+ Pronunciation of Latin consonants Latingrapheme Latinphoneme English approximation , Always hard as k in sky, never soft as in cellar, cello, or social. is a letter coming from Greek, but seldom used and generally replaced by c. As ch in chemistry, and aspirated; never as in challenge or change and also never as in Bach or chutzpah. Transliteration of Greek ⟨χ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords. Always hard as g in good, never soft as g in gem. As ngn in wingnut. Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, as y in yard, never as j in just. Doubled between vowels, as y y in toy yacht. When doubled or before , as clear l in link (known as ).. In all other positions, as dark l in bowl (known as ). As p in spy, unaspirated. As p in party, always aspirated; never as in photo when being pronounced in English. Transliteration of Greek ⟨φ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords. Similar to qu in quick, never as qu in antique. Before , like cu in French . There were two trends: the educated and popular pronunciation. Within educated circles it was pronounced , evoking the Old Latin pronunciation (, ); meanwhile, within popular circles it was pronounced (, ).. Traina cites various sources: Quintilianus (I, 7, 26) certifies that his teachers had the group 'vo' written in its epoch by now writing 'vu'; Velio Longo (VII 58 K.) attests the spelling 'quu' pronounced [ku]; various inscriptions from different periods even show the spelling 'cu' for 'quu'. As r in Italian and several Romance languages. As r in Italian and several Romance languages, but voiceless; e.g. ⟨διάῤῥοια⟩. (see Voiceless alveolar trill). Transcription of Greek ῥ, mostly used in Greek loanwords. As s in say, never as s in rise or measure. As t in stay As th in thyme, and aspirated; never as in thing, or that. Transliteration of Greek ⟨θ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords. Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, or after and , as w in wine, never as v in vine. As one is pronounced in some English accents, but without the nasal sound: , . The spelling vu is post-classical (in order to become regular in spelling). A letter representing + , as well as + : as x in English axe. As in zoom, never as in pizza (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek ⟨ζ⟩. + Pronunciation of Latin vowels Latingrapheme Latinphone English approximation Similar to u in cut when short. Transliteration of Greek short ⟨α⟩. Similar to a in father when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨α⟩. As e in pet when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ε⟩. Similar to ey in they when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨η⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases. As i in sit when short. Transliteration of short Greek ⟨ι⟩. Similar to i in machine when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨ι⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases. As o in sort when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ο⟩. Similar to o in holy when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ω⟩, and ⟨ου⟩ in some cases. Similar to u in put when short. Similar to u in true when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ου⟩. As in German Stück when short (or as short u or i) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek short ⟨υ⟩. As in German früh when long (or as long u or i) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek long ⟨υ⟩. + Pronunciation of Latin diphthongs Latingrapheme Latinphone English approximation As in aisle. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αι⟩. As in out. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αυ⟩. As to ey in they. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ει⟩ in some cases. As in Portuguese eu. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ευ⟩. As in boy. Transliteration of Greek ⟨οι⟩. As in Spanish muy, approximately to hooey. Transliteration of the Greek diphthong ⟨υι⟩.
+ Pronunciation of Latin consonants Latingrapheme Latinphoneme English approximation , Always hard as k in sky, never soft as in cellar, cello, or social. is a letter coming from Greek, but seldom used and generally replaced by c. As ch in chemistry, and aspirated; never as in challenge or change and also never as in Bach or chutzpah. Transliteration of Greek ⟨χ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords. Always hard as g in good, never soft as g in gem. As ngn in wingnut. Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, as y in yard, never as j in just. Doubled between vowels, as y y in toy yacht. When doubled or before , as clear l in link (known as ).. In all other positions, as dark l in bowl (known as ). As p in spy, unaspirated. As p in party, always aspirated; never as in photo when being pronounced in English. Transliteration of Greek ⟨φ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords. Similar to qu in quick, never as qu in antique. Before , like cu in French . There were two trends: the educated and popular pronunciation. Within educated circles it was pronounced , evoking the Old Latin pronunciation (, ); meanwhile, within popular circles it was pronounced (, ).. Traina cites various sources: Quintilianus (I, 7, 26) certifies that his teachers had the group 'vo' written in its epoch by now writing 'vu'; Velio Longo (VII 58 K.) attests the spelling 'quu' pronounced [ku]; various inscriptions from different periods even show the spelling 'cu' for 'quu'. As r in Italian and several Romance languages. As r in Italian and several Romance languages, but voiceless; e.g. ⟨διάῤῥοια⟩. (see Voiceless alveolar trill). Transcription of Greek ῥ, mostly used in Greek loanwords. As s in say, never as s in rise or measure. As t in stay As th in thyme, and aspirated; never as in thing, or that. Transliteration of Greek ⟨θ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords. Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, or after and , as w in wine, never as v in vine. As one is pronounced in some English accents, but without the nasal sound: , . The spelling vu is post-classical (in order to become regular in spelling). A letter representing + , as well as + : as x in English axe. As in zoom, never as in pizza (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek ⟨ζ⟩. + Pronunciation of Latin vowels Latingrapheme Latinphone English approximation Similar to u in cut when short. Transliteration of Greek short ⟨α⟩. Similar to a in father when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨α⟩. As e in pet when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ε⟩. Similar to ey in they when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨η⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases. As i in sit when short. Transliteration of short Greek ⟨ι⟩. Similar to i in machine when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨ι⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases. As o in sort when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ο⟩. Similar to o in holy when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ω⟩, and ⟨ου⟩ in some cases. Similar to u in put when short. Similar to u in true when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ου⟩. As in German Stück when short (or as short u or i) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek short ⟨υ⟩. As in German früh when long (or as long u or i) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek long ⟨υ⟩. + Pronunciation of Latin diphthongs Latingrapheme Latinphone English approximation As in aisle. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αι⟩. As in out. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αυ⟩. As to ey in they. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ει⟩ in some cases. As in Portuguese eu. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ευ⟩. As in boy. Transliteration of Greek ⟨οι⟩. As in Spanish muy, approximately to hooey. Transliteration of the Greek diphthong ⟨υι⟩.