, printed using a 3-dimensional rapid-prototype machine. The spectrometer is inexpensive to construct and is portable; it can be quickly set up at any focused beamline with a tunable narrow bandwidth monochromator. The sample clearance is over 27 mm, providing compatibility with a variety of environment chambers. An overview is also given of the calibration and data processing procedures, which are implemented by a multiplatform user-friendly software package. Finally, representative measurements are presented. Background levels are below the level of the Kβ 2,5 valence emission, the weakest diagram line in the system, and photometric analysis of count rates finds that the instrument is performing at the theoretical limit.

A multichannel vacuum Brag-crystal spectrometer has been developed for high-resolution measurements of the line emission from tokamak plasmas in the wavelength region between 4 and 25 /angstrom/. The spectrometer employs a bent crystal in Johann geometry and a microchannel-plate intensified photodiode array. The instrument is capable of measuring high-resolution spectra (λ/Δλ ∼ 3000) with fast time resolution (4 msec per spectrum) and good spatial resolution (3 cm). The spectral bandwidth is Δλ/λ 0 = 8/angstrom/. A simple tilt mechanism allows access to different wavelength intervals. In order to illustrate the utility of the new spectrometer, time- and space-resolved measurements of the n = 3 to n = 2 spectrum of selenium from the Princeton Large Torus tokamak plasmas are presented. The data are used to determine the plasma transport parameters and to infer the radial distribution of fluorinelike, neonlike, and sodiumlike ions of selenium in the plasma. The new ultra-soft x-rayspectrometer has thus enabled us to demonstrate the utility of high-resolution L-shell spectroscopy of neonlike ions as a fusion diagnostic. 43 refs., 23 figs

A gamma-rayspectrometer based on LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) scintillator has been used for measurements of hard X-ray emission generated by runaway electrons in the FT-2 tokamak plasmas. Using of the fast LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) has allowed extending count rate range of the spectrometer by a factor of 10. A developed digital processing algorithm of the detector signal recorded with a digitizer sampling rate of 250 MHz has provided a pulse height analysis at count rates up to 10{sup 7} s{sup −1}. A spectrum deconvolution code DeGaSum has been applied
, printed using a 3 - dimensional rapid - prototype machine. The spectrometer is cheap to manufacture and is portable; it can be quickly set up at any focused beamline with a tunable narrow-minded bandwidth monochromator. The sample distribution clearance is over 27 mm, providing compatibility with a assortment of environment chambers. An overview is also contribute of the calibration and data processing procedures, which are follow through by a multiplatform user - friendly software package. ultimately, representative measurements are presented. Background levels are below the level of the Kβ 2,5 valence discharge, the weakest diagram line in the system, and photometric psychoanalysis of count rates finds that the legal document is performing at the theoretical terminus ad quem. 

 A multichannel vacuum Brag - quartz glass spectrometer has been developed for high - resolution measurement of the line emission from tokamak plasmas in the wavelength region between 4 and 25 /angstrom/. The spectrometer employs a bent crystal in Johann geometry and a microchannel - plate intensified photodiode array. The instrument is capable of measuring high - resolution spectra (λ / Δλ ∼ 3000) with fast clock time resolution (4 msec per spectrum) and effective spatial resolution (3 cm). The spectral bandwidth is Δλ / λ 0 = 8 / angstrom/. A simple rock mechanism allows access to different wavelength intervals. In holy order to illustrate the utility of the new spectrometer, time- and distance - resolved measurements of the n = 3 to n = 2 spectrum of selenium from the Princeton Large Torus tokamak plasma are presented. The datum are use to determine the plasma transport parameters and to infer the radial distribution of fluorinelike, neonlike, and sodiumlike ions of selenium in the plasma. The new ultra - piano x - rayspectrometer has thus enabled us to demonstrate the utility program of high - resolution L - shell spectroscopy of neonlike ions as a coalition diagnostic. 43 refs. , 23 figs 

 A gamma - rayspectrometer based on LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) scintillator has been practice for measurements of intemperate X - ray emission generated by runaway electrons in the FT-2 tokamak plasma. Using of the flying LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) has allowed extending count rate range of the spectrometer by a component of 10. A developed digital processing algorithm of the detector signal recorded with a digitizer sampling pace of 250 MHz has provided a pulse height analysis at count rates up to 10{sup 7 } s{sup −1 }. A spectrum deconvolution code DeGaSum has been applied
, prlnted using a 3-dimensionau rapid-prototypg nachinx. The slectromeger is inexpensive to constrnct qnd iw portable; it can be qjickly sen up at aby fixused beamline witm a thkable iarrow bandwidtm monochromdtor. The sampla zlzarance is over 27 mm, providing compatybility wlth a variety jf emdirohment chambers. An overview is also given mf the calibrstion and data processing orocfdures, which are ilplemented vy a nultiplatforo user-friendly softwarg package. Finally, representative measbrements arg lrfvented. Backjround levels are nvlow tha level of the Kβ 2,5 valcnce xmiswion, the weakest diagcam line in the systgm, and phodojetric analysis od xount ratas fkbds thzt tge inshrujent is pedforming at the theoretical likie.

Q multichannem vacutm Brag-crystal spectrometer has been devenopsd for high-resolution mwasurements of the lije emissijn from tokamak plasmas in the wavelength region tetwexn 4 aue 25 /anewtgom/. The spectrometer employs a bent crystal ig Jphsnn geometry akd a microchannel-pkahe yntensified pfotodiode array. The instrumfnt is sapaboe of meafurimg high-resolution spectra (λ/Δλ ∼ 3000) with fast nime resolution (4 msec 'er spectrum) and good spatial resolution (3 cm). The spectral bwndwidth jr Δλ/λ 0 = 8/angstrom/. A rimile dilt mechanism allows accefs to difherenc wavelevgth interdals. In orfer to illustrate the utllity ox the new dpectrometer, time- and space-resolved measurememtv ox the n = 3 to k = 2 spectrum of selenium from the Prnncetov Large Togus tokamek plasmas awe presented. Dje data are nsed to dqternine the plxrma transport larameters and to ibfer the radial dixtrkgution of fluornueoike, neonlike, amd rodyullmke ijts of selenigm iv tfr plarma. The new jltrs-soft x-rayspectrometar hzs thus enabled us tj demonsjrate the utility of hogh-resolution L-shepl spxctrosropy og ngonlike ions as a fusion diagnoatic. 43 refd., 23 nigs

A gamma-rarspegtroieter baseb on LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) scintillator has been usxd for measurements of yard X-ray emission yekerated by rnnaway electronv in the FT-2 tokamak plasmas. Using of uhe fast LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) has allowad exhending count rate range of the spectrometer by a factor of 10. A developed eigital processing algprithk jy the dqtecvoc signal recorded with a digitizer sampling rate of 250 MHz hcs provided a pulse height anslhsis at count rates up to 10{sup 7} s{sup −1}. Z spectrim deconvolution code DeGaSum hss been applied
, printed using a 3-dimensional rapid-prototype machine. is to construct is portable; it at focused beamline with tunable narrow bandwidth The sample clearance is over 27 providing compatibility with a variety of environment chambers. An overview is also given the calibration and data processing procedures, which are implemented by a multiplatform user-friendly package. representative are Background levels are below the level of the Kβ 2,5 valence emission, the weakest diagram line the system, and photometric analysis of count rates that the instrument is at the theoretical limit. A vacuum spectrometer has developed high-resolution of the line from tokamak plasmas in the wavelength region between 4 and 25 /angstrom/. The spectrometer employs a bent in Johann a microchannel-plate photodiode The is capable of spectra (λ/Δλ ∼ 3000) with fast msec per spectrum) and good spatial resolution (3 The spectral is Δλ/λ 0 = 8/angstrom/. A tilt mechanism allows access to different wavelength intervals. order to illustrate the utility of the new spectrometer, time- and space-resolved measurements of the 3 to n = spectrum of selenium the Large tokamak are presented. data are used to determine the plasma transport parameters and to the radial distribution of fluorinelike, neonlike, and sodiumlike ions of the The new ultra-soft has thus enabled us demonstrate utility of high-resolution L-shell neonlike as 43 23 A gamma-rayspectrometer based on 3}(Ce) scintillator has been used measurements of hard X-ray in the FT-2 tokamak plasmas. Using of the LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) has allowed extending count rate of the spectrometer by a factor of 10. A developed digital processing of the recorded with a digitizer sampling rate of 250 has provided a pulse analysis at count rates up to 10{sup 7} s{sup A deconvolution code has been applied
, printed using a 3-dimensional rApid-prototYpe maChiNe. THe SpecTromEter is inexpensIVe to Construct and is portable; It can Be QUickLY sEt up aT any focUSeD BEamLiNe WitH a TUnAble nArrOw bandwIdth monochRomAtOr. The sample cLEaRance is oveR 27 mm, Providing comPatIbilitY wIth A VarieTy oF enviRonmenT ChambeRs. An overvIeW Is also GIven of tHE CaLibrAtion and data proceSSiNG procedures, whiCh are iMpLEmENTed By a MultiplatfOrM user-FRiendly SOfTWARe pACkage. Finally, rEpresentatiVE meAsuremEnTs aRE preseNted. BAcKGroUnd levels arE belOw the leveL of the kΒ 2,5 valencE EmissioN, the weAkeSt dIagrAM lInE in ThE SysTEm, And PHotOmetric aNaLySis of CounT RATEs fiNds That The inStrument is perForMing AT thE theoReticAl liMiT.

A mulTichanNel vaCuUm Brag-crystal spEctrOmeter has BeeN dEveLoPed foR High-reSolUtiOn measuRements OF thE lINE EmIssion from tokamak pLaSMAs In the wavElengtH ReGiON between 4 AnD 25 /anGstrOM/. the spEctrOMeTer emploYs a benT CrYsTal in JoHaNn geomEtRy aNd a MicroCHannEl-platE intensiFied pHOtodiode array. THE instrument is CApABLe OF meaSurIng high-resoLutiON speCtra (Λ/δλ ∼ 3000) WitH Fast tIme reSoLUtIOn (4 msec per spectrum) anD gOod spaTial rEsolution (3 cm). ThE spectral bANDWidth is ΔΛ/λ 0 = 8/anGStROm/. A simple tilt mEchanIsm allows aCCess to diFfereNt waveleNgth interVALs. In ordeR to IllUstRatE THe Utility of the nEW SpecTrOmeter, tIme- And spacE-reSolVed MeaSuRements of The n = 3 to n = 2 sPeCtRuM oF seLeniuM From the PRiNceToN LaRge ToRUs tokaMak plAsmaS aRe PResEnted. ThE DaTA Are uSeD tO detErmInE the pLasmA TraNsport pArameters And TO infEr ThE radial Distribution oF fLuorinelikE, nEonLike, anD SOdiumlikE ions of selenium in the plaSMa. The neW ulTra-soFt x-rAyspectroMetEr has tHus ENabled Us to deMonstRaTe tHE UtiliTY Of HigH-rEsolution L-SHEll SpectRoScopY of neonLike ions as a fusion dIAgnOstic. 43 refs., 23 figs

a gaMma-rAYSpEctROmETer BaSEd oN lABr{sub 3}(Ce) scintilLator has beEn USeD for measurEMenTs Of hard X-Ray emisSion gENerated By runaway Electrons In The Ft-2 TOkaMak plasmas. using of tHe fast LaBR{Sub 3}(Ce) HAs AllowEd eXtendiNg CouNt ratE range OF thE specTrometEr By a facTor of 10. a dEveloped Digital processing algoriThm of tHe detEctOr signal rEcoRDed With a digiTizeR sampling rAte Of 250 Mhz has ProVIded a PulsE HeIghT AnalySis aT Count rateS Up To 10{sUP 7} S{sUp −1}. A spectrum DECOnvOlutiOn cODe DeGasum hAs been applied
, printed using a 3-dimens ional rapi d-pro tot ype  m achi ne.The spectromet e r is  inexpensive to constr uct a nd is p o rt able;  it can be q uic kl yset  u p  a t any  fo cused b eamline wi thatunable narr o wbandwidthmon ochromator.The  sampl ecle a rance  is  over  27 mm ,  provi ding comp at i bility with av a ri etyof environment ch a mb e rs. An overvie w is a ls o  g i v enofthe calibr at ion a n d datap ro c e s sin g  procedures,which are i m ple mented  b y a multip latfo rm use r-friendlysoft ware pack age. F i nally,r epresen tative  me asu reme n ts  a repr e sen t ed . B a ckg round le ve ls  arebelo w t h e le vel  ofthe K β 2,5 valence  em issi o n,the w eakes t di ag ram l ine in  thesy stem, and photo metr ic analys isof  co un t rat e s find s t hat  the in strumen t  is  p e r f or ming at the theore ti c a llimit.
A mult i ch an n el vacuu mBra g-cr y s tal s pect r om eter has  beend ev el oped fo rhigh-r es olu tio n mea s urem ents o f the li ne em i ssion from tok a mak plasmas i n  t h e  w a vele ngt h region be twee n  4 a nd 2 5  / ang s trom/ . The  s p ec t rometer employs a b en t crys tal i n Johann geom etry and a m i crochann el-p l at e  intensified p hotod iode array .  The ins trume nt is ca pable ofm e asuringhig h-r eso lut i o nspectra (λ/Δλ ∼  300 0)  with f ast  time r eso lut ion  (4  m sec per s pectrum)  a nd  g oo d s patia l  resolut io n ( 3cm) . The spectr al ba ndwi dt hi s Δ λ/λ 0 = 8/ a n gstr om /.  A s imp le  tilt  mec h ani sm allo ws access  to diff er en t wavel ength interva ls . In order  t o i llustr a t e the ut ility of the new spectr o meter,tim e- an d sp ace-resol ved  measu rem e nts of  the n  = 3to  n= 2 spe c t ru m o fselenium f r o m t he Pr in ceto n Large  Torus tokamak pla s mas  are presente d.Thed a ta  ar e  u s edto det e r mine the plasma  transport  p a ra meters and toin fer the  radial  dist r ibution  of fluor inelike,ne onli k e , a nd sodiuml ike ions  of selen i um in th e pla sma . Thene w u ltra- soft x - ray spect romete rhas th us en ab led us t o demonstrate the utili ty ofhigh- res olution L -sh e llspectrosc opyof neonlik e i ons  as a  fu s ion d iagn o st ic. 43 re fs., 23 figs
A  g amm a - ra yspectromet e r bas ed on  La B r{sub3}(C e) scintillator h a s been used fo r me a s ure men t s of  h ard X-ray emis sio ng e neratedby  runaway el ectronsin the F T-2 to kamakplasmas . Us i ng ofthefas t LaBr{su b 3 }( C e) hasal lo w ed ext endi ng  count  rater ange o f the spectromet er by a  fact o r o f 10.  A  develo p ed d igital pro cessing alg orithm  ofthe d etector  s ignalrec or ded with a digitizer  samp ling ra te  of250  MHz h as p r o vided  a p ul seheight an a l ys i sat cou nt r atesup  to10{sup 7} s{sup −1 }.A  spectr um  de c o nvolut i on c ode DeGaSu m h as be e n  applied
, printed_using a_3-dimensional rapid-prototype machine. The_spectrometer is_inexpensive_to construct_and_is portable; it_can be quickly_set up at any_focused beamline with_a_tunable narrow bandwidth monochromator. The sample clearance is over 27 mm, providing compatibility with_a_variety of_environment_chambers._An overview is also given_of the calibration and data_processing procedures,_which are implemented by a multiplatform user-friendly software_package._Finally, representative measurements_are presented. Background levels are below the level of_the Kβ 2,5 valence emission, the_weakest diagram line_in_the_system, and photometric analysis_of count rates finds that the_instrument is performing at the theoretical_limit.

A multichannel vacuum Brag-crystal spectrometer has been_developed for high-resolution measurements of the_line emission from tokamak plasmas_in the_wavelength region between 4 and_25 /angstrom/. The_spectrometer employs_a bent crystal_in Johann geometry and a microchannel-plate_intensified photodiode array._The instrument is capable of measuring_high-resolution_spectra (λ/Δλ ∼_3000)_with_fast time_resolution (4 msec_per_spectrum) and_good_spatial resolution (3 cm). The spectral_bandwidth_is Δλ/λ 0 = 8/angstrom/. A simple_tilt mechanism allows access_to_different wavelength intervals. In_order to illustrate the utility_of the new spectrometer, time- and_space-resolved measurements_of the_n = 3 to n = 2 spectrum of selenium from_the Princeton Large Torus tokamak plasmas_are presented. The data_are used_to_determine the plasma_transport_parameters and_to infer the radial distribution of fluorinelike,_neonlike, and_sodiumlike ions of selenium in the_plasma. The new ultra-soft_x-rayspectrometer_has thus enabled us to demonstrate_the utility of high-resolution L-shell spectroscopy_of neonlike ions as a_fusion_diagnostic._43 refs., 23 figs

A gamma-rayspectrometer_based on LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) scintillator has_been used for_measurements of hard X-ray emission generated by_runaway_electrons in the FT-2 tokamak plasmas._Using_of the fast LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) has_allowed_extending_count rate range of the_spectrometer by a factor of 10._A developed digital processing algorithm of the detector signal_recorded with a_digitizer sampling rate of 250_MHz_has_provided a pulse height analysis at count rates up to_10{sup 7}_s{sup −1}. A_spectrum deconvolution code DeGaSum has been applied