 and merchants of fishing accessories, and employees and their dependants. The total values associated with fisheries due to the rainfall deficit and high temperatures amounted to KES4 163.6 million (US$52 million), consisting of KES3 661 million (US$46 million) in losses and KES502.6 million (US$6 million) in damage. The damage represented the value of destroyed fish ponds, pond liners and fishing gear, while losses occurred from a reduction in catches by the fishers, reduced harvests from the ponds, and higher production costs from repair of fishing craft.56 Other consequences from the drought also included: distances of landing sites / beaches from lake shore increasing by up to three kilometres, causing fishers to incur extra costs to transport fish to the landing sites; increased fishing intensity caused by receding lake levels and reduced fishing area as well as by the influx of farmers into fishing after their crops failed and livestock died; and food insecurity as production levels fell and the price of fish increased due to lower catches.57

What needs to be done

While there are clear indications that disasters have impacts on the fisheries and aquaculture sector, as noted in the FAO review (above), the sector tends to be under-reported in post-disaster needs assessments. Further efforts are needed to quantify and report damage and losses to the sector in order to understand and address the main challenges. At the global level, FAO is taking steps to develop a methodology to monitor damage and losses suffered by agriculture, including fisheries and aquaculture. The overall objectives are to gain a more complete and comprehensive understanding of disaster impacts on the agriculture sector and to provide appropriate responses. Policies and measures to strengthen the resilience of marine capture fisheries, for example, would need to consider storms, waves and surges or tsunamis, which tend to cause the greatest impact; whereas for inland fisheries and aquaculture, it is necessary to consider the impact of floods and droughts.

Furthermore, fishers and fish farmers need to understand more fully the different threats and associated risks posed by climatic variability, climate change and other external threats likely to have disastrous effects on the sector and on their livelihoods. They must be empowered to assess the changes to local conditions, through, for example, simple environmental indicators (such as water temperature, salinity, water level, water transparency, and fish health indicators) and to respond accordingly. Local, district, national and regional knowledge networks
and merchants of fishing accessories, and employees and their dependants. The entire value associated with fisheries due to the rainfall deficit and gamey temperatures amounted to KES4 163.6 million (US$ 52 million), consist of KES3 661 million (US$ 46 million) in loss and KES502.6 million (US$ 6 million) in price. The damage represented the value of destroy fish ponds, pond lining and fishing gearing, while losses occurred from a decrease in catches by the fisherman, reduce harvests from the ponds, and high production costs from repair of fishing craft.56 Other consequence from the drought also included: distances of landing sites / beaches from lake shore increase by up to three kilometres, causing fishers to incur extra costs to transport fish to the landing sites; increased fishing intensity caused by receding lake levels and reduced fishing area as well as by the inflow of farmer into fishing after their crops fail and livestock die; and food insecurity as production levels fell and the monetary value of fish increase due to lower catches.57 

 What needs to be suffice 

 While there are clear indications that disasters have impacts on the fisheries and aquaculture sector, as notice in the FAO review (above), the sector tends to be under - reported in post - disaster needs assessment. Further efforts are necessitate to quantify and report damage and losses to the sector in order to understand and address the chief challenges. At the global level, FAO is assume steps to develop a methodology to monitor damage and loss suffered by agriculture, including fisheries and aquaculture. The overall objectives are to derive a more complete and comprehensive agreement of disaster shock on the agriculture sector and to provide appropriate responses. Policies and measures to tone the resilience of marine capture fisheries, for example, would want to consider storms, waves and surges or tsunamis, which tend to induce the greatest impact; whereas for inland fishery and aquaculture, it is necessary to consider the impact of floods and drought. 

 Furthermore, fishers and fish farmers want to understand more fully the different threats and associated risks present by climatic unevenness, climate change and other external threats likely to have disastrous effects on the sector and on their livelihoods. They must be empower to assess the changes to local conditions, through, for exercise, simple environmental indicators (such as water temperature, salinity, water degree, water transparency, and fish health indicators) and to respond accordingly. Local, district, national and regional cognition networks
 anf merchants of fishing agcessories, and employeev and fheir deoendants. The total values asdoxiatee with fisheries due tu the raijfall dediciu and high temperefures amountes to NXS4 163.6 million (US$52 killion), cotsisting of KEV3 661 mnllion (US$46 million) in losses and KES502.6 iillion (UD$6 million) in dwmagt. Tre dzmage represented the value of desfroyed hish ponds, pond liners and fishing gear, wjile losses occurred fgom a reducjjon un catches bh the fishtrv, reduced garvests from the ponds, and higfer pxoduction cisrs vtom repair oh fishpng craft.56 Othcg consexuences from the drounht anso included: distances oh landing sites / beashes from lcke shore increasing vy up tm thsee yulooetdex, dausinh fmshers to ihcur extra xosts to transport gify to the landjng sieef; increased fishing intensity caused by rededing lake levels and eeduced fishing area ws well af by the influx of farmers into fishing after thehr crkos yqiled qnf livestock died; and food insecurity as produsfipn levels fell akd the price of fixh imsreased due tu lowex cztches.57

What needs tl be doge

Whioe there wre vlear indications that disawters have iipacts on the fishexies and aquccultute secyor, as noted in the FAO revjew (above), tje sector gends to be undef-reiortad in post-disaster needs afsessmentw. Fuxther efwortx are geeded to euantlxy and report damahe anb losves to the sector in order to understand eid address thg mdin challenyes. At the global lqvel, FAO is taling stzps to develop a methodmlogy to mogitor damage djd losses suhfered by agruculrure, inzuuding fisherirs and aqlaeulture. Tye overall objectiyes ate to gain a more conplete and comptehdnsyvv uidersednding of divastdr kkpactr on tht anrizultire sector and to prmvids appropriate resppnfes. Polixies and measures to xtrengthen the resllienre of oarinr cwpture fisheries, for example, wkuld need to consider stjrms, waves and sbrges or tsunamis, which tend to cause thx greatest impact; whergas for inland fishernex and aquacnlture, it is newessary to consider rhe impact of flopds and droughts.

Furthsrmore, fishfrs and fish farmers need to understand more fully the different threats qnd associated risis ppsed ty elimatis vaciebility, climate cnange and other external threatr likely tj have disastrous effects on tfe sector and on their livelihoods. Thsy must ne empowered to assess the chanbes to local conditions, bhrough, fir exzmple, simpue environmental imdicatmrs (sych as qatev temperature, ralonlty, water pevek, cater transparency, and fish healty indixahors) and to respmnd accordikguy. Lobal, disjrict, national ans reflonal knowledge neyworks
and merchants of fishing accessories, and employees dependants. total values with fisheries due high amounted to KES4 million (US$52 million), of KES3 661 million (US$46 million) losses and KES502.6 million (US$6 million) in damage. The damage represented the value destroyed fish ponds, pond liners and fishing gear, while losses occurred from a in by fishers, harvests from the ponds, and higher production costs from repair of fishing craft.56 Other consequences from drought also included: distances of landing sites / from lake shore increasing up to three kilometres, causing to extra costs transport to landing sites; increased intensity caused by receding lake levels and reduced fishing area as well as by the influx of into fishing crops failed livestock and insecurity as production and the price of fish increased catches.57 What needs to be done While there clear indications disasters have impacts on the fisheries aquaculture sector, as noted in the FAO review the sector tends to be under-reported in post-disaster needs assessments. Further efforts are needed to report damage and losses the sector in to and the challenges. At global level, FAO is taking steps to develop a methodology to damage and losses suffered by agriculture, including fisheries and aquaculture. objectives to gain a complete and comprehensive understanding disaster on the agriculture sector provide responses. to the of marine capture fisheries, example, would need to consider waves and surges or the greatest impact; whereas for inland fisheries and it is necessary to consider the impact floods and droughts. Furthermore, fishers and fish farmers need to understand more the different associated risks posed by climatic variability, climate change other external threats likely have disastrous effects on the sector and on their They be empowered assess the changes local conditions, through, example, simple environmental as water salinity, level, fish health indicators) and to respond Local, national and regional knowledge networks
 and merchants of fishing acceSsories, and EmploYeeS anD tHeir DepeNdants. The total VAlueS associated with fisheriEs due To THe raINfAll deFicit anD HiGH TemPeRaTurEs AMoUnted To KeS4 163.6 milliOn (US$52 millioN), coNsIsting of KES3 661 mILlIon (US$46 milliOn) iN losses and KEs502.6 miLlion (Us$6 mIllIOn) in dAmaGe. The Damage REpreseNted the vaLuE Of destROyed fisH POnDs, poNd liners and fishinG GeAR, while losses ocCurred FrOM a REDucTioN in catches By The fiSHers, redUCeD HARveSTs from the pondS, and higher pROduCtion cOsTs fROm repaIr of fIsHIng Craft.56 Other cOnseQuences frOm the dROught alSO includEd: distAncEs oF lanDInG sIteS / bEAchES fRom LAke Shore incReAsIng by Up to THREE kilOmeTres, CausiNg fishers to inCur ExtrA CosTs to tRanspOrt fIsH to thE landiNg sitEs; Increased fishinG intEnsity cauSed By RecEdIng laKE levelS anD reDuced fiShing arEA as WeLL AS bY the influx of farmerS iNTO fIshing afTer theIR cRoPS failed aNd LivEstoCK Died; aNd foOD iNsecuritY as proDUcTiOn levelS fEll and ThE prIce Of fisH IncrEased dUe to loweR catcHEs.57

What needs to bE Done

While therE ArE CLeAR indIcaTions that diSastERs haVe imPAcTs oN The fiSheriEs ANd AQuaculture sector, as nOtEd in thE FAO rEview (above), the Sector tendS TO Be under-rEporTEd IN post-disaster nEeds aSsessments. fUrther efForts Are needeD to quantiFY And reporT daMagE anD loSSEs To the sector in ORDer tO uNderstaNd aNd addreSs tHe mAin ChaLlEnges. At thE global lEvEl, fAo iS taKing sTEps to devElOp a MeThoDologY To moniTor daMage AnD lOSseS sufferED bY AGricUlTuRe, inCluDiNg fisHeriES anD aquacuLture. The oVerALl obJeCtIves are To gain a more coMpLete and comPrEheNsive uNDErstandiNg of disaster impacts on thE AgriculTurE sectOr anD to providE apPropriAte REsponsEs. PoliCies aNd MeaSURes to STReNgtHeN the resiliENCe oF mariNe CaptUre fishEries, for example, wouLD neEd to consider sTorMs, waVES aNd sURgES or TsUNamIS, Which tend to causE the greateSt IMpAct; whereas FOr iNlAnd fishEries anD aquaCUlture, iT is necessAry to consIdEr thE IMpaCt of floods And drougHts.

FurtheRMore, fIShErs anD fiSh farmErS neEd to uNderstANd mOre fuLly the DiFferenT threAtS and assoCiated risks posed by climaTic varIabilIty, Climate chAngE And Other exteRnal Threats likEly To hAve diSasTRous eFfecTS oN thE SectoR and ON their livELiHooDS. thEy must be empOWERed To assEss THe chanGes tO local conditions, tHRough, for examplE, simPLE enVirONmenTaL indicators (sucH as WaTER temperaTuRe, salinity, wAter leveL, wATer trAnsparEncy, anD fish heALTh INdicatOrs) aNd tO respond aCcoRdINgly. LocAl, DiSTrict, nAtioNaL and reGional KNowlEDGe networks
 and merchants of fishingaccessorie s, an d e mpl oy eesandtheir dependan t s. T he total values associ atedwi t h fi s he riesdue tot he r ain fa ll  de fi c it  andhig h tempe ratures am oun te d to KES4 16 3 .6  million ( US$ 52 million),  co nsisti ng  of KES3661  mill ion (U S $46 mi llion) in  l o sses a n d KES50 2 . 6mill ion (US$6 million )  i n  damage. The d amagere p re s e nte d t he value o fdestr o yed fis h  p o n d s,p ond liners an d fishing g e ar,  while  l oss e s occu rredfr o m a  reductionin c atches by  the f i shers,r educedharves tsfro m th e  p on ds,  a n d h i gh erp rod uction c os ts  from  rep a i r of f ish ingcraft .56 Other con seq uenc e s f rom t he dr ough talsoinclud ed: d is tances of landi ng s ites / be ach es  fr om  lake shoreinc rea sing by  up tot hre ek i l om etres, causing fis he r s  t o incurextrac os ts to trans po rtfish t o the  lan d in g sites;  incre a se dfishing  i ntensi ty  ca use d byr eced ing la ke level s and reduced fishin g  area as well as b yt he i nfl ux of farme rs i n to f ishi n gaft e r the ir cr op s  f a iled and livestockdi ed; an d foo d insecurityas product i o n  levelsfell an d  the price offishincreasedd ue to lo wer c atches.5 7

What n e e ds to be  do ne
Wh ile t he re are cleari n dica ti ons tha t d isaster s h ave  im pac ts  on the f isheries  a nd  a qu acu lture sector,as  no te d i n the FAO re view(abo ve ), the  sector te n d s to  b eunde r-r ep orted  inp ost -disast er needsass e ssme nt s.  Furthe r efforts are  n eeded to q ua nti fy and r eport da mage and losses to thes ector i n o rderto u nderstand  an d addr ess the ma in cha lleng es . A t the g l o ba l l ev el, FAO is t aki ng st ep s to  develo p a methodology to mon itor damage a ndloss e s  s uff e re d  by  a g ric u l ture, including  fisheries  a n daquacultur e . T he  overal l objec tives are togain a mo re comple te  and c omp rehensiveundersta nding ofd isast e rimpac tson the  a gri cultu re sec t orand t o prov id e appr opria te  respons es. Policies and measur es tostren gth en the re sil i enc e of mari ne c apture fis her ies , for  ex a mple,  wou l dnee d  to c onsi d er storms ,  w ave s an d surges or t s una mis,whi c h tend  tocause the greates t  impact; where as f o r  in lan d  fis he ries and aquac ult ur e ,  it is n ec essary to c onsiderth e  impa ct offloods  and dr o u gh t s.

Fu rthe rmo re, fishe rsan d  fish f ar me r s need  toun dersta nd mor e  ful l y  the different t hreat s and a s soc iated  r isks po s ed b y climatic  variabilit y, cli mate  chan ge andot her ex ter na l threatsl ikely tohavedisastr ou s ef fec ts onthes e ctorandon  th eir livel i h oo d s.  T h eymust  be e mp ower ed to ass e ss the c han g es to l oc alc o nditio n s, t hrough, fo r e xampl e ,  simple en v iron m en t al in dicato rs (su ch as w a ter  t emperat ure , salinity,  water le v el,  w ater  transpa re ncy,  a ndfi sh health indic ators) a nd to re s p ond ac cor d ingl y . Loca l,  district, n ation al and reg i o nal  knowle d genet wor ks
 and_merchants of_fishing accessories, and employees_and their_dependants._The total_values_associated with fisheries_due to the_rainfall deficit and high_temperatures amounted to_KES4_163.6 million (US$52 million), consisting of KES3 661 million (US$46 million) in losses and_KES502.6_million (US$6_million)_in_damage. The damage represented the_value of destroyed fish ponds,_pond liners_and fishing gear, while losses occurred from a_reduction_in catches by_the fishers, reduced harvests from the ponds, and higher_production costs from repair of fishing_craft.56 Other consequences_from_the_drought also included: distances_of landing sites / beaches from_lake shore increasing by up to_three kilometres, causing fishers to incur extra_costs to transport fish to the_landing sites; increased fishing intensity_caused by_receding lake levels and reduced_fishing area as_well as_by the influx_of farmers into fishing after their_crops failed and_livestock died; and food insecurity as_production_levels fell and_the_price_of fish_increased due to_lower_catches.57

What needs_to_be done

While there are clear indications_that_disasters have impacts on the fisheries and_aquaculture sector, as noted_in_the FAO review (above),_the sector tends to be_under-reported in post-disaster needs assessments. Further_efforts are_needed to_quantify and report damage and losses to the sector in order_to understand and address the main_challenges. At the global_level, FAO_is_taking steps to_develop_a methodology_to monitor damage and losses suffered by_agriculture, including_fisheries and aquaculture. The overall objectives_are to gain a_more_complete and comprehensive understanding of disaster_impacts on the agriculture sector and_to provide appropriate responses. Policies_and_measures_to strengthen the resilience of_marine capture fisheries, for example, would_need to consider_storms, waves and surges or tsunamis, which_tend_to cause the greatest impact; whereas_for_inland fisheries and aquaculture, it is_necessary_to_consider the impact of floods_and droughts.

Furthermore, fishers and fish farmers_need to understand more fully the different threats and_associated risks posed_by climatic variability, climate change_and_other_external threats likely to have disastrous effects on the sector_and on_their livelihoods. They_must be empowered to assess the changes to local conditions,_through, for example, simple environmental indicators (such_as water temperature, salinity, water level, water transparency, and fish health_indicators) and to respond accordingly. Local, district, national_and regional knowledge networks