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"Grammar-Translation Approach Direct Approach Lecture 2\n\nThe Grammar-Translation Method Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Introduction The Grammar-Translation Method was called the Classical Method since it was first   used in the teaching of the classical languages, Latin and Greek (Chastian, 1988). This method was used for the purpose of helping students read and appreciate   foreign language literature. Through the study of the grammar of the target language, students would become   more familiar with the grammar of their native language and that this familiarity with   the grammar of their native language better. Finally, it was thought that foreign language learning would help students grow   intellectually. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Learning a foreign language is to be able to read literature written in   it. Literary language is superior to spoken language. If students can   translate from one language into another, they are considered   successful language learners. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles The ability to communicate in the target language is not a goal of   foreign language instruction. The primary skills to be developed are reading and writing. Little   attention is given to speaking and listening and almost none to   pronunciation. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles The teacher is the authority in the classroom.  It is very important   that students get the correct answer. Learning is facilitated through attention to similarities between the   target language and the native language. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Deductive application of an explicit grammar rule is a useful   pedagogical technique. Language learning provides good mental exercise. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Students should be conscious of the grammatical rules of the target   language. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles There is little student initiation and little student-student interaction. There are no principles of the method which relate to students’   feelings. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Vocabulary and grammar are emphasized.  Reading and writing are   the primary skills that the students work on. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nThe role of the students’ native language The meaning of the target language is made clear by translating the   students’ native language.  The language that is used in class is   mostly the students’ native language. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nHow is evaluation accomplished? Written tests in which students are asked to translate from their   native language to the target language or vice versa are often used. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nHow does the teacher respond to student errors? Having the students get the correct answer is considered very   important. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan The Direct Method The Direct Method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed.    Meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target language through   the use of demonstration and visual aids. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles The reading skill will be developed through practice with speaking.    Language is primarily speech.  Culture consists of more than the fine   arts(e.g. the students study geography and cultural attitudes). Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Objects (e.g. realia or pictures) present in the immediate classroom   environment should be used to help students understand the   meaning. The native language should not be used in the classroom. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles The teacher should demonstrate, not explain or translate.  It is   desirable that students make a direct association between the target   language and meaning. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Students should learn to think in the target language as soon as   possible.  Vocabulary is acquired more naturally if students use it in   full sentences rather than memorizing word lists. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles The purpose of language learning is communication. Pronunciation should be worked on right from the beginning of   language instruction. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Self-correction facilitates language learning. Lessons should contain some conversational activity—some   opportunity for students to use language in real contexts.  Students   should be encouraged to speak as much as possible. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles Grammar should be taught inductively.  There may never be an   explicit grammar rule given. Writing is an important skill to be developed from the beginning of   language instruction. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan Principles The syllabus is based on situations or topics, not usually on linguistic   structures. Learning another language also involves learning how speakers of   that language live. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nWhat are the goals of teachers who use the Direct Method? Teachers who use the Direct Method intend that students learn   how to communicate in the target language.  In order to do this   successfully, students should learn to think in the target language. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nWhat is the role of teacher? Although the teacher directs the class activities, the student role is   less passive than in the Grammar-Translation Method.  The teacher   and the students are more like partners in the teaching/learning   process. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nWhat are some characteristics of the teaching/learning process? Teachers believe students need to associate meaning and the target   language directly.  Students speak in the target language a great deal   and communicate as if they were in real situations.  The syllabus is   based upon situations or topics. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nWhat is the nature of student-teacher interaction? The initiation of the interaction goes both ways, from teacher to   students and from student to teacher, although the latter is often   teacher-directed. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nHow are the feelings of the students dealt with? There are no principles of the methods which relate to this area. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nInstructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan How is language viewed? Language is primarily spoken, not written. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nWhat areas of language are emphasized? Vocabulary is emphasized over grammar. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nWhat is the role of the students’ native language? Students’ native language should not be used in the classroom. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nHow is evaluation accomplished? The students might be interviewed orally by the teacher or might be   asked to write a paragraph about something they have studied. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nHow does the teacher respond to student errors? The teacher, employing various techniques, tries to get students to   self-correct whenever possible. Instructor: Eman Al Hsaiyan\n\nComparison Grammar Vocabulary Teacher’s attitude Student’s role Skills to be improved\n\ngrammar VOCABULARY Direct Method Grammar translation method In the direct method the teacher provides the knowledge in grammar inductively through speak. The GTM Is focuses on grammar rules and their application. Grammar is learned through rules VOCABULARY Direct Method Grammar translation method Vocabulary is learned through practice every day. Vocabulary is learned from the direct translation of the L1. the students learn vocabulary when they are translating.\n\nTeacher’s attitude STUDENT’S ROLE Direct Method Grammar translation method The role of the teachers is very important, they ask to the students constantly, encourage them to participate in class and correct their mistakes immediately. The role of the teachers is not very active because they just limit their work to translate for the students. STUDENT’S ROLE Direct Method Grammar translation method The students are very actives, their oral communication skills are emphasized, they have to speak a lot. The accuracy from the students is expected and they have to practice by translation.\n\nSkills to be improved Direct Method Grammar translation method Oral communications skills were built up in a carefully grade Primary skills to be improved: Reading- writing."
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