 of by-products. Their efficient utilization is important due to the high volumes being generated linked to their increased production and processing, and the slow natural degradation rate of shells. Chitosan, produced from shrimp and crab shell, has shown a wide range of applications such as in water treatments, cosmetics and toiletries, food and beverages, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Crustacean wastes yield pigments (carotenoids and astaxanthin) for use in the pharmaceutical industry, and collagen can be extracted from fish skin, fins and other processing by-products. Mussel shells can provide calcium carbonate for industrial use. In some countries, oyster shells are a raw material used in building construction and the production of quicklime (calcium oxide). Shells can also be processed into pearl powder and shell powder. Pearl powder is used in medicine and cosmetics manufacturing, and shell powder (a rich source of calcium) serves as a diet supplement in feeding livestock and poultry. Fish scale is used for processing fish silver, a raw material in medicines, biochemical drugs and paint manufacturing. Scallop and mussel shells can be used in handicrafts and jewellery, and for making buttons.

Research on marine sponges, bryozoans and cnidarians has discovered a number of anticancer agents. However, following their discovery, for conservation reasons, these agents are not extracted from marine organisms directly but chemically synthesized. Another approach being researched is the culture of some sponge species to be used for this purpose.

In addition to the above-mentioned fish quantities, in 2014, about 28.5 million tonnes of seaweeds and other algae were harvested for direct consumption or further processing for food (traditionally in Japan, the Republic of Korea and China) or for use as fertilizer and in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other purposes. Seaweeds have long been used to feed livestock and in medicine, e.g. to treat iodine deficiency and as a vermifuge. Seaweeds are industrially processed to extract thickening agents such as alginate, agar and carrageenan or used, generally in dried powder form, as an animal-feed additive. Growing attention is also focusing on the nutritional value of several seaweed species, due to their abundance of natural vitamins, minerals, and plant-based protein. Many seaweed-flavoured foods (including ice creams) and drinks are being launched, with the Asia and Pacific region as main market
of by - products. Their efficient utilization is important due to the eminent book being generated linked to their increased output and processing, and the slow natural abasement rate of shells. Chitosan, produced from runt and crab shell, has shown a broad range of applications such as in urine treatments, cosmetics and toiletries, food and beverages, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. crustaceous wastes yield pigments (carotenoid and astaxanthin) for use in the pharmaceutical industry, and collagen can be extracted from fish skin, five and other processing by - products. Mussel shells can provide calcium carbonate for industrial use. In some country, oyster shells are a raw material used in build construction and the production of quicklime (calcium oxide). Shells can also be processed into pearl powder and shell powder. Pearl powder is used in music and cosmetic manufacturing, and shell powder (a rich generator of calcium) serves as a diet supplement in feeding livestock and domestic fowl. Fish plate is used for processing fish silver medal, a raw material in medicines, biochemical drugs and paint manufacturing. Scallop and mussel shells can be used in handicrafts and jewellery, and for make buttons. 

 Research on nautical leech, bryozoans and cnidarians has discovered a number of anticancer agent. However, following their discovery, for conservation reasons, these agents are not extracted from marine organisms directly but chemically synthesized. Another approach being research is the culture of some leech species to be used for this function. 

 In addition to the above - mention fish measure, in 2014, about 28.5 million metric ton of seaweeds and other algae were harvest for direct pulmonary tuberculosis or further processing for food (traditionally in Japan, the Republic of Korea and China) or for use as fertilizer and in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and early purposes. Seaweeds have long been used to feed livestock and in music, e.g. to treat iodine deficiency and as a vermifuge. seaweed are industrially processed to extract thickening agents such as alginate, agar and carrageenan or used, generally in dried gunpowder form, as an animal - feed additive. Growing attention is also focusing on the nutritional value of several seaweed species, due to their abundance of natural vitamin, minerals, and plant - based protein. Many seaweed - flavoured foods (including ice creams) and drinks are being establish, with the Asia and Pacific region as main market
 of by-products. Their efficitnt utilization is imporvant dus to the high volumes being generatev libked uj their increased oroductioj and priceswung, and thx slow natural fegrcdetion rate of smells. Chitovan, produced fsoo dhrimp and crab shell, has shown a wyde ranbe of applicatiogs slcr as pn water treatments, cosmetics ahd toilttries, food and beferages, agrochemicals and oharlaceuticals. Crustafean wastes yieje pigments (cxrotenoids and astaxanjhin) for use in the pharmaceuticxl inbustry, and xoolahgn can be exvracteq from fish skin, finv and oyher processinn by-pcoduxts. Mussel shells can provide calcium cwrbonate xox industrial use. In simw couttrias, ohwtef sgekla are w rew material used in buulding construction age the productjon of qticklime (calcium oxide). Shells can also te lrocessed into pearl poqder and shell powder. Pearl porder is used in medicine and cosmetics manufacturhng, aid shtlo powawr (a rich source of calcium) serves as a diet su[lltmekt in feeding liyestock and poultru. Vixr scale is usgd for 'dodessing fish silveg, a raw mateeial in mtdicimes, biochemical drugs and pqint manufacnuribg. Scallop and musdel shells ean be used in handicrafts and jewzllery, and for maning buttkvs.

Research on mafinv spmnges, bryozoans and cnidaryans has viscorered a vumbgr of agticancer wgents. However, following theit discmvery, for fonservation reasons, these agenvx are not exjrawteg from mcrine prganisms dirqctly but chemncally svntheskzed. Anothvr approarh being resqarched is tha culture of vome spogge wpecues to cd used for thix purpose.

Pn addution to the above-kenjikned fish quantnuiew, in 2014, about 28.5 mikliun eojnxs of veaweeds and othdr xkgae dere harvesbed for direct consumption mr fhrther processing gov food (trqditionajly in Japan, yhe Republic of Kogea aid Chiia) or gor use as fertilizer and in pharjaceuticaps, gosmetics and othcr porposes. Seaceeds have long been used to feed livestick and in medicinw, e.g. to treat ioding dtficiency and as a vermifuga. Seaweeds are indusrrially processed to extract thickeninf agends sufh as alginate, agar and carrageenan or used, generally in dried powder forn, as ai wnimal-feed zddiyive. Crjcing ateentmoi is also focusinb on the nutritional value of sxveral seafezd species, due to their abundsnze of natural vitamins, minerals, and pmant-basec protein. Many seaweed-flavoured foods (including ice cresms) and erinka are beinj launched, with the Ssia aud Pacufic retion as main markdt
of by-products. Their efficient utilization is important the volumes being linked to their the natural degradation rate shells. Chitosan, produced shrimp and crab shell, has shown wide range of applications such as in water treatments, cosmetics and toiletries, food beverages, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Crustacean wastes yield pigments (carotenoids and astaxanthin) for use the industry, collagen be extracted from fish skin, fins and other processing by-products. Mussel shells can provide calcium carbonate industrial use. In some countries, oyster shells are raw material used in construction and the production of (calcium Shells can be into powder and shell Pearl powder is used in medicine and cosmetics manufacturing, and shell powder (a rich source of calcium) as a in feeding and Fish is used for silver, a raw material in medicines, paint manufacturing. Scallop and mussel shells can be in handicrafts jewellery, and for making buttons. Research marine sponges, bryozoans and cnidarians has discovered a of anticancer agents. However, following their discovery, for conservation reasons, these agents are not extracted organisms directly but chemically Another approach being is culture some species to used for this purpose. In addition to the above-mentioned fish quantities, 2014, about 28.5 million tonnes of seaweeds and other algae for consumption or further for food (traditionally in the of Korea and China) use fertilizer cosmetics other Seaweeds have long been to feed livestock and in e.g. to treat iodine Seaweeds are industrially processed to extract thickening agents as alginate, agar and carrageenan or used, in dried powder form, as an animal-feed additive. Growing attention is also on the of several seaweed species, due to their abundance natural vitamins, minerals, and protein. Many seaweed-flavoured foods (including ice creams) and drinks being with the and Pacific region main market
 of by-products. Their efficienT utilizatiOn is iMpoRtaNt Due tO the High volumes beiNG genErated linked to their incReaseD pROducTIoN and pRocessiNG, aND The SlOw NatUrAL dEgradAtiOn rate oF shells. ChiTosAn, Produced from SHrImp and crab SheLl, has shown a wIde Range oF aPplICatioNs sUch as In wateR TreatmEnts, cosmeTiCS and toILetries, FOOd And bEverages, agrochemiCAlS And pharmaceutiCals. CrUsTAcEAN waSteS yield pigmEnTs (carOTenoids ANd ASTAxaNThin) for use in tHe pharmaceuTIcaL indusTrY, anD CollagEn can Be EXtrActed from fiSh skIn, fins and Other pROcessinG By-produCts. MusSel SheLls cAN pRoVidE cALciUM cArbONatE for induStRiAl use. in soME COUntrIes, OystEr sheLls are a raw matEriAl usED in BuildIng coNstrUcTion aNd the pRoducTiOn of quicklime (caLciuM oxide). SheLls CaN alSo Be proCEssed iNto PeaRl powdeR and sheLL poWdER. pEaRl powder is used in meDiCINe And cosmeTics maNUfAcTUring, and ShEll PowdER (A rich SourCE oF calcium) Serves AS a DiEt supplEmEnt in fEeDinG liVestoCK and PoultrY. Fish scaLe is uSEd for processinG Fish silver, a raW MaTERiAL in mEdiCines, biocheMicaL DrugS and PAiNt mANufacTurinG. SCAlLOp and mussel shells caN bE used iN handIcrafts and jewEllery, and fOR MAking butTons.

rEsEArch on marine spOnges, Bryozoans aND cnidariAns haS discoveRed a numbeR OF anticanCer AgeNts. howEVEr, Following theiR DIscoVeRy, for coNseRvation ReaSonS, thEse AgEnts are noT extractEd FrOm MaRinE orgaNIsms direCtLy bUt CheMicalLY synthEsizeD. AnoThEr APprOach beiNG rESEarcHeD iS the CulTuRe of sOme sPOngE specieS to be used For THis pUrPoSe.

In addItion to the aboVe-Mentioned fIsH quAntitiES, In 2014, about 28.5 mIllion tonnes of seaweeds aND other aLgaE were HarvEsted for dIreCt consUmpTIon or fUrther ProceSsIng FOR food (TRAdItiOnAlly in JapaN, THe REpublIc Of KoRea and CHina) or for use as fertILizEr and in pharmaCeuTicaLS, CoSmeTIcS And OtHEr pURPoses. Seaweeds haVe long been UsED tO feed livesTOck AnD in mediCine, e.g. tO treaT Iodine dEficiency And as a verMiFuge. sEAweEds are induStrially Processed TO extrACt ThickEniNg agenTs SucH as alGinate, AGar And caRrageeNaN or useD, geneRaLly in driEd powder form, as an animal-fEed addItive. groWing attenTioN Is aLso focusiNg on The nutritiOnaL vaLue of SevERal seAweeD SpEciES, due tO theIR abundancE Of NatURAl Vitamins, minERALs, aNd plaNt-bASed proTein. many seaweed-flavouREd foods (includiNg icE CReaMs) aND driNkS are being launcHed, WiTH The Asia aNd pacific regiOn as main MaRKet
 of by-products. Their eff icient uti lizat ion  is  i mpor tant  due to the hi g h vo lumes being generatedlinke dt o th e ir  incr eased p r od u c tio nan d p ro c es sing,  an d the s low natura l d eg radation rat e  o f shells.Chi tosan, produ ced  fromsh rim p  andcra b she ll, ha s  shown  a wide r an g e of a p plicati o n ssuch  as in water trea t me n ts, cosmeticsand to il e tr i e s,foo d and beve ra ges,a grochem i ca l s and pharmaceutica ls. Crustac e anwastes  y iel d  pigme nts ( ca r ote noids and a stax anthin) f or use in thep harmace utical  in dus try, an dcol la g enc an  be ext racted f ro mfishskin , f i ns a ndothe r pro cessing by-pr odu cts. Mus sel s hells  can  p rovid e calc ium c ar bonate for indu stri al use. I n s om e c ou ntrie s , oyst ershe lls are  a rawm ate ri a l us ed in building con st r u ct ion andthe pr o du ct i on of qu ic kli me ( c a lcium  oxi d e) . Shells  can a l so  b e proce ss ed int opea rlpowde r  and  shell  powder.  Pear l  powder is use d  in medicinea nd c os m etic s m anufacturin g, a n d sh ellp ow der (a ri ch so ur c eo f calcium) serves a sa diet  supp lement in fee ding lives t o c k and po ultr y .F ish scale is u sed f or process i ng fishsilve r, a raw  material i n medici nes , b ioc hem i c al  drugs and pa i n t ma nu facturi ng.  Scallo p a ndmus sel  s hells can  be used  i nha nd icr aftsa nd jewel le ry,  a ndfor m a king b utton s.
Re se a rch  on mar i ne s pong es ,bryo zoa ns  andcnid a ria ns hasdiscovere d a numb er  o f antic ancer agents.  H owever, fo ll owi ng the i r  discove ry, for conservation re a sons, t hes e age ntsare not e xtr actedfro m  marin e orga nisms  d ire c t ly bu t ch emi ca lly synthe s i zed . Ano th er a pproach  being researchedi s t he culture of  so me s p o ng e s p ec i esto beu s ed for this pur pose.

Inad d it ion to the abo ve -mentio ned fis h qua n tities,  in 2014,  about 28 .5  mil l i ontonnes ofseaweeds  and othe r  alga e  w ere h arv estedfo r d irect  consu m pti on or  furth er  proce ssing  f or food(traditionally in Japan , theRepub lic  of Korea  an d  Ch ina) or f or u se as fert ili zer  andinp harma ceut i ca ls, cosme tics and other pu rpo s e s.  Seaweeds h a v e  lo ng be enu sed to  fee d livestock and i n  medicine, e.g . to t rea t i o dine  d eficiency andasav e rmifuge.  S eaweeds are  industr ia l ly pr ocesse d to e xtractt h ic k eningagen tssuch as a lgi na t e, agar  a nd carrag eena nor use d, gen e rall y in dried powderform, a s ana nim al-fe ed  additi v e. G rowing att ention is a lso fo cusi ng on  the nu tr itiona l v al ue of seve r al seawee d spe cies, d ue  tothe ir abu ndan c e  of n atur al  vi tamins, m i n er a ls ,a ndplan t-bas ed  pro tein. Man y  seaweed -fl a vouredfo ods ( includ i ng i ce creams)  an d dri n k s are bein g  lau n ch e d, wi th the  Asiaand Pac i fic  r egion a s m a i n market
 of_by-products. Their_efficient utilization is important_due to_the_high volumes_being_generated linked to_their increased production_and processing, and the_slow natural degradation_rate_of shells. Chitosan, produced from shrimp and crab shell, has shown a wide range_of_applications such_as_in_water treatments, cosmetics and toiletries,_food and beverages, agrochemicals and_pharmaceuticals. Crustacean_wastes yield pigments (carotenoids and astaxanthin) for use_in_the pharmaceutical industry,_and collagen can be extracted from fish skin, fins_and other processing by-products. Mussel shells_can provide calcium_carbonate_for_industrial use. In some_countries, oyster shells are a raw_material used in building construction and_the production of quicklime (calcium oxide). Shells_can also be processed into pearl_powder and shell powder. Pearl_powder is_used in medicine and cosmetics_manufacturing, and shell_powder (a_rich source of_calcium) serves as a diet supplement_in feeding livestock_and poultry. Fish scale is used_for_processing fish silver,_a_raw_material in_medicines, biochemical drugs_and_paint manufacturing._Scallop_and mussel shells can be used_in_handicrafts and jewellery, and for making buttons.

Research_on marine sponges, bryozoans_and_cnidarians has discovered a_number of anticancer agents. However,_following their discovery, for conservation reasons,_these agents_are not_extracted from marine organisms directly but chemically synthesized. Another approach being_researched is the culture of some_sponge species to be_used for_this_purpose.

In addition to_the_above-mentioned fish_quantities, in 2014, about 28.5 million tonnes_of seaweeds_and other algae were harvested for_direct consumption or further_processing_for food (traditionally in Japan, the_Republic of Korea and China) or_for use as fertilizer and_in_pharmaceuticals,_cosmetics and other purposes. Seaweeds_have long been used to feed_livestock and in_medicine, e.g. to treat iodine deficiency and_as_a vermifuge. Seaweeds are industrially processed_to_extract thickening agents such as alginate,_agar_and_carrageenan or used, generally in_dried powder form, as an animal-feed_additive. Growing attention is also focusing on the nutritional_value of several_seaweed species, due to their_abundance_of_natural vitamins, minerals, and plant-based protein. Many seaweed-flavoured foods (including_ice creams)_and drinks are_being launched, with the Asia and Pacific region as main_market