1 ) A method for optimizing, in an uncertain context, a production criterion of an oil reservoir modelled by a flow simulator, comprising the steps: a) selecting at least one parameter intrinsic to the reservoir and at least one parameter related to reservoir development options, the parameters having an influence on the hydrocarbon production of the reservoir; b) determining an analytic model expressing a production criterion of the reservoir over time as a function of the parameters selected in step a), by taking into account a finite number of values of the production criterion, the values being obtained by the flow simulator; and c) from the analytic model determined in step b), associating an uncertainty law with the at least one of the parameters intrinsic to the reservoir and determining a distribution of the at least one of so the parameters related to the reservoir development options so as to optimize the production criterion.