1. A printed memory reader adapted to determine an original value from a printed memory device comprising a plurality of contact pads and an encoded value created by encoding the original value, the encoded value comprises N bits of data, where N is equal to a number of bits of data stored in the printed memory device, the printed memory reader comprising: a plurality of probes arranged to contact the plurality of contact pads; a memory storage element comprising instructions programmed to execute the steps: a) reading the encoded value or an inverse encoded value from the printed memory device using the plurality of probes to obtain a read value; and, b) decoding the read value to obtain a decoded value equal to the original value; and, a processor arranged to execute the instructions.