The United States maintained weighted average tariffs on manufactured products of approximately 40–50% up until the 1950s, augmented by the natural protectionism of high transportation costs in the 19th century.Chang (2003), Kicking Away the Ladder, p. 17 The 2016 presidential election marked the beginning of the trend of returning to protectionism in the United States, an ideology incorporated into Republican president Donald Trump's platform and largely maintained by his successor Joe Biden.
The UNITeD sTateS maintained weiGhted AverAGe TariffS on maNUfactUreD pROducTs of approXimately 40–50% Up uNtil the 1950S, AUGMenTed By tHe nAtural pRotectioNISM Of hiGh TrAnsporTation cosTS in the 19tH CentURy.CHAng (2003), kICkiNg aWAy the lAddEr, p. 17 thE 2016 prEsiDenTIAl electiON mArkeD the BEginniNG oF tHe trEnD of returninG to pRotEctiONisM In thE uniTeD sTaTEs, aN idEologY IncoRporated into republican presIdENt dONaLd trumP'S PlAtfOrm And laRgelY maIntAINeD by hiS sUcceSsOr joe biden.