_:n5b2662b047dc4a4ab192726729408feaxb0
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" p To study the influence of convective momentum transport  CMT  on wind  boundary layer and cloud evolution in a marine cold air outbreak  CAO  we use large-eddy simulations subject to different baroclinicity  wind shear  but similar surface forcing  The simulated domain is large enough   Formula presented   km sup 2  sup    to develop typical mesoscale cellular convective structures  We find that a maximum friction induced by momentum transport  MT  locates in the cloud layer for an increase of geostrophic wind with height  forward shear  FW  and near the surface for a decrease of wind with height  backward shear  BW   Although the total MT always acts as a friction  the interaction of friction-induced cross-isobaric flow with the Coriolis force can develop supergeostrophic winds near the surface  FW  or in the cloud layer  BW   The contribution of convection to MT is evaluated by decomposing the momentum flux by column water vapor and eddy size  revealing that CMT acts to accelerate subcloud layer winds under FW shear and that mesoscale circulations contribute significantly to MT for this horizontal resolution  250 m   even if small-scale eddies are nonnegligible and likely more important as resolution increases  Under FW shear  a deeper boundary layer and faster cloud transition are simulated  because MT acts to increase surface fluxes and wind shear enhances turbulent mixing across cloud tops  Our results show that the coupling between winds and convection is crucial for a range of problems  from CAO lifetime and cloud transitions to ocean heat loss and near-surface wind variability   p    Atmospheric Remote Sensing"
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