 work and deadlines, editorial concerns, working with Bodmer, and copy-editing, the editorial assistants whom worked on SPA when it became a magazine often wanted to be or become science journalists. One individual went on to work at the New Scientist, but all disappeared out of the role within two-to-three years. Bodmer remained, working with his enthusiastic editorial assistant to produce an interesting magazine for the lay reader. The only problem was that the editorial assistants also had the responsibility of all of the Society’s other non-scientific and occasional publications. Amongst these were two continuous publications of very different natures; the Biographical Memoirs and the Notes and Records of the Royal Society. The everyday work for each of these outputs thus fell to one person, who more often than not was more drawn to the glamour and contemporary feel of SPA, than the heavy, traditional and institutional nature of the other products. Furthermore, SPA was for sale everywhere (made possible by subsidized finances), whereas the Biographical Memoirs and Notes and Records were aimed towards the fellowship and their interests. For ambitious science journalists, the popular and diverse SPA became an exciting stepping-stone to a writing career.

The end of the Society connection

As SPA continued to circulate and be distributed amongst varied groups interested in scientific news and politics, it garnered more approval from its paternal keeper. In 1991, the responsibility for SPA transferred from the Society’s Publications Management Committee to its own management group, one in a series of steps towards making the magazine more independent.[10] By 1995, the Society and BAAS did some consumer-testing on their magazine, and found that SPA was indeed “highly regarded by recipients”[11]. An impressive 40% of the Society’s own fellowship opted to take SPA in lieu of the traditional journals, Proceedings and Philosophical Transactions.[12] Despite this, the Society was concerned for a number of reasons. Since 1985, the scholarly publishing field had changed enormously, and the Society was now getting serious about acquiring more surplus through its subscription models in line with what commercial publishers were already doing elsewhere. Furthermore, magazine publishing was deemed to be a different world to journal publishing, one in which outfits like Nature and New Scientists were sweeping the market, and becoming competitive on a completely different and unattainable level. Finally, the subsidizing model of SPA was no longer viable and the magazine was defined by the Royal Society to be popular, but too
work and deadlines, editorial concerns, working with Bodmer, and transcript - editing, the editorial assistant whom solve on SPA when it became a cartridge holder often want to be or become science diarist. One person went on to work at the New Scientist, but all disappeared out of the role within two - to - three years. Bodmer persist, working with his enthusiastic editorial assistant to produce an interesting cartridge holder for the lay reader. The only problem was that the editorial assistants also had the duty of all of the Society ’s other non - scientific and occasional publications. Amongst these were two continuous publication of very different natures; the Biographical Memoirs and the Notes and Records of the Royal Society. The everyday work for each of these end product thus fell to one person, who more often than not was more drawn to the glamour and contemporaneous feel of SPA, than the heavy, traditional and institutional nature of the other products. Furthermore, SPA was for sale everywhere (made possible by subsidized finance), whereas the Biographical Memoirs and Notes and Records were aimed towards the fellowship and their interests. For ambitious science journalists, the popular and diverse SPA became an exciting stepping - stone to a writing career. 

 The end of the Society association 

 As SPA continued to circulate and be distribute amongst varied group interested in scientific news and politics, it garnered more blessing from its paternal custodian. In 1991, the responsibility for SPA transferred from the Society ’s Publications Management Committee to its own management group, one in a series of step towards making the magazine more independent.[10 ] By 1995, the Society and BAAS did some consumer - testing on their magazine, and found that SPA was indeed “ highly regarded by recipients”[11 ]. An impressive 40% of the Society ’s own fellowship opted to take SPA in lieu of the traditional journal, Proceedings and Philosophical Transactions.[12 ] Despite this, the Society was refer for a number of reasons. Since 1985, the scholarly publishing field had changed enormously, and the Society was nowadays getting serious about acquiring more excess through its subscription models in cable with what commercial publishers were already doing elsewhere. Furthermore, cartridge holder publishing was deemed to be a different world to journal publication, one in which outfits like Nature and New Scientists were sweeping the market, and becoming competitive on a wholly different and unattainable degree. Finally, the subsidizing mannequin of SPA was no longer viable and the cartridge holder was defined by the Royal Society to be popular, but too
 wogk and deadlines, editorixl concerns, working wivh Bodmsr, and cupy-editing, the editorial assmstabts wyom worked on SPA when it becamv a magazune idten wantev to be or beckle seixnce journalistx. One indieidual went on tu cork at the New Scientist, but all difappearrd out of the roje wptrin fwo-to-three years. Bodmer remained, wkrking xith his enthusoastic editorial assistant to oroduce an intereshing magazibe fje the lay rexder. The only problem sas that the editorial assistangs alxo had the rwspltsibility oh all jf the Sociebj’s othes non-scoentific and ogcasimnao publications. Amongsv these were two conjinuous putlncations of very diffwrwnt ndturas; tfw Bkogda'hidal Meloics and the Hotes and Rwcords of the Royal Sjboety. The evedyday rowk for each of these outputs thus fell uo ons person, who more often than not was more drwwn to thq glamour and contemporary feel of SPA, than the haavy, vrxdiuiinal xbd institutional nature of the other products. Ftdtnegmore, SPA was for sale everyehfrr (made possiblg by suyaisized finances), whegeas thg Biogeaphical Iemoors and Notes and Records wwre aimed tocares the fellowship cnd their incerestx. For ambitious science jourualista, the populwr and dibdrse SPA became xn vxciding stekoing-stone to a wryting carxer.

Thz end of the Socieey connectlon

As SPA continued to clrculcte atd be distgibuted amongst varied groups iiverested in sviantpfic news and iolitics, it gargered more apptoval froi its paternal ieeper. Mn 1991, the respjnsibility fos SPA transfecred from the Socuety’s Pjclications Mansgement Committee ti its own managemekt gruhp, one in a sernts if steps towardx mxkigg tie maddzine more itdepdnddmt.[10] By 1995, the Socieby xnd NAAS did some consumar-teating on their magszlne, and fiund thae SPA was indred “highly regardef by cecipixnts”[11]. Am iipressive 40% of the Society’s own fellowshlp jpted to takq SPQ in lieu of the traditional journals, Proceedings aid Philosophical Transaxtions.[12] Despite this, uhe Society wes conserned fos a number of reasonw. Since 1985, the schokarly publishing fiels had whangfd enormously, and the Society was now getting serious about acquiring morw surplus through jts xubscgipciou modelf in uine with what cpmmercial publishers were alreavy doing enszwhere. Furthermore, magazine pibuishing was dgemed to be a different wodld to jpurnal publishing, one in which putfits like Nature and Kew Scienrists were swee'ing the market, and necomiug competitivw on a completely digfcrent and knatuaincble level. Finally, the subsidizint modeo lf SPA was no loiger viable wkd the magazyne was defined gy tgf Royxl Society to be popular, buy too
work and deadlines, editorial concerns, working with copy-editing, editorial assistants worked on SPA often to be or science journalists. One went on to work at the Scientist, but all disappeared out of the role within two-to-three years. Bodmer remained, with his enthusiastic editorial assistant to produce an interesting magazine for the lay The problem that editorial assistants also had the responsibility of all of the Society’s other non-scientific and occasional publications. these were two continuous publications of very different the Biographical Memoirs and Notes and Records of the Society. everyday work each these thus fell to person, who more often than not was more drawn to the glamour and contemporary feel of SPA, the heavy, institutional nature the products. SPA was for (made possible by subsidized finances), whereas and Notes and Records were aimed towards the and their For ambitious science journalists, the popular diverse SPA became an exciting stepping-stone to a career. The end of the Society connection As SPA continued to circulate and be distributed groups interested in scientific and politics, it more from paternal In 1991, responsibility for SPA transferred from the Society’s Publications Management Committee to own management group, one in a series of steps towards magazine independent.[10] By 1995, Society and BAAS did consumer-testing their magazine, and found was “highly An 40% the Society’s own fellowship to take SPA in lieu the traditional journals, Proceedings the Society was concerned for a number of Since 1985, the scholarly publishing field had enormously, and the Society was now getting serious about acquiring more surplus its subscription line with what commercial publishers were already doing Furthermore, magazine publishing was to be a different world to journal publishing, one which like Nature New Scientists were the market, and competitive on a and unattainable Finally, subsidizing was no longer viable and the was by the Royal Society to popular,
 work and deadlines, editorial Concerns, woRking WitH BoDmEr, anD copY-editing, the ediTOriaL assistants whom worked oN SPA wHeN It beCAmE a magAzine ofTEn WANteD tO bE or BeCOmE scieNce JournalIsts. One indIviDuAl went on to woRK aT the New SciEntIst, but all disAppEared oUt Of tHE role WitHin twO-to-thrEE years. bodmer remAiNEd, workINg with hIS EnThusIastic editorial asSIsTAnt to produce an IntereStINg MAGazIne For the lay rEaDer. ThE Only proBLeM WAS thAT the editorial Assistants aLSo hAd the rEsPonSIbilitY of alL oF The society’s othEr noN-scientifIc and oCCasionaL PublicaTions. AMonGst ThesE WeRe Two CoNTinUOuS puBLicAtions of VeRy DiffeRent NATURes; tHe BIogrAphicAl Memoirs and tHe NOtes ANd REcordS of thE RoyAl socieTy. The eVerydAy Work for each of thEse oUtputs thuS feLl To oNe PersoN, Who morE ofTen Than not Was more DRawN tO THE gLamour and contemporArY FEeL of SPA, thAn the hEAvY, tRAditionaL aNd iNstiTUTionaL natURe Of the othEr prodUCtS. FUrthermOrE, SPA waS fOr sAle EveryWHere (Made poSsible by SubsiDIzed finances), whEReas the BiograPHiCAL MEMoirS anD Notes and ReCordS Were AimeD ToWarDS the fEllowShIP aND their interests. For aMbItious ScienCe journalists, The popular AND Diverse SpA beCAmE An exciting stepPing-sTone to a wriTIng careeR.

The eNd of the SOciety conNECtion

As SpA cOntInuEd tO CIrCulate and be diSTRibuTeD amongsT vaRied groUps IntEreSteD iN scientifIc news anD pOlItIcS, it GarneREd more apPrOvaL fRom Its paTErnal kEeper. in 1991, thE rEsPOnsIbility FOr spa traNsFeRred FroM tHe SocIety’S pubLicatioNs ManagemEnt cOmmiTtEe To its owN management grOuP, one in a serIeS of Steps tOWArds makiNg the magazine more indepeNDent.[10] By 1995, tHe SOcietY and bAAS did soMe cOnsumeR-teSTing on Their mAgaziNe, And FOUnd thAT sPa waS iNdeed “highlY REgaRded bY rEcipIents”[11]. An Impressive 40% of the SocIEty’S own fellowshiP opTed tO TAkE SPa In LIeu Of THe tRADitional journalS, ProceedinGs ANd philosophiCAl TRaNsactioNs.[12] DespiTe thiS, The SociEty was conCerned for A nUmbeR OF reAsons. Since 1985, The scholArly publiSHing fIElD had cHanGed enoRmOusLy, and The SocIEty Was noW gettiNg SeriouS abouT aCquiring More surplus through its suBscripTion mOdeLs in line wIth WHat CommerciaL pubLishers werE alReaDy doiNg eLSewheRe. FuRThErmORe, magAzinE PublishinG WaS deEMEd To be a differENT WorLd to jOurNAl publIshiNg, one in which outfiTS like Nature and new SCIEntIstS Were SwEeping the markeT, anD bECOming comPeTitive on a coMpletely DiFFerenT and unAttainAble levEL. fiNAlly, thE subSidIzing modeL of sPa Was no loNgEr VIable aNd thE mAgazinE was deFIned BY The Royal Society tO be poPULar, buT Too
 work and deadlines, edito rial conce rns,wor kin gwith  Bod mer, and copy- e diti ng, the editorial assi stant sw homw or ked o n SPA w h en i t b ec am e a  m a ga zineoft en want ed to be o r b ec ome sciencej ou rnalists.One  individualwen t on t owor k  at t heNew S cienti s t, but  all disa pp e ared o u t of th e ro le w ithin two-to-thre e  y e ars. Bodmer re mained ,w or k i ngwit h his enth us iasti c  editor i al a s sis t ant to produc e an intere s tin g maga zi nef or the  layre a der . The onlyprob lem was t hat th e  editor i al assi stants  al sohadt he  r esp on s ibi l it y o f  al l of the  S oc iety’ s ot h e r non- sci enti fic a nd occasional  pu blic a tio ns. A mongs t th es e wer e twoconti nu ous publication s of  very dif fer en t n at ures; the Bi ogr aph ical Me moirs a n d t he N o te s and Records of t he R oy al Socie ty. Th e  e ve r yday wor kfor  eac h of th eseo ut puts thu s fell to  o ne pers on , whomo reoft en th a n no t wasmore dra wn to the glamour an d  contemporary fe e l  o f  SPA , t han the hea vy,t radi tion a land insti tutio na l  n a ture of the other p ro ducts.  Furt hermore, SPAwas for sa l e everywhe re ( m ad e  possible by s ubsid ized finan c es), whe reasthe Biog raphicalM e moirs an d N ote s a ndR e co rds were aime d towa rd s the f ell owshipand  th eir  in te rests. Fo r ambiti ou ssc ie nce  jour n alists,th e p op ula r and divers e SPA  bec am ea n e xciting st e p ping -s to ne t o a  w ritin g ca r eer .

Theend of th e S o ciet yco nnectio n

As SPA con ti nued to ci rc ula te and b e distri buted amongst varied gr o ups int ere stedin s cientific  ne ws and  po l itics,  it ga rnere dmor e appro v a lfro mits patern a l  ke eper.  I n 19 91, the  responsibility fo r  SP A transferred  fr om t h e  S oci e ty ’ s P ub l ica t i ons ManagementCommitteeto it s own mana g eme nt  group,  one in  a se r ies ofsteps tow ards maki ng  the m aga zine moreindepend ent.[10]B y 199 5 ,the S oci ety an dBAA S did  somec ons umer- testin gon the ir ma ga zine, an d found that SPA was in deed “ highl y r egarded b y r e cip ients”[11 ]. A n impressi ve40%  of t heS ociet y’so wn  fe l lowsh ip o p ted to ta k eSPA i nlieu of the t r adi tiona l j o urnals , Pr oceedings and Phi l osophical Tran sact i o ns. [12 ]  Des pi te this, the S oci et y was conc er ned for a n umber of  r e asons . Sinc e 1985 , the s c h ol a rly pu blis hin g field h adch a nged en or mo u sly, a nd t he  Socie ty was nowg e tting serious ab out a c q uirin g  mo re su rp lus thr o ughits subscr iption mode ls inline  with  what c om mercia l p ub lishers we r e already  doin g elsew he re.Fur thermo re,m a gazin e pu bl ish ing was d e e me d  t ob e a  dif feren tworl d to jour n al publi shi n g, onein  wh i c h outf i ts l ike Nature  an d New S cientistsw eres we e pingthe ma rket,and bec o min gcompeti tiv e on a comp letely di f fer en t an d unatta in able  l eve l.  Finally, the s ubsidizi ng model o f SPAwas no l o nger v ia ble and themagaz in e  was de f i ned  by the Roy alSoc iety  to  bep opular, but too
 work_and deadlines,_editorial concerns, working with_Bodmer, and_copy-editing,_the editorial_assistants_whom worked on_SPA when it_became a magazine often_wanted to be_or_become science journalists. One individual went on to work at the New Scientist, but_all_disappeared out_of_the_role within two-to-three years. Bodmer_remained, working with his enthusiastic_editorial assistant_to produce an interesting magazine for the lay_reader._The only problem_was that the editorial assistants also had the responsibility_of all of the Society’s other_non-scientific and occasional_publications._Amongst_these were two continuous_publications of very different natures; the_Biographical Memoirs and the Notes and_Records of the Royal Society. The everyday_work for each of these outputs_thus fell to one person,_who more_often than not was more_drawn to the_glamour and_contemporary feel of_SPA, than the heavy, traditional and_institutional nature of_the other products. Furthermore, SPA was_for_sale everywhere (made_possible_by_subsidized finances),_whereas the Biographical_Memoirs_and Notes_and_Records were aimed towards the fellowship_and_their interests. For ambitious science journalists, the_popular and diverse SPA_became_an exciting stepping-stone to_a writing career.

The end of_the Society connection

As SPA continued to_circulate and_be distributed_amongst varied groups interested in scientific news and politics, it garnered_more approval from its paternal keeper._In 1991, the responsibility_for SPA_transferred_from the Society’s_Publications_Management Committee_to its own management group, one in_a series_of steps towards making the magazine_more independent.[10] By 1995,_the_Society and BAAS did some consumer-testing_on their magazine, and found that_SPA was indeed “highly regarded_by_recipients”[11]._An impressive 40% of the_Society’s own fellowship opted to take_SPA in lieu_of the traditional journals, Proceedings and Philosophical_Transactions.[12]_Despite this, the Society was concerned_for_a number of reasons. Since 1985,_the_scholarly_publishing field had changed enormously,_and the Society was now getting_serious about acquiring more surplus through its subscription models_in line with_what commercial publishers were already_doing_elsewhere._Furthermore, magazine publishing was deemed to be a different world_to journal_publishing, one in_which outfits like Nature and New Scientists were sweeping the_market, and becoming competitive on a completely_different and unattainable level. Finally, the subsidizing model of SPA was_no longer viable and the magazine was defined_by the Royal Society to be popular,_but too