Bitcoin Nedir? (BTC) | Kraken
Bitcoin is a revolutionary form of digital currency first proposed in 2008 by a person or group of people known as Satoshi Nakamoto.
Nick Szabo
Those closely related to cryptography around the time of Bitcoin's conception remain the most prominent suspects, including computer programmers <anchor>Nick Szabo</anchor> and the late Hal Finney). The first known usage of bitcoin as a form of payment occurred when a developer named Laszlo Hanyecz bought two pizzas with 40,000 bitcoin. The online payment, which occurred on May 22, 2010, is now known as Bitcoin Pizza Day.
Nick Szabo - Wikipedia
Nick Szabo - Wikipedia[Jump to content](#bodyContent)

Main menu

Main menu

move to sidebarhide

Navigation


- [Main page](/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]")
- [Contents](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia")
- [Current events](/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events")
- [Random article](/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]")
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works")
- [Contact us](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia")
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en "Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation")

Contribute


- [Help](/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia")
- [Learn to edit](/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia")
- [Community portal](/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors")
- [Recent changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia")

[![](/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png)![Wikipedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg)![The Free Encyclopedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](/wiki/Main_Page)

[Search](/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]")

Search

Appearance

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nick+Szabo "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nick+Szabo "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Personal tools

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nick+Szabo "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nick+Szabo "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Pages for logged out editors [learn more](/wiki/Help:Introduction)

- [Contributions](/wiki/Special:MyContributions "A list of edits made from this IP address [y]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Special:MyTalk "Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]")

## Contents

move to sidebarhide

- (Top)

- [1Career](#Career)
- [2Payments and digital currency](#Payments_and_digital_currency)
- [3References](#References)
- [4External links](#External_links)

Toggle the table of contents

# Nick Szabo

12 languages

- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo "Nick Szabo – Minnan")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo "Nick Szabo – German")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88 "نیک سابو – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo "Nick Szabo – French")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo "Nick Szabo – Indonesian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niks_Sabo "Niks Sabo – Latvian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo "Nick Szabo – Hungarian")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo "Nick Szabo – Portuguese")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA "Сабо, Ник – Russian")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo "Nick Szabo – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE "Нік Сабо – Ukrainian")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E5%8D%9A "尼克·薩博 – Chinese")

[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15410426#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")

- [Article](/wiki/Nick_Szabo "View the content page [c]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Talk:Nick_Szabo "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]")

English

- [Read](/wiki/Nick_Szabo)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]")

Tools

Tools

move to sidebarhide

Actions


- [Read](/wiki/Nick_Szabo)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=history)

General


- [What links here](/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nick_Szabo "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
- [Related changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nick_Szabo "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]")
- [Special pages](/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]")
- [Permanent link](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&oldid=1237717523 "Permanent link to this revision of this page")
- [Page information](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=info "More information about this page")
- [Cite this page](/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nick_Szabo&id=1237717523&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page")
- [Get shortened URL](/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNick_Szabo)
- [Download QR code](/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNick_Szabo)
- [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15410426 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]")

Print/export


- [Download as PDF](/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nick_Szabo&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file")
- [Printable version](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]")

In other projects


Appearance

move to sidebarhide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American computer scientist

Nick Szabo

Born5 April 1964Alma mater

- [University of Washington Computer Science & Engineering](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington")
- [George Washington University Law School](/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School "George Washington University Law School")

**Scientific career**Fields

- [Computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science")
- [Digital currency](/wiki/Digital_currency "Digital currency")

Website[unenumerated.blogspot.com](https://unenumerated.blogspot.com)

**Nicholas Szabo** is a computer [scientist](/wiki/Scientist "Scientist"), legal scholar,[\[1\]](#cite_note-1) and [cryptographer](/wiki/Cryptography "Cryptography") known for his research in [smart contracts](/wiki/Smart_contracts "Smart contracts") and [digital currency](/wiki/Digital_currency "Digital currency").

## Career

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Career")\]

Szabo graduated from the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington") in 1989 with a degree in [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science")[\[2\]](#cite_note-Enigma-2) and received a [Juris Doctor](/wiki/Juris_Doctor "Juris Doctor") degree from [George Washington University Law School](/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School "George Washington University Law School").[\[3\]](#cite_note-3) He holds an honorary professorship at the [Universidad Francisco Marroquín](/wiki/Universidad_Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn "Universidad Francisco Marroquín").[\[4\]](#cite_note-4)

## Payments and digital currency

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Payments and digital currency")\]

The phrase and concept of "smart property" was developed by Szabo with the goal of bringing what he calls the "highly evolved" practices of contract law and practice to the design of [electronic commerce](/wiki/Electronic_commerce "Electronic commerce") protocols between strangers on the Internet.[\[5\]](#cite_note-5) In 1994, he wrote an introduction to the concept and, in 1996, an exploration of what smart contracts could do. Nick Szabo proposed a digital marketplace built on these automatic, cryptographically secure processes.\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

Szabo argued that a minimum granularity of [micropayments](/wiki/Micropayments "Micropayments") is set by mental transaction costs.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) At one time\[ _[when?](/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")_\] Szabo was a proponent of " [extropian](/wiki/Extropianism "Extropianism")" life extension techniques.[\[8\]](#cite_note-8)

In 1998, Szabo designed a mechanism for a decentralized digital currency he called "bit gold".[\[9\]](#cite_note-PeckBitcoin2012-9)[\[10\]](#cite_note-10) Bit gold was never implemented, but has been called "a direct precursor to the [Bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin") architecture."[\[11\]](#cite_note-11) According to Szabo, he was specifically focused on the [double spend](/wiki/Double_spend "Double spend") problem: "I was trying to mimic as closely as possible in cyberspace the security and trust characteristics of gold, and chief among those is that it doesn't depend on a trusted central authority."[\[9\]](#cite_note-PeckBitcoin2012-9)

In Szabo's bit gold structure, a participant would dedicate computer power to solving cryptographic problems. In a bit gold network, solved problems would be sent to the [Byzantine fault-tolerant](/wiki/Byzantine_fault_tolerance "Byzantine fault tolerance") public registry and assigned to the [public key](/wiki/Public-key_cryptography "Public-key cryptography") of the solver. Each solution would become part of the next challenge, creating a growing chain of new property. This aspect of the system provided a way for the network to verify and time-stamp new coins, because unless a majority of the parties agreed to accept new solutions, they couldn't start on the next problem.[\[12\]](#cite_note-TsoSch2015-12)[\[13\]](#cite_note-13) (see also: [proof-of-work system](/wiki/Proof-of-work_system "Proof-of-work system")).

Although Szabo has repeatedly denied it, people have speculated that he is [Satoshi Nakamoto](/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto "Satoshi Nakamoto"), the creator of [Bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin").[\[14\]](#cite_note-14) Research by financial author [Dominic Frisby](/wiki/Dominic_Frisby "Dominic Frisby") provided circumstantial evidence but, as he admits, no proof exists that Satoshi is Szabo.[\[15\]](#cite_note-15) In a July 2014 email to Frisby, Szabo said "I'm afraid you got it wrong [doxing](/wiki/Doxing "Doxing") me as Satoshi, but I'm used to it."[\[16\]](#cite_note-16) [Nathaniel Popper](/wiki/Nathaniel_Popper "Nathaniel Popper") wrote in _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_ that "the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo." In 2008, prior to the release of bitcoin, Szabo wrote a comment on his blog about the intent of creating a live version of his hypothetical currency.[\[2\]](#cite_note-Enigma-2)

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: References")\]

01. **[^](#cite_ref-1)**Ridley, Matt (4 December 2017). ["The Bitcoin revolution is only just beginning"](https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-bitcoin-revolution-is-only-justbeginning-k9zj8cxnx). _The Times_. Retrieved 23 December 2017. the legal scholar and computer scientist Nick Szabo
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Enigma_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Enigma_2-1)Popper, Nathaniel (15 May 2015). ["Decoding the Enigma of Satoshi Nakamoto and the Birth of Bitcoin"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/business/decoding-the-enigma-of-satoshi-nakamoto-and-the-birth-of-bitcoin.html). _[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**Szabo, Nick (26 May 2009). ["Unenumerated, "Sotomayor, Calabresi, and the Chief Justice at our moot court""](http://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2009/05/sotomayor-calabresi-and-chief-justice.html). Retrieved 20 March 2019.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**["Portada 2021"](https://noticias.ufm.edu/index.php?title=Graduaci%C3%B3n_UFM_y_doctorado_a_Nick_Szabo).
05. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Szabo, Nick (September 1997). ["Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks"](http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/548). _[First Monday](/wiki/First_Monday_(journal) "First Monday (journal)")_. **2** (9). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.5210/fm.v2i9.548](https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v2i9.548). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [33773111](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33773111). Retrieved 8 January 2017.
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Szabo, Nick. "Micropayments and Mental Transaction Costs". [CiteSeerX](/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) "CiteSeerX (identifier)") [10.1.1.23.9779](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.9779).`{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` ( [help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical "Help:CS1 errors"))
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**Szabo, Nick. ["The Mental Accounting Barrier to Micropayments"](https://archive.today/20130112013653/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/micropayments.html). Archived from [the original](http://szabo.best.vwh.net/micropayments.html) on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-8)**["Everybody Freeze! \| Corey Pein"](https://thebaffler.com/salvos/everybody-freeze-pein). 8 March 2016.
09. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-PeckBitcoin2012_9-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-PeckBitcoin2012_9-1)Peck, Morgan (30 May 2012). ["Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash"](https://spectrum.ieee.org/bitcoin-the-cryptoanarchists-answer-to-cash). _[IEEE Spectrum](/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum "IEEE Spectrum")_. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
10. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Szabo, Nick (December 2005). ["Bit gold"](https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2005/12/bit-gold.html). Retrieved 8 January 2017.
11. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**O'Leary, Martin (8 May 2015). ["The Mysterious Disappearance of Satoshi Nakamoto, Founder & Creator of Bitcoin"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/martin-oaleary/the-mysterious-disappeara_2_b_7217206.html). _[The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")_. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-TsoSch2015_12-0)**Tschorsch, Florian; Scheuermann, Björn (15 May 2015). ["Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey of Decentralized Digital Currencies"](http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/464.pdf)(PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2017.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-13)**Szabo, Nick (1998). ["Secure Property Titles with Owner Authority"](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/secure-property-titles/). Retrieved 8 January 2017.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-14)**["Who Is The Real Satoshi Nakamoto? One Researcher May Have Found The Answer"](https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/05/who-is-the-real-satoshi-nakamoto-one-researcher-may-have-found-the-answer/). _[TechCrunch](/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch")_. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-15)**Frisby, Dominic (2014) "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?" In Bitcoin: The Future of Money?, p. 85-149. [Unbound](/wiki/Unbound_(publisher) "Unbound (publisher)"). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1783520779](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1783520779 "Special:BookSources/1783520779")
16. **[^](#cite_ref-16)**Frisby, Dominic (2014), p. 147

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [Nick Szabo's Essays, Papers, and Concise Tutorials](https://archive.today/20150716194113/http://szabo.best.vwh.net/) at [archive.today](/wiki/Archive.today "Archive.today") (archived 16 July 2015)
- [Who is Nick Szabo, The Mysterious Blockchain Titan - unblock.net](https://unblock.net/nick-szabo/)
- [DEVCON1: History of the Blockchain - Nick Szabo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y3fWXA6d5k) on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier) "YouTube video (identifier)")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Bitcoin "Template:Bitcoin")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Bitcoin "Template talk:Bitcoin")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bitcoin "Special:EditPage/Template:Bitcoin")

[Bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin")

- [History](/wiki/History_of_bitcoin "History of bitcoin")
- [Economics](/wiki/Economics_of_bitcoin "Economics of bitcoin")
- [Legal status](/wiki/Legality_of_bitcoin_by_country_or_territory "Legality of bitcoin by country or territory")
- [Environmental effects](/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin "Environmental effects of bitcoin")

People

- [Gavin Andresen](/wiki/Gavin_Andresen "Gavin Andresen")
- [Andreas Antonopoulos](/wiki/Andreas_Antonopoulos "Andreas Antonopoulos")
- [Brian Armstrong](/wiki/Brian_Armstrong_(CEO) "Brian Armstrong (CEO)")
- [Adam Back](/wiki/Adam_Back "Adam Back")
- [Wences Casares](/wiki/Wences_Casares "Wences Casares")
- [Tim Draper](/wiki/Tim_Draper "Tim Draper")
- [Hal Finney](/wiki/Hal_Finney_(computer_scientist) "Hal Finney (computer scientist)")
- [Wei Dai](/wiki/Wei_Dai "Wei Dai")
- [Mark Karpelès](/wiki/Mark_Karpel%C3%A8s "Mark Karpelès")
- [Satoshi Nakamoto](/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto "Satoshi Nakamoto")
- [Charlie Shrem](/wiki/Charlie_Shrem "Charlie Shrem")
- Nick Szabo
- [Vitalik Buterin](/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin "Vitalik Buterin")
- [Ross Ulbricht](/wiki/Ross_Ulbricht "Ross Ulbricht")
- [Roger Ver](/wiki/Roger_Ver "Roger Ver")
- [Cody Wilson](/wiki/Cody_Wilson "Cody Wilson")
- [Cameron Winklevoss](/wiki/Cameron_Winklevoss "Cameron Winklevoss")
- [Tyler Winklevoss](/wiki/Tyler_Winklevoss "Tyler Winklevoss")
- [Craig Wright](/wiki/Craig_Steven_Wright "Craig Steven Wright")
- [Dave Kleiman](/wiki/Dave_Kleiman "Dave Kleiman")
- [Jihan Wu](/wiki/Jihan_Wu "Jihan Wu")
- [Erik Voorhees](/wiki/Erik_Voorhees "Erik Voorhees")

Lists

- [List of bitcoin companies](/wiki/List_of_bitcoin_companies "List of bitcoin companies")
- [List of bitcoin forks](/wiki/List_of_bitcoin_forks "List of bitcoin forks")
- [List of bitcoin organizations](/wiki/List_of_bitcoin_organizations "List of bitcoin organizations")
- [List of people in blockchain technology](/wiki/List_of_people_in_blockchain_technology "List of people in blockchain technology")

Technologies

- [Bitcoin network](/wiki/Bitcoin_network "Bitcoin network")
- [Blockchain](/wiki/Blockchain "Blockchain")
- [Cryptocurrency](/wiki/Cryptocurrency "Cryptocurrency")
- [Cryptocurrency wallet](/wiki/Cryptocurrency_wallet "Cryptocurrency wallet")
- [Bitcoin ATM](/wiki/Bitcoin_ATM "Bitcoin ATM")
- [ECDSA](/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm "Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm")
- [Lightning Network](/wiki/Lightning_Network "Lightning Network")
- [P2P](/wiki/Peer-to-peer "Peer-to-peer")
- [Proof of work](/wiki/Proof_of_work "Proof of work")
- [SegWit](/wiki/SegWit "SegWit")
- [SHA-2](/wiki/SHA-2 "SHA-2")

[Forks](/wiki/List_of_bitcoin_forks "List of bitcoin forks")

Client

- [Bitcoin Unlimited](/wiki/Bitcoin_Unlimited "Bitcoin Unlimited")

Currency

- [Bitcoin Cash](/wiki/Bitcoin_Cash "Bitcoin Cash")
- [Bitcoin Gold](/wiki/Bitcoin_Gold "Bitcoin Gold")

History

- [Bitcoin scalability problem](/wiki/Bitcoin_scalability_problem "Bitcoin scalability problem")
- [History of bitcoin](/wiki/History_of_bitcoin "History of bitcoin")
- [2018 cryptocurrency crash](/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble "Cryptocurrency bubble")
- [2018 Bitcoin bomb threats](/wiki/2018_Bitcoin_bomb_threats "2018 Bitcoin bomb threats")
- [2020 Twitter account hijacking](/wiki/2020_Twitter_account_hijacking "2020 Twitter account hijacking")

Movies

- _[The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin](/wiki/The_Rise_and_Rise_of_Bitcoin "The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin")_ (2014 film)
- _[Deep Web](/wiki/Deep_Web_(film) "Deep Web (film)")_ (2015 film)

Legal entities

(not exchanges)

- [Bitcoin Foundation](/wiki/Bitcoin_Foundation "Bitcoin Foundation")
- _[Bitcoin Magazine](/wiki/Bitcoin_Magazine "Bitcoin Magazine")_
- [BitGo](/wiki/BitGo "BitGo")
- [Bitmain](/wiki/Bitmain "Bitmain")
- [Canaan Creative](/wiki/Canaan_Creative "Canaan Creative")
- [CoinDesk](/wiki/CoinDesk "CoinDesk")
- [GHash.io](/wiki/GHash.io "GHash.io")
- [Nuri](/wiki/Nuri_(company) "Nuri (company)")

[Bitcoin in El Salvador](/wiki/Bitcoin_in_El_Salvador "Bitcoin in El Salvador")

- [Bitcoin Law](/wiki/Bitcoin_Law "Bitcoin Law")
- [Bitcoin Beach](/wiki/Playa_El_Zonte "Playa El Zonte")
- [Bitcoin City](/wiki/Bitcoin_City "Bitcoin City")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Bitcoin "Category:Bitcoin")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)[Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bitcoin "commons:Category:Bitcoin")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Cryptocurrencies "Template:Cryptocurrencies")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptocurrencies "Template talk:Cryptocurrencies")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptocurrencies "Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptocurrencies")

[Cryptocurrencies](/wiki/Cryptocurrency "Cryptocurrency")

Technology

- [Blockchain](/wiki/Blockchain "Blockchain")
- [Cryptocurrency tumbler](/wiki/Cryptocurrency_tumbler "Cryptocurrency tumbler")
- [Cryptocurrency wallet](/wiki/Cryptocurrency_wallet "Cryptocurrency wallet")
- [Cryptographic hash function](/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function "Cryptographic hash function")
- [Decentralized exchange](/wiki/Decentralized_finance#Decentralized_exchanges "Decentralized finance")
- [Decentralized finance](/wiki/Decentralized_finance "Decentralized finance")
- [Distributed ledger](/wiki/Distributed_ledger "Distributed ledger")
- [Fork](/wiki/Fork_(blockchain) "Fork (blockchain)")
- [Lightning Network](/wiki/Lightning_Network "Lightning Network")
- [MetaMask](/wiki/MetaMask "MetaMask")
- [Non-fungible token](/wiki/Non-fungible_token "Non-fungible token")
- [Smart contract](/wiki/Smart_contract "Smart contract")
- [Web3](/wiki/Web3 "Web3")

[Consensus](/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science) "Consensus (computer science)") mechanisms

- [Proof of authority](/wiki/Proof_of_authority "Proof of authority")
- [Proof of space](/wiki/Proof_of_space "Proof of space")
- [Proof of stake](/wiki/Proof_of_stake "Proof of stake")
- [Proof of work](/wiki/Proof_of_work "Proof of work")

[Proof of work](/wiki/Proof_of_work "Proof of work") currencies

[SHA-256](/wiki/SHA-2 "SHA-2")-based

- [Bitcoin](/wiki/Bitcoin "Bitcoin")
- [Bitcoin Cash](/wiki/Bitcoin_Cash "Bitcoin Cash")
- [Counterparty](/wiki/Counterparty_(platform) "Counterparty (platform)")
- [LBRY](/wiki/LBRY "LBRY")
- [MazaCoin](/wiki/MazaCoin "MazaCoin")
- [Namecoin](/wiki/Namecoin "Namecoin")
- [Peercoin](/wiki/Peercoin "Peercoin")
- [Titcoin](/wiki/Titcoin "Titcoin")

[Ethash](/wiki/Ethereum "Ethereum")-based

- [Ethereum](/wiki/Ethereum "Ethereum") (1.0)
- [Ethereum Classic](/wiki/Ethereum_Classic "Ethereum Classic")

[Scrypt](/wiki/Scrypt "Scrypt")-based

- [Auroracoin](/wiki/Auroracoin "Auroracoin")
- [Bitconnect](/wiki/Bitconnect "Bitconnect")
- [Coinye](/wiki/Coinye "Coinye")
- [Dogecoin](/wiki/Dogecoin "Dogecoin")
- [Litecoin](/wiki/Litecoin "Litecoin")

[Equihash](/wiki/Equihash "Equihash")-based

- [Bitcoin Gold](/wiki/Bitcoin_Gold "Bitcoin Gold")
- [Zcash](/wiki/Zcash "Zcash")

RandomX-based

- [Monero](/wiki/Monero "Monero")

[X11](/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)#X11 "Dash (cryptocurrency)")-based

- [Dash](/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency) "Dash (cryptocurrency)")
- [Petro](/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency) "Petro (cryptocurrency)")

Other

- [AmbaCoin](/wiki/AmbaCoin "AmbaCoin")
- [Firo](/wiki/Firo_(cryptocurrency) "Firo (cryptocurrency)")
- [IOTA](/wiki/IOTA_(technology) "IOTA (technology)")
- [Nervos Network](/wiki/Nervos_Network "Nervos Network")
- [Primecoin](/wiki/Primecoin "Primecoin")
- [Verge](/wiki/Verge_(cryptocurrency) "Verge (cryptocurrency)")
- [Vertcoin](/wiki/Vertcoin "Vertcoin")

[Proof of stake](/wiki/Proof_of_stake "Proof of stake") currencies

- [Algorand](/wiki/Algorand "Algorand")
- [Avalanche](/wiki/Avalanche_(blockchain_platform) "Avalanche (blockchain platform)")
- [Cardano](/wiki/Cardano_(blockchain_platform) "Cardano (blockchain platform)")
- [EOS.IO](/wiki/EOS.IO "EOS.IO")
- [Ethereum](/wiki/Ethereum "Ethereum") (2.0)
- [Gridcoin](/wiki/Gridcoin "Gridcoin")
- [Injective](/wiki/Injective_(blockchain) "Injective (blockchain)")
- [Kin](/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency) "Kin (cryptocurrency)")
- [Nxt](/wiki/Nxt "Nxt")
- [Peercoin](/wiki/Peercoin "Peercoin")
- [Polkadot](/wiki/Polkadot_(cryptocurrency) "Polkadot (cryptocurrency)")
- [Solana](/wiki/Solana_(blockchain_platform) "Solana (blockchain platform)")
- [Steem](/wiki/Steemit "Steemit")
- [Tezos](/wiki/Tezos "Tezos")
- [TON](/wiki/The_Open_Network "The Open Network")

[ERC-20](/wiki/ERC-20 "ERC-20") tokens

- [Augur](/wiki/Augur_(software) "Augur (software)")
- [Aventus](/wiki/Aventus_Protocol "Aventus Protocol")
- [Basic Attention Token](/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)#Basic_Attention_Token "Brave (web browser)")
- [Chainlink](/wiki/Chainlink_(blockchain) "Chainlink (blockchain)")
- [Kin](/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency) "Kin (cryptocurrency)")
- [KodakCoin](/wiki/KodakCoin "KodakCoin")
- [Minds](/wiki/Minds_(social_network) "Minds (social network)")
- [Polygon](/wiki/Polygon_(blockchain) "Polygon (blockchain)")
- [Shiba Inu](/wiki/Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency) "Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency)")
- [The DAO](/wiki/The_DAO_(organization) "The DAO (organization)")
- [TRON](/wiki/Tron_(cryptocurrency) "Tron (cryptocurrency)")

[Stablecoins](/wiki/Stablecoin "Stablecoin")

- [Dai](/wiki/Dai_(cryptocurrency) "Dai (cryptocurrency)")
- [Diem](/wiki/Diem_(digital_currency) "Diem (digital currency)")
- [First Digital USD](/wiki/First_Digital_USD "First Digital USD")
- [Pax](/wiki/Paxos_Trust_Company#Paxos_Standard "Paxos Trust Company")
- [Terra](/wiki/Terra_(blockchain) "Terra (blockchain)")
- [Tether](/wiki/Tether_(cryptocurrency) "Tether (cryptocurrency)")
- [USD Coin](/wiki/USD_Coin "USD Coin")

Other currencies

- [Chia](/wiki/Chia_(cryptocurrency) "Chia (cryptocurrency)")
- [Filecoin](/wiki/Filecoin "Filecoin")
- [HBAR (Hashgraph)](/wiki/Hashgraph "Hashgraph")
- [Helium](/wiki/Helium_Network "Helium Network")
- [Luna](/wiki/Terra_(blockchain) "Terra (blockchain)")
- [MobileCoin](/wiki/MobileCoin "MobileCoin")
- [Nano](/wiki/Nano_(cryptocurrency) "Nano (cryptocurrency)")
- [NEO](/wiki/NEO_(cryptocurrency) "NEO (cryptocurrency)")
- [Ripple](/wiki/Ripple_(payment_protocol) "Ripple (payment protocol)")
- [SafeMoon](/wiki/SafeMoon "SafeMoon")
- [Stellar](/wiki/Stellar_(payment_network) "Stellar (payment network)")
- [WhopperCoin](/wiki/WhopperCoin "WhopperCoin")

[Inactive currencies](/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies#Inactive_currencies "List of cryptocurrencies")

- [BitConnect](/wiki/Bitconnect "Bitconnect")
- [Coinye](/wiki/Coinye "Coinye")
- [KodakCoin](/wiki/KodakCoin "KodakCoin")
- [OneCoin](/wiki/OneCoin "OneCoin")
- [Petro](/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency) "Petro (cryptocurrency)")

[Cryptocurrency exchanges](/wiki/Cryptocurrency_exchange "Cryptocurrency exchange")

- [Abra](/wiki/Abra_(company) "Abra (company)")
- [Binance](/wiki/Binance "Binance")
- [Bitfinex](/wiki/Bitfinex "Bitfinex")
- [bitFlyer](/wiki/BitFlyer "BitFlyer")
- [Bitkub](/wiki/Bitkub "Bitkub")
- [Bitpanda](/wiki/Bitpanda "Bitpanda")
- [Bithumb](/wiki/Bithumb "Bithumb")
- [BitMEX](/wiki/BitMEX "BitMEX")
- [Bitso](/wiki/Bitso "Bitso")
- [Bitstamp](/wiki/Bitstamp "Bitstamp")
- [BTCC](/wiki/BTCC_(company) "BTCC (company)")
- [BUX](/wiki/BUX_(brokerage) "BUX (brokerage)")
- [Circle](/wiki/Circle_(company) "Circle (company)")
- [Coinbase](/wiki/Coinbase "Coinbase")
- [Coincheck](/wiki/Coincheck "Coincheck")
- [Crypto.com](/wiki/Crypto.com "Crypto.com")
- [EDX Markets](/wiki/EDX_Markets "EDX Markets")
- [eToro](/wiki/EToro "EToro")
- [Gemini](/wiki/Gemini_(company) "Gemini (company)")
- [Genesis](/wiki/Digital_Currency_Group#Genesis_Global_Trading "Digital Currency Group")
- [Huobi](/wiki/Huobi "Huobi")
- [ItBit (Paxos)](/wiki/Paxos_Trust_Company "Paxos Trust Company")
- [Kraken](/wiki/Kraken_(company) "Kraken (company)")
- [Kucoin](/wiki/Kucoin "Kucoin")
- [Kuna](/wiki/Kuna_(company) "Kuna (company)")
- [OKX](/wiki/OKX "OKX")
- [ShapeShift](/wiki/ShapeShift "ShapeShift")
- [Uniswap](/wiki/Uniswap "Uniswap")
- [Upbit](/wiki/Upbit "Upbit")

Defunct

- [BTC-e](/wiki/BTC-e "BTC-e")
- [FTX](/wiki/FTX "FTX")
  - [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy_of_FTX "Bankruptcy of FTX")
- [LocalBitcoins](/wiki/LocalBitcoins "LocalBitcoins")
- [Mt. Gox](/wiki/Mt._Gox "Mt. Gox")
- [QuadrigaCX](/wiki/Quadriga_Fintech_Solutions "Quadriga Fintech Solutions")
- [Thodex](/wiki/Thodex "Thodex")

Crypto service companies

- [Hyperledger](/wiki/Hyperledger "Hyperledger")
- [IQ.Wiki](/wiki/IQ.Wiki "IQ.Wiki")
- [Initiative Q](/wiki/Quahl "Quahl")

Related topics

- [Airdrop](/wiki/Airdrop_(cryptocurrency) "Airdrop (cryptocurrency)")
- [BitLicense](/wiki/BitLicense "BitLicense")
- [Blockchain game](/wiki/Blockchain_game "Blockchain game")
- [Complementary currency](/wiki/Complementary_currency "Complementary currency")
- [Crypto-anarchism](/wiki/Crypto-anarchism "Crypto-anarchism")
- [Cryptocurrency bubble](/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble "Cryptocurrency bubble")
- [Cryptocurrency in Nigeria](/wiki/Cryptocurrency_in_Nigeria "Cryptocurrency in Nigeria")
- [Cryptocurrency scams](/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency_scams "Category:Cryptocurrency scams")
- [Digital currency](/wiki/Digital_currency "Digital currency")
- [Decentralized autonomous organization](/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization "Decentralized autonomous organization")
- [Decentralized application](/wiki/Decentralized_application "Decentralized application")
- [Distributed ledger technology law](/wiki/Distributed_ledger_technology_law "Distributed ledger technology law")
- [Double-spending](/wiki/Double-spending "Double-spending")
- [Environmental impact](/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cryptocurrencies "Environmental impact of cryptocurrencies")
- [Initial coin offering](/wiki/Initial_coin_offering "Initial coin offering")
- [Initial exchange offering](/wiki/Initial_exchange_offering "Initial exchange offering")
- [List of cryptocurrencies](/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies "List of cryptocurrencies")
- [Token money](/wiki/Token_money "Token money")
- [Virtual currency](/wiki/Virtual_currency "Virtual currency")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)**[Category](/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrencies "Category:Cryptocurrencies")**
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)**[Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency "commons:Category:Cryptocurrency")**
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png)**[List](/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies "List of cryptocurrencies")**

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick\_Szabo&oldid=1237717523](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&oldid=1237717523)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [People associated with Bitcoin](/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Bitcoin "Category:People associated with Bitcoin")
- [Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people "Category:Living people")
- [Science bloggers](/wiki/Category:Science_bloggers "Category:Science bloggers")
- [21st-century science writers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_science_writers "Category:21st-century science writers")
- [American people of Hungarian descent](/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Hungarian_descent "Category:American people of Hungarian descent")
- [1964 births](/wiki/Category:1964_births "Category:1964 births")

Hidden categories:

- [CS1 errors: missing periodical](/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical "Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description matches Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata "Category:Short description matches Wikidata")
- [Articles with hCards](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards "Category:Articles with hCards")
- [All articles with unsourced statements](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements "Category:All articles with unsourced statements")
- [Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024 "Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024")
- [All articles with vague or ambiguous time](/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time "Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time")
- [Vague or ambiguous time from October 2023](/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_October_2023 "Category:Vague or ambiguous time from October 2023")
- [Webarchive template archiveis links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links "Category:Webarchive template archiveis links")

- This page was last edited on 31 July 2024, at 04:31 (UTC).
- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License);
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) and [Privacy Policy](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](//wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization.

- [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy)
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About)
- [Disclaimers](/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)
- [Contact Wikipedia](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us)
- [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)
- [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org)
- [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org)
- [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement)
- [Mobile view](//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Szabo&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)

- [![Wikimedia Foundation](/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg)](https://wikimediafoundation.org/)
- [![Powered by MediaWiki](/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/)