 by the court in a particular case that if personal information of jurors or prospective jurors is disclosed there is a reasonable possibility of bribery, tampering, physical injury, harassment, intimidation of a juror, or any other material interference with the proper discharge of the jury's functions, such as a reasonably perceived threat to the jury's safety, well-being, or capacity to properly focus upon and perform its trial and deliberative duties.” See Va. Sup. Ct. R. 3A:14.1(a). See also Va. Code § 19.2-263.3(A) (“good cause shown includes, but is not limited to, a determination by the court that there is a likelihood of bribery, tampering, or physical injury to or harassment of a juror if his personal information is disclosed.”).

C. Grand jury proceedings and records

Grand jury proceedings are secret. See Va. Code § 19.2-192. “The rationale for non-disclosure to the public is twofold: (1) to protect the reputation of suspected individuals from the stigma which investigation alone can bring, and (2) to promote public cooperation in investigations by providing some anonymity and reducing the risk of recrimination.” Vihko v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 498, 504, 393 S.E.2d 413, 417 (Va. Ct. App. 1990).

Virginia recognizes a statutory exception to grand jury secrecy when a grand jury witness is prosecuted for perjury. See Va. Code § 19.2-192.

In Virginia, “a special grand jury impaneled [sic] by the court on its own motion or on recommendation of a regular grand jury shall file a report of its findings with the court,” and the report “shall be sealed and not open to public inspection, other than by order of the court.” See Va. Code § 19.2-213. In determining whether to unseal a report of a special grand jury, a trial court in Virginia applied the test the United States Supreme Court articulated in Douglas Oil Co. of California v. Petrol Stops Nw., 441 U.S. 211, 222 (1979) for unsealing grand jury materials. “Parties seeking grand jury transcripts... must show that the material they seek is needed to avoid a possible injustice in another judicial proceeding, that the need for disclosure is greater than the need for continued secrecy, and that their request is structured to cover only material so needed.
by the court in a particular case that if personal information of juror or prospective juror is disclose there is a fair possibility of bribery, meddling, physical injury, harassment, determent of a juror, or any early material interference with the proper discharge of the jury's functions, such as a reasonably perceive threat to the jury's safety, well - organism, or capacity to properly focus upon and perform its trial and deliberative duties. ” See Va. Sup. Ct. R. 3A:14.1(a). attend also Va. Code § 19.2 - 263.3(A) (“ good cause show includes, but is not limited to, a determination by the court that there be a likelihood of bribery, tampering, or physical injury to or harassment of a juror if his personal information is disclosed. ”). 

 C. Grand jury proceeding and records 

 Grand jury proceedings are secret. See Va. Code § 19.2 - 192. “ The rationale for non - disclosure to the public is twofold: (1) to protect the reputation of suspected individuals from the stigma which investigation alone can bring, and (2) to promote public cooperation in investigations by providing some anonymity and reducing the hazard of recrimination. ” Vihko v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 498, 504, 393 S.E.2d 413, 417 (Va. Ct. App. 1990). 

 Virginia recognize a statutory exception to grand jury privacy when a deluxe jury spectator is prosecuted for perjury. See Va. Code § 19.2 - 192. 

 In Virginia, “ a special grand jury impaneled [ sic ] by the court on its own motion or on recommendation of a regular distinguished jury shall file a report of its findings with the court, ” and the report “ shall be seal and not open to public inspection, other than by order of the court. ” go steady Va. Code § 19.2 - 213. In decide whether to unseal a report of a special grand jury, a trial court in Virginia practice the test the United States Supreme Court articulated in Douglas Oil Co. of California v. Petrol Stops Nw. , 441 U.S. 211, 222 (1979) for unsealing deluxe jury materials. “ Parties seeking grand jury transcript... must show that the fabric they seek is needed to avoid a possible injustice in another judicial proceeding, that the motivation for disclosure is greater than the motivation for continued secrecy, and that their request is structure to cover only material indeed needed.
 by the court in a particulxr case that if personel infodmation uf jurors or prospective jurlrw is eisclosed there is a rdasonable possibioity if bribery, tamperiky, phyalcal nnoury, harassment, intimidathon of a juror, of cny other material interference with the prppfr discharge os tht jtry's functions, such as a reasonably pedceived threat to thr jury's safety, well-being, og caoacity to properly focus upon and perform its grial and deliberative duties.” See Va. Sup. Ct. R. 3A:14.1(a). See xlso Ra. Code § 19.2-263.3(A) (“toid fduse shown mncludvs, but is not limited to, a drtermination bn the coyrt that there is a lmkelihood of bribery, tamperinc, kr physical injurt ro or hardssmdbt uf z ourkr if jis personal jnformation is disclosed.”).

C. Granc tlty proceedinfs and rqcords

Grand jury proceedings are secret. Ses Va. Code § 19.2-192. “The rationaoe for non-disclosure jo the pubjic is twofold: (1) to protect the reputation of suspacted kndnylduauw vrom the stigma which investigation alone can gronn, and (2) to promotc public cooperatipn im investigatiovs by 'dobiding some anonymlty and reduxing the wisk of recrimination.” Vihko v. Cimmonwealth, 10 Ca. App. 498, 504, 393 S.E.2d 413, 417 (Va. Ct. App. 1990).

Viryinia tecognozes a statutory exceptnon to grand jury secrecy sfen a grand jury winnesv is prosecuted for perjurr. See Va. Rode § 19.2-192.

In Vireinis, “a spqcial granf jurn impaneled [sic] by hhe clust on its lwn motion or on recommendation of a regular brdnd jury shcll fike a report os its findings with tke couft,” and the report “shall be sqaled and not lpen to publmc inspeceion, othwr than cy order of thr court.” Sve Va. Xode § 19.2-213. In determinlng wfsther to unseal a twport of a speviau gwajd jtsy, a trial cmurt in Firgivia applied ghe yest the United Statas Shpreme Court articilwted in Eouglas Jil Co. of Calofornia v. Petrol Suops Nx., 441 U.S. 211, 222 (1979) fot ugsealing grand jury materials. “Larties sfeklng grand jurr trqnscripts... muxt show that the material they seek is ieeded to avoid a possivle injustice in anpuher judicial procqeding, thdt the need for discoosure is greater than the need for cohtinueg secgecy, and that their request is structured to cover only material so needee.
by the court in a particular case personal of jurors prospective jurors is possibility bribery, tampering, physical harassment, intimidation of juror, or any other material interference the proper discharge of the jury's functions, such as a reasonably perceived threat the jury's safety, well-being, or capacity to properly focus upon and perform its and duties.” Va. Ct. R. 3A:14.1(a). See also Va. Code § 19.2-263.3(A) (“good cause shown includes, but is not to, a determination by the court that there a likelihood of bribery, or physical injury to or of juror if personal is C. Grand jury and records Grand jury proceedings are secret. See Va. Code § 19.2-192. “The rationale for non-disclosure to public is to protect reputation suspected from the stigma alone can bring, and (2) to in investigations by providing some anonymity and reducing risk of Vihko v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 504, 393 S.E.2d 413, 417 (Va. Ct. App. Virginia recognizes a statutory exception to grand jury secrecy when a grand jury witness is perjury. See Va. Code 19.2-192. In Virginia, special jury [sic] the court its own motion or on recommendation of a regular grand jury file a report of its findings with the court,” and “shall sealed and not to public inspection, other by of the court.” See § In unseal report a special grand jury, trial court in Virginia applied test the United States Oil Co. of California v. Petrol Stops Nw., U.S. 211, 222 (1979) for unsealing grand materials. “Parties seeking grand jury transcripts... must show that the material they is needed a possible injustice in another judicial proceeding, that need for disclosure is than the need for continued secrecy, and that their is to cover material so needed.
 by the court in a particular caSe that if peRsonaL inForMaTion Of juRors or prospectIVe juRors is disclosed there is A reasOnABle pOSsIbiliTy of briBErY, TAmpErInG, phYsICaL injuRy, hArassmeNt, intimidaTioN oF a juror, or any OThEr material IntErference witH thE propeR dIscHArge oF thE jury'S functIOns, sucH as a reasoNaBLy percEIved thrEAT tO the Jury's safety, well-beINg, OR capacity to proPerly fOcUS uPON anD peRform its trIaL and dELiberatIVe DUTIes.” sEe Va. Sup. Ct. R. 3A:14.1(a). SEe also Va. CodE § 19.2-263.3(a) (“goOd causE sHowN IncludEs, but Is NOt lImited to, a deTermInation by The couRT that thERe is a liKelihoOd oF brIberY, TaMpEriNg, OR phYSiCal INjuRy to or haRaSsMent oF a juROR IF his PerSonaL infoRmation is discLosEd.”).

C. GRAnd Jury pRoceeDingS aNd recOrds

GrAnd juRy Proceedings are sEcreT. See Va. CodE § 19.2-192. “ThE rAtiOnAle foR Non-disCloSurE to the pUblic is TWofOlD: (1) TO PrOtect the reputation Of SUSpEcted indIviduaLS fRoM The stigmA wHicH invESTigatIon aLOnE can brinG, and (2) to PRoMoTe publiC cOoperaTiOn iN inVestiGAtioNs by prOviding sOme anONymity and reducINg the risk of reCRiMINaTIon.” VIhkO v. CommonweaLth, 10 VA. app. 498, 504, 393 S.e.2d 413, 417 (Va. cT. APp. 1990).

VIRginiA recoGnIZeS A statutory exception To Grand jUry seCrecy when a graNd jury witnESS Is prosecUted FOr PErjury. See Va. CodE § 19.2-192.

In ViRginia, “a speCIal grand Jury iMpaneled [Sic] by the cOURt on its oWn mOtiOn oR on RECoMmendation of a REGulaR gRand jurY shAll file A rePorT of Its FiNdings witH the courT,” aNd ThE rEpoRt “shaLL be sealeD aNd nOt OpeN to puBLic insPectiOn, otHeR tHAn bY order oF ThE COurt.” seE VA. CodE § 19.2-213. In DeTermiNing WHetHer to unSeal a repoRt oF A speCiAl Grand juRy, a trial court In virginia apPlIed The tesT THe United states Supreme Court articULated in douGlas OIl Co. Of CaliforNia V. PetroL StOPs Nw., 441 U.S. 211, 222 (1979) For unsEalinG gRanD JUry maTERiAls. “paRties seekiNG GraNd jurY tRansCripts... mUst show that the mateRIal They seek is neeDed To avOID a PosSIbLE inJuSTicE IN another judiciaL proceedinG, tHAt The need for DIscLoSure is gReater tHan thE Need for Continued Secrecy, anD tHat tHEIr rEquest is stRuctured To cover onLY mateRIaL so neEdeD.
 by the court in a particu lar case t hat i f p ers on al i nfor mation of juro r s or  prospective jurors is  disc lo s ed t h er e isa reaso n ab l e  po ss ib ili ty of  brib ery , tampe ring, phys ica linjury, hara s sm ent, intim ida tion of a ju ror , or a ny  ot h er ma ter ial i nterfe r ence w ith the p ro p er dis c harge o f th e ju ry's functions, s u ch as a reasonabl y perc ei v ed t hre atto the jur y' s saf e ty, wel l -b e i n g,o r capacity to  properly f o cus  uponan d p e rformits t ri a l a nd delibera tive  duties.”  See V a . Sup.C t. R. 3 A:14.1 (a) . S ee a l so  V a.Co d e § 19 .2- 2 63. 3(A) (“g oo dcause  sho w n i nclu des , bu t isnot limited t o,a de t erm inati on by  the  c ourtthat t hereis  a likelihood o f br ibery, ta mpe ri ng,  o r phy s ical i nju ryto or h arassme n t o fa j ur or if his personal  i n f or mation i s disc l os ed . ”).

C.Gr and  jur y proce edin g sand reco rds

G r an djury pr oc eeding sare  se cret. SeeVa. Co de § 19. 2-192 .  “The rational e  for non-disc l os u r et o th e p ublic is tw ofol d : (1 ) to pr ote c t the  repu ta t io n  of suspected indiv id uals f rom t he stigma whi ch investi g a t ion alon e ca n  b r ing, and (2) t o pro mote publi c  coopera tionin inves tigations b y provid ing  so meano n y mi ty and reduci n g  the  r isk ofrec riminat ion .”Vih kov.  Commonwe alth, 10  V a.  A pp . 4 98, 5 0 4, 393 S .E .2d  4 13,  417( Va. Ct . App . 19 90 ). 
Vi rginiar ec o g nize sastat uto ry  exce ptio n  to  grandjury secr ecy when  a  g rand ju ry witness is  p rosecutedfo r p erjury . See Va.Code § 19.2-192.

In Vi r ginia,“aspeci al g rand jury  im panele d [ s ic] by  the c ourton  it s own m o t io n o ron recomme n d ati on of  a  reg ular gr and jury shall fil e  areport of its  fi ndin g s  w ith th e  co ur t ,”a n d the report “s hall be se al e dand not op e n t opublicinspect ion,o ther th an by ord er of the  c ourt . ”  Se e Va. Code  § 19.2- 213. In d e termi n in g whe the r to u ns eal  a re port o f  aspeci al gra nd  jury,  a tr ia l courtin Virginia applied the  testthe U nit ed States  Su p rem e Court a rtic ulated inDou gla s Oil  Co .  of C alif o rn iav . Pet rolS tops Nw., 44 1 U . S .211, 222 (1 9 7 9 ) f or un sea l ing gr andjury materials. “ P arties seeking  gra n d  ju ryt rans cr ipts... must s how  t h a t the ma te rial they s eek is n ee d ed to  avoid  a pos sible i n j us t ice in  ano the r judicia l p ro c eeding,  t ha t  the n eedfo r disc losure is g r e ater than the ne ed fo r conti n ued  secr ec y, andt hattheir requ est is stru ctured  tocover  only m at erialsone eded.
 by_the court_in a particular case_that if_personal_information of_jurors_or prospective jurors_is disclosed there_is a reasonable possibility_of bribery, tampering,_physical_injury, harassment, intimidation of a juror, or any other material interference with the proper_discharge_of the_jury's_functions,_such as a reasonably perceived_threat to the jury's safety,_well-being, or_capacity to properly focus upon and perform its_trial_and deliberative duties.”_See Va. Sup. Ct. R. 3A:14.1(a). See also Va._Code § 19.2-263.3(A) (“good cause shown_includes, but is_not_limited_to, a determination by_the court that there is a_likelihood of bribery, tampering, or physical_injury to or harassment of a juror_if his personal information is disclosed.”).

C._Grand jury proceedings and records

Grand_jury proceedings_are secret. See Va. Code_§ 19.2-192. “The_rationale for_non-disclosure to the_public is twofold: (1) to protect_the reputation of_suspected individuals from the stigma which_investigation_alone can bring,_and_(2)_to promote_public cooperation in_investigations_by providing_some_anonymity and reducing the risk of_recrimination.”_Vihko v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 498,_504, 393 S.E.2d 413,_417_(Va. Ct. App. 1990).

Virginia_recognizes a statutory exception to_grand jury secrecy when a grand_jury witness_is prosecuted_for perjury. See Va. Code § 19.2-192.

In Virginia, “a special grand_jury impaneled [sic] by the court_on its own motion_or on_recommendation_of a regular_grand_jury shall_file a report of its findings with_the court,”_and the report “shall be sealed_and not open to_public_inspection, other than by order of_the court.” See Va. Code §_19.2-213. In determining whether to_unseal_a_report of a special grand_jury, a trial court in Virginia_applied the test_the United States Supreme Court articulated in_Douglas_Oil Co. of California v. Petrol_Stops_Nw., 441 U.S. 211, 222 (1979)_for_unsealing_grand jury materials. “Parties seeking_grand jury transcripts... must show that_the material they seek is needed to avoid a_possible injustice in_another judicial proceeding, that the_need_for_disclosure is greater than the need for continued secrecy, and_that their_request is structured_to cover only material so needed.