(4) 11th century, in al-Farāhidi's system (system used today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels.A comprehensive overview of the influence of other languages on Arabic is found in Lucas & Manfredi (2020).
(4) 11th century in al-farāhidi's system (system used today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowelsa comprehensive overview of the influence of other languages on arabic is found in lucas & manfredi (2020)