Science and technology Engineering thumb|right|200px|An improvised surveyors level made from a camera tripod, a torpedo level and a scope. Improvisation in engineering is to solve a problem with the tools and materials immediately at hand. Examples of such improvisation was the re-engineering of carbon dioxide scrubbers with the materials on hand during the Apollo 13 space mission, or the use of a knife in place of a screwdriver to turn a screw. thumb|Improvised bass drum in Trafalgar Square, London. thumb|An improvised cowbell, used for sheep or goats. The bell was found in 1988 in a field near Tuqu' (Tekoa) in the West Bank. The bell's body is made of aluminum, probably a broken kitchen utensil, while the clapper is a brass cartridge case (SMI 25 NATO, probably 7.62×51mm). thumb|Improvised hat cover of an Orthodox Jew on a rainy day in Tel Aviv. Engineering improvisations may be needed because of emergencies, embargo, obsolescence of a product and the loss of manufacturer support, or just a lack of funding appropriate for a better solution. Users of motor vehicles in parts of Africa develop improvised solutions where it is not feasible to obtain manufacturer-approved spare parts.
Science and technology Engineering thumb|right|200px|An improvised surveyors level made from a camera tripod a torpedo level and a scope Improvisation in engineering is to solve a problem with the tools and materials immediately at hand Examples of such improvisation was the re-engineering of carbon dioxide scrubbers with the materials on hand during the Apollo 13 space mission or the use of a knife in place of a screwdriver to turn a screw thumb|Improvised bass drum in Trafalgar Square London thumb|An improvised cowbell used for sheep or goats The bell was found in 1988 in a field near Tuqu' (Tekoa) in the West Bank The bell's body is made of aluminum probably a broken kitchen utensil while the clapper is a brass cartridge case (SMI 25 NATO probably 762×51mm) thumb|Improvised hat cover of an Orthodox Jew on a rainy day in Tel Aviv Engineering improvisations may be needed because of emergencies embargo obsolescence of a product and the loss of manufacturer support or just a lack of funding appropriate for a better solution Users of motor vehicles in parts of Africa develop improvised solutions where it is not feasible to obtain manufacturer-approved spare parts