 fish processing, aquaculture operations and related activities generally feature many important characteristics of decent working conditions for fishworkers. However, employment in the sector often still provides insufficient income, commonly exploits fishworkers, occurs under hazardous conditions and is characterized by gender inequality. In particular, there are major concerns worldwide about the presence of child labour and forced labour, as well as the exploitation of migrant workers. The protection of labour rights in fishing and aquaculture is limited. Internationally recognized labour standards are often not applied or enforced. The reasons for these decent work deficits are often linked to other factors that impede the full enjoyment of human rights, including civil, political, social and cultural rights. In fact, there are common factors in the sector that hinder the achieving of decent working conditions. Among these are seasonality, informality, remoteness and the hazardous nature of work as well as particularly complex value chains.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines decent work as "productive work for women and men in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity".44 This definition has been endorsed by the international community.45 To implement the definition, the decent work agenda46 was developed and agreed by ILO members and the international labour community. It represents a programmatic framework to operationalize the decent work definition around four pillars:

1. employment creation and enterprise development;

2. social protection;

3. standards and rights at work;

4. governance and social dialogue.

FAO supports and contributes to the implementation of the ILO decent work agenda in rural areas. It specifically included promotion of decent rural employment (Box 13) under its new Strategic Framework 2010-2019. In fact, promoting decent employment in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors is increasingly seen as essential to achieving food security and eliminating poverty in rural areas.

Decent work deficits

**Employment creation and enterprise development**

A large share of fishers, fish farmers and people employed in fish processing activities live in developing countries, where employment in the sector is characterized by very low incomes, high seasonality and low productivity. While low earnings and productivity result from a wide variety of context-specific causes, common challenges facing fishworkers include poor access to vocational training, extension services, markets and advanced technologies. Operations are often concentrated in areas with poor infrastructure, which affects the range of activities and unit production costs. Moreover, high post-harvest losses of already low production are caused by lack of proper handling of
fish processing, aquaculture operations and related activities generally have many authoritative characteristics of decent working conditions for fishworkers. However, use in the sector often still provides insufficient income, normally exploit fishworkers, occurs under hazardous conditions and is characterized by gender inequality. In finical, there are major concerns worldwide about the bearing of child labour and forced labour, as well as the exploitation of migrant workers. The protection of labour rights in fishing and aquaculture is circumscribed. Internationally recognized labour standards are much not applied or enforced. The cause for these decent employment deficits are often linked to other factors that obstruct the full enjoyment of human rights, including civil, political, social and cultural rights. In fact, there are coarse factors in the sector that hinder the achieving of decent working conditions. Among these are seasonality, informality, remoteness and the hazardous nature of work as well as particularly complex value chains. 

 The International Labour Organization (ILO) specify decent work as " fat workplace for women and men in conditions of exemption, equity, security system and human dignity".44 This definition has been endorsed by the international community.45 To enforce the definition, the decent work agenda46 was developed and agreed by ILO members and the international labour community. It represents a programmatic framework to operationalize the decent workplace definition around four pillars: 

 1. use initiation and enterprise development; 

 2. social protection; 

 3. standards and rights at workplace; 

 4. governance and social dialogue. 

 FAO supports and contribute to the implementation of the ILO decent work agenda in rural areas. It specifically admit promotion of adequate rural employment (Box 13) under its new Strategic Framework 2010 - 2019. In fact, promote decent use in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors is increasingly seen as substantive to achieving food security and eliminating poverty in rural areas. 

 Decent oeuvre deficits 

 * * Employment creation and enterprise development * * 

 A large share of fishers, fish farmers and citizenry employed in fish processing activity live in developing countries, where employment in the sector is characterized by very low income, high seasonality and low productivity. While low earnings and productivity result from a wide variety show of context - specific lawsuit, common challenges facing fishworkers include poor access to vocational education, extension services, markets and advanced technologies. Operations are often concentrated in areas with poor infrastructure, which affect the range of activities and unit production costs. Moreover, eminent post - harvest losses of already low production are caused by lack of proper handling of
 fidh processing, aquaculturt operations and teoated ectivitjes genefally feature many important cyaracuvristics of decent wofking confitions dor hishworkers. Howetsr, employment ln thz wector often sjill providev insufficient ivclme, commonly exploits fishworkers, oscurs umdfr hazardous cjndiuiogs ahd is characterized by gender ineqhality. Pn particular, thete are major concerns worlfwidf about the presenfe of child labjyr and forcea labour, as well as thg exploitation of migrant workerr. The protectiob if pdbour rightw in sishing and aquacultgre is kimited. Internstimnaoly recognized labour standards are oftgn not appnizd or enforced. The reqsins fmr tvese eecdnt wpri defifita are ofteh linked to other factors that iiirde the full enjoyiegt of human rights, including civil, poliuical, social and cultural rithts. In fact, there arg common fwctors in the sector that hinder the achieving of deceit woxjing zinfitions. Among these are seasonality, informalieg, tekoteness and tme hazardous naturr lf rork as well xs parcjchlarly complex valke chaigs.

The Internatyonak Labour Organization (ILO) dwfines decenn woek as "productive wlrk for womzn and men on conditions of freedoo, eqhity, securihy and hujxn dignity".44 This aefpnithon has been endorsed by tre internetioncl commuvity.45 To im[lement thf defltition, the decent aork cgendd46 was devepoped and agreed by ILO members and the intermadiotal labobr comkunity. It repwesents a progtammatic yramewurk to opegationalive the decene work definidlon around fmur pillwrs:

1. wmpliyment zfeation and enyerprise btvelopment;

2. social protection;

3. stxhdards and righcr at work;

4. governsncd agd spcydl dialogue.

FDO sjpputts avd contribubes to yhe implementation ox ths ILO decent work sgcnda in roral areaf. It specificslly included promltion of decemt tural employment (Box 13) under its new Straheglc Framework 2010-2019. In nact, promoting decent employment in the agriculture, firestry and fisheties sectors is increcslngly seen ax essqntial to achieving food secueity and eliminatlng poverty in rural adeas.

Dewent aork deficits

**Employment creation and enterprise development**

A large share if fisiews, fish farjers and ieo'le emplored mn fish processing activities live in developing rountries, fhzre employment in the sector os characterizea by very low incomes, hifh seasomality and low productivity. Whike low earnings and prodmctivity eesulf from a wmde variety of contect-specnfic cquses, cimmok challenges fxcimg fishworkfrs mncmude poor access to vocational teainint, fxtension servicxs, markets akd advahced tgchnologies. Operafiona are uften concenttated in areas with poor infrastrubtuwe, which affecus the range of activinies and unit production costs. Moreover, high post-harvest losses of already mow produdtion arc caused by lack ph proper handling of
fish processing, aquaculture operations and related activities many characteristics of working conditions for sector still provides insufficient commonly exploits fishworkers, under hazardous conditions and is characterized gender inequality. In particular, there are major concerns worldwide about the presence of labour and forced labour, as well as the exploitation of migrant workers. The of rights fishing aquaculture is limited. Internationally recognized labour standards are often not applied or enforced. The reasons for decent work deficits are often linked to other that impede the full of human rights, including civil, social cultural rights. fact, are factors in the that hinder the achieving of decent working conditions. Among these are seasonality, informality, remoteness and the hazardous of work as particularly value The Labour Organization (ILO) work as "productive work for women conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity".44 definition has endorsed by the international community.45 To the definition, the decent work agenda46 was developed agreed by ILO members and the international labour community. It represents a programmatic framework to decent work definition around pillars: 1. employment and development; social 3. standards rights at work; 4. governance and social dialogue. FAO supports and to the implementation of the ILO decent work agenda in It included promotion of rural employment (Box 13) its Strategic Framework 2010-2019. In decent in and sectors increasingly seen as essential achieving food security and eliminating in rural areas. Decent enterprise development** A large share of fishers, fish and people employed in fish processing activities in developing countries, where employment in the sector is characterized by very incomes, high low productivity. While low earnings and productivity result a wide variety of causes, common challenges facing fishworkers include poor access to training, services, markets advanced technologies. Operations often concentrated in with poor infrastructure, the range activities unit high post-harvest losses of already low are by lack of proper handling
 fish processing, aquaculture Operations And reLatEd aCtIvitIes gEnerally featurE Many Important characteristiCs of dEcENt woRKiNg conDitions FOr FIShwOrKeRs. HOwEVeR, emplOymEnt in thE sector oftEn sTiLl provides inSUfFicient incOme, Commonly explOitS fishwOrKerS, OccurS unDer haZardouS ConditIons and is ChARacterIZed by geNDEr IneqUality. In particulaR, ThERe are major concErns woRlDWiDE AboUt tHe presence Of Child LAbour anD FoRCED laBOur, as well as thE exploitatiON of MigranT wOrkERs. The pRotecTiON of Labour rightS in fIshing and AquacuLTure is lIMited. InTernatIonAllY recOGnIzEd lAbOUr sTAnDarDS arE often noT aPpLied oR enfORCED. The ReaSons For thEse decent work DefIcitS Are Often LinkeD to oThEr facTors thAt impEdE the full enjoymeNt of Human righTs, iNcLudInG civiL, PolitiCal, SocIal and cUltural RIghTs. iN FAcT, there are common facToRS In The sectoR that hINdEr THe achievInG of DeceNT WorkiNg coNDiTions. AmoNg thesE ArE sEasonalItY, inforMaLitY, reMotenESs anD the haZardous nAture OF work as well as pARticularly comPLeX VAlUE chaIns.

the InternatIonaL laboUr OrGAnIzaTIon (ILo) defiNeS DeCEnt work as "productive WoRk for wOmen aNd men in conditIons of freeDOM, Equity, seCuriTY aND human dignity".44 THis deFinition haS Been endoRsed bY the inteRnational COMmunity.45 TO imPleMenT thE DEfInition, the decENT worK aGenda46 waS deVeloped And AgrEed By IlO Members anD the inteRnAtIoNaL laBour cOMmunity. IT rEprEsEntS a proGRammatIc fraMewoRk To OPerAtionalIZe THE decEnT wOrk dEfiNiTion aRounD FouR pillarS:

1. employmeNt cREatiOn AnD enterpRise developmeNt;

2. Social protEcTioN;

3. standARDs and rigHts at work;

4. governance and sOCial diaLogUe.

FAO SuppOrts and coNtrIbutes To tHE impleMentatIon of ThE ILo DEcent WORk AgeNdA in rural arEAS. It SpeciFiCallY includEd promotion of decenT RurAl employment (BOx 13) uNder ITS nEw STRaTEgiC FRAmeWORk 2010-2019. In fact, promotiNg decent emPlOYmEnt in the agRIcuLtUre, foreStry and FisheRIes sectOrs is incrEasingly sEeN as eSSEntIal to achieVing food Security aND elimINaTing pOveRty in rUrAl aReas.

DEcent wORk dEficiTs

**EmplOyMent crEatioN aNd enterpRise development**

A large shAre of fIsherS, fiSh farmers And PEopLe employeD in fIsh processIng ActIvitiEs lIVe in dEvelOPiNg cOUntriEs, whERe employmENt In tHE SeCtor is charaCTERizEd by vEry LOw incoMes, hIgh seasonality and LOw productivity. whilE LOw eArnINgs aNd Productivity reSulT fROM a wide vaRiEty of contexT-specifiC cAUses, cOmmon cHallenGes faciNG FiSHworkeRs inCluDe poor accEss To VOcationAl TrAIning, eXtenSiOn servIces, maRKets AND advanced technolOgies. oPEratiONs aRe oftEn ConcentRAted In areas witH poor infrasTructuRe, whIch afFects thE rAnge of ActIvIties and unIT productiOn cosTs. MoreoVeR, higH poSt-harvEst lOSSes of AlreAdY loW productiON ArE CaUsED by Lack Of proPeR hanDling of
 fish processing, aquacult ure operat ionsand  re la tedacti vities general l y fe ature many important c harac te r isti c sof de cent wo r ki n g  co nd it ion sf or  fish wor kers. H owever, em plo ym ent in the s e ct or often s til l provides i nsu fficie nt  in c ome,com monly  explo i ts fis hworkers,  o c curs u n der haz a r do us c onditions and isc ha r acterized by g enderin e qu a l ity . I n particul ar , the r e are m a jo r c onc e rns worldwide  about thep res ence o fchi l d labo ur an df orc ed labour,as w ell as th e expl o itation of migr ant wo rke rs.  The pr ot ect io n  of la bou r  ri ghts infi sh ing a nd a q u a c ultu reis l imite d. Internatio nal ly r e cog nized  labo ur s ta ndard s areoften  n ot applied or e nfor ced. Therea so nsfo r the s e dece ntwor k defic its are oft en l i nk ed to other factor st h at  impedethe fu l len j oyment o fhum an r i g hts,incl u di ng civil , poli t ic al , socia land cu lt ura l r ights .  Infact,there ar e com m on factors int he sector tha t  h i n de r  the  ac hieving ofdece n t wo rkin g  c ond i tions . Amo ng th e se are seasonality,  i nforma lity,  remoteness a nd the haz a r d ous natu re o f  w o rk as well asparti cularly co m plex val ue ch ains.

T he Intern a t ional La bou r O rga niz a t io n (ILO) defin e s  dec en t workas"produc tiv e w ork  fo rwomen and  men inco nd it io nsof fr e edom, eq ui ty,  s ecu ritya nd hum an di gnit y" .4 4  Th is defi n it i o n ha sbe en e ndo rs ed by  the int ernatio nal commu nit y .45To  i mplemen t the definit io n, the dec en t w ork ag e n da46 was  developed and agreed b y  ILO me mbe rs an d th e interna tio nal la bou r  commu nity.It re pr ese n t s a p r o gr amm at ic framewo r k  to  oper at iona lize th e decent work defi n iti on around fou r p illa r s :
1. em p loy me n t c r e ation and enter prise deve lo p me nt;

2. so c ial  p rotecti on;

3.  stan d ards an d rightsat work;
4 . go v e rna nce and so cial dia logue.

F A O sup p or ts an d c ontrib ut esto th e impl e men tatio n of t he  ILO d ecent  w ork agen da in rural areas. It s pecifi cally  in cluded pr omo t ion  of decen t ru ral employ men t ( Box 1 3)u nderitsn ew  St r ategi c Fr a mework 20 1 0- 201 9 .  I n fact, pro m o t ing  dece nte mploym entin the agricultur e , forestry and  fis h e rie s s e ctor sis increasingl y s ee n as essen ti al to achie ving foo ds ecuri ty and  elimi natingp o ve r ty inrura l a reas.

De cen tw ork def ic it s 

**Em ploy me nt cre ationa nd e n t erprise developm ent** A lar g e s hareof  fisher s , fi sh farmers  and people  emplo yedin fi sh proc es sing a cti vi ties livei n develop ing c ountrie s,  whe reemploy ment i n the  sec to r i s charact e r iz e dby ver y lo w inc om es,high seas o nality a ndl ow prod uc tiv i t y. Whi l el o w earnings  an d pro d u ctivity re s ultf ro m  a wi de var iety o f conte x t-s pe cific c aus e s , commonchallenge s  fa ci ng f ishworke rs  inc lu depo or access to vo cational  trainin g ,  exten sio n  ser v ices,ma rkets and ad vance dt echnolo g i es.  Operat i ons  ar e o ften  co ncen t rated in areas with poor  inf rastr u ctu re, w hichaf fects th e  ran ge of ac t ivities and u nit productionc ost s . Mo reo v er ,high post -ha r vestloss esof a lre adyl o w pr o duct i on  are  cause d by  l ac k of prop er  handli n g of 
 fish_processing, aquaculture_operations and related activities_generally feature_many_important characteristics_of_decent working conditions_for fishworkers. However,_employment in the sector_often still provides_insufficient_income, commonly exploits fishworkers, occurs under hazardous conditions and is characterized by gender inequality._In_particular, there_are_major_concerns worldwide about the presence_of child labour and forced_labour, as_well as the exploitation of migrant workers. The_protection_of labour rights_in fishing and aquaculture is limited. Internationally recognized labour_standards are often not applied or_enforced. The reasons_for_these_decent work deficits are_often linked to other factors that_impede the full enjoyment of human_rights, including civil, political, social and cultural_rights. In fact, there are common_factors in the sector that_hinder the_achieving of decent working conditions._Among these are_seasonality, informality,_remoteness and the_hazardous nature of work as well_as particularly complex_value chains.

The International Labour Organization (ILO)_defines_decent work as_"productive_work_for women_and men in_conditions_of freedom,_equity,_security and human dignity".44 This definition_has_been endorsed by the international community.45 To_implement the definition, the_decent_work agenda46 was developed_and agreed by ILO members_and the international labour community. It_represents a_programmatic framework_to operationalize the decent work definition around four pillars:

1. employment creation_and enterprise development;

2. social protection;

3. standards_and rights at work;

4._governance and_social_dialogue.

FAO supports and_contributes_to the_implementation of the ILO decent work agenda_in rural_areas. It specifically included promotion of_decent rural employment (Box_13)_under its new Strategic Framework 2010-2019._In fact, promoting decent employment in_the agriculture, forestry and fisheries_sectors_is_increasingly seen as essential to_achieving food security and eliminating poverty_in rural areas.

Decent_work deficits

**Employment creation and enterprise development**

A large_share_of fishers, fish farmers and people_employed_in fish processing activities live in_developing_countries,_where employment in the sector_is characterized by very low incomes,_high seasonality and low productivity. While low earnings and_productivity result from_a wide variety of context-specific_causes,_common_challenges facing fishworkers include poor access to vocational training, extension_services, markets_and advanced technologies._Operations are often concentrated in areas with poor infrastructure, which_affects the range of activities and unit_production costs. Moreover, high post-harvest losses of already low production are_caused by lack of proper handling of