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The show, _Sword Art Online_ has 2 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing
Games in it, _Sword Art Online_ (SAO) and _Alfheim Online_ (AFO). What are the
player-vs-player rules in these 2 games? Sometimes the rules seem to either
make no sense (being able to attack someone in a home town but not be attacked
back) or seem contradictory (requiring a mutual duel sometimes and sometimes
not).

Also, I realize the rules from the 2 in-anime games are probably different.
Where SAO seems to have free PvP in non-safezones, AFO requires duels (but
only sometimes?).

Do the light novels go into any details about this?


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sword-art-online
What are the PVP rules in the Sword Art Online MMORPGs?


Based on only the Anime (especially episodes 5-7), the rules for Sword Art
Online are this:

  * Players normally can't damage each other in inner-areas (such as towns). But they do suffer from knock-back (as shown in episode 11 when Asuna attacks one of the Liberation Front members).
  * The only way for players to damage each other in inner-areas is to have a duel.
  * It is possible to die in an inner-area duel. (It's the only way to die in an inner-area.)
  * Both players must consent to a duel. But "consent" is only getting the player to push a button.

What to get from this:

  * If a player is asleep, you can pickup the player's hand and push the button for them, thereby initiating a duel. Since the sleeping player is unprepared, you can kill the person. Hence a "sleep-PK" in an inner-area. (episode 5)
  * The entire arc of inner-area PKs were actually fake PKs using the "durability" of the clothing.

* * *

In Alfheim Online, the details are less clear:

  * In hometowns, natives can attack outsiders, but outsiders can't attack natives.
  * There isn't much about duels. (At least I don't recall seeing anything about it.)


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answer


Warning, there are spoilers in this answer if you haven't watched SAO
completely yet.

For the SAO arc, outside of towns, you're constantly "flagged" for PvP. From
the beginnings, when you're getting explained how the players are divided:

> Inside the city, or the places mostly referred to as «Safe Areas», there was
> protection implemented by the system and players couldn't hurt each other.
> But it wasn't like that outside. The stragglers made teams with other
> stragglers and ambushed other players —which was in many ways much more
> profitable than hunting monsters— out on the fields or the labyrinth areas.

Players that commit crimes are marked orange (i.e., their cursor turns
orange). From when Kirito and Asuna encounter the troop from The Army in the
forest:

> More importantly, whenever a player committed a crime, their cursor would
> turn orange and wouldn't turn back to green for a long time.

Note that attacking an orange player doesn't change your cursor to orange.
From when Asuna steps in to stop Kuradeel from killing Kirito:

> Kuradeel bounced back up as if he had springs and attempted to form an
> excuse with his nervous voice. But before he could finish, Asuna's right
> hand flashed and the tip of her sword tore Kuradeel's mouth. She didn't
> become a criminal since her opponent already had an orange cursor.

Inside of towns, you have the town protection in place, which doesn't allow
open PvP, so many new players originally stayed in town to be safe. You can
attack other people in towns, but it won't do anything except for some special
shiny effects and knockback.

If players engage in duels, there are several options:

  * First Strike Mode - from the duel against Kuradeel: 

> I nodded in reply, then pressed Yes and chose the «First Strike Mode» from
> the options. This was a duel that could be won either by landing the first
> clean hit or by reducing the opponent's HP to half.
>   * Complete Decisive Mode - from the Inner Area PK incident:

> But unfortunately, there were still some loopholes around this rule. One of
> them is when the player's sleeping. There are times when players, with their
> energy exhausted through long durations of battle, are basically unconscious
> when they go into a deep sleep, and unable to wake up even with some
> stimulations. With that opportunity, one could raise a request to duel in
> «Complete Decisive Mode» and moved the sleeping opponent's finger to press
> on the OK button. All that was left was to literally make the opponent sleep
> like the dead.

The other options are not explained or mentioned as far as I can see.

For the ALO arc, there's PvP against other fairy races in your native race's
(controlled) towns. From when Lyfa/Suguha shows Kirito around meeting Sigurd:

> Somehow, a circle of onlookers had already surrounded them, drawn by the
> signs of trouble. If this was a formal duel, or if he were an actual
> Spriggan spy, then fine. But it would be dishonorable if Sigurd instigated a
> fight with a tourist like Kirito, who can't even fight back in this area.

And in that same quote, it's mentioned that a "formal duel" is possible, but
that's not further explained. Outside of towns, you can fight without
restrictions. This can be seen by people just fighting about everywhere. Note
that if a race's lord is killed by another race, the other race will gain
control over that lord's territory. From when Lyfa explains why the Salamander
want to stop the Sylphid-Cait Sith alliance:

> "Also, if they kill the Lord, they will get some amazing bonuses. They will
> unconditionally receive 30% of the lord's funds stored in the mansion, and
> for ten days, the territory that the lord rules over would become occupied,
> then they are free to set taxes and take that money. That is a tremendous
> amount of money. The reason why Salamander became the largest force in the
> game was because in the past, they had set a trap for Sylph's first Lord and
> killed him. Normally lords don't venture into neutral territory. In the
> history of ALO, only one lord has ever been killed."


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