18. A computer memory containing a data structure for identifying, from a sequence of initial values each among a plurality of possible initial values, the language of text represented by the sequence of initials values, the data structure comprising: for each language: for each of a plurality of possible n-grams of target values, each n-gram of target values being a fixed-length series of target values, two or more of the plurality of possible initial values being reductively mapped to each one ore more of the target values: a value reflecting the frequency with which n-grams of initial values reductive mapped to the n-gram of target of tar get values occur in text of the language, such that the data structure may be compared to a characterization of an input text whose language is unknown to identify the language of the input text.
19. The computer memory of claim 18 wherein the data structure further contains, for each possible initial value, an identification of the possible target value to which the possible initial value is mapped.