What are the differences between だんだん and ますます in the context of the following sentences?


### Context

According to my knowledge so far:

  * だんだん indicates that a state changes gradually or little by little.
  * ますます indicates that something happens to an even greater (or lesser) degree than before.

That is to say, in だんだん the focus is on the gradual change from one state to
another, whereas in ますます there is no change of state, but the degree
intensifies (or abates).

* * *

### Exercise

Now, the distinction seems clear at first, but I've come across an exercise
where I'm to choose between だんだん and ますます to fill the blank in some given
sentences and I can't figure which is the right choice. This is the exercise:

（ ）の中から正しい言い方を選びなさい。

  1. 紹介された時は変わった人だと思ったが、何度か会って話している間に （ **だんだん** / **ますます** ） いい人だと思うようになった。
  2. この映画は、最初は面白かったが、（ **だんだん** / **ますます** ） つまらなくなっていった。

At 1. I'd go with だんだん, because there is a change of the opinion (from "this
person is different" to "this person is good") on that person, and it is a
gradual change. However, we can also say that the speaker is "more and more"
convinced of the good nature of that person as he meets and talks to him. So
I'm not really sure if the answer is ますます (or if both options can be chosen).

At 2. I'm inclined to choose だんだん as well, because there is a change of state
(from interesting to boring), and this change of state happens gradually as
the movie moves forward. However, reading this sentence I can relate to the
idea of a book or movie "growing boring", "more and more boring" (until you
get fed up and turn off the TV or change the channel). If this is the intended
meaning, maybe ますます is a better choice. Moreover, if the sentence started like
この映画は最初はちょっとつまらなかったが、見続けようとして、（ **だんだん** / **ますます** ） つまらなくなっていった, i.e. the
movie was already boring from the beginning, ますます would be a better choice
because there is no change of state, just a change of degree (of boredom).

In other words, at 2. I don't know if the intended meaning is "the movie was
interesting at first, but it gradually became boring" (it changed gradually
until at some point you found it boring, だんだん) or "the movie was interesting
at first, but it became more and more boring" (first a little boring, after a
while quite boring, and eventually unbearably boring; the more you watched,
the boring it became, ますます).

As you see, I am aware of (some of) the differences between だんだん and ますます but
I am very unsure of how to actually use them.

Note that there are other words and sentences (5 words and 5 sentences) in the
original exercise that I have excluded because they weren't relevant. As the
amount of word choices matches the total amount of sentences, I'd expect each
of the 5 words to be used in one of the 5 sentences, but I chose だんだん twice
and I didn't pick any ますます. Therefore I'm pretty sure I've got at least one of
them wrong.

* * *

### Questions

  * Is there any other difference or nuance between だんだん and ますます that I am not aware of?

As per the sentences 1. and 2.,

  * What is the right choice in each case and why?
  * Can both ますます and だんだん be a valid choice or there is unequivocally a single right choice for each sentence?

Note that in [this
Q&A](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/40743/how-to-
use-%E3%81%A0%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%82%93-properly), だんだん is used to translate
"better and better", which AFAIK it would be more appropriately translated as
ますます ("more and more") than だんだん ("gradually more").




You can think the basic meaning of ますます is 'increasingly' or 'even more'.
Etymologically, it's from 増す ('to increase'). It's used when the initial
degree is already strong, and the gradual change is **in the same direction**
(e.g., from hot to extremely hot; from dangerous to very dangerous). You
cannot use ますます to describe the change in the opposite direction (e.g., from
hot to cold; from very hot to mildly hot) or the change from zero (e.g., from
comfortable to hot; from safe to dangerous). In addition, it may be wise to
avoid combining ますます with phrases like 低くなる, 少なくなる, etc., because the original
sense of 'increasing' is not completely lost (更に is a safe replacement in such
cases).

Therefore, you cannot use ますます to describe a change from 'weird' to 'nice', or
from 'interesting' to 'boring'; you cannot reverse the direction with it. In
English, 'more and more' may be used when the direction is reversed, but ますます
doesn't work in such a case. In your examples, if ますます were used, people would
expect something like this:

>   1. 紹介された時 **から(既に)** 変わった人だと思ったが、何度か会って話している間に **ますます** 変わった人だと思うようになった。
>   2. この映画は、最初 **から** 面白かったが、 **ますます** 面白くなっていった。
>

Note that the contrastive-wa in the first half of the sentence needs to be
removed, too.

On the other hand, だんだん is just "gradually". Don't think だんだん is always safer.
For example, you **cannot** say the following:

>   1. ❌紹介された時は変わった人だと思ったが、何度か会って話している間に **だんだん** 変わった人だと思うようになった。
>   2. ❌この映画は、最初は面白かったが、 **だんだん** 面白くなっていった。
>




You can think the basic meaning of ますます is 'increasingly' or 'even more'.
Etymologically, it's from 増す ('to increase'). It's used when the initial
degree is already strong, and the gradual change is **in the same direction**
(e.g., from hot to extremely hot; from dangerous to very dangerous). You
cannot use ますます to describe the change in the opposite direction (e.g., from
hot to cold; from very hot to mildly hot) or the change from zero (e.g., from
comfortable to hot; from safe to dangerous). In addition, it may be wise to
avoid combining ますます with phrases like 低くなる, 少なくなる, etc., because the original
sense of 'increasing' is not completely lost (更に is a safe replacement in such
cases).

Therefore, you cannot use ますます to describe a change from 'weird' to 'nice', or
from 'interesting' to 'boring'; you cannot reverse the direction with it. In
English, 'more and more' may be used when the direction is reversed, but ますます
doesn't work in such a case. In your examples, if ますます were used, people would
expect something like this:

>   1. 紹介された時 **から(既に)** 変わった人だと思ったが、何度か会って話している間に **ますます** 変わった人だと思うようになった。
>   2. この映画は、最初 **から** 面白かったが、 **ますます** 面白くなっていった。
>

Note that the contrastive-wa in the first half of the sentence needs to be
removed, too.

On the other hand, だんだん is just "gradually". Don't think だんだん is always safer.
For example, you **cannot** say the following:

>   1. ❌紹介された時は変わった人だと思ったが、何度か会って話している間に **だんだん** 変わった人だと思うようになった。
>   2. ❌この映画は、最初は面白かったが、 **だんだん** 面白くなっていった。
>

