thumb|right|A white gang looking for blacks during the Chicago race riot of 1919 Reflecting social tensions after World War I, as veterans struggled to return to the workforce and labor unions were organizing, the Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of white race riots against blacks that took place in more than three dozen cities. Urban problems such as crime and disease were blamed on the large influx of Southern blacks to cities in the north and west, based on stereotypes of rural southern African-Americans. Overall, blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest status and restrictive in potential mobility. Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, restrictive covenants, redlining and racial steering". The Great Migration resulted in many African Americans becoming urbanized, and they began to realign from the Republican to the Democratic Party, especially because of opportunities under the New Deal of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Substantially under pressure from African-American supporters who began the March on Washington Movement, President Roosevelt issued the first federal order banning discrimination and created the Fair Employment Practice Committee. After both World Wars, black veterans of the military pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements. In 1948, President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981, which ended segregation in the military.
thumb|right|a white gang looking for blacks during the chicago race riot of 1919 reflecting social tensions after world war i as veterans struggled to return to the workforce and labor unions were organizing the red summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the us as a result of white race riots against blacks that took place in more than three dozen cities urban problems such as crime and disease were blamed on the large influx of southern blacks to cities in the north and west based on stereotypes of rural southern african-americans overall blacks in northern and western cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life within employment economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest status and restrictive in potential mobility within the housing market stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx resulting in a mix of "targeted violence restrictive covenants redlining and racial steering" the great migration resulted in many african americans becoming urbanized and they began to realign from the republican to the democratic party especially because of opportunities under the new deal of the franklin d roosevelt administration during the great depression in the 1930s substantially under pressure from african-american supporters who began the march on washington movement president roosevelt issued the first federal order banning discrimination and created the fair employment practice committee after both world wars black veterans of the military pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements in 1948 president harry truman issued executive order 9981 which ended segregation in the military