What is the difference between the nominalizers こと and の?


As [Derek mentioned in his
postscript](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1363/if-v-isnt-a-
gerund-then-what-is-it/1366#1366), both こと and の are nominalizers that can
turn a verb into a noun.

> ピアノを **弾く【ひく】** 。 I **play** the piano.
>
> ピアノを **弾く【ひく】の** が好き【すき】です。 I like **playing** the piano.
>
> ピアノを **弾く【ひく】こと** が好き【すき】だ。 I like **playing** the piano.

I had always thought こと was just a more formal version of の, but it seems
that's not the case:

> As a quick rule, の is generally used when the outer action happens at the
> same place or time as the inner action, while こと is generally used when the
> two can be considered from a removed standpoint lacking immediacy.

Can someone elaborate more on the distinction between こと and の?

Which version is more appropriate when the outer verb is an emotion verb such
as 好き【すき】、思う【おもう】、考える【かんがえる】, etc?

Is こと generally more preferred in formal writing?




(This question had to show up eventually… :) For my answer, I'll be borrowing
most example sentences and categorizations from pages 176-179 of
[初級【しょきゅう】を教【おし】える人【ひと】のための日本語【にほんご】文法【ぶんぽう】ハンドブック](http://books.google.com/books?id=l-C4H2sBJlEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false)
and from [this
PDF](http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/urawa/j_rsorcs/textbook/setsumei_pdf/setsumei17_3.pdf).

## Cases where only の is allowed

  1. When the following verb deals with one of the senses: 聞く【きく】, 聞こえる【きこえる】, 見る【みる】, 見える【みえる】, 感じる【かんじる】, and so on.

> 隣【となり】の家【いえ】でだれかが叫ぶ【さけぶ】 **の** が聞こえた【きこえた】。 I could hear someone shouting in
> the house next door.
>
> 船【ふね】の中【なか】から、魚【さかな】が泳いでいる【およいでいる】 **の** が見えます【みえます】。 From inside the boat,
> I can see fish swimming.

  2. When the following clause occurs in concert with the preceding clause: 待つ【まつ】, 手伝う【てつだう】, じゃまする, and so on.

> テニスコートが乾く【かわく】 **の** を待っています【まっています】。 I'm waiting for the tennis court to
> dry.
>
> このパソコンを運ぶ【はこぶ】 **の** を手伝ってください【てつだってください】。 Please help me carry this
> computer.

  3. When the following verb is one of 止める【とめる】, やめる, and so on.

> 彼【かれ】が出て【でて】行こう【いこう】とする **の** を止めました【とめました】。 I stopped him trying to leave.
>
> タバコを吸う【すう】 **の** をやめましょう。 Stop smoking.

As you can see, the common thread running through these cases is that there is
an **immediacy of time and/or location**. That is, the outer clause
necessarily occurs at the same time and/or same location as the inner clause.

## Cases where only こと is allowed

  1. When the following verb deals with communication or internal thoughts: 話す【はなす】, 伝える【つたえる】, 約束する【やくそくする】, 祈る【いのる】, 希望する【きぼうする】, and so on.

> ゼミに出られない【でられない】 **こと** を先生【せんせい】に伝えてください【つたえてください】。 Please tell the teacher
> I can't make it to the seminar.
>
> 復興【ふっこう】が速く【はやく】進む【すすむ】 **こと** を祈っています【いのっています】。 I'm praying that the
> recovery proceeds quickly.

  2. When the following clause is one of だ, です, or である.

> 私【わたし】の趣味【しゅみ】は映画【えいが】を見る【みる】 **こと** です。 My hobby is watching movies.

(This is because if の were used, it would be confused with the ～のだ pattern.)

  3. When the こと is part of a set pattern such as ことができる, ことがある, ことにする, ことになる, and so on.

> 私【わたし】は外国【がいこく】で暮らした【くらした】 **こと** があります。 I've lived in a foreign country
> before.
>
> あれを見なかった【みなかった】 **こと** にする。 I'm going to pretend I didn't see that.

With こと, the immediacy expressed by の is lost, and matters are considered from
a **more abstract, removed** standpoint.

## Cases where both are allowed

**In general** , for any cases not covered in the above lists, you can use
either こと or の, **but** there are some times when you might choose one over
the other. For example, consider this pair of sentences from [a page in the
日本語Q&A at ALC](http://home.alc.co.jp/db/owa/jpn_npa?stage=2&sn=9):

> 僕【ぼく】はこうしてのんびり映画【えいが】を観る【みる】 **こと** が好きだ【すきだ】。 I like relaxing with a movie
> like this.
>
> 僕【ぼく】はこうしてのんびり映画【えいが】を観る【みる】 **の** が好きだ【すきだ】。 I like relaxing with a movie
> like this.

The key here is the こうして ("like this"), which indicates the speaker is making
a statement about something happening right now. Thus the statement has the
immediacy of time and place that の is best for. Using こと here isn't
technically incorrect, but it sounds a little unnatural, so の is the better
option.

## Non-nominalizing uses of の

As a side note, there was one example sentence in the PDF I linked which
doesn't belong, in my opinion:

> 毎月【まいつき】おこづかいを貯金している【ちょきんしている】 **の** は、新しい【あたらしい】スケートボードを買いたい【かいたい】からです。 The
> reason I'm saving my allowance every month is because I want to buy a new
> skateboard.

This use of の is the "anticipatory の" pattern. In this sentence, の could be
replaced with the more specific 理由【りゆう】. Another example:

> 日本【にほん】にはじめて行った【いった】 **の** は5年【ねん】前【まえ】です。 The first time I went to Japan
> was five years ago.

の could be replaced with 時【とき】 here.




(This question had to show up eventually… :) For my answer, I'll be borrowing
most example sentences and categorizations from pages 176-179 of
[初級【しょきゅう】を教【おし】える人【ひと】のための日本語【にほんご】文法【ぶんぽう】ハンドブック](http://books.google.com/books?id=l-C4H2sBJlEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false)
and from [this
PDF](http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/urawa/j_rsorcs/textbook/setsumei_pdf/setsumei17_3.pdf).

## Cases where only の is allowed

  1. When the following verb deals with one of the senses: 聞く【きく】, 聞こえる【きこえる】, 見る【みる】, 見える【みえる】, 感じる【かんじる】, and so on.

> 隣【となり】の家【いえ】でだれかが叫ぶ【さけぶ】 **の** が聞こえた【きこえた】。 I could hear someone shouting in
> the house next door.
>
> 船【ふね】の中【なか】から、魚【さかな】が泳いでいる【およいでいる】 **の** が見えます【みえます】。 From inside the boat,
> I can see fish swimming.

  2. When the following clause occurs in concert with the preceding clause: 待つ【まつ】, 手伝う【てつだう】, じゃまする, and so on.

> テニスコートが乾く【かわく】 **の** を待っています【まっています】。 I'm waiting for the tennis court to
> dry.
>
> このパソコンを運ぶ【はこぶ】 **の** を手伝ってください【てつだってください】。 Please help me carry this
> computer.

  3. When the following verb is one of 止める【とめる】, やめる, and so on.

> 彼【かれ】が出て【でて】行こう【いこう】とする **の** を止めました【とめました】。 I stopped him trying to leave.
>
> タバコを吸う【すう】 **の** をやめましょう。 Stop smoking.

As you can see, the common thread running through these cases is that there is
an **immediacy of time and/or location**. That is, the outer clause
necessarily occurs at the same time and/or same location as the inner clause.

## Cases where only こと is allowed

  1. When the following verb deals with communication or internal thoughts: 話す【はなす】, 伝える【つたえる】, 約束する【やくそくする】, 祈る【いのる】, 希望する【きぼうする】, and so on.

> ゼミに出られない【でられない】 **こと** を先生【せんせい】に伝えてください【つたえてください】。 Please tell the teacher
> I can't make it to the seminar.
>
> 復興【ふっこう】が速く【はやく】進む【すすむ】 **こと** を祈っています【いのっています】。 I'm praying that the
> recovery proceeds quickly.

  2. When the following clause is one of だ, です, or である.

> 私【わたし】の趣味【しゅみ】は映画【えいが】を見る【みる】 **こと** です。 My hobby is watching movies.

(This is because if の were used, it would be confused with the ～のだ pattern.)

  3. When the こと is part of a set pattern such as ことができる, ことがある, ことにする, ことになる, and so on.

> 私【わたし】は外国【がいこく】で暮らした【くらした】 **こと** があります。 I've lived in a foreign country
> before.
>
> あれを見なかった【みなかった】 **こと** にする。 I'm going to pretend I didn't see that.

With こと, the immediacy expressed by の is lost, and matters are considered from
a **more abstract, removed** standpoint.

## Cases where both are allowed

**In general** , for any cases not covered in the above lists, you can use
either こと or の, **but** there are some times when you might choose one over
the other. For example, consider this pair of sentences from [a page in the
日本語Q&A at ALC](http://home.alc.co.jp/db/owa/jpn_npa?stage=2&sn=9):

> 僕【ぼく】はこうしてのんびり映画【えいが】を観る【みる】 **こと** が好きだ【すきだ】。 I like relaxing with a movie
> like this.
>
> 僕【ぼく】はこうしてのんびり映画【えいが】を観る【みる】 **の** が好きだ【すきだ】。 I like relaxing with a movie
> like this.

The key here is the こうして ("like this"), which indicates the speaker is making
a statement about something happening right now. Thus the statement has the
immediacy of time and place that の is best for. Using こと here isn't
technically incorrect, but it sounds a little unnatural, so の is the better
option.

## Non-nominalizing uses of の

As a side note, there was one example sentence in the PDF I linked which
doesn't belong, in my opinion:

> 毎月【まいつき】おこづかいを貯金している【ちょきんしている】 **の** は、新しい【あたらしい】スケートボードを買いたい【かいたい】からです。 The
> reason I'm saving my allowance every month is because I want to buy a new
> skateboard.

This use of の is the "anticipatory の" pattern. In this sentence, の could be
replaced with the more specific 理由【りゆう】. Another example:

> 日本【にほん】にはじめて行った【いった】 **の** は5年【ねん】前【まえ】です。 The first time I went to Japan
> was five years ago.

の could be replaced with 時【とき】 here.

