Traditional learning and literature Traditional learning flourished, especially among Ming loyalists such as Dai Zhen and Gu Yanwu, but scholars in the school of evidential learning made innovations in skeptical textual scholarship. Scholar-bureaucrats, including Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, developed a school of practical statecraft which rooted bureaucratic reform and restructuring in classical philosophy.
Traditional learning and literature Traditional learning flourished especially among Ming loyalists such as Dai Zhen and Gu Yanwu but scholars in the school of evidential learning made innovations in skeptical textual scholarship Scholar-bureaucrats including Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan developed a school of practical statecraft which rooted bureaucratic reform and restructuring in classical philosophy