After , was realized as and was realized as . The spellings , and even were occasionally used instead of the usual .Wełna (1986), pp. 754–755. The addition of to in spellings such as and for may have been a means of showing that the word was pronounced with a stop rather than a fricative; spellings with just such as are also found.Fulk (2014), pp. 68–69 To disambiguate, the cluster ending in the palatal affricate is sometimes written (or ) by modern editors.Fulk (2014), p. 69 ċġ (between vowels), (after ) d In the earliest texts it also represented . See . ð ð, þ , including its allophone Called in Old English; now called eth or edh. Derived from the insular form of with the addition of a cross-bar. Both and could represent either allophone of , voiceless or voiced , but some texts show a tendency to use at the start of words and in the middle or at the end of a word. Some modern editors replace with as a form of normalization and means of imposing consistency. See . e e ē Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . ea ea Sometimes stands for after or ēa Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . Sometimes stands for after or . eo eo Sometimes stands for after or ēo Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . f , including its allophone See also . g g , including its allophone In Old English manuscripts, this letter usually took its insular form . The and pronunciations are sometimes written in modern editions. Word-initially before another consonant letter, the pronunciation is always the velar fricative . Word-finally after , it is always palatal . Otherwise, a knowledge of the history of the word in question is needed to predict the pronunciation with certainty, although it is most commonly before and after front vowels (other than ) and elsewhere. ġ , including its allophone , which occurs after h , including its allophones The combinations , , , may have been realized as devoiced versions of the second consonants instead of as sequences starting with . i i , rarely Although the spelling is used for the palatal consonant from the earliest Old English texts, the letter is also found as a minority spelling of . West Saxon scribes came to prefer to use rather than to spell the sequence found in verbs like herian and swerian, whereas Mercian and Northumbrian texts generally used in the spelling of these words. ī Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . ie ie īe Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . io io By the time of the first written prose, had merged with in every dialect but Northumbrian, where it was preserved until Middle English. In Early West Saxon was often written instead of , but by Late West Saxon only the spelling remained common. īo Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . k Rarely used; this sound is normally represented by . l Probably velarised (as in Modern English) when in coda position. m n , including its allophone The allophone occurred before a velar plosive ( or ). o o See also . ō Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . oe oe, œ Only occurs in some dialects. Written as in Old English manuscripts, but some modern editions use the ligature to indicate that it is a single vowel sound. Modern editions use or to distinguish long from short . ōe, œ̄ p qu A rare spelling of , which was usually written as ( in modern editions). r The exact nature of Old English is not known; it may have been an alveolar approximant as in most modern English, an alveolar flap , or an alveolar trill . s , including its allophone sc sc (rare) At the start of a word, the usual pronunciation is palatalized .
After , was realized as and was realized as . The spellings , and even were occasionally used instead of the usual .Wełna (1986), pp. 754–755. The addition of to in spellings such as and for may have been a means of showing that the word was pronounced with a stop rather than a fricative; spellings with just such as are also found.Fulk (2014), pp. 68–69 To disambiguate, the cluster ending in the palatal affricate is sometimes written (or ) by modern editors.Fulk (2014), p. 69 ċġ (between vowels), (after ) d In the earliest texts it also represented . See . ð ð, þ , including its allophone Called in Old English; now called eth or edh. Derived from the insular form of with the addition of a cross-bar. Both and could represent either allophone of , voiceless or voiced , but some texts show a tendency to use at the start of words and in the middle or at the end of a word. Some modern editors replace with as a form of normalization and means of imposing consistency. See . e e ē Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . ea ea Sometimes stands for after or ēa Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . Sometimes stands for after or . eo eo Sometimes stands for after or ēo Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . f , including its allophone See also . g g , including its allophone In Old English manuscripts, this letter usually took its insular form . The and pronunciations are sometimes written in modern editions. Word-initially before another consonant letter, the pronunciation is always the velar fricative . Word-finally after , it is always palatal . Otherwise, a knowledge of the history of the word in question is needed to predict the pronunciation with certainty, although it is most commonly before and after front vowels (other than ) and elsewhere. ġ , including its allophone , which occurs after h , including its allophones The combinations , , , may have been realized as devoiced versions of the second consonants instead of as sequences starting with . i i , rarely Although the spelling is used for the palatal consonant from the earliest Old English texts, the letter is also found as a minority spelling of . West Saxon scribes came to prefer to use rather than to spell the sequence found in verbs like herian and swerian, whereas Mercian and Northumbrian texts generally used in the spelling of these words. ī Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . ie ie īe Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . io io By the time of the first written prose, had merged with in every dialect but Northumbrian, where it was preserved until Middle English. In Early West Saxon was often written instead of , but by Late West Saxon only the spelling remained common. īo Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . k Rarely used; this sound is normally represented by . l Probably velarised (as in Modern English) when in coda position. m n , including its allophone The allophone occurred before a velar plosive ( or ). o o See also . ō Modern editions use to distinguish long from short . oe oe, œ Only occurs in some dialects. Written as in Old English manuscripts, but some modern editions use the ligature to indicate that it is a single vowel sound. Modern editions use or to distinguish long from short . ōe, œ̄ p qu A rare spelling of , which was usually written as ( in modern editions). r The exact nature of Old English is not known; it may have been an alveolar approximant as in most modern English, an alveolar flap , or an alveolar trill . s , including its allophone sc sc (rare) At the start of a word, the usual pronunciation is palatalized .