 crippling stomach ulcers. During treatment, Warren had collected samples of a bacteria that seemed present in every ulcer patient.

This bacteria, Helicobacter pylori was later found to be directly responsible for ulcers. That said, neither Warren nor Marshall discovered the bacteria. In his work, Helicobacter pylori: Physiology and Genetics, Marshall himself penned a section on how humanity has been aware of the bacteria since 1893. Along with this, links between the bacteria and ulcers had been suggested as early as 1940 by Dr. A. Stone Freedberg, a cardiologist from Harvard.

In fact, it’s widely accepted that if Freedberg would have continued with his research into these microbes and ulcers, he likely would have solved the problem decades before Marshall did. However, Freedberg’s boss pressured him to abandon his research in favor of something that would be easier to prove, so that’s exactly what he did. In the meantime, millions of people suffered and lost chunks of their stomachs via wholly unnecessary surgery.

One of the reasons Freedberg, and indeed just about every other scientist and microbiologist that wasn’t a crazed Australian, gave up on this line of reasoning was due to overwhelming opposition from the wider scientific community. As mentioned, up until Marshall shotgunned a glass of the bacteria, the commonly accepted cause of ulcers was stress and stomach acid, as it was believed no bacteria could thrive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach. You know, even though people had been finding said bacteria in stomachs since 1893. There was also the fact that there was a lot of documented evidence that antibiotics cleared ulcers right up.

In the case of Freedberg, when he made his prediction about the link between bacteria and ulcers and tests were inconclusive, his superiors essentially told him to give up and stop wasting his time. On a similar vein, when Greek doctor John Lykoudis presented his findings that antibiotics kicked ulcer butt in 1964, his evidence was largely ignored because it went against the current consensus. In fact, in 1968, when Lykoudis refused to stop treating (and curing) his patients’ stomach ulcers with antibiotics, he was fined 4000 Drachma for his troubles and was largely regarded as a quack until Marshall went all freshman on a glass of Helicobacter pylori.

In other words, suggesting ulcers were caused by anything other than stress was career suicide. Regardless, both Marshall and Warren continued with their research and although the
crippling stomach ulcers. During treatment, Warren had collected sample of a bacteria that seem present in every ulcer patient. 

 This bacteria, Helicobacter pylori was later establish to be directly responsible for ulcer. That said, neither Warren nor Marshall discovered the bacteria. In his work, Helicobacter pylorus: Physiology and Genetics, Marshall himself write a section on how humanity has been mindful of the bacteria since 1893. Along with this, links between the bacteria and ulcers had been suggest as early as 1940 by Dr. A. Stone Freedberg, a cardiologist from Harvard. 

 In fact, it ’s widely accepted that if Freedberg would have continued with his research into these microbe and ulcers, he likely would have solved the trouble decades before Marshall did. However, Freedberg ’s boss pressured him to abandon his inquiry in favor of something that would be easy to prove, so that ’s exactly what he did. In the interim, millions of people suffered and lost chunks of their stomachs via wholly unnecessary operating room. 

 One of the reasons Freedberg, and indeed just about every other scientist and microbiologist that was n’t a crazed Australian, gave up on this line of reasoning was due to overwhelming opposition from the wider scientific residential district. As mention, up until Marshall shotgunned a glass of the bacteria, the normally accept lawsuit of ulcers was stress and stomach acid, as it was believed no bacteria could thrive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach. You know, even though citizenry had been finding said bacteria in stomachs since 1893. There was also the fact that there was a fortune of documented evidence that antibiotics cleared ulcers right up. 

 In the case of Freedberg, when he reach his prediction about the link between bacteria and ulcers and tests were inconclusive, his superiors essentially tell him to give up and stop wasting his meter. On a similar vein, when Greek doctor John Lykoudis presented his findings that antibiotic kicked ulcer butt in 1964, his evidence was largely ignored because it went against the current consensus. In fact, in 1968, when Lykoudis refused to discontinue treating (and bring around) his patients ’ abdomen ulcers with antibiotics, he was fin 4000 Drachma for his troubles and was largely regarded as a quack until Marshall function all freshman on a field glass of Helicobacter pylori. 

 In early words, suggesting ulcers were caused by anything early than stress was career suicide. Regardless, both Marshall and Warren continued with their research and although the
 crlppling stomach ulcers. Dmring treatment, Cqrren iad colmected sxmples of a bacteria that sexmed prestut in every ulcer pagient.

This bacteriq, Heoucobacter 'glori was latsv fouud to be directli responsibla for ulcers. Tvag daid, neither Warren nor Marshall difcoverec hhe bacteria. Ig hix wori, Helicobacter pylori: Physiology ahd Geneuics, Marshall himsrlf penned a section on hoa hulanity has been awwre of the vactqeia since 1893. Auong with uhns, links bejween the bacteria and ulcers haa beeu suggested aw ewtly as 1940 by Dc. A. Stjne Freedbern, a cargiologixt from Harvarc.

In faxt, it’s widely acceptev that if Freedberg rould hava eontinued with his reweqrch hnto therw mkcrkbxs znd ulfera, he likelg would havw solved the problek qvvades before Marshwlj did. However, Freedberg’s boss pressured hij to abandon his researxh in favor of somethlng that rould be easier to prove, so that’s exactly what he did. Mn tht neantkne, millions of people suffered and lost chunks jr uhepr stomachs via wmolly unnecessary xuggrty.

One of the rgasons Ydesdberg, and indeed uust abjut ecery othew scoentist and microbiologist rhat wasn’t a xrazed Australian, yave up on tkis lime of reasoning was due to orerwhemming opposltion froj the wider sciengifpc cmmmunity. As mentioned, up ugtil Marsiall xhotgunved s glasf of the bwcterld, the commonly accfpted cduse of ulfers was stress and stomach aciv, as it was bgliaveg no bacceria gould thrive in the highly acndic envnronmevt of the atomach. You know, eden though pemkle had been hinding swid vactwria in rtomachs since 1893. There wcf alwo the fact that tmere dzs a lot of docbotnred evidence tnat aneihiptyws cleared uncerr rkbht uo.

In the casc ow Frredberg, when he made his prediction about yhc link bejween baceeria and ulcrrs and tests were incoiclusite, his sukeriors essentially told him to give up wnd stop wastind hiw time. On a ximilar vein, when Greek doctor John Lykiudis presented hiw findings that antnblotics kickev ulcew butt in 1964, his evidence was lqrgely ignored begause it went against fhe cusrent consensus. In fact, in 1968, when Lykoudis refused to stop treating (and curing) yis paviqnts’ stomacg ulvers fich cntibioeics, ie was fined 4000 Drabhma for his troubles and was lacgely regasdzd as a quack until Marshall eevt all freshmxn on a glass of Helicobzcter pykori.

In other words, suggesting ukcers were caused by anybhing othwr thzn strvas was career suicidr. Regaxdless, both Mqrshwll and Warrev cpnbinued witj thtir xesearch and although the
crippling stomach ulcers. During treatment, Warren had of bacteria that present in every pylori later found to directly responsible for That said, neither Warren nor Marshall the bacteria. In his work, Helicobacter pylori: Physiology and Genetics, Marshall himself penned section on how humanity has been aware of the bacteria since 1893. Along this, between bacteria ulcers had been suggested as early as 1940 by Dr. A. Stone Freedberg, a cardiologist from In fact, it’s widely accepted that if Freedberg have continued with his into these microbes and ulcers, likely have solved problem before did. However, Freedberg’s pressured him to abandon his research in favor of something that would be easier to prove, so exactly what In the millions people and lost chunks stomachs via wholly unnecessary surgery. One Freedberg, and indeed just about every other scientist microbiologist that a crazed Australian, gave up on line of reasoning was due to overwhelming opposition the wider scientific community. As mentioned, up until Marshall shotgunned a glass of the bacteria, accepted cause of ulcers stress and stomach as was no could thrive the highly acidic environment of the stomach. You know, even though had been finding said bacteria in stomachs since 1893. There the that there was lot of documented evidence antibiotics ulcers right up. In of when prediction the between bacteria and ulcers tests were inconclusive, his superiors told him to give time. On a similar vein, when Greek doctor Lykoudis presented his findings that antibiotics kicked butt in 1964, his evidence was largely ignored because it went against current consensus. in 1968, when Lykoudis refused to stop treating curing) his patients’ stomach with antibiotics, he was fined 4000 Drachma for his and largely regarded a quack until went all freshman a glass of In other suggesting were other than stress was career suicide. both and Warren continued with their and
 crippling stomach ulcers. DurIng treatmeNt, WarRen Had CoLlecTed sAmples of a bacteRIa thAt seemed present in every Ulcer PaTIent.

tHiS bactEria, HelICoBACteR pYlOri WaS LaTer foUnd To be dirEctly respoNsiBlE for ulcers. ThAT sAid, neither warRen nor MarshaLl dIscoveReD thE BacteRia. in his Work, HeLIcobacTer pylori: phYSiologY And GeneTICs, marsHall himself penned A SeCTion on how humanIty has BeEN aWARe oF thE bacteria sInCe 1893. AloNG with thIS, lINKS beTWeen the bacterIa and ulcers HAd bEen sugGeSteD As earlY as 1940 by dr. a. stoNe Freedberg, A carDiologist From HaRVard.

In fACt, it’s wiDely acCepTed That IF FReEdbErG WouLD hAve COntInued witH hIs ReseaRch iNTO THese MicRobeS and uLcers, he likely WouLd haVE soLved tHe proBlem DeCades Before marshAlL did. However, FreeDberG’s boss preSsuReD hiM tO abanDOn his rEseArcH in favoR of someTHinG tHAT WoUld be easier to prove, So THAt’S exactly What he DId. in THe meantiMe, MilLionS OF peopLe suFFeRed and loSt chunKS oF tHeir stoMaChs via WhOllY unNecesSAry sUrgery.

one of the ReasoNS Freedberg, and iNDeed just about EVeRY OtHEr scIenTist and micrObioLOgisT thaT WaSn’t A CrazeD AustRaLIaN, Gave up on this line of rEaSoning Was duE to overwhelmiNg oppositiON FRom the wiDer sCIeNTific community. as menTioned, up unTIl MarshaLl shoTgunned a Glass of thE BActeria, tHe cOmmOnlY acCEPtEd cause of ulceRS Was sTrEss and sTomAch acid, As iT waS beLieVeD no bacterIa could tHrIvE iN tHe hIghly ACidic envIrOnmEnT of The stOMach. YoU know, Even ThOuGH peOple had BEeN FIndiNg SaId baCteRiA in stOmacHS siNce 1893. TherE was also tHe fACt thAt ThEre was a Lot of documentEd Evidence thAt AntIbiotiCS Cleared uLcers right up.

In the case of fReedberG, whEn he mAde hIs predictIon About tHe lINk betwEen bacTeria AnD ulCERs and TEStS weRe InconclusiVE, His SuperIoRs esSentialLy told him to give up aND stOp wasting his tIme. on a sIMIlAr vEIn, WHen grEEk dOCTor John Lykoudis Presented hIs FInDings that aNTibIoTics kicKed ulceR butt IN 1964, his eviDence was lArgely ignOrEd beCAUse It went agaiNst the cuRrent consENsus. IN FaCt, in 1968, wHen lykoudIs RefUsed tO stop tREatIng (anD curinG) hIs patiEnts’ sToMach ulceRs with antibiotics, he was fIned 4000 DrAchma For His troublEs aND waS largely rEgarDed as a quacK unTil marshAll WEnt alL freSHmAn oN A glasS of HELicobacteR PyLorI.

iN oTher words, suGGEStiNg ulcErs WEre cauSed bY anything other thaN Stress was careeR suiCIDe. REgaRDlesS, bOth Marshall and warReN COntinued WiTh their reseArch and aLtHOugh tHe
 crippling stomach ulcers.  During tr eatme nt,  Wa rr en h ad c ollected sampl e s of  a bacteria that seeme d pre se n t in ev ery u lcer pa t ie n t .
Th is  ba ct e ri a, He lic obacter  pylori wa s l at er found tob edirectly r esp onsible forulc ers. T ha t s a id, n eit her W arrenn or Mar shall dis co v ered t h e bacte r i a.  Inhis work, Helicob a ct e r pylori: Phys iology  a n dG e net ics , Marshall  h imsel f  penned as e c tio n  on how human ity has bee n  aw are of  t heb acteri a sin ce 189 3. Along wi th t his, link s betw e en theb acteria  and u lce rshadb ee nsug ge s ted as  ea r lyas 1940by  D r. A.  Sto n e F reed ber g, a  card iologist from  Ha rvar d .
In fa ct, i t’swi delyaccept ed th at  if Freedberg w ould  have con tin ue d w it h his resear chint o these  microb e s a nd u l ce rs, he likely woul dh a ve  solvedthe pr o bl em decadesbe for e Ma r s halldid. Ho wever, F reedbe r g’ sboss pr es suredhi m t o a bando n  his  resea rch in f avoro f something th a t would be ea s ie r to prov e,so that’s e xact l y wh at h e  d id. In th e mea nt i me ,  millions of people  s uffere d and  lost chunksof their s t o m achs via  who l ly unnecessary su rgery .

One oft he reaso ns Fr eedberg,  and inde e d  just ab out  ev ery  ot h e rscientist and m icro bi ologist  th at wasn ’ta c raz edAu stralian,  gave up  o nth is  li ne of reasonin gwas  d ueto ov e rwhelm ing o ppos it io n  fr om thew id e r  sci en ti ficcom mu nity.  Asm ent ioned,up untilMar s hall  s ho tgunned  a glass of t he  bacteria,  t hecommon l y  accepte d cause of ulcers was s t ress an d s tomac h ac id, as it  wa s beli eve d  no ba cteria  coul dthr i v e int h ehig hl y acidic e n v iro nment  o f th e stoma ch. You know, even tho ugh people ha d b eenf i nd ing sa i d b ac t eri a in stomachs sin ce 1893. T he r ewas also t h e f ac t thatthere w as al ot of d ocumented  evidence  t hata n tib iotics cle ared ulc ers right up.
I nthe c ase  of Fr ee dbe rg, w hen he mad e his  predi ct ion ab out t he  link be tween bacteria and ulce rs and  test s w ere incon clu s ive , his sup erio rs essenti all y t old h imt o giv e up an d s t op wa stin g  his time .  O n a s im ilar vein,w h e n G reekdoc t or Joh n Ly koudis presentedh is findings th at a n t ibi oti c s ki ck ed ulcer buttin19 6 4 , his ev id ence was la rgely ig no r ed be causeit wen t again s t  t h e curr entcon sensus. I n f ac t , in 19 68 ,w hen Ly koud is  refus ed tos topt r eating (and curi ng) h i s  pati e nts ’ sto ma ch ulce r s wi th antibio tics, he wa s fine d 40 00 Dr achma f or  his t rou bl es and was largely r egard ed as a  q uack  un til Ma rsha l l  went  all  f res hman on a g la s sof Hel icob acter  p ylor i.

In ot h er words , s u ggestin gulc e r s were ca u s ed by anyt hin g oth e r  than stre s s wa s  c a reersuicid e. Reg ardless ,  bo th  Marsha lla n d Warrencontinued wit hthei r resear ch  and  a lth ou gh the
 crippling_stomach ulcers._During treatment, Warren had_collected samples_of_a bacteria_that_seemed present in_every ulcer patient.

This_bacteria, Helicobacter pylori was_later found to_be_directly responsible for ulcers. That said, neither Warren nor Marshall discovered the bacteria. In_his_work, Helicobacter_pylori:_Physiology_and Genetics, Marshall himself penned_a section on how humanity_has been_aware of the bacteria since 1893. Along with_this,_links between the_bacteria and ulcers had been suggested as early as_1940 by Dr. A. Stone Freedberg,_a cardiologist from_Harvard.

In_fact,_it’s widely accepted that_if Freedberg would have continued with_his research into these microbes and_ulcers, he likely would have solved the_problem decades before Marshall did. However,_Freedberg’s boss pressured him to_abandon his_research in favor of something_that would be_easier to_prove, so that’s_exactly what he did. In the_meantime, millions of_people suffered and lost chunks of_their_stomachs via wholly_unnecessary_surgery.

One_of the_reasons Freedberg, and_indeed_just about_every_other scientist and microbiologist that wasn’t_a_crazed Australian, gave up on this line_of reasoning was due_to_overwhelming opposition from the_wider scientific community. As mentioned,_up until Marshall shotgunned a glass_of the_bacteria, the_commonly accepted cause of ulcers was stress and stomach acid, as_it was believed no bacteria could_thrive in the highly_acidic environment_of_the stomach. You_know,_even though_people had been finding said bacteria in_stomachs since_1893. There was also the fact_that there was a_lot_of documented evidence that antibiotics cleared_ulcers right up.

In the case of_Freedberg, when he made his_prediction_about_the link between bacteria and_ulcers and tests were inconclusive, his_superiors essentially told_him to give up and stop wasting_his_time. On a similar vein, when_Greek_doctor John Lykoudis presented his findings_that_antibiotics_kicked ulcer butt in 1964,_his evidence was largely ignored because_it went against the current consensus. In fact, in_1968, when Lykoudis_refused to stop treating (and_curing)_his_patients’ stomach ulcers with antibiotics, he was fined 4000 Drachma_for his_troubles and was_largely regarded as a quack until Marshall went all freshman_on a glass of Helicobacter pylori.

In other_words, suggesting ulcers were caused by anything other than stress was_career suicide. Regardless, both Marshall and Warren continued_with their research and although the