Original caption: "Figure 1. Association between <i>Nepenthes bicalcarata</i> pitcher plants, <i>Camponotus schmitzi</i> ants, and fly larvae that develop in the pitchers.
<b>A.</b> Pair of <i>N. bicalcarata</i> upper pitchers. <b>B.</b> <i>C. schmitzi</i> workers retrieve a drowned cockroach from the fluid inside a pitcher. <b>C.</b> examples of the rich dipteran infauna of <i>N. bicalcarata</i>; from left to right; top row: <i>Toxorhynchites</i> sp., <i>Tripteroides</i> sp., <i>Culex</i> morphospecies 1, <i>Culex</i> morphospecies 2, <i>Uranotaenia</i> sp.; bottom row: <i>Wilhelmina nepenthicola</i>, large puparium (cf. Phoridae) hanging under the pitcher rim, large culicid pupa at fluid surface (other pupae, culicid larvae and <i>Polypedilum</i> (Chironomidae) larvae living in protective cases are also visible).
Scharmann <i>et al.</i>
CC BY 2.5
Scharmann, M., D.G. Thornham, T.U. Grafe &amp; W. Federle (2013). A novel type of nutritional ant–plant interaction: ant partners of carnivorous pitcher plants prevent nutrient export by dipteran pitcher infauna. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>8</b>(5): e63556. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0063556">10.1371/journal.pone.0063556</a>