とか vs. って vs. という vs. と言われている


can someone help me with the following questions:

> ねえ、このきじみて。きのうのスケート大会、青木選手が＿＿＿。
>
> a）優勝したとか b）優勝したんだって c）優勝したという

Answer is b but I am not sure why a is wrong cause the guide says that 'toka'
and 'tte' can be both used when you hear about some news.

> 今、テレビの天気予報で見たんだけど、あしたは全国的に雨だ＿＿＿よ。
>
> a）ときいている b）と言われている c）そうだ

Answer is c but why is b wrong?

Thanks!




> 「ねえ、この[記事見]{きじみ}て。[昨日]{きのう}のスケート[大会]{たいかい}、[青木選手]{あおきせんしゅ}が＿＿＿。」
>
> a）[優勝]{ゆうしょう}したとか b）優勝したんだって c）優勝したという

Only (b) can be the correct answer because you have the newspaper right in
front of you and therefore, you know exactly who won. You are NOT relying on
hearsay or rumors, which is the source of information when you use 「とか」 or
「という」.

「～～したんだって」 can actually be used both ways --- quoting a hearsay or rumor AND
quoting a direct source, but 「とか」 and 「という」 can only be used when quoting an
indirect source. Tricky, I know but only (b) is correct.

>
> 「[今]{いま}、テレビの[天気予報]{てんきよほう}で[見]{み}たんだけど、[明日]{あした}は[全国的]{ぜんこくてき}に[雨]{あめ}だ＿＿＿よ。」
>
> a）と[聞]{き}いている b）と[言]{い}われている c）そうだ

Only (c) is correct and this question is more complicated than the first, I
have to admit. It is more complicated because it is about the next day's
weather, which is something no one can be 100% sure about. The first question
was about a fact --- who won the race the previous day.

「と聞いている」 does not fit because it suggests that there has been some time
between the present and the time you heard what you heard. The sentence
clearly says 「今見た」. You saw the forecast a moment ago.

「と言われている」 does not fit, either, because it means "Many people say ~~." You
just saw the forecast now. You did not have the time to hear what many people
say about tomorrow's weather.

「そうだ」 might look like the wrong answer to some because it sounds like you are
quoting a rumor, but it is correct because even though you have just seen the
forecast on TV, there is a possibility that it might not actually rain
tomorrow. That it might rain tomorow is not a fact at this point.

