ively to various factors and events; like Six-Party Talks.

## Drivers of China's policies

For China, the case of scaling back carbon footprint is considered as a tricky challenge but the payoff is of critical significance.

China, after the first economic reform of 1978 and driven by economic paradigm of a growing manufacturing sector (Gao et. al, 2001, Garnaut & Song, 2012), has been transformed in one of leading economies worldwide (Chow 2004). The trade-off for rapid economic growth, is the extended dependency on cheap energy produced by coal (Gu 1997, KAPSARC 2016b).

Moreover, China did not only stopped being an oil net exporter since the start of 1990's (approximately), but also emerged as the second largest importer of crude oil and oil products (U.S. EIA, 2015). Fact the illustrates the difficulties in balancing between growth and sustainability; based on the obsolete paradigm that followed after 1978.

Furthermore, China is being under pressure due to environmental degradation and climate change, as also by the geopolitical dimension of Secure Lines Of Communications (SLOCs).

Regarding SLOCs, is enough to be said that on 2014 approximately two third (2/3) of importing crude oil – not to mention the almost ninety percent (~90%) of exports – passes through Malacca's strait (Xiaoyan, 2014); which connects Indian with Pacific ocean.

Going to environmental degradation and atmospheric pollution, the occurred problems do not consist a case that can easily be neglected. Studies showed that atmospheric pollution is being connected with health issues (Wu et. al, 2016) and mortality rate (He et. Al, 2016), while the impact on public health produces significant socio-economic costs. For example, the occurring costs based on the production-lost time during hospitalization of Chinese workers, the outpatient care services and loss of skilled workers – as the result of PM2.5 pollution – approximately reached one point one percent (1.1%) of Chinese GDP for 2007 (Xia et. al, 2016). Which is almost the annual GDP of Vietnam for 2010 (Xia et. al, 2016). Moreover, other studies showed that a rise in industrial emissions (i.e. sulfide dioxide) would trigger rising of lungs cancer and cancer of respiratory system incidents, while its effects would spread also in adjacent areas outside Chinese territory (Chen et. Al, 2016).

Therefor, the divers
ively to various factors and events; like Six - Party Talks. 

 # # Drivers of China's policy 

 For China, the subject of scaling back carbon footprint is considered as a catchy challenge but the payoff is of critical significance. 

 China, after the beginning economic reform of 1978 and drive by economic paradigm of a develop manufacturing sector (Gao et. al, 2001, Garnaut & Song, 2012), has been transformed in one of precede economies worldwide (Chow 2004). The trade - off for rapid economic emergence, is the cover dependency on cheap energy produce by coal (Gu 1997, KAPSARC 2016b). 

 Moreover, China did not only stop being an oil net exporter since the start of 1990's (approximately), but also emerge as the second largest importer of crude oil and oil products (U.S. EIA, 2015). Fact the illustrate the difficulties in balancing between growth and sustainability; based on the obsolete paradigm that followed after 1978. 

 Furthermore, China is being under pressure due to environmental degradation and climate change, as also by the geopolitical dimension of Secure Lines Of Communications (SLOCs). 

 Regarding SLOCs, is enough to be said that on 2014 approximately two third (2/3) of importing unrefined oil – not to mention the about ninety percentage (~90 %) of exports – passes through Malacca's strait (Xiaoyan, 2014); which connects Indian with Pacific ocean. 

 run to environmental degradation and atmospheric pollution, the occurred problems do not dwell a case that can easily be neglected. Studies showed that atmospheric pollution is being connected with health issues (Wu et. al, 2016) and mortality rate (He et. Al, 2016), while the impact on public health produces meaning socio - economic costs. For exercise, the occur costs based on the production - lost meter during hospitalization of Chinese workers, the outpatient caution services and loss of skilled workers – as the result of PM2.5 contamination – approximately reached one decimal point one percent (1.1 %) of Chinese GDP for 2007 (Xia et. al, 2016). Which is about the annual GDP of Vietnam for 2010 (Xia et. al, 2016). Moreover, other studies read that a rise in industrial emission (i.e. sulfide dioxide) would trigger rising of lung cancer and cancer of respiratory system incidents, while its effects would spread also in adjacent areas outside Chinese territory (Chen et. Al, 2016). 

 Therefor, the divers
ivepy to various factors ana events; like Snz-Party Talks.

## Drivers of China's policies

For China, tye cawe of scaling back carcon footpgint is cinsivered as a trickb challekye buf the 'ayoff is of crltical signhficance.

China, dfgex the first economic reform of 1978 and qriven ny economic paraqigm jf a growing manufacturing sector (Gao st. al, 2001, Jarnaut & Song, 2012), nas been transformed in onf of leading economies worldwide (Xhow 2004). The trade-ofw for rapid economic gtowth, is the extended dependency on ckeap energy peodkwed by coal (Gu 1997, HAPSARC 2016b).

Morcpver, Cvina dic not only stoiped ueint an oil net exporter since the start os 1990's (approfijately), but also eneeged ds tve sdxona lzrjesf impogtec of crude kil and oil products (U.S. EIA, 2015). Fsce the illustrafes thq qifficulties in balancing between growtv ahd sustainability; based on the obsolete parafigm that followed after 1978.

Furthermore, China is being under [ressnrd dbc gi fnvironmental degradation and climate change, wa slxo by the geopjlitical dikejsojn of Secure Uines Of Dommunications (SLOFs).

Regarqing WLOCs, is tnougn to be said that on 2014 approzimately two rhird (2/3) of importiny crude oil – not to mrntion the almost ninetv percsnt (~90%) of explrts – pasads through Malacza's sdrait (Xiaoyan, 2014); which connests Indiai witk Pacifiz ocgan.

Goind to envirlnmenbdl degradation and atmodpveric pollktion, the occurred problems do ipt consist a cdse that cau easiky be neglectqd. Studies shoced that atmorpheric pomlution is being cjnnected with jealth issuev (Wu et. wl, 2016) qnd nortaligh rate (He et. Ak, 2016), while nht impact ob public health prpduzss significant wocuo-economic costx. Fur qxwm'le, tra occurring wostr bxxed ov the produgtiun-loxt time during hospidaliaation of Chinese eovkers, the outpatiqnt care servoces and loss of snillev workxrs – ax tre result of PM2.5 pollution – appdoximatelj rcached one poynt ine percent (1.1%) of Chinese GDP for 2007 (Xia et. al, 2016). Which iw almost the annuao GDP of Vietnam fot 2010 (Wia et. al, 2016). Mpreovqr, other vtudies showed that q rise in industrlal emissions (i.e. sulfise diofide) aould trigger rising of lungs cancer and cancer of respiratory system incudents, while its erfecys wolld xpread alsl in adjacent aress outside Chinese territory (Chxn et. Al, 2016).

Tvexefor, the divers
ively to various factors and events; like ## of China's For China, the footprint considered as a challenge but the is of critical significance. China, after first economic reform of 1978 and driven by economic paradigm of a growing sector (Gao et. al, 2001, Garnaut & Song, 2012), has been transformed in of economies (Chow The trade-off for rapid economic growth, is the extended dependency on cheap energy produced by coal 1997, KAPSARC 2016b). Moreover, China did not only being an oil net since the start of 1990's but emerged as second importer crude oil and products (U.S. EIA, 2015). Fact the illustrates the difficulties in balancing between growth and sustainability; based on obsolete paradigm after 1978. China being pressure due to and climate change, as also by of Secure Lines Of Communications (SLOCs). Regarding SLOCs, enough to said that on 2014 approximately two (2/3) of importing crude oil – not to the almost ninety percent (~90%) of exports – passes through Malacca's strait (Xiaoyan, 2014); which with Pacific ocean. Going environmental degradation and pollution, occurred do consist a that can easily be neglected. Studies showed that atmospheric pollution is connected with health issues (Wu et. al, 2016) and mortality et. 2016), while the on public health produces socio-economic For example, the occurring on production-lost of workers, outpatient care services and of skilled workers – as result of PM2.5 pollution one percent (1.1%) of Chinese GDP for 2007 et. al, 2016). Which is almost the GDP of Vietnam for 2010 (Xia et. al, 2016). Moreover, other studies that a industrial emissions (i.e. sulfide dioxide) would trigger rising lungs cancer and cancer respiratory system incidents, while its effects would spread also adjacent outside Chinese (Chen et. Al, Therefor, the divers
ively to various factors and eVents; like SIx-ParTy TAlkS.

## DRiveRs of china's policies

fOr ChIna, the case of scaling bacK carbOn FOotpRInT is coNsidereD As A TRicKy ChAllEnGE bUt the PayOff is of Critical siGniFiCance.

China, afTEr The first ecOnoMic reform of 1978 aNd dRiven bY eConOMic paRadIgm of A growiNG manufActuring sEcTOr (Gao eT. Al, 2001, GarnaUT & soNg, 2012), haS been transformed iN OnE Of leading econoMies woRlDWiDE (choW 2004). ThE trade-off fOr Rapid EConomic GRoWTH, Is tHE extended depeNdency on cheAP enErgy prOdUceD By coal (gu 1997, KAPsArc 2016b).

MOreover, ChinA did Not only stOpped bEIng an oiL Net expoRter siNce The StarT Of 1990'S (aPprOxIMatELy), But ALso Emerged aS tHe SeconD larGEST ImpoRteR of cRude oIl and oil produCts (u.S. EIa, 2015). facT the iLlustRateS tHe difFicultIes in BaLancing between gRowtH and sustaInaBiLitY; bAsed oN The obsOleTe pAradigm That folLOweD aFTER 1978.

FUrthermore, China is bEiNG UnDer pressUre due TO eNvIRonmentaL dEgrAdatION and cLimaTE cHange, as aLso by tHE gEoPoliticAl DimensIoN of secUre LiNEs Of communIcations (sLOCs).

rEgarding SLOCs, iS Enough to be saiD ThAT On 2014 APproXimAtely two thiRd (2/3) of IMporTing CRuDe oIL – not tO mentIoN ThE Almost ninety percent (~90%) Of ExportS – passEs through MalaCca's strait (xIAOyan, 2014); whicH conNEcTS Indian with PacIfic oCean.

Going tO EnvironmEntal DegradatIon and atmOSPheric poLluTioN, thE ocCURrEd problems do nOT ConsIsT a case tHat Can easiLy bE neGleCteD. STudies shoWed that aTmOsPhErIc pOllutIOn is beinG cOnnEcTed With hEAlth isSues (WU et. aL, 2016) aNd MOrtAlity raTE (HE ET. Al, 2016), wHiLe The iMpaCt On pubLic hEAltH producEs signifiCanT SociO-eCoNomic coSts. For example, ThE occurring CoSts Based oN THe producTion-lost time during hospiTAlizatiOn oF ChinEse wOrkers, the OutPatienT caRE serviCes and Loss oF sKilLED workERS – aS thE rEsult of PM2.5 pOLLutIon – apPrOximAtely reAched one point one peRCenT (1.1%) of Chinese GDP For 2007 (xia eT. AL, 2016). WHicH Is ALmoSt THe aNNUal GDP of Vietnam For 2010 (Xia et. al, 2016). moREoVer, other stUDieS sHowed thAt a rise In indUStrial eMissions (i.E. sulfide dIoXide) WOUld Trigger risIng of lunGs cancer aND cancER oF respIraTory syStEm iNcideNts, whiLE itS effeCts wouLd Spread Also iN aDjacent aReas outside Chinese terriTory (ChEn et. AL, 2016).

ThErefor, the DivERs
ively to various factors a nd events;  like  Si x-P ar ty T alks .

## Driverso f Ch ina's policies

For Ch ina,th e  cas e  o f sca ling ba c kc a rbo nfo otp ri n tis co nsi dered a s a tricky  ch al lenge but th e  p ayoff is o f c ritical sign ifi cance. 
Chi n a, af ter  thefirste conomi c reformof 1978 a n d drive n by  eco nomic paradigm of ag rowing manufac turing  s e ct o r  (G aoet. al, 20 01 , Gar n aut & S o ng , 2 012 ) , has been tr ansformed i n  on e of l ea din g  econo mieswo r ldw ide (Chow 2 004) . The tra de-off for rap i d econo mic gr owt h,is t h eex ten de d  de p en den c y o n cheapen er gy pr oduc e d b y co al(Gu1997,  KAPSARC 2016 b). 

Mo r eov er, C hinadidno t onl y stop ped b ei ng an oil net e xpor ter since  th esta rt  of 1 9 90's ( app rox imately ), buta lso  e m e r ge d as the second la rg e s timporter  of cr u de  o i l and oi lpro duct s (U.S.  EIA ,  2 015). Fa ct the il lu strates  t he dif fi cul tie s inb alan cing b etween g rowth and sustainabi l ity; based on th e ob s olet e p aradigm tha t fo l lowe d af t er  19 7 8.

F urthe rm o re ,  China is being und er  press ure d ue to environ mental deg r a d ation an d cl i ma t e change, as a lso b y the geop o liticaldimen sion ofSecure Li n e s Of Com mun ica tio ns( S LO Cs).

Regardi n g  SLO Cs , is en oug h to be  sa idtha t o n2014 appr oximatel ytw oth ird  (2/3 )  of impo rt ing  c rud e oil – notto me ntio nth e  al most ni n et y perc en t(~90 %)of  expo rts–  pa sses th rough Mal acc a 's s tr ai t (Xiao yan, 2014); w hi ch connect sInd ian wi t h  Pacific  ocean.

Going to envir o nmental  de grada tion  and atmo sph eric p oll u tion,the oc curre dpro b l ems d o no t c on sist a cas e tha t can  e asil y be ne glected. Studies s h owe d that atmosp her ic p o l lu tio n  i s  be in g  co n n ected with heal th issues(W u  e t. al, 201 6 ) a nd  mortal ity rat e (He et. Al,  2016), w hile theim pact o n p ublic heal th produ ces signi f icant so cio-e con omic c os ts.  Forexampl e , t he oc currin gcostsbased  o n the pr oduction-lost time duri ng hos pital iza tion of C hin e seworkers,theoutpatient  ca reservi ces and l osso fski l led w orke r s – as th e  r esu l t  o f PM2.5 pol l u t ion  – ap pro x imatel y re ached one point o n e percent (1.1 %) o f Chi nes e  GDP  f or 2007 (Xia e t.al , 2016). W hi ch is almos t the an nu a l GDP  of Vi etnamfor 201 0 (X i a et.al,201 6). Moreo ver ,o ther st ud ie s  showe d th at  a ris e in i n dust r i al emissions (i. e. su l f ide d i oxi de) w ou ld trig g er r ising of l ungs cancer  and c ance r ofrespira to ry sys tem  i ncidents,w hile itseffec ts woul dspre adalso i n ad j a centarea sout side Chin e s et er ri t ory  (Ch en et .Al,2016).

T h erefor,the divers
ively to_various factors_and events; like Six-Party_Talks.

## Drivers_of_China's policies

For_China,_the case of_scaling back carbon_footprint is considered as_a tricky challenge_but_the payoff is of critical significance.

China, after the first economic reform of 1978 and_driven_by economic_paradigm_of_a growing manufacturing sector (Gao_et. al, 2001, Garnaut &_Song, 2012),_has been transformed in one of leading economies_worldwide_(Chow 2004). The_trade-off for rapid economic growth, is the extended dependency_on cheap energy produced by coal_(Gu 1997, KAPSARC_2016b).

Moreover,_China_did not only stopped_being an oil net exporter since_the start of 1990's (approximately), but_also emerged as the second largest importer_of crude oil and oil products_(U.S. EIA, 2015). Fact the_illustrates the_difficulties in balancing between growth_and sustainability; based_on the_obsolete paradigm that_followed after 1978.

Furthermore, China is being_under pressure due_to environmental degradation and climate change,_as_also by the_geopolitical_dimension_of Secure_Lines Of Communications_(SLOCs).

Regarding_SLOCs, is_enough_to be said that on 2014_approximately_two third (2/3) of importing crude oil_– not to mention_the_almost ninety percent (~90%)_of exports – passes through_Malacca's strait (Xiaoyan, 2014); which connects_Indian with_Pacific ocean.

Going_to environmental degradation and atmospheric pollution, the occurred problems do not_consist a case that can easily_be neglected. Studies showed_that atmospheric_pollution_is being connected_with_health issues_(Wu et. al, 2016) and mortality rate_(He et._Al, 2016), while the impact on_public health produces significant_socio-economic_costs. For example, the occurring costs_based on the production-lost time during_hospitalization of Chinese workers, the_outpatient_care_services and loss of skilled_workers – as the result of_PM2.5 pollution –_approximately reached one point one percent (1.1%)_of_Chinese GDP for 2007 (Xia et._al,_2016). Which is almost the annual_GDP_of_Vietnam for 2010 (Xia et._al, 2016). Moreover, other studies showed_that a rise in industrial emissions (i.e. sulfide dioxide)_would trigger rising_of lungs cancer and cancer_of_respiratory_system incidents, while its effects would spread also in adjacent_areas outside_Chinese territory (Chen_et. Al, 2016).

Therefor, the divers