3. The system of claim 2 , wherein: said teaching signal further comprises a reinforcement spike train associated with a current performance of the controller apparatus relative to a desired performance; and said performance function is further configured to effect a reinforcement learning rule, based at least in part on said reinforcement spike train.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein: said teaching signal further comprises a reinforcement spike train associated with a current performance of the controller apparatus relative to a desired performance; and said performance function is further configured to effect a reinforcement learning rule, based at least in part on said reinforcement spike train. 5. The system of claim 3 , wherein said task-specific learning comprises a hybrid learning rule comprising a combination of said reinforcement, said supervised and said unsupervised learning rules simultaneous with one another.