 as shown in Bangladesh and Cambodia with small traditional species (rich in vitamin A, iron, zinc and calcium) being grown in polyculture with high-value fish. It is also essential that the population in general, but specifically pregnant women, be advised of the need for and sources of micronutrients, especially for infants.28

Improving utilization of existing fisheries resources

The amount of the captured fish destined for non-food use has fallen, down from 34.2 million tonnes in 1994 to 20.9 million tonnes in 2014 (22.4 percent of total catches). The reasons for this drop range from the increased use for human consumption and a decrease in dedicated fishing for feed production (due to tighter quota setting and additional controls on unregulated fishing). Another factor is the increased use of fish residues and by-products, increasingly replacing whole fish for fishmeal and fish-oil production (see below).

More emphasis on production, consumer access, distribution and utilization of low-cost nutrient-rich fish (e.g. small pelagic species), and better utilization of often-wasted nutrient-dense parts of fish could boost availability and consumption of fish nutrients. This would require policy changes, infrastructure investment and more research (including on how to cut post-harvest losses in fisheries), as well as consumer education.

More from less

A persistently high volume of post-harvest losses removes large quantities of fish from the market - up to 25 percent in many developing countries. The reasons include: lack of infrastructure; lack of access to credit; lack of knowledge (limited education); and little or no access to technology. There are physical losses due to inadequate preservation or storage facilities, additional losses when processing waste is not converted to edible by-products, as well as nutritional losses due to a reduction in quality caused by damage during storage and processing.

Reducing post-harvest losses and discards is technically easy but requires far-reaching policy change and infrastructure investment. Before expecting industry to invest in bringing fish to market with efficient transport and functioning cold chains, it is essential to build landing centres and roads linking production areas to population centres. Access to credit must be assured in order to encourage participation from small-scale operators, and comprehensive educational and technology programmes are needed to change perceptions.

Bycatch and discards of non-commercial species in capture fisheries represent a substantial loss in both developed and developing countries (see section Cutting bycatch and discards, p. 118). Disc
as shown in Bangladesh and Cambodia with small traditional species (rich in vitamin deoxyadenosine monophosphate, iron, zinc and calcium) being grow in polyculture with high - value pisces. It is besides essential that the population in general, but specifically pregnant woman, be advised of the need for and reference of micronutrients, especially for infants.28 

 better utilization of existing fishery resources 

 The amount of the captured fish destined for non - food use has fallen, down from 34.2 million metric ton in 1994 to 20.9 million tonnes in 2014 (22.4 percent of total catch). The reasons for this drop scope from the increased function for human consumption and a decrease in dedicated fishing for feed production (due to tighter quota place setting and additional controls on unregulated fishing). Another factor is the increased use of fish residues and by - products, increasingly replacing whole fish for fishmeal and fish - oil production (see below). 

 More emphasis on product, consumer access, distribution and utilization of depleted - price nutrient - rich pisces (e.g. small pelagic species), and good utilization of often - wasted nutrient - dense parts of fish could promote availability and consumption of fish nutrients. This would command policy changes, infrastructure investing and more inquiry (include on how to cut post - harvest losses in fisheries), equally well as consumer education. 

 More from less 

 A persistently high volume of post - harvest losses removes large quantities of fish from the market - up to 25 percentage in many developing countries. The reasons include: lack of infrastructure; lack of access to recognition; lack of knowledge (circumscribed education); and little or no access to technology. There be physical losses due to inadequate preservation or storage facility, additional loss when processing waste is not converted to edible by - merchandise, as well as nutritional losses due to a reduction in timbre caused by damage during storage and processing. 

 Reducing post - harvest losses and discards is technically easy but want far - reaching policy change and infrastructure investment. Before expecting industry to invest in bring pisces to grocery store with efficient transport and functioning cold chains, it is essential to build landing center and roads linking production sphere to population centres. Access to credit must be assured in order to promote participation from small - scale operators, and comprehensive educational and technology programmes are needed to switch perceptions. 

 Bycatch and discards of non - commercial species in capture fisheries represent a substantial passing in both developed and developing countries (see section Cutting bycatch and discards, p. 118). Disc
 as shown in Bangladesh and Cambodia with small tcaditiohal speckes (rich in vitamin A, iron, zmnc qnd cqlcium) being grown in oolycultuge with hugh-velue fish. It is emso esscutial bhat chx population in general, bgt specificallf orzgnant women, be advised of the need sor and slurces of micrjnutgiqnts, vskecially for infants.28

Improving utimizatioi of existing fosheries resources

The amoujt ov the captured fisj destined dor gin-food use hxs fallen, down from 34.2 mjllion tonnes in 1994 to 20.9 million tunnes in 2014 (22.4 percgur ov total catcies). Thv reasons for this drmp rangr from the incveasev usw for human consumptimn and a decrease yn dedicadeb fishing for feed pridyctiot (dua to rigfted aukta sehtiig and addifional conteols on unregulated fywhing). Another factow ys the increased use of fish residues atd gy-products, increasingly replacing whole fish for fishieal and fish-oil production (see below).

More emphasiv on 'rudueblon, zindumer access, distribution and utilization of jkw-voxt nutrient-ricm fish (e.g. small pekahiv species), and cetter utjlization of often-aasted gutriwnt-dense karts of fish could boost availavility and cjbsumption of fish uutrients. Thns woukd reauire policy changes, inyrastrhcture invedtment ans more research (ivclldinc on how to cut post-harvese losses mn fixheries), as eell af consumer education.

More from less

W perdivtently hihh volume of post-harvest losses removes large qgannities of fish from the marhet - up to 25 petcent in iany aeveloping countrmes. The reasjns include: ldfk of infrasvructure; jack of qccess gu credit; lack pf knowlebye (limitee education); and libtle ud no access to ctchbology. There arr pfysycwl ljvses due to hnaddquxye prdservation if stprage facilities, addhtiohal losses when prpccssing wawte is njt converted yo edible by-producus, as xell ar nuttityonal losses due to a reductioh in quallty caused by dwmagc duting storagz and processing.

Reducing post-harvest loswes and discards iw technically easy yuu requires fac-reachyng policf change and infrasteucture investmenu. Before expecting induatry tm invfst in bringing fish to market with efficient transport and functioning cild cheigs, it is esaentoal tm yuikd lanqing rentres and roads linking production areas to po'ulation cancres. Access to credit must be arsured in ordgr to encourage participatjon from small-scale operators, and comprrhensive educational and technoligy pdogrammes ere needed to change perce'tions.

Vycatch and discards of von-volmercial dpecmes in capture fisheries represent q subsrajtial loss in bovh developed xnd dgvelopind countries (see aectjln Cujting bycatch snd discards, p. 118). Disc
as shown in Bangladesh and Cambodia with species in vitamin iron, zinc and with fish. It is essential that the in general, but specifically pregnant women, advised of the need for and sources of micronutrients, especially for infants.28 Improving of existing fisheries resources The amount of the captured fish destined for non-food has down 34.2 tonnes in 1994 to 20.9 million tonnes in 2014 (22.4 percent of total catches). The reasons this drop range from the increased use for consumption and a decrease dedicated fishing for feed production to quota setting additional on fishing). Another factor the increased use of fish residues and by-products, increasingly replacing whole fish for fishmeal and fish-oil production below). More production, consumer distribution utilization low-cost nutrient-rich fish pelagic species), and better utilization of of fish could boost availability and consumption of nutrients. This require policy changes, infrastructure investment and research (including on how to cut post-harvest losses fisheries), as well as consumer education. More from less A persistently high volume of post-harvest large quantities of fish the market - to percent many countries. The include: lack of infrastructure; lack of access to credit; lack of (limited education); and little or no access to technology. There losses to inadequate preservation storage facilities, additional losses processing is not converted to as as to reduction quality caused by damage storage and processing. Reducing post-harvest and discards is technically change and infrastructure investment. Before expecting industry to in bringing fish to market with efficient and functioning cold chains, it is essential to build landing centres and linking production population centres. Access to credit must be assured order to encourage participation small-scale operators, and comprehensive educational and technology programmes are to perceptions. Bycatch discards of non-commercial in capture fisheries a substantial loss developed and countries section discards, p. 118). Disc
 as shown in Bangladesh and CamBodia with sMall tRadItiOnAl spEcieS (rich in vitamin a, Iron, Zinc and calcium) being groWn in pOlYCultURe With hIgh-valuE FiSH. it iS aLsO esSeNTiAl thaT thE populaTion in geneRal, BuT specificallY PrEgnant womeN, be Advised of the NeeD for anD sOurCEs of mIcrOnutrIents, eSPecialLy for infaNtS.28

improvINg utiliZATiOn of Existing fisheries REsOUrces

The amount Of the cApTUrED FisH deStined for nOn-Food uSE has falLEn, DOWN frOM 34.2 million tonneS in 1994 to 20.9 millioN TonNes in 2014 (22.4 pErCenT Of totaL catcHeS). the Reasons for tHis dRop range fRom the INcreaseD Use for hUman coNsuMptIon aND a DeCreAsE In dEDiCatED fiShing for FeEd ProduCtioN (DUE To tiGhtEr quOta seTting and additIonAl coNTroLs on uNreguLateD fIshinG). AnothEr facToR is the increased Use oF fish resiDueS aNd bY-pRoducTS, increAsiNglY replacIng wholE FisH fOR FIsHmeal and fish-oil proDuCTIoN (see beloW).

More eMPhAsIS on produCtIon, ConsUMEr accEss, dIStRibution And utiLIzAtIon of loW-cOst nutRiEnt-RicH fish (E.G. smaLl pelaGic speciEs), and BEtter utilizatiON of often-wasteD NuTRIeNT-denSe pArts of fish cOuld BOost AvaiLAbIliTY and cOnsumPtIOn OF fish nutrients. This wOuLd requIre poLicy changes, inFrastructuRE INvestmenT and MOrE Research (includIng on How to cut poST-harvest LosseS in fisheRies), as welL AS consumeR edUcaTioN.

MoRE FrOm less

A persisTENtly HiGh volumE of Post-harVesT loSseS reMoVes large qUantitieS oF fIsH fRom The maRKet - up to 25 pErCenT iN maNy devELoping CountRies. thE rEAsoNs incluDE: lACK of iNfRaStruCtuRe; Lack oF accESs tO credit; Lack of knoWleDGe (liMiTeD educatIon); and little oR nO access to tEcHnoLogy. ThERE are physIcal losses due to inadequaTE preserVatIon or StorAge faciliTieS, additIonAL losseS when pRocesSiNg wASTe is nOT CoNveRtEd to edible BY-ProDucts, As Well As nutriTional losses due to a REduCtion in qualitY caUsed BY DaMagE DuRIng StORagE ANd processing.

RedUcing post-hArVEsT losses and DIscArDs is tecHnicallY easy BUt requiRes far-reaChing poliCy ChanGE And InfrastrucTure inveStment. BefORe expECtIng inDusTry to iNvEst In briNging fISh tO markEt with EfFicienT tranSpOrt and fuNctioning cold chains, it is EssentIal to BuiLd landing CenTRes And roads lInkiNg productiOn aReaS to poPulATion cEntrES. ACceSS to crEdit MUst be assuREd In oRDEr To encourage PARTicIpatiOn fROm smalL-scaLe operators, and comPRehensive educaTionAL And TecHNoloGy Programmes are nEedEd TO Change peRcEptions.

BycaTch and diScARds of Non-comMerciaL specieS IN cAPture fIsheRieS represenT a sUbSTantial LoSs IN both dEvelOpEd and dEvelopINg coUNTries (see section CUttinG BYcatcH And DiscaRdS, p. 118). Disc
 as shown in Bangladesh an d Cambodia  with  sm all  t radi tion al species (ri c h in  vitamin A, iron, zinc  andca l cium )  b einggrown i n  p o l ycu lt ur e w it h  h igh-v alu e fish.  It is als o e ss ential thatt he  populatio n i n general, b utspecif ic all y  preg nan t wom en, be advise d of thene e d fora nd sour c e sof m icronutrients, es p ec i ally for infan ts.28
I m pr o v ing  ut ilizationof  exis t ing fis h er i e s  re s ources

The a mount of th e  ca ptured  f ish destin ed fo rn on- food use ha s fa llen, dow n from 34.2 mi l lion to nnes i n 1 994  to2 0. 9mil li o n t o nn esi n 2 014 (22. 4pe rcent  oft o t a l ca tch es).  Thereasons for t his  dro p  ra nge f rom t he i nc rease d usefor h um an consumptionanda decreas e i nded ic atedf ishing  fo r f eed pro duction (du et o ti ghter quota settin ga n daddition al con t ro ls on unreg ul ate d fi s h ing).  Ano t he r factor  is th e  i nc reasedus e of f is h r esi duesa nd b y-prod ucts, in creas i ngly replacing whole fish fo r  f i s hm e al a ndfish-oil pr oduc t ion(see be low ) .

Mo re em ph a si s  on production, con su mer ac cess,  distribution  and utili z a t ion of l ow-c o st nutrient-richfish(e.g. smal l  pelagic  spec ies), an d betteru t ilizatio n o f o fte n-w a s te d nutrient-de n s e pa rt s of fi shcould b oos t a vai lab il ity and c onsumpti on  o ffi shnutri e nts. Thi swou ld  re quire policy  chan ges,  i nf r ast ructure in v e stme nt  a nd m ore  r esear ch ( i ncl uding o n how tocut post -h ar vest lo sses in fishe ri es), as we ll  as  consu m e r educat ion.

More from less

A persist ent ly hi gh v olume ofpos t-harv est losses  remov es la rg e q u a ntiti e s  o f f is h from the m ark et -up  to25 perc ent in many develo p ing  countries. T hereas o n sinc l ud e : l ac k  of i nfrastructure;lack of ac ce s sto credit; lac kof know ledge ( limit e d educa tion); an d littleor  noa c ces s to techn ology. T here arep hysic a llosse s d ue toin ade quate  prese r vat ion o r stor ag e faci litie s,  additio nal losses when process ing wa ste i s n ot conver ted toedible by -pro ducts, aswel l a s nut rit i onalloss e sdue to aredu c tion in q u al ity c au sed by dama g e dur ing s tor a ge and  pro cessing.

Reducin g  post-harvestloss e s  an d d i scar ds  is technicall y e as y but requ ir es far-reac hing pol ic y  chan ge and  infra structu r e  i n vestme nt.Bef ore expec tin gi ndustry  t oi nvestin b ri ngingfish t o  mar k e t with efficient  tran s p ort a n d f uncti on ing col d  cha ins, it is  essentialto bui ld l andin g centr es  and r oad slinking pr o duction a reasto popu la tion  ce ntres.  Acc e s s tocred it  mu st be ass u r ed in  o r der  toencou ra ge p articipat i on fromsma l l-scale  o per a t ors, a n dc o mprehensiv e e ducat i o nal and te c hnol o gy progr ammesare ne eded to cha ng e perce pti o n s.

Bycat ch and di s car ds  ofnon-comm er cial  s pec ie s in capture fi sheriesrepresen t a subs tan t iall oss in  b oth develope d and  d e velopin g cou ntries( see  se cti on C utt ingb ycatch and discards, p.118) . Dis c 
 as_shown in_Bangladesh and Cambodia with_small traditional_species_(rich in_vitamin_A, iron, zinc_and calcium) being_grown in polyculture with_high-value fish. It_is_also essential that the population in general, but specifically pregnant women, be advised of_the_need for_and_sources_of micronutrients, especially for infants.28

Improving_utilization of existing fisheries resources

The_amount of_the captured fish destined for non-food use has_fallen,_down from 34.2_million tonnes in 1994 to 20.9 million tonnes in_2014 (22.4 percent of total catches)._The reasons for_this_drop_range from the increased_use for human consumption and a_decrease in dedicated fishing for feed_production (due to tighter quota setting and_additional controls on unregulated fishing). Another_factor is the increased use_of fish_residues and by-products, increasingly replacing_whole fish for_fishmeal and_fish-oil production (see_below).

More emphasis on production, consumer access,_distribution and utilization_of low-cost nutrient-rich fish (e.g. small_pelagic_species), and better_utilization_of_often-wasted nutrient-dense_parts of fish_could_boost availability_and_consumption of fish nutrients. This would_require_policy changes, infrastructure investment and more research_(including on how to_cut_post-harvest losses in fisheries),_as well as consumer education.

More_from less

A persistently high volume of_post-harvest losses_removes large_quantities of fish from the market - up to 25 percent_in many developing countries. The reasons_include: lack of infrastructure;_lack of_access_to credit; lack_of_knowledge (limited_education); and little or no access to_technology. There_are physical losses due to inadequate_preservation or storage facilities,_additional_losses when processing waste is not_converted to edible by-products, as well_as nutritional losses due to_a_reduction_in quality caused by damage_during storage and processing.

Reducing post-harvest losses_and discards is_technically easy but requires far-reaching policy change_and_infrastructure investment. Before expecting industry to_invest_in bringing fish to market with_efficient_transport_and functioning cold chains, it_is essential to build landing centres_and roads linking production areas to population centres. Access_to credit must_be assured in order to_encourage_participation_from small-scale operators, and comprehensive educational and technology programmes are_needed to_change perceptions.

Bycatch and_discards of non-commercial species in capture fisheries represent a substantial_loss in both developed and developing countries_(see section Cutting bycatch and discards, p. 118). Disc