彼がいる場所、彼がいるその場所、彼がいる学校


I am trying to understand what makes a 文節 内の関係 or 外の関係. And if 外の関係, which
one.

> 彼がいる場所  
>  彼女と初めて会ったところ

Am I correct in thinking these two can only be 外の関係の内容補充修飾節, because I can't
put the 被修飾名詞 back with a 格助詞?

> *彼が場所にいる  
>  *ところで彼女と初めて会った

What about these?

> 彼がいるその場所  
>  彼女と初めて会ったそのところ

These are 内の関係, aren't they?

> 彼がその場所にいる  
>  そのところで彼女と初めて会った

Despite lack of 指示語, these seem to be 内 instead of 外:

> 彼がいる学校  
>  彼女と初めて会ったパーティー

> 彼が学校にいる  
>  パーティーで彼女と初めて会った

Why is that?




They are all 内の関係.

彼がいる場所 and 彼女と初めて会ったところ are the results of filling a general word to refer to
a place, respectively 場所 and ところ, into the placeholders, or gaps, in the
following templates.

> 彼が／は＿＿＿にいる。
>
> ＿＿＿で彼女と初めて会った。

You don’t use 指示詞 with those words because 彼がいる and 彼女と初めて会った modify them
instead. The English sentence “He is at/in the place” might sound incomplete
without context but “the place he is at/in” would be enough to specify what
place it is. It is the result of filling in a general word “place” in the gap
in the following template.

> He is at/in ______.

English requires a definite article here but you don’t say “that place …” just
because “He is at/in that place” sounds more complete than “He is at/in the
place” as a standalone sentence. It is the same in Japanese except, of course,
there is no equivalent to the definite article and particles like に and で are
dropped.

The presence of 指示詞 only makes a difference in whether the relative clause is
restrictive (制限的) or non-restrictive (非制限的).

外の関係 refers to a case where the modified noun doesn’t fit in any placeholder,
or gap, in the original statement from which the noun phrase is created. For
example, the original statement for 魚を焼く匂い would be 魚を焼く. There is no place
for 匂い. If you need to create a placeholder to put 匂い into, the template would
become something like this.

> ＿＿＿を出して魚を焼く。

This is not considered 内の関係 because the placeholder requires more explanation
than a simple case particle like に or で.




They are all 内の関係.

彼がいる場所 and 彼女と初めて会ったところ are the results of filling a general word to refer to
a place, respectively 場所 and ところ, into the placeholders, or gaps, in the
following templates.

> 彼が／は＿＿＿にいる。
>
> ＿＿＿で彼女と初めて会った。

You don’t use 指示詞 with those words because 彼がいる and 彼女と初めて会った modify them
instead. The English sentence “He is at/in the place” might sound incomplete
without context but “the place he is at/in” would be enough to specify what
place it is. It is the result of filling in a general word “place” in the gap
in the following template.

> He is at/in ______.

English requires a definite article here but you don’t say “that place …” just
because “He is at/in that place” sounds more complete than “He is at/in the
place” as a standalone sentence. It is the same in Japanese except, of course,
there is no equivalent to the definite article and particles like に and で are
dropped.

The presence of 指示詞 only makes a difference in whether the relative clause is
restrictive (制限的) or non-restrictive (非制限的).

外の関係 refers to a case where the modified noun doesn’t fit in any placeholder,
or gap, in the original statement from which the noun phrase is created. For
example, the original statement for 魚を焼く匂い would be 魚を焼く. There is no place
for 匂い. If you need to create a placeholder to put 匂い into, the template would
become something like this.

> ＿＿＿を出して魚を焼く。

This is not considered 内の関係 because the placeholder requires more explanation
than a simple case particle like に or で.

