Over time, Mamluks became a powerful military knightly class in various Muslim societies that were controlled by dynastic Arab rulers. Particularly in Egypt and Syria, but also in the Ottoman Empire, Levant, Mesopotamia, and India, mamluks held political and military power. In some cases, they attained the rank of sultan, while in others they held regional power as emirs or beys. Most notably, Mamluk factions seized the sultanate centered on Egypt and Syria, and controlled it as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously defeated the Ilkhanate at the Battle of Ain Jalut. They had earlier fought the western European Christian Crusaders in 1154–1169 and 1213–1221, effectively driving them out of Egypt and the Levant. In 1302 the Mamluk Sultanate formally expelled the last Crusaders from the Levant, ending the era of the Crusades.
Over time Mamluks became a powerful military knightly class in various Muslim societies that were controlled by dynastic Arab rulers Particularly in Egypt and Syria but also in the Ottoman Empire Levant Mesopotamia and India mamluks held political and military power In some cases they attained the rank of sultan while in others they held regional power as emirs or beys Most notably Mamluk factions seized the sultanate centered on Egypt and Syria and controlled it as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) The Mamluk Sultanate famously defeated the Ilkhanate at the Battle of Ain Jalut They had earlier fought the western European Christian Crusaders in 1154–1169 and 1213–1221 effectively driving them out of Egypt and the Levant In 1302 the Mamluk Sultanate formally expelled the last Crusaders from the Levant ending the era of the Crusades