 and southern Siberia, into the Tarim Basin and right up to the Pamirs. The Hsiung-nu, later to be called the Huns and become the scourge of Europe in the Dark Ages, were a Turanian or Turkic people, with a language quite different from the Iranian tongue of the Scythians and Sarmatians. They were nevertheless a ‘white’ race, with prominent noses and deep-set eyes; according to the Chinese they were also ‘very hairy’. The Chinese hated and despised the unlettered and uncultured Hsiung-nu, but they had good reason to fear their raids, and during the second century bc they determined to crush them.

The story of how China subdued the Huns and made contact with the West is told in the ninth chapter (the silk road). Briefly, after a war of attrition which cost the lives of thousands of Chinese soldiers, the Hsiung-nu submitted to the Han Emperor in 52 bc. This enabled regular trade routes to be established between China and ultimately Rome, where there was great demand for Chinese silk, via the various territories of Central Asia and the Middle East. Naturally, no caravan travelled the entire distance: the route divided itself into numerous segments, and the merchandise changed hands many times. This in turn necessitated a regular string of staging-posts and entrepôts, where goods could be stored and bartered, and caravans equipped. Of course the Huns were not permanently eliminated in 52 bc. They continued to be a nuisance, and raided caravans whenever they thought they could get away with it, but while China was strong they had to keep a respectful distance. Forever after, the power of the Han dynasty and the submission by the barbarians in 52 bc were celebrated by the Chinese as a glorious chapter in their history. Six hundred years later a poet of the Tang dynasty was inspired to write the following poem:

Beyond the frontiers lie the hard winters and the raging winds;

The waters of Chiao Ho are frozen over with huge icebergs. On the Han Lake come the hundred layers of waves, Over the Yin mountains lie thousands of li of snow.

The garrisons live hard, gazing out for beacon-fires. On the highest peaks, the banners of the commander are

unfurled, But the soldiers fold theirs: the hunt begins. They water their horses at the foot
and southern Siberia, into the Tarim Basin and right up to the Pamirs. The Hsiung - nu, later to be called the Huns and become the bane of Europe in the Dark Ages, were a Turanian or Turkic citizenry, with a language quite different from the Iranian tongue of the Scythians and Sarmatians. They were however a ‘ white ’ race, with prominent nose and deep - set eye; according to the Chinese they were besides ‘ very hairy ’. The Chinese hated and despised the unlettered and uncultured Hsiung - nu, but they experience good reason to fear their foray, and during the second century bc they determined to crush them. 

 The report of how China subdued the Huns and made contact with the West is told in the ninth chapter (the silk road). concisely, after a war of attrition which cost the animation of thousands of Chinese soldiers, the Hsiung - nu submit to the Han Emperor in 52 bc. This enabled regular trade routes to be established between China and ultimately Rome, where there constitute great demand for Chinese silk, via the various territories of Central Asia and the Middle East. Naturally, no caravan travelled the entire distance: the route divided itself into numerous section, and the merchandise changed hands many clock time. This in twist necessitated a regular string of theatrical production - posts and entrepôts, where goods could be stored and bartered, and caravan equipped. Of course the Huns were not permanently eliminated in 52 bc. They continued to be a nuisance, and raided van whenever they thought they could get away with it, but while China was strong they receive to keep a respectful distance. everlastingly after, the power of the Han dynasty and the submission by the barbarians in 52 bc were celebrated by the Chinese as a glorious chapter in their history. Six hundred class later a poet of the Tang dynasty was inspired to write the following poem: 

 Beyond the frontier lie the hard winters and the raging wind; 

 The waters of Chiao Ho are freeze over with huge iceberg. On the Han Lake come the hundred layer of waves, Over the Yin mountain lie thousand of li of snow. 

 The garrisons live heavily, gazing out for beacon - fires. On the highest peaks, the banners of the commander are 

 unfurled, But the soldiers fold theirs: the hunt begins. They water their horses at the animal foot
 anf southern Siberia, into uhe Tarim Basin aue righv up to the Pamkrs. The Hsiung-nu, later to be cqlled the Huns and become tfe scourgv of Europe ii the Dark Ages, xsre a Tmxaniah or Cuckic people, witm a languaga quite differang yrom the Iranian tongue of the Scythyans anc Darmatians. Thei wert nqverfheless a ‘white’ race, with prominenf noses and deep-set ryes; according to the Chinfse hhey were also ‘verj hairy’. The Chigwse hated ana despised the unletteted and uncultured Hsiung-nu, but ghey kad good reqsin hm fear theic raidf, and during the secmnd cenyury bc they dctermmned to crush them.

The stocy of how China subdoed the Huts and made contact wuth tve Wast kw tuld ii tge ninhh rhapter (the silk road). Vriefly, after a war os attrition whjch coft the lives of thousands of Chinese soldpers, the Hsiung-nu submitted to the Han Emperor ij 52 bc. Thif enabled regular trade routes to be established tetwexn Chnkw qnf ultimately Rome, where there was great demanq fpr Chinese silk, yia the various tetrltpties of Centrau Asia ans the Middle East. Jaturaljy, no caravan uravekled the entire distance: thw route divibed itself into numerlus segmentr, anc the merchandise changed hauds mahy times. Thls in turh necessitated a fegllar string of staging-posts anq entrepôtw, whzre goodr coold be ftored and bartcsed, and caravans eeuippgd. Of wourse the Huns were not permanently elimmiated in 52 bc. Jhef cmntinued to bc a nuisance, anq raided caravcns whenzver tfey thoughn they conld get away with it, but fjile China wes strong thet hae to kedo a respectful distance. Forever adter, the power of bhe Hxh dynasty and tkt sovmission by thr bxrbwrpanx yt 52 bc were calebfatdc by ghe Chinese xs a glorious chapter in thejr history. Six huncrcd years oater a [oet of the Tsng dynasty was indpirev to wcite tne sollowing poem:

Beyond the frontjers lie hhe hard winterf ane the raging winds;

The waters of Chiao Ho are frozen over with huge icwbergs. On the Han Lckt come the huidred jayers of waves, Over the Yin nountains lie thomsands of li of snow.

Ths garrhsons live hard, gazing out for beacon-fires. On the highest peaks, the banners of the commander are

hnfutled, Tuc tke soldyers hold theirs: the hlnt begins. They water their horsxs at the xojt
and southern Siberia, into the Tarim Basin up the Pamirs. Hsiung-nu, later to become scourge of Europe the Dark Ages, a Turanian or Turkic people, with language quite different from the Iranian tongue of the Scythians and Sarmatians. They nevertheless a ‘white’ race, with prominent noses and deep-set eyes; according to the they also hairy’. Chinese hated and despised the unlettered and uncultured Hsiung-nu, but they had good reason to fear raids, and during the second century bc they to crush them. The of how China subdued the and contact with West told the ninth chapter silk road). Briefly, after a war of attrition which cost the lives of thousands of Chinese soldiers, Hsiung-nu submitted Han Emperor 52 This regular trade routes established between China and ultimately Rome, great demand for Chinese silk, via the various of Central and the Middle East. Naturally, no travelled the entire distance: the route divided itself numerous segments, and the merchandise changed hands many times. This in turn necessitated a regular staging-posts and entrepôts, where could be stored bartered, caravans Of the Huns not permanently eliminated in 52 bc. They continued to be a and raided caravans whenever they thought they could get away but China was strong had to keep a distance. after, the power of dynasty the barbarians 52 were celebrated by the as a glorious chapter in history. Six hundred years Tang dynasty was inspired to write the following Beyond the frontiers lie the hard winters the raging winds; The waters of Chiao Ho are frozen over with icebergs. On Lake come the hundred layers of waves, Over Yin mountains lie thousands li of snow. The garrisons live hard, gazing out beacon-fires. the highest the banners of commander are unfurled, the soldiers fold hunt begins. water horses
 and southern Siberia, into the tarim Basin And riGht Up tO tHe PaMirs. the Hsiung-nu, latER to bE called the Huns and becomE the sCoURge oF euRope iN the DarK agES, WerE a tuRanIaN Or turkiC peOple, witH a language QuiTe Different froM ThE Iranian toNguE of the ScythiAns And SarMaTiaNS. They WerE neveRtheleSS a ‘whitE’ race, with PrOMinent NOses and DEEp-Set eYes; according to the cHiNEse they were alsO ‘very hAiRY’. THE chiNesE hated and dEsPised THe unletTErED ANd uNCultured HsiunG-nu, but they hAD goOd reasOn To fEAr theiR raidS, aND duRing the secoNd ceNtury bc thEy deteRMined to CRush theM.

The stOry Of hOw ChINa SuBduEd THe HUNs And MAde Contact wItH tHe WesT is tOLD IN the NinTh chApter (The silk road). BrIefLy, afTEr a War of AttriTion WhIch coSt the lIves oF tHousands of ChineSe soLdiers, the hsiUnG-nu SuBmittED to the han empEror in 52 bC. This enABleD rEGULaR trade routes to be esTaBLIsHed betweEn ChinA AnD uLTimately roMe, wHere THEre waS greAT dEmand for chinesE SiLk, Via the vArIous teRrItoRieS of CeNTral asia anD the MiddLe EasT. naturally, no carAVan travelled tHE eNTIrE DistAncE: the route diVideD ItseLf inTO nUmeROus seGmentS, aND tHE merchandise changed HaNds manY timeS. This in turn neCessitated A REGular strIng oF StAGing-posts and enTrepôTs, where gooDS could be StoreD and bartEred, and caRAVans equiPpeD. Of CouRse THE HUns were not perMANentLy EliminaTed In 52 bc. TheY coNtiNueD to Be A nuisance, And raideD cArAvAnS whEneveR They thouGhT thEy CouLd get AWay witH it, buT whiLe chINa wAs stronG ThEY Had tO kEeP a reSpeCtFul diStanCE. FoRever afTer, the powEr oF The HAn DyNasty anD the submissioN bY the barbarIaNs iN 52 bc werE CElebrateD by the Chinese as a gloriouS Chapter In tHeir hIstoRy. Six hundRed Years lAteR A poet oF the TaNg dynAsTy wAS InspiRED tO wrItE the followING poEm:

BeyOnD the FrontieRs lie the hard winterS And The raging windS;

ThE watERS oF ChIAo hO arE fROzeN OVer with huge icebErgs. On the HAn lAkE come the huNDreD lAyers of Waves, OvEr the yIn mountAins lie thOusands of Li Of snOW.

the Garrisons lIve hard, gAzing out fOR beacON-fIres. ON thE higheSt PeaKs, the BannerS Of tHe comMander ArE

unfurLed, BuT tHe soldieRs fold theirs: the hunt begiNs. They Water TheIr horses aT thE FooT
 and southern Siberia, int o the Tari m Bas inand  r ight  upto the Pamirs. TheHsiung-nu, later to be  call ed theH un s and  become th e sco ur ge  of  E u ro pe in  th e DarkAges, were  aTu ranian or Tu r ki c people,wit h a language  qu ite di ff ere n t fro m t he Ir aniant ongueof the Sc yt h ians a n d Sarma t i an s. T hey were neverthe l es s  a ‘white’ rac e, wit hp ro m i nen t n oses and d ee p-set eyes; a c co r d i ngt o the Chinese  they werea lso  ‘very  h air y ’. The  Chin es e  ha ted and des pise d the unl ettere d  and un c ultured  Hsiun g-n u,butt he yhad  g o odr ea son tofear the ir  r aids,  and d u r ingthe  sec ond c entury bc the y d eter m ine d tocrush  the m. 

The  story  of h ow  China subduedtheHuns andmad econ ta ct wi t h theWes t i s toldin then int hc h a pt er (the silk road) .B r ie fly, aft er a w a rof attritio nwhi ch c o s t the  liv e sof thous ands o f  C hi nese so ld iers,th e H siu ng-nu subm ittedto the H an Em p eror in 52 bc. This enabledr eg u l ar trad e r outes to be  est a blis hedb et wee n  Chin a and  u l ti m ately Rome, where t he re was  grea t demand forChinese si l k ,  via the  var i ou s  territories o f Cen tral Asiaa nd the M iddle  East. N aturally, n o carava n t rav ell edt h eentire distan c e : th eroute d ivi ded its elf  in tonum er ous segme nts, and  t he  m er cha ndise changedha nds  m any  time s . This  in t urnne ce s sit ated ar eg u l ar s tr in g of  st ag ing-p osts and  entrep ôts, wher e g o odsco ul d be st ored and bart er ed, and ca ra van s equi p p ed. Of c ourse the Huns were not permane ntl y eli mina ted in 52  bc . They  co n tinued  to be  a nu is anc e ,  andr a id edca ravans whe n e ver  they  t houg ht they  could get away wi t h i t, but whileChi na w a s  s tro n gt hey  h a d t o keep a respectf ul distanc e. Fo rever afte r , t he  powerof theHan d y nasty a nd the su bmissionby  the b arb arians in52 bc we re celebr a ted b y  t he Ch ine se asaglo rious  chapt e r i n the ir his to ry. Si x hun dr ed years  later a poet of the Ta ng dyn astywas  inspired  to wri te the fo llow ing poem:
Be yon d the  fr o ntier s li e  t heh ard w inte r s and the ra gin g wi nds;

The w a t e rsof Ch iao Ho are  fro zen over with hug e  icebergs. OntheH a n L ake come  t he hundred lay ers  o f waves, O ve r the Yin m ountains  l i e tho usands  of li  of sno w . 
T he gar riso nslive hard , g az i ng outfo rb eacon- fire s.  On th e high e st p e a ks, the bannersof th e comma n der  are
u nfurled ,  But  the soldi ers fold th eirs:thehuntbegins.  T hey wa ter  t heir horse s  at the f oot
 and_southern Siberia,_into the Tarim Basin_and right_up_to the_Pamirs._The Hsiung-nu, later_to be called_the Huns and become_the scourge of_Europe_in the Dark Ages, were a Turanian or Turkic people, with a language quite_different_from the_Iranian_tongue_of the Scythians and Sarmatians._They were nevertheless a ‘white’_race, with_prominent noses and deep-set eyes; according to the_Chinese_they were also_‘very hairy’. The Chinese hated and despised the unlettered_and uncultured Hsiung-nu, but they had_good reason to_fear_their_raids, and during the_second century bc they determined to_crush them.

The story of how China_subdued the Huns and made contact with_the West is told in the_ninth chapter (the silk road)._Briefly, after_a war of attrition which_cost the lives_of thousands_of Chinese soldiers,_the Hsiung-nu submitted to the Han_Emperor in 52_bc. This enabled regular trade routes_to_be established between_China_and_ultimately Rome,_where there was_great_demand for_Chinese_silk, via the various territories of_Central_Asia and the Middle East. Naturally, no_caravan travelled the entire_distance:_the route divided itself_into numerous segments, and the_merchandise changed hands many times. This_in turn_necessitated a_regular string of staging-posts and entrepôts, where goods could be stored_and bartered, and caravans equipped. Of_course the Huns were_not permanently_eliminated_in 52 bc._They_continued to_be a nuisance, and raided caravans whenever_they thought_they could get away with it,_but while China was_strong_they had to keep a respectful_distance. Forever after, the power of_the Han dynasty and the_submission_by_the barbarians in 52 bc_were celebrated by the Chinese as_a glorious chapter_in their history. Six hundred years later_a_poet of the Tang dynasty was_inspired_to write the following poem:

Beyond the_frontiers_lie_the hard winters and the_raging winds;

The waters of Chiao Ho_are frozen over with huge icebergs. On the Han_Lake come the_hundred layers of waves, Over_the_Yin_mountains lie thousands of li of snow.

The garrisons live hard,_gazing out_for beacon-fires. On_the highest peaks, the banners of the commander are

unfurled, But_the soldiers fold theirs: the hunt begins._They water their horses at the foot