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"Materials for surface facilities:\r\n\r\n \tPiping: GRE, FBE coated CS / HDPE lined CS, DSS / SDSS\r\n \tWell hook-up: FBE coated CS, DSS / SDSS\r\n \tBulk injection lines: HDPE lined CS, GRE\r\n \tInjection flowlines: Coated CS, HDPE lined CS, GRE\r\n \tValves: bodies DSS / SDSS or CS with coating or 825 / 625 weld overlay; trim DSS / SDSS\r\n \tPumps: bodies &amp; impellors DSS / SDSS\r\n\r\nMaterials for sub-surface facilities:\r\n\r\nTubing: Coated CS, GRE lined CS\r\n\r\nMetallic materials for piping &amp; well hook-up:\r\n\r\n \tDSS / SDSS\r\n\r\n \tDSS PREn &gt; 34\r\n \tSDSS PREn &gt; 40\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCoated CS\r\n \tFBE coated pipe, spools &amp; fittings\r\n \tHDPE lined CS\r\n \tLoose fit liner and roto-lined spools &amp; fittings\r\n\r\nMetallic materials for valves &amp; pumps:\r\n\r\n \tValves: CS, CS with 825 / 625 overlay for Bodies; &amp; DSS / SDSS, 825 for trim\r\n \tPumps: CS, CS with 825 overlay for Bodies &amp; DSS / SDSS impellors\r\n\r\nNon-metallic materials:\r\n\r\nGRE: \r\n\r\n \tFirst used in 1982 for low pressure water systems and fire fighting systems\r\n \t&gt;1300 km GRE pipelines, 113 km water service &amp; remainder in multiphase service\r\n \tOn-plot piping\r\n\r\nSuccessful use requires:\r\n\r\n \tProper design: standards (ISO/company), qualification testing, stress analysis (supports/anchors), eliminate vibration\r\n \tManufacture: QC during production\r\n \tInstallation: experienced crews, supervision &amp; inspection\r\n\r\nInstallation of adhesive bonded joint (Fig. 1):\r\n\r\nFig. 1: Installation of adhesive bonded joint\r\n\r\nGRE Failures:\r\n\r\nMost occur during installation due to:\r\n\r\n \tPoor workmanship\r\n \tInsufficient anchoring\r\n \tPoor flange alignment\r\n\r\nIn-service failures are rare &amp; only 2 have occurred: One involved a flowline and second was on flange connected to a pump\r\n\r\nIn service failures (Fig. 2):\r\n\r\n \t6” production flowline operating at 5 bar and 60 deg C with &gt; 98% water-cut failed after 4 years due to Insufficient wetting of fibers during manufacture.\r\n \tFlange on 250 mm diameter piping in oil service directly connected to a pump cracked causing a leak due to pump vibration causing mechanical failure at flange/pipe interface\r\n\r\nHDPE:\r\n\r\n \tLoose fit liner has been used for water injection lines since 1988\r\n \t&gt;205 km HDPE lined CS pipelines in water service\r\n \tRotolined spools and some HDPE lined CS pipe used for on-plot piping\r\n \tNo limit on pressure; temperature 70 deg C for liner, 60 deg C for rotolined spools\r\n\r\nSuccessful use requires:\r\n\r\n \tProper design &amp; installation: standards (company)\r\n \tInstallation: experienced crews / supervision for butt fusion welding of pipe &amp; flanges, &amp; for applying correct tension\r\n\r\nFig. 2: Examples showing failures for GRE and HDPE\r\n\r\nFailure modes:\r\n\r\n \tRadial collapse: HDPE liner collapses inwards radially due to vacuum conditions occurring during shutdown procedure or a pressure build-up in the annulus between the liner and the CS pipe.\r\n \tAxial collapse: HDPE liner buckles inwards due to compressive axial stress resulting from differences in thermal expansion between the steel pipe and the PE liner itself."
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