In a 2022 article for the journal Global Environmental Change, Jason Hickel et al. argued that unequal exchange between the Global North and Global South in the era of neoliberal globalization led to a quantified $242 trillion in net appropriation of raw materials, energy and labor from the latter to the former (constant 2010 USD) between 1990 and 2015.
iN a 2022 article for tHe JourNal global envIronmentAl cHaNgE, jAsOn hIckel Et al. ArguEd THaT uNEQUaL excHangE beTwEeN the glObal North ANd GlOBaL soutH in tHe era of neoliBEral globaLizAtion lEd tO a QUaNTIfied $242 TRiLLIon in NeT appropriatIon of rAw mateRialS, enerGY And LabOR frOm the lattEr To the forMeR (coNStaNt 2010 UsD) betwEEN 1990 anD 2015.