Additionally, this era witnessed the establishment of various institutes of higher education and research. Prominent among these were the University of Bologna (the world's oldest university in continuous operation), the University of Paris, and Oxford University in Europe. Other influential centers included the Al-Qarawiyyin University in Morocco, Al-Azhar University in Egypt, and the House of Wisdom in Iraq. Another significant development was the formation of guilds, associations of skilled craftsmen and merchants who regulated their trades and provided vocational education. Prospective members underwent various stages of training on their journey to mastery.
additionally this era witnessed the establishment of various institutes of higher education and research prominent among these were the university of bologna (the world's oldest university in continuous operation) the university of paris and oxford university in europe other influential centers included the al-qarawiyyin university in morocco al-azhar university in egypt and the house of wisdom in iraq another significant development was the formation of guilds associations of skilled craftsmen and merchants who regulated their trades and provided vocational education prospective members underwent various stages of training on their journey to mastery