89 and 51 g kg−1). The SDS‐PAGE profile showed that ASC and PSC belonged to type I collagen, and PSC contained higher α‐components than ASC. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that those collagens were almost similar in their protein secondary structures. The micrographs showed collagens had a spongy structure, and more pores were obtained in swim bladder than skin. Collagens showed high solubilities in acidic pH ranges. However, the solubilities decreased in the presence of NaCl at concentrations over 20 g kg−1.
Conclusion
Collagens were successfully extracted from the skin and swim bladder of grass carp. These byproducts could serve as an alternative source of collagens for a wide variety of applications in food and nutraceutical industries.PubDate: 2015-02-26T03:42:34.350419-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7154

Authors:Kyong‐Hee Nam; Hee Jae Shin, In‐Soon Pack, Jung‐Ho Park, Ho Bang Kim, Chang‐Gi KimPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Drought induces a number of physiological and biochemical responses in cereals. This study was designed to examine the metabolite changes in grains of drought‐tolerant transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) that over‐expresses AtCYP78A7 encoding cytochrome P450 protein using 1H‐NMR and GC‐MS.
Results
Principal component analysis showed that 1H‐NMR‐based profile was definitely separated by soil‐water status of well‐watered and water‐deficit. A discrimination of metabolites between transgenic and non‐transgenic grains appeared under both watering regimes. Variations in the levels of amino acids and sugars led to the discrimination of metabolites among genotypes. In particular, drought significantly enhanced the levels of γ–aminobutyric acid (244.6%), fructose (155.7%), glucose (211.0%), glycerol (57.2%), glycine (65.8%), and aminoethanol (192.4%) in the transgenic grains compared with the non‐transgenic control grains.
Conclusion
These changes in amounts of metabolites may assist in improving drought tolerance in transgenic rice by playing crucial roles in stress‐responsive pathways including GABA biosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and antioxidant defenses.PubDate: 2015-02-26T02:10:57.238389-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa
89 and 51 g kg−1). The SDS‐PAGE profile showed that ASC and PSC belonged to type I collagen, and PSC control eminent α‐components than ASC. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that those collagens were almost like in their protein secondary structures. The micrographs show collagen had a spongy structure, and more pores were obtained in swim bladder than peel. Collagens showed high solvability in acidic pH image. However, the solubilities decreased in the presence of NaCl at concentrations over 20 g kg−1. 
 Conclusion 
 Collagens were successfully extract from the skin and swim bladder of grass carp. These byproducts could suffice as an alternative source of collagens for a wide assortment of applications in food and nutraceutical industries. PubDate: 2015 - 02 - 26T03:42:34.350419 - 05: DOI: 10.1002 / jsfa.7154 

 Authors: Kyong‐Hee Nam; Hee Jae Shin, In‐Soon Pack, Jung‐Ho Park, Ho Bang Kim, Chang‐Gi KimPages: n / a - n / aAbstract: Background 
 Drought induces a number of physiologic and biochemical responses in cereals. This study was designed to examine the metabolite changes in grain of drought‐tolerant transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) that over‐expresses AtCYP78A7 encoding cytochrome P450 protein using 1H‐NMR and GC‐MS. 
 Results 
 Principal component analysis showed that 1H‐NMR‐based profile was definitely separated by soil‐water status of well‐watered and water‐deficit. A discrimination of metabolite between transgenic and non‐transgenic grain appeared under both lacrimation government. variation in the levels of amino acids and boodle led to the discrimination of metabolites among genotypes. In particular, drought importantly enhanced the levels of γ – aminobutyric acid (244.6 %), fructose (155.7 %), glucose (211.0 %), glycerol (57.2 %), glycine (65.8 %), and aminoethanol (192.4 %) in the transgenic grains compared with the non‐transgenic control grains. 
 Conclusion 
 These changes in amounts of metabolites may assist in improving drought permissiveness in transgenic rice by playing all-important function in stress‐responsive pathways including GABA biosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and antioxidant defenses. PubDate: 2015 - 02 - 26T02:10:57.238389 - 05: DOI: 10.1002 / jsfa
89 anf 51 g kg−1). The SDS‐PAGE proflle showed that CWC and PSC bslonged go type I collagen, and PSC clnrainee higher α‐components thxn ASC. Folrier trabsfocm infrared specvda revealed tgwt tkowe collagens wgre almost shmilar in theis orltein secondary structures. The micrjgraphs sjowed collagenf hac a slongy structure, and more pores wers obtaiied in swim blacder than skin. Collagens sjowef high solubilitied in acidic pH wqnges. Howevef, the solubilities decteased in the presence of NaCl ag coneentrations ocer 20 g kg−1.
Concluwion
Cjllagens werc succevsfully extracted frok tie sjin and swim bladder mf grass carp. Thesg byproducds could serve as ab qltertatiee suyrcd or rolmagens foc a wide vadiety of applications in food snq nutraceuticam induftwies.PubDate: 2015-02-26T03:42:34.350419-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7154

Authors:Kyong‐Hee Nak; Hse Jae Shin, In‐Soon Pack, Jung‐Ho Park, Ho Bang Nim, Chang‐Di KimPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background
Drought induwes a vumycv of phjsiological and biochemical responses in cerewms. Tmis study was defigned to ecalimg the metabolije chanyss in grains of drouhht‐toletant teansgenic ricr (Oryza sativa L.) that over‐ezpresses AtCJP78A7 wncoding cytochromz P450 protein bsing 1N‐NMR snd GC‐MS.
Results
Principau cojponent anapysis shosdd that 1H‐NMR‐basea pgofine was dtwinitely separateq by soil‐xater status of eell‐waeered and aater‐deficit. A discriminwtion ox metabolihes between transgenic and non‐tcensgenic graims apieared unber bobh watering regymes. Variationx in thz leveus of amink acids and sugars led to the dhdcrimination of metafolires qmong gdvotypes. In paryicular, dgobght signuficantly enhanced thg mevels of γ–aminoybtieic acid (244.6%), frucyosd (155.7%), dllcoxe (211.0%), glycerol (57.2%), gnycive (65.8%), snd aoinoethanol (192.4%) in yhe transgenic grainv cojpared with the nom‐tvansgenic control grains.
Concluxion
These changes ln ammunvs of ketwbolites may assist in improvihg droughh tjlerance in eranwgenic rice yy playing crucial roles in stress‐responwive pathways inclyding GABA biosynthgsix, sucrose mxtabolysm, and attioxidant defenses.PybDate: 2015-02-26T02:10:57.238389-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa
89 and 51 g kg−1). The SDS‐PAGE that and PSC to type I α‐components ASC. Fourier transform spectra revealed that collagens were almost similar in their secondary structures. The micrographs showed collagens had a spongy structure, and more pores obtained in swim bladder than skin. Collagens showed high solubilities in acidic pH However, solubilities in presence of NaCl at concentrations over 20 g kg−1. Conclusion Collagens were successfully extracted from the and swim bladder of grass carp. These byproducts serve as an alternative of collagens for a wide of in food nutraceutical 2015-02-26T03:42:34.350419-05:DOI: Authors:Kyong‐Hee Nam; Hee Shin, In‐Soon Pack, Jung‐Ho Park, Ho Bang Kim, Chang‐Gi KimPages: n/a - n/aAbstract: Background Drought induces a of physiological responses in This was to examine the in grains of drought‐tolerant transgenic rice that over‐expresses AtCYP78A7 encoding cytochrome P450 protein using and GC‐MS. Principal component analysis showed that 1H‐NMR‐based was definitely separated by soil‐water status of well‐watered water‐deficit. A discrimination of metabolites between transgenic and non‐transgenic grains appeared under both watering regimes. the levels of amino and sugars led the of among In particular, significantly enhanced the levels of γ–aminobutyric acid (244.6%), fructose (155.7%), glucose glycerol (57.2%), glycine (65.8%), and aminoethanol (192.4%) in the transgenic with non‐transgenic control grains. These changes in amounts metabolites assist in improving drought transgenic by in pathways GABA biosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, antioxidant defenses.PubDate: 2015-02-26T02:10:57.238389-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa
89 and 51 g kg−1). The SDS‐PAGE profile shOwed that ASc and PsC bEloNgEd to Type i collagen, and PSc ContAined higher α‐components Than AsC. fOuriER tRansfOrm infrAReD SPecTrA rEveAlED tHat thOse CollageNs were almoSt sImIlar in their pROtEin secondaRy sTructures. The MicRograpHs ShoWEd colLagEns haD a sponGY strucTure, and moRe POres weRE obtainED In Swim Bladder than skin. CoLLaGEns showed high sOlubilItIEs IN AciDic PH ranges. HoWeVer, thE SolubilITiES DEcrEAsed in the presEnce of NaCl aT ConCentraTiOns OVer 20 g kg−1.
conclUsIOn
COllagens werE sucCessfully ExtracTEd from tHE skin anD swim bLadDer Of grASs CaRp. THeSE byPRoDucTS coUld serve As An AlterNatiVE SOUrce Of cOllaGens fOr a wide varietY of ApplICatIons iN food And nUtRaceuTical iNdustRiEs.PubDate: 2015-02-26T03:42:34.350419-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsFa.7154

AuThors:KyonG‐HeE NAm; HEe jae ShIN, In‐SooN PaCk, JUng‐Ho PaRk, Ho BanG kim, chANG‐gi kimPages: n/a - n/aAbstraCt: bACkGround
DrOught iNDuCeS A number oF pHysIoloGICal anD bioCHeMical resPonses IN cErEals. ThiS sTudy waS dEsiGneD to exAMine The metAbolite cHangeS In grains of drouGHt‐tolerant traNSgENIc RIce (ORyzA sativa L.) thaT oveR‐ExprEsseS atcYP78a7 EncodIng cyToCHrOMe P450 protein using 1H‐NMR AnD GC‐MS.
REsultS
Principal comPonent analYSIS showed tHat 1H‐nmR‐BAsed profile was DefinItely separATed by soiL‐wateR status oF well‐wateRED and wateR‐deFicIt. A DisCRImInation of metaBOLiteS bEtween tRanSgenic aNd nOn‐tRanSgeNiC grains apPeared unDeR bOtH wAteRing rEGimes. VarIaTioNs In tHe levELs of amIno acIds aNd SuGArs Led to thE DiSCRimiNaTiOn of MetAbOliteS amoNG geNotypes. in particuLar, DRougHt SiGnificaNtly enhanced tHe Levels of γ–aMiNobUtyric ACId (244.6%), fructoSe (155.7%), glucose (211.0%), glycerol (57.2%), glycinE (65.8%), And aminOetHanol (192.4%) In thE transgenIc gRains cOmpARed witH the noN‐tranSgEniC COntroL GRaIns.
coNclusion
ThESE chAnges In AmouNts of meTabolites may assist IN imProving droughT toLeraNCE iN trANsGEniC rICe bY PLaying crucial roLes in stresS‐rESpOnsive pathWAys InCluding gABA bioSynthESis, sucrOse metaboLism, and anTiOxidANT deFenses.PubDAte: 2015-02-26T02:10:57.238389-05:DOI: 10.1002/jSfa
89 and 51 g kg−1). The SDS ‐PAGE prof ile s how edth at A SC a nd PSC belonge d  totype I collagen, and P SC co nt a ined hi gherα‐compo n en t s  th an  A SC.  F o ur ier t ran sform i nfrared sp ect ra  revealed th a tthose coll age ns were almo stsimila rint heirpro teinsecond a ry str uctures.Th e  micro g raphs s h o we d co llagens had a spo n gy structure, and  morepo r es w ere  ob tained insw im bl a dder th a ns k i n.C ollagens show ed high sol u bil itiesin  ac i dic pH  rang es .  Ho wever, thesolu bilitiesdecrea s ed in t h e prese nce of  Na Clat c o nc en tra ti o nso ve r 2 0  gkg−1.
Co nc lu sionColl a g e n s we resucc essfu lly extracted  fr om t h e s kin a nd sw im b la dderof gra ss ca rp . These byprodu ctscould ser veas  an  a ltern a tive s our ceof coll agens f o r a  w i d e  v ariety of applicat io n s  i n food a nd nut r ac eu t ical ind us tri es.P u b Date:  201 5 -0 2-26T03: 42:34. 3 50 41 9-05:DO I:  10.10 02 /js fa. 7154Auth ors:Ky ong‐HeeNam;H ee Jae Shin, I n ‐Soon Pack, J u ng ‐ H oP ark,  Ho  Bang Kim,Chan g ‐GiKimP a ge s:n /a -n/aAb st r ac t : Background
Drough tinduce s a n umber of phys iologicala n d  biochem ical re s ponses in cere als.This study was desi gnedto exami ne the me t a bolite c han ges  in  gr a i ns  of drought‐t o l eran ttransge nic  rice ( Ory zasat iva  L .) that o ver‐expr es se sAt CYP 78A7e ncodingcy toc hr ome  P450 protei n usi ng 1 H‐ NM R  an d GC‐MS . 
R e s ults 
P ri ncip alco mpone nt a n aly sis sho wed that1H‐ N MR‐b as ed  profil e was definit el y separate dbysoil‐w a t er statu s of well‐watered and w a ter‐def ici t. Adisc riminatio n o f meta bol i tes be tweentrans ge nic a nd no n ‐ tr ans ge nic grains a ppe aredun derboth wa tering regimes. Va r iat ions in the l eve ls o f am ino ac i dsan d  su g a rs led to the d iscriminat io n  o f metaboli t esam ong gen otypes.  In p a rticula r, drough t signifi ca ntly e nha nced the l evels of  γ–aminob u tyric ac id (2 44. 6%), f ru cto se (1 55.7%) ,  gl ucose  (211. 0% ), gly cerol  ( 57.2%),glycine (65.8%), and am inoeth anol(19 2.4%) inthe tra nsgenic g rain s compared  wi ththe n on‐ t ransg enic co ntr o l gra ins. Conclusio n 
T hes e ch anges in am o u n tsof me tab o litesmayassist in improvi n g drought tole ranc e intra n sgen ic  rice by playi ngcr u c ial role sin stress‐r esponsiv ep athwa ys inc luding  GABA b i o sy n thesis , su cro se metabo lis m, and ant io xi d ant de fens es .PubDa te: 20 1 5-02 - 2 6T02:10:57.23838 9-05: D O I: 10 . 100 2/jsf a
89 and_51 g_kg−1). The SDS‐PAGE profile_showed that_ASC_and PSC_belonged_to type I_collagen, and PSC_contained higher α‐components than_ASC. Fourier transform_infrared_spectra revealed that those collagens were almost similar in their protein secondary structures. The_micrographs_showed collagens_had_a_spongy structure, and more pores_were obtained in swim bladder_than skin._Collagens showed high solubilities in acidic pH ranges._However,_the solubilities decreased_in the presence of NaCl at concentrations over 20_g kg−1.
Conclusion
Collagens were successfully extracted from_the skin and_swim_bladder_of grass carp. These_byproducts could serve as an alternative_source of collagens for a wide_variety of applications in food and nutraceutical_industries.PubDate: 2015-02-26T03:42:34.350419-05:DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7154

Authors:Kyong‐Hee Nam; Hee Jae_Shin, In‐Soon Pack, Jung‐Ho Park,_Ho Bang_Kim, Chang‐Gi KimPages: n/a -_n/aAbstract: Background
Drought induces_a number_of physiological and_biochemical responses in cereals. This study_was designed to_examine the metabolite changes in grains_of_drought‐tolerant transgenic rice_(Oryza_sativa_L.) that_over‐expresses AtCYP78A7 encoding_cytochrome_P450 protein_using_1H‐NMR and GC‐MS.
Results
Principal component analysis showed_that_1H‐NMR‐based profile was definitely separated by soil‐water_status of well‐watered and_water‐deficit._A discrimination of metabolites_between transgenic and non‐transgenic grains_appeared under both watering regimes. Variations_in the_levels of_amino acids and sugars led to the discrimination of metabolites among_genotypes. In particular, drought significantly enhanced_the levels of γ–aminobutyric_acid (244.6%),_fructose_(155.7%), glucose (211.0%),_glycerol_(57.2%), glycine_(65.8%), and aminoethanol (192.4%) in the transgenic_grains compared_with the non‐transgenic control grains.
Conclusion
These changes_in amounts of metabolites_may_assist in improving drought tolerance in_transgenic rice by playing crucial roles_in stress‐responsive pathways including GABA_biosynthesis,_sucrose_metabolism, and antioxidant defenses.PubDate: 2015-02-26T02:10:57.238389-05:DOI:_10.1002/jsfa