, has recently argued for humility about future policy because we lack long-run data about the role of the oceans in climate change: “Precise, comprehensive observations of the oceans are available only for the past few decades.” On the other, historical economist Anil Markandya has shown that environmental regulation in 19th-century Britain did not have “any serious impact on GDP per capita”, overturning the orthodoxy that there is a necessary trade-off between growth and environmental protection. Meanwhile, French historians Sabine Barles and Gilles Billen have examined Paris’s “nitrogen footprint” to show how urban managers there invented sustainable practices for recycling waste in large cities: these are precedents relevant to practice and policy today.

Historical thinking – and not just by those who call themselves historians – can and should inform practice and policy today. The Cambridge-based History & Policy network has been notably successful at creating dialogue between historians and civil servants and at getting its evidence-based position papers on topics such as pension reform, women’s participation in politics and the governance of Northern Ireland into public discussion. Elsewhere, units staffed by trained historians investigate and adjudicate land claims by First Nations people in Canada and by Maoris in New Zealand, leading to radical revisions of the social contract in both countries. And in the recent debates on Scottish independence, the views of historians on the past and the prospects of the union carried unusual weight even if, as Scotland’s leading historian Sir Tom Devine quipped, “the future is not my period”.

History should not be just affirmation, like Michael Gove’s myth of a single “national past”. Nor should it be entertainment: merely something “people enjoy”. It is a critical science for questioning short-term views, complicating simple stories about causes and consequences, and discovering roads not taken. History can upset the established consensus, expand narrow horizons and, in Simon Schama’s words, “keep the powerful awake at night”. In that mission lies the public future of the past.

David Armitage is the Lloyd C Blankfein Professor of History at Harvard University. His new book, co-authored with Jo Guldi, is The History Manifesto (Cambridge University Press). Training

Summary:
The night Jasper taught the Cullens and the wolves to fight the newborns, from different POVs.

Notes:
Written for Eowyn77's POV challenge on Silly Bella's challenge
, has recently argued for humility about future policy because we lack long - run data about the function of the ocean in climate change: “ Precise, comprehensive observations of the ocean are available only for the past few decades. ” On the early, historical economist Anil Markandya has shown that environmental regulation in nineteenth - hundred Britain did not have “ any serious shock on GDP per capita ”, overturning the orthodoxy that there is a necessary trade wind - off between growth and environmental protection. Meanwhile, French historians Sabine Barles and Gilles Billen have examined Paris ’s “ nitrogen footprint ” to show how urban director there invented sustainable practices for recycling barren in large cities: these are precedents relevant to practice and policy today. 

 historic thinking – and not just by those who call themselves historians – can and should inform practice and policy today. The Cambridge - based History & Policy net has been notably successful at creating dialogue between historians and civil servants and at getting its evidence - based stead papers on topics such as pension reform, women ’s participation in politics and the governance of Northern Ireland into public discussion. Elsewhere, units staffed by trained historians investigate and adjudicate domain claims by First Nations people in Canada and by Maoris in New Zealand, lead to extremist revisions of the social contract in both countries. And in the recent argument on Scottish independence, the views of historians on the past and the prospects of the coupling carried unusual weight even if, as Scotland ’s leading historian Sir Tom Devine quipped, “ the future is not my period ”. 

 History should not be precisely affirmation, like Michael Gove ’s myth of a single “ national past ”. Nor should it be entertainment: merely something “ people love ”. It is a critical science for wonder short - term views, complicating simple report about causes and consequences, and discovering roads not taken. History can upset the established consensus, expand minute horizons and, in Simon Schama ’s son, “ keep the knock-down awake at night ”. In that deputation lies the public future of the past. 

 David Armitage is the Lloyd C Blankfein Professor of History at Harvard University. His new book, co - authored with Jo Guldi, is The History Manifesto (Cambridge University Press). train 

 Summary: 
 The night Jasper taught the Cullens and the wolves to fight the newborns, from unlike POVs. 

 Notes: 
 Written for Eowyn77's POV challenge on Silly Bella's challenge
, had recently argued for huoility about fujuee polmcy beczuse we uack long-run data about the cole of tye oceans in climate cfange: “Prebise, compeeheisive observatioia of thc ocezks arz evailable only nor the pasd few decades.” Mn tke other, historical economist Anil Mwrkandys jas shown that envprjnmehnao regulation in 19th-century Brifain div not have “any xerious impact on GDP per fapiha”, overturning the orthodoxy jgat rhere is a ndcessary tgcde-off betwgen growth and environmental progectipn. Meanwhioe, Frftch historiens Safine Barles and Gillas Billrn have examincd Pacis’s “nitrogen footprint” tm show how urban mwnagers tvexe invented sustainaboe pracjices for eechcljnj wzste ij lerge cities: these are precedents relevant tj practice and policr eoday.

Historical thinking – and not just ty fhose who call themselvws historians – can anf should ynform practice and policy today. The Cambridge-basad Hiagorv & Polkxy network has been notably successful at creatyhg dpalogue between hlstorians and civik detdants and at eettiny ifs evidence-based plsition papees on topycs xuch as pension reform, womeb’s participanion in politics and tke governancz of Nprthetn Ireland into public biscusaion. Elsewhfre, units rtaffed by traindd misdorians investigate and adtudicate oand claims by Girst Gations pelple lt Canada and by Malris nn Nef Zealand, peading to radical revisions of the social comtsacn in both counbries. And in thq recent debatgs on Scoctish kndependenbe, the vixws of histowians on the [wst and the 'rospects of rhe ynion cxfried unusual eeight evvn if, qs Scotland’s leadikg hirforian Sir Tom Btvibe quipped, “the gutjre id iot mr period”.

Histosy sfouuc not be jusu anfifmatoon, like Michael Gova’s mgth of a single “nayijnal pasj”. Nor shotld it be entrrtainment: merely dometiing “pxople rnjjy”. It is a critical science fod questiojinn short-term vyews, complicatiny simple stories about causes and conseqnences, and discovering eoads not taken. Hisjorn can upset vhe eseablished consensus, expand naerow horizons and, in Simon Schama’s worss, “kee[ the powerful awake at night”. In that mission lies the public future of the pawt.

Daviv Wrmitage is the Lloyg E Bkankfeyn Pcohessor of History at Harvard University. His new uook, co-autvoxed with Jo Guldi, is The Histprh Manifesto (Cxmbridge University Presa). Trainimg

Summary:
The night Jasper taughy the Cullens and the wokves to dight the nvsburns, from differeny POVs.

Uotes:
Weitten dor Cowyn77's POV chaulemgc on Silly Belka'a challenge
, has recently argued for humility about because lack long-run about the role change: comprehensive observations of oceans are available for the past few decades.” On other, historical economist Anil Markandya has shown that environmental regulation in 19th-century Britain not have “any serious impact on GDP per capita”, overturning the orthodoxy that is necessary between and environmental protection. Meanwhile, French historians Sabine Barles and Gilles Billen have examined Paris’s “nitrogen footprint” show how urban managers there invented sustainable practices recycling waste in large these are precedents relevant to and today. Historical – not by those who themselves historians – can and should inform practice and policy today. The Cambridge-based History & Policy network been notably creating dialogue historians civil and at getting position papers on topics such as participation in politics and the governance of Northern into public Elsewhere, units staffed by trained historians and adjudicate land claims by First Nations people Canada and by Maoris in New Zealand, leading to radical revisions of the social contract countries. And in the debates on Scottish the of on past and prospects of the union carried unusual weight even if, as Scotland’s historian Sir Tom Devine quipped, “the future is not my should be just affirmation, Michael Gove’s myth of single past”. Nor should it merely “people a science questioning short-term views, complicating stories about causes and consequences, discovering roads not taken. consensus, expand narrow horizons and, in Simon Schama’s “keep the powerful awake at night”. In mission lies the public future of the past. David Armitage is the C Blankfein History at Harvard University. His new book, co-authored Jo Guldi, is The Manifesto (Cambridge University Press). Training Summary: The night Jasper the and the to fight the from different POVs. Written for Eowyn77's on Silly challenge
, has recently argued for humilIty about fuTure pOliCy bEcAuse We laCk long-run data aBOut tHe role of the oceans in cliMate cHaNGe: “PrECiSe, comPrehensIVe OBSerVaTiOns Of THe OceanS arE availaBle only for The PaSt few decades.” oN tHe other, hisTorIcal economisT AnIl MarkAnDya HAs shoWn tHat enVironmENtal reGulation iN 19tH-CenturY britain DID nOt haVe “any serious impacT On gdP per capita”, oveRturniNg THe ORThoDoxY that there Is A neceSSary traDE-oFF BEtwEEn growth and enVironmental PRotEction. meAnwHIle, FreNch hiStORiaNs Sabine BarLes aNd Gilles BIllen hAVe examiNEd Paris’S “nitroGen FooTpriNT” tO sHow HoW UrbAN mAnaGErs There invEnTeD sustAinaBLE PRactIceS for RecycLing waste in laRge CitiES: thEse arE precEdenTs RelevAnt to pRactiCe And policy today.

HIstoRical thinKinG – aNd nOt Just bY Those wHo cAll ThemselVes histORiaNs – CAN AnD should inform practIcE ANd Policy toDay. The cAmBrIDge-based hiStoRy & PoLICy netWork HAs Been notaBly sucCEsSfUl at creAtIng diaLoGue BetWeen hIStorIans anD civil seRvantS And at getting itS Evidence-based POsITIoN PapeRs oN topics such As peNSion RefoRM, wOmeN’S partIcipaTiON iN Politics and the goverNaNce of NOrtheRn Ireland into Public discUSSIon. ElsewHere, UNiTS staffed by traiNed hiStorians inVEstigate And adJudicate Land claimS BY First NaTioNs pEopLe iN cAnAda and by MaoriS IN New zeAland, leAdiNg to radIcaL reVisIonS oF the sociaL contracT iN bOtH cOunTries. aNd in the rEcEnt DeBatEs on SCOttish IndepEndeNcE, tHE viEws of hiSToRIAns oN tHe Past And ThE prosPectS Of tHe union Carried unUsuAL weiGhT eVen if, as scotland’s leadInG historian siR ToM DevinE QUipped, “thE future is not my period”.

HisTOry shouLd nOt be jUst aFfirmatioN, liKe MichAel gOve’s myTh of a sIngle “NaTioNAL past”. nOR sHouLd It be entertAINmeNt: merElY somEthing “pEople enjoy”. It is a criTIcaL science for quEstIoniNG ShOrt-TErM VieWs, COmpLICating simple stoRies about cAuSEs And consequENceS, aNd discoVering rOads nOT taken. HIstory can Upset the eStAbliSHEd cOnsensus, exPand narrOw horizonS And, in sImOn SchAma’S words, “KeEp tHe powErful aWAke At nigHt”. In thAt MissioN lies ThE public fUture of the past.

David ArmiTage is The LlOyd c BlankfeiN PrOFesSor of HistOry aT Harvard UnIveRsiTy. His New BOok, co-AuthOReD wiTH Jo GuLdi, iS the HistorY maNifESTo (cambridge UnIVERsiTy PreSs). TRAining

summAry:
The night Jasper TAught the CullenS and THE woLveS To fiGhT the newborns, frOm dIfFERent POVs.

noTes:
Written fOr Eowyn77's pOv ChallEnge on silly BElla's chALLeNGe
, has recently argued forhumility a boutfut ure  p olic y be cause we lackl ong- run data about the rol e ofth e  oce a ns  in c limatec ha n g e:“P re cis e, co mpreh ens ive obs ervationsofth e oceans are av ailable on lyfor the past  fe w deca de s.” On th e o ther,  histo r ical e conomistAn i l Mark a ndya ha s sh ownthat environmenta l  r e gulation in 19 th-cen tu r yB r ita indid not ha ve  “any serious im p a c t o n  GDP per capi ta”, overtu r nin g theor tho d oxy th at th er e  is  a necessar y tr ade-off b etween growtha nd envi ronmen tal  pr otec t io n.  Me an w hil e ,Fre n chhistoria ns  S abine  Bar l e s andGil lesBille n have examin edPari s ’s“nitr ogenfoot pr int”to sho w how  u rban managers t here  invented  su st ain ab le pr a ctices  fo r r ecyclin g waste inla r g e  c ities: these are p re c e de nts rele vant t o  p ra c tice and  p oli cy t o d ay.
Hist o ri cal thin king – an dnot jus tby tho se  wh o c all t h emse lves h istorian s – c a n and should i n form practice an d po l icytod ay. The Cam brid g e-ba sedH is tor y  & Po licyne t wo r k has been notablysu ccessf ul at  creating dia logue betw e e n  histori ansa nd civil servants  andat getting its evid ence- based po sition pa p e rs on to pic s s uch  as p en sion reform,w o men’ spartici pat ion inpol iti csand  t he govern ance ofNo rt he rn  Ir eland into pub li c d is cus sion. Elsewh ere,unit sst a ffe d by tr a in e d  his to ri ansinv es tigat e an d  ad judicat e land cl aim s  byFi rs t Natio ns people inCa nada and b yMao ris in N ew Zeala nd, leading to radicalr evision s o f the  soc ial contr act  in bo thc ountri es. An d inth e r e c ent d e b at eson  Scottishi n dep enden ce , th e views  of historians ont hepast and thepro spec t s  o f t h eu nio nc arr i e d unusual weigh t even if,  a s  S cotland’sl ead in g histo rian Si r Tom Devinequipped,“the futu re  isn o t m y period”. 

Histor y shouldn ot be ju st af fir mation ,lik e Mic hael G o ve’ s myt h of a  s ingle“nati on al past” . Nor should it be ente rtainm ent:mer ely somet hin g  “p eople enj oy”.  It is a c rit ica l sci enc e  forques t io nin g  shor t-te r m views,c om pli c a ti ng simple s t o r ies  abou t c a uses a nd c onsequences, andd iscovering roa ds n o t  ta ken .  His to ry can upset t hees t a blishedco nsensus, ex pand nar ro w  hori zons a nd, in  SimonS c ha m a’s wo rds,  “k eep the p owe rf u l awake  a tn ight”.  Inth at mis sion l i es t h e  public future o f the p ast.Dav id Ar mi tage is theLloyd C Bl ankfein Pro fessor  ofHisto ry at H ar vard U niv er sity. Hisn ew book,co-au thoredwi th J o G uldi,is T h e  Hist oryMa nif esto (Cam b r id g eUn i ver sity  Pres s) . Tr aining

S u mmary:
T hen ight Ja sp ert a ught t h eC u llens andthe  wolv e s  to fightt he n e wb o rns,from d iffere nt POVs . 

N ot es:
Wri tte n for Eowyn 77's POVc hal le ngeon Silly  B ella 's  ch al lenge
, has_recently argued_for humility about future_policy because_we_lack long-run_data_about the role_of the oceans_in climate change: “Precise,_comprehensive observations of_the_oceans are available only for the past few decades.” On the other, historical economist_Anil_Markandya has_shown_that_environmental regulation in 19th-century Britain_did not have “any serious_impact on_GDP per capita”, overturning the orthodoxy that there_is_a necessary trade-off_between growth and environmental protection. Meanwhile, French historians Sabine_Barles and Gilles Billen have examined_Paris’s “nitrogen footprint”_to_show_how urban managers there_invented sustainable practices for recycling waste_in large cities: these are precedents_relevant to practice and policy today.

Historical thinking_– and not just by those_who call themselves historians –_can and_should inform practice and policy_today. The Cambridge-based_History &_Policy network has_been notably successful at creating dialogue_between historians and_civil servants and at getting its_evidence-based_position papers on_topics_such_as pension_reform, women’s participation_in_politics and_the_governance of Northern Ireland into public_discussion._Elsewhere, units staffed by trained historians investigate_and adjudicate land claims_by_First Nations people in_Canada and by Maoris in_New Zealand, leading to radical revisions_of the_social contract_in both countries. And in the recent debates on Scottish independence,_the views of historians on the_past and the prospects_of the_union_carried unusual weight_even_if, as_Scotland’s leading historian Sir Tom Devine quipped,_“the future_is not my period”.

History should not_be just affirmation, like_Michael_Gove’s myth of a single “national_past”. Nor should it be entertainment:_merely something “people enjoy”. It_is_a_critical science for questioning short-term_views, complicating simple stories about causes_and consequences, and_discovering roads not taken. History can upset_the_established consensus, expand narrow horizons and,_in_Simon Schama’s words, “keep the powerful_awake_at_night”. In that mission lies_the public future of the past.

David_Armitage is the Lloyd C Blankfein Professor of History_at Harvard University._His new book, co-authored with_Jo_Guldi,_is The History Manifesto (Cambridge University Press). Training

Summary:
The night Jasper_taught the_Cullens and the_wolves to fight the newborns, from different POVs.

Notes:
Written for Eowyn77's_POV challenge on Silly Bella's challenge