 increase in PMF gene duplication events in both lineage-dependent and delivery-dependent manners. Novel glycosylation was observed on P. cinereus PRFs, which may modulate the metabolism and/or mechanism of action for PRF in scratching species. Cumulatively, these molecular data suggest that the replacement of pheromone components (e.g., SPF by PRF) preceded the evolutionary transition of the functional complex from transdermal to olfactory delivery.

The fruitless (fru) gene is a member of the Drosophila melanogaster somatic sex determination genetic pathway. Although it has been hypothesized that the primary function of fru is to regulate a genetic hierarchy specifying development of adult male courtship behavior, genes acting downstream of fru have not yet been identified. Here we demonstrate that the yellow (y) gene is genetically downstream of fru in the 3(rd)-instar larval brain. Yellow protein is present at elevated levels in neuroblasts, which also show expression of male-specific FRU proteins, compared to control neuroblasts without FRU. A location for y downstream of fru in a genetic pathway was experimentally demonstrated by analysis of fru mutants lacking transcription of zinc-finger DNA binding domains, and of animals with temporal, spatial, or sexual mis-expression of male-specific FRU. A subset of fru and y mutants is known to reduce levels of a specific behavioral component of the male courtship ritual, wing extension, and FRU and Yellow were detected in the general region of the brain whose maleness is necessary for development of that behavior. We therefore hypothesized that ectopic expression of Yellow in the 3(rd)-instar brain, in a y null background, would rescue low levels of wing extension and male competitive mating success, and this was found to be the case. Overall, these data suggest that y is a downstream member of the fru branch of the D. melanogaster sex determination hierarchy, where it plays a currently unknown role in the development of adult male wing extension during courtship.

Full Text Available The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, the most important vector of American visceral leishmaniasis, is widely distributed in Latin America. There is currently a consensus that it represents a species complex, however, the number and distribution of the different siblings is still uncertain. Previous analyses have indicated that Brazilian populations of this vector can be divided into two main groups according to the type of courtship song (Bur
increase in PMF gene duplication events in both lineage - pendent and rescue - dependent manners. Novel glycosylation was note on P. cinereus PRFs, which may modulate the metabolism and/or mechanism of military action for PRF in scratching species. Cumulatively, these molecular datum indicate that the replacement of pheromone component (e.g., SPF by PRF) preceded the evolutionary passage of the functional complex from transdermal to olfactory delivery. 

 The fruitless (fru) gene is a member of the Drosophila melanogaster bodily sex determination genetic nerve pathway. Although it has been hypothesized that the primary function of fru is to regulate a genetic hierarchy stipulate development of adult male courtship behavior, genes acting downstream of fru have not so far been identified. Here we demonstrate that the yellow (y) gene is genetically downstream of fru in the 3(rd)-instar larval brain. Yellow protein is present at elevated levels in neuroblasts, which also show expression of male - specific FRU proteins, compared to control neuroblasts without FRU. A location for y downstream of fru in a genetic nerve pathway was experimentally show by analysis of fru mutant miss recording of zinc - finger DNA binding domain, and of animal with temporal, spatial, or sexual mis - formula of male - specific FRU. A subset of fru and y mutants is known to reduce levels of a specific behavioral component of the male courtship ritual, wing extension, and FRU and Yellow were detected in the general region of the brain whose maleness is necessary for growth of that behavior. We consequently speculate that ectopic formula of Yellow in the 3(rd)-instar brain, in a y null background, would rescue gloomy levels of wing extension and male competitive mating success, and this was found to be the case. Overall, these data hint that y is a downstream member of the fru branch of the D. melanogaster sexual activity determination hierarchy, where it plays a currently unknown function in the development of adult male annex extension during courtship. 

 Full textbook Available The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, the most important vector of American visceral leishmaniasis, is widely distributed in Latin America. There is currently a consensus that it represents a species complex, however, the act and distribution of the different siblings is even uncertain. Previous analysis have indicated that Brazilian populations of this vector can be divided into two independent groups according to the type of courtship song (Bur
 infrease in PMF gene dupligation events in both lmneage-dspendent and delivery-dependent mannecs. Nivel tlycosylation was obsefved on P. cinereuw PRHs, which may modnmate thc metznolisk and/or mechanixm of actimn for PRF in vcfacching species. Cumulatively, these mojecular dwta suggest thwt tnq rellacement of pheromone components (s.g., SPF uy PRF) preceded the evolutionary transitiln ov the functional clmplex from tragwdermal to oufactory dtlnvery.

The froitless (fru) gene is a member of ghe Dxosophila mglznlcaster somavic seq determination genethc patheay. Although ib has bewn hypothesized that vhe primary function of fru iv co regulate a genetic huerarwhy vpeckdyivg setelkpment of adult mals courtship behavior, genes actond downstream or fru rade not yet been identified. Here we demotstdate that the yellow (y) tene is genetically dlwnstream of fru in the 3(rd)-instar larval brain. Yellow protehn is orewekt ag epevated levels in neuroblasts, which also show sxkrexsion of male-siecific FRU proteims, cpipared to conjrol nebdoglasts without FRU. A locajion fir y downftresm of fru in a genetic pathqay was expegimebtally demonstrateb by analysir of fru kutants lacking transcrnption of zinc-finher DNA bjvding domains, ana on atimals with temporal, spatiwl, or sexnal mns-expresrion of maje-specific FRU. A subset of fru and y mujants hs known tl reduce levels of a specific bxiavioral comppnant of the iale gourtship rituaj, wing extensipn, and YRU ana Yellow wvre detecved in the gqneral region lf the brain whose mwlenwss us necerrary for develppment of that behacior. We therefore mypotfssized that ectipix expression of Yeulor pn vhe 3(rq)-hnstar brain, in x y mull cackground, cojld tescue low levels of winf extension and make competijive matigg success, anc this was found tl be vhe care. Ovrrajl, these data suggest that y ia a downshrewm member of the fru branch pf the D. melanogaster sex determination hierarchy, where ir plays a currently mnknown role in tre develo[ment of adult male qing extension duving courtship.

Full Texf Avainable The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, the most mm[ortant vecfor pf Amvriean viscewal pxishmaniasis, is wpdely distributed in Latin Amerira. There iv eurrently a consensus that it rdpresents a skecies complex, however, the number snd distribution of the differemt siblings is still unccrtain. Prwvioua analjaer have indicated tnat Brcziliab populqtioks of this vecgor cwn be divlded iuto two main groups according to rhe type of courtship soig (Bur
increase in PMF gene duplication events in and manners. Novel was observed on modulate metabolism and/or mechanism action for PRF scratching species. Cumulatively, these molecular data that the replacement of pheromone components (e.g., SPF by PRF) preceded the evolutionary of the functional complex from transdermal to olfactory delivery. The fruitless (fru) gene a of Drosophila somatic sex determination genetic pathway. Although it has been hypothesized that the primary function of fru to regulate a genetic hierarchy specifying development of male courtship behavior, genes downstream of fru have not been Here we that yellow gene is genetically of fru in the 3(rd)-instar larval brain. Yellow protein is present at elevated levels in neuroblasts, which show expression FRU proteins, to neuroblasts FRU. A location downstream of fru in a genetic demonstrated by analysis of fru mutants lacking transcription zinc-finger DNA domains, and of animals with temporal, or sexual mis-expression of male-specific FRU. A subset fru and y mutants is known to reduce levels of a specific behavioral component of courtship ritual, wing extension, FRU and Yellow detected the region the brain maleness is necessary for development of that behavior. We therefore hypothesized ectopic expression of Yellow in the 3(rd)-instar brain, in a background, rescue low levels wing extension and male mating and this was found the Overall, that is downstream member of the branch of the D. melanogaster determination hierarchy, where it in the development of adult male wing extension courtship. Full Text Available The sand fly longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, the most important vector of American visceral leishmaniasis, widely distributed America. There is currently a consensus that it a species complex, however, number and distribution of the different siblings is still Previous have indicated Brazilian populations of vector can be into two main to the of song
 increase in PMF gene duplicatIon events iN both LinEagE-dEpenDent And delivery-depENdenT manners. Novel glycosylaTion wAs OBserVEd On P. ciNereus Prfs, WHIch MaY mOduLaTE tHe metAboLism and/Or mechanisM of AcTion for PRF in SCrAtching speCieS. CumulativelY, thEse molEcUlaR Data sUggEst thAt the rEPlacemEnt of pherOmONe compONents (e.g., spf bY PRF) Preceded the evolutIOnARy transition of The funCtIOnAL ComPleX from transDeRmal tO OlfactoRY dELIVerY.

the fruitless (fRu) gene is a meMBer Of the DRoSopHIla melAnogaStER soMatic sex detErmiNation genEtic paTHway. AltHOugh it hAs been HypOthEsizED tHaT thE pRImaRY fUncTIon Of fru is tO rEgUlate A genETIC HierArcHy spEcifyIng developmenT of AdulT MalE courTship BehaViOr, genEs actiNg dowNsTream of fru have nOt yeT been idenTifIeD. HeRe We demONstratE thAt tHe yelloW (y) gene iS GenEtICALlY downstream of fru in ThE 3(RD)-iNstar larVal braIN. YElLOw proteiN iS prEsenT AT elevAted LEvEls in neuRoblasTS, wHiCh also sHoW expreSsIon Of mAle-spECifiC FRU prOteins, coMpareD To control neuroBLasts without Fru. A LOCaTIon fOr y Downstream oF fru IN a geNetiC PaThwAY was eXperiMeNTaLLy demonstrated by anaLySis of fRu mutAnts lacking trAnscriptioN OF Zinc-fingEr DNa BiNDing domains, and Of aniMals with teMPoral, spaTial, oR sexual mIs-expressION of male-sPecIfiC FRu. A sUBSeT of fru and y mutANTs is KnOwn to reDucE levels Of a SpeCifIc bEhAvioral coMponent oF tHe MaLe CouRtshiP Ritual, wiNg ExtEnSioN, and Fru and YeLlow wEre dEtEcTEd iN the genERaL REgioN oF tHe brAin WhOse maLeneSS is NecessaRy for deveLopMEnt oF tHaT behaviOr. We therefore HyPothesized ThAt eCtopic EXPression Of Yellow in the 3(rd)-instar brAIn, in a y nUll BackgRounD, would resCue Low levEls OF wing eXtensiOn and MaLe cOMPetitIVE mAtiNg Success, and THIs wAs fouNd To be The case. overall, these data suGGesT that y is a downStrEam mEMBeR of THe FRu bRaNCh oF THe D. melanogaster Sex determiNaTIoN hierarchy, WHerE iT plays a CurrentLy unkNOwn role In the deveLopment of AdUlt mALE wiNg extensioN during cOurtship.

FULl TexT avAilabLe THe sand FlY LuTzomyIa longIPalPis (DiPtera: PSyChodidAe: PhlEbOtominae, The most important vector oF AmeriCan viSceRal leishmAniASis, Is widely dIstrIbuted in LaTin ameRica. THerE Is curRentLY a ConSEnsus That IT represenTS a SpeCIEs Complex, howeVER, The NumbeR anD DistriButiOn of the different sIBlings is still uNcerTAIn. PRevIOus aNaLyses have indicAteD tHAT BraziliAn Populations Of this veCtOR can bE dividEd into Two main GROuPS accorDing To tHe type of cOurTsHIp song (BUr
 increase in PMF gene dupl ication ev entsinbot hline age- dependent andd eliv ery-dependent manners.  Nove lg lyco s yl ation  was ob s er v e d o nP.  ci ne r eu s PRF s,which m ay modulat e t he  metabolisma nd /or mechan ism  of action f orPRF in  s cra t ching  sp ecies . Cumu l ativel y, thesemo l ecular data su g g es t th at the replacemen t  o f  pheromone com ponent s( e. g . , S PFby PRF) pr ec ededt he evol u ti o n a ryt ransition ofthe functio n alcomple xfro m  trans derma lt o o lfactory de live ry.

Thefruitl e ss (fru )  gene i s a me mbe r o f th e  D ro sop hi l a m e la nog a ste r somati cse x det ermi n a t i on g ene ticpathw ay. Althoughithasb een  hypo thesi zedth at th e prim ary f un ction of fru is  toregulatea g en eti chiera r chy sp eci fyi ng deve lopment ofad u l t  m ale courtship beha vi o r ,genes ac ting d o wn st r eam of f ru  ha ve n o t  yetbeen id entified . Here we  d emonstr at e that  t heyel low ( y ) ge ne isgenetica lly d o wnstream of fr u  in the 3(rd) - in s t ar larv albrain. Yell ow p r otei n is pr ese n t ateleva te d  l e vels in neuroblasts ,whichalsoshow expressi on of male - s p ecific F RU p r ot e ins, comparedto co ntrol neur o blasts w ithou t FRU. A  location f or y dow nst rea m o f f r u  i n a genetic p a t hway  w as expe rim entally  de mon str ate dby analys is of fr umu ta nt s l ackin g  transcr ip tio nofzinc- f ingerDNA b indi ng  d o mai ns, and of a nima ls  w ithtem po ral,spat i al,  or sex ual mis-e xpr e ssio nof  male-s pecific FRU.Asubset offr u a nd y m u t ants isknown to reduce levelso f a spe cif ic be havi oral comp one nt ofthe male c ourtsh ip ri tu al, w ing e x t en sio n,  and FRU a n d  Ye llowwe re d etected  in the general re g ion  of the brain  wh osem a le nes s  i s  ne ce s sar y for development  of that b eh a vi or. We the r efo re  hypoth esizedthate ctopicexpressio n of Yell ow  int h e 3 (rd)-insta r brain,  in a y n u ll ba c kg round , w ould r es cue  lowlevels ofwingextens io n andmaleco mpetitiv e mating success, and t his wa s fou ndto be the  ca s e.Overall,thes e data sug ges t t hat y  is a dow nstr e am  me m ber o f th e  fru bran c hoft h eD. melanoga s t e r s ex de ter m inatio n hi erarchy, where it plays a curren tlyu n kno wnr olein  the developme ntof a dult mal ewing extens ion duri ng court ship.
FullText Av a i la b le The  san d f ly Lutzom yia  l o ngipalp is  ( D iptera : Ps yc hodida e: Phl e boto m i nae, the most im porta n t  vect o r o f Ame ri can vis c eral  leishmani asis, is wi dely d istr ibute d in La ti n Amer ica .There is c u rrently a  cons ensus t ha t it  re presen ts a s pecie s co mp lex , however , th e  n um b eranddistr ib utio n of thed ifferent  si b lings i ssti l l  uncer t ai n .  Previousana lyses h ave indica t ed t h at Brazi lian p opulat ions of thi svectorcan b e divided  into two mai ngrou ps accor di ng t othe  t ype of courtshi p song ( Bur
 increase_in PMF_gene duplication events in_both lineage-dependent_and_delivery-dependent manners._Novel_glycosylation was observed_on P. cinereus_PRFs, which may modulate_the metabolism and/or_mechanism_of action for PRF in scratching species. Cumulatively, these molecular data suggest that the_replacement_of pheromone_components_(e.g.,_SPF by PRF) preceded the_evolutionary transition of the functional_complex from_transdermal to olfactory delivery.

The fruitless (fru) gene is_a_member of the_Drosophila melanogaster somatic sex determination genetic pathway. Although it_has been hypothesized that the primary_function of fru_is_to_regulate a genetic hierarchy_specifying development of adult male courtship_behavior, genes acting downstream of fru_have not yet been identified. Here we_demonstrate that the yellow (y) gene_is genetically downstream of fru_in the_3(rd)-instar larval brain. Yellow protein_is present at_elevated levels_in neuroblasts, which_also show expression of male-specific FRU_proteins, compared to_control neuroblasts without FRU. A location_for_y downstream of_fru_in_a genetic_pathway was experimentally_demonstrated_by analysis_of_fru mutants lacking transcription of zinc-finger_DNA_binding domains, and of animals with temporal,_spatial, or sexual mis-expression_of_male-specific FRU. A subset_of fru and y mutants_is known to reduce levels of_a specific_behavioral component_of the male courtship ritual, wing extension, and FRU and Yellow_were detected in the general region_of the brain whose_maleness is_necessary_for development of_that_behavior. We_therefore hypothesized that ectopic expression of Yellow_in the_3(rd)-instar brain, in a y null_background, would rescue low_levels_of wing extension and male competitive_mating success, and this was found_to be the case. Overall,_these_data_suggest that y is a_downstream member of the fru branch_of the D._melanogaster sex determination hierarchy, where it plays_a_currently unknown role in the development_of_adult male wing extension during courtship.

Full_Text_Available_The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis_(Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, the most important_vector of American visceral leishmaniasis, is widely distributed in_Latin America. There_is currently a consensus that_it_represents_a species complex, however, the number and distribution of the_different siblings_is still uncertain._Previous analyses have indicated that Brazilian populations of this vector_can be divided into two main groups_according to the type of courtship song (Bur