1. A method comprising: Receiving an outbound message from an application executing on a hardware computing device with an application-level firewall, the outbound response being in response to a request message received from outside a system including the application-level firewall, wherein the outbound message includes at least a trustworthiness indicator and marking information based on inbound processing at the application-level firewall for the one or more portions of the outbound message comprising at least untrusted code or comprising at least untrusted data, wherein the outbound message is to be transmitted to a remote electronic device; analyzing the outbound message based on the trustworthiness indicator and/or marking information, and context information with the application-level firewall; and performing an action on traffic to the application based on encoded user data and the context information with one of the application-level firewall and the application by forwarding without modification when the outbound message is to be considered safe and redirecting the outbound message to a designated safe URL when the outbound message is to be considered unsafe.