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<p>Large aircraft are important assets in the military, as well as in civilian aviation. Today, the threat is not only in the battlespace but is also emerging and distributed throughout all the places where large aircraft operate. The threat has expanded due to new developments in advancing missile technology. This study is meant to be a comprehensive guide for non-technical aircrew and an introduction for technical personnel by defining threat technologies, detection systems and systems to counter today's surface-to-air missile technologies and possible future developments. Countermeasures are expressed both scientifically and operationally with examples from the current market. The emerging threats of man-portable air  defense systems (MANPADs) and infrared technology are also reviewed. The hardness of flying platforms and survivability issues are explained, including the latest examples from operations in Iraq.  The goal of this study is to assist in the design or modernization of a large aircraft with equipment according to new demands both in the battlespace and in normal civilian operations.
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<br>Subjects: Air defenses; Research; United States; September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001; Aeronautics, Commercial; Security measures; Surface-to-air missiles</div>
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Yildirim, Zeki.</div>
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