What is the function of で in 「家に帰らないで映画を観に行った」?


In the sentence

> 昨日は授業の後、 **家に帰らないで** 映画を観に行った。

Is で the て-form of だ? Or is it the で particle? In either case, wouldn't the
clause before it (家に帰らない) need to be nominalized (の) in order for で to attach
to it?




This is the grammar point meaning "without doing ~". It is constructed by
using the plain-negative form of the verb (the ない form) and attaching the で
particle to the end.

> 昨日は授業の後、家に帰らないで映画を観に行った。

The literal translation of this example would be "Yesterday after class,
without returning home, I went to see a movie."

Here are some more examples:

> コーヒーには、いつも砂糖を入れないで飲みます。  
> I always drink coffee without putting sugar in it.

> 彼女はカサを持たないで出てしまった。  
> She left without bringing an umbrella.

> 朝ごはんを食べないで仕事に来ました。  
> I came to work without eating breakfast.

> 夕食を食べないで、寝る。  
> I go to sleep without eating dinner.

Additional resources:

  * [Tae Kim](https://guidetojapanese.org/learn/complete/inaction#Express_8220without_doing8221_with)
  * [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7)
  * [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7-naide-meaning/)




This is the grammar point meaning "without doing ~". It is constructed by
using the plain-negative form of the verb (the ない form) and attaching the で
particle to the end.

> 昨日は授業の後、家に帰らないで映画を観に行った。

The literal translation of this example would be "Yesterday after class,
without returning home, I went to see a movie."

Here are some more examples:

> コーヒーには、いつも砂糖を入れないで飲みます。  
> I always drink coffee without putting sugar in it.

> 彼女はカサを持たないで出てしまった。  
> She left without bringing an umbrella.

> 朝ごはんを食べないで仕事に来ました。  
> I came to work without eating breakfast.

> 夕食を食べないで、寝る。  
> I go to sleep without eating dinner.

Additional resources:

  * [Tae Kim](https://guidetojapanese.org/learn/complete/inaction#Express_8220without_doing8221_with)
  * [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7)
  * [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7-naide-meaning/)

