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<p>Periodontal medicine, part II: the relationship between periodontal disease, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke<br>Lieutenant Commander Walter D. Brafford, DC, USN and Captain Tracy A. Scott, DC, USN<br><br>Introduction<br>Approximately 20% of all annual deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the major cause of death in developed countries such as the United States. The classical risk factors of CVD (hypertension, hyper-cholesterolenemia, and smoking) account for 50% to 66% of the total cases of CVD. Consequently other risk factors have yet to be determined and further scientific investigation is needed into the pathogenesis of CVD. Recently, investigators have speculated on the relationship between chronic oral infections and CVD. This clinical update will discuss these possibilities and will expound upon the relationship between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke.
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<br>Subjects: Arteriosclerosis;  Coronary Disease; Developed Countries; Hypertension; Periodontal Diseases; Risk Factors;  Smoking;  Stroke</div>
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U.S. Navy. Naval Postgraduate Dental School</div>
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