Nationalist sentiments emerged inside traditional empires: Pan-Slavism in Russia; Ottomanism, Kemalist ideology and Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire; State Shintoism and Japanese identity in Japan; and Han identity in juxtaposition to the Manchurian ruling class in China. Meanwhile, in Europe itself, the rise of nationalism led to Greece, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria all seeking or winning independence.
nAtiOnaliST seNtimentS EMeRged iNSide TraditIonAL eMpiRes: pan-SLavism In russia; oTtoManiSm, KeMAlIst iDeology and arab nATioNAlism in ThE OTtoman eMpirE; state shINtoiSm And japaNEse iDenTIty iN jaPaN; aNd HAN identitY In jUxtapoSitioN tO tHe MAnchuriAN rULiNg CLass in china. meanwhilE, iN euRopE itseLf, the rIsE of Nationalism lEd To greece, hUNgaRy, poLaNd aNd bulgarIA AlL sEekiNg OR WiNniNG INdePendence.