Vague method of description in Japanese


I just want to ask how people get over the vagueness of description in this
language. Let me explain. Today I saw my friend say "これを見た電車の中で..." and I was
just wondering... how do you deal with the lack of connecting words as are in
English.

We would say "In the train IN WHICH/WHERE I watched this..." and as you can
see, we have words for joining. I'm not saying our method is more correct I am
saying I don't understand their method. Doesn't it get confusing when people
start talking fast or with lots of pauses?

How do you differentiate "これを見た。電車の中で...” From "これを見た電車の中で”.

If it is a thing you just have to get used to, can I have some advice of how
to practice it or understand it better?




Your main issue seems to be how Japanese can tell the difference between
"これを見た電車の中で" and "これを見た。電車の中で". Well, uh, they can tell because in the latter
case the two sentences are separated by a period (in writing), or by a pause
(when spoken). You could just as easily come up with any number of examples in
English where two phrases mean one thing when they come right after each
other, and something else entirely when they are two separate sentences.

So what about the case you mention when the speaker is speaking rapidly and
the pause between sentences is very short or elided entirely? The answer is
that the intonation is different in the two cases. I am not a expert on
intonation and do not know the correct technical words to describe this
effect, but a stand-alone sentence would end with a downward intonation:

[code]

    これを見た↓
    
[/code]

whereas when the phrases were combined, no such downward intonation would be
present

[code]

    これを見た→電車の中で
    
[/code]

Even if no pause were present, but yet the two phrases were intended as
separate sentences or utterances, the downward intonation would still be
there:

[code]

    これを見た↓電車の中で
    
[/code]

the listener would parse this accordingly, resulting in something like the
following:

[code]

    I saw it--in the train.
    
[/code]

rather than

[code]

    The train I saw it in
    
[/code]

You may want to study the grammatical notion of relative clauses in general.
The issues are whether a "complementizer" or "relativizer" or "relative
pronoun" (such as "that" or "which") is used, and where the relative clause is
placed (before or after what it modifies). Japanese is a so-called "head
final" language, placing the relative information before the noun ("head"),
and is by no means unique. Other languages adopting a similar approach include
Tibetan and Navajo, for instance.

On a final note, you may have run into toy English sentences such as "The
mouse the cat the dog chased ate was gray". Hmmm, that takes a while for
anyone to parse. In Japanese, we have

[code]

    犬が追っていた猫が食べたネズミは灰色だった。
    
[/code]

This sentence is far easier to understand, by virtue of the fact that the
head-last structure groups each actor and its action or together in a more
comprehensible way.

