1. A method comprising: determining a first value by exponentiating a first input base to a power equal to the Euler totient function applied to a modulus divided by a prime power associated with a specified index and performing a modulo operation using a modulus on a result of exponentiating the first input base; determining a second value by exponentiating a second input base to the prime power and performing a modulo operation using the modulus on a result of exponentiating the first input base; arithmetically determining a third value based on a discrete logarithm of the second value with respect to a base equal to the first value; and generating at least one bit associated with the query from the third value.