1. A method, comprising: simulating, by one or more processors of a test system, an operating state of a target device within a virtual execution environment; executing a test application within the virtual execution environment while the virtual execution environment simulates the operating state of the target device, wherein executing the test application includes using scaled access to a resource of the test system, thereby limiting a performance capability of the resource of the test system, to substantially simulate a performance capability of at least one hardware component of the target device; measuring, while the virtual execution environment simulates the operating state of the target device, resource usage of the resource of the test system, the resource usage associated with execution of the test application within the virtual execution environment; and estimating, based on a power model of a target device and the resource usage associated with the execution of the test application on the test system, energy usage associated with executing the test application on the target device, the target device different from the test system.