Symbols in classical literary texts


Starting to read classic literary texts, mainly in Aozora Bunko, I am
encountering symbols like ／″＼, ／＼, ――, ○○ (above a word) or ```````` (above a
word), which I don't know what they mean.

For example, in this work by Kasai Zenzō (葛西善藏)

<https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000984/files/1097_22274.html>

it can immediately be seen the repeated use of ／″＼,／＼and ――.

ありがたくしみ／″＼と眺めやつた

此の朝つく／″＼と身に沁みて考へられた

僕にはもと／＼掠奪りやくだつの心はないんだ

一応――三四日しておせいはまた下宿に逃げて来たのだ――で彼女の言ひ分も確めたいと思ひ

In the same work, we can find this sentence

下宿の女中さんなどは無論寝てゐたんだが、電話に出て、読売からだと取次いでくれた。

in which, the word 読売 has a ○ above each kanji, that is, a ○ above 読 and
another ○ above 売 .

On the other hand, for example, in the work Botchan (坊っちゃん) by Natsume Sōseki
(夏目漱石)

<https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000148/files/752_14964.html>

in this sentence

おくれんかな、もしは生温るい言葉だ。

each of the kana in おくれんかな、もし has a ` above.

**My question is: what do all these symbols mean? Are they something common in
the Japanese language used in most classic literary texts (and therefore, if I
read these texts through a physical format, printed in a book, I will also
find them) or do they only appear in Aozora Bunko texts for any particular
reason?**

If these symbols (and other ones that may be and I don't know them) are known
in Japanese under a certain name, I would also like to know it, so that I can
read more about the matter.

Thanks a lot in advance for your help!




These long bars indicate that the previous "word" gets repeated. ("word" isn't
really the right word). so しみ／″＼ is しみじみ and つく／″＼ is つくづく.

／＼ is just like ／″＼ except without voicing. So もと／＼ is just もともと.

This is similar to the use of 々 in 生々. But 々 is used with kanji and ／＼ is used
with kana.

"` above" acts like emphasis

It looks like ○ is also providing emphasis of sort.

These are not unusual to encounter in older texts. In a more recent text, I
feel they give the text an old fashioned feel. But notice also that the
spelling (the use of kana) does not follow modern standard. やうな for more
contemporary ような. The use of ゐ in ゐる. And いふ, 云つた, and 云はれた--for いう, いった, and
言われた respectively--which I don't see much in more contemporary works. So
altogether, this looks fairly reasonable for something published in the
periods from Meiji period through early Showa.

