title: How to tell Pex not to stub an abstract class that has concrete implementations
body: <p>I'm trying to use Pex to test some code. I have an abstract class with four concrete implementations.  I have created factory methods for each of the four concrete types. I had also created one for the abstract type, except as <a href="http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en/pex/thread/d218e494-c000-4c5e-b45d-8f0be29df635" rel="noreferrer">this nice thread</a> explains, Pex will not use the abstract factory method, nor should it.</p>
  
  <p>The problem is that some of my code depends on the four concrete types being all there are (since it is very, very unlikely that any more subclasses will be created), but Pex is breaking the code by using Moles to create a stub.</p>
  
  <p>How can I force Pex to use one of the factory methods (any one, I don't care) to create instances of the abstract class without ever creating Moles stubs for that abstract class?  Is there a <code>PexAssume</code> directive that will accomplish this?  Note that some of the concrete types form a type of tree structure, so say <code>ConcreteImplementation</code> derives from <code>AbstractClass</code>, and <code>ConcreteImplementation</code> has two properties of type <code>AbstractClass</code>.  I need to ensure that no stubs are used anywhere in the tree at all.  (Not all the concrete implementations have <code>AbstractClass</code> properties.)</p>
  
  <p><strong>Edit:</strong></p>
  
  <p>It appears that I need to add some more information on how the class structure itself works, though remember that the goal is still how to get Pex not to stub classes.</p>
  
  <p>Here are simplified versions of the abstract base class and the four concrete implementations thereof.</p>
  
  <pre><code>public abstract class AbstractClass
  {
      public abstract AbstractClass Distill();
  
      public static bool operator ==(AbstractClass left, AbstractClass right)
      {
           // some logic that returns a bool
      }
  
      public static bool operator !=(AbstractClass left, AbstractClass right)
      {
           // some logic that basically returns !(operator ==)
      }
  
      public static Implementation1 Implementation1
      {
          get
          {
              return Implementation1.GetInstance;
          }
      }
  }
  
  public class Implementation1 : AbstractClass, IEquatable&lt;Implementation1&gt;
  {
      private static Implementation1 _implementation1 = new Implementation1();
  
      private Implementation1()
      {
      }
  
      public override AbstractClass Distill()
      {
          return this;
      }
  
      internal static Implementation1 GetInstance
      {
          get
          {
              return _implementation1;
          }
      }
  
      public bool Equals(Implementation1 other)
      {
          return true;
      }
  }
  
  public class Implementation2 : AbstractClass, IEquatable&lt;Implementation2&gt;
  {
      public string Name { get; private set; }
      public string NamePlural { get; private set; }
  
      public Implementation2(string name)
      {
          // initializes, including
          Name = name;
          // and sets NamePlural to a default
      }
  
      public Implementation2(string name, string plural)
      {
          // initializes, including
          Name = name;
          NamePlural = plural;
      }
  
      public override AbstractClass Distill()
      {
          if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(Name))
          {
              return AbstractClass.Implementation1;
          }
          return this;
      }
  
      public bool Equals(Implementation2 other)
      {
          if (other == null)
          {
              return false;
          }
  
          return other.Name == this.Name;
      }
  }
  
  public class Implementation3 : AbstractClass, IEquatable&lt;Implementation3&gt;
  {
      public IEnumerable&lt;AbstractClass&gt; Instances { get; private set; }
  
      public Implementation3()
          : base()
      {
          Instances = new List&lt;AbstractClass&gt;();
      }
  
      public Implementation3(IEnumerable&lt;AbstractClass&gt; instances)
          : base()
      {
          if (instances == null)
          {
              throw new ArgumentNullException("instances", "error msg");
          }
  
          if (instances.Any&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(c =&gt; c == null))
          {
              thrown new ArgumentNullException("instances", "some other error msg");
          }
  
          Instances = instances;
      }
  
      public override AbstractClass Distill()
      {
          IEnumerable&lt;AbstractClass&gt; newInstances = new List&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(Instances);
  
          // "Flatten" the collection by removing nested Implementation3 instances
          while (newInstances.OfType&lt;Implementation3&gt;().Any&lt;Implementation3&gt;())
          {
              newInstances = newInstances.Where&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(c =&gt; c.GetType() != typeof(Implementation3))
                                         .Concat&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(newInstances.OfType&lt;Implementation3&gt;().SelectMany&lt;Implementation3, AbstractUnit&gt;(i =&gt; i.Instances));
          }
  
          if (newInstances.OfType&lt;Implementation4&gt;().Any&lt;Implementation4&gt;())
          {
              List&lt;AbstractClass&gt; denominator = new List&lt;AbstractClass&gt;();
  
              while (newInstances.OfType&lt;Implementation4&gt;().Any&lt;Implementation4&gt;())
              {
                  denominator.AddRange(newInstances.OfType&lt;Implementation4&gt;().Select&lt;Implementation4, AbstractClass&gt;(c =&gt; c.Denominator));
                  newInstances = newInstances.Where&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(c =&gt; c.GetType() != typeof(Implementation4))
                                             .Concat&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(newInstances.OfType&lt;Implementation4&gt;().Select&lt;Implementation4, AbstractClass&gt;(c =&gt; c.Numerator));
              }
  
              return (new Implementation4(new Implementation3(newInstances), new Implementation3(denominator))).Distill();
          }
  
          // There should only be Implementation1 and/or Implementation2 instances
          // left.  Return only the Implementation2 instances, if there are any.
          IEnumerable&lt;Implementation2&gt; i2s = newInstances.Select&lt;AbstractClass, AbstractClass&gt;(c =&gt; c.Distill()).OfType&lt;Implementation2&gt;();
          switch (i2s.Count&lt;Implementation2&gt;())
          {
              case 0:
                  return AbstractClass.Implementation1;
              case 1:
                  return i2s.First&lt;Implementation2&gt;();
              default:
                  return new Implementation3(i2s.OrderBy&lt;Implementation2, string&gt;(c =&gt; c.Name).Select&lt;Implementation2, AbstractClass&gt;(c =&gt; c));
          }
      }
  
      public bool Equals(Implementation3 other)
      {
          // omitted for brevity
          return false;
      }
  }
  
  public class Implementation4 : AbstractClass, IEquatable&lt;Implementation4&gt;
  {
      private AbstractClass _numerator;
      private AbstractClass _denominator;
  
      public AbstractClass Numerator
      {
          get
          {
              return _numerator;
          }
  
          set
          {
              if (value == null)
              {
                  throw new ArgumentNullException("value", "error msg");
              }
  
              _numerator = value;
          }
      }
  
      public AbstractClass Denominator
      {
          get
          {
              return _denominator;
          }
  
          set
          {
              if (value == null)
              {
                  throw new ArgumentNullException("value", "error msg");
              }
              _denominator = value;
          }
      }
  
      public Implementation4(AbstractClass numerator, AbstractClass denominator)
          : base()
      {
          if (numerator == null || denominator == null)
          {
              throw new ArgumentNullException("whichever", "error msg");
          }
  
          Numerator = numerator;
          Denominator = denominator;
      }
  
      public override AbstractClass Distill()
      {
          AbstractClass numDistilled = Numerator.Distill();
          AbstractClass denDistilled = Denominator.Distill();
  
          if (denDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation1))
          {
              return numDistilled;
          }
          if (denDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation4))
          {
              Implementation3 newInstance = new Implementation3(new List&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(2) { numDistilled, new Implementation4(((Implementation4)denDistilled).Denominator, ((Implementation4)denDistilled).Numerator) });
              return newInstance.Distill();
          }
          if (numDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation4))
          {
              Implementation4 newImp4 = new Implementation4(((Implementation4)numReduced).Numerator, new Implementation3(new List&lt;AbstractClass&gt;(2) { ((Implementation4)numDistilled).Denominator, denDistilled }));
              return newImp4.Distill();
          }
  
          if (numDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation1))
          {
              return new Implementation4(numDistilled, denDistilled);
          }
  
          if (numDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation2) &amp;&amp; denDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation2))
          {
              if (((Implementation2)numDistilled).Name == (((Implementation2)denDistilled).Name)
              {
                  return AbstractClass.Implementation1;
              }
              return new Implementation4(numDistilled, denDistilled);
          }
  
          // At this point, one or both of numerator and denominator are Implementation3
          // instances, and the other (if any) is Implementation2.  Because both
          // numerator and denominator are distilled, all the instances within either
          // Implementation3 are going to be Implementation2.  So, the following should
          // work.
          List&lt;Implementation2&gt; numList =
              numDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation2) ? new List&lt;Implementation2&gt;(1) { ((Implementation2)numDistilled) } : new List&lt;Implementation2&gt;(((Implementation3)numDistilled).Instances.OfType&lt;Implementation2&gt;());
  
          List&lt;Implementation2&gt; denList =
              denDistilled.GetType() == typeof(Implementation2) ? new List&lt;Implementation2&gt;(1) { ((Implementation2)denDistilled) } : new List&lt;Implementation2&gt;(((Implementation3)denDistilled).Instances.OfType&lt;Implementation2&gt;());
  
          Stack&lt;int&gt; numIndexesToRemove = new Stack&lt;int&gt;();
          for (int i = 0; i &lt; numList.Count; i++)
          {
              if (denList.Remove(numList[i]))
              {
                  numIndexesToRemove.Push(i);
              }
          }
  
          while (numIndexesToRemove.Count &gt; 0)
          {
              numList.RemoveAt(numIndexesToRemove.Pop());
          }
  
          switch (denList.Count)
          {
              case 0:
                  switch (numList.Count)
                  {
                      case 0:
                          return AbstractClass.Implementation1;
                      case 1:
                          return numList.First&lt;Implementation2&gt;();
                      default:
                          return new Implementation3(numList.OfType&lt;AbstractClass&gt;());
                  }
              case 1:
                  switch (numList.Count)
                  {
                      case 0:
                          return new Implementation4(AbstractClass.Implementation1, denList.First&lt;Implementation2&gt;());
                      case 1:
                          return new Implementation4(numList.First&lt;Implementation2&gt;(), denList.First&lt;Implementation2&gt;());
                      default:
                          return new Implementation4(new Implementation3(numList.OfType&lt;AbstractClass&gt;()), denList.First&lt;Implementation2&gt;());
                  }
              default:
                  switch (numList.Count)
                  {
                      case 0:
                          return new Implementation4(AbstractClass.Implementation1, new Implementation3(denList.OfType&lt;AbstractClass&gt;()));
                      case 1:
                          return new Implementation4(numList.First&lt;Implementation2&gt;(), new Implementation3(denList.OfType&lt;AbstractClass&gt;()));
                      default:
                          return new Implementation4(new Implementation3(numList.OfType&lt;AbstractClass&gt;()), new Implementation3(denList.OfType&lt;AbstractClass&gt;()));
                  }
          }
      }
  
      public bool Equals(Implementation4 other)
      {
          return Numerator.Equals(other.Numerator) &amp;&amp; Denominator.Equals(other.Denominator);
      }
  }
  </code></pre>
  
  <p>The heart of what I am trying to test is the <code>Distill</code> method, which as you can see has the potential to run recursively.  Because a stubbed <code>AbstractClass</code> is meaningless in this paradigm, it breaks the algorithm logic.  Even trying to test for a stubbed class is somewhat useless, since there is little I can do about it other than throw an exception or pretend that it is an instance of <code>Implementation1</code>.  I would prefer not to have to rewrite the code under test to accommodate a specific testing framework in that way, but writing the test itself in such a way as never to stub <code>AbstractClass</code> is what I am trying to do here.</p>
  
  <p>I hope it is apparent how what I am doing differs from a type-safe enum construct, for instance.  Also, I anonymized objects for posting here (as you can tell), and I did not include all methods, so if you're going to comment to tell me that <code>Implementation4.Equals(Implementation4)</code> is broken, don't worry, I'm aware that it is broken here, but my actual code takes care of the issue.</p>
  
  <p><strong>Another edit:</strong></p>
  
  <p>Here is an example of one of the factory classes.  It is in the Factories directory of the Pex-generated test project.</p>
  
  <pre><code>public static partial class Implementation3Factory
  {
      [PexFactoryMethod(typeof(Implementation3))]
      public static Implementation3 Create(IEnumerable&lt;AbstractClass&gt; instances, bool useEmptyConstructor)
      {
          Implementation3 i3 = null;
          if (useEmptyConstructor)
          {
              i3 = new Implementation3();
          }
          else
          {
              i3 = new Implementation3(instances);
          }
  
          return i3;
      }
  }
  </code></pre>
  
  <p>In my factory methods for these concrete implementations, it is possible to use any constructor to create the concrete implementation.  In the example, the <code>useEmptyConstructor</code> parameter controls which constructor to use.  The other factory methods have similar features.  I recall reading, though I cannot immediately find the link, that these factory methods should allow the object to be created in every possible configuration.</p>