1. A machine-readable non-transitory storage medium having instructions therein, which when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform a method, the method comprising: providing a particular mapping operation for representable values of a data unit, the particular mapping operation mapping one of the representable values to another one of the representable values, wherein an input data is represented in one or more data units separately having one or more input representable values of the data unit, each input representable value specifying a mapping operation mapping one of the representable values to another one of the representable values, the input data corresponding to a message data; performing a sequence of mapping operations on one or more first representable values of the data unit to generate one or more second representable values of the data unit, the sequence of mapping operations including at least one of the particular mapping operation, each mapping operation mapping one of the representable values to another one of the representable values, wherein the sequence of mapping operations include one or more mapping operations specified by one or more of the input representable values; and performing combination operations on the one or more second representable values for a hash data representing a cryptographic hash of the message data.