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" How much do women love nonstick? The sales figures tell the story: In 2006, pots and pans with this special coating (Teflon is the best-known version) constituted 90 percent of all aluminum cookware sold, according to industry numbers. Yet despite nonstick&amp;#039;s advantages (its surface makes cleanup easy and also allows cooks to use less oil and butter), it has come under fire in recent years over concerns about toxic chemical emissions. Dozens of reports and studies \u2014 from both industry and outside sources \u2014 have turned up conflicting conclusions. So we talked to numerous experts, looked at the major studies \u2014 and also conducted our own lab tests at the Good Housekeeping Research Institute \u2014 to find out: Just how safe are nonstick pots and pans? The answer is a qualified one. They&amp;#039;re safe, says Robert L. Wolke, Ph.D., a professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh and the author of What Einstein Told His Cook: Kitchen Science Explained, as long as they&amp;#039;re not overheated. When they are, the coating may begin to break down (at the molecular level, so you wouldn&amp;#039;t necessarily see it), and toxic particles and gases, some of them carcinogenic, can be released. &amp;quot;There&amp;#039;s a whole chemistry set of compounds that will come off when Teflon is heated high enough to decompose,&amp;quot; says Wolke. &amp;quot;Many of these are fluorine-containing compounds, which as a class are generally toxic.&amp;quot; But fluoropolymers, the chemicals from which these toxic compounds come, are a big part of the coating formula \u2014 and the very reason that foods don&amp;#039;t stick to nonstick. If the danger begins when pans overheat, then how hot is too hot? &amp;quot;At temperatures above 500\u00BAF, the breakdown begins and smaller chemical fragments are released,&amp;quot; explains Kurunthachalam Kannan, Ph.D., an environmental toxicologist at the New York State Department of Health&amp;#039;s Wadsworth Center. DuPont, inventor and manufacturer of Teflon, agrees that 500 degrees is the recommended maximum for cooking. Sticking Point How fast will a nonstick pan reach 500\u00B0F, the point at which its coating can start to decompose? The Good Housekeeping Research Institute put three pieces of nonstick cookware to the test: a cheap, lightweight pan (weighing just 1 lb., 3 oz.); a midweight pan (2 lbs., 1 oz.); and a high-end, heavier pan (2 lbs., 9 oz.). We cooked five dishes at different temperatures on a burner that&amp;#039;s typical in most homes. The results: Even we were surprised by how quickly some of the pans got way too hot. Check out the test details on the next page.   SAFE RISKY    Scrambled eggs 218\u00B0 F Cooked on medium for 3 minutes in a lightweight pan    Empty pan, preheated 507\u00B0 F  Heated on high for 1 3/4 minutes in a lightweight pan      Chicken-and-pepper stir-fry 318\u00B0 F  Cooked on high for 5 1/4 minutes in a lightweight pan    Pan preheated with 2 Tbsp. oil 514\u00B0 F  Heated on high for 2 1/2 minutes in a lightweight pan      Bacon 465\u00B0 F  Cooked on high for 5 1/2 minutes in a medium-weight pan    Hamburgers 577\u00B0 F  Cooked on high for 8 1/2 minutes in a heavyweight pan        Steak 656\u00B0 F  Cooked on high for 10 minutes in a lightweight pan     At very high temperatures \u2014 660\u00B0 F and above \u2014 pans may more significantly decompose, emitting fumes strong enough to cause polymer-fume fever, a temporary flu-like condition marked by chills, headache, and fever. (The fumes won&amp;#039;t kill you \u2014 but they can kill pet birds, whose respiratory systems are more fragile.) At 680\u00B0 F, Teflon releases at least six toxic gases, including two carcinogens, according to a study by the Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit watchdog organization. &amp;quot;However, even if those gases are formed, the odds that you&amp;#039;re going to breathe enough of them to be sick are low,&amp;quot; says Wolke, a point corroborated by several of the experts we interviewed. What no one has yet researched is whether overheating these pans regularly for a prolonged period might have long-term effects. Outdated Fears If cookware is flaking, you might accidentally swallow a chip \u2014 but don&amp;#039;t be concerned, says Paul Honigfort, Ph.D., a consumer safety officer with the Food and Drug Administration. &amp;quot;A small particle would most likely just pass through the body, without being absorbed and without having any ill effect on the person&amp;#039;s health,&amp;quot; he says. Also of less concern than previously believed: the danger of nonstick pans exposing the family to PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). A chemical used to manufacture the fluoropolymers that make up nonstick cookware&amp;#039;s coating, PFOA is associated with tumors and developmental problems in animals, and experts are concerned about its possible effects on humans. In 2004, DuPont agreed to pay up to $343 million to settle a lawsuit alleging that PFOA, used in the manufacture of Teflon at a certain plant, had contaminated drinking water nearby. This year, a study at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found an association between PFOA exposure and small decreases in head circumference and body weight in infants (except those born by cesarean section). Last year, an independent review panel advised the EPA to classify PFOA a &amp;quot;likely &amp;quot; human carcinogen. The EPA has not yet adopted the recommendation, which is disputed by DuPont. In the meantime, the EPA has reached an agreement with eight companies, including DuPont, to phase out the use of PFOA completely by 2015. But while PFOA is still a concern, it&amp;#039;s unlikely that we get most of our exposure from the use of nonstick pans. Sources of PFOA are everywhere: in microwave-popcorn bags, fast-food packaging, shampoo, carpeting, and clothing. Studies show that most of us have PFOA in our bloodstreams, and babies show trace amounts at birth. The FDA has tested nonstick pans to evaluate the danger of PFOA exposure to humans. &amp;quot;What we found was that the manufacturing process used to make those pans drives off the PFOA,&amp;quot; says Honigfort, meaning that the chemical evaporates. &amp;quot;The risk to consumers is considered negligible.&amp;quot; Cook-Smart Precautions You can use nonstick safely, as long as you use it properly. Any food that cooks quickly on low or medium heat and coats most of the pan&amp;#039;s surface (which brings down the pan&amp;#039;s temperature) is unlikely to cause problems; that includes foods like scrambled eggs, pancakes, or warmed-up leftovers. And many other kinds of cooking are safe as well: In GHRI&amp;#039;s tests, the only food prep that yielded a nonstick pan temperature exceeding 600\u00BAF in less than 10 minutes was steak in a lightweight pan. But to be cautious, keep these tips in mind.   Never preheat an empty pan. In GHRI&amp;#039;s tests, each of the three empty nonstick pans we heated on high reached temperatures above 500 degrees in less than five minutes \u2014 and the cheapest, most lightweight pan got there in under two minutes. Even pans with oil in them can be problematic; our cheapest pan zoomed to more than 500 degrees in two and a half minutes.  Don&amp;#039;t cook on high heat. Most nonstick manufacturers, including DuPont, now advise consumers not to go above medium. (DuPont maintains, however, that Teflon does not pose any health risks, and that its guideline is simply meant to maximize the life of the product.) Do people still cook on high, despite manufacturers&amp;#039; instructions? &amp;quot;There&amp;#039;s no statistical answer to that question,&amp;quot; says the FDA&amp;#039;s Honigfort. But you know if you&amp;#039;re doing it, and if you are, the consensus is clear: It would be safer if you stopped. (Since some people won&amp;#039;t switch to medium, or will overheat accidentally if distracted, says Jane Houlihan, vice president for research at the Environmental Working Group, &amp;quot;we recommend that people simply phase out the use of nonstick pans.&amp;quot;) To play it safe, set your knob to medium or low and don&amp;#039;t place your nonstick cookware over so-called power burners (anything above 12,000 BTUs on a gas stove or 2,400 watts on an electric range); those burners, seen more often in recent years, are intended for tasks like boiling a large pot of water quickly.   Ventilate your kitchen. When cooking, turn on the exhaust fan to help clear away any fumes.   Don&amp;#039;t broil or sear meats. Those techniques require temperatures above what nonstick can usually handle.   Choose a heavier nonstick pan. Lightweight pans generally heat up fastest, so invest in heavier-weight cookware \u2014 it&amp;#039;s worth the extra money.   Avoid chipping or damaging the pan. We&amp;#039;ve all been told not to use metal utensils on nonstick pans. Newer products may be harder to chip, &amp;quot;because the adhesion between the pan and the nonstick coating is better,&amp;quot; says Honigfort. Still, if pans do chip or flake, they may be more likely to release toxic compounds, says Kannan of the New York State Department of Health. To prevent scratching, use wooden spoons to stir food, avoid steel wool, and don&amp;#039;t stack these pans. (If you do, put a paper towel liner between them.)  How long can you expect your nonstick cookware to last? DuPont&amp;#039;s estimate, based on moderate usage, is three to five years. Some experts, like Kannan, advise replacing your nonstick cookware every couple of years. What should you do if the pan does become damaged? A clear answer, from Kannan: Throw it out.   "^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
<http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/cooking-tools/cookware-reviews/a17426/nonstick-cookware-safety-facts/>