1. A system for determining an estimated battery parameter vector indicative of a parameter of a battery at a first predetermined time, the system comprising: a sensor configured to generate a first signal indicative of an output variable of the battery; and a computer operably coupled to the sensor, the computer configured to determine a first plurality of predicted battery parameter vectors that are indicative of the parameter of the battery and an uncertainty of the parameter of the battery at the first predetermined time, the computer further configured to determine a battery state vector having at least one value indicative of a battery state at the first predetermined time, the computer further configured to determine a second plurality of predicted battery output vectors that are indicative of at least one output variable of the battery and an uncertainty of the output variable at the first predetermined time based on the first plurality of predicted battery parameter vectors and the battery state vector, the computer further configured to determine a first battery output vector based on the first signal, the computer further configured to determine a first estimated battery parameter vector indicative of the parameter of the battery at the first predetermined time based on the first plurality of predicted battery parameter vectors, the second plurality of predicted battery output vectors, and the first battery output vector.