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<p>Lead-acid batteries have traditionally been used for energy storage in microgrid applications. Implementing an Energy Management System (EMS)-controlled supercapacitor (SC) and lead-acid battery hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has been shown to reduce operational costs by extending battery lifetimes. The SCs can be controlled to provide the high-frequency, power-dense component of the load power, which reduces the daily cyclical stress and state-of-charge (SOC) depletion of the lead-acid batteries; however, the HESS must be appropriately sized based on cost constraints, available power sources, and load demand.
The enabling theory and design of a SIMULINK model of a DC microgrid are discussed in this thesis. The results obtained from this model illustrate the energy exchange between microgrid components, demonstrate some of the potential benefits of implementing a HESS, and provide useful data for battery and SC sizing. The DC microgrid model is scalable and can use any user-defined combination of source and load profiles. In islanded mode, the lead-acid battery and SC banks need to be unrealistically large to provide adequate power to the load. In grid-connected mode, the HESS sizing requirements are significantly reduced, and the overall energy savings of the system are improved.
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<br>Subjects: Energy Management System (EMS); hybrid energy storage system (HESS); lead-acid battery; supercapacitor (SC); microgrid</div>
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Ross, Michael J. Jr.</div>
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