Why is 知りません the negative form of 知っています？


I'm reading Minna no Nihongo (Chapter 15) and it says what I wrote in the
question. I would think the negative would be 知っていません。




An English translation of [the link provided by Tsuyoshi
Ito](http://nihon5ch.net/contents/bbs-study/old/mie-bbs.cgi?s=36):

* * *

## Preface:

It is common knowledge that the verb 知る is an exceptional verb amongst verbs
that take the ～ている form. ～ている is appended to the subject-changing verb and
expresses the state after the change; its corresponding negated form is
expressed as ～ていない.

But contrary to expectations, the negated form of 知っている is often not 知っていない
and is 知らない instead. To the best of my knowledge, I think there are few people
who have come up with a theory and explained why this is.

One of these is 『新日本文法研究』 by Susumu Kuno.

But here, an analysis is done on the type of circumstances that 知っていない is used
in by taking 知らない as a basis. So, the explanation is insufficient to deal with
why 知る basically yields 知らない.

It's just that when 知らない and 知っていない are described and sorted out in terms of
syntactic and semantic factors, then there will be clues to solving the
problem of which form it appears in.

* * *

## 知る's Verb Group:

Firstly, before considering the issue there are things that we must first
confirm. And that is the issue of where 知る lies amongst the many other verbs.

Normally the following are used to show the resultant state of a
movement/action:

(1) Intransitive verb + ている  
(2) Transitive verb + てある

There are 2 points here that we should be cautious about. First, not every
verb appended with ている expresses a state. That is to say, 歩く is an
intransitive verb but 歩いている expresses a progressive action.

We think of the verb that ている is appended to, and expressing a state, as an
instance of a subject-changing verb, as opposed to the case of 歩く which is a
traversal verb.

In cases where a transitive and intransitive verb pair exists, it is usually
the intransitive verb that takes the role of the subject-changing verb.

Then it seems that the problem is not with the case of Verb+てある expressing a
state. But when considering the verb 着る we realise that it is a case that that
particular reasoning is not applied; although there are transitive verbs used
- `～ヲ着る`, there are also cases for which state is expressed when ている is
appended - `～ヲ着ている`. (ヲ instead of を to emphasise that it's a direct object
and transitive verb).

We see that while there are traversal verbs in the class of transitive verbs
we also have to think of transitive verbs as including a special group of
verbs that expresses change in the subject. Within the object-taking particle
ヲ, its verb's meaning has a traversal aspect. And, behaving in the same manner
as 着る, it also possesses a subject-changing aspect because it changes its own
state as well.

And because it possesses that subject-changing aspect, it can also express a
state with ている appended similar to (1) and can also express progressive action
similar to (2).

E.g.,  

> 「今日は赤いセーターを着ている」(Resultant state)  
>  「今、急いでセーターを着ている」(Progressive action)

That being the case, although the verb 知る is transitively used in the manner
of ～ヲ知る, it can be said to be in the same verb group as 着る because it yields
the form 知っている.

We think of the verb 知る possessing a subject-changing aspect of the transition
from a state of "not having knowledge/information" to one of "having
knowledge/information". Other than 知る, we have 覚える, 持つ, along with other verbs
related to acquisition. And because we can consider them in the same way as we
considered 着る, they are of the same group.

* * *

## 知る's Eccentricity:

Once done with categorising 知る, upon considering the ～ている form we see that we
understand that the form ～ていない can be used for each of the ～ている forms of the
similar verbs (覚える, 持つ, etc.) given above. Even though 知る exists in the
special "traversal cum subject-changing" verb group, it is the only one for
which the ～ていない form cannot be usually used. Then why is it that only 知る
behaves in such an exceptional manner?

Regarding this fact, I think it is appropriate to think that it is due to the
"semantic features" of the verb 知る and the image(= the way we perceive) that
we have of 知る.

* * *

## Why it is that 知らない is a basic form:

**[1.] 知る's Semantic Feature & Diagrammatic Visualisation**

Regard the displayed mental activity as the filling in of information when
visualising the verb 知る:

![「知る」の意味特徴・イメージ](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0ODFG.png)

For the illustration to show it, the verb 知る here is transitive. The mental
activity is the filling in of information(denoted by ◯). So the sequence of
events are as such:

(X) 知る: Filling in of information  
(Y) 知った: Information has been filled  
(Z) 知っている: What's left as a result(of X and Y)

**[2.] 知らない's Semantic Feature and Diagrammatic Visualisation**

By comparing the visualisation of 知らない with the above diagram, we can think of
two cases represented as ア and イ as follows:

![「知らない」の意味特徴・イメージ](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0DXlm.png)

I'll start by concluding that:  
\- The situation as in ア represents the scenario of 知っていない.  
\- The situation as in イ represents the scenario of 知らない.  

For subject-changing verbs, normally ア is connected with イ to have ～ていない
expressed. But for 知る, it seems that the portion connecting ア with イ (denoted
by =>) has been detached and individually dealt with instead.

So what does this mean? We will see what happens when we compare and consider
来る.  
Using 知る's diagram, take people to be information and rooms as minds:

![「来る」の意味特徴・イメージ](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4sPgb.png)

Suppose a friend enters a room you are in and asks:

(3) 「山田君、来ている？」  
As an answer to (3), we can consider these two:  
(4A)「うんん、来ていないよ」  
(4B)「うんん、いないよ」  

What's important here is that response (4B) has two sides. One perspective is
that by saying ここにいない, it means 来ていない. While it states the state of (イ), it
does so by taking the situation of (ア) as a premise.

Another perspective is that we _can_ say 山田 is "いない" even though we do not
know the state of 山田's coming(if he will/has come) simply because we were
present right from the beginning. That is to say that (4B) does not negate 来た;
which as a result means ここにいる. In fact, (4B) negates "existence". As for what
it means to negate "existence", to put it in another way is to say that this
room's "property" is that of "a place of which 山田 is non-existent".

It _is_ a strange way to put it but the point is that it is not the aspect of
a ～た→～ている transition.

* * *

## Epexegesis:

(Pending translation...)

* * *




An English translation of [the link provided by Tsuyoshi
Ito](http://nihon5ch.net/contents/bbs-study/old/mie-bbs.cgi?s=36):

* * *

## Preface:

It is common knowledge that the verb 知る is an exceptional verb amongst verbs
that take the ～ている form. ～ている is appended to the subject-changing verb and
expresses the state after the change; its corresponding negated form is
expressed as ～ていない.

But contrary to expectations, the negated form of 知っている is often not 知っていない
and is 知らない instead. To the best of my knowledge, I think there are few people
who have come up with a theory and explained why this is.

One of these is 『新日本文法研究』 by Susumu Kuno.

But here, an analysis is done on the type of circumstances that 知っていない is used
in by taking 知らない as a basis. So, the explanation is insufficient to deal with
why 知る basically yields 知らない.

It's just that when 知らない and 知っていない are described and sorted out in terms of
syntactic and semantic factors, then there will be clues to solving the
problem of which form it appears in.

* * *

## 知る's Verb Group:

Firstly, before considering the issue there are things that we must first
confirm. And that is the issue of where 知る lies amongst the many other verbs.

Normally the following are used to show the resultant state of a
movement/action:

(1) Intransitive verb + ている  
(2) Transitive verb + てある

There are 2 points here that we should be cautious about. First, not every
verb appended with ている expresses a state. That is to say, 歩く is an
intransitive verb but 歩いている expresses a progressive action.

We think of the verb that ている is appended to, and expressing a state, as an
instance of a subject-changing verb, as opposed to the case of 歩く which is a
traversal verb.

In cases where a transitive and intransitive verb pair exists, it is usually
the intransitive verb that takes the role of the subject-changing verb.

Then it seems that the problem is not with the case of Verb+てある expressing a
state. But when considering the verb 着る we realise that it is a case that that
particular reasoning is not applied; although there are transitive verbs used
- `～ヲ着る`, there are also cases for which state is expressed when ている is
appended - `～ヲ着ている`. (ヲ instead of を to emphasise that it's a direct object
and transitive verb).

We see that while there are traversal verbs in the class of transitive verbs
we also have to think of transitive verbs as including a special group of
verbs that expresses change in the subject. Within the object-taking particle
ヲ, its verb's meaning has a traversal aspect. And, behaving in the same manner
as 着る, it also possesses a subject-changing aspect because it changes its own
state as well.

And because it possesses that subject-changing aspect, it can also express a
state with ている appended similar to (1) and can also express progressive action
similar to (2).

E.g.,  

> 「今日は赤いセーターを着ている」(Resultant state)  
>  「今、急いでセーターを着ている」(Progressive action)

That being the case, although the verb 知る is transitively used in the manner
of ～ヲ知る, it can be said to be in the same verb group as 着る because it yields
the form 知っている.

We think of the verb 知る possessing a subject-changing aspect of the transition
from a state of "not having knowledge/information" to one of "having
knowledge/information". Other than 知る, we have 覚える, 持つ, along with other verbs
related to acquisition. And because we can consider them in the same way as we
considered 着る, they are of the same group.

* * *

## 知る's Eccentricity:

Once done with categorising 知る, upon considering the ～ている form we see that we
understand that the form ～ていない can be used for each of the ～ている forms of the
similar verbs (覚える, 持つ, etc.) given above. Even though 知る exists in the
special "traversal cum subject-changing" verb group, it is the only one for
which the ～ていない form cannot be usually used. Then why is it that only 知る
behaves in such an exceptional manner?

Regarding this fact, I think it is appropriate to think that it is due to the
"semantic features" of the verb 知る and the image(= the way we perceive) that
we have of 知る.

* * *

## Why it is that 知らない is a basic form:

**[1.] 知る's Semantic Feature & Diagrammatic Visualisation**

Regard the displayed mental activity as the filling in of information when
visualising the verb 知る:

![「知る」の意味特徴・イメージ](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0ODFG.png)

For the illustration to show it, the verb 知る here is transitive. The mental
activity is the filling in of information(denoted by ◯). So the sequence of
events are as such:

(X) 知る: Filling in of information  
(Y) 知った: Information has been filled  
(Z) 知っている: What's left as a result(of X and Y)

**[2.] 知らない's Semantic Feature and Diagrammatic Visualisation**

By comparing the visualisation of 知らない with the above diagram, we can think of
two cases represented as ア and イ as follows:

![「知らない」の意味特徴・イメージ](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0DXlm.png)

I'll start by concluding that:  
\- The situation as in ア represents the scenario of 知っていない.  
\- The situation as in イ represents the scenario of 知らない.  

For subject-changing verbs, normally ア is connected with イ to have ～ていない
expressed. But for 知る, it seems that the portion connecting ア with イ (denoted
by =>) has been detached and individually dealt with instead.

So what does this mean? We will see what happens when we compare and consider
来る.  
Using 知る's diagram, take people to be information and rooms as minds:

![「来る」の意味特徴・イメージ](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4sPgb.png)

Suppose a friend enters a room you are in and asks:

(3) 「山田君、来ている？」  
As an answer to (3), we can consider these two:  
(4A)「うんん、来ていないよ」  
(4B)「うんん、いないよ」  

What's important here is that response (4B) has two sides. One perspective is
that by saying ここにいない, it means 来ていない. While it states the state of (イ), it
does so by taking the situation of (ア) as a premise.

Another perspective is that we _can_ say 山田 is "いない" even though we do not
know the state of 山田's coming(if he will/has come) simply because we were
present right from the beginning. That is to say that (4B) does not negate 来た;
which as a result means ここにいる. In fact, (4B) negates "existence". As for what
it means to negate "existence", to put it in another way is to say that this
room's "property" is that of "a place of which 山田 is non-existent".

It _is_ a strange way to put it but the point is that it is not the aspect of
a ～た→～ている transition.

* * *

## Epexegesis:

(Pending translation...)

* * *

