1. An apparatus comprising: at least one processing platform implementing a plurality of resources of converged infrastructure of an information processing system; and a multi-dimensional scheduler associated with the plurality of resources; the multi-dimensional scheduler being implemented by at least one processing device of the at least one processing platform, said at least one processing device comprising a processor coupled to a memory; the multi-dimensional scheduler being configured: to logically partition at least first and second ones of the plurality of resources of the converged infrastructure into multiple virtual sets of resources for performance of corresponding processing jobs associated with respective applications such that the multiple virtual sets of resources comprise respective portions of each of the first and second ones of the plurality of resources; and to time-share at least an additional one of the plurality of resources of the converged infrastructure between at least a subset of the multiple virtual sets of resources in performing the corresponding processing jobs associated with the respective applications; the multi-dimensional scheduler thereby performing scheduling of the first and second resources over a spatial dimension by the logical partitioning of the first and second resources and scheduling of the at least one additional resource over a time dimension by the time-sharing of the at least one additional resource; wherein the at least one additional resource that is time-shared is not subject to logical partitioning; wherein the first and second resources that are subject to logical partitioning comprise one of the following: (i) respective compute and storage resources; and (ii) respective network interface and memory resources; wherein the at least one additional resource that is time-shared and not subject to logical partitioning comprises an acceleration resource; wherein a given one of the virtual sets of resources and a corresponding time-shared portion of said at least one additional resource are part of a container in which the associated application is configured to run in performing the corresponding processing job; and wherein the container is associated with a particular tenant of a multi-tenant environment of the information processing system and is utilized to implement at least one of a cloud compute node and a cloud storage node for the particular tenant in the multi-tenant environment.