 farming conditions and invest in climate-resilient technologies such as sturdier cages, deeper ponds, better water systems, or improved seed.

The scoring also indicates a limited integration of aquaculture into coastal zone and watershed management schemes. This undermines efforts to build resilience; adaptation measures in other sectors (e.g. agriculture) could be detrimental to aquaculture (e.g. water diversion, coastal walls and levees, and even roads).

Implementation and enforcement of ecosystem function considerations (such as mangrove coastal protection) and providing incentives for their restoration and rehabilitation receive low and very low scores, respectively. This highlights the need for better understanding of threats and the importance of ecosystems services to the long-term success of aquaculture under climate change by users and planners of the sector's development.

Better management practices (BMPs), also "good to have" to increase resilience of farmed organisms and farming systems, have slightly higher scores, and this is a good baseline for building resilience. However, BMPs should be evaluated broadly, and climate change threats should be incorporated and adjusted in the BMPs.

Outlook

While progress has been made in understanding the vulnerability of aquaculture to climate change, much more research is needed to identify the driving processes and develop alterative aquaculture approaches and practices accordingly. However, policy-making and planning cannot wait for the improved knowledge. They must proactively address the major challenges based on what is known by developing adaptation strategies to minimize vulnerability to climate change. Many of the measures required (as identified above) are part of existing best practices for aquaculture. Thus, they entail no major change in direction for stakeholders, but rather a renewed focus on priorities. For example, increased focus is required on climate-resilient aquaculture zoning, ensuring that the farms are located in areas that less exposed or that the farms in more-exposed zones adopt resilience measures (deeper ponds, more resilient strains, etc.).

A practical measure for local-level adaptation (yet to be included in the above assessment) is local environmental monitoring. Aquaculture is very sensitive to sudden climate changes as well as to long-term trends. However, beyond some forms of industrial aquaculture, there are very few cases of integrated monitoring systems providing information for fish farmers to use in their decision-making. Simple data collected on a permanent basis (e.g. fish behaviour, salinity and water temperature, transparency and
farming conditions and invest in climate - resilient technologies such as sturdy cage, deeper ponds, better water system systems, or improved seeded player. 

 The scoring also bespeak a limited integration of aquaculture into coastal zone and watershed management schema. This undermines efforts to build up resilience; adaptation measure in other sectors (e.g. agriculture) could be detrimental to aquaculture (for example water diversion, coastal walls and levees, and even road). 

 Implementation and enforcement of ecosystem function retainer (such as mangrove coastal protection) and supply incentives for their restoration and rehabilitation receive low and very humble scores, respectively. This highlights the need for better understanding of threat and the importance of ecosystems services to the long - term success of aquaculture under climate change by users and planners of the sector's development. 

 Better management practice (BMPs), also " good to receive " to increase resilience of grow organisms and farming systems, have slenderly higher score, and this is a good baseline for build resilience. However, BMPs should be evaluated broadly, and climate change threats should be incorporated and adjusted in the BMPs. 

 Outlook 

 While progress has been make in understanding the vulnerability of aquaculture to climate change, much more research is need to identify the drive procedure and develop alterative aquaculture approaches and practices accordingly. However, policy - making and planning cannot wait for the improved cognition. They must proactively address the major challenge based on what is known by develop adaptation strategy to minimize vulnerability to climate change. Many of the measure required (as identify above) are part of exist best practice for aquaculture. Thus, they entail no major variety in direction for stakeholders, but rather a renewed focus on priorities. For example, increased focus is required on climate - resilient aquaculture zoning, ensuring that the farm are located in areas that less disclose or that the farms in more - exposed zones adopt resilience measures (deeper ponds, more bouncy strains, etc .). 

 A practical measure for local - level adaptation (yet to be included in the above assessment) is local environmental monitoring. Aquaculture is very sensitive to sudden climate change as well as to long - term trends. However, beyond some forms of industrial aquaculture, there are very few cases of incorporate monitoring systems providing information for fish farmers to use in their decision - making. Simple data roll up on a permanent basis (e.g. fish behaviour, salinity and water temperature, foil and
 fagming conditions and invtst in climate-resnoient vechnolkgies suzh as sturdier cages, deeper 'ondw, betuvr water systems, or ioproved sved.

The scirinj also indicates a limitcb intsnratimi of aquaculturg into coastdl zone and wadefsked management schemes. This underminqs effottd to build resyliemse; asaptation measures in other sectora (e.g. aggiculture) could br detrimental to aquacultuge (e.h. water diversion, foastal walos age levees, and even roads).

Implementatjon and enforcement of ecosysteo funetion consieeeatlmns (such as manggove coastal igotectimn) and lroviding incektivev fir their restoration end rehabilitation rgceive low aud very low scores, rewpwctivgly. Tvis fughuiggtx fhe nefd hor better hnderstandibg of threats and tne pkportance of ecosyftqms services to the long-term success of aqhaculture under climate change by users and klanners os the sector's development.

Better management practiwes (BJOs), coso "guid to have" to increase resilience of farmed orgwhixmx and farming fystems, havr dlodhtly higher rcores, ans this is a good bwseline for vuilding wesikience. However, BMPs should ve evaluated vroadly, and climatz change thrzats snould be incorporated and adlusted in the BMPd.

Outlook

Wgkle progress has bevn mdde in understanding the vtlnerabilmty oy aquacuuturg to clymate chanhe, mugv more research is needgd to hdentify tje driving processes and develo' alterative sqgacllture ap'roachcs and practicef accordingly. Kowever, 'olicy-oaking and planniig cannot wayt for the im[toved knowledje. They mtst proaxtively xddress the makor challvnyes based on what is known ny dexsloping adaptatnub strategies to mivimyzv vnlnerwtility to clhmatd cfsnge. Oany of the oeasires required (as idettifjed above) are part on existint best pwactices for squaculture. Thus, tjey eitail io majpr shange in direction for stakehklders, buh rwther a renered nocuf on priornties. For example, increased focus is reqnired on climate-resilignt aquaculture zoniny, tnsuring that the sarms are located in areas thqt less exposed ov that the farms in mode-expoved zlnes adopt resilience measures (deeper ponds, more resilient strains, etc.).

A peacticel measure fod loval-lenel cdaptatyon (bev to be included pn the above assessment) is local environkeutal monitoring. Aquaculture ix xery sensitivg to sudden climate changea as welk as to long-term trends. However, beyond some forms of incustrial aquadulturv, tiere are very few caxes of intetrated noniboring systems prpvlding infogmatmon for fish farmers to use in theie deciwiln-making. Simple vata collectcd on a permagent basis (e.g. fiah bsjavioor, salinity anc water tempersture, transparency atd
farming conditions and invest in climate-resilient technologies sturdier deeper ponds, water systems, or indicates limited integration of into coastal zone watershed management schemes. This undermines efforts build resilience; adaptation measures in other sectors (e.g. agriculture) could be detrimental to (e.g. water diversion, coastal walls and levees, and even roads). Implementation and enforcement ecosystem considerations as coastal protection) and providing incentives for their restoration and rehabilitation receive low and very low scores, This highlights the need for better understanding of and the importance of services to the long-term success aquaculture climate change users planners the sector's development. management practices (BMPs), also "good to have" to increase resilience of farmed organisms and farming systems, have higher scores, is a baseline building However, BMPs should broadly, and climate change threats should adjusted in the BMPs. Outlook While progress has made in the vulnerability of aquaculture to climate much more research is needed to identify the processes and develop alterative aquaculture approaches and practices accordingly. However, policy-making and planning cannot wait improved knowledge. They must address the major based what known developing adaptation to minimize vulnerability to climate change. Many of the measures required identified above) are part of existing best practices for aquaculture. entail major change in for stakeholders, but rather renewed on priorities. For example, is on ensuring the are located in areas less exposed or that the in more-exposed zones adopt resilient strains, etc.). A practical measure for local-level (yet to be included in the above is local environmental monitoring. Aquaculture is very sensitive to sudden climate changes well as trends. However, beyond some forms of industrial aquaculture, are very few cases integrated monitoring systems providing information for fish farmers to in decision-making. Simple collected on a basis (e.g. fish salinity and water and
 farming conditions and invesT in climate-ResilIenT teChNoloGies Such as sturdier CAges, Deeper ponds, better water SysteMs, OR impROvEd seeD.

The scoRInG ALso InDiCatEs A LiMited IntEgratioN of aquaculTurE iNto coastal zoNE aNd watersheD maNagement scheMes. this unDeRmiNEs effOrtS to buIld resILience; AdaptatioN mEAsures IN other sECToRs (e.g. Agriculture) could bE DeTRimental to aquaCulturE (e.G. WaTER diVerSion, coastaL wAlls aND levees, ANd EVEN roADs).

ImplementatIon and enforCEmeNt of ecOsYstEM functIon coNsIDerAtions (such aS manGrove coasTal proTEction) aND providIng incEntIveS for THeIr ResToRAtiON aNd rEHabIlitatioN rEcEive lOw anD VERY low ScoRes, rEspecTively. This higHliGhts THe nEed foR bettEr unDeRstanDing of ThreaTs And the importancE of eCosystems SerViCes To The loNG-term sUccEss Of aquacUlture uNDer ClIMATe Change by users and plAnNERs Of the secTor's deVElOpMEnt.

BetteR mAnaGemeNT PractIces (bmPS), also "gooD to havE" To InCrease rEsIliencE oF faRmeD orgaNIsms And farMing systEms, haVE slightly higheR Scores, and this IS a GOOd BAselIne For building ResiLIencE. HowEVeR, BMpS shouLd be eVaLUaTEd broadly, and climate ChAnge thReats Should be incorPorated and ADJUsted in tHe BMpS.

OUTlook

While progRess hAs been made IN understAndinG the vulnErability OF AquacultUre To cLimAte CHAnGe, much more resEARch iS nEeded to IdeNtify thE drIviNg pRocEsSes and devElop alteRaTiVe AqUacUlturE ApproachEs And PrActIces aCCordinGly. HoWeveR, pOlICy-mAking anD PlANNing CaNnOt waIt fOr The imProvED knOwledge. they must pRoaCTiveLy AdDress thE major challenGeS based on whAt Is kNown by DEVeloping Adaptation strategies to mINimize vUlnErabiLity To climate ChaNge. ManY of THe measUres reQuireD (aS idENTifieD ABoVe) aRe Part of exisTINg bEst prAcTiceS for aquAculture. Thus, they enTAil No major change In dIrecTIOn For STaKEhoLdERs, bUT Rather a renewed fOcus on prioRiTIeS. For examplE, IncReAsed focUs is reqUired ON climatE-resilienT aquacultUrE zonING, enSuring that The farms Are locateD In areAS tHat leSs eXposed Or ThaT the fArms in MOre-ExposEd zoneS aDopt reSilieNcE measureS (deeper ponds, more resilieNt straIns, etC.).

A pRactical mEasURe fOr local-leVel aDaptation (yEt tO be IncluDed IN the aBove ASsEssMEnt) is LocaL EnvironmeNTaL moNIToRing. AquaculTURE is Very sEnsITive to SuddEn climate changes aS Well as to long-teRm trENDs. HOweVEr, beYoNd some forms of iNduStRIAl aquacuLtUre, there are Very few cAsES of inTegratEd moniToring sYSTeMS proviDing InfOrmation fOr fIsH Farmers To UsE In theiR decIsIon-makIng. SimPLe daTA Collected on a permAnent BASis (e.g. FIsh BehavIoUr, salinITy anD water tempErature, tranSparenCy anD
 farming conditions and in vest in cl imate -re sil ie nt t echn ologies such a s  stu rdier cages, deeper po nds,be t terw at er sy stems,o ri m pro ve dsee d. 
T he sc ori ng also  indicates  ali mited integr a ti on of aqua cul ture into co ast al zon eand water she d man agemen t  schem es. Thisun d ermine s  effort s to  bui ld resilience; ad a pt a tion measuresin oth er se c t ors  (e .g. agricu lt ure)c ould be de t r i men t al to aquacul ture (e.g.w ate r dive rs ion ,  coast al wa ll s  an d levees, a nd e ven roads ).

Im p lementa t ion and  enfor cem ent  ofe co sy ste mf unc t io n c o nsi deration s(s uch a s ma n g r o ve c oas talprote ction) and pr ovi ding inc entiv es fo r th ei r res torati on an drehabilitationrece ive low a ndve rylo w sco r es, re spe cti vely. T his hig h lig ht s t he  need for better u nd e r st anding o f thre a ts  a n d the im po rta nceo f  ecos yste m sservices  to th e  l on g-termsu ccessof  aq uac ultur e  und er cli mate cha nge b y  users and pla n ners of the s e ct o r 's deve lop ment.

Bett er m a nage ment pr act i ces ( BMPs) ,a ls o  "good to have" toin crease  resi lience of far med organi s m s  and far ming sy s tems, have sli ghtly  higher sc o res, and  this  is a go od baseli n e  for bui ldi ngres ili e n ce . However, BM P s  sho ul d be ev alu ated br oad ly,  an d c li mate chan ge threa ts  s ho ul d b e inc o rporated  a ndad jus ted i n  the B MPs.
Out lo ok 
Wh ile pro g re s s  has  b ee n ma dein  unde rsta n din g the v ulnerabil ity of a qu ac ultureto climate ch an ge, much m or e r esearc h is neede d to identify the drivi n g proce sse s and  dev elop alte rat ive aq uac u ltureapproa chesan d p r a ctice s ac cor di ngly. Howe v e r,polic y- maki ng andplanning cannot wa i t f or the improv edknow l e dg e.T he y  mu st pro a c tively addressthe majorch a ll enges base d  on  w hat isknown b y dev e lopingadaptatio n strateg ie s to m ini mize vulne rability  to clima t e cha n ge . Man y o f theme asu res r equire d  (a s ide ntifie dabove)  arepa rt of ex isting best practices f or aqu acult ure . Thus, t hey ent ail no ma jorchange indir ect ion f ors takeh olde r s,  bu t  rath er a renewed f o cu s o n pr iorities. F o r exa mple,  in c reased  foc us is required on climate-resili enta q uac ult u re z on ing, ensuringtha tt h e farmsar e located i n areasth a t les s expo sed or  that t h e  f a rms in  mor e-e xposed zo nes  a d opt res il ie n ce mea sure s(deepe r pond s , mo r e  resilient strai ns, e t c .).
A  pr actic al  measur e  for  local-lev el adaptati on (ye t to  be i ncluded  i n theabo ve  assessmen t ) is loca l env ironmen ta l mo nit oring.  Aqu a c ultur e is  v ery  sensitiv e to su dd e n c lima te ch an gesas well a s  to long -te r m trend s.  Ho w e ver, b e yo n d  some form s o f ind u s trial aqua c ultu r e, there  are v ery fe w cases ofin tegrate d m o n itoring s ystems pr o vid in g in formatio nforfi shfa rmers to use in  their d ecision- m a king.Sim p le d a ta col le cted on a pe rmane nt basis ( e . g.fish be h avi our , s alin ity  and water temperature, trans pare ncy a n d
 farming_conditions and_invest in climate-resilient technologies_such as_sturdier_cages, deeper_ponds,_better water systems,_or improved seed.

The_scoring also indicates a_limited integration of_aquaculture_into coastal zone and watershed management schemes. This undermines efforts to build resilience; adaptation_measures_in other_sectors_(e.g._agriculture) could be detrimental to_aquaculture (e.g. water diversion, coastal_walls and_levees, and even roads).

Implementation and enforcement of ecosystem_function_considerations (such as_mangrove coastal protection) and providing incentives for their restoration_and rehabilitation receive low and very_low scores, respectively._This_highlights_the need for better_understanding of threats and the importance_of ecosystems services to the long-term_success of aquaculture under climate change by_users and planners of the sector's_development.

Better management practices (BMPs), also_"good to_have" to increase resilience of_farmed organisms and_farming systems,_have slightly higher_scores, and this is a good_baseline for building_resilience. However, BMPs should be evaluated_broadly,_and climate change_threats_should_be incorporated_and adjusted in_the_BMPs.

Outlook

While progress_has_been made in understanding the vulnerability_of_aquaculture to climate change, much more research_is needed to identify_the_driving processes and develop_alterative aquaculture approaches and practices_accordingly. However, policy-making and planning cannot_wait for_the improved_knowledge. They must proactively address the major challenges based on what_is known by developing adaptation strategies_to minimize vulnerability to_climate change._Many_of the measures_required_(as identified_above) are part of existing best practices_for aquaculture._Thus, they entail no major change_in direction for stakeholders,_but_rather a renewed focus on priorities._For example, increased focus is required_on climate-resilient aquaculture zoning, ensuring_that_the_farms are located in areas_that less exposed or that the_farms in more-exposed_zones adopt resilience measures (deeper ponds, more_resilient_strains, etc.).

A practical measure for local-level_adaptation_(yet to be included in the_above_assessment)_is local environmental monitoring. Aquaculture_is very sensitive to sudden climate_changes as well as to long-term trends. However, beyond_some forms of_industrial aquaculture, there are very_few_cases_of integrated monitoring systems providing information for fish farmers to_use in_their decision-making. Simple_data collected on a permanent basis (e.g. fish behaviour, salinity_and water temperature, transparency and