1. A video decoding apparatus, comprising: a decoder configured to decode information on a size of a current block from encoded data, to thereby variably determine the size of the current block, wherein the current block is a macroblock in which a prediction type is designated among an inter-prediction type and an intra-prediction type, and the variably determined size of the current block includes a size larger than 16×16, decode, from the encoded data, transform information for identifying one or more transform blocks in the current block having the determined size, wherein the decoder variably determines a size of each of the transform blocks depending on both the size of the current block and the transform information, and thereby allows the current block to be divided into the transform blocks having various transform sizes, and reconstruct from the encoded data, transform coefficients corresponding to each of the transform blocks in the current block; an inverse transformer configured to reconstruct a residual block of the current block by inversely transforming the transform coefficients in units of the size of each of the transform blocks; a predictor configured to generate a predicted block by using an inter-prediction; an adder configured to reconstruct the current block by adding the residual block to the predicted block; and a filter configured to identify transform boundaries between the transform blocks in the reconstructed current block by using the size of each of the transform blocks determined based on both the size of the current block and the transform information, and then perform deblocking-filtering on at least part of the transform boundaries, wherein the decoder is configured to identify whether the current block is divided into a plurality of blocks and then recursively identify whether each of divided blocks is further divided, based on the transform information, to thereby identify blocks which are not further divided as the transform blocks.