1. A method of determining whether access to a host requested by a user is permitted after an authorization failure, the method comprising the computer-implemented steps of: determining, from among a plurality of available home providers, a home provider associated with the user; in response to detecting that an authentication of the user with the home provider has succeeded but an authorization of the user with the home provider has failed, determining a list of permissible or impermissible hosts based on the home provider; and using the list of hosts to determine whether to permit the user to access the requested host; in response to detecting that the authentication and authorization of the user with the home provider have failed, determining another list of permissible or impermissible hosts based on the home provider, and using the another list of hosts to determine whether to permit the user to access the requested host; in response to detecting that the authentication of the user with the home provider has failed but an authorization of the user with a hotspot has succeeded, determining a hotspot-specific list of permissible or impermissible hosts based on the hotspot, and using the hotspot-specific list of hosts to determine whether to permit the user to access the requested host; wherein authorization with the home provider comprises determining that the user is permitted to obtain services from the home provider; and wherein authorization with the hotspot comprises determining that the user is permitted to obtain services from the hotspot; wherein authentication comprises validating an identity of the user; wherein the list of hosts, the another list of hosts and the hotspot-specific list are different lists; wherein the method is performed by one or more computing devices.