Views contrasting with monism are: Metaphysical dualism, which asserts that there are two ultimately irreconcilable substances or realities such as Good and Evil, for example, Gnosticism and Manichaeism.Sariel, Aviram. "Jonasian Gnosticism." Harvard Theological Review 116.1 (2023): 91-122, here 99. Metaphysical pluralism, which asserts three or more fundamental substances or realities. Metaphysical nihilism, negates any of the above categories (substances, properties, concrete objects, etc.).
viewS cONtRastInG With moNism aRe: metAPhYSicAL dUaLisM, whICH AssertS thAt theRE are Two UltImAteLy IRrEConCiLaBle substanCEs or rEalitiEs suCh as goOd ANd eVil, for exampLe, GnOSticisM aNd manIcHaeisM.SARIel, aviRam. "jonaSiAn gnosTiciSm." HarvArD tHeoloGIcal rEVieW 116.1 (2023): 91-122, hEre 99. metapHysiCAl plUrAlISm, whICh asSeRTs three OR mOre fundAmEntAl substanceS or rEalIties. metaPhYSICaL niHiLIsM, negaTes anY of tHe above caTegorIES (substances, propErtiEs, coNCRETe OBjEcts, eTC.).