ment s uch a s pr o te ction of  intel l ec tu al prop er ty rig ht s,itcan b e ginto und ertake i ndige n ous innovation ,  jumping up t h et e ch n olog ica l ladder, c reat i ng n ew r u ng s o f  itsown.
O f  c o urse, technological  d evelop mentitself is not  sufficien t . It is al so i m po r tant for the d evelo ping count r y to be“outw ard orie nted,” to b e a part  of  th e i nte r n at ional product i o n an dR&D net wor k. Othe rwi se,  it  wi ll  lose imp ortant s ou rc es  o f k now-h o w, new t ec hno lo gy,  ande conomi es of  sca le .Onl y 60 ye a rs a go,th er e wa s n oindus trya ndno high ly-educat edp eopl ein  Korea.  Today the co un try is a l ea din g econ o m ic power house armed with world- c lass in dus tries  suc h as Sams ung , LG,Hyu n dai an d etc. 

Inle sst h an 50 y ea rssi nce the en d ofthe K or eanWar, So uth Korea has achi e ved  phenomenal r api d de v e lo pme n ta ndtr a nsf o r med herself fro m a poor a gr a ri an country int oa leadi ng indu stria l  countr y.

Trans formation  t hatt o okmore thana centur y to achi e ve in mo st na tio ns was  s hor tened  to on l y h alf t he tim ein Kor ea. T hi s econom ic success story became  known  as t he‘Miracleont heHan River ’ an d has serv edasa rol e m o del f or m a ny  de v elopi ng c o untries.Wh atw e re  the majorf a c tor s beh ind this ‘ mira cle’? What are th e  distinctive c hara c t eri sti c s of  t he Korean peop lewh i c h made t hi s success?Korea’spr o gress  can b e attr ibutedt o  v a riousaspe cts  and feat ure s. 
The le ad er s hip of  the  p reside nt, th e  Kor e a n bureaucracy an d eli t e s, th e  go vernm en t’s pla n s an d policies , entrepren eurs a nd p eople  are al limport ant  f actors int he making  anddevelop me nt o f K orea.
Amo n g  thes e va ri ous  factors, t hi s  a rt i cle  par ticul ar ly e xpounds o n  “ppalli  pp a lli” an d“fa m i lism”, tw o importantcul tural t raits of t h e Ko r ea n  soci ety wh ich co ntribut e d t othe dev elo p m ent of th e nation. 
“P pa llippalli”ca n be  o fte ntranslated as “ Hurry, h urry” or “ Quickl y,q uick l y.” Th eterm is
 conventional_plastics, with_the rise of oil_prices and_concerns_over the_environment.

The_development of bio-plastics_in Hopeland was_a mental exercise in_showing how a_developing_country might choose and use a strategic industry with large backward and forward linkages,_and_therefore potentially_large_spillover_effects. The most important thing_however, is that the targeted_industry must_be growing, using varied levels of technology and_be_technologically dynamic, so_that new skills are continuously needed, providing ample opportunities_to enter at the low skills_end, and then_to_move_up the technological ladder_in a continuous fashion. In the_process, when sufficient technological capability is_accumulated and with parallel institutional development such_as protection of intellectual property rights,_it can begin to undertake_indigenous innovation,_jumping up the technological ladder,_creating new rungs_of its_own.

Of course, technological_development itself is not sufficient. It_is also important_for the developing country to be_“outward_oriented,” to be_a_part_of the_international production and_R&D_network. Otherwise,_it_will lose important sources of know-how,_new_technology, and economies of scale.

Only 60 years_ago, there was no_industry_and no highly-educated people_in Korea. Today the country_is a leading economic powerhouse armed_with world-class_industries such_as Samsung, LG, Hyundai and etc.

In less than 50 years since_the end of the Korean War,_South Korea has achieved_phenomenal rapid_development_and transformed herself_from_a poor_agrarian country into a leading industrial country.

Transformation_that took_more than a century to achieve_in most nations was_shortened_to only half the time in_Korea. This economic success story became_known as the ‘Miracle on_the_Han_River’ and has served as_a role model for many developing_countries.

What were the_major factors behind this ‘miracle’? What are_the_distinctive characteristics of the Korean people_which_made this success? Korea’s progress can_be_attributed_to various aspects and features.

The_leadership of the president, the Korean_bureaucracy and elites, the government’s plans and policies, entrepreneurs_and people are_all important factors in the_making_and_development of Korea.

Among these various factors, this article particularly expounds_on “ppalli_ppalli” and “familism”,_two important cultural traits of the Korean society which contributed_to the development of the nation.

“Ppalli ppalli”_can be often translated as “Hurry, hurry” or “Quickly, quickly.” The_term is