Stative verbs: ～ている　vs　～てある　vs　～（ら）れる


I'm not sure if I'm wording this properly, but I want to know the nuances of
these "stative" type verb forms that act kind of like adjectives.

For example, you could describe an open window with any of the following:

>   * 窓が開いている  
>
>   * 窓が開けてある  
>
>   * 窓が開けられた
>

Another one I often see is for "it is written":

>   * ～と書いてある  
>
>   * ～と書かれた
>




I think (I'm not a native speaker) that

  * `窓が開いている` is a neutral statement of the fact; in English "the window is open".

  * `窓が開けてある` is saying that someone opened the window in preparation for something. Compare for example to `ビールが冷蔵庫に入れてあります`, meaning, in preparation for tonight you have put cans of beer into the fridge to get them cooled.

  * `窓が開けられた` is the past passive tense of `開ける` and is again neutral; in English "the window has been opened". 

As for the other two examples you gave:

  * `...と書いてあります` means "it is written that...", so context matters: unlike above, `~てある` can also occur in a neutral sense, i.e. without doing something in preparation.

  * `と書かれた` is again the past passive tense of "to write", again in a neutral sense.

Hope this helps and hope native speakers will correct me if I said anything
wrong.




I think (I'm not a native speaker) that

  * `窓が開いている` is a neutral statement of the fact; in English "the window is open".

  * `窓が開けてある` is saying that someone opened the window in preparation for something. Compare for example to `ビールが冷蔵庫に入れてあります`, meaning, in preparation for tonight you have put cans of beer into the fridge to get them cooled.

  * `窓が開けられた` is the past passive tense of `開ける` and is again neutral; in English "the window has been opened". 

As for the other two examples you gave:

  * `...と書いてあります` means "it is written that...", so context matters: unlike above, `~てある` can also occur in a neutral sense, i.e. without doing something in preparation.

  * `と書かれた` is again the past passive tense of "to write", again in a neutral sense.

Hope this helps and hope native speakers will correct me if I said anything
wrong.

