1. A non-transitory computerized spiking neuron apparatus comprising a plurality of computer-readable instructions configured to, when executed: based on a response by the neuron: increase efficacy of a connection configured to provide input to the neuron prior to the response; and adjust the efficacy of the connection configured to provide input to the neuron subsequent to the response; wherein: the adjustment of the efficacy is determined based on a rate of the response; the response comprises one or more spikes generated by the neuron based on the input; the rate of the response comprises an average rate determined based on at least a number of the one or more spikes occurring within an interval; the increasing of the efficacy is characterized by a first rule; and the adjustment of the efficacy comprises increasing the efficacy based on a second rule, a magnitude of the increase being determined based at least on the average rate being below a threshold.