8. A machine-implemented method comprising: (a) the machine receiving an original ontology containing a plurality of original concepts; and (b) the machine applying a concept expansion mechanism to the original ontology to generate an expanded ontology containing the original concepts and one or more pseudo concepts, wherein step (b) comprises applying at least one non-conventional reasoning process to a logical expression for a concept to generate at least one new pseudo concept.
8. A machine-implemented method comprising: (a) the machine receiving an original ontology containing a plurality of original concepts; and (b) the machine applying a concept expansion mechanism to the original ontology to generate an expanded ontology containing the original concepts and one or more pseudo concepts, wherein step (b) comprises applying at least one non-conventional reasoning process to a logical expression for a concept to generate at least one new pseudo concept. 20. The method of claim 8 , further comprising: (c) the machine applying a similarity measure computation to the expanded ontology to characterize similarity between at least two concepts in the expanded ontology.