12. A computing device, comprising: at least one processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing executable computer program code, the at least one processor configured to execute the executable computer program code to perform operations including: receiving a sentence including one or more words; determining an index set of possible head-modifier dependencies for the sentence, the index set including inner arcs and outer arcs, the inners arcs representing possible head-modifier dependency between words in the sentence separated by a first distance less than or equal to a distance threshold and outer arcs representing possible head-modifier dependency between words in the sentence separated by a second distance greater than the distance threshold; pruning the index set based on an augmented vine parsing algorithm to obtain a first pruned index set, the first pruned index set including: (i) each specific inner arc when a likelihood that the specific inner arc is appropriate is greater than a first threshold, and (ii) the outer arcs when a likelihood that there exists any possible outer arc that is appropriate is greater than the first threshold; pruning the first pruned index set based on a second parsing algorithm to obtain a second pruned index set; determining a most-likely parse for the sentence from the second pruned index set; and outputting the most-likely parse.
12. A computing device, comprising: at least one processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing executable computer program code, the at least one processor configured to execute the executable computer program code to perform operations including: receiving a sentence including one or more words; determining an index set of possible head-modifier dependencies for the sentence, the index set including inner arcs and outer arcs, the inners arcs representing possible head-modifier dependency between words in the sentence separated by a first distance less than or equal to a distance threshold and outer arcs representing possible head-modifier dependency between words in the sentence separated by a second distance greater than the distance threshold; pruning the index set based on an augmented vine parsing algorithm to obtain a first pruned index set, the first pruned index set including: (i) each specific inner arc when a likelihood that the specific inner arc is appropriate is greater than a first threshold, and (ii) the outer arcs when a likelihood that there exists any possible outer arc that is appropriate is greater than the first threshold; pruning the first pruned index set based on a second parsing algorithm to obtain a second pruned index set; determining a most-likely parse for the sentence from the second pruned index set; and outputting the most-likely parse. 14. The computing device of claim 12 , wherein the operations further include pruning the outer arcs to exclude arcs representing possible head-modifier dependency between words in the sentence separated by a distance greater than a second distance threshold before pruning the index set based on the augmented vine parsing algorithm.