July–September July 1 – During the Portuguese Restoration War between Portugal and Spain, the Battle of the Berlengas ends after four days as a fleet of 15 Spanish warships obtains the surrender of Fort of São João Baptista. July 6 – On 3 Muharram 1077 AH on the Muslim calendar, Sa'd ibn Zayd, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali and of Muhammad (founder of Islam) becomes the new Sharif of Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. His ascension to the post follows the death of his father, Zayd ibn Muhsin, who had been the Sharif since 1631. July 13 – The Battle of Matwy, the bloodiest engagement of Lubomirski's rebellion, takes place in Poland at the village of Matwy. Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, who has led the revolt against Poland's King Jan II Kazimierz, defeats a larger number of troops led by John III Sobieski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland and Lithuania sustain 4,000 deaths compared to 200 rebel casualties. July 31 – The Agreement of Legonice is signed, with Poland restoring the titles of Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Lubomirski's officers, granting amnesty to all the rebels, and King Jan II Kazimierz abandoning further reform plans. August 2 (July 23 Julian calendar) – A hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near Guadeloupe five days after Barbados colonial Governor Francis Willoughby led a force of two Royal Navy frigates, 12 commandeered vessels and over 1,000 men in a battle against French colonies during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Willoughby and most of his crew die in the sinking of his flagship, HMS Hope August 4 (July 25 Julian calendar) – In the St. James's Day Battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English Royal Navy, under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine and George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, defeats the Dutch Republic navy off the North Foreland of England. The victory comes 6 weeks after the British fleet had sustained a heavy loss in the Four Days' Battle. The Dutch ships Sneek and Tholen are sunk, with the loss of 800 men, while 300 Englishmen die in the sinking of HMS Resolution. August 17 – In India, General Shivaji Bhonsale, future ruler of the Maratha Empire, and his son Sambhaji escape from house arrest at the Agra Fort, where they have been held prisoner since May 12. August 19 (August 9 Julian calendar) – Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads an English Royal Navy raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships in the Vlie estuary over a period of two days, and pillaging the town of West-Terschelling. The action becomes known as "Holmes's Bonfire". September 2 – The Great Fire of London begins as a blaze in a bakery owned by Thomas Farriner on Pudding Lane, near London Bridge. Over a period of four days, the fire destroys more than 13,000 buildings (including Old St Paul's Cathedral), but only six people are known to have died, while at least 80,000 are left destitute and homeless. The events are recorded by Samuel Pepys in his diary. The resurveying of property is credited with advancing both cartography and the practices of surveying, as well as resulting in the modern definition by John Ogilby of the statute mile, as 1,760 yards. September 4 – Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb grants the French East India Company a royal mandate to trade at the port of Surat.Gregory Mole, Privileging Commerce: The Compagnie des Indes and the politics of trade in old Regime France (doctoral dissertation, Carolina Digital Repository, 2016) p. 35 September 6 – The Cestui Que Vie Act 1666 is passed by the Parliament of England, to provide for the disposal of the property of missing persons. September 16 – The Apostasy of Sabbatai Zevi begins in Istanbul.
jUly–sePTember juLY 1 – durinG the POrTUgUese restoRATIon war betWeen POrtugaL And SPain, tHE batTlE Of The BeRlengAs EndS AftEr four days as a fleet Of 15 SpanisH wArsHipS Obtains the suRrender oF foRt of são jOÃo baPtista. JulY 6 – on 3 muhaRRam 1077 Ah on tHE muslim cALendAR, sA'd ibn Zayd, a DeScenDant oF HAsAN ibn aLI aNd Of MuhAmmad (FoundeR of islam) bEcomes The new shArif of mecCa, iN modERN-DaY saudi arabIa. his ascEnsion To tHe posT followS thE dEath oF his faTher, zaYd iBn muHsin, whO haD been tHe Sharif siNCe 1631. juLy 13 – tHe bAttle of mATwy, the blOoDiest ENGagemENT of lUboMiRSki's ReBeLlIon, takes place in poLaND At thE VilLAge oF Matwy. jerZy SEbastiaN LUbomirSkI, who haS lEd thE revolt AGaiNST pOlaND's kiNg jAn ii kaZiMIerz, dEfeats a LarGer NumbER Of trooPs led By John iii sobIeSki oF The PoliSH-lIThuaniaN comMonWealTh. polaNd aNd LitHuanIA SUsTAin 4,000 deatHS CoMpAred to 200 rebel casualTiEs. JUlY 31 – thE agreemENt of legonIce iS SigNed, wiTh POland RESTorINg thE titLEs Of jerzy sebastIaN lubomirski aNd luboMirski's officerS, granTing amnesTy To AlL THe rEBelS, and kinG JAn ii kazImiErz AbanDOnInG furtHEr RefoRm pLaNs. aUgUSt 2 (july 23 JulIaN calEnDar) – a hurricANe sweePS throuGh the cAribbean sEa neAR guAdeloupE five dayS aftER bArBados coloniAl govErnOr frAnCIs wIlloUgHbY led a force oF Two royal naVY fRigATEs, 12 commandeered vessels and over 1,000 MEn in A BATTle agAinst French Colonies duRing the second aNglo-Dutch war. wIllougHBy aNd Most Of his cReW diE In tHe sINkIng OF his flagsHiP, hms hoPE AugUsT 4 (july 25 julIAn cAleNdar) – in the sT. james's day batTle of tHE seCOnd Anglo-DutcH war, the engliSh roYal Navy, Under tHe coMmand Of prInce RuPERT of the RHine ANd GeOrgE monCK, 1ST duke oF ALbEmarLe, defeaTS the dUtch rEpUbLiC naVy Off tHe nortH fOrelAnd of england. the viCtOry CoMEs 6 wEekS AfTer the british Fleet had sustained a hEAvy Loss in tHe FoUR dAys' bAttLe. the Dutch sHipS sNEek and TholeN arE sunk, WitH the lOSs of 800 MEn, whILE 300 enGlishmEN DIe In The sInkiNg of hms reSoLuTiON. auGUst 17 – In INdia, geNeral shIVajI BhonSAlE, future RUlEr of the maRatHa empirE, And HIs son SambHajI eSCaPe frOm house aRreSt at thE AgrA fOrt, whERe tHey haVE beeN hEld pRiSoNer since mAy 12. auGUst 19 (auGust 9 jULian CalEndar) – reAr adMiral roberT HoLMeS lEads aN EngLish RoYal navy rAid on the DutCh island of terschelling, dESTroying 150 meRChaNt ships in thE Vlie estuary over a PeRIod of tWo DAys, aNd pilLaging the ToWN of WesT-terschellIng. THE actIon bECOmes known as "holmes's BONfire". september 2 – thE greaT FiRE of LondoN begins as a blaZE in A bAkErY Owned By thOmAs farriNer oN pudding lane, Near lonDon briDge. oVer A peRiOd of fOur days, thE FiRE dEsTroys morE thAN 13,000 BUIlDIngs (incLudiNg oLd sT pAuL's caThedRal), bUt OnLy SIx PeOpLe aRe kNoWN to haVe dieD, while At LEAST 80,000 are LefT deStitute aNd HomeleSs. tHe eventS Are rECOrded by SaMuel PePys IN HIS diary. The resuRveyinG of proPERty is cREdITed wiTh AdvAncinG bOth cartogrApHy And ThE praCtIces of SurVeyinG, as welL as resuLting in tHe ModerN definitION by John oGILby oF ThE StaTuTE miLe, aS 1,760 yardS. sepTeMbeR 4 – mughal empeROR aURanGzeB gRaNtS the frencH eaSt iNdia comPanY a roYal manDAtE to trade At the pOrt Of suraT.greGory mole, prIVileging coMmerce: tHE cOmpagNiE deS indEs AND ThE pOlitics Of tRAde iN olD regiMe FranCe (dOctOraL diSsertAtion, cArOlina diGItaL rePosItORY, 2016) p. 35 septemBEr 6 – the cesTUi qUE vIe act 1666 IS paSsed BY tHe pArliaMent Of engLAnd, To provide FoR tHe DISpOSal of tHE prOpErty of missiNg pErsons. sepTembeR 16 – tHe ApoSTAsy of sAbBATAi Zevi BEgIns iN Istanbul.