 as many venues as possible of male laborers - most being unskilled and unregistered working on the streets in districts of Hanoi. The districts were weighed by their level of social services concentration and urbanization. In this way, only urban and suburban districts where most of male street laborers congregated to search for casual jobs were mapped. In each district, trained field workers traveled to places where there was a high concentration of male street laborers. Typically this was in streets, markets, construction sites, transport stations (including railway, bus, and taxi stations), tourist spots, or by other social services - schools, hospitals, and factories. In each venue key informants such as street laborers, local people living close to the venue, local leaders, experienced researchers from prior studies on mobile populations, peer educators and outreach officers were consulted for mapping the next venue. During the mapping, field workers were also asked to estimate the number of potential participants. Afterwards, a list of all the venues (135 venues across 13 districts in Hanoi) and a total estimated number of participants were created. Between 3 to 6 venues in each district were randomly selected and all of the participants in each venue were approached for interviews. During the interviews, participants were screened if they were (1) male, (2) 18 to 59 years old, and (3) sought casual jobs or worked on the street, mostly low-skilled and unregistered, and (4) not interviewed before (to avoid duplication of interviews). The list of districts, types of venues and number of respondents included in the study are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Sample frame and size. Notes: (1) District list, (2) Number of venues, (3) Number of respondents, (4) Type of venues 2.

Survey procedures and ethics considerations

The research instrument was first validated on a sample of 55 participants. The pilot demonstrated that the instrument was technically suitable in terms of face validity and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of most scales > 0.70) for the main survey. In total 450 eligible participants who provided informed consent completed interviews and were included in this study.

Participants were verbally informed about the study, that participation was voluntary, that they had the right to withdraw at any point, and, that data would be handled confidentially. After obtaining informed consent, an anonymous, structured questionnaire was administered to participants as a face-to-face interview. To limit external interference, interviews were
as many venues as possible of male laborers - about being unskilled and unregistered bring on the streets in districts of Hanoi. The district were weighed by their horizontal surface of social services assiduity and urbanization. In this way, only urban and suburban districts where most of male street laborer congregate to search for casual job were mapped. In each district, trained field worker traveled to places where there was a high concentration of male street laborer. Typically this was in streets, markets, construction site, transport stations (include railway, bus topology, and taxi stations), tourist spots, or by other social services - school, hospitals, and factories. In each venue key informants such as street laborers, local people living close to the venue, local leaders, experienced researchers from prior studies on mobile populations, peer educators and outreach officers were consult for mapping the next venue. During the function, sphere actor were also asked to calculate the number of likely participants. Afterwards, a list of all the venue (135 venues across 13 districts in Hanoi) and a total estimated number of participants were created. Between 3 to 6 venues in each district were randomly selected and all of the participants in each venue were approached for interview. During the interviews, participant were screened if they were (1) male, (2) 18 to 59 years old, and (3) sought casual job or worked on the street, mostly low - skilled and unregistered, and (4) not interviewed before (to invalidate duplication of interviews). The list of districts, type of venues and phone number of respondents included in the survey are presented in Figure 2. 

 Figure 2 

 Sample human body and size. Notes: (1) District tilt, (2) Number of venues, (3) numeral of respondents, (4) Type of venue 2. 

 Survey procedure and ethics considerations 

 The research instrument was first validated on a sample of 55 participants. The pilot show that the instrument was technically suitable in footing of face validity and internal consistency (Cronbach ’s alpha of most scales > 0.70) for the main survey. In full 450 eligible participants who provided informed consent completed interviews and were included in this study. 

 participant were verbally inform about the cogitation, that participation was voluntary, that they had the right to withdraw at any point, and, that data would be manage confidentially. After obtaining informed consent, an anonymous, structured questionnaire was administered to player as a face - to - face interview. To limit external interference, consultation were
 as many venues as possible of male laborets - most being unskilldd and unregistered working ln the wtreets in districts ow Hanoi. Tje distructs qere weighxs by thcnr lebcl of wocial servicex concentrdtion and urbatixacion. In this way, only urban and subuwban dixtgicts where moft og mals street laborers congregated to ssarch fmr casual jobx were mapped. In each distgict, trained field worners travelgs tj places wherd there was a high condentration of male street labordrs. Tvpically thus wad in streets, markvts, constructlpn sitas, tranxport stations (inrludung railway, bus, and texi stations), tourist spots, or bv other social servicws - schmols, hosoutaus, znv fzctorifs. Mn each venhe key infoemants such as strett jqborers, local peoplq jiving close to the venue, local leaders, exlerienced researchers feom prior studies on lobile po[ulations, peer educators and outreach officers wese coisjlttd for oqpoing the next venue. During the mapping, field rkrlegs were also askeb to estimate thr jukfer of potentkal paxfidipants. Afterwards, a list of aol the vegues (135 venues across 13 districts un Hanoi) and q total estimated uumber of paxticipsnts eere created. Between 3 tu 6 vsnues in eafh distridg were randomly relvcteg and all of the participagts in earh veuue were apptoached for intergiews. During the intervifws, pcrtichpants werf screened if they were (1) male, (2) 18 to 59 years old, atd (3) sought easual jobs or workqd on the stregt, mostly low-syilled and unregivtered, and (4) not interviefgd before (to evoid dupjicarion of intdfviews). The lisy of distgiets, types of venues and numner ow respondents ineuoeed in the stucy xre pgesxnted hn Figure 2.

Ficure 2

Saolle ffame and side. Votex: (1) District list, (2) Nukber of venues, (3) Number on respondgnts, (4) Typq of venues 2.

Sirvey procedures ajd etiics cunsidrrajions

The research instrument waa first vwliqated on a swmplc of 55 participcnts. The pilot demonstrated that the insvrument was technicalli suitable in terms oy nace validitb and ynternal wonsistency (Cronbach’w alpha of most sgales > 0.70) for the main shrvey. Hn tohal 450 eligible participants who provided informed consent completed intervuews aid were inclused on thps fcudy.

Pareici'aits were verbally informed about the study, that 'articipathou was voluntary, that they had tfe right to wkthdraw at any point, and, that daya would be handled confidentiakly. After obtaining infovmed conswnt, ah anonjjons, structured questipnnairz was qdminisreref to participxntx ws a face-ho-fare nnterview. To limit external interderencw, lnterviews were
as many venues as possible of male most unskilled and working on the The were weighed by level of social concentration and urbanization. In this way, urban and suburban districts where most of male street laborers congregated to search casual jobs were mapped. In each district, trained field workers traveled to places there a concentration male street laborers. Typically this was in streets, markets, construction sites, transport stations (including railway, bus, taxi stations), tourist spots, or by other social - schools, hospitals, and In each venue key informants as laborers, local living to venue, local leaders, researchers from prior studies on mobile populations, peer educators and outreach officers were consulted for mapping the venue. During field workers also to the number of Afterwards, a list of all the across 13 districts in Hanoi) and a total number of were created. Between 3 to 6 in each district were randomly selected and all the participants in each venue were approached for interviews. During the interviews, participants were screened were (1) male, (2) to 59 years and sought jobs worked on street, mostly low-skilled and unregistered, and (4) not interviewed before (to duplication of interviews). The list of districts, types of venues of included in the are presented in Figure Figure Sample frame and size. District (2) (3) of (4) Type of venues Survey procedures and ethics considerations research instrument was first 55 participants. The pilot demonstrated that the instrument technically suitable in terms of face validity internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of most scales > 0.70) for the main In total participants who provided informed consent completed interviews and included in this study. were verbally informed about the study, that participation was that had the to withdraw at point, and, that would be handled obtaining informed an structured to participants as a face-to-face interview. limit interference, interviews were
 as many venues as possible of mAle laborerS - most BeiNg uNsKillEd anD unregistered wORkinG on the streets in districTs of HAnOI. The DIsTrictS were weIGhED By tHeIr LevEl OF sOcial SerVices coNcentratioN anD uRbanization. IN ThIs way, only uRbaN and suburban DisTricts WhEre MOst of MalE streEt laboRErs conGregated tO sEArch foR Casual jOBS wEre mApped. In each distriCT, tRAined field workErs traVeLEd TO PlaCes Where there WaS a higH ConcentRAtION Of mALe street laborErs. TypicallY ThiS was in StReeTS, markeTs, conStRUctIon sites, traNspoRt stationS (incluDIng railWAy, bus, anD taxi sTatIonS), touRIsT sPotS, oR By oTHeR soCIal Services - ScHoOls, hoSpitALS, ANd faCtoRies. in eacH venue key infoRmaNts sUCh aS streEt labOrerS, lOcal pEople lIving ClOse to the venue, loCal lEaders, expEriEnCed ReSearcHErs froM prIor Studies On mobilE PopUlATIOnS, peer educators and oUtREAcH officerS were cONsUlTEd for mapPiNg tHe neXT Venue. duriNG tHe mappinG, field WOrKeRs were aLsO asked To EstImaTe the NUmbeR of potEntial paRticiPAnts. Afterwards, A List of all the vENuES (135 VeNUes aCroSs 13 districts In HaNOi) anD a toTAl EstIMated NumbeR oF PaRTicipants were createD. BEtween 3 To 6 venUes in each distRict were raNDOMly selecTed aND aLL of the participAnts iN each venue WEre approAched For interViews. DuriNG The interVieWs, pArtIciPANtS were screened IF They WeRe (1) male, (2) 18 tO 59 yeArs old, aNd (3) sOugHt cAsuAl Jobs or worKed on the StReEt, MoStlY low-sKIlled and UnRegIsTerEd, and (4) NOt inteRviewEd beFoRe (TO avOid duplICaTIOn of InTeRvieWs). THe List oF disTRicTs, types Of venues aNd nUMber Of ReSpondenTs included in tHe Study are prEsEntEd in FiGURe 2.

Figure 2

sample frame and size. Notes: (1) dIstrict LisT, (2) NumbEr of Venues, (3) NumBer Of respOndENts, (4) TypE of venUes 2.

SuRvEy pROCedurES AnD etHiCs considerATIonS

The rEsEarcH instruMent was first validaTEd oN a sample of 55 parTicIpanTS. thE piLOt DEmoNsTRatED That the instrumeNt was technIcALlY suitable iN TerMs Of face vAlidity And inTErnal coNsistency (cronbach’s AlPha oF MOst Scales > 0.70) for tHe main suRvey. In totAL 450 eligIBlE partIciPants wHo ProVided InformED coNsent CompleTeD interViews AnD were incLuded in this study.

ParticiPants wEre veRbaLly informEd aBOut The study, tHat pArticipatiOn wAs vOluntAry, THat thEy haD ThE riGHt to wIthdRAw at any poINt, And, THAt Data would be HANDleD confIdeNTially. afteR obtaining informeD Consent, an anonyMous, STRucTurED queStIonnaire was admIniStEREd to partIcIpants as a faCe-to-face InTErvieW. To limIt exteRnal intERFeREnce, inTervIewS were
 as many venues as possibl e of malelabor ers  -mo st b eing  unskilled and unre gistered working on th e str ee t s in di stric ts of H a no i .  Th edi str ic t swerewei ghed by  their lev elof  social serv i ce s concentr ati on and urban iza tion.In  th i s way , o nly u rban a n d subu rban dist ri c ts whe r e mosto f  m alestreet laborers c o ng r egated to sear ch for  c a su a l  jo bswere mappe d.  In e a ch dist r ic t , tra i ned field wor kers travel e d t o plac es  wh e re the re wa sa  hi gh concentr atio n of male  stree t  labore r s. Typi callythi s w as i n  s tr eet s, mar k et s,c ons truction  s it es, t rans p o r t  sta tio ns ( inclu ding railway,  bu s, a n d t axi s tatio ns),  t ouris t spot s, or  b y other socialserv ices - sc hoo ls , h os pital s , andfac tor ies. In  each v e nue  k e y in formants such as s tr e e tlaborers , loca l  p eo p le livin gclo se t o the v enue ,  l ocal lea ders,e xp er iencedre search er s f rom  prio r  stu dies o n mobile  popu l ations, peer e d ucators and o u tr e a ch offi cer s were cons ulte d  for  map p in g t h e nex t ven ue .  D u ring the mapping, f ie ld wor kerswere also ask ed to esti m a t e the nu mber of potential part icipa nts. After w ards, alistof all t he venues ( 135 venu esacr oss  13 d is tricts in Han o i ) an da total  es timated  nu mbe r o f p ar ticipants  were cr ea te d.  B etw een 3 to 6 ven ue s i neac h dis t rict w ere r ando ml ys ele cted an d  a l l  ofth epart ici pa nts i n ea c h v enue we re approa che d  for  i nt erviews . During thein terviews,pa rti cipant s were scr eened if they were (1)m ale, (2 ) 1 8 to59 y ears old,  an d (3)sou g ht cas ual jo bs or  w ork e d  on t h e  s tre et , mostly l o w -sk illed  a nd u nregist ered, and (4) noti nte rviewed befor e ( to a v o id  du p li c ati on ofi n terviews). Thelist of di st r ic ts, typeso f v en ues and  number  of r e sponden ts includ ed in the  s tudy a representedin Figur e 2.

Fig u re 2Sa mplefra me and  s ize . Not es: (1 )  Di stric t list ,(2) Nu mberof  venues,  (3) Number of responde nts, ( 4) Ty peof venues  2. 
Su rvey proc edur es and eth ics  co nside rat i ons
Ther es ear c h ins trum e nt was fi r st  va l i da ted on a sa m p l e o f 55par t icipan ts.The pilot demonst r ated that theinst r u men t w a s te ch nically suitab lein t erms offa ce validity  and int er n al co nsiste ncy (C ronbach ’ s  a l pha of  mos t s cales > 0 .70 )f or thema in survey . In  t otal 4 50 eli g ible p articipants whoprovi d e d inf o rme d con se nt comp l eted  interview s and wereinclud ed i n thi s study .
Parti cip an ts were ve r bally inf ormed  aboutth e st udy , that  par t i cipat ionwa s v oluntary, t ha t  t he y  ha d th e rig ht  towithdrawa t any po int ,  and, t ha t d a t a woul d  b e handled co nfi denti a l ly. Aftero btai n in g  info rmed c onsent , an an o nym ou s, stru ctu r e d questio nnaire wa s  ad mi nist ered topa rtic ip ant sas a face-to-fa ce inter view. To l imit e xte r nali nterfe re nce, intervi ews w er e 
 as_many venues_as possible of male_laborers -_most_being unskilled_and_unregistered working on_the streets in_districts of Hanoi. The_districts were weighed_by_their level of social services concentration and urbanization. In this way, only urban and_suburban_districts where_most_of_male street laborers congregated to_search for casual jobs were_mapped. In_each district, trained field workers traveled to places_where_there was a_high concentration of male street laborers. Typically this was_in streets, markets, construction sites, transport_stations (including railway,_bus,_and_taxi stations), tourist spots,_or by other social services -_schools, hospitals, and factories. In each_venue key informants such as street laborers,_local people living close to the_venue, local leaders, experienced researchers_from prior_studies on mobile populations, peer_educators and outreach_officers were_consulted for mapping_the next venue. During the mapping,_field workers were_also asked to estimate the number_of_potential participants. Afterwards,_a_list_of all_the venues (135_venues_across 13_districts_in Hanoi) and a total estimated_number_of participants were created. Between 3 to_6 venues in each_district_were randomly selected and_all of the participants in_each venue were approached for interviews._During the_interviews, participants_were screened if they were (1) male, (2) 18 to 59_years old, and (3) sought casual_jobs or worked on_the street,_mostly_low-skilled and unregistered,_and_(4) not_interviewed before (to avoid duplication of interviews)._The list_of districts, types of venues and_number of respondents included_in_the study are presented in Figure_2.

Figure 2

Sample frame and size. Notes:_(1) District list, (2) Number_of_venues,_(3) Number of respondents, (4)_Type of venues 2.

Survey procedures and_ethics considerations

The research_instrument was first validated on a sample_of_55 participants. The pilot demonstrated that_the_instrument was technically suitable in terms_of_face_validity and internal consistency (Cronbach’s_alpha of most scales > 0.70)_for the main survey. In total 450 eligible participants_who provided informed_consent completed interviews and were_included_in_this study.

Participants were verbally informed about the study, that participation_was voluntary,_that they had_the right to withdraw at any point, and, that data_would be handled confidentially. After obtaining informed_consent, an anonymous, structured questionnaire was administered to participants as a_face-to-face interview. To limit external interference, interviews were