Annulus relaxation and spore ejection, recorded with 100.000 fps. For better visibility, the original movie with a resolution of 140 x 32 pixels was digitally enlarged without interpolation. Furthermore, we added a timescale and chose a very slow playback frame rate in the second part of the video for a better understanding of when the first, very fast annulus relaxation step has ended (at t = 40 μs, the vast majority of spores emerge from the apical cup). The sporangium was gripped with tweezers (MOV, 20 fps, 700 x 160 pixels, 946 KB).
Poppinga S, Haushahn T, Warnke M, Masselter T, Speck T
CC BY 4.0
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596474/bin/pone.0138495.s008.mov">S7 Video</a> from <cite style="font-style:normal">Poppinga S, Haushahn T, Warnke M, Masselter T, Speck T (2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596474">Sporangium Exposure and Spore Release in the Peruvian Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum peruvianum, Pteridaceae)</a>". <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138495">10.1371/journal.pone.0138495</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID" class="extiw" title="w:PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444002">26444002</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="extiw" title="w:PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596474">4596474</a>.</cite>