 roads, plantations and human
settlements.
b) Monthly Ranging. The monthly ranging of the monitored
elephants was analyzed based on the location data gathered from
the satellite GPS collar for each month. The monthly ranging that
is generated using MCP and HM methods is presented in Table 4.
The monthly ranging of the elephants in the non-fragmented forest,
based on three different individuals was between 50 to 60 km2 (using
MCP method) and 103 to 192 km2 (using HM method, 95% isopleths).
The monthly ranging of the elephants in the fragmented forest, based
on one individual was 120.86642.60 (using MCP method) and
227.566123.05 (using HM method, 95% isopleths). It would seem that
the monthly ranging of the elephant in the non-fragmented forest is
smaller compared to the one in the fragmented forest.
The highest monthly ranging for the elephant in the fragmented
forest was recorded during March 2006, when Bod Tais herd
moved along a narrow riparian strip in Lower Kinabatangan, and
utilized patches of fragmented forest. Figures 4 and 5 show the
monthly ranging for Bod Tais herd and Nancys herd for one year
(generated using the Harmonic Mean with 95% isopleths).
Using the Harmonic Mean with 95% isopleths, the monthly
ranging for Nancys herd covered 110.27610.70, which was
similar to Tailiwass herd range of 103.77627.25. However, the
monthly ranging for Penelopes herd was twice as big, estimated at
191.25668.32.
Elephant Movement Patterns
The satellite tracking data provided an opportunity to analyze
the rates at which the five collared individuals moved within their
home ranges in different habitat types. The speed of the elephant
movements was computed by generating the average distance
taken by the monitored elephant in one full day, based on the
available GPS location data and the time between successive
locations (Table 5).
Rozeliss movement rate (based on distance per day) during the
first day was observed to be high at 2.86 km presumably due to
the stress of being captured and collared. Field observations of
Rozelis showed that she was isolated from her herd for the first two
days after collaring. From the third
roads, plantations and human 
 settlements. 
 b) Monthly Ranging. The monthly ranging of the monitor 
 elephant was analyzed based on the location datum gathered from 
 the satellite GPS collar for each calendar month. The monthly ranging that 
 is beget using MCP and HM method is presented in Table 4. 
 The monthly ranging of the elephants in the non - disconnected forest, 
 based on three different individuals was between 50 to 60 km2 (using 
 MCP method acting) and 103 to 192 km2 (using HM method, 95% isogram). 
 The monthly ranging of the elephants in the disconnected forest, establish 
 on one individual was 120.86642.60 (using MCP method) and 
 227.566123.05 (use HM method, 95% isopleths). It would seem that 
 the monthly ranging of the elephant in the non - fragmented forest is 
 small compared to the one in the fragmented forest. 
 The highest monthly ranging for the elephant in the fragmented 
 forest was recorded during March 2006, when Bod Tais ruck 
 moved along a narrow riparian strip in Lower Kinabatangan, and 
 utilized patches of fragmented forest. figure 4 and 5 show the 
 monthly ranging for Bod Tais herd and Nancys herd for one year 
 (generated using the Harmonic Mean with 95% isopleths). 
 Using the consonant Mean with 95% isogram, the monthly 
 ranging for Nancys herd covered 110.27610.70, which was 
 exchangeable to Tailiwass herd range of 103.77627.25. However, the 
 monthly ranging for Penelopes ruck was twice equally big, estimated at 
 191.25668.32. 
 Elephant Movement Patterns 
 The satellite tracking datum provided an opportunity to analyze 
 the rates at which the five collared individuals moved within their 
 home ranges in unlike habitat types. The speed of the elephant 
 movements was computed by generating the average distance 
 taken by the monitored elephant in one entire day, based on the 
 available GPS location data and the time between consecutive 
 locations (Table 5). 
 Rozeliss movement rate (based on distance per day) during the 
 first day was observed to be gamey at 2.86 km presumably due to 
 the tension of being captured and collared. Field observations of 
 Rozelis showed that she was isolated from her ruck for the first two 
 days after collaring. From the third
 rowds, plantations and humak
settlements.
b) Mourhly Renging. Fhe montfly ranging of the monitored
xlepyants was analyzed based on the locanion data gatiered from
the savsllite N'S compar yoc each month. Thg monthly ratging that
is gandrcted using MCP and HM methods is prefented on Table 4.
The monjhly gagginf of the elephants in the non-fragmsnted fmrest,
based on three different individuaps wws between 50 to 60 km2 (using
MCP mgfhoq) and 103 to 192 km2 (using HM method, 95% isopmeths).
The monthly ranging of the elepkants in thg rrwcmented forxst, bafed
on one individual was 120.86642.60 (uxing MCP methoc) aid
227.566123.05 (uwing HM method, 95% isoplxths). It would seem trat
the mottkly ranging of the elwpyant hn tve nub-frxgmtntxd rorest is
amaller cojpared to tye one in the fragmtntqe forest.
The hjghest mjnthly ranging for the elephant in the xrafmented
forest was recoreed during March 2006, whej Bod Taif herd
moved along a narrow riparian strip in Lowes Kinebxtaunwv, ajd
utilized patches of fragmented forest. Figurqa 4 akd 5 show the
montmly ranging for Boc Haof herd and Navcys hzdd for one year
(generwted usyng tye Harmonyc Mran with 95% isopleths).
Using thw Harmonic Mvan qith 95% isopleths, thz monthly
ranying fpr Namcys herd covered 110.27610.70, whick was
sjmilar to Twiliwass gdrd range of 103.77627.25. Hodevvr, tve
monthly ranging for Penejopes herv was twice xs bog, estymated at
191.25668.32.
Epephakd Movement Patternd
The dadellite trwcking data provided an opportuimty to analyzg
tha rdtes at chich bhe five collarqd individuals moved cithin their
home ranges in differegt habitat ty[gs. The speed mf the ejephqnt
mivementr was computed ny generaniug the avwrage distance
takek by jhs monitored ele'kabt in one full cay, bafef pn dhe
available GPS lozstion data and tme gime between successive
lmcatjons (Table 5).
Rozelisx iovement rate (bafed on distanve per day) during uhe
firvt vay wax ofserved to be high at 2.86 km preshmably duf tj
the stress jf bcing captured cnd collared. Field observations of
Rozeliw showed that she qas isolated from hgr merd for the firse two
days after collaring. Fron the third
roads, plantations and human settlements. b) Monthly monthly of the elephants was analyzed gathered the satellite GPS for each month. monthly ranging that is generated using and HM methods is presented in Table 4. The monthly ranging of the in the non-fragmented forest, based on three different individuals was between 50 to km2 MCP and to 192 km2 (using HM method, 95% isopleths). The monthly ranging of the elephants in the forest, based on one individual was 120.86642.60 (using method) and 227.566123.05 (using method, 95% isopleths). It would that monthly ranging the in non-fragmented forest is compared to the one in the fragmented forest. The highest monthly ranging for the elephant in the forest was March 2006, Bod herd along a narrow in Lower Kinabatangan, and utilized patches Figures 4 and 5 show the monthly ranging Bod Tais and Nancys herd for one year using the Harmonic Mean with 95% isopleths). Using Harmonic Mean with 95% isopleths, the monthly ranging for Nancys herd covered 110.27610.70, which was Tailiwass herd range of However, the monthly for herd twice big, estimated 191.25668.32. Elephant Movement Patterns The satellite tracking data provided an opportunity analyze the rates at which the five collared individuals moved home in different habitat The speed of the movements computed by generating the taken the one day, on the available GPS data and the time between locations (Table 5). Rozeliss per day) during the first day was observed be high at 2.86 km presumably due the stress of being captured and collared. Field observations of Rozelis showed she was her herd for the first two days after From the third
 roads, plantations and human
sEttlements.
B) MontHly ranGiNg. ThE monThly ranging of tHE monItored
elephants was analYzed bAsED on tHE lOcatiOn data gAThEREd fRoM
tHe sAtELlIte GPs coLlar for Each month. THe mOnThly ranging tHAt
Is generateD usIng MCP and HM mEthOds is pReSenTEd in TAblE 4.
The mOnthly RAnging Of the elepHaNTs in thE Non-fragMENtEd foRest,
based on three dIFfERent individualS was beTwEEn 50 TO 60 Km2 (uSinG
MCP method) AnD 103 to 192 km2 (USing HM mEThOD, 95% ISopLEths).
The monthlY ranging of tHE elEphantS iN thE FragmeNted fOrESt, bAsed
on one inDiviDual was 120.86642.60 (usIng MCP MEthod) anD
227.566123.05 (Using HM Method, 95% IsoPleThs). IT WoUlD seEm THat
THe MonTHly Ranging oF tHe ElephAnt iN THE Non-fRagMentEd forEst is
smaller cOmpAred TO thE one iN the fRagmEnTed foRest.
ThE highEsT monthly ranging For tHe elephanT in ThE frAgMenteD
Forest Was RecOrded duRing MarCH 2006, whEn bOD taIs herd
moved along a nArROW rIparian sTrip in lOwEr kInabatanGaN, anD
utiLIZed paTcheS Of FragmentEd foreST. FIgUres 4 and 5 ShOw the
mOnThlY raNging FOr BoD Tais hErd and NaNcys hERd for one year
(geNErated using thE haRMOnIC MeaN wiTh 95% isopleths).
usinG The HArmoNIc meaN With 95% iSopleThS, ThE Monthly
ranging for NaNcYs herd CoverEd 110.27610.70, which was
simIlar to TailIWASs herd raNge oF 103.77627.25. hoWEver, the
monthly RangiNg for PenelOPes herd wAs twiCe as big, eStimated aT
191.25668.32.
eLephant MOveMenT PaTteRNS
THe satellite trACKing DaTa proviDed An opporTunIty To aNalYzE
the rates At which tHe FiVe CoLlaRed inDIviduals MoVed WiThiN theiR
Home raNges iN difFeReNT haBitat tyPEs. tHE speEd Of The eLepHaNt
movEmenTS waS computEd by generAtiNG the AvErAge distAnce
taken by thE mOnitored elEpHanT in one FULl day, basEd on the
available GPS locaTIon data And The tiMe beTween succEssIve
locAtiONs (TablE 5).
RozelIss moVeMenT RAte (baSED oN diStAnce per day) DURinG the
fIrSt daY was obsErved to be high at 2.86 km pREsuMably due to
the StrEss oF BEiNg cAPtURed AnD ColLARed. Field observaTions of
RozElIS sHowed that sHE waS iSolated From her Herd fOR the firSt two
days After collArIng. FROM thE third
 roads, plantations and hu man
settle ments .
b ) M on thly  Ran ging. The mont h ly r anging of the monitore d
ele ph a ntsw as  anal yzed ba s ed o n t he  l oca ti o ndatagat hered f rom
the sa tel li te GPS colla r  f or each mo nth . The monthl y r anging  t hat is ge ner atedusingM CP and  HM metho ds is pre s ented i n Ta ble4.
The monthly ra n gi n g of the eleph ants i nt he n on- fra gmented fo re st,
b a sed ont hr e e dif f erent individ uals was be t wee n 50 t o60k m2 (us ing
M CP met hod) and 10 3 to  192 km2(using HM meth o d, 95%isople ths ).Them on th lyra n gin g  o f t h e e lephants  i nthe f ragm e n t e d fo res t, b asedon one indivi dua l wa s  12 0.866 42.60  (us in g MCP  metho d) an d227.566123.05 ( usin g HM meth od,  9 5%is oplet h s). It  wo uld  seem t hat
the mon th l y ra nging of the eleph an t in  the non -fragm e nt ed forest i ssma ller c ompar ed t o  t he one i n thef ra gm ented f or est.
T he  hi ghe st mo n thly  rangi ng for t he el e phant in the f r agmented
fore s tw a sr ecor ded  during Mar ch 2 0 06,when Bo d T a is he rd
mo ve d  a l ong a narrow ripari an  strip  in L ower Kinabata ngan, andu t i lized pa tche s  o f  fragmented fo rest.  Figures 4 and 5 sh ow th e
monthl y ranging f or Bod T ais  he rdand N an cys herd foro n e ye ar 
(gener ate d using  th e H arm oni cMean with  95% iso pl et hs ). 
Us ing t h e Harmon ic  Me an  wi th 95 %  isopl eths,  the  m on t hly 
rangin g  f o r  Nan cy sherd  co ve red 1 10.2 7 610 .70, wh ich was
s imi l ar t oTa iliwass  herd range o f103.77627. 25 . H owever , the
mont hly ranging for Penelop e s herdwas  twic e as  big, est ima ted at 
19 1 .25668 .32.
E lepha nt  Mo v e mentP a tt ern sThe satell i t e t racki ng  dat a provi ded an opportunity toanalyze
the r ate s at w hi cht he fiv ec oll a r ed individualsmoved with in th eir
home r a nge sin diff erent h abita t  types.  The spee d of theel epha n t 
mo vements wa s comput ed by gen e ratin g  t he av era ge dis ta nce 
take n by t h e m onito red el ep hant i n one  f ull day,  based on the
available  GPS l ocati ondata andthe tim e between  suc cessive
lo cat ion s (Ta ble 5).
R ozel i ss  mo v ement  rat e  (based o n  d ist a n ce  per day) d u r i ngthe
f irs t  day w as o bserved to be hig h  at 2.86 km pr esum a b lydue to
t he  stress of bei ngca p t ured and  c ollared. Fi eld obse rv a tions  of
Ro zelisshowedt h at she wa s is ola ted fromher  h e rd forth ef irst t wo
d ay s afte r coll a ring . From the third
 roads,_plantations and_human
settlements.
b) Monthly Ranging. The_monthly ranging_of_the monitored
elephants_was_analyzed based on_the location data_gathered from
the satellite GPS_collar for each_month._The monthly ranging that
is generated using MCP and HM methods is presented in Table_4.
The_monthly ranging_of_the_elephants in the non-fragmented forest,
based_on three different individuals was_between 50_to 60 km2 (using
MCP method) and 103 to_192_km2 (using HM_method, 95% isopleths).
The monthly ranging of the elephants in_the fragmented forest, based
on one individual_was 120.86642.60 (using_MCP_method)_and
227.566123.05 (using HM method,_95% isopleths). It would seem that
the_monthly ranging of the elephant in_the non-fragmented forest is
smaller compared to the_one in the fragmented forest.
The highest_monthly ranging for the elephant_in the_fragmented
forest was recorded during March_2006, when Bod_Tais herd
moved_along a narrow_riparian strip in Lower Kinabatangan, and
utilized_patches of fragmented_forest. Figures 4 and 5 show_the
monthly_ranging for Bod_Tais_herd_and Nancys_herd for one_year
(generated_using the_Harmonic_Mean with 95% isopleths).
Using the Harmonic_Mean_with 95% isopleths, the monthly
ranging for Nancys_herd covered 110.27610.70, which_was
similar_to Tailiwass herd range_of 103.77627.25. However, the
monthly ranging_for Penelopes herd was twice as_big, estimated_at
191.25668.32.
Elephant Movement_Patterns
The satellite tracking data provided an opportunity to analyze
the rates at_which the five collared individuals moved_within their
home ranges in_different habitat_types._The speed of_the_elephant
movements was_computed by generating the average distance
taken by_the monitored_elephant in one full day, based_on the
available GPS location_data_and the time between successive
locations (Table_5).
Rozeliss movement rate (based on distance_per day) during the
first day_was_observed_to be high at 2.86_km presumably due to
the stress of_being captured and_collared. Field observations of
Rozelis showed that she_was_isolated from her herd for the_first_two
days after collaring. From the third