 presents confidentiality and privacy issues. Automated systems based on image recognition offer potential but are unlikely to see widespread application soon.

In general, progress towards data sharing will depend on data owners (States and the fishing industry) adopting more open policies and practices. Encouragingly, the deep-sea fishing industry is now working with scientists and managers in the context of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF).

Regarding coastal habitats (e.g. mangroves and marshes), geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing are increasingly facilitating the distinction and mapping of vegetation types - important for establishing baselines and monitoring change. However, further effort is needed in order to make these tools user friendly for managers of the aquatic sector.

**Combating IUU fishing**

The BGI sees the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing as a high priority. Here, information technology developments have revolutionized data collection. The main technologies are: shared databases on vessel registries and licences for evaluating fishing authorizations; automatic identification systems and vessel monitoring systems (VMS) for monitoring vessel movements; e-logbooks for prompt reporting of catches; onboard camera inspections for fully observing fishing operations; port-in port-out communications for enforcement; e-transaction of market information for traceability; and catch documentation schemes for catch information. These technologies should enable stringent and efficient monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS), trade certification for tracing fish throughout the distribution chain, and the generating of overall statistics based on data from the operational sources.

However, confidentiality concerns combined with a lack of standards and trust in data security hinder direct data integration among different systems. Sharing information among responsible users through globally standardized electronic MCS is essential to eliminating gaps in coverage that could facilitate IUU activities. Progress towards global harmonization is slow, and the level of commitment varies widely among States and regions due to cost and technical capacity requirements. Small-scale fisheries with their many vessels pose the greatest challenge for implementation, so typically such technologies and schemes are first introduced for larger vessels and later to smaller ones, with mobile phone applications offering new opportunities.

**Monitoring performance for sustainability**

Fisheries performance can be described in socioeconomic, environmental and management terms. Inventories can provide the starting point to characterize and disseminate the socioeconomic importance of fisheries in terms of people's participation, economic investments (vessels size and numbers), and returns (landings in volumes and currency).
presents confidentiality and privacy issues. Automated systems based on prototype realization offer potential but are improbable to witness widespread application soon. 

 In cosmopolitan, progress towards data sharing will count on datum owners (States and the fishing industry) assume more open policies and practices. Encouragingly, the cryptic - sea fishing industry is now working with scientists and director in the context of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). 

 Regarding coastal habitat (e.g. mangroves and marsh), geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing are increasingly facilitating the distinction and mapping of vegetation character - important for establishing baselines and monitoring change. However, further campaign is needed in order to make these tools user friendly for managers of the aquatic sector. 

 * * Combating IUU fishing * * 

 The BGI sees the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing as a high precedence. Here, data technology developments have revolutionized datum solicitation. The main technologies are: shared databases on vessel registries and licences for evaluating fishing authorizations; automatic designation systems and vessel monitoring systems (VMS) for monitoring vessel movements; e - logbooks for prompt reporting of catch; onboard camera inspections for fully observing fishing operations; port - in larboard - out communications for enforcement; e - transaction of market information for traceability; and catch software documentation schemes for catch information. These technologies should enable stringent and efficient monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS), trade certification for hound fish throughout the distribution range, and the generating of overall statistics based on data from the operational sources. 

 However, confidentiality concern combined with a lack of standard and trust in datum security hinder direct data consolidation among different systems. Sharing information among responsible users through globally standardized electronic MCS is essential to eliminating gaps in coverage that could facilitate IUU activity. Progress towards global harmonization is dense, and the level of commitment varies widely among States and regions due to cost and technical capacitance requirements. Small - scale fisheries with their many vessels pose the great challenge for execution, so typically such technologies and schemes are first introduced for larger vessels and later to modest ones, with mobile phone application offering new opportunities. 

 * * Monitoring performance for sustainability * * 

 fishery performance can be described in socioeconomic, environmental and management terms. Inventories can provide the starting point to qualify and disseminate the socioeconomic importance of fisheries in terms of people's participation, economic investments (vessels size and numbers), and returns (landings in volumes and currency).
 prfsents confidentiality akd privacy issues. Autometed syatems bared on image recognition offxr pitentual but are unlikely tu see widvspread appliration soon.

In geisral, progress bowarbs data sharing eill depeng on data owness (Scates and the fishing industry) adoptyng morr lpen policies wnd krasticss. Encouragingly, the deep-sea fishihg induvtry is now wprking with scientists and manwgers in the contedt of the exosyfrem approach to fisherpzs (EAF).

Regarsing coastal habitats (e.g. mangroxes aud marshes), teigrwkhic informavion sjstems (GIS) and remote sensinb are increasikgly hacioitating the distinctmon and mapping of vggetation dy'es - important for esravlishhng taseuuner ahd mknitorlng change. Hosever, furthwr effort is needed ig order to maks thesq eools user friendly for managers of the aqhatic sector.

**Combating IYU fishing**

The BGI seed the figrt against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishmne aw w yihh priority. Here, information technology develjlmtntx have revolutlonized data collevtlom. The main tecfnolognss are: shared databades on desseo registryes snd licences for evaluating fishing autkoruzations; automatic identificacion sistems and vessel monitoring rystsms (VMS) for monitorihe vessel movemengs; v-logtooks for prompt reporting of catchxs; onyoard caoera inspestions for fulln observing fishing operctionv; port-in plrt-out communications for enforrxment; e-transavthon of markzt infprmation for eraceability; aud catch docuoentation achemes for catch ynformation. Tvgse technologmes shoulq enqble stringdvt and efficiemt monitogiug, controo and surveillance (MCR), trade certificcuiob for tracing fosh thwolghpue the distribgtiov cfsin, avd the genevatkng pf overall statisticv baaed on data from tne operatiinal souwces.

However, cpnfidentiality conferns coobinec wyth a lack of standards and trhst in daha fecurity hinqer eirect data nntegration among different systems. Sharmng information among tesponsible users thrpmgh globally stanqardized alectronic MCS is eswential to eliminsting gaps in coverags that coulf facilitate IUU activities. Progress towards global harmonization is slow, and tie level of ckmmiyment vcrizs widejy alung States and rvgions due to cost and technical capacitf xequirements. Small-scale fishetids with their many vessels pose the gdeatest vhallenge for implementation, so typically such technolonies and wchemss are firrt introduced for karger vesswls and latcr to smaller unex, aith mobipe pionz applications offering new opporrunitiws.

**Lonitoring perfocmance for smsuainabimity**

Fifheries performahce dwn be described in socioeconomic, environmental and mdnwgement terms. Uhventories csn provpde the startmng point to characterize and disseminate the socioeconomic impkrtance or fisherles in terms of pgo'le's participation, econokis investoents (vesselv size and numbers), and returns (landings in tplumer agd cudrency).
presents confidentiality and privacy issues. Automated systems image offer potential are unlikely to general, towards data sharing depend on data (States and the fishing industry) adopting open policies and practices. Encouragingly, the deep-sea fishing industry is now working with and managers in the context of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). Regarding habitats mangroves marshes), information systems (GIS) and remote sensing are increasingly facilitating the distinction and mapping of vegetation types important for establishing baselines and monitoring change. However, effort is needed in to make these tools user for of the sector. IUU The BGI sees fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing as a high priority. Here, information technology developments have data collection. technologies are: databases vessel and licences for authorizations; automatic identification systems and vessel for monitoring vessel movements; e-logbooks for prompt reporting catches; onboard inspections for fully observing fishing operations; port-out communications for enforcement; e-transaction of market information traceability; and catch documentation schemes for catch information. These technologies should enable stringent and efficient and surveillance (MCS), trade for tracing fish the chain, the of overall based on data from the operational sources. However, confidentiality concerns combined a lack of standards and trust in data security hinder integration different systems. Sharing among responsible users through standardized MCS is essential to in that activities. towards harmonization is slow, and level of commitment varies widely States and regions due requirements. Small-scale fisheries with their many vessels pose greatest challenge for implementation, so typically such and schemes are first introduced for larger vessels and later to smaller with mobile offering new opportunities. **Monitoring performance for sustainability** Fisheries can be described in environmental and management terms. Inventories can provide the starting to and disseminate socioeconomic importance of in terms of participation, economic investments and numbers), returns in
 presents confidentiality anD privacy isSues. AUtoMatEd SystEms bAsed on image recOGnitIon offer potential but arE unliKeLY to sEE wIdespRead appLIcATIon SoOn.

in gEnERaL, progResS towardS data shariNg wIlL depend on datA OwNers (States And The fishing inDusTry) adoPtIng MOre opEn pOliciEs and pRActiceS. EncouragInGLy, the dEEp-sea fiSHInG indUstry is now working WItH Scientists and mAnagerS iN ThE COntExt Of the ecosyStEm appROach to fIShERIEs (Eaf).

Regarding coaStal habitatS (E.g. mAngrovEs And MArshes), GeogrApHIc iNformation sYsteMs (GIS) and rEmote sENsing arE IncreasIngly fAciLitAtinG ThE dIstInCTioN AnD maPPinG of vegetAtIoN typeS - impORTANt foR esTablIshinG baselines and MonItorINg cHange. howevEr, fuRtHer efFort is NeedeD iN order to make theSe toOls user frIenDlY foR mAnageRS of the AquAtiC sector.

**combatiNG IUu fISHInG**

The BGI sees the fighT aGAInSt illegaL, unrepORtEd ANd unreguLaTed (iUU) fISHing aS a hiGH pRiority. HEre, infORmAtIon techNoLogy deVeLopMenTs havE RevoLutionIzed data ColleCTion. The main tecHNologies are: shAReD DAtABaseS on Vessel regisTrieS And lIcenCEs For EValuaTing fIsHInG Authorizations; automAtIc idenTificAtion systems aNd vessel moNITOring sysTems (vmS) FOr monitoring veSsel mOvements; e-lOGbooks foR promPt reportIng of catcHES; onboard CamEra InsPecTIOnS for fully obseRVIng fIsHing opeRatIons; porT-in PorT-ouT coMmUnicationS for enfoRcEmEnT; e-TraNsactIOn of markEt InfOrMatIon foR TraceaBilitY; and CaTcH DocUmentatIOn SCHemeS fOr CatcH inFoRmatiOn. ThESe tEchnoloGies shoulD enABle sTrInGent and Efficient moniToRing, controL aNd sUrveilLANce (MCS), trAde certification for tracINg fish tHroUghouT the DistributIon Chain, aNd tHE generAting oF overAlL stATIsticS BAsEd oN dAta from the OPEraTionaL sOurcEs.

HowevEr, confidentiality cONceRns combined wiTh a Lack OF StAndARdS And TrUSt iN DAta security hindEr direct daTa INtEgration amONg dIfFerent sYstems. SHarinG InformaTion among ResponsibLe UserS THroUgh globallY standarDized elecTRonic mcS Is essEntIal to eLiMinAting Gaps in COveRage tHat couLd FaciliTate IuU ActivitiEs. Progress towards global HarmonIzatiOn iS slow, and tHe lEVel Of commitmEnt vAries widelY amOng stateS anD RegioNs duE To CosT And teChniCAl capacitY ReQuiREMeNts. Small-scaLE FIshEries WitH Their mAny vEssels pose the greaTEst challenge foR impLEMenTatIOn, so TyPically such tecHnoLoGIEs and schEmEs are first iNtroduceD fOR largEr vessEls and Later to SMAlLEr ones, With MobIle phone aPplIcATions ofFeRiNG new opPortUnIties.

**MOnitorINg peRFOrmance for sustaiNabilITY**

FishERieS perfOrMance caN Be deScribed in sOcioeconomiC, envirOnmeNtal aNd managEmEnt terMs. INvEntories caN Provide thE starTing poiNt To chAraCterizE and DISsemiNate ThE soCioeconomIC ImPOrTaNCe oF fisHerieS iN terMs of peoplE'S particiPatIOn, econoMiC inVEStmentS (VeSSEls size and NumBers), aND Returns (lanDIngs IN vOLumes And curRency).
 presents confidentialityand privac y iss ues . A ut omat ed s ystems based o n  ima ge recognition offer p otent ia l  but ar e unl ikely t o  s e e  wi de sp rea da pp licat ion  soon.
In genera l,pr ogress towar d sdata shari ngwill dependondata o wn ers (Stat esand t he fis h ing in dustry) a do p ting m o re open p ol icie s and practices.E nc o uragingly, the  deep- se a  f i s hin g i ndustry is  n ow wo r king wi t hs c i ent i sts and manag ers in thec ont ext of  t hee cosyst em ap pr o ach  to fisheri es ( EAF).

Re gardin g  coasta l  habita ts (e. g.man grov e san d m ar s hes ) ,geo g rap hic info rm at ion s yste m s ( GIS)  an d re motesensing are i ncr easi n gly  faci litat ingth e dis tincti on an dmapping of vege tati on types- i mp ort an t for establ ish ing  baseli nes and mon it o r i ng  change. However,fu r t he r effort  is ne e de di n orderto  ma ke t h e se to olsu se r friend ly for ma na gers of  t he aqu at icsec tor.**Co mbatin g IUU fi shing * *

The BGI see s  the fight ag a in s t  i l lega l,unreportedandu nreg ulat e d(IU U ) fis hingas ah igh priority. Here,  i nforma tiontechnology de velopments h a ve revol utio n iz e d data collect ion.The main t e chnologi es ar e: share d databas e s  on vess elreg ist rie s an d licences fo r eval ua ting fi shi ng auth ori zat ion s;au tomatic i dentific at io nsy ste ms an d  vesselmo nit or ing  syst e ms (VM S) fo r mo ni to r ing  vessel mo v e ment s;  e -log boo ks  forprom p t r eportin g of catc hes ;  onb oa rd  camera  inspectionsfo r fully ob se rvi ng fis h i ng opera tions; port-in port-out communi cat ionsforenforceme nt;  e-tra nsa c tion o f mark et in fo rma t i on fo r tr ace ab ility; and c atc h doc um enta tion sc hemes for catch in f orm ation. Thesetec hnol o g ie s s h ou l d e na b les t ringent and eff icient mon it o ri ng, contro l  an dsurveil lance ( MCS), trade c ertificat ion for t ra cing f ish  throughou t the di stributio n  chai n ,and t hegenera ti ngof ov eralls tat istic s base don dat a fro mthe oper ational sources.

Howev er, co nfide nti ality con cer n s c ombined w itha lack ofsta nda rds a ndt rustin d a ta  se c urity  hin d er direct da tai n te gration amo n g dif feren t s y stems.  Sha ring informationa mong responsib le u s e rsthr o ughgl obally standar diz ed e lectroni cMCS is esse ntial to  e l imina ting g aps in  covera g e  t h at cou ld f aci litate IU U a ct i vities.  P ro g ress t owar ds  globa l harm o niza t i on is slow, andthe l e v el of com mitme nt  varies wide ly among S tates and r egions  due  to c ost and  t echnic alca pacity req u irements.  Smal l-scale  f ishe rie s with  the i r  many  ves se lspose theg r ea t es tc hal leng e for  i mple mentation ,  so typi cal l y suchte chn o l ogiesa nd s chemes are  fi rst i n t roduced fo r  lar g er vesse ls and  later  to sma l ler  o nes, wi thm o bile phon e applica t ion soffe ring new  o ppor tu nit ie s.

**Monitorin g perfor mance fo r sustai nab i lity * *

Fis he ries perform anceca n  be des c r ibe d in so c ioe con omi c, e nvi ronm e ntal and management term s. I nvent o rie s can  prov id e the st a rtin g pointt o characteriz e and dissemina t e t h e so cio e co no mic impor tan c e offish eri es i n t erms o f pe o ple' s  p arti cipati on,ec on omic inve st ments ( v esse l s s izeand n um be r s) , and r eturns ( landi ng s in volu m es andcurr en cy).
 presents_confidentiality and_privacy issues. Automated systems_based on_image_recognition offer_potential_but are unlikely_to see widespread_application soon.

In general, progress_towards data sharing_will_depend on data owners (States and the fishing industry) adopting more open policies and_practices._Encouragingly, the_deep-sea_fishing_industry is now working with_scientists and managers in the_context of_the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF).

Regarding coastal habitats_(e.g._mangroves and marshes),_geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing are increasingly_facilitating the distinction and mapping of_vegetation types -_important_for_establishing baselines and monitoring_change. However, further effort is needed_in order to make these tools_user friendly for managers of the aquatic_sector.

**Combating IUU fishing**

The BGI sees the_fight against illegal, unreported and_unregulated (IUU)_fishing as a high priority._Here, information technology_developments have_revolutionized data collection._The main technologies are: shared databases_on vessel registries_and licences for evaluating fishing authorizations;_automatic_identification systems and_vessel_monitoring_systems (VMS)_for monitoring vessel_movements;_e-logbooks for_prompt_reporting of catches; onboard camera inspections_for_fully observing fishing operations; port-in port-out communications_for enforcement; e-transaction of_market_information for traceability; and_catch documentation schemes for catch_information. These technologies should enable stringent_and efficient_monitoring, control_and surveillance (MCS), trade certification for tracing fish throughout the distribution_chain, and the generating of overall_statistics based on data_from the_operational_sources.

However, confidentiality concerns_combined_with a_lack of standards and trust in data_security hinder_direct data integration among different systems._Sharing information among responsible_users_through globally standardized electronic MCS is_essential to eliminating gaps in coverage_that could facilitate IUU activities._Progress_towards_global harmonization is slow, and_the level of commitment varies widely_among States and_regions due to cost and technical capacity_requirements._Small-scale fisheries with their many vessels_pose_the greatest challenge for implementation, so_typically_such_technologies and schemes are first_introduced for larger vessels and later_to smaller ones, with mobile phone applications offering new_opportunities.

**Monitoring performance for_sustainability**

Fisheries performance can be described_in_socioeconomic,_environmental and management terms. Inventories can provide the starting point_to characterize_and disseminate the_socioeconomic importance of fisheries in terms of people's participation, economic_investments (vessels size and numbers), and returns_(landings in volumes and currency).