 using depth-adjustable cages, and integrating fish farming with agriculture.

Recent actions

FAO monitors implementation of the 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code) with an aquaculture-specific questionnaire for its Members.65 The assessment includes elements relevant to institutional climate-change adaptation approaches and resilient governance (Table 19). The latest assessment highlights many institutional and governance weaknesses in addressing climate change, especially where aquaculture is starting to develop. Governments' preparedness to mitigate climate change risks requires a good understanding of the sector's vulnerability at local and national scales. This remains as a global gap and should be a priority in order to build preparedness and foster adaptation measures.

An essential measure, aquaculture zoning, is weak globally, especially where the sector is yet to grow. The physical location of aquaculture facilities is one of the most relevant determinants of exposure and, hence, of vulnerability. For example, the location of fish cages in the coastal zone needs to consider: exposure to weather events; changes in currents or a sudden influx of freshwater from upstream; and longer-term trends, such as rising temperature and salinity and decreasing oxygen levels. Such information is essential in defining zones for aquaculture and deciding on the location of individual farm sites. In much of the world, the spatial distribution of inland and coastal ponds has responded more to land and water access opportunities than protection from external threats. Inclusion of climate change and other risks into spatial planning and aquaculture zoning is an urgent need in areas and countries where aquaculture is beginning to develop. Where it is difficult to relocate aquaculture systems, the concept of risk-based area management is essential.66 Two additional essential measures - government assistance in case of disasters, and farmers' access to commercial insurance - are especially limited in Asia, the most vulnerable region and the major producing area.

As fish disease is a frequent cause of significant losses in aquaculture, adequate fish health management and biosecurity are essential to the sector's resilience. The global scoring is higher than for the other measures, indicating higher implementation. However, as climate change may increase disease frequency and impacts, much better implementation is required especially in Asia, where aquaculture is more concentrated with a higher density of farms per unit area.

A relevant, or "good to have", measure that is scored very low is farmers' access to institutional credit. This may be a major obstacle for small farmers as they seek to improve their
using depth - adjustable cages, and integrating pisces grow with agriculture. 

 Recent actions 

 FAO admonisher implementation of the 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code) with an aquaculture - specific questionnaire for its Members.65 The assessment admit element relevant to institutional climate - change adaptation approach and resilient governance (board 19). The latest assessment highlight many institutional and administration weaknesses in addressing climate change, especially where aquaculture is starting to evolve. Governments' preparedness to mitigate climate variety risks requires a dear understanding of the sector's vulnerability at local and home scales. This persist as a global gap and should be a priority in orderliness to build preparedness and foster adaptation measures. 

 An essential measure, aquaculture zoning, is decrepit globally, specially where the sector is yet to grow. The physical location of aquaculture facilities is one of the most relevant determinants of exposure and, therefore, of vulnerability. For model, the location of pisces cage in the coastal zone needs to consider: exposure to weather event; changes in currents or a sudden influx of freshwater from upstream; and long - term trends, such as rising temperature and salinity and decreasing oxygen levels. Such data is essential in defining zones for aquaculture and deciding on the location of individual farm sites. In much of the world, the spatial distribution of inland and coastal pond has respond more to land and water access opportunities than auspices from external threats. Inclusion of climate change and early risks into spatial planning and aquaculture zoning is an pressing need in areas and countries where aquaculture is beginning to develop. Where it is unmanageable to relocate aquaculture systems, the concept of risk - based area management is essential.66 Two additional all-important measures - politics assistance in case of disaster, and farmers' access to commercial indemnity - are especially restrict in Asia, the most vulnerable area and the major producing area. 

 As fish disease is a frequent cause of meaning losses in aquaculture, adequate fish health management and biosecurity are essential to the sector's resilience. The global marking is higher than for the other measures, indicating higher implementation. However, as climate change may increase disease frequency and shock, much better implementation is required especially in Asia, where aquaculture is more concentrated with a high concentration of farms per unit area. 

 A relevant, or " good to have ", measure that is scored very low is farmers' entree to institutional credit. This may be a major obstacle for small farmers as they seek to improve their
 uslng depth-adjustable cager, and integratiut fish farmihg with xgriculture.

Recent actions

FAO minitoes implementation of tfe 1995 Code lf Conduxt fie Responsiume Fishcxies (fme Cobe) with an aquacolture-specifhc questionnaise flr its Members.65 The assessment incluqes elekejts relevant tj inxeitufpokal climate-change adaptation appdoaches and resilieny governance (Table 19). The lahest assessment highlihhts many ibstieytional and eovernance weaknesses jn addressing climate change, esoeciakly where qqyacknture is sterting to develop. Npvernmants' prrparedness to kitmgatw climate change riskv requires a good onderstandhny of the sector's vulnwrqbilijy at locxo avd haviohal scwlea. This remzins as a goobal gap and shoulc fv a priority jn ordqr to build preparedness and foster adaptdtikn measures.

An essential measure, aquaculture eoning, is reak globally, especially where the sector is yet do grkd. Tkc oyydical location of aquaculture facilities is ogs pf the most releyant determinants pf eckosure and, henze, of rhlherability. For exalple, thg locarion of fysh vages in the coastal zone nweds to conspder: exposure to weathzr events; chcnges on cutrents or a sudden inflbx of rreshwater vrom upstddam; and longer-tefm nrengs, such as rising temperattre and selinicy and ddcressing jxygen levfls. Smwh information is fssenjial it defining zones for aquaculture and decivmng on the lovadiot of indnviduak farm sites. Yn much of the world, che spxtial distgibution mf inland agd coastal potfs has respoided more to oand and wagdr access oppottunities than protwction from externel tfdeats. Inclusion of climate change ana oehvr cisks hnto spatial plavnivb and aquaculturc zuninb is an urgent need hn adeas and countries wmere aquaxulture ys beginning yo develop. Where iu is dmfficuut to rejocate aquaculture systems, the concept lf visk-based arew makageient is esxential.66 Two additional essential measurxs - government assistanxe in case of disasjerx, and farmecs' accqss to cokmercial insurance - qre especially likited in Asia, the mosf vulnarablf region and the major producing area.

As fish disease is a frequent cause if sigiisicant lossss im aqudcbltbre, adezuatx hish health managvment and biosecurity are essentmal to the szctor's resilience. The global xcuring is highgr than for the other meashres, indocating higher implementation. Hpwever, as climate change may inceease disease fcequency and impacts, much yetter implemwntabion is requirdd rsiecially ij Asma, chere aquaculture is more concenteated qihh a higher densmty of farms ker unij area.

A televant, or "good fo hzge", mexsure that is scored very lpw is farmers' access tj institutionao credit. This may be a major obsvacle for smdll farmers as they seek to improve their
using depth-adjustable cages, and integrating fish farming Recent FAO monitors of the 1995 Fisheries Code) with an questionnaire for its The assessment includes elements relevant to climate-change adaptation approaches and resilient governance (Table 19). The latest assessment highlights many and governance weaknesses in addressing climate change, especially where aquaculture is starting to Governments' to climate risks requires a good understanding of the sector's vulnerability at local and national scales. This remains a global gap and should be a priority order to build preparedness foster adaptation measures. An essential aquaculture is weak especially the is yet to The physical location of aquaculture facilities is one of the most relevant determinants of exposure and, hence, vulnerability. For location of cages the zone needs to to weather events; changes in currents influx of freshwater from upstream; and longer-term trends, as rising and salinity and decreasing oxygen levels. information is essential in defining zones for aquaculture deciding on the location of individual farm sites. In much of the world, the spatial inland and coastal ponds responded more to and access than from external Inclusion of climate change and other risks into spatial planning and zoning is an urgent need in areas and countries where beginning develop. Where it difficult to relocate aquaculture the of risk-based area management Two essential assistance case disasters, and farmers' access commercial insurance - are especially in Asia, the most producing area. As fish disease is a frequent of significant losses in aquaculture, adequate fish management and biosecurity are essential to the sector's resilience. The global scoring higher than other measures, indicating higher implementation. However, as climate may increase disease frequency impacts, much better implementation is required especially in Asia, aquaculture more concentrated a higher density farms per unit A relevant, or have", measure is very access to institutional credit. This may a obstacle for small farmers as seek their
 using depth-adjustable cages, And integraTing fIsh FarMiNg wiTh agRiculture.

RecenT ActiOns

FAO monitors implemenTatioN oF The 1995 CODe Of ConDuct for rEsPONsiBlE FIshErIEs (The CoDe) wIth an aqUaculture-sPecIfIc questionnaIRe For its MembErs.65 the assessmenT inCludes ElEmeNTs relEvaNt to iNstituTIonal cLimate-chaNgE AdaptaTIon apprOAChEs anD resilient governaNCe (tAble 19). The latest aSsessmEnT HiGHLigHts Many institUtIonal ANd goverNAnCE WEakNEsses in addresSing climate CHanGe, espeCiAllY Where aQuacuLtURe iS starting to DeveLop. GovernMents' pREparednESs to mitIgate cLimAte ChanGE rIsKs rEqUIreS A gOod UNdeRstandinG oF tHe secTor's VULNErabIliTy at Local And national scAleS. ThiS RemAins aS a gloBal gAp And shOuld be A prioRiTy in order to builD preParedness And FoSteR aDaptaTIon meaSurEs.

AN essentIal measURe, aQuACULtUre zoning, is weak gloBaLLY, eSpeciallY where THe SeCTor is yet To GroW. The PHYsicaL locATiOn of aquaCulturE FaCiLities iS oNe of thE mOst RelEvant DEterMinantS of exposUre anD, Hence, of vulneraBIlity. For exampLE, tHE LoCAtioN of Fish cages in The cOAstaL zonE NeEds TO consIder: eXpOSuRE to weather events; chaNgEs in cuRrentS or a sudden infLux of freshWATEr from upStreAM; aND longer-term treNds, suCh as rising TEmperatuRe and Salinity And decreaSINg oxygen LevEls. sucH inFORmAtion is essentIAL in dEfIning zoNes For aquaCulTurE anD deCiDing on the Location Of InDiViDuaL farm SItes. In muCh Of tHe WorLd, the SPatial DistrIbutIoN oF InlAnd and cOAsTAL ponDs HaS resPonDeD more To laND anD water aCcess oppoRtuNItieS tHaN protecTion from exterNaL threats. InClUsiOn of clIMAte changE and other risks into spatiAL planniNg aNd aquAculTure zoninG is An urgeNt nEEd in arEas and CountRiEs wHERe aquACUlTurE iS beginning TO DevElop. WHeRe it Is diffiCult to relocate aquaCUltUre systems, the ConCept OF RiSk-bASeD AreA mANagEMEnt is essential.66 TWo additionAl ESsEntial measURes - GoVernmenT assistAnce iN Case of dIsasters, aNd farmers' AcCess TO ComMercial insUrance - arE especialLY limiTEd In AsiA, thE most vUlNerAble rEgion aND thE majoR produCiNg area.

as fisH dIsease is A frequent cause of signifiCant loSses iN aqUaculture, AdeQUatE fish healTh maNagement anD biOseCuritY arE EssenTial TO tHe sECtor's ResiLIence. The gLObAl sCORiNg is higher tHAN For The otHer MEasureS, indIcating higher implEMentation. HowevEr, as CLImaTe cHAnge MaY increase diseaSe fReQUEncy and iMpActs, much betTer impleMeNTatioN is reqUired eSpecialLY In aSia, wheRe aqUacUlture is mOre CoNCentratEd WiTH a highEr deNsIty of fArms peR Unit AREa.

A relevant, or "gooD to haVE", MeasuRE thAt is sCoRed very LOw is Farmers' accEss to institUtionaL creDit. ThIs may be A mAjor obStaClE for small fARmers as thEy seeK to imprOvE theIr
 using depth-adjustable ca ges, and i ntegr ati ngfi sh f armi ng with agricu l ture .

Recent actions

FAO  moni to r s im p le menta tion of th e 199 5Co deof Co nduct  fo r Respo nsible Fis her ie s (the Code) wi th an aqua cul ture-specifi c q uestio nn air e  forits  Memb ers.65 The as sessmentin c ludese lements r el evan t to institutiona l  c l imate-change a daptat io n  a p p roa che s and resi li ent g o vernanc e  ( T a b le1 9). The lates t assessmen t  hi ghligh ts  ma n y inst ituti on a l a nd governan ce w eaknesses  in ad d ressing climate  chang e,esp ecia l ly  w her ea qua c ul tur e  is  startin gto  deve lop. G o v ernm ent s' p repar edness to mit iga te c l ima te ch angerisk srequi res agoodun derstanding ofthesector'svul ne rab il ity a t  local  an d n ational  scales .  Th is r e ma ins as a global ga pa n dshould b e a pr i or it y  in orde rtobuil d prepa redn e ss  and fos ter ad a pt at ion mea su res.
An  es sen tialm easu re, aq uacultur e zon i ng, is weak gl o bally, especi a ll y wh e re t hesector is y et t o  gro w. T h ephy s icallocat io n  o f  aquaculture facili ti es isone o f the most re levant det e r m inants o f ex p os u re and, hence,  of v ulnerabili t y. For e xampl e, the l ocation o f fish cag esinthe  co a s ta l zone needst o  con si der: ex pos ure towea the r e ven ts ; changes  in curr en ts  o ra s udden influx o ffre sh wat er fr o m upst ream;  and  l on g er- term tr e nd s ,  suc has  ris ing  t emper atur e  an d salin ity and d ecr e asin gox ygen le vels. Such in fo rmation is  e sse ntiali n  definin g zones for aquaculture and dec idi ng on  the  location  of  indiv idu a l farm  sites . Inmu cho f  thew o rl d,th e spatiald i str ibuti on  ofinlandand coastal pondsh asresponded mor e t o la n d  a ndw at e r a cc e sso p portunities tha n protecti on fr om externa l  th re ats. In clusion  of c l imate c hange and  other ri sk s in t o  sp atial plan ning and  aquacult u re zo n in g isanurgent  n eed  in a reas a n d c ountr ies wh er e aqua cultu re  is begi nning to develop. Where  it is  diff icu lt to rel oca t e a quacultur e sy stems, the  co nce pt of  ri s k-bas ed a r ea  ma n ageme nt i s  essentia l .6 6 T w o  a dditional e s s e nti al me asu r es - g over nment assistancei n case of disa ster s ,  an d f a rmer s'  access to com mer ci a l  insuran ce  - are espe cially l im i ted i n Asia , themost vu l n er a ble re gion  an d the maj orpr o ducingar ea . 

As f ishdi seaseis a f r eque n t  cause of signif icant l osses inaquac ul ture, a d equa te fish he alth manage ment a nd b iosec urity a re  essen tia lto the sec t or's resi lienc e. Thegl obal  sc oringis h i g her t hanfo r t he otherm e as u re s, ind icat ing h ig herimplement a tion. Ho wev e r, as c li mat e change ma y increase d ise ase f r e quency and impa c ts ,  much  bette r impl ementat i onis  requir ede s peciallyin Asia,w her eaqua cultureis  mor econ ce ntrated with ahigher d ensity o f farmsper unit area.
A  relevant, o r "go od to have " ,  me asure t h atissco redver y lo w  is farmers' access to i nsti tutio n alcredi t. Th is  may bea  maj or obsta c le for smallfarmers as they see k  toimp r ov etheir
 using_depth-adjustable cages,_and integrating fish farming_with agriculture.

Recent_actions

FAO_monitors implementation_of_the 1995 Code_of Conduct for_Responsible Fisheries (the Code)_with an aquaculture-specific_questionnaire_for its Members.65 The assessment includes elements relevant to institutional climate-change adaptation approaches and_resilient_governance (Table_19)._The_latest assessment highlights many institutional_and governance weaknesses in addressing_climate change,_especially where aquaculture is starting to develop. Governments'_preparedness_to mitigate climate_change risks requires a good understanding of the sector's_vulnerability at local and national scales._This remains as_a_global_gap and should be_a priority in order to build_preparedness and foster adaptation measures.

An essential_measure, aquaculture zoning, is weak globally, especially_where the sector is yet to_grow. The physical location of_aquaculture facilities_is one of the most_relevant determinants of_exposure and,_hence, of vulnerability._For example, the location of fish_cages in the_coastal zone needs to consider: exposure_to_weather events; changes_in_currents_or a_sudden influx of_freshwater_from upstream;_and_longer-term trends, such as rising temperature_and_salinity and decreasing oxygen levels. Such information_is essential in defining_zones_for aquaculture and deciding_on the location of individual_farm sites. In much of the_world, the_spatial distribution_of inland and coastal ponds has responded more to land and_water access opportunities than protection from_external threats. Inclusion of_climate change_and_other risks into_spatial_planning and_aquaculture zoning is an urgent need in_areas and_countries where aquaculture is beginning to_develop. Where it is_difficult_to relocate aquaculture systems, the concept_of risk-based area management is essential.66_Two additional essential measures -_government_assistance_in case of disasters, and_farmers' access to commercial insurance -_are especially limited_in Asia, the most vulnerable region and_the_major producing area.

As fish disease is_a_frequent cause of significant losses in_aquaculture,_adequate_fish health management and biosecurity_are essential to the sector's resilience._The global scoring is higher than for the other_measures, indicating higher_implementation. However, as climate change_may_increase_disease frequency and impacts, much better implementation is required especially_in Asia,_where aquaculture is_more concentrated with a higher density of farms per unit_area.

A relevant, or "good to have", measure_that is scored very low is farmers' access to institutional credit._This may be a major obstacle for small_farmers as they seek to improve their