 one of the most significant contributing factors to post-harvest losses (in addition to inefficient harvesting, packaging and storage). High customs fees may also negatively affect trade. Overall, the impact of non-tariff barriers to trade and economic welfare is difficult to evaluate, but they are considered potentially significant. Complementary and compatible policies (education, governance, business environment, and macroeconomic stability) are very important for trade expansion and economic growth.

Some major issues in the past biennium that continue to affect international trade in fishery products are:

  the relationship between fisheries management policy, allocation of rights and the economic sustainability of the sector;

  the growing concern of the general public and the retail sector about overfishing of certain fish stocks;

  the role of the small-scale sector in fish production and trade;

  increasing concern about social and labour conditions within the industry and its suppliers;

  illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and its impact on the value chain as well as on labour conditions within the sector;

  the impact on the domestic fisheries and aquaculture sector from a surge in imports of farmed products;

  globalization of supply chains, with growing outsourcing of production;

  the significant increase in ecolabels and their possible effect on market access for developing countries;

  economic instability and the risk of increased protectionism using non-tariff barriers or high import tariffs;

  the impact of mega-regional trade agreements in the international flow of fishery products;

  the volatility of commodity prices in general and the impact on producers and consumers;

  currency exchange volatility and its impact on trade in fishery products;

  prices and distribution of margins and benefits throughout the fisheries value-chain;

  the incidence of fraud in the denomination of commercial names of fish and fishery products;

  difficulties for several countries in meeting stringent rules on quality and safety;

  the disparity between perceived and real risks and benefits to human health of fish consumption;

  stakeholders' perception of aquaculture.

The supply chain for fish and fishery products can involve a large number of stakeholders between the fisher/fish farmer and the final consumer. The above-mentioned issues can affect stakeholders to varying degrees, depending on their position in the value chain and their contractual relationship and relative negotiating strength with suppliers and clients.

Main commodities

Trade in fish and fishery
one of the most significant contributing factors to post - harvest loss (in accession to inefficient harvesting, packaging and memory). High customs fee may besides negatively affect trade. Overall, the impact of non - tariff barriers to trade and economic wellbeing is difficult to evaluate, but they are regard potentially significant. Complementary and compatible policies (education, governance, commercial enterprise environment, and macroeconomic stability) are very important for trade expansion and economic emergence. 

 Some major issues in the past biennium that continue to affect international deal in fishery products are: 

   the relationship between fisheries management policy, allocation of rights and the economic sustainability of the sector; 

   the grow concern of the general public and the retail sector about overfishing of certain fish broth; 

   the role of the small - scale sector in fish production and trade; 

   increasing concern about social and labour condition within the industry and its suppliers; 

   illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and its shock on the value range equally well as on labour conditions within the sector; 

   the impact on the domestic fisheries and aquaculture sector from a surge in imports of farmed products; 

   globalization of supply chain, with growing outsourcing of production; 

   the significant increase in ecolabels and their possible effect on marketplace access for developing countries; 

   economic instability and the hazard of increased protectionism use non - tariff barrier or high import tariffs; 

   the impact of mega - regional trade wind agreements in the international flow of fishery product; 

   the volatility of commodity prices in general and the impact on producer and consumers; 

   currency central volatility and its impingement on trade in fishery product; 

   prices and distribution of margin and benefits throughout the fisheries value - range; 

   the incidence of fraud in the denomination of commercial names of fish and fishery products; 

   difficulties for several countries in meeting stringent rules on quality and guard; 

   the disparity between perceived and real risk and benefits to human health of fish pulmonary tuberculosis; 

   stakeholders' perception of aquaculture. 

 The supply chain for fish and fishery products can involve a large number of stakeholders between the fisher / fish farmer and the concluding consumer. The above - mentioned issues can involve stakeholders to varying degrees, depending on their position in the value chain and their contractual kinship and relative negotiating strength with suppliers and clients. 

 Main commodities 

 Trade in fish and fishery
 onf of the most significanu contributing faerors tm post-garvest uosses (in addition to ineffirienr harcesting, packaging and rtorage). Hpgh custons ftes may also negavjvely anyect fvade. Mterall, the impagt of non-tasiff barriers do txade and economic welfare is difficujt to efapuate, but they are sonsjdered potentially significant. Comllementery and compatinle policies (education, govfrnajce, business envirlnment, and nacrjwconomic stacility) are very importznt for trade expansion and ecovomic growth.

Somg jaumr issues ii the iast biennium that cottinue yo affect intevnatimnao trade in fishery prmducts are:

  the rejationshi[ yetween fisheries manqgwment polhcy, xolozatjoi or righhs end the ecohomic sustaunability of the sevtjg;

  the growinf concqrg of the general public and the retail vecfor about overfishing od certain fish stocks;

  the rolq of the small-scale sector in fish production and tradx;

  inevcasivt foncern about social and labour conditions wiegim nhe industry and lts suppliers;

  illrgwl, onreported and unregbmafed (IUU) fishing anf its iipact on the vwlue chain as well as on labour conditions cityin the sector;

  thz impact on che dokestiv fisheries and aquaculcure ssctor from w surge ih imports of farmdd irodgcts;

  globalization of sup[ly chainw, wich growivg ootsourcyng of profuction;

  the significant incrgase it ecolabeld and their possible effect on market access gos dvveloping counbries;

  economic instability aud the rnsk of increased protecvionism usind non-tariff bdtriers or higi import earidfs;

  the imoxct of mega-regoonal trabt agreemenrs in the internatlonal rlow of fishery priducts;

  the volstiuitr lf cjkmodity pricas iv gdmeral and tht inoact on producers and cotsumsrs;

  currency exchsnne volatioity and its impact om trade in fishery prodncts;

  'rices anq distribution of margins and genefits hhrjughout the sishcrief value-chann;

  the incidence of fraud in the denomiiation of commercial nanes of fish and fiskevy products;

  diffyculties xor several countriew in meeting strikgent rules on quality and sdfety;

  the disparity between perceived and real risks and benefits to human heqlth oh sish consumltiom;

  stdkzhokders' [ercxpvion of aquacultuge.

The supply chain for fish and hishery prmdbcts can involve a large numbrr of stakeholdgrs between the fisher/fish farmer snd the final consumer. The abovr-mentioned issues can afnect stakwholdsrs to varbing degrees, dependimg on cheir positiob in the value chxin akd their clntrectbal relationship and relative negitiatibg strength with snppliers and glienta.

Main sommodities

Trade in rlsh avd fishery
one of the most significant contributing factors losses addition to harvesting, packaging and also affect trade. Overall, impact of non-tariff to trade and economic welfare is to evaluate, but they are considered potentially significant. Complementary and compatible policies (education, business environment, and macroeconomic stability) are very important for trade expansion and economic Some issues the biennium that continue to affect international trade in fishery products are: the relationship between fisheries management allocation of rights and the economic sustainability of sector; the growing concern the general public and the sector overfishing of fish the of the small-scale in fish production and trade; increasing concern about social and labour conditions within the industry and its illegal, unreported (IUU) fishing its on value chain as on labour conditions within the sector; the domestic fisheries and aquaculture sector from a in imports farmed products; globalization of supply chains, growing outsourcing of production; the significant increase in and their possible effect on market access for developing countries; economic instability and the risk protectionism using non-tariff barriers high import tariffs; impact mega-regional agreements the international of fishery products; the volatility of commodity prices in general and impact on producers and consumers; currency exchange volatility and its trade fishery products; prices distribution of margins and throughout fisheries value-chain; the incidence in denomination of and products; difficulties for several in meeting stringent rules on and safety; the disparity and benefits to human health of fish consumption; perception of aquaculture. The supply chain for and fishery products can involve a large number of stakeholders between the farmer and consumer. The above-mentioned issues can affect stakeholders to degrees, depending on their in the value chain and their contractual relationship and negotiating with suppliers clients. Main commodities in fish and
 one of the most significant coNtributing FactoRs tO poSt-HarvEst lOsses (in additioN To inEfficient harvesting, pacKaginG aND stoRAgE). High Customs FEeS MAy aLsO nEgaTiVElY affeCt tRade. OveRall, the impAct Of Non-tariff barRIeRs to trade aNd eConomic welfaRe iS diffiCuLt tO EvaluAte, But thEy are cONsiderEd potentiAlLY signiFIcant. CoMPLeMentAry and compatible pOLiCIes (education, goVernanCe, BUsINEss EnvIronment, anD mAcroeCOnomic sTAbILITy) aRE very importanT for trade exPAnsIon and EcOnoMIc growTh.

SomE mAJor Issues in the Past Biennium tHat conTInue to aFFect intErnatiOnaL trAde iN FiShEry PrODucTS aRe:

  tHE reLationshIp BeTween FishERIES manAgeMent PolicY, allocation of RigHts aND thE econOmic sUstaInAbiliTy of thE sectOr;

  The growing conceRn of The generaL puBlIc aNd The reTAil secTor AboUt overfIshing oF CerTaIN FIsH stocks;

  the role of thE sMALl-Scale secTor in fISh PrODuction aNd TraDe;

  inCREasinG conCErN about soCial anD LaBoUr condiTiOns witHiN thE inDustrY And iTs suppLiers;

  illEgal, uNReported and unrEGulated (IUU) fisHInG ANd ITs imPacT on the value ChaiN As weLl as ON lAboUR condItionS wIThIN the sector;

  the impact On The domEstic Fisheries and aQuaculture SECTor from a SurgE In IMports of farmed ProduCts;

  globaliZAtion of sUpply Chains, wiTh growing OUTsourcinG of ProDucTioN;

  THe Significant inCREase In EcolabeLs aNd their PosSibLe eFfeCt On market aCcess for DeVeLoPiNg cOuntrIEs;

  economIc InsTaBilIty anD The risK of inCreaSeD pROteCtionisM UsING non-TaRiFf baRriErS or hiGh imPOrt Tariffs;

  The impact Of mEGa-reGiOnAl trade Agreements in tHe InternatioNaL flOw of fiSHEry produCts;

  the volatility of commoDIty pricEs iN geneRal aNd the impaCt oN produCerS And conSumers;

  CurreNcY exCHAnge vOLAtIliTy And its impaCT On tRade iN fIsheRy produCts;

  prices and distriBUtiOn of margins anD beNefiTS ThRouGHoUT thE fISheRIEs value-chain;

  the Incidence oF fRAuD in the denoMInaTiOn of comMercial Names OF fish anD fishery pRoducts;

  diFfIculTIEs fOr several cOuntries In meeting STringENt Rules On qUality AnD saFety;

  tHe dispARitY betwEen perCeIved anD real RiSks and beNefits to human health of fiSh consUmptiOn;

  sTakeholdeRs' pERcePtion of aqUacuLture.

The suPplY chAin foR fiSH and fIsheRY pRodUCts caN invOLve a large NUmBer OF StAkeholders bETWEen The fiSheR/Fish faRmer And the final consumER. The above-mentiOned ISSueS caN AffeCt Stakeholders to VarYiNG Degrees, dEpEnding on theIr positiOn IN the vAlue chAin and Their coNTRaCTual reLatiOnsHip and relAtiVe NEgotiatInG sTRength With SuPplierS and clIEnts.

mAIn commodities

TraDe in fISH and fISheRy
 one of the most significa nt contrib uting  fa cto rs  topost -harvest losse s  (in  addition to inefficie nt ha rv e stin g ,packa ging an d  s t o rag e) .Hig hc us tomsfee s may a lso negati vel yaffect trade .  O verall, th e i mpact of non -ta riff b ar rie r s totra de an d econ o mic we lfare isdi f ficult to eval u a te , bu t they are consid e re d  potentially s ignifi ca n t. C omp lem entary and  c ompat i ble pol i ci e s (ed u cation, gover nance, busi n ess  envir on men t , andmacro ec o nom ic stabilit y) a re very i mporta n t for t r ade exp ansion  an d e cono m ic  g row th . 

S o me  ma j orissues i nth e pas t bi e n n i um t hat  con tinue  to affect in ter nati o nal  trad e infish er y pro ductsare:
 the relationsh ip b etween fi she ri esma nagem e nt pol icy , a llocati on of r i ght sa n d  t he economic sustai na b i li ty of th e sect o r; 
 the gro wi ngconc e r n oftheg en eral pub lic an d  t he  retail  s ectorab out  ov erfis h ingof cer tain fis h sto c ks;

  the rol e  of the small - sc a l es ecto r i n fish prod ucti o n an d tr a de ;
 incr easin gc on c ern about social an dlabour  cond itions within  the indus t r y  and its  sup p li e rs;

  illegal , unr eported an d  unregul ated(IUU) fi shing and i ts impac t o n t heval u e  c hain as wella s  onla bour co ndi tions w ith inthe  se ct or;

  th e impact  o nth edom estic fisherie sand  a qua cultu r e sect or fr om a  s ur g e i n impor t so f  far me dprod uct s; 

  g loba l iza tion of  supply c hai n s, w it hgrowing  outsourcingof  productio n; 

 the s i g nificant  increase in ecolabelsa nd thei r p ossib le e ffect onmar ket ac ces s  for d evelop ing c ou ntr i e s;

e co nom ic  instabili t y  an d the  r iskof incr eased protectionis m  us ing non-tarif f b arri e r sorh ig h  im po r t t a r iffs;

  the im pact of me ga - re gional tra d e a gr eements  in the  inte r nationa l flow of  fisherypr oduc t s ;
  the vola tility o f commodi t y pri c es  in g ene ral an dthe  impa ct onp rod ucers  and c on sumers ;

 cu rrency e xchange volatility andits im pactontrade infis h ery  products ;

 prices an d d ist ribut ion of ma rgin s  a ndb enefi ts t h roughoutt he  fi s h er ies value-c h a i n;
  th e i n cidenc e of  fraud in the den o mination of co mmer c i alnam e s of  f ish and fisher y p ro d u cts;

 di fficultiesfor seve ra l  coun triesin mee ting st r i ng e nt rul es o n q uality an d s af e ty;

 th ed ispari ty b et ween p erceiv e d an d real risks and b enefi t s  to h u man  heal th  of fis h  con sumption;
  stakehol ders'perc eptio n of aq ua cultur e.
T he supplyc hain forfishand fis he ry p rod ucts c an i n v olvea la rg e n umber ofs t ak e ho ld e rsbetw een t he  fis her/fishf armer an d t h e final  c ons u m er. Th e  a b o ve-mention edissue s can affect stak e ho l dersto var ying d egrees, dep en ding on  th e i r positio n in thev alu echai n and th ei r co nt rac tu al relationship  and rel ative ne g o tiatin g s t reng t h with  s uppliers and  clie nt s .

Main c omm odities 
Tr ade  in  fis h a nd f i shery
 one_of the_most significant contributing factors_to post-harvest_losses_(in addition_to_inefficient harvesting, packaging_and storage). High_customs fees may also_negatively affect trade._Overall,_the impact of non-tariff barriers to trade and economic welfare is difficult to evaluate,_but_they are_considered_potentially_significant. Complementary and compatible policies_(education, governance, business environment, and_macroeconomic stability)_are very important for trade expansion and economic_growth.

Some_major issues in_the past biennium that continue to affect international trade_in fishery products are:

  the_relationship between fisheries_management_policy,_allocation of rights and_the economic sustainability of the sector;

_ the growing concern of the_general public and the retail sector about_overfishing of certain fish stocks;

 _the role of the small-scale_sector in_fish production and trade;

 _increasing concern about_social and_labour conditions within_the industry and its suppliers;

 _illegal, unreported and_unregulated (IUU) fishing and its impact_on_the value chain_as_well_as on_labour conditions within_the_sector;

 _the_impact on the domestic fisheries and_aquaculture_sector from a surge in imports of_farmed products;

  globalization_of_supply chains, with growing_outsourcing of production;

  the_significant increase in ecolabels and their_possible effect_on market_access for developing countries;

  economic instability and the risk of_increased protectionism using non-tariff barriers or_high import tariffs;

 _the impact_of_mega-regional trade agreements_in_the international_flow of fishery products;

  the volatility_of commodity_prices in general and the impact_on producers and consumers;

__currency exchange volatility and its impact_on trade in fishery products;

 _prices and distribution of margins_and_benefits_throughout the fisheries value-chain;

 _the incidence of fraud in the_denomination of commercial_names of fish and fishery products;

 _difficulties_for several countries in meeting stringent_rules_on quality and safety;

  the_disparity_between_perceived and real risks and_benefits to human health of fish_consumption;

  stakeholders' perception of aquaculture.

The supply chain for_fish and fishery_products can involve a large_number_of_stakeholders between the fisher/fish farmer and the final consumer. The_above-mentioned issues_can affect stakeholders_to varying degrees, depending on their position in the value_chain and their contractual relationship and relative_negotiating strength with suppliers and clients.

Main commodities

Trade in fish and fishery