12. The method of claim 11 , in which the text-associated application comprises at least one application selected from among a group of options consisting of: a word processing application, a presentation application, a spreadsheet application, a database application, an email application, an information manager application, a web page application, a web page editing application, a reference work application, a fixed-layout document application, a desktop publishing application, a diagramming application, a project management application, a form developer application, a customer relationship management application, an enterprise resource planning application, a field services application, a retail management application, a social networking application, a tax preparation application, a finance management application, an accounting application, and a game application.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising receiving an indication, from a text-associated application, of a block of text associated with the application, and providing one or more disambiguation outputs that indicate identified reference named entities to be associated with one or more surface forms within the block of text.