A parasitized <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrinteina_leucocerae" class="extiw" title="w:Thyrinteina leucocerae">Thyrinteina leucocerae</a></i> caterpillar, bent over the parasitoid <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptapanteles" class="extiw" title="w:Glyptapanteles">Glyptapanteles</a></i> pupae that have egressed from it, defends itself and the parasitoid pupae against a predator (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supputius_cincticeps" class="extiw" title="w:Supputius cincticeps">Supputius cincticeps</a></i>) with violent head-swings, resulting in the predator being knocked off the twig.
Grosman A, Janssen A, de Brito E, Cordeiro E, Colares F, Fonseca J, Lima E, Pallini A, Sabelis M
CC BY 2.5
Movie S1 from <cite style="font-style:normal">Grosman A, Janssen A, de Brito E, Cordeiro E, Colares F, Fonseca J, Lima E, Pallini A, Sabelis M. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386968">Parasitoid Increases Survival of Its Pupae by Inducing Hosts to Fight Predators</a>". <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002276">10.1371/journal.pone.0002276</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID" class="extiw" title="w:PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18523578">18523578</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="extiw" title="w:PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386968">2386968</a>.</cite>