Is Japanese particularly good for punning/spoonerisms? If so, why?


Today I was laughing my heads off reading puns at
[言いまつがい](http://www.1101.com/iimatugai/), which is a collection of user-
contributed accidental puns and other mistakes.

It struck me that I never experienced this kind of uncontrollable laughter
with puns in English. Is it possible that the Japanese language have more room
to generate possible puns, raising the number of funny puns?

I'd be happy to be proven wrong, but then again, I'm equally curious to know
what language features of Japanese make it such a prolific pun producer.

* * *

Note: [Sananmuunnos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sananmuunnos), a sort of
verbal play in the Finnish language, looks close to Japanese puns (だじゃれ).
Wikipedia explains why Finnish has a large pool of possible spoonerisms:

> As Finnish is a mora-divided language, it is morae that are exchanged, not
> syllables. Also, Finnish inflectional and derivational morphology is
> extensive, thus applying a suffix from another word often produces a valid
> word. This leads to large number of possible spoonerisms.

I don't understand all of this, but this is the kind of explanation I'm
looking for.




I think you're not really talking about puns here, but about something that's
somewhat related, but still quite different: you're talking about slips-of-
tongue (いいまちがい) that accidentally turn out to mean something else. Puns are
quite different, since they are always intentional, and they can have multiple
meanings either because they sound the same as something else ( **homophonic
puns** ) or they just use one or more words that have multiple meanings (
**homonymic puns** ). You can read more about these distinctions (and others)
in [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun).

Slips-of-tongue (like the ones in 言いまつがい) are not only unintentional - they
also don't have rely on double meaning at all. In this case expression gets
another meaning just because it's mispronounced, not because there's another
expression with a different meaning that sounds the same (though it still
happen).

Japanese has many such slips-of-tongue (as well as many homophonic puns) for
the same reasons Finnish has - and it's not surprising because both languages
are [typologically](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology) very
similar:

  * Both languages have moraic structure which means they are not divided to syllables (as in Eng-lish and most Eu-ro-pe-an languages) but to units called _moras_ (or _morae_ ), which always have the same length (while some syllables in English are shorter or longer than others). As far as I know, in Finnish, the word _sauna_ (which comes from Finnish of course :)) is divided just as in Japanese: sa-u-na (and not sau-na, as it is divided by its English pronunciation).

  * Both languages have [agglutinative morphology](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language), that is, words are built by attaching many different prefixes and suffixes - this is unlike English and other Indo-European languages (note that Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Basque are the only major languages in Europe that are not Indo-European) where verbs and nouns usually have just a single grammatical ending (and that ending may indicate person, number and tense in the same time, for instance), and very rarely have more than one or two derivational affixes (like _un-_ or _-ness_ ) attached to a word. In Japanese, in contrast, you can build words such as 見回し出したくなければ which are made of maybe 10 different components: mi-mawas-i-ta-ku-na-ku-na-kere-ba, and have a very complex meaning (if you don't want to look around).

  * Both languages have a more limited phonology than English - that is, they have far less possible distinct sound combinations. This is probably the most important feature, since it means that if you randomly change a word, you're more likely to land on an existing word that means something else - when there are less possible sound combinations, words have to get more crowded. :)




I think you're not really talking about puns here, but about something that's
somewhat related, but still quite different: you're talking about slips-of-
tongue (いいまちがい) that accidentally turn out to mean something else. Puns are
quite different, since they are always intentional, and they can have multiple
meanings either because they sound the same as something else ( **homophonic
puns** ) or they just use one or more words that have multiple meanings (
**homonymic puns** ). You can read more about these distinctions (and others)
in [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun).

Slips-of-tongue (like the ones in 言いまつがい) are not only unintentional - they
also don't have rely on double meaning at all. In this case expression gets
another meaning just because it's mispronounced, not because there's another
expression with a different meaning that sounds the same (though it still
happen).

Japanese has many such slips-of-tongue (as well as many homophonic puns) for
the same reasons Finnish has - and it's not surprising because both languages
are [typologically](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology) very
similar:

  * Both languages have moraic structure which means they are not divided to syllables (as in Eng-lish and most Eu-ro-pe-an languages) but to units called _moras_ (or _morae_ ), which always have the same length (while some syllables in English are shorter or longer than others). As far as I know, in Finnish, the word _sauna_ (which comes from Finnish of course :)) is divided just as in Japanese: sa-u-na (and not sau-na, as it is divided by its English pronunciation).

  * Both languages have [agglutinative morphology](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language), that is, words are built by attaching many different prefixes and suffixes - this is unlike English and other Indo-European languages (note that Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Basque are the only major languages in Europe that are not Indo-European) where verbs and nouns usually have just a single grammatical ending (and that ending may indicate person, number and tense in the same time, for instance), and very rarely have more than one or two derivational affixes (like _un-_ or _-ness_ ) attached to a word. In Japanese, in contrast, you can build words such as 見回し出したくなければ which are made of maybe 10 different components: mi-mawas-i-ta-ku-na-ku-na-kere-ba, and have a very complex meaning (if you don't want to look around).

  * Both languages have a more limited phonology than English - that is, they have far less possible distinct sound combinations. This is probably the most important feature, since it means that if you randomly change a word, you're more likely to land on an existing word that means something else - when there are less possible sound combinations, words have to get more crowded. :)

