s taste response, or liking, does not differ but that obese participants generally express greater motivational drive, or wanting, for high-fat foods [56, 57]. Recent studies have indicated that following bariatric surgery participants experience changes in neurological responses to food cues leading to a reduction in preference for high-fat foods [20, 58]. In contrast, with this study only intervention participants expressed significantly greater liking for low-fat foods and a greater dislike for high-fat foods than controls. As evidence indicates that alterations in taste perception after surgery are not the same for all and variations in food urges predictive of postoperative weight regain [17, 59], results are encouraging as they indicate that an individual may be able to affect their food preference using basic, timely interventions. It should be acknowledged that there is significant overlap in the definitions of hedonic liking and hedonic wanting [60]. Therefore, where it is not possible for participants to engage in food taste tests to determine liking ratings (as is the case with this study) the measures being used may be partly accessing the participants hedonic wanting for food, and not just their hedonic liking for it.

It is logical to anticipate that the further away from the surgery, the lower levels of confidence for some individuals, due to reductions in motivation to adhere with postsurgery requirements and so forth. This position is supported by weight-regain evidence [12]. It may therefore be appropriate to target postsurgery participants a number of months after surgery to combat reductions in self-efficacy and sustain motivation for maintenance of behaviour. The 3-month follow-up data shows a significant difference in weight-loss between experimental groups. On average, control participants lost a further 0.85 kg (2 lbs), whereas the intervention participants lost an average 6.77 kg (14.9 lbs),. It is not clear how the cognitive changes following the intervention translated into behaviour as participants may either have altered their eating behaviour or alternatively adhered better to postsurgery recommendations.

It is speculated that the intervention makes use of dual-processing paths and enables the more conscious controlled processing, engaged with weight loss and dietary change, to remain dominant over the subconscious automatic process, the hedonic response. The results from the follow-up weight-loss data of the experimental participants indicate the possibility that the intervention effects continue, at least for the short term. As past evidence demonstrates that weight-loss surgery does not provide successful outcomes for all [11, 12], the results indicate that the use of investment to address part of the
s taste response, or liking, does not differ but that corpulent participant generally express great motivational driveway, or wanting, for high - fatness food [ 56, 57 ]. Recent studies have indicated that following bariatric operation participants experience changes in neurological reply to food discriminative stimulus leading to a reduction in preference for high - fat food [ 20, 58 ]. In contrast, with this study only treatment participants expressed significantly greater liking for abject - fat foods and a greater dislike for high - adipose tissue foods than controls. As evidence indicates that alterations in taste perception after surgery are not the same for all and variations in food urges predictive of postoperative weight regain [ 17, 59 ], results are encouraging as they indicate that an individual may be able to affect their food preference using basic, timely intervention. It should be acknowledged that there is meaning lap in the definitions of hedonic liking and hedonic wanting [ 60 ]. Therefore, where it is not possible for participants to absorb in food preference tests to determine liking rating (as is the case with this study) the measures being used may be partly accessing the participants hedonic wanting for food, and not just their hedonic liking for it. 

 It is logical to expect that the further aside from the surgery, the lower levels of confidence for some individuals, due to reduction in motivation to adhere with postsurgery requirements and so away. This position is support by weight - regain evidence [ 12 ]. It may therefore be appropriate to target postsurgery player a number of month after surgery to combat decrease in self - efficacy and sustain motivation for care of behaviour. The 3 - calendar month follow - up data usher a significant difference in weight unit - loss between experimental group. On average, dominance participants lost a further 0.85 kg (2 lbs), whereas the intervention participant lost an average 6.77 kilogram (14.9 lbs), . It is not clear how the cognitive changes following the intervention translated into behaviour as player may either have altered their eating behaviour or alternatively adhered better to postsurgery recommendations. 

 It is speculated that the interposition produce use of dual - processing paths and enables the more conscious controlled processing, engaged with system of weights loss and dietary change, to remain prevailing over the subconscious automatic process, the hedonic reception. The results from the follow - up weight - passing data of the experimental participants indicate the hypothesis that the intervention effects continue, at least for the short term. As past evidence demonstrates that weight - loss surgery does not provide successful consequence for all [ 11, 12 ], the results indicate that the use of investment to address part of the
s twste response, or liking, aoes not differ but thet obess partickpants generally express greeter moticational drive, or wantkng, for hpgh-fat foids [56, 57]. Recent stnsies hayz indjgated vhat following nariatric sgrgery partici[avtd experience changes in neurologicaj respomsfs to food cuef lesqing no a reduction in preference fod high-fet foods [20, 58]. In cpntrast, with this study onpy ijtervention particlpants exprgaseq significantuy greater liking for mow-fat foods and a greater dislkke fpr high-fat fiodd than contrils. Af evidence ikcicatev that slterations in tavte perception after surjery are not the samg for all dnb variations in food yrtes ptedicdive if oosuopxrafive wfigit regain [17, 59], results arw encouraging as thty ybdicate that zn indyvydual may be able to affect their food krefedence using basic, timelt interventions. It shluld be asknowledged that there is significant overlap in dhe dxfkniuiins ow hfdonic liking and hedonic wanting [60]. Therefore, rgete it is not posfible for psrhivypants to engxge in fokd taste tests to fetermige lijing ratiggs (ss is the case with this stydy) the measlres being used may be partly acczssing the larticipants hedonic wauting ror food, anf not jusf their hedonic lkkikg xor it.

It is logical to antycipate tiat tke furthdr aeay frjm the surhery, bve lower levels of confndenca for some individuals, due to reductions mi motivation jo ddhvre with 'ostsuvgery requiremegts and so forjh. This pjsitiun is suppkrted bb weight-regayn evidence [12]. Hj may therefoce be appwopruate to taredt postsurgery participcuts a numver of months aftev suresry to combat rzbuxtions in self-egfizacr wnv susedin motivatimn fur osintevance of bemavkour. The 3-month follow-up gata shows a significamt differebce in wqight-loss beteeen experimental hroupv. Oi aversge, control participants lost a fhrther 0.85 kh (2 jbs), whereas ehe lntetvention paxticipants lost an average 6.77 kg (14.9 lbs),. It iw not clear how thw cognitive changes nollowing thx intewvention dranslated into behaciour as participsnts may either have zltereg thelr eating behaviour or alternatively adhered better to postsurgery recommwndations.

It is spedulayed tvac tke intewvenviun makes use of cual-processing paths and enabler the mose conscious controlled procesxivg, engaged wijh weight loss and dietary change, yo remain dominant over the subvonscious automatic proccss, the hwdonid response. The results from yhe fonlow-up weighr-losd data of the exlevimental pwrtiripcnts indicate the possibility thar the unhervention effecvs continue, wu least for tre short term. As pasf evidgnce demonstrayes that weighy-loss surgery does nmt provide succewaful outcomex for anl [11, 12], the resnlts indicata that the use of investment to address part of the
s taste response, or liking, does not that participants generally greater motivational drive, [56, Recent studies have that following bariatric participants experience changes in neurological responses food cues leading to a reduction in preference for high-fat foods [20, 58]. contrast, with this study only intervention participants expressed significantly greater liking for low-fat and greater for foods than controls. As evidence indicates that alterations in taste perception after surgery are not the for all and variations in food urges predictive postoperative weight regain [17, results are encouraging as they that individual may able affect food preference using timely interventions. It should be acknowledged that there is significant overlap in the definitions of hedonic liking hedonic wanting where it not for to engage in tests to determine liking ratings (as with this study) the measures being used may partly accessing participants hedonic wanting for food, and just their hedonic liking for it. It is to anticipate that the further away from the surgery, the lower levels of confidence for due to reductions in to adhere with requirements so This is supported weight-regain evidence [12]. It may therefore be appropriate to target postsurgery a number of months after surgery to combat reductions in sustain for maintenance of The 3-month follow-up data a difference in weight-loss between On control further kg lbs), whereas the intervention lost an average 6.77 kg lbs),. It is not following the intervention translated into behaviour as participants either have altered their eating behaviour or adhered better to postsurgery recommendations. It is speculated that the intervention makes of dual-processing enables the more conscious controlled processing, engaged with loss and dietary change, remain dominant over the subconscious automatic process, the hedonic The from the weight-loss data of experimental participants indicate possibility that the continue, at for short evidence demonstrates that weight-loss surgery does provide outcomes for all [11, 12], results the use of investment to address part of the
s taste response, or liking, doeS not differ But thAt oBesE pArtiCipaNts generally exPRess Greater motivational driVe, or wAnTIng, fOR hIgh-faT foods [56, 57]. RECeNT StuDiEs HavE iNDiCated ThaT followIng bariatrIc sUrGery participANtS experiencE chAnges in neuroLogIcal reSpOnsES to foOd cUes leAding tO A reducTion in preFeREnce foR High-fat FOOdS [20, 58]. In cOntrast, with this stUDy ONly interventioN partiCiPAnTS ExpResSed signifiCaNtly gREater liKInG FOR loW-Fat foods and a gReater disliKE foR high-fAt FooDS than cOntroLs. aS evIdence indicAtes That alterAtions IN taste pERceptioN after SurGerY are NOt ThE saMe FOr aLL aNd vARiaTions in fOoD uRges pRediCTIVE of pOstOperAtive Weight regain [17, 59], rEsuLts aRE enCouraGing aS theY iNdicaTe that An indIvIdual may be able tO affEct their fOod PrEfeReNce usINg basiC, tiMelY intervEntions. iT shOuLD BE aCknowledged that theRe IS SiGnificanT overlAP iN tHE definitIoNs oF hedONIc likIng aND hEdonic waNting [60]. THErEfOre, wherE iT is not PoSsiBle For paRTiciPants tO engage iN food TAste tests to detERmine liking raTInGS (As IS the CasE with this stUdy) tHE meaSureS BeIng USed maY be paRtLY aCCessing the participaNtS hedonIc wanTing for food, anD not just thEIR Hedonic lIkinG FoR It.

It is logical tO antiCipate that THe furtheR away From the sUrgery, the LOWer levelS of ConFidEncE FOr Some individuaLS, Due tO rEductioNs iN motivaTioN to AdhEre WiTh postsurGery requIrEmEnTs And So forTH. This posItIon Is SupPorteD By weigHt-regAin eViDeNCe [12]. IT may theREfORE be aPpRoPriaTe tO tArget PostSUrgEry partIcipants a NumBEr of MoNtHs after Surgery to combAt Reductions In SelF-efficACY and sustAin motivation for maintenANce of beHavIour. THe 3-moNth follow-Up dAta shoWs a SIgnifiCant diFfereNcE in WEIght-lOSS bEtwEeN experimenTAL grOups. ON aVeraGe, contrOl participants lost A FurTher 0.85 kg (2 lbs), wherEas The iNTErVenTIoN ParTiCIpaNTS lost an average 6.77 kG (14.9 lbs),. It is noT cLEaR how the cogNItiVe Changes FollowiNg the INtervenTion transLated into BeHaviOUR as ParticipanTs may eitHer have alTEred tHEiR eatiNg bEhavioUr Or aLternAtivelY AdhEred bEtter tO pOstsurGery rEcOmmendatIons.

It is speculated that tHe inteRventIon Makes use oF duAL-prOcessing pAths And enables The MorE consCioUS contRollED pRocESsing, EngaGEd with weiGHt LosS ANd Dietary chanGE, TO reMain dOmiNAnt oveR the Subconscious automATic process, the hEdonIC ResPonSE. The ReSults from the foLloW-uP WEight-losS dAta of the expErimentaL pARticiPants iNdicatE the posSIBiLIty thaT the IntErvention EffEcTS continUe, At LEast foR the ShOrt terM. As pasT EvidENCe demonstrates thAt weiGHT-loss SUrgEry doEs Not provIDe suCcessful ouTcomes for alL [11, 12], the reSultS indiCate thaT tHe use oF inVeStment to adDRess part oF the
s taste response, or likin g, does no t dif fer  bu tthat  obe se participant s  gen erally express greater  moti va t iona l  d rive,  or wan t in g ,  fo rhi gh- fa t  f oods[56 , 57].Recent stu die shave indicat e dthat follo win g bariatricsur gery p ar tic i pants  ex perie nce ch a nges i n neurolo gi c al res p onses t o fo od c ues leading to ar ed u ction in prefe rencefo r  h i g h-f atfoods [20,  5 8]. I n  contra s t, w i tht his study onl y intervent i onpartic ip ant s  expre ssedsi g nif icantly gre ater  liking f or low - fat foo d s and a  great erdis like fo rhig h- f atf oo dst han  control s.  A s evi denc e i n dica tes  tha t alt erations in t ast e pe r cep tionafter  sur ge ry ar e notthe s am e for all and v aria tions infoo durg es  pred i ctiveofpos toperat ive wei g htre g a i n[17, 59], resultsar e en couragin g as t h ey  i n dicate t ha t a n in d i vidua l ma y  b e able t o affe c tth eir foo dprefer en ceusi ng ba s ic,timely  interve ntion s . It should be acknowledgedt ha t th e re i s s ignificantover l ap i n th e  d efi n ition s ofhe d on i c liking and hedoni cwantin g [60 ]. Therefore,  where iti s not poss ible fo r  participantsto en gage in fo o d tastetests  to dete rmine lik i n g rating s ( asisthe c as e with this s t u dy)th e measu res  beinguse d m aybepa rtly acce ssing th epa rt ic ipa nts h e donic wa nt ing  f orfood, and no t jus t th ei rh edo nic lik i ng f or i t. 
It i s l og icalto a n tic ipate t hat the f urt h er a wa yfrom th e surgery, th elower leve ls  of  confi d e nce forsome individuals, due t o  reduct ion s inmoti vation to  ad here w ith postsu rgeryrequi re men t s  ands o  f ort h.  This posi t i onis su pp orte d by we ight-regain eviden c e [ 12]. It may t her efor e be  ap p ro p ria te tot a rget postsurger y particip an t sa number o f  mo nt hs afte r surge ry to combatreduction s in self -e ffic a c y a nd sustain  motivat ion for m a inten a nc e ofbeh aviour .The  3-mo nth fo l low -up d ata sh ow s a si gnifi ca nt diffe rence in weight-loss be tweenexper ime ntal grou ps. Onaverage,cont rol partic ipa nts  lost  af urthe r 0. 8 5kg( 2 lbs ), w h ereas the in ter v e nt ion partici p a n tslostana verage  6.7 7 kg (14.9 lbs),. It is not clea r ho w the  co g niti ve  changes follo win gt h e interv en tion transl ated int ob ehavi our as  parti cipants m ay either  hav e a ltered th eir  e a ting be ha vi o ur oralte rn ativel y adhe r ed b e t ter to postsurge ry re c o mmend a tio ns.
It  is spe c ulat ed that th e intervent ion ma kesuse o f dual- pr ocessi ngpa ths and en a bles themoreconscio us  con tro lled p roce s s ing,enga ge d w ith weigh t lo s san d  di etar y cha ng e, t o remaind ominantove r  the su bc ons c i ous au t om a t ic process , t he he d o nic respon s e. T h er esult s from  the f ollow-u p  we ig ht-loss  da t a  of the e xperiment a l p ar tici pants in di cate  t hepo ssibility thatthe inte rvention e ffects  co n tinu e , at l ea st for the s hortte r m. As p a s t e vidence dem ons tra testha t we i ght-loss surgery does no t pr ovide suc cessf ul ou tc omes for all[11, 12] ,  the resultsindicate that t h e u s e of  in v es tm ent to ad dre s s par t of  th e
s taste_response, or_liking, does not differ_but that_obese_participants generally_express_greater motivational drive,_or wanting, for_high-fat foods [56, 57]._Recent studies have_indicated_that following bariatric surgery participants experience changes in neurological responses to food cues leading_to_a reduction_in_preference_for high-fat foods [20, 58]._In contrast, with this study_only intervention_participants expressed significantly greater liking for low-fat foods_and_a greater dislike_for high-fat foods than controls. As evidence indicates that_alterations in taste perception after surgery_are not the_same_for_all and variations in_food urges predictive of postoperative weight_regain [17, 59], results are encouraging_as they indicate that an individual may_be able to affect their food_preference using basic, timely interventions._It should_be acknowledged that there is_significant overlap in_the definitions_of hedonic liking_and hedonic wanting [60]. Therefore, where_it is not_possible for participants to engage in_food_taste tests to_determine_liking_ratings (as_is the case_with_this study)_the_measures being used may be partly_accessing_the participants hedonic wanting for food, and_not just their hedonic_liking_for it.

It is logical_to anticipate that the further_away from the surgery, the lower_levels of_confidence for_some individuals, due to reductions in motivation to adhere with postsurgery_requirements and so forth. This position_is supported by weight-regain_evidence [12]._It_may therefore be_appropriate_to target_postsurgery participants a number of months after_surgery to_combat reductions in self-efficacy and sustain_motivation for maintenance of_behaviour._The 3-month follow-up data shows a_significant difference in weight-loss between experimental_groups. On average, control participants_lost_a_further 0.85 kg (2 lbs),_whereas the intervention participants lost an_average 6.77 kg_(14.9 lbs),. It is not clear how_the_cognitive changes following the intervention translated_into_behaviour as participants may either have_altered_their_eating behaviour or alternatively adhered_better to postsurgery recommendations.

It is speculated_that the intervention makes use of dual-processing paths and_enables the more_conscious controlled processing, engaged with_weight_loss_and dietary change, to remain dominant over the subconscious automatic_process, the_hedonic response. The_results from the follow-up weight-loss data of the experimental participants_indicate the possibility that the intervention effects_continue, at least for the short term. As past evidence demonstrates_that weight-loss surgery does not provide successful outcomes_for all [11, 12], the results indicate_that the use of_investment_to address part of the