1. A system configured to act as an intermediary between user devices and content servers, the system comprising one or more hardware computing devices, wherein the system is programmed to at least: receive, from a user device, a request for a content page hosted by a content server, wherein the user device and content server are separate from the one or more hardware computing devices of the system; obtain the content page, wherein at least a portion of the content page comprises text; generate, based at least partly on the content page, hardware-independent graphics commands operative to cause display of a representation of the content page when executed, the representation including one or more glyphs corresponding to the text of the content page, wherein the hardware-independent graphics commands comprise commands for generating a display; generate a textual overlay comprising the text of the content page and location information indicating a display location of each of the one or more glyphs corresponding to the text of the content page; and in response to the request for the content page, transmit the hardware-independent graphics commands and textual overlay to the user device over a network.