thumb|left|Cai Wenji returning to Han, Jin dynasty painting. Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and , and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, Ögedei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er, Tabuyir, and (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals , , Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tümens under Ögedei Khan.
thumb|left|Cai Wenji returning to Han, Jin dynasty painting. Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and , and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, Ögedei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er, Tabuyir, and (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals , , Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tümens under Ögedei Khan.