1. A computer-implemented method of creating and using a mathematical research system comprising: creating one or more concept line items (CLIs) from at least one mathematical representation, wherein a CLI is an expression of a mathematical concept that is searchable in the mathematical research system; mapping defined interrelationships between the CLIs wherein each defined interrelationship is a prerequisite, a dependency, or a lack of relationship; assigning at least one unique identification code (IC) to each CLI to create CLI/IC pairs including mapped interrelationships; storing the CLI/IC pairs and their mapped interrelationships in at least one database; creating an index relating each of a plurality of documents with the CLI/IC pairs; and receiving a search request to retrieve documents having an indexed relationship with one or more CLIs, ICs, or CLI/IC pairs through a search interface, wherein the one or more CLIs, ICs, or CLI/IC pairs are derived from the search request, whether the CLIs, ICs, or CLI/IC pairs are expressly or implicitly included in the search request.