A further impediment to the reliability of the early devices was the diffusion of water vapor from body fluids through the epoxy resin encapsulation, affecting the electronic circuitry. This phenomenon was overcome by encasing the pacemaker generator in a hermetically sealed metal case, initially by Telectronics of Australia in 1969, followed by Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. of St. Paul, Minnesota in 1972. This technology, using titanium as the encasing metal, became the standard by the mid-1970s.
A further impediment to the reliability of the early devices was the diffusion of water vapor from body fluids through the epoxy resin encapsulation affecting the electronic circuitry This phenomenon was overcome by encasing the pacemaker generator in a hermetically sealed metal case initially by Telectronics of Australia in 1969 followed by Cardiac Pacemakers Inc of St Paul Minnesota in 1972 This technology using titanium as the encasing metal became the standard by the mid-1970s