What Is Existentialism? An Ethics Explainer By The Ethics Centre
Existentialism is the philosophical belief we are each responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our own lives.
Friedrich Nietzsche
While philosophers including Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and <anchor>Friedrich Nietzsche</anchor> questioned essentialism in the 19th century, existentialism was popularised by Jean-Paul Sartre in the mid-20th century following the horrific events of World War II.
Big Thinker: Friedrich Nietzsche - The Ethics Centre
Big Thinker: Friedrich Nietzsche - The Ethics Centre

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# Big Thinker: Friedrich Nietzsche

###### [Big thinker](/knowledge/?tax_ec_type=big_thinker) [Relationships](/knowledge/?tax_ec_topic=relationships)

###### BY [Dr Laura D’Olimpio](/knowledge/?search=Dr Laura D’Olimpio) 4 APR 2019

## Friedrich Nietzsche (1844—1900) is one of the most controversial figures in contemporary philosophy.

A German philosopher and cultural critic who is well known for his proclamations on God, [truth](https://ethics.org.au/features/truth/), [morality](https://ethics.org.au/ethics-morality-law-whats-the-difference/), power, [aesthetics](https://ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer-aesthetics-what-makes-something-art/), the [self](https://ethics.org.au/experience/the-ethics-of-identity/) and the meaning of existence, Nietzsche has had an enduring influence on Western philosophy.

Making use of a creative writing style, such as aphorisms and emotive essays, Nietzsche’s doctrines have been famously misappropriated by those seeking to further their own political ends (for example, Hitler and the alt-right). He was seen as an early [existentialist](https://ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer-existentialism/) because of his insistence on _existence_ preceding _essence,_ and the importance of looking to yourself – rather than God, society, family or friends – to identify what values you choose to live by.

### **Live your life like an artist**

In Nietzsche’s first major work, _The Birth of Tragedy_ _(_ 1872), the idea of living life creatively is embodied in his idea of living life as an artist. This involves combining two energies: the rational Apollonian and the passionate Dionysian. (In Greek mythology, Apollo is the god of logic and rational thinking, and Dionysus the god of instinct and emotion.)

Nietzsche worried the society of his time and classical thinkers like [Socrates](https://ethics.org.au/big-thinker-socrates/) and [Descartes](https://ethics.org.au/big-thinker-rene-descartes/)– both Rationalists – only emphasised the Apollonian, neglecting the role of the Dionysian. Nietzsche thought it was important to balance our rationality with our sensual and passionate experience of life, and he saw this balance best depicted in ancient Greek tragedies.

Nietzsche insisted Greek tragedy achieves greatness through the inclusion of both Apollonian creative energy which is responsible for the dialogue, and Dionysian energy which inspires the music or chorus. In the plays, the two work together as the meaning of the words are enhanced by the accompanying melody. Using Greek dramatic artworks as an example, we can learn from great art to see the beauty in life.

> “Without music, life would be a mistake.” – Nietzsche

The tragic spectator is united with others in the shared experience of being human. For Nietzsche, life without emotion, art and the creative energy of the Dionysian is bleak. A balance between Dionysus and Apollo allows for pluralistic and authentic modes of expression that are rational as well as creative. Aesthetic ideals also appear in his later writings, such as _The Will to Power_(1901), where Nietzsche writes, “Art as the _redemption_ _of the man of action_… Art as the _redemption of the sufferer_”.

Nietzsche advocated for a series of values or virtues we should adopt – namely, active, life affirming values, as opposed to the life denying or passive and ‘slave like’ values he detested. The latter he saw exemplified in the institutionalisation of Christianity, which, he believed, served to reinforce the power of the few at the expense of the many.

Believing the idea of a punitive God promoted by the church of his time to be a human invention, he famously declared:

> “God is dead … And we have killed him.”

### **The Superman or Nietzsche’s _Übermensch_**

Nietzsche emphasises an individualistic development and construction of self, summed up in the notion of the will to power. Claiming we ought to seek control over ourselves, Nietzsche holds up the Superman (yes, Nietzsche was misogynistic, but for our purposes we can extend this concept to include women), or _Übermensch_, as the pinnacle of human potentiality in terms of power and integrity in a broad sense of the word.

Nietzsche’s _Übermensch_ is imagined as Zarathustra, a Christ-like figure who delivers an anti-sermon on the mount, a character with whom Nietzsche identifies. In _The Gay Science_(1882), it is the Superman who creates strengths out of his weaknesses and thus styles his character – a “great and rare art!”

This existentialist ideal – that each individual creates one’s self in a manner pleasing to them – threatens to collapse into extreme relativism or subjectivism. Yet, despite the fact the Superman goes “beyond good and evil”, Nietzsche is a moralist with definite views on what is condemnable.

> “No one can construct for you the bridge upon which precisely you must cross the stream of life, no one but you yourself alone.” – Nietzsche

One way we are invited to test whether or not our chosen action is the right one is given to us in Nietzsche’s doctrine of eternal recurrence. “The Greatest Weight” in _The Gay Science_ tells of a demon who confronts us, suggesting we must relive every single moment of our life, every choice and its consequences, eternally.

We are asked whether we would celebrate this as a gift or curse the unending misery it presents. The Superman would embrace the opportunity due to their authenticity and the fact they made each choice consciously, willing to accept full responsibility for their life.

Such a thought experiment offers an overly ambitious understanding of freedom and free will as a positive force. Yet it provides the reader with an interesting challenge when making decisions. Knowledge of an eternal recurrence would fundamentally change the way we lead our lives and inform the choices we make. If taken seriously, one could not help but _try_ to act authentically – or, alternatively, not act at all.

Ever the rebellious teenager of philosophy, Nietzsche continues to give us pause for much thought, challenging us to live authentically and take unflinching responsibility for our lives.

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###### BY [Dr Laura D’Olimpio](/knowledge/?search=Dr Laura D’Olimpio)

###### Dr Laura D’Olimpio is senior lecturer in philosophy of education at the University of Birmingham, UK, and co-edits the Journal of Philosophy in Schools.

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