Customs duties on many manufactured goods were also abolished. The Navigation Acts were abolished in 1849 when free traders won the public debate in the UK. But while free trade progressed in the UK, protectionism continued on the Continent. The UK practiced free trade unilaterally in the vain hope that other countries would follow, but the USA emerged from the Civil War even more explicitly protectionist than before, Germany under Bismarck rejected free trade, and the rest of Europe followed suit.
Customs duties on many manufactured goods were also abolished The Navigation Acts were abolished in 1849 when free traders won the public debate in the UK But while free trade progressed in the UK protectionism continued on the Continent The UK practiced free trade unilaterally in the vain hope that other countries would follow but the USA emerged from the Civil War even more explicitly protectionist than before Germany under Bismarck rejected free trade and the rest of Europe followed suit