Direct and indirect quotes


This question is inspired by [this
question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30580/trouble-
understanding-postponed-quote). In English I can quote something in two ways:

> She said "Seeing **you** smile is better".  
>  She said that seeing **me** smile is/was better.

One uses quotes, and the other uses 'that'. So what happens in Japanese?

This one I think I am happy with:

> 彼女は「笑っている **あなた** を見ている方がいい」と言った。

I think this one is ok. I see things like it a lot in the book I'm reading
now:

> 彼女は言った。「笑っている **あなた** を見ている方がいい」

What about this one with no quotes (more like [the
link](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30580/trouble-
understanding-postponed-quote) and I've changed the pronoun):

> 彼女は言った。笑っている **俺** を見ている方がいい。

Or do I need と on the end to connect it to the previous sentence (exactly like
in the link)?

So, which of these variants are correct? Are there any more? Are some better
in writing rather than spoken?




> **(A)** 彼女は「笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい」と言った。  
>  **(B)** 彼女は笑っている俺を見ている方がいいと言った。  
>  **(C)** 彼女は笑っているあなたを見ている方がいいと言った。  
>  **(D)** 彼女は「笑っている俺を見ている方がいい」と言った。[×]

(A) is a typical 直接話法 (direct speech) sentence, and (B) is a typical 間接話法
(indirect speech) sentence. These are common both in English and Japanese, so
they should be easy.

(C) is the same as (A) except that it lacks the quotation marks. This is still
perfectly valid and common in Japanese, because the quotation marks are
optional even when direct speech is used. That is, (B) and (C) are apparently
different, but have the same meaning! (as long as we know [the
context](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30580/5010), of course)

This rule might be too confusing in English, but luckily Japanese has a lot of
personal pronouns. We know 俺 almost always refers to a man and あなた is usually
said by a woman. Knowing that, (B) and (C) are not really confusing.

However, (D) is funny. If there are brackets, it explicitly means direct
speech is used (i.e., the content is her own words). (D) looks as if the woman
said 俺.

Moving on...

> **(A2)** 彼女は言った。「笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい」と。  
>  **(B2)** 彼女は言った。笑っている俺を見ている方がいいと。  
>  **(C2)** 彼女は言った。笑っているあなたを見ている方がいいと。

These are all valid and natural, too. The word order is changed for some
rhetorical effect (known as 転置法/hyperbaton), but they're basically the same as
(A)-(C).

Now, what happens if we even omit the quotative particle と at the end?

> **(A3)** 彼女は言った。「笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい」。  
>  **(B3)** 彼女は言った。笑っている俺を見ている方がいい。 ←your question  
>  **(C3)** 彼女は言った。笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい。

If I'm not mistaken, these are somewhat closer to [free indirect speech and
free direct speech](http://www.davidcrystal.com/?id=2914). I would say these
are slightly harder to understand because there is no と, but are still
completely valid as literary, rhetoric, and/or poetic expressions. We can
understand what is the quoted part even without と. Depending on the
surrounding sentences, these may be too difficult to understand, but that's
another story.

(A3)-(C3) look far more dramatic than plain (A)-(C). Among the three, (C3) is
probably the most common and relatively easiest to understand. (B3) is related
to free indirect speech and probably is the most tricky, but it looks very
dramatic to me at the same time.




> **(A)** 彼女は「笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい」と言った。  
>  **(B)** 彼女は笑っている俺を見ている方がいいと言った。  
>  **(C)** 彼女は笑っているあなたを見ている方がいいと言った。  
>  **(D)** 彼女は「笑っている俺を見ている方がいい」と言った。[×]

(A) is a typical 直接話法 (direct speech) sentence, and (B) is a typical 間接話法
(indirect speech) sentence. These are common both in English and Japanese, so
they should be easy.

(C) is the same as (A) except that it lacks the quotation marks. This is still
perfectly valid and common in Japanese, because the quotation marks are
optional even when direct speech is used. That is, (B) and (C) are apparently
different, but have the same meaning! (as long as we know [the
context](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30580/5010), of course)

This rule might be too confusing in English, but luckily Japanese has a lot of
personal pronouns. We know 俺 almost always refers to a man and あなた is usually
said by a woman. Knowing that, (B) and (C) are not really confusing.

However, (D) is funny. If there are brackets, it explicitly means direct
speech is used (i.e., the content is her own words). (D) looks as if the woman
said 俺.

Moving on...

> **(A2)** 彼女は言った。「笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい」と。  
>  **(B2)** 彼女は言った。笑っている俺を見ている方がいいと。  
>  **(C2)** 彼女は言った。笑っているあなたを見ている方がいいと。

These are all valid and natural, too. The word order is changed for some
rhetorical effect (known as 転置法/hyperbaton), but they're basically the same as
(A)-(C).

Now, what happens if we even omit the quotative particle と at the end?

> **(A3)** 彼女は言った。「笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい」。  
>  **(B3)** 彼女は言った。笑っている俺を見ている方がいい。 ←your question  
>  **(C3)** 彼女は言った。笑っているあなたを見ている方がいい。

If I'm not mistaken, these are somewhat closer to [free indirect speech and
free direct speech](http://www.davidcrystal.com/?id=2914). I would say these
are slightly harder to understand because there is no と, but are still
completely valid as literary, rhetoric, and/or poetic expressions. We can
understand what is the quoted part even without と. Depending on the
surrounding sentences, these may be too difficult to understand, but that's
another story.

(A3)-(C3) look far more dramatic than plain (A)-(C). Among the three, (C3) is
probably the most common and relatively easiest to understand. (B3) is related
to free indirect speech and probably is the most tricky, but it looks very
dramatic to me at the same time.

