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"569 Book Reviews and multiculturalism in Japan. As an addition to the literature on zainichi Koreans\u2014for instance, in its location of the zainichi within a larger context of immigration policy and with its focus on the active practice of citizenship\u2014it provides an excellent counterpart to John Lie\u2019s recent book on the debates over zainichi ideology and identity (Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic nationalism and postcolonial identity, University of California Press, 2008). More generally, it indicates the ways in which Japan\u2019s newer immigrants from China, South America and the Philippines are inheriting a discourse and practice of multicultural incorporation shaped by decades of activism by resident Koreans. It should also be of interest to scholars working on immigration and citizenship who would like some comparative analysis of the Japanese experience. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan RICHARD SIDDLE EXPORTING JAPAN: Politics of Emigration to Latin America. By Toake Endoh. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009. 267 pp. (Tables, figures, maps.) US$50.00, cloth. ISBN 978-0-252-03402-2. Toake Endoh\u2019s Exporting Japan is an important contribution to the growing field of Asian Diaspora Studies. In this book, he provides his reader with a detailed analysis of Japanese emigration policy to Latin America. In particular, he writes against the scholarship of international economy, structuralism and transnational networks in order to examine domestic political aspects of emigration, adopting a state-centric paradigm that focuses on the intentions, ideology, perceptions and actions of the Japanese state in regard to Latin American emigration. Endoh explores three specific paradoxes: the unorthodox patterns of migration and settlement, governmental policy for overseas migration, and the southwest origin of the majority of immigrants. This Japan-focused study of emigration offers scholars insight into the policy behind the largest Japanese diasporic populations, although it does not introduce any new theoretical literatures to the field of Asian Diaspora Studies. The strength in Endoh\u2019s study lies in his ability to access Japanese- language sources that describe the Japanese government\u2019s policies in respect to overpopulation, post-World War II emigration, and how the state retained links to its expatriate communities. Looking at the policies regarding overpopulation, Endoh introduces a hybrid approach that synthesizes migration, social control and state expansion, and considers the Japanese government\u2019s Latin American emigration policies in the context of Asian colonization through its broader encouragement of emigration to Hokkaido, Taiwan, Korea and Manchuria. He analyzes the geographic and social origins of the emigrants and illustrates the ways in which the Pacific Affairs: Volume 84, No. 3 \u2013 September 2011 570 Japanese government recruited citizens from poorer communities as a means of combating overpopulation and poverty, looking specifically at policies directed toward the populations of the southwest of Japan (Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kagoshima, Kumamoto and Okinawa), the burakumin, and ex-miners (such as those from Mitsui Mining). In his consideration of post-World War II emigration, Endoh offers his readers an analysis of the Dominican Republic, Bolivia and Paraguay, stressing that the Japanese government believed that emigration ensured \u201Ca smoother and quicker postwar reconstruction\u201D despite the fact that the General Headquarters (GHQ) and Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) frowned on it during the Occupation (81). Finally, in his examination of state expansion through emigration, Endoh highlights Japan\u2019s interest in Brazilian agricultural products, such as cotton and soybeans, as well as the nationalistic pride of the diasporic communities, whose members sent monetary contributions to Japan and encouraged loyalty to Japan. The detail-oriented analyses of these policies expand scholarship on the history and politics of modern Japan. The greatest strength of Endoh\u2019s book, its access to Japanese-language sources, is also its greatest weakness. Endoh heavily relies on Japanese- and English-language sources, including few in Spanish and none in Portuguese. While his summary of the history of the two waves of migration to Latin America, Peru and Brazil in the first wave (1898-1941) and Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia and Paraguay in the second wave (1950s and 1960s), is a welcome addition to studies of Japanese emigration to Latin America, his analysis of Japanese immigration to these countries ignores some of the major scholarship, including Jeffrey Lesser\u2019s seminal studies of Japanese immigration in Brazil. Instead, Endoh claims that Latin American emigration policies were an extension of the imperialist designs of the Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. This problematic conflation of emigration policies with colonial policies insists on nation-building by way of transnational expansion when, in fact, Japan never colonized Latin America. Though it is true that some immigrants showed nationalistic pride in being Japanese, Endoh overemphasizes the significance of the defeat of Japan during World War II, citing emperor worship in Latin America and highlighting the conflict between the kachigumi (those who believed that Japan had won the war) and the makegumi (those who believed that Japan had lost the war). While this conflict did cause a rift in the expatriate communities in Brazil, Peru and other Latin American countries, the violence was particularly constrained to the Japanese community in S\u00E3o Paulo and was largely ignored by the Brazilian government until members of the Shind\u00F4 Renmei (The League of the Emperor\u2019s Subjects), a kachigumi organization, killed a non-Japanese Brazilian man in 1946. Endoh does not examine information that points to the Brazilian government\u2019s role in the maintenance of Japanese nationalism. His reliance on Japanese-language sources leads him to overemphasize the 571 Book Reviews importance of these conflicts within the Japanese expatriate community in support of his claim that Japanese nationalism abroad contributed to furthering immigration to Latin America from Japan post-World War II. Nevertheless, I highly recommend the book to scholars of Asian Diaspora Studies as well as students of modern Japan interested in policies regarding Japanese colonialism and the GHQ/SCAP Occupation of Japan, because Endoh offers his readers insight into how the Japanese government used Latin American emigration as a political decompressor to restore order in Japan. Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA ZELIDETH MAR\u00CDA RIVAS MINORITIES AND EDUCATION IN MULTICULTURAL JAPAN: An Interactive Perspective. Asia\u2019s Transformations. Edited by Ryoko Tsuneyoshi, Kaori H. Okano and Sarane Boocock. London and New York: Routledge, 2011. xii, 272 pp. (Tables, graphs.) US$130.00, cloth. ISBN 978-0-415-55938-6. Providing quality education to minority children has been a challenge in countries where student populations are diverse. With growing populations of migrant families in today\u2019s globalizing world, identifying and responding to the educational needs of immigrant children is an especially difficult task for scholars and educators. Despite the long-lasting existence of minority students in Japan, postwar Japanese schools have focused on providing homogenous instructions under the same curricula to all children, regardless of their backgrounds. However, with increasing numbers of children with a foreign language or culture, Japanese schools have now come to realize that an emphasis on homogeneity will not promise equal or quality education to minority students. This book, edited by Ryoko Tsuneyoshi, Kaori Okano and Sarane Spence Boocock, documents the issues of complex educational experiences of minority students, interactions among different minority groups, and their relations with non-minority students, in schools and in the political arena. The volume impressively covers a wide range of minority groups in Japan, including \u201Coldcomers\u201D such as buraku (a historically segregated outcaste group), Amerasians, Ainu, and Chinese and Korean Japanese, as well as \u201Cnewcomers\u201D such as South American Nikkeijin, kikokushijyo (returnees), and children of a foreign or immigrant parent(s). Inclusion of returnees, children who attend schools abroad and return to Japan, makes this volume unique. Readers may question if returnees can be defined as a minority due to their generally privileged family backgrounds and Japanese nationality. Nevertheless, the authors make a convincing argument that returnees, who have been perceived as \u201Csymbols of internationalization,\u201D (230) have played a critical role in increasing public attention to \u201Cmulticultural education,\u201D which has affected the educational experiences of other minorities. A growing body "@en
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