Phylogenetic tree of mtDNA haplogroup HV1b. Time scale (ka) based on ML estimations for mitogenome sequences. The main lineages with a potentially Near Eastern source include HV1, R0a1a and U7a5 (~8.3% of total Ashkenazi lineages). HV1b2 mitogenomes, in particular, date to ~2 ka and nest within a cluster of Near Eastern HV1b lineages dating to ~18 ka
Marta D. Costa,	Joana B. Pereira,	Maria Pala,	Verónica Fernandes,	Anna Olivieri, Alessandro Achilli,	Ugo A. Perego,	Sergei Rychkov,	Oksana Naumova,	Jiři Hatina,	Scott R. Woodward,	Ken Khong Eng,	Vincent Macaulay,	Martin Carr,	Pedro Soares,	Luísa Pereira	&amp; Martin B. Richards
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Marta D. Costa et al. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2543 doi:10.1038/ncomms3543 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html</a>