 as evidenced through dedicated surveys. Moreover, the contribution of women is poorly assessed and, thus, gender-aware policies cannot be adequately formulated. The under-reporting of the impacts of disasters on the fisheries and aquaculture sector is another example of where data are currently deficient (see section Building resilience, p. 155).

There is a need for guidelines and standard methodologies to evaluate the specific contribution of aquatic biological resource use throughout the value chain. Recent attempts have used census-type surveys to obtain snapshots of social and economic contributions (including non-commercial activities) throughout the value chain. However, this approach requires further testing and refinement before global standards can be established. The FAO Fish Price Index serves many fish-specific food security and economic assessments and projections, and so can help in this regard.

BGI focus: assessing ecosystem services

Examples of ecosystem services provided by aquatic living resources are recreational fisheries and fish-related tourism, and biodiversity and habitat contributions to ecosystem resilience (e.g. mangroves to protect shoreline biota). These services also include climate change mitigation, such as carbon recycling by algae, and carbon sequestration by mangroves or coral reefs.

It is necessary to advance the understanding of the roles of natural capital and ecosystem services in national economies in order to better account for the economic contributions of renewable aquatic resources (e.g. through the SEEA). Regarding climate change, work13 is in progress to transpose to aquatic resources the general methodologies developed for assessing carbon footprints in the agriculture and forestry sectors.

Recent actions

There is increasing recognition of the data needs for blue growth. For example, the European Marine Board has urged that European public research funding investments target fundamental scientific research of the poorly understood deep-sea system and the establishment of environmental baselines.14 Another example is the strategic action plan for the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf large marine ecosystems to address the threats jeopardizing the region's opportunities for blue growth. A support project to this plan will focus on governance and collaborative arrangements, and will foster synergies among the many independent initiatives addressing habitat degradation, unsustainable fisheries practices and pollution. This project will also assemble its outputs on the state of the marine ecosystems and shared living marine resource in the region as a comprehensive web-based dashboard.

Furthermore, the iMarine15 initiative (funded by the European Commission) demonstrates that data needs for blue growth could be met through Science 2.0, an approach that uses information sharing and
as evidenced through dedicated surveys. Moreover, the contribution of charwoman is ill assessed and, thus, sex - aware policy cannot be adequately formulated. The under - coverage of the shock of disasters on the fishery and aquaculture sector is another case of where data are presently deficient (see section Building resilience, p. 155). 

 There is a motivation for guidelines and standard methodologies to evaluate the specific contribution of aquatic biological resource use throughout the value chain. late attempts have used census - type sketch to obtain snapshots of social and economic contribution (including non - commercial activity) throughout the value chain. However, this approach requires further testing and refinement before ball-shaped standards can be established. The FAO Fish Price Index serves many fish - specific food security and economic assessments and projection, and so can help in this regard. 

 BGI focus: assessing ecosystem services 

 Examples of ecosystem services provided by aquatic living resources are amateur fishery and fish - related tourism, and biodiversity and habitat contributions to ecosystem resilience (for example mangrove to protect shoreline biota). These services also include climate change mitigation, such as carbon recycling by algae, and carbon segregation by mangroves or coral reefs. 

 It is necessary to advance the understanding of the roles of natural capital and ecosystem services in national economies in order to better report for the economic contributions of renewable aquatic resource (e.g. through the SEEA). Regarding climate change, work13 is in progress to transpose to aquatic resources the cosmopolitan methodologies developed for assessing carbon footprints in the agriculture and forestry sectors. 

 Recent actions 

 There be increasing realization of the data needs for blue growth. For example, the European Marine Board has urge that European public research support investments target cardinal scientific research of the poorly understood abstruse - sea organization and the establishment of environmental baselines.14 Another example is the strategic action plan for the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf large marine ecosystems to address the threats jeopardizing the area's opportunities for blue increase. A support project to this plan will focus on governance and collaborative arrangements, and will foster synergies among the many autonomous initiatives addressing habitat degradation, unsustainable fisheries practices and pollution. This project will also meet its outputs on the state of the marine ecosystems and shared living marine resource in the region as a comprehensive web - establish dashboard. 

 Furthermore, the iMarine15 initiative (funded by the European Commission) demonstrate that data needs for blue growth could be met through Science 2.0, an access that uses information sharing and
 as evidenced through dedicxted surveys. Moteiver, tie contdibution of women is poorly assessed abd, thys, gender-aware policier cannot he adequqtelb formulated. The under-reijrtihn of chx impacts of dixasters on the fisheries avd aquaculture sector is another exam[le of ehfre data are correnuly defjbitnt (see section Building resiliende, p. 155).

Thtre is a need for buidelines and standard mehhodllogies to evaluatf the specidic sintribution uf aquatic biological tesource use throughout the valud chann. Recent ajcwmphv have used censls-type surveys to obtdin snalshots of socisl end wconomic contributionv (including non-comiercial awtnvities) throughout thw calue chahn. Huqevdr, uhix zpproafh cequires fudther testibg and refinement btfowv global stansards sag be established. The FAO Fish Price Indtx sedves many fish-specific dood security and ecojomic assqssments and projections, and so can help in this segarv.

BEI yicus: xwsfssing ecosystem services

Examples of ecosystei strvpces provided by cquatic living rrslutses are recrextional fjsheries and fish-rflated jourisn, and bioqivetsity and habitat contributuons to ecosjsten resilience (e.g. maugroves to pxotect shorrline biota). These serviees alao include flimate cgxnge mitigation, rucm av carbon recycling by algaq, and caruon szquestragion by maggroves or coral reefs.

It is necesswry tl ddvance thf understanding of the roles of natural capitsl ang ecosyscem sevvices in natiogal economies nn order to bdtter accolnt for tie economic sontributions lf renewable aquatic resiurcws (e.g. tffough the SEEA). Regardiny clinate change, work13 ix iv progress to trcuskowe to aquatic tesuursed vhe gqteral methodmlogkes ceveluped for aswdssimg carbon footprints in fhe agriculture anc norestry wectors.

Rqcent actions

Yhere is increasinh recmgnmtion pf jhe data needs for blue growth. Ror examppe, bhe European Iarike Bjard has uxged that European public research fundiig investments target fyndamental scientifnc research oh the [oorly ungerstood deep-sea sysrem and the estabkishment of environmehtal bdselijes.14 Another example is the strategic action plan for the Caribbean and Noeth Brezyl Shelf ladge karinv eeosvstems eo avdcess the threats keopardizing the region's opportnnities fos ylue growth. A support project tu this plan wkll focus on governance znd collsborative arrangements, and will foster synergies among bhe many undepsndent iniviatives addressing nabitac degrqdation, unsmstainable fisferoed practicfs aid 'ollution. This project will also qssemboe its outputs on vhe state of uhe marpne ecofystems and sharsd ljging oarine resourve in the regipn as a comprehensivv wqb-based dashboqgd.

Furthermore, the iMdrine15 initiavive (funded ty the European Commission) demonstrates that data ngeds for blhe growtm could be met thtongh Science 2.0, an approach trat uses information sharing and
as evidenced through dedicated surveys. Moreover, the women poorly assessed thus, gender-aware policies under-reporting the impacts of on the fisheries aquaculture sector is another example of data are currently deficient (see section Building resilience, p. 155). There is a for guidelines and standard methodologies to evaluate the specific contribution of aquatic biological use the chain. attempts have used census-type surveys to obtain snapshots of social and economic contributions (including non-commercial activities) the value chain. However, this approach requires further and refinement before global can be established. The FAO Price serves many food and assessments and projections, so can help in this regard. BGI focus: assessing ecosystem services Examples of ecosystem services provided by living resources fisheries and tourism, biodiversity habitat contributions to (e.g. mangroves to protect shoreline biota). include climate change mitigation, such as carbon recycling algae, and sequestration by mangroves or coral reefs. is necessary to advance the understanding of the of natural capital and ecosystem services in national economies in order to better account for contributions of renewable aquatic (e.g. through the Regarding change, is progress to to aquatic resources the general methodologies developed for assessing carbon footprints the agriculture and forestry sectors. Recent actions There is increasing the needs for blue For example, the European Board urged that European public investments fundamental the understood system and the establishment environmental baselines.14 Another example is strategic action plan for Shelf large marine ecosystems to address the threats the region's opportunities for blue growth. A project to this plan will focus on governance and collaborative arrangements, and foster synergies many independent initiatives addressing habitat degradation, unsustainable fisheries and pollution. This project also assemble its outputs on the state of the ecosystems shared living resource in the as a comprehensive dashboard. Furthermore, the (funded by European demonstrates for blue growth could be met Science an approach that uses information and
 as evidenced through dedicatEd surveys. MOreovEr, tHe cOnTribUtioN of women is poorLY assEssed and, thus, gender-awarE poliCiES canNOt Be adeQuately FOrMULatEd. thE unDeR-RePortiNg oF the impActs of disaSteRs On the fisheriES aNd aquacultUre Sector is anotHer ExamplE oF whERe datA arE currEntly dEFicienT (see sectiOn bUildinG ResilieNCE, p. 155).

therE is a need for guidelINeS And standard metHodoloGiES tO EValUatE the specifIc ContrIBution oF AqUATIc bIOlogical resouRce use throuGHouT the vaLuE chAIn. ReceNt attEmPTs hAve used censUs-tyPe surveys To obtaIN snapshOTs of socIal and EcoNomIc coNTrIbUtiOnS (IncLUdIng NOn-cOmmerciaL aCtIvitiEs) thROUGHout The ValuE chaiN. However, this aPprOach REquIres fUrtheR tesTiNg and RefineMent bEfOre global standaRds cAn be estabLisHeD. ThE FaO FisH price INdeX seRves manY fish-spECifIc FOOD sEcurity and economic AsSESsMents and ProjecTIoNs, ANd so can hElP in This REGard.

BgI foCUs: AssessinG ecosySTeM sErvices

exAmples Of EcoSysTem seRViceS proviDed by aquAtic lIVing resources aRE recreational FIsHERiES and FisH-related touRism, ANd biOdivERsIty ANd habItat cOnTRiBUtions to ecosystem reSiLience (E.g. manGroves to proteCt shorelinE BIOta). These ServICeS Also include cliMate cHange mitigATion, such As carBon recycLing by algAE, And carboN seQueStrAtiON By Mangroves or coRAL reeFs.

it is necEssAry to adVanCe tHe uNdeRsTanding of The roles Of NaTuRaL caPital ANd ecosysTeM seRvIceS in naTIonal eConomIes iN oRdER to Better aCCoUNT for ThE eConoMic CoNtribUtioNS of RenewabLe aquatic ResOUrceS (e.G. tHrough tHe SEEA). RegardiNg Climate chaNgE, woRk13 is in PROgress to Transpose to aquatic resouRCes the gEneRal meThodOlogies deVelOped foR asSEssing Carbon FootpRiNts IN The agRICuLtuRe And forestrY SEctOrs.

ReCeNt acTions

ThEre is increasing recOGniTion of the data NeeDs foR BLuE grOWtH. for ExAMplE, THe European MarinE Board has uRgED tHat EuropeaN PubLiC researCh fundiNg invEStments Target funDamental sCiEntiFIC reSearch of thE poorly uNderstood DEep-seA SyStem aNd tHe estaBlIshMent oF envirONmeNtal bAselinEs.14 anotheR examPlE is the stRategic action plan for the caribbEan anD NoRth Brazil sheLF laRge marine EcosYstems to adDreSs tHe thrEatS JeopaRdizINg The REgion'S oppORtunities FOr BluE GRoWth. A support PROJecT to thIs pLAn will FocuS on governance and cOLlaborative arrAngeMENts, And WIll fOsTer synergies amOng ThE MAny indepEnDent initiatIves addrEsSIng haBitat dEgradaTion, unsUSTaINable fIsheRieS practiceS anD pOLlution. thIs PRoject Will AlSo asseMble itS OutpUTS on the state of the MarinE ECosysTEms And shArEd livinG MariNe resource In the region As a comPrehEnsivE web-basEd DashboArd.

fuRthermore, tHE iMarine15 iNitiaTive (funDeD by tHe EUropeaN ComMISsion) DemoNsTraTes that daTA NeEDs FoR BluE groWth coUlD be mEt through sCience 2.0, an AppROach thaT uSes INFormatIOn SHAring and
 as evidenced through dedi cated surv eys.Mor eov er , th e co ntribution ofw omen  is poorly assessed an d, th us ,  gen d er -awar e polic i es c ann ot  b e a de q ua telyfor mulated . The unde r-r ep orting of th e  i mpacts ofdis asters on th e f isheri es  an d  aqua cul turesector is ano ther exam pl e  of wh e re data a re  cur rently deficient( se e  section Build ing re si l ie n c e,p.155).

The re  is a need fo r  g u i d eli n es and standa rd methodol o gie s to e va lua t e thespeci fi c  co ntributionof a quatic bi ologic a l resou r ce usethroug hou t t he v a lu echa in .  Re c en t a t tem pts have  u se d cen sus- t y p e  sur vey s to  obta in snapshotsofsoci a l a nd ec onomi c co nt ribut ions ( inclu di ng non-commerci al a ctivities ) t hr oug ho ut th e  value  ch ain . Howev er, thi s  ap pr o a c hrequires further t es t i ng  and ref inemen t  b ef o re globa lsta ndar d s  canbe e s ta blished.  The F A OFi sh Pric eIndexse rve s m any f i sh-s pecifi c food s ecuri t y and economic assessments a n dp r oj e ctio ns,  and so can  hel p  inthis re gar d .

BG I foc us :  a s sessing ecosystem s er vices
Exam ples of ecosy stem servi c e s  provide d by aq u atic living re sourc es are rec r eational  fish eries an d fish-re l a ted tour ism , a ndbio d i ve rsity and hab i t at c on tributi ons  to eco sys tem  re sil ie nce (e.g.  mangrov es  t opr ote ct sh o reline b io ta) .The se se r vicesalsoincl ud ec lim ate cha n ge m itig at io n, s uch  a s car bonr ecy cling b y algae,and carb on  s equestr ation by mang ro ves or cor al  re efs.
I t  is nece ssary to advance the un d erstand ing  of t he r oles of n atu ral ca pit a l andecosys tem s er vic e s  in n a t io nal  e conomies i n ord er to  b ette r accou nt for the economi c  co ntributions o f r enew a b le  aq u at i c r es o urc e s  (e.g. throughthe SEEA).  R e ga rding clim a tech ange, w ork13 i s inp rogress  to trans pose to a qu atic r eso urces thegeneralmethodolo g ies d e ve loped  fo r asse ss ing  carb on foo t pri nts i n theag ricult ure a nd  forestr y sectors.

Recent acti ons

T hereisincreasin g r e cog nition of  the  data need s f orbluegro w th. F or e x am ple ,  theEuro p ean Marin e  B oar d ha s urged tha t E uro peanpub l ic res earc h funding investm e nts target fun dame n t alsci e ntif ic  research of t hepo o r ly under st ood deep-se a system  a n d the  estab lishme nt of e n v ir o nmenta l ba sel ines.14 A not he r  exampl eis the st rate gi c acti on pla n  for t he Caribbean and  Nort h Brazi l  Sh elf l ar ge mari n e ec osystems t o address t he thr eats  jeop ardizin gthe re gio n' s opportun i ties forbluegrowth.  A  sup por t proj ectt o  this  pla nwil l focus o n go v er na n ceandcolla bo rati ve arrang e ments, a ndw ill fos te r s y n ergies am o n g the many  in depen d e nt initiat i vesa dd r essin g habi tat de gradati o n,un sustain abl e fisheries  practice s  an dpoll ution. T hi s pr oj ect  w ill also assemb le its o utputs o n the st ate of t h e mari ne  ecosystemsand s ha r ed livi n g  ma rine re s our ceinthereg iona s a comprehensive web-ba seddashb o ard .

Fu rther mo re, thei Mari ne15 ini t iative (funde d by the Europe a n C o mmis sio n )de monstrate s t h at da ta n eed s fo r b lueg r owth coul d  b e me t thro ughSc ie nce 2.0,an  approa c h th a t u sesinfor ma ti o nsharing  and
 as_evidenced through_dedicated surveys. Moreover, the_contribution of_women_is poorly_assessed_and, thus, gender-aware_policies cannot be_adequately formulated. The under-reporting_of the impacts_of_disasters on the fisheries and aquaculture sector is another example of where data are_currently_deficient (see_section_Building_resilience, p. 155).

There is a_need for guidelines and standard_methodologies to_evaluate the specific contribution of aquatic biological resource_use_throughout the value_chain. Recent attempts have used census-type surveys to obtain_snapshots of social and economic contributions_(including non-commercial activities)_throughout_the_value chain. However, this_approach requires further testing and refinement_before global standards can be established._The FAO Fish Price Index serves many_fish-specific food security and economic assessments_and projections, and so can_help in_this regard.

BGI focus: assessing ecosystem_services

Examples of ecosystem_services provided_by aquatic living_resources are recreational fisheries and fish-related_tourism, and biodiversity_and habitat contributions to ecosystem resilience_(e.g._mangroves to protect_shoreline_biota)._These services_also include climate_change_mitigation, such_as_carbon recycling by algae, and carbon_sequestration_by mangroves or coral reefs.

It is necessary_to advance the understanding_of_the roles of natural_capital and ecosystem services in_national economies in order to better_account for_the economic_contributions of renewable aquatic resources (e.g. through the SEEA). Regarding climate_change, work13 is in progress to_transpose to aquatic resources_the general_methodologies_developed for assessing_carbon_footprints in_the agriculture and forestry sectors.

Recent actions

There is_increasing recognition_of the data needs for blue_growth. For example, the_European_Marine Board has urged that European_public research funding investments target fundamental_scientific research of the poorly_understood_deep-sea_system and the establishment of_environmental baselines.14 Another example is the_strategic action plan_for the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf_large_marine ecosystems to address the threats_jeopardizing_the region's opportunities for blue growth._A_support_project to this plan will_focus on governance and collaborative arrangements,_and will foster synergies among the many independent initiatives_addressing habitat degradation,_unsustainable fisheries practices and pollution._This_project_will also assemble its outputs on the state of the_marine ecosystems_and shared living_marine resource in the region as a comprehensive web-based dashboard.

Furthermore,_the iMarine15 initiative (funded by the European_Commission) demonstrates that data needs for blue growth could be met_through Science 2.0, an approach that uses information_sharing and