In the Roman Empire, the gibbet (instrument of execution) for crucifixions took on many shapes. Seneca the Younger () states: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet." According to Josephus, during Emperor Titus's Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), Roman soldiers nailed innumerable Jewish captives to crosses in various ways.
in the roman empire the gibbet (instrument of execution) for crucifixions took on many shapes seneca the younger () states "i see crosses there not just of one kind but made in many different ways some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet" according to josephus during emperor titus's siege of jerusalem (70 ce) roman soldiers nailed innumerable jewish captives to crosses in various ways