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Python Developer's Guide

- [Getting started](getting-started/)
Toggle navigation of Getting started

  - [Setup and building](getting-started/setup-building/)
  - [Fixing “easy” issues (and beyond)](getting-started/fixing-issues/)
  - [Git bootcamp and cheat sheet](getting-started/git-boot-camp/)
  - [Lifecycle of a pull request](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/)
  - [Where to get help](getting-started/getting-help/)
- [Development workflow](developer-workflow/)
Toggle navigation of Development workflow

  - [Following Python’s development](developer-workflow/communication-channels/)
  - [Development cycle](developer-workflow/development-cycle/)
  - [Adding to the stdlib](developer-workflow/stdlib/)
  - [Standard library extension modules](developer-workflow/extension-modules/)
  - [Changing Python’s C API](developer-workflow/c-api/)
  - [Changing the Python language](developer-workflow/lang-changes/)
  - [Changing CPython’s grammar](developer-workflow/grammar/)
  - [Porting to a new platform](developer-workflow/porting/)
  - [Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOM)](developer-workflow/sbom/)
  - [Python Security Response Team (PSRT)](developer-workflow/psrt/)
- [Issues and triaging](triage/)
Toggle navigation of Issues and triaging

  - [Issue tracker](triage/issue-tracker/)
  - [Triaging an issue](triage/triaging/)
  - [GitHub labels](triage/labels/)
  - [GitHub issues for BPO users](triage/github-bpo-faq/)
  - [Triage Team](triage/triage-team/)
- [Documentation](documentation/)
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  - [Getting started](documentation/start-documenting/)
  - [Helping with documentation](documentation/help-documenting/)
  - [Style guide](documentation/style-guide/)
  - [reStructuredText markup](documentation/markup/)
  - [Translating](documentation/translating/)
  - [Helping with the Developer’s Guide](documentation/devguide/)
- [Testing and buildbots](testing/)
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  - [Running and writing tests](testing/run-write-tests/)
  - [Silence warnings from the test suite](testing/silence-warnings/)
  - [Increase test coverage](testing/coverage/)
  - [Working with buildbots](testing/buildbots/)
  - [New buildbot workers](testing/new-buildbot-worker/)
- [Development tools](development-tools/)
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  - [Argument Clinic](development-tools/clinic/)
  - [GDB support](development-tools/gdb/)
  - [Dynamic analysis with Clang](development-tools/clang/)
  - [Coverity Scan](development-tools/coverity/)
  - [Tools for tracking compiler warnings](development-tools/warnings/)
- [Core developers](core-developers/)
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  - [Responsibilities](core-developers/responsibilities/)
  - [Accepting pull requests](core-developers/committing/)
  - [Experts index](core-developers/experts/)
  - [Developer log](core-developers/developer-log/)
  - [Motivations and affiliations](core-developers/motivations/)
  - [How to become a core developer](core-developers/become-core-developer/)
- [CPython’s internals](internals/)
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  - [CPython source code](internals/exploring/)
  - [Guide to the parser](internals/parser/)
  - [Compiler design](internals/compiler/)
  - [The bytecode interpreter (3.11)](internals/interpreter/)
  - [Garbage collector design](internals/garbage-collector/)
- [Status of Python versions](versions/)

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# Python Developer’s Guide [¶](\#python-developer-s-guide "Link to this heading")

This guide is a comprehensive resource for [contributing](#contributing)
to [Python](https://www.python.org/) – for both new and experienced contributors. It is
[maintained](documentation/devguide/#devguide) by the same
community that maintains Python. We welcome your contributions to Python!

## Quick reference [¶](\#quick-reference "Link to this heading")

Here are the basic steps needed to get set up and contribute a patch.
This is meant as a checklist, once you know the basics. For complete
instructions please see the [setup guide](getting-started/setup-building/#setup).

1. Install and set up [Git](getting-started/setup-building/#vcsetup) and other dependencies
(see the [Git Setup](getting-started/setup-building/#setup) page for detailed information).

2. Fork [the CPython repository](https://github.com/python/cpython)
to your GitHub account and [get the source code](getting-started/setup-building/#checkout) using:





```
git clone https://github.com/<your_username>/cpython
cd cpython

```

3. Build Python:

Unix







```
./configure --with-pydebug && make -j

```







macOS







```
./configure --with-pydebug && make -j

```







Windows







```
PCbuild\build.bat -e -d

```









See also [more detailed instructions](getting-started/setup-building/#compiling),
[how to install and build dependencies](getting-started/setup-building/#build-dependencies),
and the platform-specific pages for [Unix](getting-started/setup-building/#unix-compiling),
[macOS](getting-started/setup-building/#macos), and [Windows](getting-started/setup-building/#windows-compiling).

4. [Run the tests](testing/run-write-tests/#runtests):

Unix







```
./python -m test -j3

```







macOS







```
./python.exe -m test -j3

```







Note: [Most](getting-started/setup-building/#mac-python-exe) macOS systems use
`./python.exe` in order to avoid filename conflicts with
the `Python` directory.



Windows







```
.\python.bat -m test -j3

```

5. Create a new branch where your work for the issue will go, for example:





```
git checkout -b fix-issue-12345 main

```





If an issue does not already exist, please [create it](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues). Trivial issues (for example, typo fixes) do
not require any issue to be created.

6. Once you fixed the issue, run the tests, and the patchcheck:

Unix







```
make patchcheck

```







macOS







```
make patchcheck

```







Windows







```
.\python.bat Tools\patchcheck\patchcheck.py

```









If everything is ok, commit.

7. Push the branch on your fork on GitHub and [create a pull request](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#pullrequest). Include the issue number using `gh-NNNN` in the
pull request description. For example:





```
gh-12345: Fix some bug in spam module

```

8. Add a News entry into the `Misc/NEWS.d` directory as individual file. The
news entry can be created by using [blurb-it](https://blurb-it.herokuapp.com/),
or the [blurb](https://pypi.org/project/blurb/) tool and its `blurb add`
command. Please read more about `blurb` in its
[repository](https://github.com/python/blurb).


Note

First time contributors will need to sign the Contributor Licensing
Agreement (CLA) as described in the [Licensing](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#cla) section of
this guide.

## Quick links [¶](\#quick-links "Link to this heading")

Here are some links that you probably will reference frequently while
contributing to Python:

- [Issue tracker](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues)

- [Buildbot status](https://www.python.org/dev/buildbot/)

- [Where to get help](getting-started/getting-help/#help)

- [PEPs](https://peps.python.org/) (Python Enhancement Proposals)

- [Git bootcamp and cheat sheet](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#gitbootcamp)


## Contributing [¶](\#contributing "Link to this heading")

We encourage everyone to contribute to Python and that’s why we have put up this
developer’s guide. If you still have questions after reviewing the material in
this guide, then the [Core Python Mentorship](https://www.python.org/dev/core-mentorship/) group is available to help guide new
contributors through the process.

A number of individuals from the Python community have contributed to a series
of excellent guides at [Open Source Guides](https://opensource.guide/).

Core developers and contributors alike will find the following guides useful:

- [How to Contribute to Open Source](https://opensource.guide/how-to-contribute/)

- [Building Welcoming Communities](https://opensource.guide/building-community/)


Guide for contributing to Python:

Contributors

Documentarians

Triagers

Core Developers

[Setup and building](getting-started/setup-building/#setup)

[Helping with documentation](documentation/help-documenting/#docquality)

[Issue tracker](triage/issue-tracker/#tracker)

[Responsibilities](core-developers/responsibilities/#responsibilities)

[Where to get help](getting-started/getting-help/#help)

[Getting started](documentation/start-documenting/#documenting)

[Triaging an issue](triage/triaging/#triaging)

[Developer log](core-developers/developer-log/#developers)

[Lifecycle of a pull request](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#pullrequest)

[Style guide](documentation/style-guide/#style-guide)

[Helping triage issues](triage/triaging/#helptriage)

[Accepting pull requests](core-developers/committing/#committing)

[Running and writing tests](testing/run-write-tests/#runtests)

[reStructuredText primer](documentation/markup/#rst-primer)

[Experts index](core-developers/experts/#experts)

[Development cycle](developer-workflow/development-cycle/#devcycle)

[Fixing “easy” issues (and beyond)](getting-started/fixing-issues/#fixingissues)

[Translating](documentation/translating/#translating)

[GitHub labels](triage/labels/#labels)

[Motivations and affiliations](core-developers/motivations/#motivations)

[Following Python’s development](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#communication)

[Helping with the Developer’s Guide](documentation/devguide/#devguide)

[GitHub issues for BPO users](triage/github-bpo-faq/#gh-faq)

[Experts index](core-developers/experts/#experts)

[Git bootcamp and cheat sheet](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#gitbootcamp)

[Triage Team](triage/triage-team/#triage-team)

[Development cycle](developer-workflow/development-cycle/#devcycle)

We **recommend** that the documents in this guide be read as needed. You
can stop where you feel comfortable and begin contributing immediately without
reading and understanding these documents all at once. If you do choose to skip
around within the documentation, be aware that it is written assuming preceding
documentation has been read so you may find it necessary to backtrack to fill in
missing concepts and terminology.

## Proposing changes to Python itself [¶](\#proposing-changes-to-python-itself "Link to this heading")

Improving Python’s code, documentation and tests are ongoing tasks that are
never going to be “finished”, as Python operates as part of an ever-evolving
system of technology. An even more challenging ongoing task than these
necessary maintenance activities is finding ways to make Python, in the form of
the standard library and the language definition, an even better tool in a
developer’s toolkit.

While these kinds of change are much rarer than those described above, they do
happen and that process is also described as part of this guide:

- [Adding to the stdlib](developer-workflow/stdlib/#stdlibchanges)

- [Changing the Python language](developer-workflow/lang-changes/#langchanges)


## Other interpreter implementations [¶](\#other-interpreter-implementations "Link to this heading")

This guide is specifically for contributing to the Python reference interpreter,
also known as CPython (while most of the standard library is written in Python,
the interpreter core is written in C and integrates most easily with the C and
C++ ecosystems).

There are other Python implementations, each with a different focus. Like
CPython, they always have more things they would like to do than they have
developers to work on them. Some major examples that may be of interest are:

- [PyPy](https://pypy.org): A Python interpreter focused on high speed (JIT-compiled) operation
on major platforms

- [Jython](https://www.jython.org/): A Python interpreter focused on good integration with the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) environment

- [IronPython](https://ironpython.net/): A Python interpreter focused on good integration with the
Common Language Runtime (CLR) provided by .NET and Mono

- [Stackless](https://github.com/stackless-dev/stackless/wiki/): A Python interpreter focused on providing lightweight
microthreads while remaining largely compatible with CPython specific
extension modules

- [MicroPython](https://micropython.org/): A tiny Python interpreter with small subset of the Python
standard library that is optimised to run on microcontrollers and in
constrained environments.

- [CircuitPython](https://circuitpython.org/): A fork of MicroPython designed to simplify experimenting
and learning to code on low-cost microcontroller boards.


## Key resources [¶](\#key-resources "Link to this heading")

- Coding style guides

  - [**PEP 7**](https://peps.python.org/pep-0007/) (Style Guide for C Code)

  - [**PEP 8**](https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/) (Style Guide for Python Code)
- [Issue tracker](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues)

  - [Experts index](core-developers/experts/#experts)
- [Buildbot status](https://www.python.org/dev/buildbot/)

- Source code

  - [Browse online](https://github.com/python/cpython/)

  - [Snapshot of the \*main\* branch](https://github.com/python/cpython/archive/main.zip)
- [PEPs](https://peps.python.org/) (Python Enhancement Proposals)

- [Where to get help](getting-started/getting-help/#help)

- [Developer log](core-developers/developer-log/#developers)


## Additional resources [¶](\#additional-resources "Link to this heading")

- Anyone can clone the sources for this guide. See [Helping with the Developer’s Guide](documentation/devguide/#devguide).

- Help with …

  - [CPython source code](internals/exploring/#exploring)

  - [Changing CPython’s grammar](developer-workflow/grammar/#grammar)

  - [Guide to the parser](internals/parser/#parser)

  - [Compiler design](internals/compiler/#compiler)

  - [Garbage collector design](internals/garbage-collector/#id1)
- Tool support

  - [GDB support](development-tools/gdb/#gdb)

  - [Dynamic analysis with Clang](development-tools/clang/#clang)

  - Various tools with configuration files as found in the [Misc directory](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Misc)

  - Information about editors and their configurations can be found in the
    [wiki](https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors)
- [python.org maintenance](https://pythondotorg.readthedocs.io/)

- [Search this guide](search/)


## Code of conduct [¶](\#code-of-conduct "Link to this heading")

Please note that all interactions on
[Python Software Foundation](https://www.python.org/psf-landing/)-supported
infrastructure is [covered](https://www.python.org/psf/records/board/minutes/2014-01-06/#management-of-the-psfs-web-properties)
by the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://policies.python.org/python.org/code-of-conduct/),
which includes all infrastructure used in the development of Python itself
(for example, mailing lists, issue trackers, GitHub, etc.).
In general this means everyone is expected to be open, considerate, and
respectful of others no matter what their position is within the project.

## Status of Python branches [¶](\#status-of-python-branches "Link to this heading")

Moved to [Status of Python versions](versions/#versions)

## Full table of contents [¶](\#full-table-of-contents "Link to this heading")

- [Getting started](getting-started/)
  - [Setup and building](getting-started/setup-building/)
    - [Install Git](getting-started/setup-building/#install-git)
    - [Get the source code](getting-started/setup-building/#get-the-source-code)
    - [Compile and build](getting-started/setup-building/#compile-and-build)
    - [Install dependencies](getting-started/setup-building/#install-dependencies)
    - [Regenerate `configure`](getting-started/setup-building/#regenerate-configure)
    - [Regenerate the ABI dump](getting-started/setup-building/#regenerate-the-abi-dump)
    - [Troubleshoot the build](getting-started/setup-building/#troubleshoot-the-build)
    - [Editors and tools](getting-started/setup-building/#editors-and-tools)
    - [Directory structure](getting-started/setup-building/#directory-structure)
    - [Contribute using GitHub Codespaces](getting-started/setup-building/#contribute-using-github-codespaces)
  - [Fixing “easy” issues (and beyond)](getting-started/fixing-issues/)
  - [Git bootcamp and cheat sheet](getting-started/git-boot-camp/)
    - [Forking CPython GitHub repository](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#forking-cpython-github-repository)
    - [Cloning a forked CPython repository](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#cloning-a-forked-cpython-repository)
    - [Configure the remotes](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#configure-the-remotes)
    - [Listing the remote repositories](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#listing-the-remote-repositories)
    - [Setting up your name and email address](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#setting-up-your-name-and-email-address)
    - [Enabling `autocrlf` on Windows](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#enabling-autocrlf-on-windows)
    - [Creating and switching branches](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#creating-and-switching-branches)
    - [Deleting branches](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#deleting-branches)
    - [Renaming branch](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#renaming-branch)
    - [Staging and committing files](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#staging-and-committing-files)
    - [Reverting changes](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#reverting-changes)
    - [Stashing changes](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#stashing-changes)
    - [Comparing changes](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#comparing-changes)
    - [Pushing changes](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#pushing-changes)
    - [Creating a pull request](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#creating-a-pull-request)
    - [Linking to issues and pull requests](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#linking-to-issues-and-pull-requests)
    - [Updating your CPython fork](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#updating-your-cpython-fork)
    - [Applying a patch to Git](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#applying-a-patch-to-git)
    - [Downloading other’s patches](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#downloading-other-s-patches)
    - [Accepting and merging a pull request](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#accepting-and-merging-a-pull-request)
    - [Cancelling an automatic merge](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#cancelling-an-automatic-merge)
    - [Backporting merged changes](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#backporting-merged-changes)
    - [Editing a pull request prior to merging](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#editing-a-pull-request-prior-to-merging)
    - [GitHub CLI](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#id2)
    - [Git worktree](getting-started/git-boot-camp/#git-worktree)
  - [Lifecycle of a pull request](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/)
    - [Introduction](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#introduction)
    - [Quick guide](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#quick-guide)
    - [Step-by-step guide](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#step-by-step-guide)
    - [Making good PRs](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#making-good-prs)
    - [`patchcheck`](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#patchcheck)
    - [Making good commits](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#making-good-commits)
    - [Licensing](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#licensing)
    - [Submitting](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#submitting)
    - [Converting an existing patch from b.p.o to GitHub](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#converting-an-existing-patch-from-b-p-o-to-github)
    - [Reviewing](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#reviewing)
    - [Keeping continuous integration green](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#keeping-continuous-integration-green)
    - [Committing/rejecting](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#committing-rejecting)
    - [Crediting](getting-started/pull-request-lifecycle/#crediting)
  - [Where to get help](getting-started/getting-help/)
    - [Discourse](getting-started/getting-help/#discourse)
    - [Mailing lists](getting-started/getting-help/#mailing-lists)
    - [Ask #python-dev](getting-started/getting-help/#ask-python-dev)
    - [Core mentorship](getting-started/getting-help/#core-mentorship)
    - [File a bug](getting-started/getting-help/#file-a-bug)
- [Development workflow](developer-workflow/)
  - [Following Python’s development](developer-workflow/communication-channels/)
    - [Standards of behaviour in these communication channels](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#standards-of-behaviour-in-these-communication-channels)
    - [Mailing lists](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#mailing-lists)
    - [Discourse (discuss.python.org web forum)](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#discourse-discuss-python-org-web-forum)
    - [Discord (private chat server)](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#discord-private-chat-server)
    - [IRC](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#irc)
    - [Blogs](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#blogs)
    - [Setting expectations for open source participation](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#setting-expectations-for-open-source-participation)
    - [Additional repositories](developer-workflow/communication-channels/#additional-repositories)
  - [Development cycle](developer-workflow/development-cycle/)
    - [Branches](developer-workflow/development-cycle/#branches)
    - [Stages](developer-workflow/development-cycle/#stages)
    - [Repository administration](developer-workflow/development-cycle/#repository-administration)
    - [Governance](developer-workflow/development-cycle/#governance)
  - [Adding to the stdlib](developer-workflow/stdlib/)
    - [Adding to a pre-existing module](developer-workflow/stdlib/#adding-to-a-pre-existing-module)
    - [Adding a new module](developer-workflow/stdlib/#adding-a-new-module)
    - [Adding a new environment variable](developer-workflow/stdlib/#adding-a-new-environment-variable)
  - [Standard library extension modules](developer-workflow/extension-modules/)
    - [Classifying extension modules](developer-workflow/extension-modules/#classifying-extension-modules)
    - [Adding an extension module to CPython](developer-workflow/extension-modules/#adding-an-extension-module-to-cpython)
  - [Changing Python’s C API](developer-workflow/c-api/)
    - [The internal API](developer-workflow/c-api/#the-internal-api)
    - [Public C API](developer-workflow/c-api/#public-c-api)
    - [Unstable C API](developer-workflow/c-api/#unstable-c-api)
    - [Limited API](developer-workflow/c-api/#limited-api)
  - [Changing the Python language](developer-workflow/lang-changes/)
    - [What qualifies](developer-workflow/lang-changes/#what-qualifies)
    - [Suggesting new features and language changes](developer-workflow/lang-changes/#suggesting-new-features-and-language-changes)
    - [PEP process](developer-workflow/lang-changes/#pep-process)
  - [Changing CPython’s grammar](developer-workflow/grammar/)
    - [Abstract](developer-workflow/grammar/#abstract)
    - [Checklist](developer-workflow/grammar/#checklist)
  - [Porting to a new platform](developer-workflow/porting/)
  - [Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOM)](developer-workflow/sbom/)
    - [Updating a dependency](developer-workflow/sbom/#updating-a-dependency)
    - [Adding a new dependency](developer-workflow/sbom/#adding-a-new-dependency)
    - [Removing a dependency](developer-workflow/sbom/#removing-a-dependency)
  - [Python Security Response Team (PSRT)](developer-workflow/psrt/)
    - [Vulnerability report triage](developer-workflow/psrt/#vulnerability-report-triage)
    - [Coordinating a vulnerability report](developer-workflow/psrt/#coordinating-a-vulnerability-report)
    - [Template responses](developer-workflow/psrt/#template-responses)
- [Issues and triaging](triage/)
  - [Issue tracker](triage/issue-tracker/)
    - [Using the issue tracker](triage/issue-tracker/#using-the-issue-tracker)
    - [Disagreement with a resolution on the issue tracker](triage/issue-tracker/#disagreement-with-a-resolution-on-the-issue-tracker)
  - [Triaging an issue](triage/triaging/)
    - [Checklist for triaging](triage/triaging/#checklist-for-triaging)
    - [Helping triage issues](triage/triaging/#helping-triage-issues)
  - [GitHub labels](triage/labels/)
    - [Type labels](triage/labels/#type-labels)
    - [Component labels](triage/labels/#component-labels)
    - [OS labels](triage/labels/#os-labels)
    - [Topic labels](triage/labels/#topic-labels)
    - [Version labels](triage/labels/#version-labels)
    - [Other labels](triage/labels/#other-labels)
    - [Labels specific to PRs](triage/labels/#labels-specific-to-prs)
  - [GitHub issues for BPO users](triage/github-bpo-faq/)
    - [How to format my comments nicely?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#how-to-format-my-comments-nicely)
    - [How to attach files to an issue?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#how-to-attach-files-to-an-issue)
    - [How to link to file paths in the repository when writing comments?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#how-to-link-to-file-paths-in-the-repository-when-writing-comments)
    - [How to do advanced searches?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#how-to-do-advanced-searches)
    - [Where is the “nosy list”?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#where-is-the-nosy-list)
    - [How to add issue dependencies?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#how-to-add-issue-dependencies)
    - [What on earth is a “mannequin”?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#what-on-earth-is-a-mannequin)
    - [Where did the “resolution” field go?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#where-did-the-resolution-field-go)
    - [Where did the “low”, “high”, and “critical” priorities go?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#where-did-the-low-high-and-critical-priorities-go)
    - [How to find a random issue?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#how-to-find-a-random-issue)
    - [Where are regression labels?](triage/github-bpo-faq/#where-are-regression-labels)
  - [Triage Team](triage/triage-team/)
    - [Becoming a member of the Python triage team](triage/triage-team/#becoming-a-member-of-the-python-triage-team)
- [Documentation](documentation/)
  - [Getting started](documentation/start-documenting/)
    - [Introduction](documentation/start-documenting/#introduction)
    - [Building the documentation](documentation/start-documenting/#building-the-documentation)
  - [Helping with documentation](documentation/help-documenting/)
    - [Python documentation](documentation/help-documenting/#python-documentation)
    - [Helping with documentation issues](documentation/help-documenting/#helping-with-documentation-issues)
    - [Proofreading](documentation/help-documenting/#proofreading)
  - [Style guide](documentation/style-guide/)
    - [Footnotes](documentation/style-guide/#footnotes)
    - [Capitalization](documentation/style-guide/#capitalization)
    - [Specific words](documentation/style-guide/#specific-words)
    - [Use simple language](documentation/style-guide/#use-simple-language)
    - [Diátaxis](documentation/style-guide/#diataxis)
    - [Links](documentation/style-guide/#links)
    - [Affirmative tone](documentation/style-guide/#affirmative-tone)
    - [Author attribution](documentation/style-guide/#author-attribution)
    - [Pronunciation of dunder names](documentation/style-guide/#pronunciation-of-dunder-names)
    - [Economy of expression](documentation/style-guide/#economy-of-expression)
    - [Security considerations (and other concerns)](documentation/style-guide/#security-considerations-and-other-concerns)
    - [Code examples](documentation/style-guide/#code-examples)
    - [Code equivalents](documentation/style-guide/#code-equivalents)
    - [Audience](documentation/style-guide/#audience)
    - [Function signatures](documentation/style-guide/#function-signatures)
  - [reStructuredText markup](documentation/markup/)
    - [Quick reference](documentation/markup/#quick-reference)
    - [reStructuredText primer](documentation/markup/#restructuredtext-primer)
    - [Typographic conventions](documentation/markup/#typographic-conventions)
    - [Additional markup constructs](documentation/markup/#additional-markup-constructs)
  - [Translating](documentation/translating/)
    - [Starting a new translation](documentation/translating/#starting-a-new-translation)
    - [PEP 545 summary](documentation/translating/#pep-545-summary)
    - [How to get help](documentation/translating/#how-to-get-help)
    - [Translation FAQ](documentation/translating/#translation-faq)
  - [Helping with the Developer’s Guide](documentation/devguide/)
    - [Developer’s Guide workflow](documentation/devguide/#developer-s-guide-workflow)
- [Testing and buildbots](testing/)
  - [Running and writing tests](testing/run-write-tests/)
    - [Running](testing/run-write-tests/#running)
    - [Writing](testing/run-write-tests/#writing)
    - [Benchmarks](testing/run-write-tests/#benchmarks)
  - [Silence warnings from the test suite](testing/silence-warnings/)
  - [Increase test coverage](testing/coverage/)
    - [Common gotchas](testing/coverage/#common-gotchas)
    - [Measuring coverage](testing/coverage/#measuring-coverage)
    - [Filing the issue](testing/coverage/#filing-the-issue)
    - [Measuring coverage of C code with gcov and lcov](testing/coverage/#measuring-coverage-of-c-code-with-gcov-and-lcov)
  - [Working with buildbots](testing/buildbots/)
    - [In case of trouble](testing/buildbots/#in-case-of-trouble)
    - [Buildbot failures on pull requests](testing/buildbots/#buildbot-failures-on-pull-requests)
    - [Checking results of automatic builds](testing/buildbots/#checking-results-of-automatic-builds)
    - [Stability](testing/buildbots/#stability)
    - [Flags-dependent failures](testing/buildbots/#flags-dependent-failures)
    - [Ordering-dependent failures](testing/buildbots/#ordering-dependent-failures)
    - [Transient failures](testing/buildbots/#transient-failures)
    - [Custom builders](testing/buildbots/#custom-builders)
  - [New buildbot workers](testing/new-buildbot-worker/)
    - [Preparing for buildbot worker setup](testing/new-buildbot-worker/#preparing-for-buildbot-worker-setup)
    - [Setting up the buildbot worker](testing/new-buildbot-worker/#setting-up-the-buildbot-worker)
    - [Buildbot worker operation](testing/new-buildbot-worker/#buildbot-worker-operation)
    - [Required ports](testing/new-buildbot-worker/#required-ports)
    - [Required resources](testing/new-buildbot-worker/#required-resources)
    - [Security considerations](testing/new-buildbot-worker/#security-considerations)
- [Development tools](development-tools/)
  - [Argument Clinic](development-tools/clinic/)
    - [Background](development-tools/clinic/#background)
    - [Reference](development-tools/clinic/#reference)
    - [Tutorial](development-tools/clinic/#tutorial)
    - [How-to guides](development-tools/clinic/#how-to-guides)
  - [GDB support](development-tools/gdb/)
    - [Page moved](development-tools/gdb/#page-moved)
    - [CPython tips](development-tools/gdb/#cpython-tips)
  - [Dynamic analysis with Clang](development-tools/clang/)
    - [What is Clang?](development-tools/clang/#what-is-clang)
    - [What are sanitizers?](development-tools/clang/#what-are-sanitizers)
    - [Clang/LLVM setup](development-tools/clang/#clang-llvm-setup)
    - [Python build setup](development-tools/clang/#python-build-setup)
    - [Analyzing the output](development-tools/clang/#analyzing-the-output)
  - [Coverity Scan](development-tools/coverity/)
    - [Access to analysis reports](development-tools/coverity/#access-to-analysis-reports)
    - [Building and uploading analysis](development-tools/coverity/#building-and-uploading-analysis)
    - [Known limitations](development-tools/coverity/#known-limitations)
    - [Modeling](development-tools/coverity/#modeling)
    - [Workflow](development-tools/coverity/#workflow)
    - [Contact](development-tools/coverity/#contact)
  - [Tools for tracking compiler warnings](development-tools/warnings/)
    - [What to do if a warning check fails GitHub CI](development-tools/warnings/#what-to-do-if-a-warning-check-fails-github-ci)
- [Core developers](core-developers/)
  - [Responsibilities](core-developers/responsibilities/)
    - [Communication channels and bug notifications](core-developers/responsibilities/#communication-channels-and-bug-notifications)
    - [Sign a contributor agreement](core-developers/responsibilities/#sign-a-contributor-agreement)
    - [Pull request merging](core-developers/responsibilities/#pull-request-merging)
    - [Expectations](core-developers/responsibilities/#expectations)
  - [Accepting pull requests](core-developers/committing/)
    - [Assessing a pull request](core-developers/committing/#assessing-a-pull-request)
    - [Updating NEWS and What’s New in Python](core-developers/committing/#updating-news-and-what-s-new-in-python)
    - [Working with Git](core-developers/committing/#working-with-git)
  - [Experts index](core-developers/experts/)
    - [Stdlib](core-developers/experts/#stdlib)
    - [Tools](core-developers/experts/#tools)
    - [Platforms](core-developers/experts/#platforms)
    - [Miscellaneous](core-developers/experts/#miscellaneous)
    - [Documentation translations](core-developers/experts/#documentation-translations)
  - [Developer log](core-developers/developer-log/)
    - [Procedure for granting or dropping access](core-developers/developer-log/#procedure-for-granting-or-dropping-access)
  - [Motivations and affiliations](core-developers/motivations/)
    - [Published entries](core-developers/motivations/#published-entries)
    - [Goals of this page](core-developers/motivations/#goals-of-this-page)
    - [Limitations on scope](core-developers/motivations/#limitations-on-scope)
  - [How to become a core developer](core-developers/become-core-developer/)
    - [What it takes](core-developers/become-core-developer/#what-it-takes)
    - [Gaining commit privileges](core-developers/become-core-developer/#gaining-commit-privileges)
    - [Poll template](core-developers/become-core-developer/#poll-template)
- [CPython’s internals](internals/)
  - [CPython source code](internals/exploring/)
    - [Source code layout](internals/exploring/#source-code-layout)
    - [Additional references](internals/exploring/#additional-references)
  - [Guide to the parser](internals/parser/)
    - [Abstract](internals/parser/#abstract)
    - [How PEG parsers work](internals/parser/#how-peg-parsers-work)
    - [Syntax](internals/parser/#syntax)
    - [Pegen](internals/parser/#pegen)
    - [Testing](internals/parser/#testing)
    - [Debugging generated parsers](internals/parser/#debugging-generated-parsers)
    - [References](internals/parser/#references)
  - [Compiler design](internals/compiler/)
  - [The bytecode interpreter (3.11)](internals/interpreter/)
    - [Preface](internals/interpreter/#preface)
    - [Introduction](internals/interpreter/#introduction)
    - [Code objects](internals/interpreter/#code-objects)
    - [Instruction decoding](internals/interpreter/#instruction-decoding)
    - [Jumps](internals/interpreter/#jumps)
    - [Inline cache entries](internals/interpreter/#inline-cache-entries)
    - [The evaluation stack](internals/interpreter/#the-evaluation-stack)
    - [Error handling](internals/interpreter/#error-handling)
    - [Python-to-Python calls](internals/interpreter/#python-to-python-calls)
    - [The call stack](internals/interpreter/#the-call-stack)
    - [All sorts of variables](internals/interpreter/#all-sorts-of-variables)
    - [Other topics](internals/interpreter/#other-topics)
    - [Introducing new bytecode](internals/interpreter/#introducing-new-bytecode)
  - [Garbage collector design](internals/garbage-collector/)
    - [Abstract](internals/garbage-collector/#abstract)
    - [Memory layout and object structure](internals/garbage-collector/#memory-layout-and-object-structure)
    - [Identifying reference cycles](internals/garbage-collector/#identifying-reference-cycles)
    - [Destroying unreachable objects](internals/garbage-collector/#destroying-unreachable-objects)
    - [Optimization: generations](internals/garbage-collector/#optimization-generations)
    - [Optimization: reusing fields to save memory](internals/garbage-collector/#optimization-reusing-fields-to-save-memory)
    - [Optimization: delay tracking containers](internals/garbage-collector/#optimization-delay-tracking-containers)
    - [Differences between GC implementations](internals/garbage-collector/#differences-between-gc-implementations)
- [Status of Python versions](versions/)
  - [Python release cycle](versions/#python-release-cycle)
  - [Supported versions](versions/#supported-versions)
  - [Unsupported versions](versions/#unsupported-versions)
  - [Status key](versions/#status-key)

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On this page


- Python Developer’s Guide
  - [Quick reference](#quick-reference)
  - [Quick links](#quick-links)
  - [Contributing](#contributing)
  - [Proposing changes to Python itself](#proposing-changes-to-python-itself)
  - [Other interpreter implementations](#other-interpreter-implementations)
  - [Key resources](#key-resources)
  - [Additional resources](#additional-resources)
  - [Code of conduct](#code-of-conduct)
  - [Status of Python branches](#status-of-python-branches)
  - [Full table of contents](#full-table-of-contents)