A respected text disregards the Carathéodory's exclusion of mention of heat from the statement of the first law for closed systems, and admits heat calorimetrically defined along with work and internal energy.Kirkwood, J. G., Oppenheim, I. (1961), pp. 17–18. Kirkwood & Oppenheim 1961 is recommended by Münster, A. (1970), p. 376. It is also cited by Eu, B. C. (2002), Generalized Thermodynamics, the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, , pp. 18, 29, 66. Another respected text defines heat exchange as determined by temperature difference, but also mentions that the Born (1921) version is "completely rigorous".Guggenheim, E. A. (1949/1967). Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, (first edition 1949), fifth edition 1967, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 9–10. Guggenheim 1949/1965 is recommended by Buchdahl, H. A. (1966), p. 218. It is also recommended by Münster, A. (1970), p. 376. These versions follow the traditional approach that is now considered out of date, exemplified by that of Planck (1897/1903).Planck, M. (1897/1903).
a respected text disregards the carathéodory's exclusion of mention of heat from the statement of the first law for closed systems and admits heat calorimetrically defined along with work and internal energykirkwood j g oppenheim i (1961) pp 17–18 kirkwood & oppenheim 1961 is recommended by münster a (1970) p 376 it is also cited by eu b c (2002) generalized thermodynamics the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and generalized hydrodynamics kluwer academic publishers dordrecht  pp 18 29 66 another respected text defines heat exchange as determined by temperature difference but also mentions that the born (1921) version is "completely rigorous"guggenheim e a (1949/1967) thermodynamics an advanced treatment for chemists and physicists (first edition 1949) fifth edition 1967 north-holland amsterdam pp 9–10 guggenheim 1949/1965 is recommended by buchdahl h a (1966) p 218 it is also recommended by münster a (1970) p 376 these versions follow the traditional approach that is now considered out of date exemplified by that of planck (1897/1903)planck m (1897/1903)