1. An apparatus, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, the at least one processor configured, based on a response by a neuron: to increase an efficacy of a connection configured to provide input to the neuron prior to the response; and to adjust the efficacy of the connection configured to provide input to the neuron subsequent to the response; wherein: the adjustment of the efficacy is determined based on a rate of the response; the response comprises one or more spikes generated by the neuron based on the input; the rate of the response comprises an average rate determined based on at least a number of the one or more spikes occurring within an interval preceding the response; the increasing of the efficacy is characterized by a first rule; and the adjustment of the efficacy comprises increasing the efficacy based on a second rule, a magnitude of the increase being determined based at least on the average rate being below a threshold.