 and fail to appreciate possible long-term benefits. However, excessive bycatch is often a problem for fishers as it slows their catch sorting operations considerably, causing inferior catch quality. It also increases fuel consumption, thereby posing a risk to the viability of their fishing. Better communication of solutions and their positive impact on the fishing economy, combined with enforcement of regulations, can create incentives for bycatch and discards reduction.

Possible solutions

Tools available to manage bycatch and reduce discards include: fishing capacity and effort controls; improving the design and use of fishing gear; spatial and temporal closures; and enforceable limits on bycatch and discards. Technological measures aim to improve the selectivity of fishing gear and thereby reduce bycatch and discards. These measures include changes in the design or rigging of fishing gear, installation of bycatch reduction devices and/or using particular operational techniques during fishing. Spatial and temporal measures often aim to reduce bycatch by prohibiting or limiting the use of certain gear types in defined areas (e.g. no-trawl areas) or seasons to protect vulnerable life stages (e.g. spawning or nursery area closures). Spatial measures may include zones reserved for traditional fishing activities or for specific gear types. The performance of different measures to manage bycatch varies among fisheries as do the costs associated with their effective implementation. Using several measures in concert may increase their overall effectiveness (e.g. bycatch reduction devices combined with area closures).

Experience has shown34 that bycatch and discards issues should not be addressed in isolation but preferably as a component of overall fisheries management systems and according to the principles and operational guidance recommended by the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code) and the EAF. This approach is reflected in the International Guidelines on Bycatch Management and Reduction of Discards.35 Introducing better management to reduce bycatch and discards may entail not only changing practices but also fishing less (i.e. reduction of overall fishing effort), potentially leading to lower landed catches, at least initially.

Fishers' behaviour will ultimately determine the success or failure of bycatch management measures. Therefore, all such measures require the full cooperation and involvement of the fishing sector at all stages of their development and implementation, as well as effective monitoring and control and surveillance. For the measures to be effective, they have to be practical, enforceable, effective and compatible with other measures. All of this is dependent on an enabling environment in the form of appropriate legal and
and fail to appreciate possible long - term benefit. However, excessive by-catch is often a problem for fisherman as it slow their catch sorting operation considerably, causing subscript catch quality. It besides increases fuel consumption, thereby posing a risk to the viability of their fishing. good communication of solutions and their positive impact on the fishing economy, combined with enforcement of regulations, can make incentives for bycatch and discards decrease. 

 Possible solutions 

 tool available to manage by-catch and reduce discard include: fishing capacity and effort control; improving the design and use of fishing gear; spatial and temporal closure; and enforceable limits on bycatch and discards. Technological measures aim to improve the selectivity of fishing gear and thereby reduce bycatch and discard. These measures include change in the invention or rigging of fishing gear, installation of by-catch reduction device and/or using particular functional techniques during fishing. Spatial and temporal measures often aim to reduce by-catch by prohibiting or limiting the use of certain gear types in defined area (e.g. no - trawl areas) or seasons to protect vulnerable life stages (for example spawning or nursery area closures). Spatial measures may include zones reserved for traditional fishing activities or for specific gear type. The performance of unlike measures to manage bycatch varies among fisheries as do the cost associated with their effective execution. Using several measure in concert may increase their overall effectiveness (e.g. bycatch reduction device combined with sphere closures). 

 Experience has shown34 that bycatch and discards offspring should not be address in isolation but preferably as a component of overall fisheries management system and according to the principles and operational guidance recommended by the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code) and the EAF. This approach is reflect in the International Guidelines on Bycatch Management and Reduction of Discards.35 Introducing better management to reduce bycatch and discards may entail not only change practices but also fishing less (i.e. reduction of overall fishing effort), potentially leading to lower landed catch, at least initially. 

 Fishers' behaviour will ultimately determine the achiever or failure of by-catch management measures. Therefore, all such measures require the full cooperation and involvement of the fishing sector at all stages of their development and execution, as well as effective monitoring and control and surveillance. For the measures to be effective, they have to be practical, enforceable, effective and compatible with other measures. All of this is dependent on an enabling environment in the form of appropriate legal and
 anf fail to appreciate posrible long-term ywnefitv. Howeber, excersive bycatch is often a proulem for dishers as it slows thdir catch sorting opecations consideregly, causing ihneriox ratch quality. Ij also incredses fuel consgmotnon, thereby posing a risk to the viafility pf their fishing. Betuer comjlnlcation of solutions and their pksitive impact on thr fishing economy, combined witj enforcement of rfgulations, xan seeate incentkves for bjeatch and djscards reduction.

Possible solutkons

Tpols availqboe hm manage byratch wnd reduce dlxcards includr: fishing capagity end wffort controls; improting the design and ose of fisviug gear; spatial and twmporal clovurer; ana ehfprdeable lijits on bydatch and duscards. Technologicsl neasures aim fo impwode the selectivity of fishing gear and uheregy reduce bycatch and duscards. These measured include changes in the design or rigging of fishing gear, insteluatnin of vyfatch reduction devices and/or using particulaw okerstional technizues during flsnyng. Spatial avd tem'krzl measures often wim to teduce bycatch fy ptohibiting or limiting the yse of certapn gwar types in definzd areas (e.g. uo-trawk aress) or seasons to protecc vulnsrable life stages (e.f. spawning or nurrerj araa closures). Spatial measurqs may inrlude zones fesetved fow traditiojal flvhing activities og for s[ecific gewr types. The performance of difhxrent measurex do kanage bvcatch varies among fisheries as bo the cjsts xssociated with tieir effectide implementadlon. Using seteral meafurew in concerg may increase yheir ovegajl edfectiveness (e.g. bygatch deduction deviczr combined with srex cjoduces).

Ex[arience has vhowv34 tfst byzatch and dlscxrds issues should not ba adsressed in isolatipn but prederably ws a componeny of overall fishegies kanegemeny sistems and according to the prihciples ajd jperational duidqnce recommeuded by the Code of Conduct for Responsiule Fisheries (the Code) qnd the EAF. This apkrosch is reflxcted yn the Indernational Guidelinws on Bycatch Mansgement and Reduction of Divcardd.35 Introducing better management to reduce bycatch and discards may entail not oilr changing lracyices bbt clso fifhinj uess (i.e. reductiom of overall fishing effort), potxntially laabing to lower landed catches, st least initiauly.

Fishers' behaviour wilm ultimayely determine the success or fsilure of bycatch managekent meawures. Therefore, all such measures requixe the full ciopevation and invulvrmcnt of the fisiiny sector at all stages of their dwvelopnejt and implementetion, as welp as erfectide monitoring ans cohhrol xnd surveillamce. For the messures to be effectine, ehey have to bt practical, enfprceablv, effective aid compatibla with other measures. All of this is dependent on ah enablinf envirokment in the form lf appropriate legal akd
and fail to appreciate possible long-term benefits. bycatch often a for fishers as operations causing inferior catch It also increases consumption, thereby posing a risk to viability of their fishing. Better communication of solutions and their positive impact on fishing economy, combined with enforcement of regulations, can create incentives for bycatch and reduction. solutions available manage bycatch and reduce discards include: fishing capacity and effort controls; improving the design and use fishing gear; spatial and temporal closures; and enforceable on bycatch and discards. measures aim to improve the of gear and reduce and These measures include in the design or rigging of fishing gear, installation of bycatch reduction devices and/or using particular operational during fishing. temporal measures aim reduce by prohibiting or use of certain gear types in no-trawl areas) or seasons to protect vulnerable life (e.g. spawning nursery area closures). Spatial measures may zones reserved for traditional fishing activities or for gear types. The performance of different measures to manage bycatch varies among fisheries as do associated with their effective Using several measures concert increase overall (e.g. bycatch devices combined with area closures). Experience has shown34 that bycatch and issues should not be addressed in isolation but preferably as of fisheries management systems according to the principles operational recommended by the Code for Fisheries the This is reflected in the Guidelines on Bycatch Management and of Discards.35 Introducing better discards may entail not only changing practices but fishing less (i.e. reduction of overall fishing potentially leading to lower landed catches, at least initially. Fishers' behaviour will determine the failure of bycatch management measures. Therefore, all such require the full cooperation involvement of the fishing sector at all stages of development implementation, as as effective monitoring control and surveillance. the measures to they have be enforceable, with other measures. All of this dependent an enabling environment in the of and
 and fail to appreciate possibLe long-term BenefIts. howEvEr, exCessIve bycatch is ofTEn a pRoblem for fishers as it slOws thEiR CatcH SoRting OperatiONs CONsiDeRaBly, CaUSiNg infEriOr catch Quality. It aLso InCreases fuel cONsUmption, theRebY posing a risk To tHe viabIlIty OF theiR fiShing. better COmmuniCation of sOlUTions aND their pOSItIve iMpact on the fishing ECoNOmy, combined witH enforCeMEnT OF reGulAtions, can cReAte inCEntives FOr BYCAtcH And discards reDuction.

PossIBle SolutiOnS

ToOLs avaiLable To MAnaGe bycatch anD redUce discarDs inclUDe: fishiNG capaciTy and eFfoRt cOntrOLs; ImProViNG thE DeSigN And Use of fisHiNg Gear; sPatiAL AND temPorAl clOsureS; and enforceabLe lImitS On bYcatcH and dIscaRdS. TechNologiCal meAsUres aim to improvE the SelectiviTy oF fIshInG gear ANd therEby RedUce bycaTch and dIScaRdS. tHEsE measures include chAnGES iN the desiGn or riGGiNg OF fishing GeAr, iNstaLLAtion Of byCAtCh reductIon devICeS aNd/or usiNg ParticUlAr oPerAtionAL tecHniqueS during fIshinG. spatial and tempORal measures ofTEn AIM tO ReduCe bYcatch by proHibiTIng oR limITiNg tHE use oF certAiN GeAR types in defined areaS (e.G. no-traWl areAs) or seasons to Protect vulNERAble life StagES (e.G. Spawning or nursEry arEa closures). sPatial meAsureS may inclUde zones rESErved for TraDitIonAl fISHiNg activities oR FOr spEcIfic geaR tyPes. The pErfOrmAncE of DiFferent meAsures to MaNaGe ByCatCh varIEs among fIsHerIeS as Do the COsts asSociaTed wItH tHEir EffectiVE iMPLemeNtAtIon. USinG sEveraL meaSUreS in concErt may incReaSE theIr OvErall efFectiveness (e.g. ByCatch reducTiOn dEvices COMbined wiTh area closures).

ExperiencE Has showN34 thAt bycAtch And discarDs iSsues sHouLD not be AddresSed in IsOlaTIOn but PREfEraBlY as a componENT of OveraLl FishEries maNagement systems and ACcoRding to the priNciPles AND oPerATiONal GuIDanCE Recommended by thE Code of ConDuCT fOr ResponsiBLe FIsHeries (tHe Code) aNd the eaF. This aPproach is Reflected In The INTErnAtional GuiDelines oN Bycatch MANagemENt And ReDucTion of diScaRds.35 InTroducINg bEtter ManageMeNt to reDuce bYcAtch and dIscards may entail not only ChangiNg praCtiCes but alsO fiSHinG less (i.e. reDuctIon of overaLl fIshIng efForT), PotenTialLY lEadINg to lOwer LAnded catcHEs, At lEASt Initially.

FiSHERs' bEhaviOur WIll ultImatEly determine the suCCess or failure oF bycATCh mAnaGEmenT mEasures. TherefoRe, aLl SUCh measurEs Require the fUll coopeRaTIon anD involVement Of the fiSHInG Sector At alL stAges of theIr dEvELopment AnD iMPlemenTatiOn, As well As effeCTive MONitoring and contrOl and SURveilLAncE. For tHe MeasureS To be Effective, tHey have to be PractiCal, eNforcEable, efFeCtive aNd cOmPatible witH Other measUres. ALl of thiS iS depEndEnt on aN enaBLIng enViroNmEnt In the form OF ApPRoPrIAte LegaL and
 and fail to appreciate po ssible lon g-ter m b ene fi ts.Howe ver, excessive byca tch is often a problem  forfi s hers as  it s lows th e ir c atc hso rti ng op erati ons  consid erably, ca usi ng  inferior ca t ch  quality.Italso increas esfuel c on sum p tion,  th ereby  posin g  a ris k to thevi a bility of thei r fi shin g. Better communi c at i on of solution s andth e ir p osi tiv e impact o nthe f i shing e c on o m y , c o mbined with e nforcemento f r egulat io ns, can cr eatein c ent ives for by catc h and dis cardsr eductio n .

Poss ible s olu tio ns
T oo ls  av ai l abl e  t o m a nag e bycatc han d red uced i s c ards  in clud e: fi shing capacit y a nd e f for t con trols ; im pr oving  the d esign  a nd use of fishi ng g ear; spat ial  a ndte mpora l  closu res ; a nd enfo rceable lim it s o nbycatch and discar ds . Te chnologi cal me a su re s  aim toim pro ve t h e  sele ctiv i ty  of fish ing ge a ran d there by  reduc ebyc atc h and disc ards.These me asure s  include chang e s in the desi g no r  r i ggin g o f fishing g ear, inst alla t io n o f  byca tch r ed u ct i on devices and/or u si ng par ticul ar operationa l techniqu e s during f ishi n g. Spatial and te mpora l measures often ai m toreduce b ycatch by p rohibiti ngorlim iti n g  t he use of cer t a in g ea r types  in  define d a rea s ( e.g .no-trawlareas) o rse as on s t o pro t ect vuln er abl elif e sta g es (e. g. sp awni ng  o r  nu rsery a r ea c losu re s) . Sp ati al  meas ures may  includ e zones r ese r vedfo rtraditi onal fishingac tivities o rfor  speci f i c gear t ypes. The performance o f  differ ent  meas ures  to manag e b ycatch  va r ies am ong fi sheri es  as d o the c os tsas sociated w i t h t heiref fect ive imp lementation. Using sev eral measures  in  con c e rt  ma y  i n cre as e  th e i r overall effec tiveness ( e. g .bycatch re d uct io n devic es comb inedw ith are a closure s).

Expe ri ence h asshown34 th at bycat ch and di s cards is suessho uld no tbeaddre ssed i n  is olati on but  p refera bly a sa compon ent of overall fisherie s mana gemen t s ystems an d a c cor ding to t he p rinciplesand  op erati ona l  guid ance re com m ended  byt he Code o f  C ond u c tfor Respons i b l e F isher ies (the C ode)  and the EAF. Thi s  approach is r efle c t edint he I nt ernational Gui del in e s  on Byca tc h Managemen t and Re du c tionof Dis cards. 35 Intr o d uc i ng bet terman agement t o r ed u ce byca tc ha nd dis card smay en tail n o t on l y  changing practi ces b u t  also fis hingle ss (i.e .  red uction ofoverall fis hing e ffor t), p otentia ll y lead ing  t o lower la n ded catch es, a t least  i niti all y.

Fi sher s '  beha viou rwil l ultimat e l yd et er m ine  the  succ es s or  failureo f bycatc h m a nagemen tmea s u res. T h er e f ore, all s uch  meas u r es require thef ul l  coop eratio n andinvolve m ent  o f the f ish i n g sectorat all st a ges  o f th eir deve lo pmen tand  i mplementation,as wellas effec t i ve mon ito r inga nd con tr ol and surve illan ce .  For th e mea sures t o  be  ef fec tive , t heyh ave to be practical, enf orce able, eff ectiv e and  c ompatibl e  wit h otherm easures. Allof this is depe n den t  onane na bl ing envir onm e nt in  the  fo rm o f a ppro p r iate lega l  a nd
 and_fail to_appreciate possible long-term benefits._However, excessive_bycatch_is often_a_problem for fishers_as it slows_their catch sorting operations_considerably, causing inferior_catch_quality. It also increases fuel consumption, thereby posing a risk to the viability of_their_fishing. Better_communication_of_solutions and their positive impact_on the fishing economy, combined_with enforcement_of regulations, can create incentives for bycatch and_discards_reduction.

Possible solutions

Tools available_to manage bycatch and reduce discards include: fishing capacity_and effort controls; improving the design_and use of_fishing_gear;_spatial and temporal closures;_and enforceable limits on bycatch and_discards. Technological measures aim to improve_the selectivity of fishing gear and thereby_reduce bycatch and discards. These measures_include changes in the design_or rigging_of fishing gear, installation of_bycatch reduction devices_and/or using_particular operational techniques_during fishing. Spatial and temporal measures_often aim to_reduce bycatch by prohibiting or limiting_the_use of certain_gear_types_in defined_areas (e.g. no-trawl_areas)_or seasons_to_protect vulnerable life stages (e.g. spawning_or_nursery area closures). Spatial measures may include_zones reserved for traditional_fishing_activities or for specific_gear types. The performance of_different measures to manage bycatch varies_among fisheries_as do_the costs associated with their effective implementation. Using several measures in_concert may increase their overall effectiveness_(e.g. bycatch reduction devices_combined with_area_closures).

Experience has shown34_that_bycatch and_discards issues should not be addressed in_isolation but_preferably as a component of overall_fisheries management systems and_according_to the principles and operational guidance_recommended by the Code of Conduct_for Responsible Fisheries (the Code)_and_the_EAF. This approach is reflected_in the International Guidelines on Bycatch_Management and Reduction_of Discards.35 Introducing better management to reduce_bycatch_and discards may entail not only_changing_practices but also fishing less (i.e._reduction_of_overall fishing effort), potentially leading_to lower landed catches, at least_initially.

Fishers' behaviour will ultimately determine the success or failure_of bycatch management_measures. Therefore, all such measures_require_the_full cooperation and involvement of the fishing sector at all_stages of_their development and_implementation, as well as effective monitoring and control and surveillance._For the measures to be effective, they_have to be practical, enforceable, effective and compatible with other measures._All of this is dependent on an enabling_environment in the form of appropriate legal_and