Interpreting the particles in this sentence


today I came across a sentence with a structure I find difficult to
understand:

> 精神的｛せいしんてき｝な拷問｛ごうもん｝で最も残酷｛ざんこく｝な拷問というのがあります。

There are two things I find hard to interpret: the particle で in this context,
and the form of the ending, ～のがあります - which frankly I have no idea what it
means here. I came up with two possible interpretations:

  * It is psychological torture, and it is the cruelest form of torture;
  * In psychological torture, we find the most cruel form of torture.

If anyone can tell me how to correctly read the sentence, I will be very
happy! Thanks in advance.




This one would kill me if I were a Japanese-learner, too.

> 「精神的な拷問 **で** 最も残酷な拷問 **というの** があります。」

＝

> 「精神的な拷問 **で** 、最も残酷な拷問 **というの** があります。」

≒

> 「精神的な拷問 **であり** 、かつ、最も残酷な拷問と言われている **の** があります。」

First and foremost, that 「で」 is **_not_** a particle. It is the 連用形{れんようけい}
("continuative form") of the declaration subsidiary verb 「だ」.

Falsely thinking that it is a particle should and will make the sentence look
grammatically awkward. Frankly, the sentence will not make much sense that
way, which, I suppose, is what happened to you this time.

Next, 「～～というのがある」.

This might also be slightly more complex in meaning than it appears if one is
unfamiliar with the phrase. The nominalizer 「の」, of course, refers to 「拷問」,
resulting in practically saying 「拷問」 **_three times_** in such a short
sentence.

The phrase, in this context, is used to introduce a thing that is commonly
called or considered 「～～」.

A literal kind of TL:

> "It is a psychological torture **_and_** it is known as the cruelest kind."

I used "and" because the 「で」 is in the 連用形.

A freer TL:

> "There is a psychological torture that is commonly called the cruelest
> kind."




This one would kill me if I were a Japanese-learner, too.

> 「精神的な拷問 **で** 最も残酷な拷問 **というの** があります。」

＝

> 「精神的な拷問 **で** 、最も残酷な拷問 **というの** があります。」

≒

> 「精神的な拷問 **であり** 、かつ、最も残酷な拷問と言われている **の** があります。」

First and foremost, that 「で」 is **_not_** a particle. It is the 連用形{れんようけい}
("continuative form") of the declaration subsidiary verb 「だ」.

Falsely thinking that it is a particle should and will make the sentence look
grammatically awkward. Frankly, the sentence will not make much sense that
way, which, I suppose, is what happened to you this time.

Next, 「～～というのがある」.

This might also be slightly more complex in meaning than it appears if one is
unfamiliar with the phrase. The nominalizer 「の」, of course, refers to 「拷問」,
resulting in practically saying 「拷問」 **_three times_** in such a short
sentence.

The phrase, in this context, is used to introduce a thing that is commonly
called or considered 「～～」.

A literal kind of TL:

> "It is a psychological torture **_and_** it is known as the cruelest kind."

I used "and" because the 「で」 is in the 連用形.

A freer TL:

> "There is a psychological torture that is commonly called the cruelest
> kind."

