<b>Uploader's notes</b>: All three versions of the original NASA image have been modified by increasing pixel dimensions by a factor of 4, sharpening, removing artifacts, cropping and converting from TIFF to JPEG format. In addition, the middle version has been modified by lightening shadows, while the lower version has been modified by decreasing brightness, increasing contrast, lightening shadows, darkening highlights and increasing midtone contrast.
<p><b>Original caption</b> released with image:
</p><p>These two images from NASA's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" class="extiw" title="w:Cassini–Huygens">Cassini spacecraft</a> show how the spacecraft's perspective changed as it passed within 15,300 miles (24,600 kilometers) of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" class="extiw" title="w:Saturn">Saturn</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" class="extiw" title="w:Moons of Saturn">moon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(moon)" class="extiw" title="w:Pan (moon)">Pan</a> on March 7, 2017. This was Cassini's closest-ever encounter with Pan, improving the level of detail seen on the little moon by a factor of eight over previous observations.
</p><p>The views show the northern and southern hemispheres of Pan, at left and right, respectively. Both views look toward Pan's trailing side, which is the side opposite the moon's direction of motion as it orbits Saturn.
</p><p>Cassini imaging scientists think that Pan formed within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" class="extiw" title="w:Rings of Saturn">Saturn's rings</a>, with ring material accreting onto it and forming the rounded shape of its central mass, when the outer part of the ring system was quite young and the ring system was vertically thicker. Thus, Pan probably has a core of icy material that is denser than the softer mantle around it.
</p><p>The distinctive, thin ridge around Pan's equator is thought to have come after the moon formed and had cleared the gap in the rings in which it resides today. At that point the ring was as thin as it is today, yet there was still ring material accreting onto Pan. However, at the tail end of the process, that material was raining down on the moon solely in (or close to) its equatorial region. Thus, the infalling material formed a tall, narrow ridge of material. On a larger, more massive body, this ridge would not be so tall (relative to the body) because gravity would cause it to flatten out. But Pan's gravity is so feeble that the ring material simply settles onto Pan and builds up. Other dynamical forces keep the ridge from growing indefinitely.
</p><p>These views are also presented in stereo (3-D) in <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PIA21435_-_Pan_Anaglyph_(3-D).jpg" title="File:PIA21435 - Pan Anaglyph (3-D).jpg">PIA21435</a>. The images are presented here at their original size.
</p><p>The views were acquired by the Cassini narrow-angle camera at distances of 15,275 miles or 24,583 kilometers (left view) and 23,199 miles or 37,335 kilometers (right view). Image scale is 482 feet or 147 meters per pixel (left view) and about 735 feet or 224 meters per pixel (right view).
</p><p>See PIA09868 and PIA11529 for more distant context views of Pan.
</p><p>The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.
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For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov">http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nasa.gov/cassini">http://www.nasa.gov/cassini</a>. The Cassini imaging team homepage is at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ciclops.org">http://ciclops.org</a>.
NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech / Space Science Institute
This image or video was catalogued by Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the United States <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" class="extiw" title="w:NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) under <b>Photo ID:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.nasa.gov/search?q=PIA21436&amp;page=1&amp;media=image,video,audio&amp;yearStart=1920&amp;yearEnd=2023">PIA21436</a>.