1. A non-transitory computerized spiking neuron apparatus comprising a plurality of computer-readable instructions configured to, when executed: based on a response by a neuron: increase efficacy of a connection configured to provide an input to the neuron prior to the response; and adjust the efficacy of the connection configured to provide the input to the neuron subsequent to the response; wherein the adjustment of the efficacy is determined based on a rate of the response by the neuron.