One of the first such movements was the New Hope Society () that was established in Johor Bahru in 1916. On 14 September 1923, a movement was established in Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt by students from British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies known as the Al-Jam'iyah Al-Khairiyah lit-tholabah Al-Azhariyah Al-Jawiyah (renamed in 1937 to the Indonesia Malaya Convention or Perhimpunan Indonesia Malaya; PERPINDOM). Composed primarily of students influenced by the Young Turks movement and later the Muslim Brotherhood, the movement encouraged intentional political and religious discourse through periodicals like Osman Abdullah's Seruan Al-Azhar (Al-Azhar Clarion) and Pilehan Timur (Oriental Choice).
one of the first such movements was the new hope society () that was established in johor bahru in 1916 on 14 september 1923 a movement was established in al-azhar university in cairo egypt by students from british malaya and the dutch east indies known as the al-jam'iyah al-khairiyah lit-tholabah al-azhariyah al-jawiyah (renamed in 1937 to the indonesia malaya convention or perhimpunan indonesia malaya; perpindom) composed primarily of students influenced by the young turks movement and later the muslim brotherhood the movement encouraged intentional political and religious discourse through periodicals like osman abdullah's seruan al-azhar (al-azhar clarion) and pilehan timur (oriental choice)