How close was the Japanese writing system from becoming abolished after World War II?


I remember hearing that the Japanese government planned on abolishing the use
of Chinese characters entirely after World War II. I also remember hearing
that there was a movement by the American government to change the Japanese
writing system to use an English-based alphabet system (maybe similar to
romanization of Japanese). I have always wondered how close these movements
were from actually being realized?

**EDIT**

When I say "how close", I basically want to know how far did these proposed
policies reach in government before being voted down? Or did they never reach
a voting stage within the parliament in Japan and were shot down by someone
else before that?




Undoubtedly the book Krazer suggested would make for the most thorough answer,
but the Japanese wikipedia article on the
[国語審議会](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%AF%A9%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A)
(the Japanese Language Council) has got some interesting details.

From 1949 to 1961 the chairman was 土岐善麿, a supporter of the switch to romaji.
Some of his work was published in romaji. (At least one example,
[Nakiwarai](http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info%3andljp/pid/873903), is online if
you'd like to see some period romaji text). Members of the
[カナモジカイ](http://www1.ocn.ne.jp/~kanamozi/), a group promoting the use of kana
only, were also involved. There was a sub-committee for dealing with issues
around romaji, ローマ字調査分科審議会, from 1950 to 1962. This tackled issues like
determining a standard for romaji, and the use of romaji in education.

For example,
[here](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/04/sokai036/03.html)
(1957 - official report) they report the improvement of results (referencing
Japanese and maths classes), although they did want to do a greater number of
tests. It also talks about romaji use in society in general - an interesting
example given is that for punched tape, it took the least space to encode
romaji compared to kana or kanji. The new technology of the time was not
particularly kanji-friendly.

At this point it seems there was still the intention to move towards script
reform. However, conflicts between those in favour of (改革派) and against (慎重派)
reform came to a head in 1961, when five of the 慎重派 [walked
out](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/05/sokai042_2/05.html)
(see final remarks by 成瀬正勝 at the end of this page) over arguments about how
elections were handled. Specifically, I think the feeling was that the 国語審議会
had been formed mostly from reformists under the control/influence of the
occupying forces, and that the same people were being constantly re-elected.

The Ministry of Education got involved, asking for a re-evaluation of reform
plans. One of the outcomes of this was that the ローマ字調査分科審議会 was dissolved.
土岐善麿 was not only no longer chairman after this, he seems to have been removed
entirely.
[This](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/06/bukai01/01.html),
from the next meeting after the walkouts, summarises some of the viewpoints
that had come up critiquing the work of the council, including suggestions
that the influence of the romaji and kanamoji groups had complicated things,
and that the proposals of the council should not be forced on people.

The final nail in the coffin seems to have come out of a 1966 meeting where
the
[address](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/08/sokai058/03.html)
given by the Minister for Education, 中村梅吉, included these lines stating that
the use of mixed kana/kanji was pretty much a given:

>
> 今後のご審議にあたりましては，当然のことながら国語の表記は，漢字かなまじり文によることを前提とし，また現代国語の表記を平明にするという趣旨とともに，従来の諸施策との関連をご考慮の上，広い立場から国語の諸施策の改善の方途をじゅうぶんご検討願いたいのであります。

After this, the 国語審議会 focused more on subjects such as the daily-use kanji
lists. In 1968 the amount of time given to teaching romaji in 小・中学校 was also
reduced.




Undoubtedly the book Krazer suggested would make for the most thorough answer,
but the Japanese wikipedia article on the
[国語審議会](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%AF%A9%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A)
(the Japanese Language Council) has got some interesting details.

From 1949 to 1961 the chairman was 土岐善麿, a supporter of the switch to romaji.
Some of his work was published in romaji. (At least one example,
[Nakiwarai](http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info%3andljp/pid/873903), is online if
you'd like to see some period romaji text). Members of the
[カナモジカイ](http://www1.ocn.ne.jp/~kanamozi/), a group promoting the use of kana
only, were also involved. There was a sub-committee for dealing with issues
around romaji, ローマ字調査分科審議会, from 1950 to 1962. This tackled issues like
determining a standard for romaji, and the use of romaji in education.

For example,
[here](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/04/sokai036/03.html)
(1957 - official report) they report the improvement of results (referencing
Japanese and maths classes), although they did want to do a greater number of
tests. It also talks about romaji use in society in general - an interesting
example given is that for punched tape, it took the least space to encode
romaji compared to kana or kanji. The new technology of the time was not
particularly kanji-friendly.

At this point it seems there was still the intention to move towards script
reform. However, conflicts between those in favour of (改革派) and against (慎重派)
reform came to a head in 1961, when five of the 慎重派 [walked
out](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/05/sokai042_2/05.html)
(see final remarks by 成瀬正勝 at the end of this page) over arguments about how
elections were handled. Specifically, I think the feeling was that the 国語審議会
had been formed mostly from reformists under the control/influence of the
occupying forces, and that the same people were being constantly re-elected.

The Ministry of Education got involved, asking for a re-evaluation of reform
plans. One of the outcomes of this was that the ローマ字調査分科審議会 was dissolved.
土岐善麿 was not only no longer chairman after this, he seems to have been removed
entirely.
[This](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/06/bukai01/01.html),
from the next meeting after the walkouts, summarises some of the viewpoints
that had come up critiquing the work of the council, including suggestions
that the influence of the romaji and kanamoji groups had complicated things,
and that the proposals of the council should not be forced on people.

The final nail in the coffin seems to have come out of a 1966 meeting where
the
[address](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/joho/kakuki/08/sokai058/03.html)
given by the Minister for Education, 中村梅吉, included these lines stating that
the use of mixed kana/kanji was pretty much a given:

>
> 今後のご審議にあたりましては，当然のことながら国語の表記は，漢字かなまじり文によることを前提とし，また現代国語の表記を平明にするという趣旨とともに，従来の諸施策との関連をご考慮の上，広い立場から国語の諸施策の改善の方途をじゅうぶんご検討願いたいのであります。

After this, the 国語審議会 focused more on subjects such as the daily-use kanji
lists. In 1968 the amount of time given to teaching romaji in 小・中学校 was also
reduced.

