The associated with portland cement manufacture comes mainly from four sources: source Amount Decarbonation of limestone Fairly constant: minimum around per kg of cement, maximum 0.54, typical value around 0.50 worldwide. Kiln fuel combustion Varies with plant efficiency: efficient precalciner plant per kg cement, low-efficiency wet process as high as 0.65, typical modern practices (e.g. UK) averaging around 0.30. Produced by vehicles in cement plants and distribution Almost insignificant at 0.002–0.005. So typical total is around per kg finished cement. Electrical power generation Varies with local power source. Typical electrical energy consumption is on the order of 90–150 kWh per tonne cement, equivalent to per kg finished cement if the electricity is coal-generated.
The associated with portland cement manufacture comes mainly from four sources: source Amount Decarbonation of limestone Fairly constant minimum around per kg of cement, maximum 0.54, typical value around 0.50 worldwide. Kiln fuel combustion Varies with plant efficiency: efficient precalciner plant per kg cement, low-efficiency wet process as high as 0.65, typical modern practices (e.g. UK) averaging around 0.30. Produced by vehicles in cement plants and distribution Almost insignificant at 0.002–0.005. So typical total is around per kg finished cement. Electrical power generation Varies with local power source. Typical electrical energy consumption is on the order of 90–150 kWh per tonne cement, equivalent to per kg finished cement if the electricity is coal-generated.