1. A computer implemented method, comprising: obtaining an indication that a decision has been requested, selected, or applied with respect to one or more users; and after obtaining the indication that a decision that has been requested, selected, or applied, updating a value function, including performing or providing one or more updates to the value function, wherein a time at which each of the one or more updates is performed or provided is independent of activity of the one or more users; wherein the one or more updates to the value function indicate update(s) to one or more weights associated with one or more parameters of the value function, wherein the update(s) to the one or more weights include a modification or replacement value for each of the one or more weights.