Phylogeny of complete mtDNA sequences belonging to haplogroups A2ad and A2af.
The tree was rooted by using the reference sequence rCRS that is indicated for reading off sequence motifs. All sequences are new except for #04, #25 and #26 (Table 2). Mutations are shown on the branches; they are transitions unless a base is explicitly indicated. Suffixes indicate: reversions (@), transversions (to A, G, C, or T), indels (ins, del), gene locus, synonymous or non-synonymous changes. Recurrent mutations within the A2 branch are underlined. Any length variations in the C-stretch between nucleotides 303–315 and 16184–16193 were disregarded. Additional information regarding each mtDNA is available on Table 2. Coalescence times were calculated by converting into years [50] the averaged distance (rho, in blue) and the maximum likelihood (ML, in green) estimate, calculated by considering all the substitutions on the entire mitochondrial genome.
Ugo A. Perego , Hovirag Lancioni , Maribel Tribaldos , Norman Angerhofer, Jayne E. Ekins, Anna Olivieri, Scott R. Woodward, Juan Miguel Pascale, Richard Cooke, Jorge Motta, Alessandro Achilli
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Perego UA, Lancioni H, Tribaldos M, Angerhofer N, Ekins JE, Olivieri A, et al. (2012) Decrypting the Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Modern Panamanians. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38337. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038337 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038337">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038337</a>