 to hearing in higher vertebrates including man. The proposed research will study the innate mechanical and electrical basis of tuning and modulation by efferent input. A combination of patch clamp, microelectrode, and confocal imaging techniques will be used on isolated, solitary hair cells and in the intact basilar papilla. Previous measurements of
to hearing in higher vertebrates including valet. The aim research will study the innate mechanical and electric basis of tuning and modulation by efferent input. A combination of patch clamp, microelectrode, and confocal imagination proficiency will be used on isolate, solitary hair cell and in the intact basilar papilla. Previous measurement of
 to hearing in higher vertenrates including man. Thx propoaed resexrch will study the innate mxchabical and electrical basis uf tuning and modylatmon by efferent mhput. A gjmbihwtiou if patch clamp, microelecdrode, and confmcxl imaging techniques will be used on isolatrd, solitary hair celkf ans in the intact basilar papilla. Prsvious keasurements pf
to hearing in higher vertebrates including man. research study the mechanical and electrical by input. A combination patch clamp, microelectrode, confocal imaging techniques will be used isolated, solitary hair cells and in the intact basilar papilla. Previous measurements of
 to hearing in higher vertebraTes includiNg man. the ProPoSed rEseaRch will study thE InnaTe mechanical and electriCal baSiS Of tuNInG and mOdulatiON bY EFfeReNt InpUt. a CoMbinaTioN of patcH clamp, micrOelEcTrode, and confOCaL imaging teChnIques will be uSed On isolAtEd, sOLitarY haIr celLs and iN The intAct basilaR pAPilla. PREvious mEASuRemeNts of
 to hearing in higher vert ebrates in cludi ngman .Theprop osed researchw illstudy the innate mecha nical  a n d el e ct rical  basiso ft u nin gan d m od u la tionbyefferen t input. A  co mb ination of p a tc h clamp, m icr oelectrode,and  confo ca l i m aging  te chniq ues wi l l be u sed on is ol a ted, s o litaryh a ir  cel ls and in the int a ct basilar papill a. Pre vi o us m eas ure ments of
 to_hearing in_higher vertebrates including man._The proposed_research_will study_the_innate mechanical and_electrical basis of_tuning and modulation by_efferent input. A_combination_of patch clamp, microelectrode, and confocal imaging techniques will be used on isolated, solitary_hair_cells and_in_the_intact basilar papilla. Previous measurements_of