text: Kei roto i tētahi atu rōpū o ngā pūkenga nanotechnological ērā i whakamahia mō ngā kāwai o ngā ahorangi me ngā nanowires, ngā mea e whakamahia ana ki te pūrere takawaenga, pēnei i te lithography hōhonu ultraviolet, te mīrihi rakau irahiko, pūkino hihi hiku arotahi, ngā lithography nanoimprint, te āpitihanga apa ngota, me te putunga kaipupuri ngota, tae atu anō ki ngā pūkenga rāpoingota, pērā ki ngā kaipupuru paraka-paraka.