thumb|250px |Solar cell output voltage for two light-induced currents IL expressed as a ratio to the reverse saturation current I0 and using a fixed ideality factor m of 2.In practice, at low voltages m → 2, whereas at high voltages m → 1. See Araújo, op. cit. . page 72 Their emf is the voltage at their y-axis intercept.
thumb|250px |Solar cell output voltage for two light-induced currents IL expressed as a ratio to the reverse saturation current I0 and using a fixed ideality factor m of 2In practice at low voltages m → 2 whereas at high voltages m → 1 See Araújo op cit  page 72 Their emf is the voltage at their y-axis intercept