Tüm Detaylarıyla Ekspresyonizm Nedir? - HByazar
Ekspresyonizm ya da diğer adıyla dışavurumculuk 20. yüzyılda Almanya'da ortaya çıkmış bir sanat akımıdır.
”action painting”
Ekspresyonizm ikiye ayrılıyor diyebiliriz, Soyut dışavurumculuk ve dışavurumculuk. Soyut dışavurumculuk resmin neredeyse tamamen soyutlanmış bir halidir, hatta bir noktada <anchor>”action painting”</anchor> olma özelliği de gösterir ve belirli bir noktadan sonra otomatist bir tavır üstlenir.
Action painting - Wikipedia
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## Contents

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- [1Background](#Background)
- [2Historical context](#Historical_context)
- [3Notable action painters](#Notable_action_painters)
- [4Exhibitions](#Exhibitions)
- [5See also](#See_also)
- [6References and notes](#References_and_notes)
- [7External links](#External_links)

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# Action painting

33 languages

- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A "تصوير انفعالي – Arabic")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81 "Жестова живопис – Bulgarian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_d%27acci%C3%B3 "Pintura d'acció – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_malba "Akční malba – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Painting "Action Painting – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82 "Ζωγραφική της δράσης – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Spanish")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C "نقاشی کنشی – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – French")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%85%98_%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%ED%8C%85 "액션 페인팅 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6 "Գործողության գեղանկարչություն – Armenian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94 "ציור פעולה – Hebrew")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesztusfest%C3%A9szet "Gesztusfestészet – Hungarian")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actionpainting "Actionpainting – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0 "アクション・ペインティング – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestualismo_(pintura) "Gestualismo (pintura) – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F "Живопись действия – Russian")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_umenie "Akčné umenie – Slovak")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE "Акционо сликарство – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akciono_slikarstvo "Akciono slikarstvo – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toimintamaalaus "Toimintamaalaus – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting "Action painting – Swedish")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiyon_resmi "Aksiyon resmi – Turkish")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%91i_v%E1%BA%BD_h%C3%A0nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng "Lối vẽ hành động – Vietnamese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB "行動繪畫 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Style of painting

For the compilation album of the same name, see [Action Painting (album)](/wiki/Action_Painting_(album) "Action Painting (album)").

**Action painting**, sometimes called " **gestural abstraction**", is a style of [painting](/wiki/Painting "Painting") in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist.

## Background

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Action_painting&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\]

The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, and is closely associated with [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism") (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and " [abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism")" interchangeably).[\[1\]](#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2) A comparison is often drawn between the American action painting and the French [tachisme](/wiki/Tachisme "Tachisme").[\[2\]](#cite_note-:0-2) [The New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_(art) "New York School (art)") of American Abstract Expressionism (1940s-50s) is also seen as closely linked to the movement.[\[3\]](#cite_note-:2-3)

The term was coined by the American critic [Harold Rosenberg](/wiki/Harold_Rosenberg "Harold Rosenberg") in 1952,[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) in his essay "The American Action Painters",[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)
and signaled a major shift in the aesthetic perspective of [New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_(art) "New York School (art)") painters and critics. According to Rosenberg the canvas was "an arena in which to act".[\[6\]](#cite_note-:4-6) The actions and means for creating the painting were seen, in action painting, of a higher importance than the result.[\[3\]](#cite_note-:2-3) While Rosenberg created the term "action painting" in 1952, he began creating his action theory in the 1930s as a critic.[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) While abstract expressionists such as [Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock "Jackson Pollock"), [Franz Kline](/wiki/Franz_Kline "Franz Kline") and [Willem de Kooning](/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning "Willem de Kooning") had long been outspoken in their view of a painting as an arena within which to come to terms with the act of creation, earlier critics sympathetic to their cause, like [Clement Greenberg](/wiki/Clement_Greenberg "Clement Greenberg"), focused on their works' "objectness." Clement Greenberg was also an influential critic in action painting, intrigued by the creative struggle, which he claimed was evidenced by the surface of the painting.[\[3\]](#cite_note-:2-3) To Greenberg, it was the physicality of the paintings' clotted and oil-caked surfaces that was the key to understanding them. "Some of the labels that became attached to Abstract Expressionism, like "informel" and "Action Painting," definitely implied this; one was given to understand that what was involved was an utterly new kind of art that was no longer art in any accepted sense. This was, of course, absurd." – Clement Greenberg, "Post Painterly Abstraction".

Rosenberg's critique shifted the emphasis from the object to the struggle itself, with the finished painting being only the physical manifestation, a kind of residue, of the actual work of art, which was in the act or process of the painting's creation. The newer research tends to put the exile-surrealist [Wolfgang Paalen](/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen "Wolfgang Paalen") in the position of the artist and theoretician who used the term "action" at first in this sense and fostered the theory of the subjective struggle with it. In his theory of the viewer-dependent possibility space, in which the artist "acts" like in an ecstatic ritual, Paalen considers ideas of [quantum mechanics](/wiki/Quantum_mechanics "Quantum mechanics"), as well as idiosyncratic interpretations of the totemic vision and the spatial structure of native-Indian painting from British Columbia. His long essay _Totem Art_ (1943) had considerable influence on such artists as [Martha Graham](/wiki/Martha_Graham "Martha Graham"), [Barnett Newman](/wiki/Barnett_Newman "Barnett Newman"), [Isamu Noguchi](/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi "Isamu Noguchi"), [Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock "Jackson Pollock") and [Mark Rothko](/wiki/Mark_Rothko "Mark Rothko"); Paalen describes a highly artistic vision of totemic art as part of a ritual "action" with psychic links to genetic memory and matrilinear ancestor-worship.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

Over the next two decades, Rosenberg's redefinition of art as an act rather than an object, as a process rather than a product, was influential, and laid the foundation for a number of major art movements, from [Happenings](/wiki/Happening "Happening") and [Fluxus](/wiki/Fluxus "Fluxus") to [Conceptual](/wiki/Conceptual_Art "Conceptual Art"), [Performance art](/wiki/Performance_art "Performance art"), [Installation art](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art") and [Earth Art](/wiki/Earth_Art "Earth Art").

## Historical context

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Action_painting&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Historical context")\]

It is essential for the understanding of action painting to place it in historical context. The action painting movement took place in the time after World War II ended. With this came a disordered economy and culture in Europe, and in America the government took advantage of their new state of importance.[\[9\]](#cite_note-:3-9) A product of the [post-World War II](/wiki/Post-World_War_II "Post-World War II") artistic resurgence of [expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism") in [America](/wiki/United_States "United States") and more specifically [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"), action painting developed in an era where [quantum mechanics](/wiki/Quantum_mechanics "Quantum mechanics") and [psychoanalysis](/wiki/Psychoanalysis "Psychoanalysis") were beginning to flourish and were changing people's perception of the physical and psychological world; and civilization's understanding of the world through heightened [self-consciousness](/wiki/Self-consciousness "Self-consciousness") and awareness.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10)

American action painters pondered the nature of art as well as the reasons for the existence of art often when questioning what the value of action painting is.[\[9\]](#cite_note-:3-9) The preceding art of [Kandinsky](/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky "Wassily Kandinsky") and [Mondrian](/wiki/Piet_Mondrian "Piet Mondrian") had freed itself from the portrayal of objects and instead tried to evoke, address and delineate, through the aesthetic sense, emotions and feelings within the viewer. _Action painting_ took this a step further, using both [Jung](/wiki/Jung "Jung") and [Freud](/wiki/Freud "Freud")'s ideas of the [subconscious](/wiki/Subconscious "Subconscious") as its underlying foundations. Many of the painters were interested in Carl Jung's studies of archetypal images and types, and used their own internal visions to create their paintings.[\[9\]](#cite_note-:3-9) Along with Jung, Sigmund Freud and Surrealism were also influential to the beginning of action painting.[\[6\]](#cite_note-:4-6) The paintings of the Action painters were not meant to portray objects per se or even specific emotions. Instead they were meant to touch the observer deep in the subconscious mind, evoking a sense of the [primeval](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/primeval "wikt:primeval") and tapping the collective sense of an [archetypal](/wiki/Archetype "Archetype") visual language.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) This was done by the artist painting "unconsciously," and spontaneously, creating a powerful arena of raw emotion and action, in the moment. Action painting was clearly influenced by the [surrealist](/wiki/Surrealist "Surrealist") emphasis on [automatism](/wiki/Surrealist_automatism "Surrealist automatism") which (also) influenced by psychoanalysis claimed a more direct access to the [subconscious mind](/wiki/Subconscious "Subconscious"). Important exponents of this concept of art making were the painters [Joan Miró](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3 "Joan Miró") and [André Masson](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson "André Masson"). \[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

## Notable action painters

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Action_painting&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Notable action painters")\]

- [Ana Hatherly](/wiki/Ana_Hatherly "Ana Hatherly")[\[12\]](#cite_note-12)
- [Frank Avray Wilson](/wiki/Frank_Avray_Wilson "Frank Avray Wilson")[\[13\]](#cite_note-13)
- [Norman Bluhm](/wiki/Norman_Bluhm "Norman Bluhm")[\[14\]](#cite_note-14)
- [James Brooks](/wiki/James_Brooks_(painter) "James Brooks (painter)")[\[15\]](#cite_note-15)
- [Nicolas Carone](/wiki/Nicolas_Carone "Nicolas Carone")[\[16\]](#cite_note-16)
- [Elaine de Kooning](/wiki/Elaine_de_Kooning "Elaine de Kooning")[\[17\]](#cite_note-17)
- [Willem de Kooning](/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning "Willem de Kooning")[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)
- [John Ferren](/wiki/John_Ferren "John Ferren")[\[19\]](#cite_note-19)
- [Perle Fine](/wiki/Perle_Fine "Perle Fine")[\[20\]](#cite_note-20)
- [Sam Francis](/wiki/Sam_Francis "Sam Francis")[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)
- [Michael Goldberg](/wiki/Michael_Goldberg_(painter) "Michael Goldberg (painter)")
- [William Green](/wiki/William_Green_(action_painter) "William Green (action painter)")[\[22\]](#cite_note-22)
- [Ismail Gulgee](/wiki/Ismail_Gulgee "Ismail Gulgee")[\[23\]](#cite_note-23)
- [Philip Guston](/wiki/Philip_Guston "Philip Guston")[\[24\]](#cite_note-:1-24)
- [Grace Hartigan](/wiki/Grace_Hartigan "Grace Hartigan")[\[25\]](#cite_note-25)
- [Franz Kline](/wiki/Franz_Kline "Franz Kline")[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)
- [Albert Kotin](/wiki/Albert_Kotin "Albert Kotin")[\[24\]](#cite_note-:1-24)
- [Lee Krasner](/wiki/Lee_Krasner "Lee Krasner")[\[27\]](#cite_note-27)
- [Alfred Leslie](/wiki/Alfred_Leslie "Alfred Leslie")[\[24\]](#cite_note-:1-24)
- [Conrad Marca-Relli](/wiki/Conrad_Marca-Relli "Conrad Marca-Relli")[\[24\]](#cite_note-:1-24)
- [Georges Mathieu](/wiki/Georges_Mathieu "Georges Mathieu")[\[28\]](#cite_note-28)
- [Joan Mitchell](/wiki/Joan_Mitchell "Joan Mitchell")[\[24\]](#cite_note-:1-24)
- [Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock "Jackson Pollock")[\[24\]](#cite_note-:1-24)
- [Milton Resnick](/wiki/Milton_Resnick "Milton Resnick")[\[29\]](#cite_note-29)
- [Joe Stefanelli](/wiki/Joe_Stefanelli_(painter) "Joe Stefanelli (painter)")[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)
- [Jack Tworkov](/wiki/Jack_Tworkov "Jack Tworkov")[\[31\]](#cite_note-31)

## Exhibitions

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Action_painting&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Exhibitions")\]

- Action Painting
  - Organized by Ulf Küster. Fondation Beyekerm Basekm Switzerland, January 27-May 12, 2008[\[32\]](#cite_note-:5-32)
- Action/Abstraction: Pollock, de Kooning, and American Art, 1940-1976
  - Organized by Norman L. Kleeblatt. Jewish Museum, New York, May 4-September 21, 2008[\[32\]](#cite_note-:5-32)

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Action_painting&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [Tachisme](/wiki/Tachisme "Tachisme")
- [Michel Tapié](/wiki/Michel_Tapi%C3%A9 "Michel Tapié")
- [Gutai group](/wiki/Gutai_group "Gutai group")
- [Abstract Imagists](/wiki/Abstract_Imagists "Abstract Imagists")
- [New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_(art) "New York School (art)")
- [Abstract Expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism "Abstract Expressionism")
- [Lyrical abstraction](/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction "Lyrical abstraction")
- [9th Street Art Exhibition](/wiki/9th_Street_Art_Exhibition "9th Street Art Exhibition")
- [Tenth Street galleries](/wiki/Tenth_Street_galleries "Tenth Street galleries")

## References and notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Action_painting&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: References and notes")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**["Art History Definition: Action Painting"](https://www.thoughtco.com/art-history-definition-action-painting-183188). _ThoughtCo_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:0_2-1)Boddy-Evans, Marion. [" _Art Glossary: Action Painting_"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224234/http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm). About.com. Archived from [the original](http://painting.about.com/od/artglossarya/g/defactionpaint.htm) on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
03. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:2_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:2_3-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:2_3-2)["Action Painting Technique: Definition, Characteristics"](http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/action-painting.htm). _www.visual-arts-cork.com_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Rosenberg, Harold. [" _The American Action Painters_"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160410120628/http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp?id=9798). poetrymagazines.org.uk. Archived from [the original](http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp?id=9798) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Stokstad, Marilyn, 2008, _Art History_, 3:d edition, London, Pearson Education, p. 1133.
06. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:4_6-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:4_6-1)["Action Painting \| Artsy"](https://www.artsy.net/gene/action-painting). _www.artsy.net_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Slifkin, Robert (June 2011). "The Tragic Image: Action Painting Refigured". _Oxford Art Journal_. **34** (2): 227–246. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/oxartj/kcr019](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxartj%2Fkcr019).
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**Andreas Neufert, _Auf Liebe und Tod, Das Leben des Surrealisten Wolfgang Paalen_, Berlin (Parthas) 2015, S. 494ff.
09. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:3_9-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:3_9-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:3_9-2)Kaufman, Jason Edwards (Spring 2008). ["What the Mind's Eye Sees: Action painters were postwar exemplars of American individualism"](http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=31308622&site=ehost-live&scope=site). _American Scholar_. **77**: 113–117 – via EBSCO.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**["Peggy Liebenow: Abstrakte Kunst"](https://www.art-exclusive.de/kunstwerke/) (in German). Retrieved 2021-10-06.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**Hunt, T.; Schooler, J. W. (2019). ["The Easy Part of the Hard Problem: A Resonance Theory of Consciousness"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6834646). _Frontiers in Human Neuroscience_. **13**: 378\. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3389/fnhum.2019.00378](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2019.00378). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [6834646](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6834646). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [31736728](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31736728).
12. **[^](#cite_ref-12)**["Ana Hatherly and the Baroque. In a Garden Made of Ink"](https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/en/ana-hatherly-and-the-baroque-in-garden-made-of-ink/). _Calouste Gulbenkian Museum - Modern Collection_. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**["Frank Avray Wilson biography"](https://www.whitfordfineart.com/artists/95-frank-avray-wilson/biography/). _Whitford Fine Art_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**["Why Haven't You Heard of Norman Bluhm?- artnet News"](https://news.artnet.com/art-world/norman-bluhm-496676). _artnet News_. 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**Exhibit-E. ["James Brooks (1906-1992) - Artists - Michael Rosenfeld Art"](http://www.michaelrosenfeldart.com/artists/james-brooks-1906-1992). _www.michaelrosenfeldart.com_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**["Nicolas Carone \| Loretta Howard Gallery"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180504160023/http://lorettahoward.com/artists/carone). _lorettahoward.com_. Archived from [the original](http://lorettahoward.com/artists/carone) on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-17)**["Elaine de Kooning, Portraiture, and the Politics of Sexuality"](https://www.colorado.edu/gendersarchive1998-2013/2003/09/01/elaine-de-kooning-portraiture-and-politics-sexuality). _Genders 1998-2013_. 2003-09-01. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**exhibit-E.com. ["Biography - The Artist - Willem de Kooning Foundation"](http://www.dekooning.org/the-artist/biography). _www.dekooning.org_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**["John Ferren \| Smithsonian American Art Museum"](https://americanart.si.edu/artist/john-ferren-1524).
20. **[^](#cite_ref-20)**Tennessee, AE Artworks - Nashville. ["Biography - Perle Fine - Abstract Expressionist Art - PerleFine.Com"](http://www.perlefine.com/biography/02.html). _www.perlefine.com_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**["The Late Abstract Expressionism in the Works of Sam Francis - IdeelArt"](http://www.ideelart.com/module/csblog/post/288-1-sam-francis.html). _IdeelArt_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
22. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**["Action Art"](http://www.artmovements.co.uk/action-art). _www.artmovements.co.uk_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
23. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**["ArtAsiaPacific: Ismail Gulgee19262007"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155731/http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/57/IsmailGulgee19262007). _artasiapacific.com_. Archived from [the original](http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/57/IsmailGulgee19262007) on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
24. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:1_24-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:1_24-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:1_24-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-:1_24-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-:1_24-4) [_**f**_](#cite_ref-:1_24-5)["New York School Action Painting 1950s"](https://americanexpressionism.wordpress.com/new-york-school-action-painting-1950s/). _Post War American Expressionsim_. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
25. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**["Grace Hartigan: New York School painter who later rejected Abstract"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/grace-hartigan-new-york-school-painter-who-later-rejected-abstract-expressionism-1056668.html). _The Independent_. 2008-12-08. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081209031231/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/grace-hartigan-new-york-school-painter-who-later-rejected-abstract-expressionism-1056668.html) from the original on 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
26. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**["Franz Kline Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works"](http://www.theartstory.org/artist-kline-franz.htm). _The Art Story_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
27. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**["Lee Krasner and Her Impressive Oeuvre - IdeelArt"](http://www.ideelart.com/module/csblog/post/285-1-lee-krasner.html). _IdeelArt_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
28. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**["Georges Mathieu Biography – Georges Mathieu on artnet"](http://www.artnet.com/artists/georges-mathieu/biography). _www.artnet.com_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
29. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**["Milton Resnick: A Question of Seeing"](https://brooklynrail.org/2008/06/artseen/milton-resnick-a-question-of-seeing). _The Brooklyn Rail_. 7 June 2008. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
30. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**["Joe (Joseph) Stefanelli American Abstract Expressionist - Artlyst"](https://www.artlyst.com/news/joe-joseph-stefanelli-american-abstract-expressionist/). _Artlyst_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
31. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**["Jack Tworkov Biography – Jack Tworkov on artnet"](http://www.artnet.com/artists/jack-tworkov/biography). _www.artnet.com_. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
32. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:5_32-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:5_32-1)["Action Painting: Perspectives from Two Sides of the Atlantic"](http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=vth&AN=37332062&site=ehost-live&scope=site). _Art Journal_. **67**: 119–121. Winter 2008 – via EBSCO.

- Rosenberg, Harold _The Tradition of the New_ (1959) - Ayer Co Pub - [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8369-2127-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-2127-5 "Special:BookSources/0-8369-2127-5")
- Wills, Garry _Action Painting in Venice_ (1994)
- Marika Herskovic, [_American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey,_](http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50253062&tab=holdings) (New York School Press, 2003.) [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-9677994-1-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9677994-1-4 "Special:BookSources/0-9677994-1-4")
- Marika Herskovic, [_New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists,_](http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50666793&tab=holdings) (New York School Press, 2000.) [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-9677994-0-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9677994-0-6 "Special:BookSources/0-9677994-0-6")
- Hrebeniak, Michael. _Action Writing: Jack Kerouac's Wild Form_, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 2006.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Action_painting&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [Auction record including a color image of a 1960 action painting](https://web.archive.org/web/20070313074214/http://www.findartinfo.com/search/showitem~price~856065~name~Sans_Titre,_1960.asp) by [Elaine Hamilton](/wiki/Elaine_Hamilton-O%27Neal "Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal").
- [_9th Street Art Exhibition-abstract expressionist artists reminisce_](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R6cnawfnCI)—YouTube video

- [v](/wiki/Template:Abstract_art "Template:Abstract art")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Abstract_art "Template talk:Abstract art")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abstract_art "Special:EditPage/Template:Abstract art")

[Abstract art](/wiki/Abstract_art "Abstract art")

[Geometric \
\
abstraction](/wiki/Geometric_abstraction "Geometric abstraction")

- [Abstract photography](/wiki/Abstract_photography "Abstract photography")
- [Concrete art](/wiki/Concrete_art "Concrete art")
- [Constructivism](/wiki/Constructivism_(art) "Constructivism (art)")
- [De Stijl](/wiki/De_Stijl "De Stijl")
- [Fractal art](/wiki/Fractal_art "Fractal art")
- [Hard-edge painting](/wiki/Hard-edge_painting "Hard-edge painting")
- [Minimalism](/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts) "Minimalism (visual arts)")
- [Op art](/wiki/Op_art "Op art")
- [Suprematism](/wiki/Suprematism "Suprematism")

[Lyrical \
\
abstraction](/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction "Lyrical abstraction")

- [Abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism")
- Action painting
- [All-over painting](/wiki/All-over_painting "All-over painting")
- [Color Field](/wiki/Color_Field "Color Field")
- [Drip painting](/wiki/Drip_painting "Drip painting")
- [Nuagisme](/wiki/Nuagisme "Nuagisme")
- [Organic abstraction](/wiki/Organic_abstraction "Organic abstraction")
- [Tachisme](/wiki/Tachisme "Tachisme")

Predecessors

- [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism")
- [Fauvism](/wiki/Fauvism "Fauvism")
- [Futurism](/wiki/Futurism "Futurism")
- [Expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Abstract_art "Category:Abstract art")

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[Premodern](/wiki/Art_of_Europe "Art of Europe"), [Modern](/wiki/Modern_art "Modern art") and [Contemporary](/wiki/Contemporary_art "Contemporary art") art movements

[List of art movements](/wiki/List_of_art_movements "List of art movements")/ [periods](/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history "Periods in Western art history")

Premodern

(Western)

[Ancient](/wiki/Ancient_art "Ancient art")

- [Thracian](/wiki/Thracian_treasure "Thracian treasure")
  - [Dacian](/wiki/Dacian_art "Dacian art")
- [Nuragic](/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture "Nuragic civilization")
- [Aegean](/wiki/Aegean_art "Aegean art")
  - [Cycladic](/wiki/Cycladic_art "Cycladic art")
  - [Minoan](/wiki/Minoan_art "Minoan art")
  - [Minyan ware](/wiki/Minyan_ware "Minyan ware")
  - [Mycenaean](/wiki/Mycenaean_art "Mycenaean art")
- [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art "Ancient Greek art")
  - [Sub-Mycenaean](/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery "Sub-Mycenaean pottery")
  - [Protogeometric](/wiki/Protogeometric_style "Protogeometric style")
  - [Geometric](/wiki/Geometric_art "Geometric art")
  - [Orientalizing](/wiki/Orientalizing_period "Orientalizing period")
  - [Archaic](/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art "Archaic Greek art")
  - [Black-figure](/wiki/Black-figure_pottery "Black-figure pottery")
  - [Red-figure](/wiki/Red-figure_pottery "Red-figure pottery")
  - [Severe style](/wiki/Severe_style "Severe style")
  - [Classical](/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical "Ancient Greek art")
  - [Kerch style](/wiki/Kerch_style "Kerch style")
  - [Hellenistic](/wiki/Hellenistic_art "Hellenistic art")
    - ["Baroque"](/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque" "Hellenistic art")
    - [Indo-Greek](/wiki/Indo-Greek_art "Indo-Greek art")
      - [Greco-Buddhist](/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art "Greco-Buddhist art")
    - [Neo-Attic](/wiki/Neo-Attic "Neo-Attic")
- [Etruscan](/wiki/Etruscan_art "Etruscan art")
- [Scythian](/wiki/Scythian_art "Scythian art")
- [Iberian](/wiki/Iberian_sculpture "Iberian sculpture")
- [Gaulish](/wiki/Gauls#Art "Gauls")
- [Roman](/wiki/Roman_art "Roman art")
  - [Republican](/wiki/Roman_Republican_art "Roman Republican art")
  - [Gallo-Roman](/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art "Gallo-Roman art")
  - [Julio-Claudian](/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art "Augustan and Julio-Claudian art")
  - [Pompeian Styles](/wiki/Pompeian_Styles "Pompeian Styles")
  - [Trajanic](/wiki/Trajanic_art "Trajanic art")
  - [Severan](/wiki/Severan_art "Severan art")

[Medieval](/wiki/Medieval_art "Medieval art")

- [Late antique](/wiki/Late_Antique_art "Late Antique art")
  - [Early Christian](/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture "Early Christian art and architecture")
- [Coptic](/wiki/Coptic_art "Coptic art")
  - [Ethiopian](/wiki/Ethiopian_art "Ethiopian art")
- [Migration Period](/wiki/Migration_Period_art "Migration Period art")
  - [Anglo-Saxon](/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art "Anglo-Saxon art")
  - [Hunnic](/wiki/Hunnic_art "Hunnic art")
  - [Insular](/wiki/Insular_art "Insular art")
  - [Lombard](/wiki/Lombards#Art "Lombards")
  - [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture "Visigothic art and architecture")
- [Donor portrait](/wiki/Donor_portrait "Donor portrait")
- [Pictish](/wiki/Picts#Art "Picts")
- [Mozarabic](/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture "Mozarabic art and architecture")
  - _[Repoblación](/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture "Repoblación art and architecture")_
- [Viking](/wiki/Viking_art "Viking art")
- [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_art "Byzantine art")
  - [Iconoclast](/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm "Byzantine Iconoclasm")
  - [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine) "Macedonian art (Byzantine)")
  - [Palaeologan](/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture "Palaeologan Renaissance")
  - [Italo-Byzantine](/wiki/Italo-Byzantine "Italo-Byzantine")
- [Frankish](/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture "Franks")
  - [Merovingian](/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture "Merovingian art and architecture")
  - [Carolingian](/wiki/Carolingian_art "Carolingian art")
  - [Pre-Romanesque](/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture "Pre-Romanesque art and architecture")
- [Ottonian](/wiki/Ottonian_art "Ottonian art")
- [Romanesque](/wiki/Romanesque_art "Romanesque art")
  - [Mosan](/wiki/Mosan_art "Mosan art")
  - [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque "Spanish Romanesque")
- [Norman](/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts "Normans")
  - [Norman-Sicilian](/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture "Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture")
- _[Opus Anglicanum](/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum "Opus Anglicanum")_
- [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_art "Gothic art")
  - [Gothic art in Milan](/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan "Gothic art in Milan")
  - [International Gothic](/wiki/International_Gothic "International Gothic")
  - [International Gothic art in Italy](/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy "International Gothic art in Italy")
- [Lucchese School](/wiki/Lucchese_School "Lucchese School")
- [Crusades](/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades "Art of the Crusades")
- [Novgorod School](/wiki/Novgorod_School "Novgorod School")
- [Duecento](/wiki/Duecento "Duecento")
  - [Sienese School](/wiki/Sienese_School "Sienese School")
- [Mudéjar](/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art "Mudéjar art")
- Medieval [cartography](/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe "History of cartography")
  - [Italian school](/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts "History of cartography")
  - [Majorcan school](/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school "Majorcan cartographic school")
  - _[Mappa mundi](/wiki/Mappa_mundi "Mappa mundi")_

[Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_art "Renaissance art")

- [Italian Renaissance](/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting "Italian Renaissance painting")
  - [Trecento](/wiki/Trecento "Trecento")
    - [Proto-Renaissance](/wiki/Proto-Renaissance "Proto-Renaissance")
    - [Florentine School](/wiki/Florentine_painting "Florentine painting")
    - _[Pittura infamante](/wiki/Pittura_infamante "Pittura infamante")_
  - [Quattrocento](/wiki/Quattrocento "Quattrocento")
    - [Ferrarese School](/wiki/School_of_Ferrara "School of Ferrara")
    - [Forlivese School](/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art "Forlivese school of art")
    - [Venetian School](/wiki/Venetian_painting "Venetian painting")
  - [Cinquecento](/wiki/Cinquecento "Cinquecento")
    - [High Renaissance](/wiki/High_Renaissance "High Renaissance")
    - [Bolognese School](/wiki/Bolognese_School "Bolognese School")
    - [Mannerism](/wiki/Mannerism "Mannerism")
    - [Counter- _Maniera_](/wiki/Counter-Maniera "Counter-Maniera")
- [Northern Renaissance](/wiki/Northern_Renaissance "Northern Renaissance")
  - [Early Netherlandish](/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting "Early Netherlandish painting")
    - [World landscape](/wiki/World_landscape "World landscape")
  - [Ghent–Bruges school](/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school "Ghent–Bruges school")
  - [Northern Mannerism](/wiki/Northern_Mannerism "Northern Mannerism")
  - [German Renaissance](/wiki/German_Renaissance "German Renaissance")
    - [Cologne School](/wiki/Cologne_School_of_Painting "Cologne School of Painting")
    - [Danube school](/wiki/Danube_school "Danube school")
  - [Dutch and Flemish Renaissance](/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting "Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting")
    - [Antwerp Mannerism](/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism "Antwerp Mannerism")
    - [Romanism](/wiki/Romanism_(painting) "Romanism (painting)")
    - [Still life](/wiki/Still_life "Still life")
- [English Renaissance](/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts "English Renaissance")
  - [Tudor court](/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court "Artists of the Tudor court")
- [Cretan School](/wiki/Cretan_School "Cretan School")
- [Turquerie](/wiki/Turquerie "Turquerie")
- [Fontainebleau School](/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau "School of Fontainebleau")
- [Art of the late 16th century in Milan](/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan "Art of the late 16th century in Milan")

17th century

- [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque")
  - [Baroque in Milan](/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan "Baroque in Milan")
  - [Flemish Baroque](/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting "Flemish Baroque painting")
  - [Caravaggisti](/wiki/Caravaggisti "Caravaggisti")
    - [in Utrecht](/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism "Utrecht Caravaggism")
    - [Tenebrism](/wiki/Tenebrism "Tenebrism")
  - [Louis XIII style](/wiki/Louis_XIII_style "Louis XIII style")
  - [Lutheran Baroque](/wiki/Lutheran_baroque "Lutheran baroque")
- [Stroganov School](/wiki/Stroganov_School "Stroganov School")
- [Animal painting](/wiki/Animal_painter "Animal painter")
- [Guild of Romanists](/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists "Guild of Romanists")
- [Dutch Golden Age](/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting "Dutch Golden Age painting")
  - [Delft School](/wiki/Delft_School_(painting) "Delft School (painting)")
- [Capriccio](/wiki/Capriccio_(art) "Capriccio (art)")
- [Heptanese school](/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting) "Heptanese school (painting)")
- [Classicism](/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts "Classicism")
  - [Louis XIV style](/wiki/Louis_XIV_style "Louis XIV style")
  - [Poussinists and Rubenists](/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists "Poussinists and Rubenists")

18th century

- [Rococo](/wiki/Rococo "Rococo")
  - [Rocaille](/wiki/Rocaille "Rocaille")
  - [Louis XV style](/wiki/Louis_XV_style "Louis XV style")
  - [Frederician](/wiki/Frederician_Rococo "Frederician Rococo")
  - [Chinoiserie](/wiki/Chinoiserie "Chinoiserie")
  - _[Fête galante](/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante "Fête galante")_
- [Neoclassicism](/wiki/Neoclassicism "Neoclassicism")
  - _[Goût grec](/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec "Goût grec")_
  - [Louis XVI style](/wiki/Louis_XVI_style "Louis XVI style")
  - [Adam style](/wiki/Adam_style "Adam style")
  - [Directoire style](/wiki/Directoire_style "Directoire style")
  - [Neoclassical architecture in Milan](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan "Neoclassical architecture in Milan")
- [Picturesque](/wiki/Picturesque "Picturesque")

Colonial art

- Art of the [African diaspora](/wiki/African_diaspora "African diaspora")
  - [African-American](/wiki/African-American_art "African-American art")
  - [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean_art "Caribbean art")
    - [Haitian](/wiki/Haitian_art "Haitian art")
- Colonial Asian art
  - [Arts in the Philippines](/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines "Arts in the Philippines")
    - [Letras y figuras](/wiki/Letras_y_figuras "Letras y figuras")
    - [Tipos del País](/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs "Tipos del País")
  - [Colonial Asian Baroque](/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia "Baroque")
  - [Company style](/wiki/Company_style "Company style")
- [Latin American art](/wiki/Latin_American_art "Latin American art")
  - [Casta painting](/wiki/Casta_painting "Casta painting")
  - [Indochristian art](/wiki/Indochristian_art "Indochristian art")
    - [Chilote School](/wiki/Chilote_School_of_Religious_Imagery "Chilote School of Religious Imagery")
    - [Cusco School](/wiki/Cusco_School "Cusco School")
    - [Quito School](/wiki/Quito_School "Quito School")
  - [Latin American Baroque](/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas "Baroque")

Art borrowing

Western elements

- [Islamic](/wiki/Islamic_art "Islamic art")
  - [Moorish](/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture "Al-Andalus")
- [Manichaean](/wiki/Manichaean_art "Manichaean art")
- [Mughal](/wiki/Mughal_art "Mughal art")
- [Qajar](/wiki/Qajar_art "Qajar art")
- [Qing handicrafts](/wiki/Qing_handicrafts "Qing handicrafts")
- Western influence in [Japan](/wiki/Japanese_art "Japanese art")
  - [Akita ranga](/wiki/Akita_ranga "Akita ranga")
  - [Uki-e](/wiki/Uki-e "Uki-e")

[Transition\
\
to modern](/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770 "History of art")

(c. 1770 – 1862)

- [Romanticism](/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts "Romanticism")
  - [Fairy painting](/wiki/Fairy_painting "Fairy painting")
  - [Danish Golden Age](/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age "Danish Golden Age")
  - [Troubadour style](/wiki/Troubadour_style "Troubadour style")
  - [Nazarene movement](/wiki/Nazarene_movement "Nazarene movement")
  - [Purismo](/wiki/Purismo "Purismo")
  - [Shoreham Ancients](/wiki/Ancients_(art_group) "Ancients (art group)")
  - [Düsseldorf School](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting "Düsseldorf school of painting")
  - [Pre-Raphaelites](/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood")
  - [Hudson River School](/wiki/Hudson_River_School "Hudson River School")
    - [American luminism](/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style) "Luminism (American art style)")
- [Orientalism](/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art "Orientalism")
- [Norwich School](/wiki/Norwich_School_of_painters "Norwich School of painters")
- [Empire style](/wiki/Empire_style "Empire style")
- [Historicism](/wiki/Historicism_(art) "Historicism (art)")
  - [Revivalism](/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture) "Revivalism (architecture)")
- [Biedermeier](/wiki/Biedermeier "Biedermeier")
- [Realism](/wiki/Realism_(art_movement) "Realism (art movement)")
  - [Barbizon school](/wiki/Barbizon_school "Barbizon school")
  - [Costumbrismo](/wiki/Costumbrismo "Costumbrismo")
  - [Verismo](/wiki/Verismo_(painting) "Verismo (painting)")
    - [Macchiaioli](/wiki/Macchiaioli "Macchiaioli")
- [Academic art](/wiki/Academic_art "Academic art")
  - [Munich School](/wiki/Munich_School "Munich School")
    - [in Greece](/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century "Greek academic art of the 19th century")
  - [Neo-Grec](/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting "Neo-Grec")
- [Etching revival](/wiki/Etching_revival "Etching revival")

[Modern](/wiki/Modern_art "Modern art")

(1863–1944)

1863–1899

- [Neo-romanticism](/wiki/Neo-romanticism "Neo-romanticism")
  - [National romanticism](/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts "Romantic nationalism")
- [Yōga](/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga "Yōga")
- [Nihonga](/wiki/Nihonga "Nihonga")
- _[Japonisme](/wiki/Japonisme "Japonisme")_
  - [Anglo-Japanese style](/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style "Anglo-Japanese style")
- [Beuron School](/wiki/Beuron_Art_School "Beuron Art School")
- [Hague School](/wiki/Hague_School "Hague School")
- [Peredvizhniki](/wiki/Peredvizhniki "Peredvizhniki")
- [Impressionism](/wiki/Impressionism "Impressionism")
  - [American](/wiki/American_Impressionism "American Impressionism")
    - [Hoosier Group](/wiki/Hoosier_Group "Hoosier Group")
    - [Boston School](/wiki/Boston_School_(painting) "Boston School (painting)")
  - [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism "Amsterdam Impressionism")
  - [Canadian](/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism "Canadian Impressionism")
  - [Heidelberg School](/wiki/Heidelberg_School "Heidelberg School")
- [Aestheticism](/wiki/Aestheticism "Aestheticism")
- [Arts and Crafts](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement "Arts and Crafts movement")
  - [Art pottery](/wiki/Art_pottery "Art pottery")
- [Tonalism](/wiki/Tonalism "Tonalism")
- [Decadent movement](/wiki/Decadent_movement "Decadent movement")
- [Symbolism](/wiki/Symbolism_(arts) "Symbolism (arts)")
  - [Romanian](/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania "Symbolist movement in Romania")
  - [Russian](/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts "Russian symbolism")
- [Volcano School](/wiki/Volcano_School "Volcano School")
- [Incoherents](/wiki/Incoherents "Incoherents")
- [Post-Impressionism](/wiki/Post-Impressionism "Post-Impressionism")
  - [Neo-Impressionism](/wiki/Neo-Impressionism "Neo-Impressionism")
    - [Luminism](/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism) "Luminism (Impressionism)")
  - [Divisionism](/wiki/Divisionism "Divisionism")
  - [Pointillism](/wiki/Pointillism "Pointillism")
  - [Pont-Aven School](/wiki/Pont-Aven_School "Pont-Aven School")
  - [Cloisonnism](/wiki/Cloisonnism "Cloisonnism")
  - [Synthetism](/wiki/Synthetism "Synthetism")
  - [Les Nabis](/wiki/Les_Nabis "Les Nabis")
- [American Barbizon school](/wiki/American_Barbizon_school "American Barbizon school")
  - [California Tonalism](/wiki/California_Tonalism "California Tonalism")
- [Costumbrismo](/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas "Costumbrismo")

1900–1914

- [Art Nouveau](/wiki/Art_Nouveau "Art Nouveau")
  - [Art Nouveau in Milan](/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan "Art Nouveau in Milan")
- [Primitivism](/wiki/Primitivism "Primitivism")
- [California Impressionism](/wiki/California_Impressionism "California Impressionism")
- [Secessionism](/wiki/Secession_(art) "Secession (art)")
- [School of Paris](/wiki/School_of_Paris "School of Paris")
  - [Munich Secession](/wiki/Munich_Secession "Munich Secession")
  - [Vienna Secession](/wiki/Vienna_Secession "Vienna Secession")
  - [Berlin Secession](/wiki/Berlin_Secession "Berlin Secession")
  - [Sonderbund](/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler "Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler")
- [Pennsylvania Impressionism](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism "Pennsylvania Impressionism")
- [Mir iskusstva](/wiki/Mir_iskusstva "Mir iskusstva")
- [Ten American Painters](/wiki/Ten_American_Painters "Ten American Painters")
- [Fauvism](/wiki/Fauvism "Fauvism")
- [Expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism")
  - [Die Brücke](/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke "Die Brücke")
  - [Der Blaue Reiter](/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter "Der Blaue Reiter")
- [Noucentisme](/wiki/Noucentisme "Noucentisme")
- [Deutscher Werkbund](/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund "Deutscher Werkbund")
- [American Realism](/wiki/American_Realism "American Realism")
  - [Ashcan School](/wiki/Ashcan_School "Ashcan School")
- [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism")
  - [Proto-Cubism](/wiki/Proto-Cubism "Proto-Cubism")
  - [Orphism](/wiki/Orphism_(art) "Orphism (art)")
- _[A Nyolcak](/wiki/The_Eight_(painters) "The Eight (painters)")_
- [Neue Künstlervereinigung München](/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen "Neue Künstlervereinigung München")
- [Futurism](/wiki/Futurism "Futurism")
  - [Cubo-Futurism](/wiki/Cubo-Futurism "Cubo-Futurism")
- [Art Deco](/wiki/Art_Deco "Art Deco")
- [Metaphysical](/wiki/Metaphysical_painting "Metaphysical painting")
- [Rayonism](/wiki/Rayonism "Rayonism")
- [Productivism](/wiki/Productivism_(art) "Productivism (art)")
- [Synchromism](/wiki/Synchromism "Synchromism")
- [Vorticism](/wiki/Vorticism "Vorticism")

1915–1944

- [Sosaku-hanga](/wiki/Sosaku-hanga "Sosaku-hanga")
- [Suprematism](/wiki/Suprematism "Suprematism")
- [School of Paris](/wiki/School_of_Paris "School of Paris")
- [Crystal Cubism](/wiki/Crystal_Cubism "Crystal Cubism")
- [Constructivism](/wiki/Constructivism_(art) "Constructivism (art)")
  - [Latin American](/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement "Latin American art")
    - [Universal Constructivism](/wiki/Universal_Constructivism "Universal Constructivism")
- [Dada](/wiki/Dada "Dada")
- [Shin-hanga](/wiki/Shin-hanga "Shin-hanga")
- [Neoplasticism](/wiki/Neoplasticism "Neoplasticism")
  - _[De Stijl](/wiki/De_Stijl "De Stijl")_
- [Purism](/wiki/Purism "Purism")
- [Return to order](/wiki/Return_to_order "Return to order")
  - [Novecento Italiano](/wiki/Novecento_Italiano "Novecento Italiano")
- [Figurative Constructivism](/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism "Figurative Constructivism")
  - [Stupid](/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement) "Stupid (art movement)")
  - [Cologne Progressives](/wiki/Cologne_Progressives "Cologne Progressives")
- [Arbeitsrat für Kunst](/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst "Arbeitsrat für Kunst")
  - [November Group](/wiki/November_Group_(German) "November Group (German)")
- [Australian tonalism](/wiki/Australian_tonalism "Australian tonalism")
- [Dresden Secession](/wiki/Dresden_Secession "Dresden Secession")
- [Social realism](/wiki/Social_realism "Social realism")
- [California Scene Painting](/wiki/California_Scene_Painting "California Scene Painting")
- [Functionalism](/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture) "Functionalism (architecture)")
  - [Bauhaus](/wiki/Bauhaus "Bauhaus")
- [Kinetic art](/wiki/Kinetic_art "Kinetic art")
- [Anthropophagy](/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago "Manifesto Antropófago")
- [Mingei](/wiki/Mingei "Mingei")
- [Group of Seven](/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists) "Group of Seven (artists)")
- [New Objectivity](/wiki/New_Objectivity "New Objectivity")
- [Grosvenor School](/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art "Grosvenor School of Modern Art")
- [Neues Sehen](/wiki/Neues_Sehen "Neues Sehen")
- [Surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism "Surrealism")
  - [Iranian](/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran "Iranian modern and contemporary art")
  - [Latin American](/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism "Latin American art")
- [Mexican muralism](/wiki/Mexican_muralism "Mexican muralism")
- [Neo-Fauvism](/wiki/Neo-Fauvism "Neo-Fauvism")
- [Precisionism](/wiki/Precisionism "Precisionism")
- _[Aeropittura](/wiki/Aeropittura "Aeropittura")_
- [Asso](/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists "Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists")
- [Scuola Romana](/wiki/Scuola_Romana "Scuola Romana")
- [Cercle et Carré](/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9 "Cercle et Carré")
- [Harlem Renaissance](/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance "Harlem Renaissance")
- [Kapists](/wiki/Kapists "Kapists")
- [Regionalism](/wiki/Regionalism_(art) "Regionalism (art)")
  - [California Scene Painting](/wiki/California_Scene_Painting "California Scene Painting")
- [Heroic realism](/wiki/Heroic_realism "Heroic realism")
  - [Socialist realism](/wiki/Socialist_realism "Socialist realism")
  - [Nazi art](/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany "Art in Nazi Germany")
- [Streamline Moderne](/wiki/Streamline_Moderne "Streamline Moderne")
- [Concrete art](/wiki/Concrete_art "Concrete art")
  - [Abstraction-Création](/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation "Abstraction-Création")
- [The Ten](/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists) "The Ten (Expressionists)")
- [Dimensionism](/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto "Fourth dimension in art")
- [Boston Expressionism](/wiki/Boston_Expressionism "Boston Expressionism")
- [Leningrad School](/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting "Leningrad School of Painting")

[Contemporary](/wiki/Contemporary_art "Contemporary art")

and [Postmodern](/wiki/Postmodern_art "Postmodern art")

(1945–present)

1945–1959

- [International Typographic Style](/wiki/International_Typographic_Style "International Typographic Style")
- [Abstract expressionism](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism")
  - [Washington Color School](/wiki/Washington_Color_School "Washington Color School")
- [Visionary art](/wiki/Visionary_art "Visionary art")
  - [Vienna School of Fantastic Realism](/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism "Vienna School of Fantastic Realism")
- [Spatialism](/wiki/Spatialism "Spatialism")
- [Color field](/wiki/Color_field "Color field")
- [Lyrical abstraction](/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction "Lyrical abstraction")
  - [Tachisme](/wiki/Tachisme "Tachisme")
  - [Arte Informale](/wiki/Arte_Informale "Arte Informale")
  - [COBRA](/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement) "COBRA (art movement)")
  - [Nuagisme](/wiki/Nuagisme "Nuagisme")
- [Generación de la Ruptura](/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura "Generación de la Ruptura")
- [Jikken Kōbō](/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D "Jikken Kōbō")
- [Metcalf Chateau](/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau "Metcalf Chateau")
- [Mono-ha](/wiki/Mono-ha "Mono-ha")
- [Nanyang Style](/wiki/Nanyang_Style "Nanyang Style")
- Action painting
- [American Figurative Expressionism](/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism "American Figurative Expressionism")
  - [in New York](/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism "New York Figurative Expressionism")
- [New media art](/wiki/New_media_art "New media art")
- [New York School](/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts "New York School (art)")
- [Hard-edge painting](/wiki/Hard-edge_painting "Hard-edge painting")
- [Bay Area Figurative Movement](/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement "Bay Area Figurative Movement")
- [Les Plasticiens](/wiki/Les_Plasticiens "Les Plasticiens")
- [Gutai Art Association](/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association "Gutai Art Association")
- [Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai](/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai "Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai")
- [Pop art](/wiki/Pop_art "Pop art")
- [Situationist International](/wiki/Situationist_International "Situationist International")
- [Soviet Nonconformist](/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art "Soviet Nonconformist Art")
  - [Ukrainian underground](/wiki/Ukrainian_underground "Ukrainian underground")
- [Lettrism](/wiki/Lettrism "Lettrism")
  - [Letterist International](/wiki/Letterist_International "Letterist International")
  - [Ultra-Lettrist](/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist "Ultra-Lettrist")
- [Florida Highwaymen](/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen "Florida Highwaymen")
- [Cybernetic art](/wiki/Cybernetic_art "Cybernetic art")
- [Antipodeans](/wiki/Antipodeans "Antipodeans")

1960–1969

- [Otra Figuración](/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n "Otra Figuración")
- [Afrofuturism](/wiki/Afrofuturism "Afrofuturism")
- [Nueva Presencia](/wiki/Nueva_Presencia "Nueva Presencia")
- [ZERO](/wiki/Zero_(art) "Zero (art)")
- [Happening](/wiki/Happening "Happening")
- [Neo-Dada](/wiki/Neo-Dada "Neo-Dada")
  - [Neo-Dada Organizers](/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers "Neo-Dada Organizers")
- [Op art](/wiki/Op_art "Op art")
- [Nouveau réalisme](/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme "Nouveau réalisme")
- [Nouvelle tendance](/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance "Nouvelle tendance")
- [Capitalist realism](/wiki/Capitalist_realism "Capitalist realism")
- [Art & Language](/wiki/Art_%26_Language "Art & Language")
- [Arte Povera](/wiki/Arte_Povera "Arte Povera")
- [Black Arts Movement](/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement "Black Arts Movement")
- [The Caribbean Artists Movement](/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement "The Caribbean Artists Movement")
- [Chicano art movement](/wiki/Chicano_art_movement "Chicano art movement")
- [Conceptual art](/wiki/Conceptual_art "Conceptual art")
- [Land art](/wiki/Land_art "Land art")
- [Systems art](/wiki/Systems_art "Systems art")
- [Video art](/wiki/Video_art "Video art")
- [Minimalism](/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts) "Minimalism (visual arts)")
- [Fluxus](/wiki/Fluxus "Fluxus")
- [Generative art](/wiki/Generative_art "Generative art")
- [Post-painterly abstraction](/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction "Post-painterly abstraction")
- [Intermedia](/wiki/Intermedia "Intermedia")
- [Psychedelic art](/wiki/Psychedelic_art "Psychedelic art")
- [Nut Art](/wiki/Nut_Art "Nut Art")
- [Photorealism](/wiki/Photorealism "Photorealism")
- [Environmental art](/wiki/Environmental_art "Environmental art")
- [Performance art](/wiki/Performance_art "Performance art")
- [Process art](/wiki/Process_art "Process art")
- [Institutional critique](/wiki/Institutional_critique "Institutional critique")
- [Light and Space](/wiki/Light_and_Space "Light and Space")
- [Street art](/wiki/Street_art "Street art")
- [Feminist art movement](/wiki/Feminist_art_movement "Feminist art movement")
  - [in the US](/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States "Feminist art movement in the United States")
- [Saqqakhaneh movement](/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement "Iranian modern and contemporary art")
- [The Stars Art Group](/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group "The Stars Art Group")
- [Tropicália](/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia "Tropicália")
- [Yoru no Kai](/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai "Yoru no Kai")
- [Artificial intelligence art](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art "Artificial intelligence art")

1970–1999

- [Post-conceptual art](/wiki/Post-conceptual_art "Post-conceptual art")
- [Installation art](/wiki/Installation_art "Installation art")
- [Artscene](/wiki/Artscene "Artscene")
- [Postminimalism](/wiki/Postminimalism "Postminimalism")
- [Endurance art](/wiki/Endurance_art "Endurance art")
- [Sots Art](/wiki/Sots_Art "Sots Art")
  - [Moscow Conceptualists](/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists "Moscow Conceptualists")
- [Pattern and Decoration](/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration "Pattern and Decoration")
- [Pliontanism](/wiki/Pliontanism "Pliontanism")
- [Punk art](/wiki/Punk_visual_art "Punk visual art")
- [Neo-expressionism](/wiki/Neo-expressionism "Neo-expressionism")
  - [Transavantgarde](/wiki/Transavantgarde "Transavantgarde")
- [Saint Soleil School](/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School "Haitian art")
- [Guerrilla art](/wiki/Guerrilla_art "Guerrilla art")
- [Lowbrow art](/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement) "Lowbrow (art movement)")
- [Telematic art](/wiki/Telematic_art "Telematic art")
- [Appropriation art](/wiki/Appropriation_(art) "Appropriation (art)")
- [Neo-conceptual art](/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art "Neo-conceptual art")
- [New European Painting](/wiki/New_European_Painting "New European Painting")
- [Tunisian collaborative painting](/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting "Tunisian collaborative painting")
- [Memphis Group](/wiki/Memphis_Group "Memphis Group")
- [Cyberdelic](/wiki/Cyberdelic "Cyberdelic")
- [Neue Slowenische Kunst](/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst "Neue Slowenische Kunst")
- [Scratch video](/wiki/Scratch_video "Scratch video")
- [Retrofuturism](/wiki/Retrofuturism "Retrofuturism")
- [Young British Artists](/wiki/Young_British_Artists "Young British Artists")
- [Superfiction](/wiki/Superfiction "Superfiction")
- [Taring Padi](/wiki/Taring_Padi "Taring Padi")
- [Superflat](/wiki/Superflat "Superflat")
- [New Leipzig School](/wiki/New_Leipzig_School "New Leipzig School")
- [Artist-run initiative](/wiki/Artist-run_initiative "Artist-run initiative")
- [Artivism](/wiki/Artivism "Artivism")
- [The Designers Republic](/wiki/The_Designers_Republic "The Designers Republic")
- [Grunge design](/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design "Grunge")
- [Verdadism](/wiki/Verdadism "Verdadism")

2000–

present

- [Amazonian pop art](/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art "Amazonian pop art")
- [Altermodern](/wiki/Altermodern "Altermodern")
- [Art for art](/wiki/Art_for_art "Art for art")
- [Art game](/wiki/Art_game "Art game")
- [Art intervention](/wiki/Art_intervention "Art intervention")
- [Brandalism](/wiki/Brandalism "Brandalism")
- [Classical Realism](/wiki/Classical_Realism "Classical Realism")
- [Contemporary African art](/wiki/Contemporary_African_art "Contemporary African art")
  - [Africanfuturism](/wiki/Africanfuturism "Africanfuturism")
- [Contemporary Indigenous Australian art](/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art "Contemporary Indigenous Australian art")
- [Crypto art](/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art "Non-fungible token")
- [Cyborg art](/wiki/Cyborg_art "Cyborg art")
- [Excessivism](/wiki/Excessivism "Excessivism")
- [Fictive art](/wiki/Fictive_art "Fictive art")
- [Flat design](/wiki/Flat_design "Flat design")
  - [Corporate Memphis](/wiki/Corporate_Memphis "Corporate Memphis")
- [Hypermodernism](/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art) "Hypermodernism (art)")
- [Hyperrealism](/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts) "Hyperrealism (visual arts)")
- [Idea art](/wiki/Idea_art "Idea art")
- [Internet art](/wiki/Internet_art "Internet art")
  - [Post-Internet](/wiki/Post-Internet "Post-Internet")
- [iPhone art](/wiki/IPhone_art "IPhone art")
- [Kitsch movement](/wiki/Kitsch_movement "Kitsch movement")
- [Lightpainting](/wiki/Lightpainting "Lightpainting")
- [Massurrealism](/wiki/Massurrealism "Massurrealism")
- [Modern European ink painting](/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting "Modern European ink painting")
- [Neo-futurism](/wiki/Neo-futurism "Neo-futurism")
- [Neomodern](/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group "Neomodern")
- [Neosymbolism](/wiki/Neosymbolism "Neosymbolism")
- [Passionism](/wiki/Passionism "Passionism")
- [Post-YBAs](/wiki/Post-YBAs "Post-YBAs")
- [Relational art](/wiki/Relational_art "Relational art")
- [Skeuomorphism](/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design "Skeuomorph")
- [Software art](/wiki/Software_art "Software art")
- [Sound art](/wiki/Sound_art "Sound art")
- [Stuckism](/wiki/Stuckism "Stuckism")
- [Superflat](/wiki/Superflat "Superflat")
  - [SoFlo Superflat](/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat "SoFlo Superflat")
  - [Superstroke](/wiki/Superstroke "Superstroke")
- [Toyism](/wiki/Toyism "Toyism")
- [Unilalianism](/wiki/Unilalianism "Unilalianism")
- [Walking Artists Network](/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network "Walking Artists Network")

Related topics

- [History of art](/wiki/History_of_art "History of art")
- [Abstract art](/wiki/Abstract_art "Abstract art")
  - [Asemic writing](/wiki/Asemic_writing "Asemic writing")
- [Anti-art](/wiki/Anti-art "Anti-art")
- [Avant-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde "Avant-garde")
- [Ballets Russes](/wiki/Ballets_Russes "Ballets Russes")
- [Christian art](/wiki/Christian_art "Christian art")
  - [Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation](/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation "Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation")
  - [Catholic art](/wiki/Catholic_art "Catholic art")
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