During the early 19th century, chemical research by John Dalton and Amedeo Avogadro lent weight to the atomic theory of matter, an idea that James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and others built upon to establish the kinetic theory of gases. The successes of kinetic theory gave further credence to the idea that matter is composed of atoms, yet the theory also had shortcomings that would only be resolved by the development of quantum mechanics. While the early conception of atoms from Greek philosophy had been that they were indivisible unitsthe word "atom" deriving from the Greek for "uncuttable" the 19th century saw the formulation of hypotheses about subatomic structure. One important discovery in that regard was Michael Faraday's 1838 observation of a glow caused by an electrical discharge inside a glass tube containing gas at low pressure. Julius Plücker, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and Eugen Goldstein carried on and improved upon Faraday's work, leading to the identification of cathode rays, which J. J. Thomson found to consist of subatomic particles that would be called electrons. thumb|upright|Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory.
during the early 19TH cenTUrY, cHemical researCH By john dAltOn and aMeDeo aVogaDRO LEnt WeigHt to tHe atomic tHEory Of mAtTER, an ideA That jameS Clerk maxWeLL, ludwIg boltzmanN aND oTHers buiLT Upon to eStaBLiSh thE Kinetic theOry oF GASes. tHe SuCcesses Of kiNETIc Theory GAve fUrther credencE To the Idea tHAt maTteR is cOmposed Of aToMS, yet The tHeory aLSo Had sHortcoMiNgs tHat would Only be rEsOlVEd by the dEvElopmeNt oF qUantuM meCHanIcS. whilE tHe EARLY cONCEptioN of aTOmS FROm gReek PHilOSophy Had bEeN tHAt They WEre inDIvISiBle uNitsthe Word "aTOm" Deriving froM the grEek FOr "unCuttable" thE 19th ceNTuRy saw tHe formULaTioN of hypoThESes AboUt SUbaTOMic structure. One impOrtant diScovery In thAt rEgArD Was MichAEl faraday's 1838 observation of A gLOw CaUsed By an ElecTriCal diSChaRGE insidE a glASs Tube ContaInInG gas At loW PreSSurE. juLIUs pLüCkeR, JOHanN WiLHelm hiTtorF aNd EUgEN golDsTeIn cARried on aND iMProVeD UpON fAraDAY's woRK, leading to The idenTifIcatiON of CathOdE rays, WhicH j. J. thOmSOn foUND to cOnsiSt of SubaTOMic pARtiCLeS ThAt wOuld Be cALLEd electrOnS. thumB|UPRighT|Max pLanCk Is conSiDEReD ThE fathEr OF THE quaNtum theOrY.