1. A method of decoding of syntactic elements of a data stream, wherein: before beginning of decoding of the data stream, cells of all context models are initialized with predefined values, so that each context model contains in each cell thereof data on a probability and a counter of a context occurrence number, a number of cells stored in each context model is selected to be not less than a number of all possible states of context elements associated with a respective context model, and in the process of decoding of at least a portion of bits of the data stream: a group of context models is selected, said group of context models comprising at least two context models of different size; values of at least two context elements associated with the selected group of context models are calculated; selection of the cells in the context models is carried out by means of values of the context elements associated with the respective context model; one context model is selected from the group of context models using values of individual counters of a context occurrence number stored in the selected cells; the data on the probability is extracted from the selected cell of the selected context model, said data being used for entropy decoding of a current bit in the data stream, and/or for selecting a mode of direct extraction of decoded bits from the data stream; data in the selected cell of the selected context model as well as in all the context models of the group of context models, which have a size greater than that of the selected context model, is updated; and a procedure of probability inheritance from the selected context model is carried out in respect of the selected cells of those context models of the group of context models for which predefined inheritance criteria are met.