Diagram of the molecular signaling cascades that are involved in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/myofibril" class="extiw" title="en:myofibril">myofibrillar</a> muscle protein synthesis and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mitochondrial_biogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:mitochondrial biogenesis">mitochondrial biogenesis</a> in response to physical exercise and specific amino acids or their derivatives (primarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leucine" class="extiw" title="en:leucine">leucine</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beta-hydroxy_beta-methylbutyrate" class="extiw" title="en:beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate">beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate</a>). 
<p>Abbreviations and schematic representations:
</p>
<span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>PLD: phospholipase D<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>PA: phosphatidic acid<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>AMP: adenosine monophosphate<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>ATP: adenosine triphosphate<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>PGC‐1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>S6K1: p70S6 kinase<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>eIF4E: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>RPS6: ribosomal protein S6<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>eEF2: eukaryotic elongation factor 2<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>RE: resistance exercise; EE: endurance exercise<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>Myo: myofibrillar; Mito: mitochondrial<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>AA: amino acids<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>↑ represents activation<br><span style="color:#46C;font-size:85%">   ■</span>Τ represents inhibition
Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Perez-Schindler J, Philp A, Smith K, Atherton PJ
CC BY 4.0
<cite style="font-style:normal"> (January 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843955">Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise</a>". <i>Acta Physiol (Oxf)</i> <b>216</b> (1): 15–41. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12532">10.1111/apha.12532</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID" class="extiw" title="w:PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26010896">26010896</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="extiw" title="w:PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843955">4843955</a>.</cite> <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843955/figure/apha12532-fig-0001/">Figure 1</a></b>