Phylogenetic tree of mtDNA haplogroup K2a2. Time scale (ka) based on ML estimations for mitogenome sequences. K2a2 accounts for another 16% of Ashkenazi K lineages (or ~5% of total Ashkenazi lineages) and dates to ~8.4 ka. Ashkenazi lineages are once more found in a shallow subclade, K2a2a1, dating to ~1.5 ka, that otherwise again includes only east Europeans, suggesting gene flow from the Ashkenazim. Conversely, the nesting clades, K2a2 and K2a2a, although poorly sampled, include only French and German lineages. K2a2a is not found in non-European Jews.
Marta D. Costa,	Joana B. Pereira,	Maria Pala,	Verónica Fernandes,	Anna Olivieri, Alessandro Achilli,	Ugo A. Perego,	Sergei Rychkov,	Oksana Naumova,	Jiři Hatina,	Scott R. Woodward,	Ken Khong Eng,	Vincent Macaulay,	Martin Carr,	Pedro Soares,	Luísa Pereira	&amp; Martin B. Richards
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Marta D. Costa et al. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications 4, Article number: 2543 doi:10.1038/ncomms3543 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html</a>