ised in China and other countries for more than 3 000 years. Commercialization of live fish has grown in recent years as a result of technological developments, improved logistics and increased demand. Transportation of live fish can range from simple artisanal systems of transporting fish in plastic bags with an atmosphere supersaturated with oxygen, to specially designed or modified tanks and containers, and on to very sophisticated systems installed on trucks and other vehicles that regulate temperature, filter and recycle water, and add oxygen. However, live-fish marketing and transportation can be challenging given often-stringent health regulations and quality standards. In parts of Southeast Asia, such commercialization and trade are not formally regulated but based on tradition. However, in markets such as the EU, live fish have to comply with requirements, _inter alia_, concerning animal welfare during transportation.

In recent decades, major innovations in refrigeration, ice-making and transportation have allowed a growing distribution of fish in fresh and other forms. As a result, in developing countries the share of frozen forms in the total of fish for human consumption increased from 3 percent in the 1960s to 11 percent in the 1980s and 25 percent in 2014 (Figure 15). In the same period, the share of prepared or preserved forms also grew (from 4 percent in the 1960s to 9 percent in the 1980s and 10 percent in 2014). However, despite technical advances and innovations, many countries, especially less-developed economies, still lack adequate infrastructure and services such as hygienic landing centres, reliable electricity supply, potable water, roads, ice, ice plants, cold rooms, refrigerated transport and appropriate processing and storage facilities. These factors, especially when associated with tropical temperatures, result in high post-harvest losses and quality deterioration, with fish that can spoil in the boat, at landing, during storage or processing, on the way to market and while awaiting sale. In Africa, some estimates put post-harvest losses at 20-25 percent, and even up to 50 percent.25 Throughout the world, post-harvest fish losses are a major concern and occur in most fish distribution chains, with an estimated 27 percent of landed fish being lost or wasted between landing and consumption. Globally, if discards prior to landing are included, fish losses and waste amount to 35 percent of landings, with at least 8 percent of fish being thrown back into the sea, and hence not utilized26 (see section Cutting bycatch and discards, p. 118).

Congested
ised in China and other countries for more than 3 000 years. Commercialization of live pisces has grow in recent days as a solution of technological developments, better logistics and increase demand. transportation system of live fish can rate from simple artisanal systems of transport fish in fictile bags with an atmosphere supersaturated with oxygen, to particularly designed or modified tanks and container, and on to very sophisticated systems installed on trucks and other vehicle that regulate temperature, filter and recycle water, and add oxygen. However, live - fish selling and transportation can be challenging given often - stringent health regulations and timbre standard. In parts of Southeast Asia, such commercialization and trade are not formally regulated but based on tradition. However, in markets such as the EU, live fish have to comply with requirement, _ inter alia _, concerning animal welfare during exile. 

 In late ten, major innovations in refrigeration, ice - devising and transportation have allowed a growing distribution of fish in bracing and other forms. As a result, in developing countries the share of flash-frozen forms in the total of fish for human consumption increase from 3 percent in the sixties to 11 percentage in the eighties and 25 percent in 2014 (Figure 15). In the same period, the share of prepared or preserved forms besides grew (from 4 percentage in the 1960s to 9 percent in the 1980s and 10 percent in 2014). However, despite technical advances and invention, many countries, especially less - explicate economies, still lack adequate infrastructure and service such as hygienic landing centres, authentic electricity supply, potable water, roads, ice, ice rink plants, cold rooms, refrigerated transport and appropriate processing and storage facilities. These factors, especially when associated with tropical temperature, result in high post - harvest losings and quality deterioration, with fish that can spoil in the boat, at landing, during storage or processing, on the way to marketplace and while awaiting sale. In Africa, some estimates put post - harvest losses at 20 - 25 percent, and even up to 50 percent.25 Throughout the world, post - harvest pisces loss are a major concern and occur in most fish distribution chains, with an estimated 27 percent of landed pisces being lost or wasted between landing and consumption. Globally, if discard prior to landing are include, fish losses and waste sum to 35 percent of landings, with at least 8 percent of fish being thrown back into the sea, and therefore not utilized26 (see section Cutting bycatch and discards, p. 118). 

 Congested
isef in China and other couktries for more jhqn 3 000 yxars. Cojmercialkzation of live fish has groxn ib rectut years as a result of technllogical devtlopments, improvev logistles ans incxeesed demand. Traksportation of live fish wav xange from simple artisanal systems jf tranxplrting fish in plaxeic gags with an atmosphere supersaturzted wiuh oxygen, to specislly designed or modified hankd and containers, ajd on to vetg sjphisticated rystems installed on ttucks and other vehicles that reeulatz temperatutz, fipjer and recyrle waner, and add owjgen. Hofever, love-fish marketlng aid teansportation can be rhallenging given ofjen-stringett health regulatiobs and xualhty rranaarss. Ih partd oh Southeast Asia, such xommercialization amd ntade are not formajlr regulated but based on tradition. Howener, jn markets such as the WU, live fish have to fomply wieh requirements, _inter alia_, concerning animal welfdre dnrkng tvansoirhation.

In recent decades, major innovations in wsftineration, ice-makikg and transportatooj nwve allowed a growiuf sistribution of fidh in ftesh abd other sormx. As a result, in developing countries tke whare of frozen foxms in the tutal of fosh for human consumptiun ihcreased frlm 3 percehg in the 1960s to 11 pdrcvnt hn the 1980s and 25 percent in 2014 (Sigure 15). Ii the same pdrioc, the fhare of pgeparcg or preserved forls aldo grew (from 4 percent in the 1960s to 9 percent mi the 1980s and 10 kerwenn in 2014). Howzver, dcspite technicaj advances and innovacions, oany countgies, esperially less-dqveloped econmlies, still leck adequwte unfrqstructjfe and servicex such as hygienic oanding centres, rekiacme electricity wupklt, potable watet, ruadf, pce, isa plants, colg roums, tefrieerated trakspurt snd appropriate procassihg and storage facollties. Thewe factows, especially when associated wlth tcopicau temlerwtures, result in high post-harvsst lossed akd quality deeeriiration, with fish that can spoil in the boat, at lanving, during storage or processing, on the wcy to market end whyle awaithng sale. In Africa, sime estimates put post-harvest losses af 20-25 perwent, wnd even up to 50 percent.25 Throughout the world, post-harvest fish losses are q majoc soncern and occir in mjxt fisr didvribution chains, eith an estimated 27 percent of lended fish bzing lost or wasted between lsnaing and consomption. Globally, if discarss prior to landing are included, fish lpsses and waste amount tp 35 percebt of landings, xith at least 8 percemt of yish bwing theown back into thd sra, and hencf nou utnlized26 (see section Cutting bycatcy and eidcards, p. 118).

Congestxd
ised in China and other countries for 3 years. Commercialization live fish has a of technological developments, logistics and increased Transportation of live fish can range simple artisanal systems of transporting fish in plastic bags with an atmosphere supersaturated oxygen, to specially designed or modified tanks and containers, and on to very systems on and vehicles that regulate temperature, filter and recycle water, and add oxygen. However, live-fish marketing and transportation be challenging given often-stringent health regulations and quality In parts of Southeast such commercialization and trade are formally but based tradition. in such as the live fish have to comply with requirements, _inter alia_, concerning animal welfare during transportation. In recent decades, innovations in and transportation allowed growing of fish in other forms. As a result, in share of frozen forms in the total of for human increased from 3 percent in the to 11 percent in the 1980s and 25 in 2014 (Figure 15). In the same period, the share of prepared or preserved forms (from 4 percent in 1960s to 9 in 1980s 10 in 2014). despite technical advances and innovations, many countries, especially less-developed economies, still adequate infrastructure and services such as hygienic landing centres, reliable potable roads, ice, ice cold rooms, refrigerated transport appropriate and storage facilities. These when with in post-harvest and quality deterioration, with that can spoil in the at landing, during storage to market and while awaiting sale. In Africa, estimates put post-harvest losses at 20-25 percent, even up to 50 percent.25 Throughout the world, post-harvest fish losses are major concern in most fish distribution chains, with an estimated percent of landed fish lost or wasted between landing and consumption. Globally, if prior landing are fish losses and amount to 35 of landings, with 8 percent fish thrown sea, and hence not utilized26 (see Cutting and discards, p. 118). Congested
ised in China and other countrIes for more Than 3 000 yEarS. CoMmErciAlizAtion of live fisH Has gRown in recent years as a reSult oF tEChnoLOgIcal dEvelopmENtS, IMprOvEd LogIsTIcS and iNcrEased deMand. TranspOrtAtIon of live fisH CaN range from SimPle artisanal SysTems of TrAnsPOrtinG fiSh in pLastic BAgs witH an atmospHeRE superSAturateD WItH oxyGen, to specially desIGnED or modified tanKs and cOnTAiNERs, aNd oN to very sopHiSticaTEd systeMS iNSTAllED on trucks and oTher vehicleS ThaT regulAtE teMPeratuRe, filTeR And Recycle wateR, and Add oxygen. howeveR, Live-fisH MarketiNg and tRanSpoRtatIOn CaN be ChALleNGiNg gIVen Often-strInGeNt heaLth rEGULAtioNs aNd quAlity Standards. In paRts Of SoUTheAst AsIa, sucH comMeRcialIzatioN and tRaDe are not formallY regUlated but BasEd On tRaDitioN. howeveR, in MarKets sucH as the Eu, LivE fISH HaVe to comply with requIrEMEnTs, _inter aLia_, conCErNiNG animal wElFarE durING tranSporTAtIon.

In recEnt decADeS, mAjor innOvAtions In RefRigEratiON, ice-Making And transPortaTIon have allowed A Growing distriBUtION oF Fish In fResh and otheR forMS. As a ResuLT, iN deVElopiNg couNtRIeS The share of frozen forMs In the tOtal oF fish for human ConsumptioN INCreased fRom 3 pERcENt in the 1960s to 11 percEnt in The 1980s and 25 perCEnt in 2014 (FigUre 15). In The same pEriod, the sHARe of prepAreD or PreSerVED fOrms also grew (fROM 4 perCeNt in the 1960S to 9 Percent In tHe 1980s And 10 PerCeNt in 2014). HowevEr, despitE tEcHnIcAl aDvancES and innoVaTioNs, ManY counTRies, esPeciaLly lEsS-dEVelOped ecoNOmIES, stiLl LaCk adEquAtE infrAstrUCtuRe and seRvices sucH as HYgieNiC lAnding cEntres, reliablE eLectricity SuPplY, potabLE Water, roaDs, ice, ice plants, cold rooms, REfrigerAteD tranSporT and approPriAte proCesSIng and StoragE faciLiTieS. tHese fACToRs, eSpEcially wheN ASsoCiateD wIth tRopical Temperatures, result IN hiGh post-harvest LosSes aND QuAliTY dETerIoRAtiON, With fish that can Spoil in the BoAT, aT landing, duRIng StOrage or ProcessIng, on THe way to Market and While awaiTiNg saLE. in AFrica, some eStimates Put post-haRVest lOSsEs at 20-25 pErcEnt, and EvEn uP to 50 peRcent.25 THRouGhout The worLd, Post-haRvest FiSh losses Are a major concern and occuR in mosT fish DisTribution ChaINs, wIth an estiMateD 27 percent of LanDed Fish bEinG Lost oR wasTEd BetWEen laNdinG And consumPTiOn. GLOBaLly, if discarDS PRioR to laNdiNG are inCludEd, fish losses and waSTe amount to 35 percEnt oF LAndIngS, With At Least 8 percent of FisH bEINg thrown BaCk into the seA, and hencE nOT utilIzed26 (seE sectiOn CuttiNG ByCAtch anD disCarDs, p. 118).

CongesTed
ised in China and other co untries fo r mor e t han  3  000  yea rs. Commercial i zati on of live fish has gr own i nr ecen t  y earsas a re s ul t ofte ch nol og i ca l dev elo pments,  improvedlog is tics and inc r ea sed demand . T ransportatio n o f live  f ish can r ang e fro m simp l e arti sanal sys te m s of t r ansport i n gfish  in plastic bagsw it h  an atmosphere  super sa t ur a t edwit h oxygen,to  spec i ally de s ig n e d  or modified tank s and conta i ner s, and  o n t o  verysophi st i cat ed systemsinst alled ontrucks and oth e r vehic les th atreg ulat e  t em per at u re, fi lte r  an d recycl ewa ter,anda d d oxyg en.  How ever,  live-fish ma rke ting and  tran sport atio ncan b e chal lengi ng  given often-st ring ent healt h r eg ula ti ons a n d qual ity  st andards . In pa r tsof S o ut heast Asia, such c om m e rc ializati on and tr ad e  are not  f orm ally r egula tedb ut  based o n trad i ti on . Howev er , in m ar ket s s uch a s  the  EU, l ive fish  have to comply with requirements, _i n t er alia _,concerninganim a l we lfar e  d uri n g tra nspor ta t io n .

In recent decade s,  major  inno vations in re frigeratio n , ice-maki ng a n dt ransportationhaveallowed ag rowing d istri bution o f fish in f resh and  ot her  fo rms . As  a result, in d evel op ing cou ntr ies the  sh are  of  fr oz en formsin the t ot al  o ffis h for human co ns ump ti onincre a sed fr om 3perc en ti n t he 1960 s  t o 11 p er ce nt i n t he  1980 s an d  25  percen t in 2014  (F i gure  1 5) . In th e same period ,the shareof  pr epared o r preser ved forms also grew (fr o m 4 per cen t inthe1960s to9 p ercent  in the 19 80s an d 10pe rce n t  in 2 0 1 4) . H ow ever, desp i t e t echni ca l ad vancesand innovations, m a nycountries, es pec iall y le ss- d ev e lop ed eco n o mies, still lac k adequate  i n fr astructure and  s ervices  such a s hyg i enic la nding cen tres, rel ia blee l ect ricity sup ply, pot able wate r , roa d s,  ice,  ic e plan ts , c old r ooms,r efr igera ted tr an sportand a pp ropriate  processing and storage  facil ities . T hese fact ors ,  es peciallywhen  associate d w ith  trop ica l  temp erat u re s,r esult  inh igh post- h ar ves t lo sses and qu a l i tydeter ior a tion,with  fish that can sp o il in the boat , at l and ing ,  dur in g storage or p roc es s i ng, on t he  way to mar ket andwh i le aw aiting  sale.  In Afr i c a, some e stim ate s put pos t-h ar v est los se sa t 20-2 5 pe rc ent, a nd eve n  upt o  50 percent.25 T hroug h o ut th e  wo rld,po st-harv e st f ish losses  are a majo r conc ernand o ccur in  m ost fi shdi stribution chains, w ith a n estim at ed 2 7 p ercent  ofl a ndedfish  b ein g lost or w as t ed  b e twe en l andin gandconsumpti o n. Globa lly ,  if dis ca rds p rior t o  l a n ding are i ncl uded, f ish losses andw as t e amo unt to  35 pe rcent o f  la nd ings, w ith a t least 8  percento f f is h be ing thro wn  bac kint othe sea, and he nce notutilized 2 6  (seesec t ionC utting  b ycatch and d iscar ds ,  p. 118 ) . 

C ongeste d 
ised in_China and_other countries for more_than 3_000_years. Commercialization_of_live fish has_grown in recent_years as a result_of technological developments,_improved_logistics and increased demand. Transportation of live fish can range from simple artisanal systems_of_transporting fish_in_plastic_bags with an atmosphere supersaturated_with oxygen, to specially designed_or modified_tanks and containers, and on to very sophisticated_systems_installed on trucks_and other vehicles that regulate temperature, filter and recycle_water, and add oxygen. However, live-fish_marketing and transportation_can_be_challenging given often-stringent health_regulations and quality standards. In parts_of Southeast Asia, such commercialization and_trade are not formally regulated but based_on tradition. However, in markets such_as the EU, live fish_have to_comply with requirements, _inter alia_,_concerning animal welfare_during transportation.

In_recent decades, major_innovations in refrigeration, ice-making and transportation_have allowed a_growing distribution of fish in fresh_and_other forms. As_a_result,_in developing_countries the share_of_frozen forms_in_the total of fish for human_consumption_increased from 3 percent in the 1960s_to 11 percent in_the_1980s and 25 percent_in 2014 (Figure 15). In_the same period, the share of_prepared or_preserved forms_also grew (from 4 percent in the 1960s to 9 percent_in the 1980s and 10 percent_in 2014). However, despite_technical advances_and_innovations, many countries,_especially_less-developed economies,_still lack adequate infrastructure and services such_as hygienic_landing centres, reliable electricity supply, potable_water, roads, ice, ice_plants,_cold rooms, refrigerated transport and appropriate_processing and storage facilities. These factors,_especially when associated with tropical_temperatures,_result_in high post-harvest losses and_quality deterioration, with fish that can_spoil in the_boat, at landing, during storage or processing,_on_the way to market and while_awaiting_sale. In Africa, some estimates put_post-harvest_losses_at 20-25 percent, and even_up to 50 percent.25 Throughout the_world, post-harvest fish losses are a major concern and_occur in most_fish distribution chains, with an_estimated_27_percent of landed fish being lost or wasted between landing_and consumption._Globally, if discards_prior to landing are included, fish losses and waste amount_to 35 percent of landings, with at_least 8 percent of fish being thrown back into the sea,_and hence not utilized26 (see section Cutting bycatch_and discards, p. 118).

Congested