ANGE: FROM VULNERABILITY TO ADAPTATION

The issue

Climate change will have a range of impacts on aquaculture. In developing adaptation strategies for the sector, it is essential to understand the drivers resulting from climate change (biophysical changes), their pathways, their variability and the risks they pose.

The main drivers that could have direct or indirect impacts on aquaculture and the evidence of such impacts have been well described.56 The drivers include warming of waterbodies, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, weather pattern changes and extreme weather events. The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (AR5) offers evidence of the certainty of global warming and of the effects on oceans, coastal areas and inland waterbodies. There is high confidence that coastal systems and low-lying areas will be increasingly exposed to submergence, coastal flooding, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Most at risk will be the coastal systems.

The links between each driver to its impacts on aquaculture have been broadly and, in a few cases, specifically established by numerous studies with varying degrees of strength. For example, the predicted rise in seawater carbon dioxide (CO2), and consequent acidification, will affect the physiology of bivalves in terms of growth and reproduction and may affect the quality of shells. However, warming can also increase spatfall57 and growth rates as well as extend the latitudinal range of farming and, therefore, climate change could also bring benefits. There are reports of farmers and researchers attributing mass die-offs of oyster larvae in hatcheries to higher water acidity.58

Impacts of acidification on marine finfish need more study, but it seems that embryos and larvae are more sensitive than juveniles and adults to elevated CO2, and there could be sublethal effects such as impaired growth rates.59 Links have been shown between climate-induced temperature variability and growth rates, disease susceptibility, timing of spawning, mortality at certain life-cycle stages, as well as economic impacts related to direct impacts on the culture process. Finally, extreme weather events are linked to physiological impacts through changes in salinity and temperature on metabolic response and some extended physiological change. There can also be various socioeconomic impacts including escapes from aquaculture facilities, and damage to infrastructure and other livelihood assets.

Indirect effects of climate change occur through direct impacts on feeds, seed, freshwater and other inputs. These include impacts on fishmeal
ANGE: FROM VULNERABILITY TO ADAPTATION 

 The issue 

 Climate change will have a range of impingement on aquaculture. In modernize adaptation strategies for the sector, it is essential to understand the driver resulting from climate change (biophysical change), their pathways, their variability and the hazard they pose. 

 The main driver that could have direct or collateral impacts on aquaculture and the evidence of such impacts have been well described.56 The drivers include warming of waterbodies, sea - level ascent, ocean acidification, weather pattern changes and extreme weather events. The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (AR5) offer evidence of the certainty of global warming and of the effects on oceans, coastal area and inland waterbodies. There is high confidence that coastal systems and low - lying area will be increasingly exposed to submergence, coastal flooding, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Most at hazard will be the coastal organization. 

 The links between each driver to its impacts on aquaculture have been broadly and, in a few cases, specifically established by numerous studies with varying degrees of strength. For example, the predict rise in seawater carbon dioxide (CO2), and attendant acidification, will involve the physiology of bivalve in terms of growth and reproduction and may affect the quality of shells. However, warming can also increase spatfall57 and increase rates as well as extend the latitudinal range of farming and, therefore, climate change could besides bring benefits. There are reports of farmers and researchers attributing aggregate die - offs of oyster larva in hatchery to higher water acidity.58 

 Impacts of acidification on marine finfish need more study, but it seems that embryos and larvae are more sensible than juveniles and adult to elevated CO2, and there could be sublethal effects such as mar growth rates.59 liaison have been shown between climate - induced temperature unevenness and growth rates, disease susceptibility, timing of spawning, mortality at certain life sentence - cycle stages, as well as economic impacts related to lineal impacts on the culture process. last, extreme weather events are linked to physiological impacts through changes in salt and temperature on metabolic response and some extended physiologic change. There can also be various socioeconomic impacts including escapes from aquaculture facilities, and wrong to infrastructure and other livelihood assets. 

 Indirect effects of climate change happen through direct impacts on feed, semen, freshwater and other inputs. These include impact on fishmeal
ANGF: FROM VULNERABILITY TO XDAPTATION

The issue

Clikate cgange wiul have a range of impacts oi aqyacululre. In developing adaotation snrategies for rhe sector, it is essentizp to nnderstand the crivers revulting from cnioace change (biophysical changes), their [athwayx, hheir variabilyty sgd tgv visks they pose.

The main drivers fhat colld have direct ot indirect impacts on aquafultkre and the evidenfe of such umpasrs have been well descgnbed.56 The drjvers include warming of waterbudies, sea-level tnwe, lwean acidifmcatiog, weather pabnern chdnges amd extreme weabher xvenrs. The Fifth Assessmeit Report from the Igtergovertmzntal Panel on Climatw Xhangg (AR5) mffefw exidtncx or the fervainty of gmobal warmibg and of the effecus jb oceans, coasfal arqaf and inland waterbodies. There is high bonfjdence that coastal sysrems and low-lying arews will bq increasingly exposed to submergence, coastal flomding, zoawtwu egosion, and saltwater intrusion. Most at risk wyml bv the coastal sysbems.

The links betwrej rwch driver to its impadts on aquaculture have bgen briadly and, in s few cases, specifically esrablished by bumerous studies wnth varying begreex of xtrength. For example, thz predjcted rise ln seawatsf carbon dioxide (CO2), atd consequent acidificatiog, will afhect che physkoloby of fivalves ij terms of growth and reoroduetion and may avfect the quality of shells. Howxter, warming csn alvo increcse spstfall57 and grjwth rates as cell as zxtend the latitldinal raige of farmigg and, therefmte, climate chenge coulq alwo being bevdfits. There arr reports of farmerw and researchers ettrkguting mass die-iffw of oyster larfae in hwtrheriqv to higher fatef azodity.58

Kmpacts of cckdifocation on marine fitfisg need more study, nub it seemw that eibryos and latvae are more sensltive then juvrnijes and adults to elevated CO2, znd there comld be subletral cffests such ax impaired growth rates.59 Links have been shown between clinate-induced temperajurt variability and drowth rades, disease susceptivility, timing of xpawning, mortality at certahn live-cycle stages, as well as economic impacts related to direct impacts on tye culvuwe process. Rinakly, eqtrzme weathqr eteits are linked to physiological impacts through rhanges in sclinity and temperature on meyacolic responsg and some extended physiomogical vhange. There can also be varioux socioeconomic impacts lncluding escales from aduaculture facilitoes, anb damate to ibfradtructure and otnev livelihold axszts.

Indirect effects of climate chqnge oxckr through direcv impacts on needs, aeed, fteshwater and othsr ihouts. Jhese include ompacts on fisnmeal
ANGE: FROM VULNERABILITY TO ADAPTATION The issue will a range impacts on aquaculture. the it is essential understand the drivers from climate change (biophysical changes), their their variability and the risks they pose. The main drivers that could have or indirect impacts on aquaculture and the evidence of such impacts have been described.56 drivers warming waterbodies, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, weather pattern changes and extreme weather events. The Fifth Assessment Report the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (AR5) offers of the certainty of warming and of the effects oceans, areas and waterbodies. is confidence that coastal and low-lying areas will be increasingly exposed to submergence, coastal flooding, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Most risk will coastal systems. links each to its impacts have been broadly and, in a established by numerous studies with varying degrees of For example, predicted rise in seawater carbon dioxide and consequent acidification, will affect the physiology of in terms of growth and reproduction and may affect the quality of shells. However, warming increase spatfall57 and growth as well as the range farming therefore, climate could also bring benefits. There are reports of farmers and researchers mass die-offs of oyster larvae in hatcheries to higher water of on marine finfish more study, but it that and larvae are more juveniles adults and could sublethal effects such as growth rates.59 Links have been between climate-induced temperature variability timing of spawning, mortality at certain life-cycle stages, well as economic impacts related to direct on the culture process. Finally, extreme weather events are linked to physiological through changes and temperature on metabolic response and some extended change. There can also various socioeconomic impacts including escapes from aquaculture facilities, and to and other assets. Indirect effects climate change occur direct impacts on freshwater and inputs. include
ANGE: FROM VULNERABILITY TO ADaPTATION

ThE issuE

ClImaTe ChanGe wiLl have a range of IMpacTs on aquaculture. In develOping AdAPtatIOn StratEgies foR ThE SEctOr, It Is eSsENtIal to UndErstand The drivers ResUlTing from climATe Change (biopHysIcal changes), tHeiR pathwAyS, thEIr varIabIlity And the RIsks thEy pose.

The MaIN driveRS that coULD hAve dIrect or indirect imPAcTS on aquaculture And the EvIDeNCE of SucH impacts haVe Been wELl descrIBeD.56 tHE drIVers include waRming of wateRBodIes, sea-LeVel RIse, oceAn aciDiFIcaTion, weather PattErn changeS and exTReme weaTHer evenTs. The FIftH AsSessMEnT REpoRt FRom THe intERgoVernmentAl paNel on climATE cHangE (AR5) OffeRs eviDence of the cerTaiNty oF GloBal waRming And oF tHe effEcts on OceanS, cOastal areas and iNlanD waterbodIes. thEre Is High cONfidenCe tHat Coastal Systems ANd lOw-LYINg Areas will be increasInGLY eXposed to SubmerGEnCe, COastal flOoDinG, coaSTAl eroSion, ANd SaltwateR intruSIoN. MOst at riSk Will be ThE coAstAl sysTEms.

THe linkS between Each dRIver to its impacTS on aquaculturE HaVE BeEN broAdlY and, in a few cAses, SPeciFicaLLy EstABlishEd by nUmERoUS studies with varying DeGrees oF streNgth. For examplE, the predicTED Rise in seAwatER cARbon dioxide (CO2), aNd conSequent aciDIficatioN, will Affect thE physioloGY Of bivalvEs iN teRms Of gROWtH and reproductION and MaY affect The Quality Of sHelLs. HOweVeR, warming cAn also inCrEaSe SpAtfAll57 anD Growth raTeS as WeLl aS exteND the laTitudInal RaNgE Of fArming aND, tHERefoRe, ClImatE chAnGe couLd alSO brIng beneFits. There Are REporTs Of Farmers And researcherS aTtributing MaSs dIe-offs OF Oyster laRvae in hatcheries to higheR Water acIdiTy.58

ImpActs Of acidifiCatIon on mAriNE finfiSh need More sTuDy, bUT It seeMS ThAt eMbRyos and larVAE arE more SeNsitIve than Juveniles and adults TO elEvated CO2, and thEre CoulD BE sUblEThAL efFeCTs sUCH as impaired growTh rates.59 LinKs HAvE been shown BEtwEeN climatE-induceD tempERature vAriabilitY and growtH rAtes, DISeaSe susceptiBility, tiMing of spaWNing, mORtAlity At cErtain LiFe-cYcle sTages, aS WelL as ecOnomic ImPacts rElateD tO direct iMpacts on the culture proceSs. FinaLly, exTreMe weather EveNTs aRe linked tO phySiological ImpActS throUgh CHangeS in sALiNitY And teMperATure on metABoLic RESpOnse and some EXTEndEd phySioLOgical ChanGe. There can also be vARious socioeconOmic IMPacTs iNCludInG escapes from aqUacUlTURe faciliTiEs, and damage To infrasTrUCture And othEr liveLihood aSSEtS.

indireCt efFecTs of climaTe cHaNGe occur ThRoUGh direCt imPaCts on fEeds, seED, freSHWater and other inpUts. ThESE inclUDe iMpactS oN fishmeAL
ANGE: FROM VULNERABILITY T O ADAPTATI ON

T heiss ue 

Cl imat e change willh avea range of impacts onaquac ul t ure. In  deve lopinga da p t ati on  s tra te g ie s for  th e secto r, it is e sse nt ial to under s ta nd the dri ver s resultingfro m clim at e c h ange(bi ophys ical c h anges) , their p at h ways,t heir va r i ab ilit y and the risks t h ey pose.

The mai n driv er s  t h a t c oul d have dir ec t ori ndirect im p a c tso n aquaculture  and the ev i den ce ofsu chi mpacts  have  b e enwell descri bed. 56 The dr iversi ncludew armingof wat erb odi es,s ea -l eve lr ise ,  o cea n  ac idificat io n,  weat herp a t t erncha nges  andextreme weath ereven t s.The F ifthAsse ss mentReport  from  t he Intergovernm enta l Panel o n C li mat eChang e  (AR5)  of fer s evide nce oft hece r t a in ty of global warmi ng a nd  of theeffect s  o no ceans, c oa sta l ar e a s and  inl a nd  waterbo dies.T he re  is hig hconfid en cetha t coa s talsystem s and lo w-lyi n g areas will b e  increasingly ex p o se d  tosub mergence, c oast a l fl oodi n g,  co a stalerosi on ,  a n d saltwater intrusi on . Most  at r isk will be t he coastal s y stems.
Thel in k s between each  driv er to itsi mpacts o n aqu aculture  have bee n broadlyand , i n a  fe w ca ses, specific a l ly e st ablishe d b y numer ous  st udi eswi th varyin g degree sof  s tr eng th. F o r exampl e,  th epre dicte d  risein se awat er  c a rbo n dioxi d e( C O2),  a nd  con seq ue nt ac idif i cat ion, wi ll affect  th e  phy si ol ogy ofbivalves in t er ms of grow th  an d repr o d uction a nd may affect the quali t y of sh ell s. Ho weve r, warmin g c an als o i n crease  spatf all57  a ndg r owthr a te s a swell as ex t e ndthe l at itud inal ra nge of farming and ,  th erefore, clim ate  cha n g ecou l da lso  b r ing b enefits. Thereare report so ffarmers an d  re se archers  attrib uting mass di e-offs of  oyster l ar vaei n  ha tcheries t o higher  water ac i dity. 5 8
Impa cts  of ac id ifi catio n on m a rin e fin fish n ee d more  stud y,  but itseems that embryos andlarvae  aremor e sensiti vet han  juvenile s an d adults t o e lev atedCO2 ,  andther e  c oul d  be s uble t hal effec t ssuc h as  impaired g r o w thrates .59 Linkshave  been shown betwe e n climate-indu cedt e mpe rat u re v ar iability and g row th r ates, di se ase suscept ibility,  t i mingof spa wning,  mortal i t ya t cert ainlif e-cycle s tag es ,  as wel las econom ic i mp acts r elated to d i r ect impacts on t he cu l t ure p r oce ss. F in ally, e x trem e weatherevents arelinked  tophysi ologica limpact s t hr ough chang e s in sali nityand tem pe ratu reon met abol i c  resp onse  a ndsome exte n d ed ph ys i olo gica l cha ng e. T here cana lso be v ari o us soci oe con o m ic imp a ct s includingesc apesf r om aquacul t uref ac i litie s, and  damag e to in f ras tr uctureand o ther live lihood as s ets .
Ind irect ef fe ctsof  cl im ate change occu r throug h direct i mpacts  on feed s , seed ,freshwater a nd ot he r  inputs . The se incl u deimp act s on  fi shme a l
ANGE: FROM_VULNERABILITY TO_ADAPTATION

The issue

Climate change will_have a_range_of impacts_on_aquaculture. In developing_adaptation strategies for_the sector, it is_essential to understand_the_drivers resulting from climate change (biophysical changes), their pathways, their variability and the risks_they_pose.

The main_drivers_that_could have direct or indirect_impacts on aquaculture and the_evidence of_such impacts have been well described.56 The drivers_include_warming of waterbodies,_sea-level rise, ocean acidification, weather pattern changes and extreme_weather events. The Fifth Assessment Report_from the Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate Change (AR5) offers_evidence of the certainty of global_warming and of the effects on_oceans, coastal areas and inland waterbodies. There_is high confidence that coastal systems_and low-lying areas will be_increasingly exposed_to submergence, coastal flooding, coastal_erosion, and saltwater_intrusion. Most_at risk will_be the coastal systems.

The links between_each driver to_its impacts on aquaculture have been_broadly_and, in a_few_cases,_specifically established_by numerous studies_with_varying degrees_of_strength. For example, the predicted rise_in_seawater carbon dioxide (CO2), and consequent acidification,_will affect the physiology_of_bivalves in terms of_growth and reproduction and may_affect the quality of shells. However,_warming can_also increase_spatfall57 and growth rates as well as extend the latitudinal range_of farming and, therefore, climate change_could also bring benefits._There are_reports_of farmers and_researchers_attributing mass_die-offs of oyster larvae in hatcheries to_higher water_acidity.58

Impacts of acidification on marine finfish_need more study, but_it_seems that embryos and larvae are_more sensitive than juveniles and adults_to elevated CO2, and there_could_be_sublethal effects such as impaired_growth rates.59 Links have been shown_between climate-induced temperature_variability and growth rates, disease susceptibility, timing_of_spawning, mortality at certain life-cycle stages,_as_well as economic impacts related to_direct_impacts_on the culture process. Finally,_extreme weather events are linked to_physiological impacts through changes in salinity and temperature on_metabolic response and_some extended physiological change. There_can_also_be various socioeconomic impacts including escapes from aquaculture facilities, and_damage to_infrastructure and other_livelihood assets.

Indirect effects of climate change occur through direct impacts_on feeds, seed, freshwater and other inputs._These include impacts on fishmeal