Blanke says that official encouragement by the Polish state played a secondary role in the German exodus.Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918–1939. pp. 32–48. Richard Blanke. University Press of Kentucky, 1993 Christian Raitz von Frentz notes "that many of the repressive measures were taken by local and regional Polish authorities in defiance of Acts of Parliament and government decrees, which more often than not conformed with the minorities treaty, the Geneva Convention and their interpretation by the League councilthough it is also true that some of the central authorities tacitly tolerated local initiatives against the German population."A Lesson Forgotten: Minority Protection Under the League of Nations: The Case of the German Minority in Poland, 1920-1934 page 8. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 1999 While there were demonstrations and protests and occasional violence against Germans, they were at a local level, and officials were quick to point out that they were a backlash against former discrimination against Poles. There were other demonstrations when Germans showed disloyalty during the Polish–Soviet War as the Red Army announced the return to the pre-war borders of 1914. Despite popular pressure and occasional local actions, perhaps as many as 80% of Germans emigrated more or less voluntarily.
Blanke says that official encouragement by the Polish state played a secondary role in the German exodus.Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918–1939. pp. 32–48. Richard Blanke. University Press of Kentucky, 1993 Christian Raitz von Frentz notes "that many of the repressive measures were taken by local and regional Polish authorities in defiance of Acts of Parliament and government decrees, which more often than not conformed with the minorities treaty, the Geneva Convention and their interpretation by the League councilthough it is also true that some of the central authorities tacitly tolerated local initiatives against the German population."A Lesson Forgotten: Minority Protection Under the League of Nations: The Case of the German Minority in Poland, 1920-1934 page 8. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 1999 While there were demonstrations and protests and occasional violence against Germans, they were at a local level, and officials were quick to point out that they were a backlash against former discrimination against Poles. There were other demonstrations when Germans showed disloyalty during the Polish–Soviet War as the Red Army announced the return to the pre-war borders of 1914. Despite popular pressure and occasional local actions, perhaps as many as 80% of Germans emigrated more or less voluntarily.