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" An evil cold embraces Green Bay&amp;#039;s Lambeau Field. The kind of cold that makes bones brittle, lungs ache and a man&amp;#039;s breath hang in the air like cigar smoke. Brett Favre, the Green Bay Packers quarterback, slowly walks to the line of scrimmage. He surveys the defensive formation of the New York Jets, checks the play clock, which is down to 10 seconds, and takes his position behind the center. He clears his throat and barks the signals. &amp;quot;Blue, 32! Blue, 32! Sixteen, 65! Hut, hut, hut!&amp;quot; The snap of the ball triggers an explosion of sound and movement. Helmets collide with fury. Fingers, frigid from the cold, snap like twigs. Bloodied men grunt and groan as Favre drops back, rolls right and looks downfield. He finds his man, plants, and heaves a bomb in the direction of wide receiver Antonio Freeman. It&amp;#039;s a perfect pass, a tight spiral with a majestic arch. Freeman, streaking down the sideline, has a step on the Jets cornerback. Freeman leaps, reaches out, snatches the ball from the air and, without missing a step, storms across the goal line. Touchdown! The capacity crowd of Cheeseheads goes wild, most of them unaware that such a play was not even possible for the first 66 years of the game. Why? Because the odd size and shape of early footballs made passing impossible. The football has evolved steadily since the first game was played at Rutgers University in New Jersey on Nov. 6, 1869. But even though the forward pass was legalized in 1906, until the ball took on its present size and shape in 1935, the pass was a nonplay. The ball used in the very first game was round, like a soccer ball. It was tough to carry, and awkward to throw. Then, in 1874, a rugby-type ball was used in a contest between McGill University Foot-Ball-Club and Harvard University Football Club. This new ball looked like a watermelon and wasn&amp;#039;t much easier to throw. But laterals and short flips were becoming common. Little changed until 1912. That year, a new set of rules for college football transformed the game ball from the watermelon-shaped ball to an oversize version of today&amp;#039;s modern football. The pros soon followed. The ball now weighed 14 to 15 ounces, its long axis was set between 28 and 281_2 in. and its short axis (around the middle) between 221_2 and 23 in. Still, football remained a grab-it-and-run game. The dangerous &amp;quot;flying wedge,&amp;quot; which involved the ball carrier following a phalanx of blockers, became routine. Hard-running backs like Jim Thorpe of the Canton Bulldogs and Red Grange of the Chicago Bears were the big stars of the day. In 1920, 28 years after William &amp;quot;Pudge&amp;quot; Heffelfinger became the first professional football player, the American Professional Football Association was formed, and the Spalding J5-V was named the official ball of the league. In 1922, the league was renamed the National Football League. And, in the 1930s, the Spalding J5-V began to be known as &amp;quot;The Duke,&amp;quot; which was the boyhood nickname of Wellington Mara, owner of the New York Giants. Despite the contemporizing of the game, there was still a big problem that had plagued football manufacturers for 50 years. The air continuously leaked out of the rubber bladder inside the ball. In fact, during the second game between Rutgers and Princeton University in 1869, the ball kept deflating and losing its shape. Play had to be stopped several times, and a key that unlocked the small nozzle tucked inside the ball had to be brought in. The players took turns blowing up the ball. Over time, inflating the ball became easier, but retaining the air did not. In 1886, the Peck &amp;amp;amp; Snyder Sporting Goods catalog offered a syringe-like device that was called, appropriately, the New Patent Foot Ball Inflator. With it, a football could be inflated in 5 minutes. The old way took half an hour. Eventually, metal stem valves like those on automobile tires were replaced with less dangerous rubber valves. But, around 1920, the development of prelacing was an even greater improvement. Suddenly, a ball did not have to be unlaced to be inflated. Wilson Sporting Goods Co., with the help of famed Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne, developed a new double-lined football in 1924. The following year, the first valve-inflated football eliminated the need for a stem, which had always caused a lump under the laces. With Rockne&amp;#039;s name on the ball, the &amp;quot;KR,&amp;quot; as it was known, was easier to throw in a tight spiral, and it paved the way for the modern passing game. In 1935, the NFL shortened the ball&amp;#039;s short axis to between 21-1/4 and 21-1/2 in. The ball&amp;#039;s length was shortened that year to between 11 and 11-1/4 in., and the amount of air that it could hold was set at 12.5 to 13.5 psi. Its long axis of 28 to 28-1/2 in., however, did not change. These dimensions remain today, as does the ball&amp;#039;s shape, which has been called a &amp;quot;prolate spheroid&amp;quot; since 1890. In 1941, with &amp;quot;Slingin&amp;#039;&amp;quot; Sammy Baugh of the Washington Redskins fast becoming the NFL&amp;#039;s first great passing quarterback, Wilson purchased &amp;quot;The Duke&amp;quot; name from rival Spalding. Ever since, Wilson has been the official manufacturer of all NFL footballs. The Duke, also used by the American Football League from 1960 to 1969, received a name change in 1969 when the two leagues merged. It is now simply called the NFL ball. Wilson continued to improve the ball with such innovations as hand-sewn ends, triple lining and lock-stitch seams. In 1951, rubber footballs were tried briefly, and in 1956, the NFL approved the use of easier-to-see white footballs for night games. This evolved into special night footballs with white stripes around each end\u2014banned in 1976 because the paint made the balls slick. In 1955, Wilson developed the TD football, which featured a new Tanned-in-Tack material, also known as Grip-Tite. This material has a tacky feel that makes the ball easier to grip, especially when wet. The exclusive Tanned-in-Tack cowhide leather is supplied by the Horween Leather Co., and has been since 1941. That&amp;#039;s right. No pigskin. In 1981, a new Ultra Pebble design for the leather, which further enhanced the grip, was introduced. Inside the ball is a high-tech three-ply polyurethane bladder. Two of the layers are standard polyurethane but the third is a unique material, which is secret. In fact, Wilson&amp;#039;s bladder recipe is such a well-kept secret that factory tours in that area of the facility are forbidden. The lacing, once fragile cotton, like shoelaces, is now made of an extruded polyvinyl chloride, which is more durable. The process of fabricating a ball, whether it&amp;#039;s for the shelf at Wal-Mart or the next Super Bowl, is surprisingly simple and has remained basically unchanged since 1941. The four panels of the ball are cut cookie-cutter style from a large sheet of leather. The panels are then checked for blemishes and weighed to make sure they meet specifications. Linings for each panel and reinforcements for the bladder opening and valve ring are then added. After the panels are hand-sewn together inside out, the ball is turned through the lace opening using an iron post and a bit of muscle. The bladder is inserted and the ball is double laced by hand. It&amp;#039;s then over-inflated to 80 psi so its appearance, stitching and shape can be examined. If it passes inspection, it&amp;#039;s stamped &amp;quot;NFL,&amp;quot; deflated and delivered. For each game, each NFL team uses 48 balls, six to 12 of which are kicker&amp;#039;s balls. All the balls are sent to the home team. Kicker&amp;#039;s balls are delivered in a sealed box marked &amp;quot;K.&amp;quot; These boxes can be opened only by referees, who bring in a new ball before every kick and every punt. This is to keep kickers from doctoring the balls. So the next time you find yourself blown away by a Brett Favre bomb or feeling nostalgic for the genius of Johnny U. or Joe &amp;quot;Willie,&amp;quot; just remember, they owe it all to the modern football. Now, go long.  Sewing footballs at the Wilson factory. (Photo courtesy of Wilson Sporting Goods)  Football&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;THE CATCH&amp;quot; Photo by Walter Iooss, Jr./Sports Illustrated &amp;quot;The Catch,&amp;quot; arguably the greatest of all time, took place at San Francisco&amp;#039;s Candlestick Park on Jan. 10, 1982. The San Francisco 49ers trailed the Dallas Cowboys 27-21 in the NFC Championship game. Joe Montana, quarterback of the 49ers, had just marched his team downfield, but time was running out. On third-and-three, with 58 seconds left in the game and the ball on the Cowboys&amp;#039; 6-yard line, the 49ers called Sprint Right Option, a play that had produced an earlier touchdown. Montana took the snap and rolled right. But his initial receiver, Freddie Soloman, could not get open. Just before being sacked, Montana, throwing off his front foot, lofted a pass, which appeared to be heading for the stands. &amp;quot;I still think Joe was trying to throw it out of bounds,&amp;quot; says Charlie Waters, the Cowboys defensive captain. &amp;quot;I was so sure of it, I was already thinking of what my fourth-down defensive call would be.&amp;quot; Wide receiver Dwight Clark, however, knew the ball was being thrown to him in the back of the end zone. &amp;quot;There was no other place Joe could have thrown the ball,&amp;quot; Clark says of the play. &amp;quot;If it had been anywhere else, Everson Walls would have made a play on it.&amp;quot; The 6-ft. 4-in., 210-pound Clark leaped as high as he could and, to his own amazement and the amazement of Cowboys cornerback Walls, made the catch. Montana was just as stunned. &amp;quot;I still don&amp;#039;t know how he got it,&amp;quot; Montana said of Clark&amp;#039;s catch. With &amp;quot;The Catch,&amp;quot; and the extra point, the 49ers beat the Cowboys 28-27, and went on to beat the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XVI 26-21. It would be the first of four Super Bowl victories the 49ers would achieve by 1990.\u2014S.O. "^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
<http://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a240/1283226/>