Iron Age The Late Bronze Age collapse occurs around 1200 BC, extinguishing most Bronze-Age Near Eastern cultures, and significantly weakening the rest. This is coincident with the complete collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This event is followed by the beginning of the Iron Age. We define the Iron Age as ending in 510 BC for the purposes of this article, even though the typical definition is region-dependent (e.g. 510 BC in Greece, 322 BC in India, 200 BC in China), thus being an 800-year period. 1100 BC Star catalogue — Three Stars Each is the earliest known catalogue in long-running tradition of Babylonian astronomy, likely drawing on SumerianHistory of the Constellations and Star Names — D.4: Sumerian constellations and star names? , by Gary D. Thompson and/or Elamite constellations.History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.5: Elamite lion-bull iconography as constellations? , by Gary D. Thompson 700 BC: Saddle (fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry).Beatie, Russel H. Saddles, University of Oklahoma Press, 1981 , , 9780806115849 P.18-22 7th century BC: The royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. The first recorded example of a library catalog. 688 BC: Waterproof concrete in use, by the Assyrians.Jacobsen T and Lloyd S, (1935) "Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan", Oriental Institute Publications 24, Chicago University Press Later, the Romans developed concretes that could *set* underwater,Lechtman and Hobbs "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution" and used concrete extensively for construction from 300 BC to 476 AD. 650 BC: Crossbow in China. 650 BC: Windmills in Persia. 600 BC: Coins in Phoenicia (Modern Lebanon) or Lydia.M. Kroll, review of G. Le Rider's La naissance de la monnaie, Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 80 (2001), p. 526. D. Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2, Seaby, London, 1979, p. 317. Late 7th or early 6th century BC: Wagonway called Diolkos across the Isthmus of Corinth in Ancient Greece. thumb|With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.Hans-Liudger, Dienel; Wolfgang, Meighörner (1997): "Der Tretradkran", Technikgeschichte series, 2nd ed., Deutsches Museum, München, p. 13 6th century BC – 10th century AD: High Carbon Steel, produced by the Closed Crucible method, later known as Wootz steel, of South India.Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 20. . 6th century BC: University in Taxila, of the Indus Valley, then part of the kingdom of Gandhara, of the Achaemenid Empire (modern-day Pakistan). 6th century – 2nd century BC: Systematization of medicine and surgery in the Sushruta Samhita in Vedic Northern India.Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Wendy Doniger (2014), On Hinduism, Oxford University Press, , page 79;Sarah Boslaugh (2007), Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, , page 547, Quote: "The Hindu text known as Sushruta Samhita is possibly the earliest effort to classify diseases and injuries"Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002). . Documented procedures to: Perform cataract surgery (couching). Babylonian and Egyptian texts, a millennium before, depict and mention oculists, but not the procedure itself. Perform Caesarean section. Construct Prosthetic limbs. Perform Plastic surgery, though reconstructive nasal surgery is described in millennia older Egyptian papyri.Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence . National Informatics Centre (Government of India). Late 6th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Carthage or 5th century BC Celtiberian SpainFrankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 1–21 (17–19)Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (159) Later during the Roman empire, a mechanism appeared that incorporated a connecting rod. Before 5th century BC: Loan deeds in Upanishadic India. 500 BC: Lighthouse in Greece.Elinor Dewire and Dolores Reyes-Pergioudakis (2010). The Lighthouses of Greece. Sarasota: Pineapple Press. , pp 1-5.
Iron Age The Late Bronze Age collapse occurs around 1200 BC, extinguishing most Bronze-Age Near Eastern cultures, and significantly weakening the rest. This is coincident with the complete collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This event is followed by the beginning of the Iron Age. We define the Iron Age as ending in 510 BC for the purposes of this article, even though the typical definition is region-dependent (e.g. 510 BC in Greece, 322 BC in India, 200 BC in China), thus being an 800-yea:r period. 1100 BC Star catalogue — Three Stars Each is the earliest known catalogue in long-running tradition of Babylonian astronomy, likely drawing on SumerianHistory of the Constellations and Star Names — D.4: Sumerian constellations and star names? , by Gary D. Thompson and/or Elamite constellations.History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.5: Elamite lion-bull iconography as constellations? , by Gary D. Thompson 700 BC: Saddle (fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry).Beatie, Russel H. Saddles, University of Oklahoma Press, 1981 , , 9780806115849 P.18-22 7th century BC: The royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. The first recorded example of a library catalog. 688 BC: Waterproof concrete in use, by the Assyrians.Jacobsen T and Lloyd S, (1935) "Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan", Oriental Institute Publications 24, Chicago University Press Later, the Romans developed concretes that could *set* underwater,Lechtman and Hobbs "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution" and used concrete extensively for construction from 300 BC to 476 AD. 650 BC: Crossbow in China. 650 BC: Windmills in Persia. 600 BC: Coins in Phoenicia (Modern Lebanon) or Lydia.M. Kroll, review of G. Le Rider's La naissance de la monnaie, Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 80 (2001), p. 526. D. Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2, Seaby, London, 1979, p. 317. Late 7th or early 6th century BC: Wagonway called Diolkos across the Isthmus of Corinth in Ancient Greece. thumb|With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his musc:ular strength alone.Hans-Liudger, Dienel; Wolfgang, Meighörner (1997): "Der Tretradkran", Technikgeschichte series, 2nd ed., Deutsches Museum, München, p. 13 6th century BC – 10th century AD: High Carbon Steel, produced by the Closed Crucible method, later known as Wootz steel, of South India.Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 20. . 6th century BC: University in Taxila, of the Indus Valley, then part of the kingdom of Gandhara, of the Achaemenid Empire (modern-day Pakistan). 6th century – 2nd century BC: Systematization of medicine and surgery in the Sushruta Samhita in Vedic Northern India.Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Wendy Doniger (2014), On Hinduism, Oxford University Press, , page 79;Sarah Boslaugh (2007), Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, , page 547, Quote: "The Hindu text known as Sushruta Samhita is possibly the earliest effort to classify diseases and injuries"Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002). . Documented procedures to: Perform cataract surgery (couching). Babylonian and Egyptian texts, a millennium before, depict and mention oculists, but not the procedure itself. Perform Caesarean section. Construct Prosthetic limbs. Perform Plastic surgery, though reconstructive nasal surgery is described in millennia older Egyptian papyri.Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence . National Informatics Centre (Government of India). Late 6th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Carthage or 5th century BC Celtiberian SpainFrankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 1–21 (17–19)Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (159) Later during the Roman empire, a mechanism appeared that incorporated a connecting rod. Before 5th century BC: Loan deeds in Upanishadic India. 500 BC: Lighthouse in Greece.Elinor Dewire and Dolores Reyes-Pergioudakis (2010). The Lighthouses of Greece. Sarasota: Pineapple Press. , pp 1-5.