According to the Center for Development Research at the University of Bonn and the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, the quality of 33% of pastureland, 25% of arable land and 23% of forests has deteriorated globally over the last 30 years. 3.2 billion people are dependent on this land. General At the beginning of soil formation, the bare rock outcrops are gradually colonized by pioneer species (lichens and mosses). They are succeeded by herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, and finally forest. In parallel, the first humus-bearing horizon is formed (the A horizon), followed by some mineral horizons (B horizons). Each successive stage is characterized by a certain association of soil/vegetation and environment, which defines an ecosystem.
according to the center for development research at the university of bonn and the international food policy research institute in washington the quality of 33% of pastureland 25% of arable land and 23% of forests has deteriorated globally over the last 30 years 32 billion people are dependent on this land general at the beginning of soil formation the bare rock outcrops are gradually colonized by pioneer species (lichens and mosses) they are succeeded by herbaceous vegetation shrubs and finally forest in parallel the first humus-bearing horizon is formed (the a horizon) followed by some mineral horizons (b horizons) each successive stage is characterized by a certain association of soil/vegetation and environment which defines an ecosystem