 objective was to mitigate the impacts of fisheries on target species. However, conventional fisheries management and the science underpinning it have tended to focus on target fish populations, without accounting for the externalities of fishing, and without considering the impacts of other human activities and environmental drivers (e.g. climate variability and change) in their assessments. The EAF52 builds on conventional fisheries management but broadens its scope while explicitly taking into account also social and economic aspects of sustainability.

Aquaculture development has followed a similar path to that of fisheries. The aquaculture sector grew very rapidly after 1980. It aimed largely at maximizing productivity and economic returns while focusing mostly on increased production within a very short time scale. Such an approach can yield satisfactory production and income results in the short term. However, in the medium and longer term, net results can often be negative from social, environmental and economic perspectives. Therefore, aquaculture planning and development need to consider in a balanced way the social, economic and environmental objectives, with adequate governance in place to achieve these. Moreover, aquaculture is a relatively new sector, and the aquatic space it uses can be a matter of dispute with other more established economic sectors. Fisheries, agriculture, urban and industrial development, transport and tourism are examples of sectors that can directly and indirectly affect the status of natural resources. They can conflict with aquaculture for the use of the aquatic environment. Where multiple users compete for resources and aquatic spaces, social relationships can degenerate to a point of confrontation and tension unless norms for regulating access and use are well established and enforced. Aquaculture also faces risks from other human activities such as contamination of waterways by agriculture and industrial activities.

The EAA provides a planning and management framework for integrating the aquaculture sector effectively into local planning. It also provides mechanisms for engaging with producers and regulatory authorities for the effective sustainable management of aquaculture operations by taking into account environmental, socio-economic and governance objectives.53 With increasing activities in the coastal and offshore areas, the need for coordination across sectors utilizing marine ecosystems has become a requirement for sustainable use of these ecosystems, with a consequent emphasis on the need for integrated management of human activities (Figure 30).

Various approaches have emerged to improve sector-based management approaches (such as the EAF and EAA), while others focus on integration across sectors, such as ecosystem-based management (EBM), the ecosystem approach to management,54 and marine spatial planning.55 This proliferation of approaches
objective was to mitigate the impacts of fisheries on prey coinage. However, conventional fisheries management and the skill underpinning it have tend to focus on prey fish populations, without account for the externalities of fishing, and without considering the shock of other human activities and environmental driver (e.g. climate variability and change) in their assessments. The EAF52 builds on conventional fishery management but broadens its scope while explicitly taking into report also social and economic aspects of sustainability. 

 Aquaculture growth has followed a alike path to that of fisheries. The aquaculture sector grew very rapidly after 1980. It aimed largely at maximize productivity and economic returns while focusing mostly on increased production within a very short time scale. Such an approach can yield satisfactory production and income results in the short term. However, in the medium and longer condition, net results can much be damaging from social, environmental and economic perspectives. Therefore, aquaculture planning and development necessitate to consider in a balanced way the social, economic and environmental objectives, with adequate governance in plaza to achieve these. Moreover, aquaculture is a relatively new sector, and the aquatic space it uses can be a matter of dispute with other more install economic sectors. Fisheries, agriculture, urban and industrial development, transportation and tourism are case of sectors that can directly and indirectly affect the status of natural resource. They can conflict with aquaculture for the use of the aquatic environment. Where multiple users compete for resources and aquatic space, social relationship can degenerate to a point of confrontation and latent hostility unless norms for regulating access and use are well established and enforce. Aquaculture also face risks from early human activities such as contamination of waterway by agriculture and industrial activities. 

 The EAA put up a planning and management framework for integrate the aquaculture sector effectively into local planning. It also provides mechanisms for engaging with producers and regulatory authorities for the effective sustainable management of aquaculture operations by take into account environmental, socio - economic and administration objectives.53 With increasing activities in the coastal and offshore areas, the need for coordination across sectors utilizing marine ecosystems has become a prerequisite for sustainable use of these ecosystems, with a consequent emphasis on the need for integrated management of human activity (name 30). 

 assorted approaches have emerged to improve sector - based management approaches (such as the EAF and EAA), while others focus on consolidation across sectors, such as ecosystem - based management (EBM), the ecosystem approach to management,54 and marine spatial planning.55 This proliferation of approaches
 obuective was to mitigate uhe impacts of fisheries on tadget spezies. However, conventional fidhwries management and the sckence undvrpinning it iave tended to focus on bcrget nish 'o'ulations, withoot accountinc for the extesnxlnties of fishing, and without considewing thr lmpacts of othgr hukwn adniyities and environmental drivers (e.g. clikate variabiloty and change) in their asdesslents. The EAF52 builfs on convebtiogql fisheries managemenu yut broadena its scope while explicitly taying nnto accounj zldm social anv econjmic aspects of sustdinabiloty.

Aquaculture detelopment has followed a vimilar path to thwt of fisvexies. The aquaculture wextor crew verh raoidmy arter 1980. Lt eimed largemy at maximuzing productivity snq economic rethrns wrije focusing mostly on increased productpon sithin a very short timw scale. Such an approwch can yyeld satisfactory production and income results it the rhoxb gwrl. However, in the medium and longer term, net rqauktx can often be negative ftol xjcial, environoental ans economic perspechives. Trerefire, aquactltute planning and development need to confuder in a balanced way the soeial, evonomoc and environmental oblectivss, with adeeuate govsfnance in place go scvieve thtre. Moreover, aquactlture is a rzlativelh nee sectjr, and the aquabhc space it uses cwn be a matter of dispute with other more establmxhed economiv vecnors. Fishzries, sgriculture, uwban and indusjrial devzlopmevt, transpogt and tonrism are exwmples of secdlrs that can directlr ane ineirectlh affect the ststus of ncuural resoyrces. They can connlict sith aquaculturz dor the use of yhe aqtanic egeironment. Whare oulgople jsers compebe wor tesources and aquatiw spzces, social relatipnfhips cab degenewate to a poimt of confrontatioj and teision inlgss norms for regulating access and use wre well establyshee and enforczd. Aquaculture also faces risks from othxr human activities sucy as contamination pn waterways uy agryculture dnd industrial activuties.

The EAA provldes a planning and mahagemett frwmework for integrating the aquaculture sector effectively into local plabning. Mt also provises kechatifks for engegmng with producerx and regulatory authorities foc the effewtnve sustainable management of aduaculture opgrations by taking into acdount enfironmental, socio-economic and gpvernance objectives.53 Witm increasung adtivitpgs mn the coastal and ogfshorz areaw, the nwed nor coordinatiun scvoss sectogs uuiliving marine ecosystems has become a reqyigement for sustamnable use on uhese ebosysteis, with a conseqhent fmpharis on the nerd for integrayed management of hukag activities (Fufure 30).

Various approabhes have emecged to imprmve sector-based management approaches (such as the EZF and EAZ), while ovhers focus on mntegration across sectovs, sush as ecusystem-based management (EBM), the ecosystem approach to memagemdnt,54 and jarine spatian planning.55 This proliferation of xpproqches
objective was to mitigate the impacts of target However, conventional management and the to on target fish without accounting for externalities of fishing, and without considering impacts of other human activities and environmental drivers (e.g. climate variability and change) their assessments. The EAF52 builds on conventional fisheries management but broadens its scope explicitly into also and economic aspects of sustainability. Aquaculture development has followed a similar path to that of fisheries. aquaculture sector grew very rapidly after 1980. It largely at maximizing productivity economic returns while focusing mostly increased within a short scale. an approach can satisfactory production and income results in the short term. However, in the medium and longer term, net can often from social, and perspectives. aquaculture planning and to consider in a balanced way and environmental objectives, with adequate governance in place achieve these. aquaculture is a relatively new sector, the aquatic space it uses can be a of dispute with other more established economic sectors. Fisheries, agriculture, urban and industrial development, transport are examples of sectors can directly and affect status natural They can with aquaculture for the use of the aquatic environment. Where multiple compete for resources and aquatic spaces, social relationships can degenerate point confrontation and tension norms for regulating access use well established and enforced. faces from such contamination waterways by agriculture and activities. The EAA provides a and management framework for into local planning. It also provides mechanisms for with producers and regulatory authorities for the sustainable management of aquaculture operations by taking into account environmental, socio-economic and objectives.53 With in the coastal and offshore areas, the need coordination across sectors utilizing ecosystems has become a requirement for sustainable use of ecosystems, a consequent on the need integrated management of activities (Figure 30). have emerged improve management the EAF and EAA), while others on across sectors, such as ecosystem-based (EBM), approach to management,54 and marine spatial planning.55 This proliferation of approaches
 objective was to mitigate the Impacts of fIsherIes On tArGet sPeciEs. However, conveNTionAl fisheries management aNd the ScIEnce UNdErpinNing it hAVe TENdeD tO fOcuS oN TaRget fIsh PopulatIons, withouT acCoUnting for the EXtErnalities Of fIshing, and witHouT consiDeRinG The imPacTs of oTher huMAn actiVities and EnVIronmeNTal drivERS (e.G. cliMate variability anD ChANge) in their asseSsmentS. THE Eaf52 BuiLds On conventiOnAl fisHEries maNAgEMENt bUT broadens its sCope while exPLicItly taKiNg iNTo accoUnt alSo SOciAl and economIc asPects of suStainaBIlity.

AqUAculturE develOpmEnt Has fOLlOwEd a SiMIlaR PaTh tO ThaT of fisheRiEs. the aqUacuLTURE secTor Grew Very rApidly after 1980. It AimEd laRGelY at maXimizIng pRoDuctiVity anD econOmIc returns while fOcusIng mostly On iNcReaSeD prodUCtion wIthIn a Very shoRt time sCAle. suCH AN aPproach can yield satIsFACtOry produCtion aND iNcOMe resultS iN thE shoRT Term. HOwevER, iN the mediUm and lONgEr Term, net ReSults cAn OftEn bE negaTIve fRom socIal, envirOnmenTAl and economic pERspectives. TheREfORE, aQUacuLtuRe planning aNd deVElopMent NEeD to COnsidEr in a BaLAnCEd way the social, econoMiC and enVironMental objectiVes, with adeQUATe governAnce IN pLAce to achieve thEse. MoReover, aquaCUlture is A relaTively neW sector, anD THe aquatiC spAce It uSes CAN bE a matter of disPUTe wiTh Other moRe eStablisHed EcoNomIc sEcTors. FisheRies, agriCuLtUrE, uRbaN and iNDustrial DeVelOpMenT, tranSPort anD tourIsm aRe ExAMplEs of secTOrS THat cAn DiRectLy aNd IndirEctlY AffEct the sTatus of naTurAL resOuRcEs. They cAn conflict witH aQuaculture FoR thE use of THE aquatic Environment. Where multiplE Users coMpeTe for ResoUrces and aQuaTic spaCes, SOcial rElatioNshipS cAn dEGEneraTE To A poInT of confronTATioN and tEnSion Unless nOrms for regulating aCCesS and use are welL esTablISHeD anD EnFOrcEd. aQuaCULture also faces rIsks from otHeR HuMan activitIEs sUcH as contAminatiOn of wATerways By agriculTure and inDuStriAL ActIvities.

The eAA proviDes a plannINg and MAnAgemeNt fRamewoRk For IntegRating THe aQuacuLture sEcTor effEctivElY into locAl planning. It also provideS mechaNisms For Engaging wIth PRodUcers and rEgulAtory authoRitIes For thE efFEctivE susTAiNabLE manaGemeNT of aquacuLTuRe oPERaTions by takiNG INto AccouNt eNVironmEntaL, socio-economic and GOvernance objecTiveS.53 wIth IncREasiNg Activities in thE coAsTAL and offsHoRe areas, the nEed for coOrDInatiOn acroSs sectOrs utilIZInG Marine EcosYstEms has becOme A rEQuiremeNt FoR SustaiNablE uSe of thEse ecoSYsteMS, With a consequent eMphasIS On the NEed For inTeGrated mANageMent of humaN activities (figure 30).

variOus apProacheS hAve emeRgeD tO improve seCTor-based mAnageMent appRoAcheS (suCh as thE EAF AND EAA), wHile OtHerS focus on iNTEgRAtIoN AcrOss sEctorS, sUch aS ecosysteM-Based manAgeMEnt (EBM), tHe EcoSYStem apPRoACH to managemEnt,54 And maRINe spatial pLAnniNG.55 THIs proLiferaTion of ApproacHEs
 objective was to mitigate  the impac ts of  fi she ri es o n ta rget species.H owev er, conventional fishe riesma n agem e nt  andthe sci e nc e und er pi nni ng it  have  te nded to  focus ontar ge t fish popul a ti ons, witho utaccounting f orthe ex te rna l ities  of  fish ing, a n d with out consi de r ing th e  impact s of  oth er human activiti e sa nd environment al dri ve r s( e .g.  cl imate vari ab ility and cha n ge ) i n t h eir assessmen ts. The EAF 5 2 b uildson  co n ventio nal f is h eri es manageme nt b ut broade ns its scope w h ile exp licitl y t aki ng i n to  a cco un t  al s osoc i aland econ om ic  aspe ctso f s usta ina bili ty.
Aquaculture d eve lopm e nthas f ollow ed a  s imila r path  to t ha t of fisheries.  The  aquacult ure  s ect or  grew very r api dly  after1980. I t  ai me d l ar gely at maximizing  p r o du ctivityand ec o no mi c  returns  w hil e fo c u singmost l yon incre ased p r od uc tion wi th in a v er y s hor t tim e  sca le. Su ch an ap proac h  can yield sat i sfactory prod u ct i o na nd i nco me resultsin t h e sh ortt er m.H oweve r, in  t h em edium and longer te rm , netresul ts can oftenbe negativ e f rom soci al,e nv i ronmental andecono mic perspe c tives. T heref ore, aqu aculturep l anning a nddev elo pme n t  n eed to consid e r  inabalance d w ay thesoc ial , e con om ic and en vironmen ta lob je cti ves,w ith adeq ua tego ver nance in pla ce to  ach ie ve the se. Mor e ov e r , aq ua cu ltur e i sa rel ativ e lynew sec tor, andthe aqua ti cspace i t uses can be  a  matter of  d isp ute wi t h  other m ore established economi c  sector s.Fishe ries , agricul tur e, urb ana nd ind ustria l dev el opm e n t, tr a n sp ort  a nd tourism a reexamp le s of  sector s that can directl y  an d indirectlyaff ectt h esta t us ofna t ura l resources. They  can confl ic t  w ith aquacu l tur efor the  use of  thea quaticenvironme nt. Where  m ulti p l e u sers compe te for r esourcesa nd aq u at ic sp ace s, soc ia l r elati onship s  ca n deg enerat eto a p ointof  confron tation and tension unle ss nor ms fo r r egulating  ac c ess  and usearewell estab lis hed  andenf o rced.  Aqu a cu ltu r e als o fa c es risksf ro m o t h er  human acti v i t ies  such  as contam inat ion of waterwaysb y agricultureandi n dus tri a l ac ti vities.

The E AApr o v ides a p la nning and m anagemen tf ramew ork fo r inte grating t he aquacu ltur e s ector eff ect iv e ly into  l oc a l plan ning .It als o prov i desm e chanisms for eng aging w ith p r odu cersan d regul a tory  authoriti es for theeffect ivesusta inablema nageme ntof  aquacultu r e operati ons b y takin ginto  ac countenvi r o nment al,so cio -economic a nd go ve r nan ce o bject iv es.5 3 With in c reasingact i vitiesin  th e coasta l  a n d  offshoreare as, t h e  need forc oord i na t ion a crosssector s utili z ing  m arine e cos y s tems hasbecome ar equ ir emen t for su st aina bl e u se  of these ecosy stems, w ith a co n s equent  em p hasi s  on th eneed for int egrat ed managem e n t o f human act ivi tie s (F igu re 3 0 ).

Various approaches h aveemerg e d t o imp rovese ctor-bas e d ma nagement approaches (s uch as the EAFa ndE AA),  wh i le  o thers foc uso n int egra tio n ac ros s se c t ors, such as  eco system -bas ed  m anagement  ( EBM), t h e ec o sys temappro ac ht omanagem ent,54 a nd ma ri ne spatia l  planni ng.5 5This prolifer ation of app ro ache s
 objective_was to_mitigate the impacts of_fisheries on_target_species. However,_conventional_fisheries management and_the science underpinning_it have tended to_focus on target_fish_populations, without accounting for the externalities of fishing, and without considering the impacts of_other_human activities_and_environmental_drivers (e.g. climate variability and_change) in their assessments. The_EAF52 builds_on conventional fisheries management but broadens its scope_while_explicitly taking into_account also social and economic aspects of sustainability.

Aquaculture development_has followed a similar path to_that of fisheries._The_aquaculture_sector grew very rapidly_after 1980. It aimed largely at_maximizing productivity and economic returns while_focusing mostly on increased production within a_very short time scale. Such an_approach can yield satisfactory production_and income_results in the short term._However, in the_medium and_longer term, net_results can often be negative from_social, environmental and_economic perspectives. Therefore, aquaculture planning and_development_need to consider_in_a_balanced way_the social, economic_and_environmental objectives,_with_adequate governance in place to achieve_these._Moreover, aquaculture is a relatively new sector,_and the aquatic space_it_uses can be a_matter of dispute with other_more established economic sectors. Fisheries, agriculture,_urban and_industrial development,_transport and tourism are examples of sectors that can directly and_indirectly affect the status of natural_resources. They can conflict_with aquaculture_for_the use of_the_aquatic environment._Where multiple users compete for resources and_aquatic spaces,_social relationships can degenerate to a_point of confrontation and_tension_unless norms for regulating access and_use are well established and enforced._Aquaculture also faces risks from_other_human_activities such as contamination of_waterways by agriculture and industrial activities.

The_EAA provides a_planning and management framework for integrating the_aquaculture_sector effectively into local planning. It_also_provides mechanisms for engaging with producers_and_regulatory_authorities for the effective sustainable_management of aquaculture operations by taking_into account environmental, socio-economic and governance objectives.53 With increasing_activities in the_coastal and offshore areas, the_need_for_coordination across sectors utilizing marine ecosystems has become a requirement_for sustainable_use of these_ecosystems, with a consequent emphasis on the need for integrated_management of human activities (Figure 30).

Various approaches_have emerged to improve sector-based management approaches (such as the EAF_and EAA), while others focus on integration across_sectors, such as ecosystem-based management (EBM), the_ecosystem approach to management,54_and_marine spatial planning.55 This proliferation of approaches