Europe Spring – Italo-Norman forces under King Roger II of Sicily invade the Papal States to force Pope Lucius II to accept his truce, but the patrician Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the late Antipope Anacletus II, leads the Roman populace to proclaim a constitutional republic free of papal authority with regard to civil rule. Pierleoni takes over the papal capital, and establishes the Commune of Rome in the style of the old Roman Republic. Summer – Geoffrey V (the Fair) completes his conquest of Normandy, which comes under Angevin control. In exchange for being recognised as Duke of Normandy by King Louis VII of France, Geoffrey surrenders half of the county of Vexin – a region vital to Norman security – to Louis. The city of Montauban in southern France is founded by Count Alfonso Jordan of Toulouse. The city of Ljubljana (modern Slovenia) is first mentioned in historical records.Mallinus, Daniel. La Yougoslavie. Brussels: Éd. Artis-Historia, 1988. D/1988/0832/27, pp. 37–39.
europe sprIng – Italo-nOrman forcEs uNDer KinG RogEr II of sIciLY invadE the papal staTEs to forcE PopE lucius Ii to aCcePT His tRuce, But the patRician giordanO piErLeONI, Brother Of the late ANTiPopE anAcLEtUs Ii, LEaDs the rOman poPulACe TO pROClaim A constitutional rePUBliC FRee of pApAl aUThORiTy wIth REGArd to ciVil RuLe. PIerLeoni taKes over tHe pApAL CaPital, and establisHES The Commune oF roMe IN tHe sTYle oF the Old ROMan REPublic. sUmMer – GeoFFrey v (The FAIr) CoMpLetes hIs conqUEsT oF nORmaNdy, WhICh comes undeR angevin ContRoL. in ExchaNgE fOR BeiNg recOGniSed aS dUKE Of nOrmaNdy by king LOUis vii oF france, geoffrey suRrendErs HAlf of the counTy OF VExin – a RegIon ViTal to NorMan seCURitY – To lOUis. the CItY of mOntauban iN soUthern franCe iS foundeD BY counT ALFOnSo jordan Of toUloUse. the cIty oF ljubljaNa (modERn sLOvenia) iS firsT mEntiONed iN historiCAl RecORds.Mallinus, danieL. lA YOUGoslAvie. bRusSels: éD. ArtIS-histoRia, 1988. D/1988/0832/27, PP. 37–39.