Difference between ～ざる and ～ぬ


A sentence from 五輪書:

> おのづから道の器用有りて、天理をはなれ **ざる** 故か。

I found a [question about ～ざる and ～ぬ on
知恵袋](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1047324725). The
only answer claims that ～ぬ and ～ざる are both the 連体形 of ～ず and ～ざる is a
"complementary" conjugation, to be used when the 連体形 is to modify a 助動詞.

Here はなれざる modifies 故{ゆえ}, which is a noun. From the answer on 知恵袋, it seems
that ～ざる is complementary, to be used when ぬ doesn't work, but here はなれぬ故
_does_ work. Why did the author choose ～ざる? Does one have a free choice
between ～ぬ and ～ざる? Is the choice characteristic of a particular time period?




(I'm not a native speaker, nor am I a linguist.)

It seems to me that, both ぬ and ざる are used, but there is a difference. They
are used for different writing styles. ぬ is used in 和文 while ざる is used in 漢文,
as well as constructions borrowed from 漢文. I think that's why ざる appears much
more frequently in that passage.

And also, ざる is used to conjugate ず because ず is uninflectable. The same goes
for かり adjective. かり and かる are only reserved for conjugation use. You don't
use かり to end a sentence or connect two, nor do you use かる to modify a noun.

多かり seems to be an exception, used to avoid the ambiguity of おほし. Similarly,
大きなり is used for the same purpose.

* * *

In fact, I wonder if ざる was really used in spoken language when Chinese canons
were introduced in Japanese. In fact, it seems to me that the Japanese
ancients tended to choose or create expressions that are _archaic and stilted
even then_ to render the ancient Chinese counterparts.

* * *

As I don't have enough reputation to add a comment, I just write them here.

@snailplane: They will not be confused. They should be はなれ **ぬ** 故 and はなれ
**ぬる** 故 respectively.

～ぬなり is indeed ambiguous though, but the ambiguity mainly comes from なり. It
may either means ～したという or ～ないのだ. So is ～ざるなり, which can mean ～しないのだ or
～しないという.




(I'm not a native speaker, nor am I a linguist.)

It seems to me that, both ぬ and ざる are used, but there is a difference. They
are used for different writing styles. ぬ is used in 和文 while ざる is used in 漢文,
as well as constructions borrowed from 漢文. I think that's why ざる appears much
more frequently in that passage.

And also, ざる is used to conjugate ず because ず is uninflectable. The same goes
for かり adjective. かり and かる are only reserved for conjugation use. You don't
use かり to end a sentence or connect two, nor do you use かる to modify a noun.

多かり seems to be an exception, used to avoid the ambiguity of おほし. Similarly,
大きなり is used for the same purpose.

* * *

In fact, I wonder if ざる was really used in spoken language when Chinese canons
were introduced in Japanese. In fact, it seems to me that the Japanese
ancients tended to choose or create expressions that are _archaic and stilted
even then_ to render the ancient Chinese counterparts.

* * *

As I don't have enough reputation to add a comment, I just write them here.

@snailplane: They will not be confused. They should be はなれ **ぬ** 故 and はなれ
**ぬる** 故 respectively.

～ぬなり is indeed ambiguous though, but the ambiguity mainly comes from なり. It
may either means ～したという or ～ないのだ. So is ～ざるなり, which can mean ～しないのだ or
～しないという.

