Expeditions ventured south into the Sahara. Cornelius Balbus, Roman governor at Utica, in 19 BC occupied Gerama, desert capital of the Garamantes in the Fezzan.Pliny (A.D.23–79), Natural History V, 36 (Heineman, Harvard Univ. 1942) pp. 244–245.Max Cary and Erik M. Warmington, The Ancient Explorers (London: Methuen 1929; revised ed., Pelican 1963) pp. 216–221, 219. These Berber Garamantes had long-time, unpredictable, off-and-on contacts with the Mediterranean.Roman artifacts and a cut-stone mausoleum at Gerama, 700 km. south of the Mediterranean port of Tripoli. Mortimer Wheeler, Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers (Penguin 1954) pp. 121–133, 130.Cf., Herodotus (c.484–c.425), The Histories IV, 181 (Penguin 1954, 1972) p. 332. Extensive trade across the Sahara directly with the lands to the south had not yet developed.Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Harvard Univ. 1975) pp. 113, 138.A. Bathily, "Relations between the different regions of Africa" pp. 348–357, 350, in General History of Africa, volume III, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (UNESCO 1992).
Expeditions ventured south into the Sahara. Cornelius Balbus, Roman governor at Utica, in 19 BC occupied Gerama, desert capital of the Garamantes in the Fezzan.Pliny (A.D.23–79), Natural History V, 36 (Heineman, Harvard Univ. 1942) pp. 244–245Max Cary and Erik M. Warmington, The Ancient Explorers (London: Methuen 1929; revised ed., Pelican 1963) pp. 216–221, 219. These Berber Garamantes had long-time, unpredictable, off-and-on contacts with the Mediterranean.Roman artifacts and a cut-stone mausoleum at Gerama, 700 km. south of the Mediterranean port of Tripoli. Mortimer Wheeler, Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers (Penguin 1954) pp. 121–133, 130.Cf., Herodotus (c.484–c.425) The Histories IV, 181 (Penguin 1954, 1972) p. 332. Extensive trade across the Sahara directly with the lands to the south had not yet developed.Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Harvard Univ. 1975) pp. 113, 138.A. Bathily, "Relations between the different regions of Africa" pp. 348–357, 350, in General History of Africa, volume III, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (UNESCO 1992).