Ways to specify "intra-" or "extra-" usage of 北・南・東・西


I Was trying to describe that a certain castle was located south of Kyoto, I
would expect the phrase to be:

「伏見桃山城が京都の南にある。」

I was then thinking, how would I say that it is in Kyoto, but the southern
part of Kyoto.

For example, in English there isn't exactly a rule that applies 100% to a
specific phrase, but the syntax does differentiate the two meanings:

> It is located ...
>
>   * in the South of France (1)
>   * to the south of France (2)
>   * south of France (2)
>   * in southern France (1)
>   * to France's south (2)
>

>
> _(1) denotes inside France, (2) denotes outside of France_

What ways are there in Japanese to specify what I am calling "intra-" vs.
"extra-" usage of cardinal directions?




`Place + の + 東/西/南/北 + にある` is indeed ambiguous, but you can usually determine
the meaning in one way with the aid of the context and some background
knowledge:

  * 伏見桃山城は京都の南にある。  
Fushimi-Momoyama Castle is in the South of Kyoto.

  * 奈良県は京都の南にある。  
Nara Prefecture is located to the south of Kyoto.

If you want to avoid any confusion, you can say:

  * Xは京都の南部にある。: inside Kyoto  
(Keep の if you want to say this generally; see
[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/21166/5010).)

  * Xは京都の南の端にある。: inside Kyoto
  * Xは京都の中で南の方にある。: inside Kyoto  
(sounds wordy, use as a last resort)

  * Xは京都の南に接している。: outside but adjacent to Kyoto
  * Xは京都のはるか南にある。: outside and far away from Kyoto
  * Xは京都の南にある町の中にある。: outside Kyoto




`Place + の + 東/西/南/北 + にある` is indeed ambiguous, but you can usually determine
the meaning in one way with the aid of the context and some background
knowledge:

  * 伏見桃山城は京都の南にある。  
Fushimi-Momoyama Castle is in the South of Kyoto.

  * 奈良県は京都の南にある。  
Nara Prefecture is located to the south of Kyoto.

If you want to avoid any confusion, you can say:

  * Xは京都の南部にある。: inside Kyoto  
(Keep の if you want to say this generally; see
[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/21166/5010).)

  * Xは京都の南の端にある。: inside Kyoto
  * Xは京都の中で南の方にある。: inside Kyoto  
(sounds wordy, use as a last resort)

  * Xは京都の南に接している。: outside but adjacent to Kyoto
  * Xは京都のはるか南にある。: outside and far away from Kyoto
  * Xは京都の南にある町の中にある。: outside Kyoto

