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4039827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Rask | HNoMS Rask | Two Royal Norwegian Navy patrol boats have been named Rask (quick).
- a launched in 1887.
- a
Royal Norwegian Navy ship names |
4039837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenii%20muscle | Splenii muscle | Splenii muscle may refer to:
Splenius capitis muscle
Splenius cervicis muscle |
4039843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Snar | HNoMS Snar | Two Royal Norwegian Navy patrol boats have been named Snar (quick):
, a launched in 1887
, a
Royal Norwegian Navy ship names |
4039844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurhaus%20of%20Scheveningen | Kurhaus of Scheveningen | The Kurhaus of Scheveningen, The Hague in the Netherlands is a hotel which has been called the Grand Hotel Amrâth Kurhaus The Hague since October 2014. It is located in the main seaside resort area, near the beach.
History
The Kurhaus was built between 1884 and 1885 by the German architects Johann Friedrich Henkenhaf and Friedrich Ebert. It consisted originally of a concert hall and a hotel with 120 rooms. Having suffered serious damage by fire, it was rebuilt between 1886 and 1887. The ceilings were painted by the Brussels artist Van Hoeck and his large workshop. Several kings and heads of state sojourned in the Kurhaus during its heyday.
Until the mid 1960s, the Kurhaus remained a public attraction as a major concert hall, at which many top artists performed. The Rolling Stones performed at the Kurhaus on August 8, 1964, and had to flee the building due to the vast numbers of excited fans outside.
Ike & Tina Turner performed at the Kurhaus on February 11, 1971. The show was aired on Dutch television VPRO and released on DVD in 2004 as The Legends Ike & Tina Turner Live in '71.
The Kurhaus was saved from demolition in 1975 by being listed as a historic building, and was completely renovated. It was reopened in 1979 in the presence of Princess Beatrix.
References
External links
Rijksmonuments in The Hague
Casinos in the Netherlands
Scheveningen
Music venues completed in 1885
Hotel buildings completed in 1885
Music venues completed in 1887
Hotel buildings completed in 1887
Hotels in the Netherlands |
4039847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Heil | Jennifer Heil | Jennifer Heil (born April 11, 1983) is a Canadian freestyle skier from Spruce Grove, Alberta. Heil started skiing at age two. Jennifer Heil won the first gold medal for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics games in Turin, Italy and a silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, which was also Canada's first medal in those games. Heil is the reigning world champion in dual moguls. She has three world championship titles in total and two silver medals from the Worlds as well. Over her career, Heil has won a record-tying five overall FIS World Cup Crystal Globe titles for freestyle skiing.
Heil is involved with several charitable organisations including Because I am a Girl and Right to Play. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Heil donated $25,000 to Because I am a Girl. Heil also speaks to students across Canada along a theme of Dare to Dream, and hosts an annual "girls only" mogul skiing camp. B2ten, created with the help of Heil, is a privately run business model organisation with the intent of raising funds to support amateur Canadian athletes.
Career
Early career
Heil competed in her first Olympics at the 2002 Winter Olympics at the age of 18, finishing fourth in the moguls, just one-hundredth of a point out of a bronze medal. She took the 2002–03 season off due to injury, and then won the World Cup in 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2005–06. Heil then won the first gold medal for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Giving Canada its first victory on the first full day of competition, Heil placed her title in the moguls event. Following the Olympics, Heil completed the season by winning her fourth straight World Cup title.
B2ten
Jennifer Heil took part in extensive experimental training in order to prepare for the Olympic Games. She worked with one of Canada's leading sports psychologists, a strength trainer, and an athletic therapist daily. After winning in 2006, Jennifer expressed her desire to build a program that would offer the same kind of support she got to other athletes in Canada. JD Miller and her coach Dominick Gauthier helped her build B2ten who now raised about 3 million dollars and supports 20 athletes from 13 different sports. Heil took the 2008 season off in order to help heal her injured knees. Following that year, Heil had a very successful 2008–09 world cup season. This included a silver medal during the stop at Cypress Mountain which was the site of the moguls competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics.
2010 Vancouver Olympics
Going into the 2010 Olympics, Heil won the last 4 2009–10 Freestyle Skiing World Cup events that she entered. She opted out of the last event before the games to give her fellow countrymen an opportunity to qualify for the games. The women's moguls qualifications began in unfavourable weather conditions with rain, sleet, and slushy conditions on the course. Heil finished the qualification in second place, meaning she ran second-to-last in the final. In the final Heil had a successful and fast run which put her in first place with one skier yet to go. Heil sat, watched, and waited as Hannah Kearney of the US had her final run. Kearney finished first and displaced Heil for both the gold and as Olympic champion.
Heil was visibly distraught as many including herself expected her to win the gold medal. Heil had gone into the event as the reigning Olympic champion and favourite not only to win the gold, but Canada's first gold medal during a Canadian hosted Olympics ever. Heil's B2ten company was founded in part to win the first gold at home and assist fellow Canadians in their quest for medals. The honour of winning the first home-soil Olympic gold medal would go to Alexandre Bilodeau the next day on Sunday, February 14. Although Heil herself did not win it, Bilodeau's victory deserves some credit from Heil as he is a sponsored B2ten athlete as well. The next day Heil was seen on television celebrating her silver medal. She went on to say that she did not lose the gold but won the silver medal and was celebrating on stage at the medal ceremony.
According to CTV an average of about 6.6 million and a peak of 8 million Canadians tuned into their television to watch Heil try and break the gold medal slump. More Canadians watched Heil try to win gold than the 6 million that had watched the New Orleans Saints win Super Bowl XLIV.
Following her 2010 Olympics silver medal win at the Cypress Mountain venue near Vancouver, Heil went on to say that this would likely be her last games. Heil said that she wants to win a third world championship next year in 2011, following that she would like to get on with her post-mogul career. Heil said she hoped to finish her degree in management studies at McGill University after retiring following the 2010–11 season and planned to continue her work in jewellery design. She also stated that she plans to continue her work in philanthropy. Following the 2010 Olympics Heil again made a donation of $25,000, this time to Because I am a Girl, an organization that helps lift girls out of poverty. Heil said of her donation that "I’ve had the power in my hands to help and many young girls don’t have that same power. We want to make this Canada’s most giving Games ever." Alexandre Bilodeau also made a donation but he made his to the Canadian Association of Pediatric Health Centres for cerebral palsy. They both went on to encourage others to give saying that they have the ability to give back and if others were to help in their own way it would make a difference.
Finishing her career
During January of the 2010–11 World Cup season, Heil officially announced her retirement prior to the Canadian stop at the Canada Olympic Park in Calgary. Heil would say of her retirement that "I'm definitely in good shape. I could go for one more Olympic Games. I'm still at the top of my game, but for me I feel it's an important time to build on my future. I want to be as successful off the slopes as I have been on the slopes and I feel that time is now. I feel that in my heart."
Heil's next event was at the 2011 FIS World Championships. In her last event there in the moguls final, Heil won her first ever gold medal and first ever medal having previously won only in the dual moguls event. Heil said of her win there that "It's a title I've never won before and there's been a lot of discussion about that in Canada. I've never been one to count my medals and count my titles, but I'm pretty happy that that conversation is over." For the last day of the World Championships, Heil competed in the dual moguls event. There she advanced to the final where she defeated young teammate Chloé Dufour-Lapointe to win her second gold medal of the competition. The victory was her third successive dual moguls crown, more importantly it ensured that Heil would end her career as a double world champion. As a result of her dual championship golds she was awarded the Canadian Press's female athlete of the year for 2011.
Personal life
Heil is a management and political science student at Desautels Faculty of Management of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Heil is involved in several charities including Right to Play, a sports-based humanitarian agency, and Plan Canada’s Because I am a Girl, a program that promotes girls' rights internationally. She has stated that she wishes to continue her efforts in these charities following her retirement. In her spare time, Heil is an avid surfer.
Heil's boyfriend, Dominick Gauthier, is also her coach. They started dating in 2004 when Gauthier was coaching the Japanese moguls team. Gauthier is also the coach of men's mogul skier, Alexandre Bilodeau.
References
External links
TSN article
CTV Olympic profile
1983 births
Living people
Canadian female freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic freestyle skiers of Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
People from Spruce Grove
Sportspeople from Alberta
McGill University Faculty of Management alumni |
4039848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsdiecker%20reaction | Hunsdiecker reaction | The Hunsdiecker reaction (also called the Borodin reaction or the Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction) is a name reaction in organic chemistry whereby silver salts of carboxylic acids react with a halogen to produce an organic halide. It is an example of both a decarboxylation and a halogenation reaction as the product has one fewer carbon atoms than the starting material (lost as carbon dioxide) and a halogen atom is introduced its place. The reaction was first demonstrated by Alexander Borodin in his 1861 reports of the preparation of methyl bromide () from silver acetate (). Shortly after, the approach was applied to the degradation of fatty acids in the laboratory of Adolf Lieben. However, it is named for Cläre Hunsdiecker and her husband Heinz Hunsdiecker, whose work in the 1930s developed it into a general method. Several reviews have been published, and a catalytic approach has been developed.
History
Alexander Borodin first observed the reaction in 1861 when he prepared methyl bromide from silver acetate. The reaction is a decarboxylation in that alkyl halide product has one fewer carbon atoms than its parent carboxylate, lost as carbon dioxide.
+ → + +
Around the same time, Angelo Simonini was working as a student of Adolf Lieben at the University of Vienna, investigating the reactions of silver carboxylates with iodine. They found that the products formed are determined by the stoichiometry within the reaction mixture. Using a carboxylate-to-iodine ratio of 1:1 leads to an alkyl iodide product, in line with Borodin's findings and the modern understanding of the Hunsdiecker reaction. However, a 2:1 ratio favours the formation of an ester product that arises from decarboxylation of one carboxylate and coupling the resulting alkyl chain with the other.
Using a 3:2 ratio of reactants leads to the formation of a 1:1 mixture of both products. These processes are sometimes known as the Simonini reaction rather than as modifications of the Hunsdiecker reaction.
3 + 2 → + + 2 + 3
It is now well established that mercuric oxide can also be used to effect this transformation. The reaction has been applied to the preparation of ω-bromo esters with chain lengths between five and seventeen carbon atoms, with the preparation of methyl 5-bromovalerate published in Organic Syntheses as an exemplar.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Hunsdiecker reaction is believed to involve organic radical intermediates. The silver will quickly react with bromine to form acyl hypohalite intermediate 2. Formation of the diradical pair 3 allows for radical decarboxylation to form the diradical pair 4, which will quickly recombine to form the desired organic halide 5. The trend in the yield of the resulting halide is primary > secondary > tertiary.
Reaction with α, β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids
Chowdhury and Roy noted several drawbacks of using Hunsdiecker reaction, namely that some reagents, such as molecular bromine and salts of mercury, thallium, lead, and silver, are inherently toxic and that reactions with α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acids result in low yield. Regarding reactions using α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acids, Kuang et al. modified the reaction with using a new halogenating agent, N-halosuccinimide, and lithium acetate as the catalyst, which resulted in higher yield of β-Halostyrenes. They found that using the microwave irradiation could synthesize (E)-β-arylvinyl halide much quicker with higher yields. This is useful because synthesizing (E'')-vinyl bromide in general is not very practical due to the complexity of alternative reagents (e.g. organometallic compounds), longer reaction times, and lower yields. Using microwave irradiation also allows the synthesized arylvinyl halide to carry electron-donating groups (in addition to electron-withdrawing groups), which is not possible with alternative synthetic methods. While tetrabutylammonium trifluoroacetate (TBATFA) could be used as an alternative catalyst for a metal-free reaction, it was noted that lithium acetate resulted in higher yields compared to other relatively complex catalysts, including tetrabutylammonium trifluoroacetate. An alternative method using micelles was found, with green characteristics. Micelles generally facilitate reactions thanks to their solublization capability and here, it was found that a reaction with α, β-unsaturated aromatic carboxylic acids and N-halosuccinimide catalyzed by cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Triton-X-100 in dichloroethane (DCE) carried out under reflux conditions of 20–60 minutes formed β-Halostyrenes in excellent yields with high regioselectivity.
Variations
Mercuric oxide
Lampman and Aumiller used mercuric oxide and bromine to prepare 1-bromo-3-chlorocyclobutane from 3-chlorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in a modification of the Hunsdiecker reaction. This is known as Cristol-Firth modification. The product had previously been shown by Wiberg to react with molten sodium metal to form bicyclobutane via a Wurtz coupling in good yield.
Kochi reaction
The Kochi reaction is a variation on the Hunsdiecker reaction developed by Jay Kochi that uses lead(IV) acetate and lithium chloride (lithium bromide can also be used) to effect the halogenation and decarboxylation.
See also
Barton Decarboxylation
Barton–McCombie deoxygenation
References
External links
Animation of the reaction mechanism
Free radical reactions
Halogenation reactions
Name reactions |
4039857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390%20in%20English%20football | 1989–90 in English football | The 1989–90 season was the 110th season of competitive football in England.
Overview
English clubs were still banned from competing in European competitions following the Heysel Stadium disaster.
The season marked the beginning of the regular trend for clubs to leave their homes of many years and head for purpose built new stadia, following the bold move to Glanford Park by Scunthorpe United in 1988. Walsall and Chester City brought the curtain down on their many years at Fellows Park and Sealand Road respectively (both with games against Rotherham United). Walsall moved to the Bescot Stadium, while Chester began a groundshare with Macclesfield Town at Moss Rose until their new stadium was completed.
Meanwhile, Football Conference sides Wycombe Wanderers and Yeovil Town relocated to Adams Park and Huish Park respectively.
Diary of the season
1 July 1989 – Midfielder Mike Phelan joins Manchester United in a £750,000 transfer from Norwich City.
5 July 1989 – Lou Macari departs from Swindon Town to succeed John Lyall as manager of West Ham United. He is only the sixth manager to have taken charge of West Ham since their formation in 1900.
6 July 1989 – After just four months at Glasgow Rangers, Mel Sterland leaves the Scottish league champions and returns to England in a move to Second Division Leeds United for £600,000.
8 July 1989 – Olympique Marseille pay Tottenham Hotspur £4.5 million for winger Chris Waddle, a fee that makes him the most expensive British player. After a year in France with Bordeaux, Clive Allen returns to England in a £1million move to newly promoted Manchester City.
10 July 1989 – Scottish striker Mark McGhee returns to Newcastle United on a free transfer from Scottish Cup winners Celtic.
11 July 1989 – Aston Villa sign Kent Nielsen, the Denmark central defender, from Brøndby in a £500,000 deal.
12 July 1989 – Glenn Hysen, the Swedish defender who had been expected to sign for Manchester United, is instead signed by Liverpool. Don Howe, a member of the English coaching staff, resigns as assistant manager of Wimbledon and becomes assistant to Trevor Francis at Queens Park Rangers.
13 July 1989 – Third Division Notts County reject a £750,000 bid for 22–year–old defender Dean Yates.
15 July 1989 – Laurie Cunningham, who played in Wimbledon's FA Cup triumph 14 months ago and had a successful spell with West Bromwich Albion in the late 1970s, dies in a car crash in Spain. He was 33 years old and had been playing for Rayo Vallecano at the time of his death.
17 July 1989 – Liverpool sign 18–year–old defender Steve Harkness from Carlisle United for £75,000. Tottenham Hotspur sign midfielder Steve Sedgley from Coventry City for £750,000.
19 July 1989 – Former Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Ossie Ardiles, 37 next month, is appointed player–manager of Swindon Town.
21 July 1989 – A tribunal orders Manchester United to pay £1.5 million to Nottingham Forest for 26–year–old midfielder Neil Webb.
24 July 1989 – Aston Villa sign Manchester United defender Paul McGrath for £400,000.
26 July 1989 – Norman Whiteside moves from Manchester United to Everton for £750,000.
27 July 1989 – Everton pay Leicester City £1.1 million for striker Mike Newell.
28 July 1989 – Maidstone United prepare for their first Football League season with a £10,000 move for 19–year–old Leytonstone defender Warren Barton.
31 July 1989 – Norwich City pay Coventry City £525,000 for Welsh winger David Phillips.
3 August 1989 – Nottingham Forest pay Leeds United £650,000 for Republic of Ireland midfielder John Sheridan.
7 August 1989 – Everton sign Aston Villa defender Martin Keown for £750,000.
12 August 1989 - Liverpool beat Arsenal 1-0 in the Charity Shield at Wembley. Peter Beardsley scores the only goal of the game.
14 August 1989 – Adrian Heath returns to English football after less than a year in Spain when he joins Aston Villa from Espanyol for £360,000.
18 August 1989 – Property tycoon Michael Knighton agrees to buy control of Manchester United in a deal which is believed to be worth around £20 million.
19 August 1989 – On the first day of the First Division season, champions Arsenal lose 4–1 away to Manchester United, while Liverpool beat Manchester City 3–1. Second Division promotion favourites Newcastle United and Leeds United clash at St James' Park in a match which ends with the home side winning 5–2, with Micky Quinn scoring four goals on his Newcastle debut. In the Second Division, Frank McAvennie breaks his leg in West Ham's 1-1 draw at Stoke and is expected to be out of action until at least the winter.
21 August 1989 – Luton Town pay a club record £650,000 for striker Lars Elstrup from Danish side OB Odense.
22 August 1989 – Tottenham Hotspur sign defender Pat van den Hauwe from Everton for £650,000.
23 August 1989 – Paul Bracewell, who has missed most of the last three years because of injury, joins Sunderland for £250,000.
24 August 1989 – West Ham United boost their Second Division promotion push with a £675,000 move for Queens Park Rangers midfielder Martin Allen, just weeks after a move to First Division champions Arsenal collapsed.
26 August 1989 - Newly promoted Chelsea go top of the First Division after three games with a 4-0 home win over Sheffield Wednesday. Derby County beat Manchester United 2-0 at the Baseball Ground. A thrilling Second Division encounter at Dean Court sees AFC Bournemouth beat Hull City 5-4.
29 August 1989 – Gary Pallister becomes Britain's most expensive defender in a £2.3 million move from Middlesbrough to Manchester United.
30 August 1989 - Manchester United suffer another disappointing First Division result, losing 2-0 at home to Norwich. Coventry go top of the First Division with a 2-1 home win over Manchester City.
31 August 1989 – The first month of the league season ends with Coventry City as First Division leaders after three wins from four games. Sheffield Wednesday prop up the table, followed by newly promoted Manchester City and Crystal Palace. Defending champions Arsenal occupy a lowly 15th place. The Second Division promotion race gets underway with West Ham United leading the table level on points with Blackburn Rovers. The playoff places are occupied by Sheffield United (newly promoted), Ipswich Town, Watford and newly relegated Newcastle United.
1 September 1989 – John Aldridge agrees to leave Liverpool after nearly three years to join Real Sociedad of Spain for £750,000.
6 September 1989 – England draw 0–0 against Sweden in their fifth World Cup qualifier at Wembley.
9 September 1989 – Millwall beat Coventry City 4–1 at The Den to go top of the First Division in only their second season in the top flight. Manchester United lose for third successive game, going down 3-2 to Everton at Goodison Park. An eight-goal thriller at Carrow Road sees Norwich and Southampton draw 4-4. In the Second Division, there are a total of nine goals at Bramall Lane as Sheffield United beat Brighton 5-4 to go top of the table.
12 September 1989 – Liverpool defeat Crystal Palace 9–0, with eight different players scoring, including John Aldridge, in his last appearance for the club.
14 September 1989 – Manchester United sign midfielder Paul Ince from West Ham United for £1 million.
15 September 1989 – Queens Park Rangers pay £175,000 for Oxford United defender David Bardsley, with striker Mark Stein moving to the Manor Ground in exchange.
16 September 1989 – Ten Swansea City fans receive 16–month prison sentences in Athens after being convicted of fighting with Panathinaikos fans after a European Cup Winners' Cup tie. Mark Hughes scores the season's first hat-trick in the First Division as Manchester United beat Millwall 5-1 at Old Trafford. Everton go top of the First Division with a 1-0 win over Charlton at Selhurst Park.
18 September 1989 – Manchester United sign winger Danny Wallace from Southampton for £1.2 million.
23 September 1989 – Manchester City thrash neighbours United 5–1 in the first Manchester derby since the 1986–87 season. Liverpool win 3–1 at Goodison Park in the Merseyside derby, with Ian Rush scoring twice. In the race to get into the First Division, Sheffield United are top of the Second Division and looking good bets for a second successive promotion, with Blackburn Rovers second in the table and level on points with Newcastle United. Sunderland, Leeds United and Brighton & Hove Albion complete the top six. Leicester City, often among the pre–season promotion favourites for the last three seasons, prop up the Second Division table sparking fears that they could be relegated to the Third Division for the first time in their history.
30 September 1989 – Liverpool and Chelsea are level on points at the top of the First Division at the end of the month. Sheffield Wednesday, Charlton Athletic and Manchester United languish in the relegation zone.
2 October 1989 – Cyril Knowles, the former Tottenham Hotspur and England left–back, resigns as manager of Torquay United.
3 October 1989 – Dave Smith, the former Plymouth Argyle and Dundee F.C. manager, is appointed manager of Torquay United.
11 October 1989 – England draw 0–0 with Poland in Chorzów to secure World Cup qualification.
21 October 1989 – The last two unbeaten records in the First Division end when Liverpool and Norwich City both lose 4–1 away from home, to Southampton and Luton Town respectively. Manchester United record their third league win of the season with a 4-1 win at Coventry. Everton go top with a 3-0 home win over Arsenal.
31 October 1989 – October ends with Liverpool as First Division leaders, one point ahead of Everton with a game in hand. Sheffield United remain top of the Second Division, with Leeds United second and the playoff places occupied by Newcastle United, West Ham United, Sunderland and Plymouth Argyle.
2 November 1989 – Everton sign winger Peter Beagrie from Stoke City for £750,000.
3 November 1989 – John Sheridan, who played just once for Nottingham Forest after joining them at the start of the season, is sold to Sheffield Wednesday for £500,000.
4 November 1989 – Chelsea move to the top of the First Division after they beat Millwall 4–0 and Liverpool lose 1–0 at home to Coventry City. Arsenal keep up the pressure by winning a dramatic encounter with Norwich 4-3 at Highbury. In the Second Division, Swindon boost their hopes of reaching the First Division for the first time by beating struggling Stoke 6-0 at the County Ground.
5 November 1989 – Aston Villa record their fifth consecutive League victory with a 6–2 thrashing of Everton at Villa Park.
7 November 1989 – Mick Mills is sacked after four years as manager of Stoke City, who are winless and bottom of the Second Division. His successor is Alan Ball, the 1966 World Cup winner and former Portsmouth manager.
11 November 1989 - Chelsea remain top of the First Division with a 1-0 win at Everton. Derby climb from 17th to 12th place with a 6-0 win over Manchester City at the Baseball Ground. Liverpool's title hopes are dented when they lose 3-2 to QPR at Loftus Road. In the Second Division, West Bromwich Albion beat Barnsley 7-0 at home.
12 November 1989 - A Gary Pallister goal gives Manchester United a 1-0 home win over Nottingham Forest in the First Division.
13 November 1989 – Former England captain Ray Wilkins agrees to join Queens Park Rangers from Glasgow Rangers on a free transfer at the end of this month.
15 November 1989 – Howard Kendall, the former Everton manager, is dismissed by Spanish side Athletic Bilbao.
16 November 1989 – Manchester City sign Blackburn Rovers defender Colin Hendry for £700,000. Three Chelsea fans jailed for hooliganism offences in 1987 are freed after their convictions are quashed by the Court of Appeal.
18 November 1989 - Arsenal go top of the First Division with a 3-0 win over QPR at Highbury. Aston Villa boost their title hopes with a 4-1 home win over Coventry. Manchester United climb to ninth with a 3-1 win at Luton.
21 November 1989 – Nigel Martyn, 23, becomes Britain's first £1 million goalkeeper when he joins Crystal Palace from Bristol Rovers.
25 November 1989 - A nine-goal thriller at The Dell sees Southampton beat Luton 6-3, lifting the hosts into fifth place in the First Division. Ewood Park is also the scene of a nine-goal thriller in the Second Division, with Blackburn beating West Ham 5-4 in a promotion crunch game.
26 November 1989 - Liverpool go top of the First Division on goal difference by beating Arsenal 2-1 at Anfield.
27 November 1989 – Queens Park Rangers player–manager Trevor Francis is sacked after just one year in charge.
28 November 1989 – Assistant manager Don Howe succeeds Trevor Francis at Queens Park Rangers.
30 November 1989 – Liverpool, Arsenal, Aston Villa and Chelsea are locked together at the top of the First Division at the end of the month. Manchester City, Queens Park Rangers and Charlton Athletic are level on points at the bottom. Nigel Spackman leaves Queens Park Rangers after nine months to join Rangers.
2 December 1989 - Liverpool remain top of the First Division on goal difference with a 4-1 win over Manchester City at Maine Road, which keeps the hosts at the bottom of the table. Aston Villa keep up the heat with a 2-1 home win over Nottingham Forest, while Chelsea's title bid is hit by a 5-2 home defeat to Wimbledon.
3 December 1989 - Arsenal draw level on points with Liverpool at the top of the First Division when a Perry Groves goal gives them a 1-0 home win over Manchester United.
5 December 1989 – Andy Thorn moves from Newcastle United for Crystal Palace for £650,000.
6 December 1989 – Chelsea bolster their title challenge with a £300,000 move for Bayern Munich and Norway defender Erland Johnsen. Howard Kendall is confirmed as the new Manchester City manager.
9 December 1989 - Arsenal go top of the First Division with a 1-0 win at Coventry, as Liverpool and Aston Villa draw 1-1 at Anfield. Chelsea's title hopes are further damaged when they lose 4-2 to QPR at Loftus Road. Manchester United's disappointing league campaign continues with a 2-1 home defeat to Crystal Palace.
10 December 1989 – Roy Wegerle, the American international striker, joins Queens Park Rangers from Luton Town for a club record £1million.
16 December 1989 - Arsenal retain their lead of the First Division with a 3-2 home win over Luton Town, but Liverpool keep up the pressure with a 5-2 win over Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. Aston Villa's title hopes are hit by a 2-0 defeat at Millwall, who are now needing the points to stay clear of the relegation zone after topping the table in September. Manchester United suffer a third successive league defeat, going down 1-0 at home to Tottenham.
19 December 1989 – 18–year–old Trinidadian striker Dwight Yorke signs for Aston Villa.
23 December 1989 - The last league action before Christmas sees Manchester United hold Liverpool to a goalless draw at Anfield, ensuring that Arsenal remain a point ahead at the top of the table with a game in hand.
26 December 1989 - The Boxing Day action sees Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 2-1 win over Sheffield Wednesday at Anfield, as Arsenal lose 1-0 at Southampton. Aston Villa keep up the pressure with a 3-0 win over Manchester United at Villa Park, a result which mounts the pressure on United manager Alex Ferguson, whose team have picked up just two points from their last five games and are now 15th in the league. Norwich's title hopes are hit by a 1-0 defeat at Manchester City, who climb off the bottom of the table. Charlton now prop up the First Division, having lost 3-1 at Wimbledon. In the Second Division, the leading pair of Leeds United and Sheffield United draw 2-2 at Bramall Lane. Swindon boost their promotion hopes with a 4-3 home win over promotion rivals Blackburn at the County Ground.
28 December 1989 – West Ham United sign midfielder Ian Bishop and striker Trevor Morley from Manchester City for £500,000 each. Millwall attempt to arrest their dramatic fall down the First Division by playing a club record £800,000 for Derby County striker Paul Goddard.
29 December 1989 – Liverpool chairman John Smith receives a knighthood. Trevor Francis is offered a playing contract with Luton Town.
30 December 1989 - The last matches of the 1980s are played. 20-year-old striker Mark Robins scores his first goal for Manchester United in a 2-2 draw at Wimbledon, which rescues a point for Alex Ferguson's team but extend their winless run to six matches. Liverpool beat Charlton 1-0 at Anfield to boost their chances of reclaiming the league title from Arsenal, who are leapfrogged into second place by Aston Villa after a 2-1 defeat at Villa Park. There is a six-goal thriller in a Second Division clash at Boundary Park, where Oldham and Portsmouth draw 3-3.
31 December 1989 – The year and the decade ends with Liverpool as First Division leaders by four points from Aston Villa. Arsenal are a point further adrift. Charlton Athletic prop up the table, behind Luton Town and Sheffield Wednesday, while out–of–form Millwall are out of the relegation zone only on goal difference. Leeds United are top of the Second Division with Sheffield United in second place. Sunderland, Oldham Athletic, Ipswich Town and Newcastle United occupy the playoff zone, while West Ham United's early challenge has fallen away and they now stand 11th in their first season outside the top flight for almost a decade.
1 January 1990 - The new decade begins with Arsenal beating Crystal Palace 4-1 at Highbury cut Liverpool's lead at the top of the First Division, as Kenny Dalglish's men are held to a 2-2 at the City Ground by Nottingham Forest. Title challenge outsiders Southampton win 4-2 at bottom club Charlton. In the Second Division, Steve Bull scores four goals at Wolves win 4-1 at Newcastle, a result which boosts his side's challenge for a unique third successive promotion, and also drags promotion favourites Newcastle out of the top six. West Ham maintain their hopes of an immediate return to the First Division by beating Barnsley 4-2 at Upton Park.
3 January 1990 – Ray Harford resigns after two and a half years as manager of Luton Town to be succeeded by his assistant Jimmy Ryan.
5 January 1990 – Swindon Town chairman Brian Hillier and former manager Lou Macari are suspected of making an illegal bet against their own club in an FA Cup tie with Newcastle United in January 1988.
6 January 1990 – Third Division Northampton Town cause the shock of the FA Cup third round by beating 1987 winners Coventry City 1–0. Liverpool are held 0–0 by Swansea City.
7 January 1990 – Manchester United beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at the City Ground in the third round of the FA Cup, with Mark Robins scoring the winning goal. The football press had widely tipped manager Alex Ferguson to be sacked if United had been beaten.
9 January 1990 – Liverpool thrash Swansea City 8–0 in their FA Cup third round replay. Second Division leaders Leeds United pay Nottingham Forest £400,000 for striker Lee Chapman.
13 January 1990 - Manchester United's winless run in the First Division stretches to eight matches when they lose 2-1 at home to Derby.
17 January 1990 – Derby County replace Paul Goddard with Mick Harford in a £500,000 move from Luton Town.
19 January 1990 – Arsenal sign defender Colin Pates from Brighton & Hove Albion for £500,000.
21 January 1990 – Manchester United are now without a win from their last nine matches in the First Division with a 2–0 defeat at Norwich City, which leaves them just one point and one place above the relegation zone.
22 January 1990 – Almost two months after being sacked as player–manager by Queens Park Rangers, Trevor Francis signs for Sheffield Wednesday.
27 January 1990 – Chelsea are beaten 3–1 by Bristol City in the FA Cup fourth round. West Bromwich Albion beat First Division opposition for the second round running, winning 1–0 against Charlton Athletic. Aston Villa remain in contention for the double by beating Port Vale 6-0 at Villa Park. Crystal Palace beat Huddersfield Town 4-0.
28 January 1990 - A Clayton Blackmore goal gives Manchester United a 1-0 win their FA Cup fourth round tie with Hereford at Edgar Street. Norwich hold Liverpool to a goalless daw at Carrow Road and Everton beat Sheffield Wednesday 2-1 at Hillsborough.
29 January 1990 – The Taylor Report, an inquiry into stadium safety following the Hillsborough disaster nine months ago, recommends that all First and Second Division stadiums are all–seater by 1994 and that the Third and Fourth Divisions follow suit by 1999. Coventry City pay a club record £900,000 for 23–year–old Dundee United and Scotland striker Kevin Gallacher.
30 January 1990 – In their FA Cup fourth round replay at the Abbey Stadium, Fourth Division Cambridge United spring a major surprise by beating First Division Millwall 1–0.
31 January 1990 – Queens Park Rangers beat Arsenal 2–0 in an FA Cup fourth round replay. Liverpool end January as First Division leaders on goal difference ahead of Aston Villa, who have a game in hand. Manchester United are still just one place above the relegation zone, occupied by Charlton Athletic, Luton Town and Millwall. The race to get into the First Division is headed by Leeds United and Sheffield United, who are further distancing themselves from the rest of the Second Division. Just two points separate the next five clubs – Swindon Town, Oldham Athletic, Sunderland, Newcastle United and Ipswich Town. Meanwhile, eighth placed Wolverhampton Wanderers are just two points short of the playoff zone and are looking like reasonable challengers for a unique third successive promotion.
2 February 1990 – Former Liverpool manager Don Welsh dies aged 78.
3 February 1990 - The Manchester derby at Old Trafford ends in a 1-1 draw at Old Trafford. Manchester United have now gone 11 league games without a win, and are now 17th in the First Division and just one point above the relegation zone. They would have fallen into the bottom three today had Millwall managed to find a winner at Hillsborough, where they were held to a 1-1 draw by Sheffield Wednesday.
4 February 1990 - Gary Lineker scores a hat-trick in Tottenham's 4-0 home win over Norwich in the First Division.
8 February 1990 – West Ham United sign Czech goalkeeper Ludek Miklosko from Baník Ostrava for £300,000. Miklosko, 28, has been capped 31 times by the Czech national side.
10 February 1990 – Manchester United end their 11–match winless league run with a 2–1 away win over Millwall, who led the league five months ago but have now slipped into the relegation zone. Liverpool are held to their second goalless draw in two weeks by Norwich at Carrow Road. Aston Villa boost their title push with a 1-0 home win over Sheffield Wednesday. In the Second Division, leaders Leeds beat Hull 4-3 at Elland Road.
11 February 1990 - Nottingham Forest move closer to a joint record fourth League Cup triumph by beating Coventry 2-1 in the semi-final first leg at the City Ground.
12 February 1990 – Brian Hillier and Lou Macari are both fined after being found guilty of placing an illegal bet against Swindon Town. Hillier is also given a 6–month ban from football and is forced to resign as the club's chairman.
13 February 1990 – Millwall, still battling relegation despite having led the First Division five months ago, sack manager John Docherty and his assistant Frank McLintock.
14 February 1990 – Oldham Athletic defeat West Ham United 6–0 at Boundary Park in the first leg of their League Cup semi–final, all but guaranteeing their first ever Wembley appearance.
16 February 1990 – Striker Tony Cascarino pledges his future to relegation threatened Millwall despite reports that he is to join Aston Villa or Manchester United.
18 February 1990 – Lou Macari resigns after seven months as manager of West Ham United. Manchester United reach the FA Cup quarter finals with a 3–2 fifth round win at Newcastle United.
21 February 1990 – Aston Villa move to the top of the First Division with a 2–0 away win over Tottenham Hotspur.
23 February 1990 – West Ham United appoint their former player Billy Bonds as manager.
24 February 1990 - First Division leaders Aston Villa lose 3-0 at home to Wimbledon.
25 February 1990 – Nottingham Forest reach the League Cup final for the second season running by completing a 2–1 aggregate semi–final victory over Coventry City.
27 February 1990 – Fourth Division Cambridge United reach the FA Cup quarter–finals after a 5–1 second replay victory against Bristol City.
28 February 1990 – Aston Villa finish February as First Division leaders by two points from Liverpool in only their second season following promotion. Charlton Athletic, Millwall and Luton Town occupy the bottom three places, with the two Manchester clubs directly above them. Leeds United and Sheffield United continue to lead the way in the Second Division. Swindon Town, Oldham Athletic, Sunderland and Blackburn Rovers occupy the playoff zone, while Port Vale are emerging as surprise contenders for a playoff place that could be their key to First Division football for the first time in their history.
3 March 1990 - Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 1-0 home win over Millwall. Manchester United win at Old Trafford for the first time in four months, beating Luton Town 4-1.
4 March 1990 - Aston Villa miss the chance to return to the summit of the league, losing 2-0 at local rivals Coventry.
7 March 1990 - Oldham reach their first Wembley final despite losing their League Cup semi-final second leg 3-0 at West Ham. Arsenal keep their title hopes alive with a 3-0 home win over Nottingham Forest, and Luton climb out of the bottom three with a 3-2 home win over Coventry.
9 March 1990 – Middlesbrough sack manager Bruce Rioch after four years in charge. Rioch is replaced by his assistant Colin Todd.
10 March 1990 – Second Division Oldham Athletic reach the FA Cup quarter–finals after defeating Everton 2–1 after extra time in their fifth round second replay. Cambridge United's cup run is ended by Crystal Palace in the sixth round. There is no shortage of league action grabbing the headlines, including a 4-2 win for Coventry away to Nottingham Forest, which lifts the visitors into sixth place. Arsenal's title hopes are dented when they are held to a 1-1 draw by Manchester City at Maine Road. Aston Villa return to the top of the table with a 2-0 home win over Luton.
11 March 1990 – Manchester United achieve a 1–0 FA Cup quarter–final win over Sheffield United at Bramall Lane.
12 March 1990 – Bristol City striker Dean Horrix, 28, is killed in a car crash a week after joining the club from Millwall.
14 March 1990 – First Division leaders Aston Villa suffer a shock 3–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic in the FA Cup quarter–finals, while Liverpool's double bid remains on course after a 1–0 replay win over Queens Park Rangers. Nottingham Forest build for the future with an £80,000 move for Runcorn's 22–year–old Northern Irish winger Ian Woan.
15 March 1990 – Manchester City sign striker Niall Quinn from Arsenal for £700,000.
17 March 1990 - Aston Villa remain top of the table with a 1-0 win at Derby, extending their lead over Liverpool to five points, although the Reds have two games in hand.
18 March 1990 - Liverpool cut the gap at the top of the First Division to two points, and still have a game in hand, after beating Manchester United 2-1 at Old Trafford.
20 March 1990 – Chester City are taken over by Edinburgh based construction firm Morrison Construction in a deal which will see them leave Sealand Road at the end of this season and move to a new stadium in 1992.
25 March 1990 – Chelsea win the Full Members' Cup with a 1–0 win over Middlesbrough in the Wembley final. Having already won the cup in 1986, they are the first team to win it twice.
28 March 1990 – England beat Brazil 1–0 at Wembley with a goal from Gary Lineker.
31 March 1990 – Liverpool return to the top of the First Division at the end of the month, leading the table on goal difference with a game in hand ahead of Aston Villa. Millwall are eight points from safety at the bottom, and are joined in the relegation zone by Charlton Athletic and Manchester City. Leeds United and Sheffield United continue to lead the Second Division, with Wolverhampton Wanderers having leapfrogged Sunderland into the playoff zone where they join Swindon Town, Newcastle United and Blackburn Rovers.
1 April 1990 – Millwall's six–week hunt for a new manager ends when they appoint Bruce Rioch.
3 April 1990 - Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 2-1 win over Wimbledon at Anfield.
8 April 1990 – Liverpool's hopes of a unique second double are ended when they lose 4–3 after extra time to Crystal Palace in the semi–finals of the FA Cup at Villa Park. Manchester United draw 3–3 with Oldham Athletic in the other semi–final at Maine Road.
11 April 1990 – Manchester United beat Oldham Athletic 2–1 after extra time in the FA Cup semi–final replay. The game is however marred by controversy after referee Joe Worrall fails to award Oldham an early goal after Nick Henry's shot clearly crosses the line. In the league, Liverpool move closer to their 18th league title with a 4–0 away win over struggling Charlton Athletic, in which on–loan striker Ronny Rosenthal scores a hat–trick. Aston Villa keep up their challenge by winning 1–0 away to Arsenal.
14 April 1990 – Millwall are relegated to the Second Division after losing 2–0 at Derby County. Charlton's 3-2 defeat at Southampton leaves them needing to win their four remaining games to stand any chance of avoiding relegation. Liverpool remain top of the table but drop two points when they are held to a 2-2 draw by Nottingham Forest at Anfield.
16 April 1990 - Luton are left needing at least six points from their final three games to avoid relegation after losing 3-0 at Nottingham Forest. Manchester City's survival is confirmed with a 1-0 win at Norwich. There is major drama in the Second Division promotion race, when leaders Leeds beat Sheffield United 4-0 at Elland Road, sending the visitors into third place, as Newcastle move into second place with a 3-0 home win over Stoke, which sends the visitors down to the Third Division.
17 April 1990 – 20–year–old striker Mark Robins scores twice in Manchester United's 2–0 home league win over Aston Villa – a result which puts the opposition's title hopes into serious doubt. Charlton Athletic lose 2–1 at home to Wimbledon and are relegated.
21 April 1990 - Liverpool take another step towards the title with a 4-1 home win over Chelsea. Aston Villa keep their hopes alive with a 1-0 home win over Millwall. Luton keep their survival bid alive with a 2-0 home win over Arsenal, while Sheffield Wednesday are still in danger of going down with a 1-0 defeat to QPR at Loftus Road.
28 April 1990 – Liverpool seal their 18th top division title with a 2–1 home win over Queens Park Rangers as Aston Villa draw 3–3 at home to Norwich City. The battle to avoid the last relegation place in the First Division will go right to the wire, with Luton and Sheffield Wednesday both winning their penultimate First Division games. The Second Division promotion race will also go right down to the wire. Newcastle's 2-1 home win over West Ham keeps them in the hunt for automatic promotion, while leaving the visiting side's playoff hopes hanging by a thread. Leeds remain top of the table but second placed Sheffield United will go up and move into pole position if they win their game in hand. Chester City play the final Football League game at their Sealand Road home of 84 years – a 2–0 win over Rotherham United.
29 April 1990 – Nottingham Forest retain the League Cup with a 1–0 win over Oldham Athletic in the final. Nigel Jemson scores the only goal of the game. Colchester United are relegated to the GM Vauxhall Conference after 40 years in the Football League, their demotion from the Fourth Division being confirmed by a 4-0 defeat to Cambridge United at the Abbey Stadium, a result which keeps the home side's playoff hopes alive.
30 April 1990 – The month ends with Liverpool confirmed as First Division champions, and Aston Villa sure of second place. Luton Town trail Sheffield Wednesday by three points with one game remaining in the fight to avoid the last relegation place. The Second Division promotion race is still wide open. Leeds United (top), Sheffield United (second) and Newcastle United (third) are fighting it out for automatic promotion. Swindon Town, Blackburn Rovers and Sunderland complete the top six, but West Ham United, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Ipswich Town and Oldham Athletic still have a mathematical chance of breaking into the playoffs.
1 May 1990 – Kenny Dalglish makes his final appearance for Liverpool at the age of 39, in their 1–0 home league win over Derby County. The only goal of the game comes from Gary Gillespie. Sheffield United miss the chance to seal promotion to the First Division, being held to a goalless draw by Blackburn at Ewood Park.
5 May 1990 – Sheffield Wednesday are relegated on goal difference behind Luton Town, who win their final game of the season 3–2 at Derby County while the Hillsborough club lose 3–0 at home to Nottingham Forest. Liverpool's season ends in style with a 6–1 away win over Coventry City, and Tottenham Hotspur pip Arsenal to third place by one point. Sheffield United seal promotion back to the First Division after 14 years away. Dave Bassett achieves the sixth promotion of his career with a Blades side who finished level on points with champions Leeds United. Leeds United's promotion celebrations are marred when their fans riot in Bournemouth in the aftermath of the promotion clinching game against AFC Bournemouth, who were relegated by the result.
12 May 1990 – Manchester United and Crystal Palace draw 3–3 in the FA Cup final, forcing a replay. Mark Hughes is on the scoresheet twice for United and Bryan Robson once. Substitute Ian Wright scores two of Palace's goals, the other goal coming from Gary O'Reilly.
17 May 1990 – A Lee Martin goal gives Manchester United the FA Cup in a 1–0 replay victory over Crystal Palace.
18 May 1990 – David Seaman becomes Britain's most expensive goalkeeper when he agrees to join Arsenal in a £1.3 million move from Queens Park Rangers.
21 May 1990 – 34 Bolton Wanderers hooligans who were convicted of taking part in attacks on police officers and rival supporters are banned from travelling to Italy for the duration of the World Cup by the Italian government.
19 May 1990 – Chelsea sign Irish midfielder Andy Townsend from Norwich City for £1.5 million.
24 May 1990 – Bobby Robson announces that he will step down as England manager after the World Cup to take over as manager of Dutch side PSV Eindhoven.
28 May 1990 – Swindon Town win the Second Division playoff final by beating Sunderland 1–0, but their place in the First Division remains in doubt over the alleged tax scandal, over which Colin Calderwood has now been cleared but Lou Macari, Brian Hillier and Vince Farrar have been charged.
31 May 1990 – Aston Villa chairman Doug Ellis gives the Football Association permission to interview manager Graham Taylor for the England manager's job. Other names linked to the vacancy included Howard Wilkinson of Leeds United, Terry Venables of Tottenham Hotspur, Howard Kendall of Manchester City and the surprise candidate Joe Royle of Oldham Athletic, who has yet to manage in the top division.
1 June 1990 – The Football League votes to revert to a 22–club First Division for the 1991–92 season, while the Fourth Division will have 23 clubs in 1991–92 and 24 clubs in 1992–93, with no relegation to the Football Conference for the next two seasons.
2 June 1990 – England struggle to a 1–1 draw against Tunisia in Tunis in their final World Cup warm–up match.
5 June 1990 – Leeds United prepare for their First Division comeback with a £1million move for Gary McAllister of Leicester City. Three England fans receive 20–day prison sentences imposed by a court in Sardinia after being found guilty of theft and criminal damage.
6 June 1990 – Manchester United pay Oldham Athletic £625,000 for Irish full–back Denis Irwin.
7 June 1990 – Swindon Town are found guilty on 34 charges of financial irregularities at a Football League hearing. They are relegated to the Third Division as a punishment. Wimbledon pay Maidstone United £300,000 for defender Warren Barton.
11 June 1990 – England open their World Cup campaign with a 1–1 draw against Republic of Ireland.
12 June 1990 – Nottingham Forest sign midfielder Roy Keane (19 in August) from Irish club Cobh Ramblers for £10,000.
14 June 1990 – Leeds United prepare for their return to the First Division by signing Arsenal goalkeeper John Lukic for £1 million.
16 June 1990 – England draw 0–0 with the Netherlands in their second World Cup group game, leaving them needing to win the final group game against Egypt in five days to reach the Second Round.
21 June 1990 – England clinch qualification for the World Cup Second Round by beating Egypt 1–0 in their final group game.
26 June 1990 – England reach the quarter–finals of the World Cup with a second round 1–0 victory over Belgium.
29 June 1990 – Liverpool complete the permanent transfer of Israeli striker Ronnie Rosenthal from Standard Liège for £1 million.
1 July 1990 – England beat Cameroon 3–2 in the World Cup quarter finals, securing qualification to the semi–finals for the first time since the 1966 tournament.
2 July 1990 – Swindon Town win an appeal against their relegation to the Third Division, but miss out on promotion to the First Division and remain in the Second Division. Their place in the First Division goes to Sunderland.
4 July 1990 – England's hopes of World Cup glory are ended after they lose on penalties to West Germany in the semi–finals after a 1–1 draw.
7 July 1990 – England lose 2–1 to host nation Italy in the World Cup third place play–off.
National team
FA Cup
Alex Ferguson silenced the critics who attacked him for a lack of progress in the league by guiding Manchester United to a 1–0 replay victory over Crystal Palace in the FA Cup final, which was achieved after a 3–3 draw. The pivotal game in his side's season had been in the televised third round tie at Nottingham Forest, when a Mark Robins goal gave relegation-threatened United a surprise win and triggered improved times for the club. They won the FA Cup despite not playing a home game along the way, giving Ferguson his first major trophy as United's manager.
The season produced arguably the most memorable combination of FA Cup semi-finals in history, as Crystal Palace surprisingly beat Liverpool 4–3 just a couple of hours before Manchester United and Oldham Athletic fought out a 3–3 draw, with United going on to win the replay 2–1.
Football League Cup
Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest retained their League Cup by beating Oldham Athletic 1–0 at Wembley.
Football League
First Division
Liverpool secured their 18th First Division title, finishing nine points ahead of Aston Villa. Tottenham Hotspur, defending champions Arsenal and newly promoted Chelsea completed the top five.
Nottingham Forest retained the Football League Cup to match the record of four wins in the competition set by Liverpool, while Manchester United, despite experiencing their worst league campaign since returning to the top-flight in 1975, finally won some silverware at the fourth attempt under Alex Ferguson by lifting the FA Cup to match the record of seven wins in the competition set by Aston Villa and Tottenham Hotspur.
Millwall, who had briefly topped the First Division in September, ended the season relegated in bottom place with a mere five wins to their name all season. Charlton Athletic's luck finally ran out after four seasons as they became the next team to go down. The last relegation place went to Sheffield Wednesday, who went down on goal difference after a late escape act by Luton Town.
Second Division
Leeds United finally made it back to the First Division after eight years away by winning the Second Division title. They were joined by Sheffield United, who won a second successive promotion under manager Dave Bassett, who won his sixth promotion in 10 seasons. Swindon Town did beat Sunderland in the playoff final, but their opponents were then promoted instead after Swindon admitted to 36 charges of financial irregularities.
Stoke City's decline continued as they fell into the Third Division, along with a Bradford City side who had almost won promotion to the First Division two years earlier, while AFC Bournemouth's late season slump cost them their Second Division status and helped save Middlesbrough from a second successive relegation, as well as keeping West Bromwich clear of Third Division football for the first time.
Second Division play-offs
Third Division
Former England international Gerry Francis guided Bristol Rovers into the Second Division at the third attempt as they won the Third Division title, with local rivals Bristol City joining them as runners-up, and Neil Warnock's Notts County triumphing in the playoffs.
Walsall, Blackpool, Northampton Town and Cardiff City were all relegated to the Fourth Division.
Third Division play-offs
Fourth Division
Exeter City were promoted as Fourth Division champions, joined in the automatic promotion places by Southend United and a rejuvenated Grimsby Town who were on the comeback trail from near closure two years earlier. New manager John Beck kicked off his managerial career with playoff glory at Cambridge United. Maidstone United debuted in the Football League and reached the promotion play-offs but lost in the semi-final. Colchester United's 40-year stay in the Football League ended in relegation.
Fourth Division play-offs
Top goalscorers
First Division
Gary Lineker (Tottenham Hotspur) – 25 goals
Second Division
Micky Quinn (Newcastle United) – 32 goals
Third Division
Bob Taylor (Bristol City) – 27 goals
Fourth Division
Brett Angell (Stockport County) – 23 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Successful players
David Platt's frequent goalscoring from the Aston Villa midfield was not quite enough to earn his side the championship trophy, but it was enough for him to win the PFA Players' Player of the Year award.
Liverpool's John Barnes scored over 20 goals and helped his team win another league title and himself win the FWA Footballer of the Year award.
Southampton's Guernsey-born striker Matthew Le Tissier was credited with the PFA Young Player of the Year award for his exciting performances.
Manchester United's Mark Hughes had another good season as he helped his side overcome disappointing league form and reach the FA Cup final where he scored twice in the first game before they won the replay.
Oldham's Andy Ritchie scored 28 goals in all competitions as his side reached the F.A. Cup semi-final and League Cup final. His teammate Frankie Bunn scored six times in his side's League Cup win over Scarborough.
Newcastle striker Mick Quinn scored 32 times in the league and 36 in all competitions, but couldn't quite earn his side promotion to the First Division.
Promising Sheffield Wednesday striker Dalian Atkinson emerged as a competent goalscorer, but his side's relegation to the Second Division saw him wanting top-flight football, which he got in the form of a transfer to Spanish side Real Sociedad.
Wolves striker Steve Bull had another excellent season, highlighted by scoring four goals against Newcastle in the Second Division on New Year's Day and being the only Second Division player to feature in England's World Cup squad.
Successful managers
Kenny Dalglish brought another championship trophy to Liverpool after fighting off a late challenge from Aston Villa.
Alex Ferguson finally guided Manchester United to a major trophy after four seasons of trying when they beat Crystal Palace in the FA Cup final replay.
Graham Taylor took Aston Villa to the brink of championship glory just one season after they had been on the brink of relegation.
Steve Coppell took Crystal Palace to their first ever FA Cup final, losing to Manchester United in a replay after beating League Champions Liverpool in the semi final.
Dave Bassett took Sheffield United to a second successive promotion to bring top-flight football to Bramall Lane for the first time since the 1970s.
Howard Wilkinson led Leeds United back into the First Division after an eight-year exile.
Bobby Campbell guided newly promoted Chelsea to fifth place in the First Division.
Gerry Francis took Bristol Rovers to the Third Division championship.
Neil Warnock ended Notts County's five-year spell in the Third Division by guiding them to success in the promotion playoffs.
Alan Buckley rejuvenated Grimsby Town by guiding them to promotion success in the Fourth Division.
Brian Little took Darlington back into the Football League at the first attempt by guiding them to the Football Conference title.
Joe Royle guided Oldham to the League Cup final (their first ever Wembley appearance) and the F.A. Cup semi-final (their first appearance at that stage of the competition since 1913.
Denis Smith took Sunderland back to the top flight only 3 seasons after they had been relegated into the third tier for the first time in their history.
Famous debutants
19 August 1989: Trevor Sinclair, 16-year-old winger, makes his debut for Blackpool in their opening game of the Third Division campaign – a goalless draw at home to Wigan Athletic.
30 April 1990: Mark Bosnich, 18-year-old Australian goalkeeper, keeps a clean sheet on his debut for Manchester United at home to Wimbledon in a First Division goalless draw.
Retirements
1 May 1990: Kenny Dalglish, 39-year-old Liverpool player-manager, plays his last game for the club in their 1–0 home win over Derby County.
Deaths
15 July 1989 – Laurie Cunningham, 33, former England midfielder, was killed in a car crash in Spain. He played as a substitute for Wimbledon when they won the FA Cup in 1988. He also played for clubs including Leyton Orient, West Bromwich Albion, Real Madrid and Leicester City, and had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1982–83 season.
26 July 1989 - Arthur Caldwell, 76, played 92 league games as a left-winger for Port Vale in the four years leading up to the outbreak of World War II. The war effectively ended his playing career after the age of 26.
1 September 1989 – Kazimierz Deyna, 41, former Polish international who had a spell with Manchester City in the late 1970s. Died in a car accident.
17 October 1989 - Derek Pace, 57, scored 196 Football League goals for four clubs between 1950 and 1966, including 40 goals for his first club Aston Villa and 140 for his second club Sheffield United.
27 October 1989 - Con Moulson, 83, former Irish national who played for Lincoln City and Notts County during the 1930s and 1940s, before managing Lincoln for a few months in 1965.
30 October 1989 - Frank Allen, 88, was an inside-forward during the interwar years for clubs including Barnsley, Southport and Barrow. He completed his career in France with Le Havre as one of the first British players to play for an overseas club side.
14 November 1989 – Jimmy Murphy, 79, assistant manager/chief coach at Manchester United during the reign of Matt Busby. Was also a long-time scout and reserve team manager for the club. Took temporary charge of the Manchester United first team during the five months following the Munich air disaster while Busby recovered from his injuries. Also managed the Welsh national side from 1956 to 1964, and during his playing days turned out for West Bromwich Albion and Swindon Town as a wing-half.
9 December - Basil Hayward, 61, played 349 league games as a centre-half, left-back and centre-forward for Port Vale between 1946 and 1958, scoring 55 goals, completing his league career at Portsmouth before spending four years at non-league Yeovil Town as player-manager. He managed Gillingham in the Football League from 1966 to 1971.
10 December 1989 -
- George Edmonds, 96, one of the oldest surviving Football League players and one of the last to have played before World War I, played at centre-forward for Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 1921 FA Cup Final and also scored 57 league goals during two spells at Watford.
- Frank Baker, 71, played 162 league games as an outside-left for Stoke City between 1936 and 1949.
- Sam Barkas, 79, was left-back in Manchester City's title winning side of 1937 and was capped five times for England on top of his 176 league appearances for the Maine Road side and a further 202 for his first club Bradford City.
15 January 1990 - Oscar Fox, 69, played 44 league games at wing-half for Sheffield Wednesday in the four immediate postwar seasons before a more active seven-year spell at Mansfield Town, where he played 248 league games and scored 30 goals.
2 February 1990 - Don Welsh, 78, who managed Liverpool for five years during the 1950s. As a player he was capped three times by England in the late 1930s and also played 199 First Division matches as a forward for Charlton Athletic.
6 March 1990 - Albert Dunlop, 57, kept goal 231 times in the league for Everton between 1956 and 1963, winning the league title in his final season at the club.
11 March 1990 – Dean Horrix, 28, Bristol City striker, was killed in a car crash just over a week after he joined the club from Millwall.
12 April 1990 - Harry O'Grady, 83, made 99 Football League appearances for eight clubs as a forward between 1929 and 1938.
5 May 1990 - George Hannah, 61, played 372 league games as a forward for Newcastle United, Lincoln City, Manchester City, Notts County and Bradford City between 1949 and 1966.
7 May 1990 - Charlie Walker, 78, played 118 games as full-back for West Ham United during a career which was interrupted by World War II.
30 June 1990 – Brian Tiler, 47, who played for Aston Villa during the 1970s and was a director for AFC Bournemouth from the mid-1980s, was killed in a car crash in Italy. Bournemouth manager Harry Redknapp was travelling in the same car as Tiler but survived.
References |
4039859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga%20River%20%28Iowa%29 | Volga River (Iowa) | The Volga River is an river in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is the major tributary of the Turkey River in the northeastern part of the state. The river runs through Fayette and Clayton counties before joining the Turkey River near Elkport. The Turkey River then runs into the Mississippi River near the town of Cassville, Wisconsin. The Volga River State Recreation Area is a state park along the river near Fayette.
See also
List of Iowa rivers
References
Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Fayette County, Iowa
Rivers of Clayton County, Iowa |
4039865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Star%20Wars%20II%3A%20The%20Original%20Trilogy | Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy | Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by LucasArts and TT Games Publishing. It was released on 11 September 2006. Part of the Lego Star Wars series, it is based on the Star Wars science fiction media franchise and Lego Group's Lego Star Wars eponymous Star Wars-themed toy line. It follows the events of the Star Wars films, A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. The game allows players to assume the roles of over 50 Lego versions of characters from the film series; customized characters can also be created. Camera movement was improved from its predecessor Lego Star Wars: The Video Game and the concept of "vehicle levels" was explored more thoroughly. The game was revealed at American International Toy Fair. Promotions for the game were set up at chain stores across the United States.
Lego Star Wars II was critically and commercially successful; it has sold over 8.2 million copies worldwide as of May 2009. Critics praised the game for its comedic and "adorable" portrayal of the film series and due to preference for the original trilogy over the prequel trilogy. However, the game's low difficulty, and its Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions in general, were received more poorly. The game received awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and Spike TV, among others. A mobile phone adaptation, Lego Star Wars II Mobile, was later developed by Universomo, published by THQ, and released on 19 December 2006. Lego Star Wars II and its predecessor were compiled in Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga, released a year later.
Gameplay
Lego Star Wars IIs gameplay is from a third-person perspective, and takes place in a 3D game world that contains objects, environments, and characters designed to resemble Lego pieces. Its gameplay—a combination of the action-adventure, platform, and sometimes puzzle genres—shares elements with that of Lego Star Wars: The Video Game (2005). While Lego Star Wars followed the events of The Phantom Menace (1999), Attack of the Clones (2002), and Revenge of the Sith (2005), Lego Star Wars II is based on Star Wars (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and Return of the Jedi (1983). The game comically retells the trilogy's events using cutscenes without dialogue. The player assumes the roles of the films' characters, each of whom possesses specific weapons and abilities. At any time, a second player can join the game, by activating a second controller. During gameplay, players can collect Lego studs – small, disk-shaped objects, which serve as the game's currency. The player has a health meter, which is displayed on the game's heads-up display. The player's health is represented by four hearts; when these hearts are depleted, the player dies, and a small amount of their studs bounce away. However, they instantly respawn and can often re-collect the lost studs.
The game's central location is the Mos Eisley cantina, a spaceport bar on the planet Tatooine. At the counter, the player may use their Lego studs to purchase characters, vehicles, gameplay hints and extras, or activate cheat codes. In a small area outside the cantina, players may view collected vehicles. The game is broken into levels, which are accessed from the cantina; each film is represented by six levels, representing key locations and scenes in that film. The locations include Hoth, Bespin, Dagobah, Tatooine, the Death Star, and Endor. The game also features bonus levels. During levels, the player defeats enemies, builds objects out of Lego bricks, and drives vehicles. Certain levels are played entirely while piloting vehicles, including a TIE fighter, a Snowspeeder, and the Millennium Falcon. Levels must first be played in Story Mode. This unlocks the next level as well as a Free Play mode for the recently completed level. Gameplay is identical in the two modes. However, Story Mode restricts playable characters to those followed in the film scenes the levels are based on, while Free Play-offers all those unlocked. Levels can be replayed in either mode to collect studs and secret items.
Three types of secret items are available: gold bricks, minikits, and power bricks. Within each level is hidden one power brick. When a power brick is collected, its corresponding extra, such as invincibility or stud multipliers, becomes available for purchase. Each level also contains ten hidden minikits, that is, ten pieces of a Star Wars vehicle. When all ten have been collected, the player is awarded a gold brick. Collecting a certain number of gold bricks unlocks free rewards, such as a spigot that spews out studs. Gold bricks are also awarded when levels are completed, and when a predefined number of studs is accumulated in a level; ninety-nine gold bricks are available. The vehicles represented by the minikits are displayed outside the cantina. As each vehicle is completed (all ten minikits collected), it becomes available for play in a bonus level.
Playable characters
68 characters from the films are playable over the course of the game, including variations of Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, Chewbacca, Lando Calrissian, R2-D2, C-3PO, Darth Vader, Wicket the Ewok, and Boba Fett. Character abilities have a greater role in Lego Star Wars II than in Lego Star Wars. Certain characters armed with guns can use a grappling hook in predesignated areas. Characters wielding lightsabers can deflect projectiles, double jump and use the Force. R2-D2, C-3PO, and other droid characters are needed to open particular doors. Small characters like the Ewok and Jawa can crawl through hatches to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. Bounty hunters, such as Boba Fett, may use thermal detonators to destroy otherwise indestructible objects. Sith, like Darth Vader, can use the Force to manipulate black Lego objects. Some characters have unique abilities; for example, Chewbacca can rip enemies' arms from their sockets, Darth Vader can choke enemies with the Force, Princess Leia possesses a slap attack, and Lando Calrissian can use a kung-fu-like attack. Special abilities are often necessary to unlock secrets, and story mode does not always provide characters with needed abilities. This means that some secrets can be found only in free play mode. The player can unlock the "Use Old Save" extra, which imports all unlocked characters from Lego Star Wars for use in free play; however, a Lego Star Wars saved game must be present on the same memory card that contains Lego Star Wars IIs save data.
Players can create two customized characters in the Mos Eisley cantina. These characters can be built using both miscellaneous parts and those of unlocked characters; 2,258,163,204 combinations are possible. Entering two cheat codes, publicized by IGN, makes pieces for a Santa Claus character available. The game generates names for the characters based on the pieces used (for example, a character made from pieces of Darth Vader and C-3PO might have the name "Darth-3PO"); alternately, the player may create a name.
Development
Lego Star Wars II was created by the Cheshire game developer Traveller's Tales. LucasArts – busy with other projects – had deferred publishing of Lego Star Wars to Eidos Interactive, but regained the "necessary resources" to publish its sequel alongside TT Games Publishing. Lego Star Wars II was created for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance (GBA), Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable (PSP), and Xbox 360. Differences exist between platforms: the DS and GBA versions have some different playable characters than the other versions, and the DS and PSP versions support a "Wireless Lobby" for multiplayer gameplay.
Lego Star Wars II uses a modified Lego Star Wars engine. However, many gameplay improvements were made over its predecessor, most notably camera angles and movement. Camera movement in co-op was a specific point of concern, as LucasArts received critical feedback from fans over this issue. Traveller's Tales looked to expand upon the concept of levels completed entirely in vehicles. These "vehicle levels" were explored more thoroughly in Lego Star Wars II than in its predecessor. In response to complaints from fans, LucasArts and Traveller's Tales granted the ability to build bricks to all non-droid characters. Character customization, an entirely new concept, was considered a significant improvement over the original game, and is one of three features highlighted on the game's final back cover. Tom Stone, director at Traveller's Tales, stated of the various improvements made over the original game:
The designers attempted to recreate the films' characters and events in a "cute" way. Assistant producer Jeff Gullet said that, in the game's recreation of a Return of the Jedi scene where Luke Skywalker "jumps off the plank... and somersaults onto the skiff", Skywalker "performs an all-out acrobatic routine with all sorts of jumps from the plank. It's hilarious". LucasArts producer David Perkinson said, "unless you've got the heart of the Emperor, you are going to chuckle at many of [the characters] the first time you see them – you just have to. They're so darn cute!"
Marketing and release history
On 2 February 2006, images of the game were leaked to the Internet. However, they were quickly removed, and LucasArts, if telephoned, did not confirm or deny the game's development. The game was formally announced on 10 February, at American International Toy Fair 2006. A preview was later hosted at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) 2006. Because the original Lego Star Wars had been well received commercially and critically, selling 3.3 million copies by March 2006 and winning several awards, its sequel was highly anticipated both by fans of the original game and by video game publications such as IGN and GameSpot. Shortly before the game's release, promotions were set up at chain stores across the United States, including Toys "R" Us, Wal-Mart, Target, Best Buy, GameStop, and Circuit City.
In Europe, Lego Star Wars II was released on 11 September 2006, for PC, Xbox, GameCube, GBA, DS, and Xbox 360; on 15 September for PlayStation 2; and on 10 November for PSP. The game's North American release fell on 12 September for all platforms, coinciding with the release of the individual two-disc DVD releases of the films on which it was based. The game's Australian release fell on 15 September for all platforms, but the Xbox 360 version was not released in this region. The OS X version of the game was released in 2007. The PlayStation2 and Nintendo DS versions were the only versions that saw release in Japan, which occurred on 2November 2006. The game received a rating of E10+ from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (for "cartoon violence" and "crude humor"), 3+ from PEGI, and A from CERO.
A mobile phone adaptation of the game was developed by Universomo and published by THQ. It was released on 19 December 2006. Several gameplay features – such as two-dimensional graphics, limited character selection, and coverage only of the film Star Wars — distinguish this version of the game from the versions for other platforms. Lego Star Wars and Lego Star Wars II were later compiled in Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga, developed by Traveller's Tales and published by LucasArts. The Complete Saga incorporated improvements from the sequel into the original game, and expanded the Mos Eisley cantina to allow access to both games' levels. It was created for Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and DS. It was released on 6November 2007.
Reception
Critical response
Upon release, Lego Star Wars II was positively received by critics, who praised its portrayal of the films' characters and events. Nintendo Power staff writer Chris Shepperd claimed that "[t]he adorable LEGO adaptations also led to some hilarious story moments: the 'I am your father' scene from The Empire Strikes Back is priceless". Reviewers from GameSpy, 1UP.com, GameSpot, IGN, and PlayStation: The Official Magazine offered similar opinions. Shepperd and Varietys Ben Fritz called the game "adorable". In reviews of the Xbox 360 version, Official Xbox Magazine praised the game's "off-kilter humor", and Electronic Gaming Monthly stated that "[y]ou have to give credit to the brilliant blockhead who forced this awesome yet fundamentally bizarro idea on LucasArts." Jeff Bell, corporate vice president of global marketing for Microsoft, commended Lego Star Wars II for expanding the range of consumers for the Xbox 360, noting its family-friendly appeal.
The game was praised as a result of reviewers' preference of the original trilogy over the prequel trilogy. Andrew Reiner of Game Informer said that "comparing [the prequel trilogy] to the films in the original trilogy is similar to comparing Jar Jar Binks to Han Solo". Shepperd praised the level design of Lego Star Wars II, and called its predecessor's environments "sterile". These views were echoed by reviewers from 1UP.com, Variety, GameSpot, GameSpy, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (for the PlayStation2), and BusinessWeek.
Critics were divided on the game's level of difficulty. Fritz claimed that, though Lego Star Wars II provided only a "short journey", it was "loads of fun". GameSpots Ryan Davis estimated that it could be completed in six hours, but praised its bonus content. GameSpy and 1UP.com's reviewers thought similarly. A review by USA Todays Brett Molina claimed that "[t]he game's difficulty is balanced well enough so kids won't feel too frustrated while older gamers will still find a solid challenge" and gave the game an overall score of 8out of 10. Official Xbox Magazines review praised its "weird puzzles". IGN's Jeremy Dunham and Reiner were more critical of the perceived low difficulty.
Critics disliked the game's Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions. Davis believed that the Game Boy Advance version could be completed in two hours. GameSpy staff writer Phil Theobald bemoaned this version's poor controls, easy levels, and vehicle-piloting sections. He concluded that "for goodness sake, [one should] buy one of the [home] console versions". Theobald, Davis, and IGN's Craig Harris criticized the high number of glitches in the DS version.
Accolades and sales
Lego Star Wars II won and was nominated for numerous awards, and ranked on several video game lists. The official Star Wars website declared Lego Star Wars II to be the best Star Wars-related product of 2006. The game won iParenting Media Awards' "2006 Greatest Products Call", and was placed on Reader's Digests September 2006 "5 Things We Don't Want You to Miss" list, Time magazine's list of the top ten video games of 2006, and GameSpy's PC "Game of the Year" list. It received the 2006 Game of the Year award from Nick Jr. and IGN (for PC games only). It won Spike TV Video Game Awards 2006's "Best Game Based on a Movie or TV Show", and "Best Gameplay" from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts's 3rd British Academy Video Games Awards. It received BAFTA nominations in three other categories, including "Best Game". In contrast, the previously poorly received DS version was listed as one of the "tears" on IGN's September 2009 "Cheers & Tears" list of action games for the DS. The editors of Computer Games Magazine named Lego Star War II the fifth-best computer game of 2006, and called it "a superb action/adventure, one with [...] an almost puppy dog-like insistence that you love it."
Lego Star Wars II sold over 1.1million copies worldwide in its opening week. The PlayStation2, GameCube, Xbox 360, and Xbox versions were the third, fifth, eighth, and ninth-best selling games of September 2006, respectively. The GameCube, Xbox, and PlayStation2 versions were the third, eighth, and ninth-best selling games of 2006, respectively. All platforms except PC combined, the game was the third-highest selling of 2006 in the United States, behind Madden NFL 07 and Cars. All platforms combined, the game was the fifth-highest selling of 2006 in the United Kingdom. The GameCube, GBA, and DS versions were the first, second, and fifth best-selling of January 2007 for their respective platforms. By 2May 2009, the game's worldwide sales had surpassed 8.2 million. It has been certified as part of the budget lines Platinum Hits for the Xbox 360, Greatest Hits for the PlayStation2 (each represents a worldwide sales total of at least 400,000 on its respective platform), and Player's Choice for the GameCube (250,000).
References
External links
2006 video games
3D platform games
Action-adventure games
Cooperative video games
Game Boy Advance games
Games for Windows certified games
Lego Star Wars
Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy
MacOS games
Nintendo DS games
GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Star Wars (film) video games
The Empire Strikes Back video games
Return of the Jedi video games
Star Wars video games
Traveller's Tales games
Video game sequels
Video games scored by David Whittaker
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
LucasArts games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Feral Interactive games
sv:Lego Star Wars (spelserie)#Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy
BAFTA winners (video games)
J2ME games |
4039882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikome | Shikome | , in Japanese mythology, was a hag sent by the dead Izanami to pursue her husband Izanagi, for shaming her by breaking promise not to see her in her decayed form in the Underworld (Yomi-no-kuni). Also recorded by the name , the name may have been a term referring collectively to eight hags, not just one.
Accounts in mythology
The hag appears by the Yomotsu-shikome (or Ugly-Female-of-the-Underworld") name in the eldest Japanese chronicle Kojiki. But either eight demon-hags (female oni) or a woman/women named Yomotsu-hisame hunted after Izanagi according to the Nihon Shoki, which frequently gives different readings from alternate sources.
Kojiki version
Izanagi was fleeing the Underworld with Yomotsu-shikome in hot pursuit. Izanagi first cast down his black headdress, which turned into a kind of grapes and slowed the hag's advance as she devoured them. Next he broke off his comb and cast them, and the broken piece (the teeth?) turned into bamboo shoots, slowing her down again as she pulled them out and ate them. But the hag was now joined by a large army 1500 strong led by eight Thunder-deities. Izanagi brandished his but still they pursued, until he climbed atop the "flat slope" or "Even Pass" at the entrance to the Underworld, and flung three peaches, whereby the pursuers retreated. After this, Izanami herself came in pursuit, and Izanagi blocked the entrance at the slope with a boulder.
Nihon Shoki version
Apart from the variant name and the possibility of multiple hags ("eight Ugly Females of Yomi,") are some minor discrepancies, such as the lack of mention of the Thunder god and the army and the peaches. As Izanagi reached the entrance, Izanami was already there. According to one telling, Izanagi urinated at the large tree, so that the water swelled into a river, and before Yomotsu-hisame could cross it, Izanagi reached the entrance named the "Even Pass of Yomi".
Critical literature
Several commentators have pointed to the connection between the peach in this story and the general traditional belief or superstition that the peach has supernatural evil-warding powers. The symbolism of the "Peach Boy" or Momotarō that defeated the oni is often used as a familiar illustrative parallel.
See also
Izanami
Oni (demon)
Totsuka-no-Tsurugi
Aarne-Thompson Tale Type 313
Stith Thompson motif D672. Obstacle flight
Lampad (The Lampads or Lampades are the nymphs of the Underworld in Classical Greco-Roman mythology.)
Notes
Citations
References
(Reprint) Wikisource:
External links
Encyclopedia of Shinto: Yomotsushikome
Encyclopedia of Shinto: Yomotsuhisame
Japanese legendary creatures
Shinto kami
Female legendary creatures
Oni |
4039883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margamkali | Margamkali | Margamkali (Malayalam:മാർഗ്ഗംകളി ) is an ancient Indian round dance of the St. Thomas Christians community- based in Kerala state, mainly practiced by the endogamous sub-sect known as the Knanaya or Southist Christians. The dance retells the life and missionary work of St. Thomas the Apostle, based on the third- century apocryphal Acts of Thomas.
History
There are several opinions on the potential origin of Margamkali. They are:
It is traced back to Jewish wedding songs and dance from the diaspora. Scholars have found common origin among Malabar Jewish dance and songs and the dance form of Margamkali. In addition, scholars like P.M. Jussay and Dr Shalva Weil have found many similarities in the customs and rituals of Knanaya Christians and Malabar Jews.
It is derived from Sangam kali, a performance dance form of Brahmins.
It is derived from the Yathra Kali, a performance art of Nambudiri Brahmins in Kerala.
"Margam" means path or way or solution in Malayalam, but in the religious context it is known as the path to attain salvation. The process of conversion to Christianity was known as "Margam Koodal" until recently in Kerala. Much of this folk art is woven around the mission of St. Thomas, the Apostle. The original Margam Kali describes the arrival of St. Thomas in Malabar, the miracles he performed, the friendship as well as the hostility of the people among whom he worked, the persecution he suffered, the churches and crosses he put up in various places, etc. These details are incorporated in the various stanzas of the Margam Kali songs. Kerala's Margam Kali is an important element in the age-old and hallowed tradition of St Thomas among the Syrian Christians of Malabar Coast.
The disparity between the present condition of this form and the early days leads one to assume three important phases in the history of Margamkali. The first phase was the pre-colonization one in which this semi-theatrical form was performed by the Saint Thomas Christians during special occasions. Parichamuttukali (The sword and shield dance) was also a part of it. Later Synod of Diamper curbed and suppressed this native form. During the seventeenth century, due to the efforts of a Knanaya priest Itti Thomman Kathanar, the textual part of this form got certain upliftment and care. The Margamkali might have been edited and refashioned into the present fourteen stanza structure during this period. However, until the end of the nineteenth century the art form was not in common practice even though it did exist in some places. But at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, the form became popular once again, and some structural changes took place then. Masters such as Kalarikal Unni ashan, Indumoottil Kocheppu ashan, Indumoottil Kutto ashan were some of them who were responsible for this change and upheaval. By this time the Knanaya scholar Puttanpurikkal Uthuppu Lukose compiled and published Margamkali Pattukal in 1910. In 1924 the European priest and scholar Fr. Hosten S.J. witnessed the Margam Kali danced by the Knanaya of Kottayam and was enamored by the ancient artform. Subsequently, Hosten endeavored to present the dance at the Mission Exhibitions at the Vatican in 1925 by bringing these dancers to Rome, however this venture was met with mass resentment and disapproval from the Northist St. Thomas Christians who viewed the artform as being an "uncouth performance" and stated that if performed it "might ridicule all the St. Thomas Christians".
During the 1960s the St. Thomas Christian scholar of folk culture Dr. Chummar Choondal led a sociological survey of the Margam Kali and noted that the practice was solely of the Knanaya Community. Furthermore, Choondal found that all of the Margam teachers and groups of the time period were entirely Knanaya. The following analysis of the art-form was stated by Dr. Chummar Choondal.
“Knanaya Christians have the most ancient and varied art forms. Margamkali is their
dance form. Generally, it is said that margamkali is said in vogue among the Syrian Christians, but a close and critical observation will show that the practice and propagation of margamkali were among the Knanites. During my research in the 1960s, I could not find this art form practiced in the regions like Trissur and Pala where the Syrians are thickly populated. The traditions of margamkali can thus by analyzed: 70% among Knanaya Catholics and 25% among Knanaya Jacobites.”
In the late 1900s the art form was heavily in decline among the St. Thomas Christian Community but the Knanaya community took upon the initiative to promote and further expand the art form. In the 1970s and 1980s the Knanaya priests Fr. George Karukaparambil and Jacob Vellian as well as scholar of folk culture Dr. Chummar Choondal undertook years of heavy research and study with the help of 33 Knanaya ashans or teachers of Margam Kali to revitalize the ancient art form. Through critical historical, musicological, and ethnochoreological evaluation this team of researchers systematized Margam Kali and promoted it among schools and cultural organizations as an item of competition in youth festivals and eventually presented it to Kerala's Minister of Education who introduced a 14 minute long documentary created by the team. In order to make sure Margam Kali would be an art form set in stone, the team looked for a formal center for the furthering or Margam Kali and allied Christian art forms. Mar Kuriakose Kunnasserry the Bishop of the Knanaya Diocese of Kottayam came to the aide of the team in 1995 and established Hadusa (Syriac for Dancing/Rejoicing), as an All India Institute of Christian Performing Arts which in part has forever aided the existence and prominence of Margam Kali today. Hadusa has released a text titled "Margam kali Aattaprakaaram" which is considered as an authentic reference material for this art form.
Performance
Typically, a dozen dancers sing and dance clapping around a Nilavilakku wearing the traditional "Chattayum Mundum". The lamp represents Christ and the performers his disciples. The performance is usually held in two parts ("padham") and begins with songs and dances narrating the life of Saint Thomas, the apostle. It then takes a striking turn with a martial play of artificial swords and shields. Margamkali does not use any instruments other than two small palm size cymbals played by the same person who sings the song.
It was originally played by men and afterwards by boys, but nowadays women also perform the dance.
Today
Currently both Margamkali and Parichamuttukali are included in the State Youth Festival of Kerala. This makes these art forms a competitive item in the Four-tier system (i.e. School, Sub District, Revenue and State level) Youth festival. Margam Kali is performed mainly by women in cultural shows and by school children in a variety of competitions.
Bibliography
See also
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Notes
External links
Dances of Kerala
Arts of Kerala |
4039886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex%20offense | Flex offense | The Flex offense is an offensive strategy in basketball invented in 1967 by Rene Herrerias while coaching at Cal-Berkeley. It was utilized to bring UCLA's star center, Lew Alcindor (later known as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar), away from the basketball. The offense was originally called the "Cha Cha". It is a patterned offense relying on cuts across the key (called a "flex cut") and down screens to create a "pick-the-picker" action. This offense is most effective against a man-to-man defense, though some ambitious coaches have used it against odd front zones. It is the favored offense of many high school programs because it requires players to be in constant motion and the patterns of screens and cuts are easy to remember. Though dismissed by many coaches at the college level for its predictability, some notable programs still rely on it. It has been run by many NCAA teams, including by Gary Williams of the University of Maryland. Williams used the flex offense to lead the Terrapins to the 2002 NCAA National Championship. Also, Gordie James of Willamette University used the flex offense to lead the Bearcats to the 1993 NAIA Division II National Championship. Additionally, Jerry Sloan ran his variation of it for years with the Utah Jazz.
The flex is a type of continuity offense, similar to (and in fact derived from) the earlier shuffle offense.
The basic theory behind the flex offense is that all players are interchangeable—no player has a traditional role. The point guard advances the ball up the court to start the offense, while other players set screens to create openings. Typically, the point guard sets the offense on the same side as a low-post player positioned at the right block. The point guard passes opposite to a high-post at the top of the key while a wing player cuts off a screen by the low post player towards the ball to receive a pass from the high post player. The point guard screens down to the low post player who moves to the top of the key to receive a pass from the high post player. The same cut occurs on the other side of the ball and the offense begins its continuous cycle.
Variations
Gonzaga University runs a modified version of the simplistic flex offense. The University of Maryland ran a modified version of the flex offense under previous head coach Gary Williams. Maryland's prior offense attempted to run a version of the flex offense that allowed for closer shots at the basket, and was less focused on obtaining open perimeter jump shots. Boston College under Coach Al Skinner also ran the flex; the BC version was very compact, creating an extremely physical game and limiting a team's ability to help because of how collapsed the floor is.
Variations of the flex include the 5 man flex, utilizing all 5 players in the cutting and screening action and the 4 man flex, which utilizes 4 players. Since this offense is classified as a continuity offense, in which players repeat specific actions, some teams will build in options within the offense to keep defenses from anticipating a particular cut or screen.
References
http://analyzetheoffense.blogspot.ca/2012/01/mavericks.html
http://espn.go.com/blog/truehoop/post/_/id/18622/what-the-chicago-bulls-can-learn-from-the-utah-jazz
Basketball terminology
Basketball strategy |
4039908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Bromley | Little Bromley | Little Bromley is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. The name "Bromley" is Old English for "broomy wood/clearing". The village lies east northeast of Colchester and south of Manningtree. It is surrounded by the parishes of Lawford, Ardleigh, Great Bromley, Little Bentley, and Mistley. Its area is about . The population was reported to be 426 in the 1841 census, 361 in the 1911 census, 289 in the 2001 census, and 253 in the 2011 census. The main economic activity is arable farming. The village shop, mentioned in Kelly's Directory of Essex (1914), ceased operating in the 1990s.
The Anglican Church of St Mary the Virgin, is no longer used for regular worship and is in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. A Methodist chapel, built in 1863, closed in the late 1980s.
Nearby places
References
External links
Entry in "History, Gazetteer, and Directory of the County of Essex" by William White, 1848
Entry in Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1914
Village website
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring |
4039922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devoted%20to%20You%20%28song%29 | Devoted to You (song) | "Devoted to You" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant.
The best-known recording was by The Everly Brothers, released by Cadence Records as catalog number 1350. This version was issued as the flip side of "Bird Dog," but reached the charts on its own, at No. 10 on the United States pop charts, No. 25 in Australia, and No. 1 in Canada. In addition, the song reached No. 7 on the United States country music chart and No. 2 on the rhythm and blues chart.
Charts
Carly Simon and James Taylor version
The song was also recorded by American singer-songwriters Carly Simon and James Taylor, appearing on Simon's 1978 album, Boys in the Trees. Following the smash success of the album's first single "You Belong to Me", Devoted to You was released as the second single, and it also became a Top 40 hit. Charting on both the Billboard Pop singles chart and Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, as well as the Hot Country Songs chart. The song also charted in Canada, peaking at No. 50.
Personnel
Carly Simon - lead vocals
James Taylor - lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Richard Tee - Fender Rhodes electric piano
Hugh McCracken - electric guitar solo
Will Lee - bass
Steve Gadd - drums
Track listing
7" single
"Devoted to You" – 2:29
"Boys in the Trees" – 3:13
Charts
Cover versions
The Beach Boys' rendition was a part of their 1965 album Beach Boys' Party!, sung by Mike Love and Brian Wilson. This version was later included as the B-side to the Mike Love and Brian Wilson single, "Gettin' Hungry". A recording without the Party! sound effects can be found on their Hawthorne, CA compilation.
Brian Hyland covered the song for his 1964 album Here's to Our Love. Sandy Posey recorded a compelling cover on her Sweet Dreams album, in which she emulated the Everly Brothers' harmony using multi-track recording. The song was also covered by The Seekers on their 1993 live album 25 Year Reunion Celebration, and by Linda Ronstadt and Valerie Carter on Ronstadt's 1996 album Dedicated to the One I Love.
References
1958 songs
Songs written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
The Everly Brothers songs
The Beach Boys songs
Carly Simon songs
James Taylor songs |
4039957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Kane | Steven Kane | Steven Kane (born 5 June 1980) is a British racing driver who currently competes in the Blancpain Endurance Series and Avon Tyres British GT Championship for M-Sport Bentley driving a Bentley Continental GT3.
Career
Kane, who was born in Newtownards, County Down and grow up in Ballynahinch, was voted McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver of the Year in 2001 (earning a test with the McLaren Formula One team), after winning the Junior Formula Ford Zetec championship by taking 8 wins and 4 runners-up spots in 12 races. From 2003 to 2005 he competed in Formula Three; finishing as runner-up in the Scholarship class (for year-old cars) of the 2003 British Formula 3 Championship, finishing 3rd overall in Spain in 2004, and in 2005 he was 9th in the main British F3 championship. That year he took 3 poles and a win, despite the deal only coming together a day before the season began. At the end of 2005 he became the first driver ever to race a Lola at the Macau Formula Three race. He then raced in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series, with a best result of 2nd.
For 2007 he moved into the Porsche Carrera Cup GB, finishing 3rd overall and fighting for the title until the final round, with a series-high seven wins, including pole position at Thruxton.
In 2008 he competed in the BTCC, driving a BMW for the Motorbase Performance team. He started the year strongly, finishing 8th on his debut and later taking a 6th place at Rockingham Motor Speedway after a tough weekend. At Croft he ran 4th for a while, but dropped out with an electrical problem on the final lap. His first podium finish came at the next meeting at Snetterton. At the next meeting at Oulton Park, he qualified 15th before advancing to 9th in race 1, and from 9th on the grid to 4th in race 2, before being eliminated from race 3 after a first-lap hit from Tom Chilton.
He did not return to the BTCC for 2009. He is the series test driver for the new FIA Formula Two Championship, and co-commentator alongside Martin Haven on Eurosport2's coverage of the championship.
On 26 September 2009 he was a guest driver in the Kumho BMW Championship at Oulton Park. He qualified first in both qualifying sessions, and won both races. He was later punished with two points on his racing license after he was deemed by the stewards to have taken out another competitor on purpose.
Kane returned to the BTCC with the Airwaves BMW team for the 2010 season, partnering Mat Jackson. Kane won his first BTCC race at Thruxton on 4 April 2010 when he completed a one-two for Airwaves BMW in race three. He finished sixth overall at the end of the 2010 season with 169 points.
On 15 June 2011, it was announced that Kane would pilot a Lola-Mazda prototype for Dyson Racing in the American Le Mans Series, partnering with Humaid al-Masaood. He and al-Masaood finished 3rd overall (and 3rd in the LMP1 class) in each of their first two ALMS events at Lime Rock Park and Mosport. Kane and al-Masaood claimed their first overall victory at the inaugural Baltimore Grand Prix.
For 2012, Kane will race with Humaid al-Masaood in the Oryx Racing's Audi R8 GRAND-AM program in the Rolex Sports Car Series. In addition to this, Kane will also compete at the 12 Hours of Sebring with the Dyson Racing team.
Kane switched from racing in North America to Europe in 2013, joining JRM Racing to campaign a Nissan GT-R in the Blancpain Endurance Series alongside Peter Dumbreck and Lucas Luhr. Kane and Dumbreck finished eighth in the series' Pro Cup standings.
Kane has joined M-Sport for 2014, driving a Bentley Continental GT3 alongside Humaid Al Masaood in the British GT Championship, and with Guy Smith and Andy Meyrick in the Blancpain Endurance Series, after scoring a 4th place with the team at the 2013 Abu Dhabi Gulf 12 Hours.
2014 started brightly for Kane as he and his team mates Guy Smith and Andy Meyrick took a fourth place at Monza in April, followed by a home win at Silverstone in late May. A further victory came at the end of June at Paul Ricard which ultimately ensured a runners-up position in the final Blancpain Endurance Series standings.
For 2015 Kane stays with Bentley. His season started well with fourth-place finishes at both the Bathurst 12 Hours in February and the opening Monza Blancpain race in April.
Racing record
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.
Complete Porsche Supercup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Guest driver – Not eligible for points.
Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap – 1 point given all races)
References
External links
Career statistics from Driver Database
Profile at BTCCPages.com
1980 births
Living people
Racing drivers from Northern Ireland
Formula Ford drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
British GT Championship drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Porsche Supercup drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
ADAC GT Masters drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Porsche Carrera Cup GB drivers |
4039958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thlaspi%20caerulescens | Thlaspi caerulescens | Thlaspi caerulescens, the Alpine Penny-cress or alpine pennygrass, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found in Scandinavia and Europe.
Description
Thlaspi caerulescens is a low biennial or perennial plant that has small basal rosettes of stalked elliptic–lanceolate leaves with entire margins. The one or more flowering stems have small stalkless, alternate leaves clasping the stem. The inflorescence is a dense raceme which continues to lengthen after flowering. The individual flowers are regular, with white or pinkish petals and are about wide. Each has four sepals, four petals, six stamens (four long and two short) with violet anthers, and a single carpel. The fruit is many-seeded and narrowly spatulate and has a notched tip. This plant flowers in late spring.
Distribution and habitat
In Europe it is found in Finland and Sweden, in all but the most northerly regions. It is also found in the Alps, the Massif Central, the Pyrenees, eastern Norway, southern Germany, and northern England. It is a plant of dry hillside meadows, forest margins, banks, gardens, lawns, pastures, field margins, yards and bare places.
Phytoremediation
Alpine pennycress has been cited in phytoremediation to have special phytoextractional properties and is known to absorb cadmium with very good results and in certain instances is said to have absorbed zinc as well. Leaves accumulate up to 380 mg/kg Cd.
References
Brassicaceae
Flora of Finland
Flora of Norway
Flora of Sweden
Flora of Europe
Flora of Germany
Alpine flora
Phytoremediation plants |
4039960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devoted%20to%20You | Devoted to You | Devoted to You may refer to:
Devoted to You (film), a 1986 Hong Kong film
"Devoted to You" (song), a 1958 popular song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and popularized by the Everly Brothers
See also
"Hopelessly Devoted to You", a 1977 song recorded by Olivia Newton-John for the movie musical Grease |
4039970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslon%20Antique | Caslon Antique | Caslon Antique is a decorative American typeface that was designed in 1894 by Berne Nadall. It was originally called "Fifteenth Century", but was renamed "Caslon Antique" by Nadall's foundry, Barnhart Bros. & Spindler, in the mid-1920s.
The design of the typeface is meant to evoke the Colonial era. Early printers would reuse metal type over and over again, and the faces would become chipped and damaged from use. Caslon Antique emulates this look.
Variants
An italic variant of the font is also available.
In addition to versions available under the traditional name, Corel produces its own version of the font under the name "Casablanca Antique."
Notable uses
Caslon Antique is popular today when an "old-fashioned" or "gothic" look is desired.
It was used in the opening credits of the Jacques Rivette film La Belle Noiseuse. It is used by the musical group The Sisters of Mercy and Sepultura on their albums, for the logo of the musical Les Misérables, and for the covers of the books in A Series of Unfortunate Events. It is also frequently used on historical displays. It is used for the Warhammer Fantasy Role-Play role-playing game.
The 1985 reboot of the TV series The Twilight Zone uses it. Most recently, it has been used on promotional material for the smash musical Monty Python's Spamalot on Broadway, the West End, and its tour of the United States. British 1980s band The The also used the font in several of their music videos, usually displaying several lyrics from the song in the opening scenes. It used on the cover of Regina Spektor's album Begin to Hope. Caslon Antique is also the main font used by Smuttynose Brewing Company in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The font is also used in some circumstances of the 2009 children's show Horrible Histories.
See also
Samples of display typefaces
External links
Identifont profile on Caslon Antique
Display typefaces
Old style serif typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1894 |
4039972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.Leclerc | E.Leclerc | E.Leclerc (informally simply Leclerc, ) is a French cooperative society and hypermarket chain, headquartered in Ivry-sur-Seine.
E.Leclerc was established on 1 January 1948 by Édouard Leclerc in Brittany. E.Leclerc currently has more than 720 locations in France and 85 stores outside of the country, as of 2019. The chain enables semi-independent stores to operate under the Leclerc brand.
Own brand ranges come under the Marque Repère and Eco+ banners, as well as a MVNO called Réglo Mobile which uses the mobile network of SFR. Some larger hypermarkets have a separate entertainment/multimedia section, under the name of Espace Culturel.
E.Leclerc operates numerous stores and services around France, some near and in cities and towns while most of them are located just outside or in the hypermarkets and shopping centres.
L'auto (Car Garage)
Brico (DIY store)
Le Prou Construction (Residential and commercial construction)
Espace Culturel (Multimedia store/DVD store)
Jardin (Garden Centre)
Location (A Quick Car rental Service)
Manège à Bijoux (Jewelry Kiosk)
Optique (Opticians)
Parapharmacie (Pharmacy, Chemist store)
Sport (Sports shop)
Station-Service (Petrol/Gas Station)
UNE HEURE POUR SOI (Perfume store)
Bornes électriques (Electrical store)
Animalerie (Pet Shop)
Jouets (Game store mainly aimed at kids)
Occasion (Second-hand products)
History of Leclerc
In 1949, Édouard Leclerc opened his first store, in Landerneau, in Brittany, on the same model as the self-service grocery store invented by Félix Potin in 1844. Subsequently, in the 1950s, a new brand called E.Leclerc clothing opens its doors and the sixtieth E.Leclerc center also opens its doors in Issy-les-Moulineaux by Jean-Pierre Le Roch. In 1962, the E.Leclerc Centers Purchasing Group (GALEC) was created. In 1964, the Landerneau store expanded, becoming the first E.Leclerc hypermarket. From 1969, 75 centers withdrew to form the future Intermarché. Over the years, several spaces were founded such as Le Manège à Bijoux in 1986, E.Leclerc Voyages in 1987, L'auto E.Leclerc in 1988 and the Parapharmacy E.Leclerc in 1988 after the end of the pharmacists' monopoly on sales. parapharmacy products. In 1973, Édouard Leclerc invented the concept of wine fairs, which he launched in his supermarkets.
In 1991, E.Leclerc launched a first-price range and created the Tissaia brand, the first E.Leclerc clothing brand. In 1992, he opened his first store in Pamplona in Spain and began to expand in Europe. The first E.Leclerc Cultural Center opened its doors in 1994. Leclerc opened its first store in Warsaw, Poland. E.Leclerc stopped distributing disposable plastic bags in 1996. The Repère brand was launched for the first time in 1997 by the brand. The following year, opening of the first E.Leclerc perfumery “One hour for oneself”. During 1998, E.Leclerc and the Système U group joined forces and created a common purchasing center called “Lucie”. The agreement will last only three years. Only the fuel purchase activity survived and the entity was renamed “Synergie” without publicity.
Leclerc stores
As of 2019, there were 721 E.Leclerc stores in France, along with 690 DRIVE stores. There were 83 stores outside of France. Leclerc stores are also present in Poland, Portugal, Spain, Réunion, Andorra, Slovenia and Wallis and Futuna.
References
External links
Official site
Hypermarkets of France
Retail companies established in 1948
French companies established in 1948
French brands |
4039984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Catharines%20Standard | St. Catharines Standard | The St. Catharines Standard is a daily newspaper of the city of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. As of May 2020, the publication was owned by Torstar but on May 26, 2020, the company agreed to be acquired by NordStar Capital, a private investment firm. The deal was expected to close prior to year end.
History
The St. Catharines Standard was started in 1891, by W. B. Burgoyne. The Standard, located in St. Catharines, Ontario, is the largest daily newspaper in Niagara. It has published continuously since 1891.
Its focus is local news, and it includes national and international news, sports, entertainment and lifestyle reporting. The newspaper is a consistent winner of Ontario Newspaper Awards, along with other newspaper industry awards.
It was later purchased by Southam Newspapers and then Canwest Global Communications. Osprey Media took over as publisher for a number of years until June 1, 2007, when it was announced Quebecor would acquire the company and its newspapers for $355.5 million. In 2015, Quebecor's English language newspapers were sold to Postmedia.
The Standard was one of several Postmedia newspapers purchased by Torstar in a transaction between the two companies which concluded on November 27, 2017. The paper continued to be published by the Metroland Media Group subsidiary of Torstar.
See also
List of newspapers in Canada
References
External links
Mass media in St. Catharines
Torstar publications
Daily newspapers published in Ontario
Publications established in 1891
1891 establishments in Ontario |
4039989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimmanakali | Chimmanakali | Chimmanakali is an art form of Pulaya of north Kerala, south India. Chimmanam should mean humor or chat. Chimmanakali is associated with Garbhabali known as Kannal Kalampattu. The song sung for this play is known as chothiyum pidiym pattu. Very often speeches braced with humor are held. The incidents are dramatized and presented. Chimmanakali essentially is a satirical form of art performed to point out evils of society.
See also
Pulayan
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Dances of India
Culture of Kerala |
4039991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamilari | Kamilari | Kamilari is a village on the island of Crete, Greece, with 379 inhabitants. There is an archaeological site of an ancient Minoan cemetery nearby. The origin of the name 'Kamilari' is Byzantine. It is derived from the word 'kamilaris' meaning 'the one who rides a camel'. Kamilari is built atop three hills:
Ovgora, meaning "good view" is the highest one with an altitude of 110m,
Goulas is the one with the old school and the Hellenistic findings on top and
Alevrota, reachable from the village exit in direction of Sivas.
The village and the surrounding places can also be visited via the virtual tour and the respective website
Archaeology
The Minoan tholos tomb is on a low hill 1.9 kilometers southwest of Hagia Triada. East of the tomb were five rooms, probably added during Middle Minoan IIIA, and an area for offerings north of these rooms. Here, 500 vases were found upside down. Another 250 vases were found inside the tholos tomb.
Three clay models were found in the Late Minoan IIIA burials. One is of a group of dancers, another is two people standing in front of four seated people, and the third is of a banquet including the Minoan horns "of consecration" and doves. These artefacts are on display at the Heraklion Archaeological Museum.
Village amenities
There are numerous villas and rooms to rent. There is a supermarket with a traditional butcher's shop. Fairs are held during the feast-days of the village on 27 July and 6 August.
References
External links
Minoan Crete Kamilari page, Ian Swindale
Cultural committee of Kamilari webpage
A Kamilari website for the village and the surrounding places
Kamilari and surrounding areas virtual tour
Minoan sites in Crete
Ancient cemeteries in Greece
Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit) |
4040023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaykh%20Al-Mufid | Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid | Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi, known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid () and Ibn al-Mu'allim (c.9481022 CE), was a prominent Twelver Shia theologian. His father was a teacher (mu'allim), hence the name Ibn al-Mu'allim. The title "al-Mufid" was given to him either by Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia Imam, or by al-Rummani, a Sunni scholar, after a conversation with him. The leader of the Shia community, he was a mutakallim, theologian, and Shia jurist.
He was taught by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Ibn Qulawayh, Abu Abdallah al-Basri and al-Rummani, and Sharif al-Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi were among his students. Only 10 of his 200 works have survived, among which are Amali, Al-Irshad, Al-Muqni'ah, and Tashih al-Itiqadat.
Early life and education
Al-Mufid was born in 'Ukbara, a small town to the north of Baghdad, on 11th Dhul Qa'dah in 336 Hijra. According to Shaykh Tusi, however, he was born in 338AH, and later migrated with his father to Baghdad, where the Shia Buwayhids were ruling. He studied with Ibn Babawayh.
Sharif al-Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi were among his students. His career coincided with that of the Mu'tazili theologian and leader of the Bahshamiyya school, 'Abd al-Jabbar. Al-Mufid was often attacked, and his library and school were destroyed.
He was also called Ibn Muallim, meaning "son of the teacher"; Muallim was his father. Among his teachers were the Shia theologian Abu Ali al-Iskafi, Abu Abdallah al-Marzubani, Abu Abdallah al-Basri, Abu al-Hassan, and Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani.
Commonly known as the leader of the Shia, Al-Mufid is regarded as the most famous scholar of the Buyid period and an eminent jurist, mainly due to his contributions in the field of kalam. According to Ibn al-Nadim, who knew al-Mufid personally, he was the head of the Shia Mutekallimun in the field of kalam, and al-Tawhidi, who was also personally familiar with al-Mufid, described him as "eloquent and skillful at dialectic (jadal)". His skill in polemical debate was such that he was said to be capable of convincing his opponents "that a wooden column was actually gold". He was taught the Islamic science of hadith by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq.
His nickname "al-Mufid"
It is said that al-Mufid earned his name "al-Mufid" as a result of a dispute about the relative merits of two events, the Ghadir Khumm and the Cave. Al-Mufid participated in a lecture given by Isa al-Rummani, where in a response to a question al-Rummani claimed that Ghadir Khum was based merely on riwayah (transmitted tradition), while the story of the Cave was based on diraya (knowledge). After the lecture, al-Mufid visited al-Rummani and asked him about Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr, who had rebelled against Ali, "a legitimate Imam". Al-Rummani responded that they had repented, and al-Mufid claimed that their repenting was merely based on riwaya, whereas the war was based in diraya. Al-Rummani then sent al-Mufid to al-Basri, with a note nicknaming the bearer "al-Mufid" ("the Instructor"). However, according to Ibn Shahr Ashub, in his Ma'alimul Ulamaa, the name was given to him by Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia Imam.
As a theologian
Taught by Abdallah al-Basri, the Mutazili theologian and hanafi jurist, al-Mufid adopted many theological opinions. Macdermott believes that al-Mufid's theology is closer to the old Baghdad school of Mutazilism than to Abdul Jabbar's late Basran system. His methodology is closer to that of the Baghdad school, and he seems to have followed the Baghdad school and Mutazilism in his views concerning such questions as God's unity and justice. However, al-Mufid differs from Mutazilism on the problem of Imamate and the position of grave sin in this life. Al-Mufid tried to defend the role of reasonhe described it as Al-Nazarand also disputed for the truth and put away faults with the help of argument and proofs. Also, al-Mufid believed that the task of a theologian was according to reason and argument. His views were adopted by his pupils, 'Abd al-Jabbar and Sharif al-Murtaza.
God's attributes
Al-Mufid defined God's unity in this way: According to al-Mufid, all believers in God's unity, save for "some eccentric anthropomorphists", agree with this. Like Mutazilis, al-Mufid rejected "the simple realism of the Ash'arite theory of attribution". However, al-Mufid and 'Abd al-Jabbar give different explanations of what an attribute is, and whether it is in an object or in the mind.
Prophecy
According to al-Mufid, there is an absolute necessity for prophets, since in order to know God and moral principles man needs revelation, and he noted that "every apostle (rasul) is a prophet but every prophet (nabi) is not an apostle". Although he took care to make a distinction between an apostle and a prophet as the Quran does, he did not believe that there was a difference in their functions, which enabled him to put the Imams on the level of the prophets and the apostles except in terms of their names.
Imamah
Al-Mufid defined the Imamiya as those who believe in the necessity of Imamah, Ismah and personal nass, i.e., personal designation. He tended to the belief that the Imams are superior to all the prophets and apostles, with the exception of Muhammad. According to al-Mufid, Imams can "take the place of the prophets in enforcing judgments, seeing to the execution of the legal penalties, safeguarding the Law, and educating mankind", a definition which makes an Imam not only "the head of the community in administrative, judicial, and military matters", but an "authoritative teacher of mankind". This attitude regarding Shia Imam is the basis of other teaching in Mufid theology such as Imam's immunity from sin and error, the necessity of having an imam in all the times and the way the Imam should be designated.
His criticisms of Al-Shaykh al-Saduq
On a number of occasions al-Mufid was critical of his teacher, Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, and his Tashih al-Itiqadat was a correction of al-Saduq's Risalat al-Itaqadat. Not limiting himself to theological matters, al-Mufid rejected al-Saduq's resort to akhbar al-ahad (single tradition), particularly when a legal statement is to be issued. However, he did not object to al-Saduq's views concerning the extent of the Quran; he only criticized his views on the nature of the Quran. Unlike al-Saduq, al-Mufid accepted "religious and speculative theology". While al-Saduq allowed controversy "only in the form of quoting and explaining the words of God, the Prophet, and the Imams", reporting a tradition from Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam of Shia, al-Mufid believed that there were two kinds of disputationnamely, "true" and "vain".
Works
Shaykh al-Mufid is said to have written 200 works, of which only a few more than ten have survived. Some of his works are as follows:
Al-Amali (of Shaykh Mufid), also known as "Al-Majaalis", traditions recorded by al-Mufid's pupils during the sessions where al-Mufid gave the chain of narration ending up with himself
Tashih al-Itiqadat, a correction of al-Saduq's Risalat al-Itiqadat
َAwail Al Maqalat, an elaboration of al-Mufid's theology and "a practical catalogue of Imamite positions on disputed questions"
Kitab al-Irshad or Al-Irshad fi ma'rifat hujaj Allah 'ala al-'ibad, on the lives of the Shia Imams
Al-Fusul al-`Ashara fi al-Ghaybah
Ahkam al-Nisa, on legal obligations regarding women
Fifth Risalah on Ghaybah
Al-Muqni'ah (The Legally Sufficient) The commentary on this book by Shaykh Tusi, Tadhhib al-Ahkam fi Sharh al-Muqni'ah, is among the Shia four books.
Tawqees
Al-Mufid received two Tawqees by Muhammad al-Mahdi during major occultation.
Death
Al-Mufid died on the third day of Ramadan in 413AH. According to the Shia writer Shaykh Tusi, "The day of his death drew the largest crowd ever seen in any funeral, and both friends and foes wept uncontrollably". He remained buried in his own house for two years, after which his body was moved to Al Kadhimiya Mosque and buried next to his teacher, Ibn Qulawayh al-Qummi. His grave is near the feet of two of the Shia Imams, Musa al-Kadhim and his grandson Muhammad al-Jawad.
In popular culture
The ninth day of Azar in Iran's official calendar is the commemoration day of Shaykh al-Mufid.
An image of Mofid has been shown as imaginary in a paint.
See also
Muhammad al-Kulaynī
Allāmah Majlisī
Shaykh al-Hur al-Āmilī
Ja'fari jurisprudence
Holiest sites in Islam
Secondary studies
Paul Sander, Zwischen Charisma und Ratio, Berlin, 1994
Tamima Bayhom-Daou, Shaykh Mufid, Makers of the Muslim World, Oxford, 2005
References
External links
Al-Amali
Kitab al-Irshad
Karbala Historical Resources
The Emendation of a Shi‘ite Creed
Kitab Al-Irshad
948 births
1022 deaths
10th-century Arabs
11th-century Arabs
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Shia scholars of Islam
People from Baghdad |
4040030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.-class%20torpedo%20boat | 2.-class torpedo boat | The 2.-class torpedo boat was a designation in the Scandinavian countries for a type of fast steam torpedo boats between 40 tons and 80 tons, in service from the 1880s to after World War I.
Ships in class
Royal Danish Navy
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 2
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 3
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 4
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 5
1884 Torpedobaad Nr. 6
1884 Torpedobaad Nr. 7
1886 Torpedobaad Nr. 8
1886 Torpedobaad Nr. 9
1888 Torpedobaad Nr. 10
1888 Torpedobaad Nr. 11
1889 Torpedobaad Nr. 12
1894 Torpedobaad Hajen
1894 Torpedobaad Søulven
Royal Norwegian Navy
HNoMS Lyn (1882)
HNoMS Glimt
HNoMS Blink
HNoMS Pil
HNoMS Snar
HNoMS Orm
HNoMS Oter
HNoMS Varg
HNoMS Raket
HNoMS Djerv
HNoMS Kvik
HNoMS Hvas
HNoMS Kjaek
HNoMS Hauk
HNoMS Falk
HNoMS Orn
HNoMS Ravn
HNoMS Grib
HNoMS Jo
HNoMS Skarv
HNoMS Teist
HNoMS Kjell (1912)
Royal Swedish Navy
HSwMS Hugin (1884)
References
Torpedo boat classes |
4040032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Steffler | John Steffler | John Steffler (born November 13, 1947) is a Canadian poet and novelist. He served as Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate from 2006 to 2008.
Biography
John Steffler was born in Toronto, Ontario, on November 13, 1947, and grew up in a rural area near Thornhill. He obtained a B.A. (Honours) in English from University College, University of Toronto, in 1971, and an M.A. in English (1974) from the University of Guelph, with a thesis titled "The Origin and Development of Los: a Study of the Prophetic Poetry of William Blake". He taught at the Department of English, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, from 1975 until 2006. He has served as writer-in-residence and part-time faculty at University of New Brunswick, University of Guelph, and Concordia University, and has facilitated workshops with the Banff Centre and Sage Hill writing programs. After leaving Newfoundland in 2006, Steffler lived in Montreal until 2008, and until 2019 divided his time between Montreal and rural Ontario, where he lives with his wife, poet Susan Gillis.
Bibliography
Poetry
An Explanation of Yellow. Ottawa: Borealis Press, 1981.
The Grey Islands. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985.
The Wreckage of Play. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988.
That Night We Were Ravenous. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1998.
The Grey Islands. London, ON: Brick Books, 2000.
Helix: new and selected poems. Montreal : Signal Editions, 2002.
The Grey Islands, unabridged audio edition (2007)
Lookout. Plattsburgh, NY: McClelland and Stewart, 2010. (shortlisted for the 2011 Griffin Poetry Prize)
Forty-One Pages: On Poetry, Language and Wilderness. Regina: University of Regina Press, 2019.
And Yet. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2020.
Novels
The Afterlife of George Cartwright. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1993.
German Mills: A Novel Pertaining to the Life and Times of William Berczy. Gaspereau Press, 2015.
Children's books
Flights of Magic. Victoria: Press Porcepic, 1987.
Anthologies
Coastlines: The Poetry of Atlantic Canada, ed. Anne Compton, Laurence Hutchman, Ross Leckie and Robin McGrath (Goose Lane Editions, 2002)
Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy Canadian Poetry Online.
References
External links
John Steffler on the University of Toronto Library Canadian Poets List
Griffin Poetry Prize biography of John Steffler, including video clip
"At the Foot of a Wall" from That Night We Were Ravenous, online at CBC Words at Large
John Steffler speaks about his appointment as Canada's Parliamentary Poet Laureate, online at CBC Words at Large (audio)
1947 births
Living people
Canadian Parliamentary Poets Laureate
Writers from Toronto
University of Guelph alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian male poets
Canadian male novelists
Canadian children's writers
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Amazon.ca First Novel Award winners |
4040033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A38%20%28venue%29 | A38 (venue) | A38 is an entertainment and cultural venue on the Danube river in Budapest, Hungary, opened on 30 April 2003. Its structure repurposes a decommissioned stone-carrier ship that operated in Ukraine and is now anchored permanently to the bottom of Petőfi Bridge. The venue variously encompasses a ruin bar, restaurant, exhibition hall, dancefloor, and concert hall.
The A38 is a member of the Trans Europe Halles organization.
Reception
The travel guide publisher Lonely Planet has voted A38 the "Best Bar in the World" in an online poll. Travel writer Craig Turp ranks it number one on his list of the top-10 clubs in Budapest, writing in Top 10 Budapest (2010): "Budapest's top dance venue is located on a ship moored on the Danube. There are three floors to choose from – the upper deck terrace for listening to the latest mellow sounds, the lower deck-level restaurant and the concert and dance hall below. A38 is also popular for classical and rock concerts, held in the hold."
According to the guide website Ruin Bars Budapest, the venue is "one of the best places for non-mainstream music lovers in Budapest with its rich concert programmes ... it outperforms itself by offering cool original and tribute concerts ... it is a community place ... a cultural venue offering a wide range of jazz, punk, world, electronic, contemporary, rock music along with various cultural events (film clubs, gastronomy events etc)".
See also
Upcycling
References
External links
Official Website (English/Hungarian)
Culture in Budapest
Nightclubs in Budapest |
4040036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle%20skiing%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20moguls | Freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's moguls | The Women's Moguls event in freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy took place on 11 February.
Results
Qualification
Hannah Kearney, the winner of the event at the 2005 World Championship, failed to qualify for the final, while Canadian Jennifer Heil, the World Cup leader finished over a point ahead of the competition in her qualifying race.
Final
Heil, the top qualifier, started last, and was up against the time of Norwegian Kari Traa, who improved on her qualifying sum by 1.39 points. However, Heil's total of 26.50 was nearly a point better than Traa, which gave her the gold.
References
Women's freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 in women's sport
Women's events at the 2006 Winter Olympics |
4040047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire%20%28board%20game%29 | Crossfire (board game) | Crossfire is a board game created by the Milton Bradley Company in 1971. The object of the game is to score goals by pushing one of the two pucks into the opposing player's goal. This task is accomplished by shooting small metal ball bearings at the pucks using the attached guns. The earliest version of the game featured a flat board, whereas the 90's release board is dome-shaped. This causes the ball bearings to roll into the players' bins more easily, but can cause the pucks to indefinitely rest at the edges of the board. The 2010's rerelease changed this to being sloped with a shallow grade, preventing the pucks from sliding on their own as much and making it easier to get them away from the borders.
Gameplay
The two pucks are made of plastic and rest on a central metal ball bearing. The bearing can spin and roll within the plastic mold allowing greater puck movement and responsiveness to hits. One of the pucks is shaped like a triangle, and the other is star-shaped. The object of the game is to get either piece into your opponents' goal. the first to three “goals” wins!
Marketing
The early 1990s American commercial campaign for this product may be arguably its better-known aspect, portraying the game featured in a supposed near post-apocalyptic future, with the game used for a battle between two young men as "the ultimate challenge". The hero in the exchange was portrayed by a young Tim Maynard, a Shakespearean actor who transitioned into daytime soap opera acting.
References
External links
Tabletop games
Board games introduced in 1971
Board games of physical skill
Milton Bradley Company games |
4040050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Hart%20%28British%20Columbia%20politician%29 | Jim Hart (British Columbia politician) | James Alexander Hart (born October 30, 1955) is a Canadian politician.
Early years
Hart was born in Edmonton, Alberta, was educated in Calgary and completed his military training at Canadian Forces Fleet School Halifax, CFB Borden and CFB Esquimalt. He served in the Canadian Forces twice, first for 5 years in the navy. After training as an Electrical Technician Hart served on 3 of Her Majesty's Canadian Ship's; (HMCS) Gatineau, Qu'Appelle and Yukon. Hart served an addition 5 years as a Canadian Armed Forces Reserve officer and Commanding Officer of the 902 Kiwanis Air Cadet Squadron. Mr. Hart completed his broadcasting training at the Columbia Academy of Radio and Television Arts in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1981. Hart has also studied at the Canadian Securities Institute, completing the Canadian Securities Course and the Ethics, Conduct and Practices Program. Prior to entering political life, Hart worked in the broadcasting industry as radio host, television host, account executive and radio station manager.
Political career
In 1988, Hart was elected to municipal government and served two terms as a Trustee. In 1989, he joined a new national political movement, the Reform Party of Canada, which became the Canadian Alliance in 2000.
Hart was first elected 1993 to represent the riding of Okanagan—Similkameen—Merritt, British Columbia, in the Canadian parliament. He was re-elected in 1997 in the new riding of Okanagan—Coquihalla.
In 1998, as a member of Canada's official opposition, he was elected by his peers as the Vice Chairman of the House Standing Committee of Defense and Veterans’ Affairs. As well, Hart was appointed as Chief Opposition Critic for a number of senior portfolios including Defense, Veterans’ Affairs, and Justice. He also served as an executive member on the Canada/Japan and NATO Parliamentary Associations. After publicly attacking Reform Party leader Preston Manning and accepting the Parliamentary Pension Plan, Hart briefly quit the Reform caucus before publicly apologizing to be accepted back into the caucus.
In March 1996 Hart accused Jean-Marc Jacob, Member of Parliament for Charlesbourg, of sedition for a 1995 communique sent by him (Jacob) to members of the Armed Forces in Quebec concerning the October 30, 1995 separation referendum in that province. The Speaker ruled the matter prima facie, Mr. Hart moved a motion, which after debate was amended, and the House referred the matter to committee for study. See debates, March 12, 1996, pp. 557–67; March 13, 1996, pp. 648–74; March 14, 1996, pp. 680–703; March 18, 1996, pp 854–9. On June 18, 1996 the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs presented its Twenty-Ninth Report which found that although Mr. Jacobs actions were ill-advised, there was no contempt of the House. See Journals June 18, 1996, pp. 565–6; June 20, 1996, pp. 592–3 (House of Commons Procedure and Practice, Robert Marleau and Camille Montpetit )The communique urged Canadian Armed Forces personnel, along with equipment and military hardware to immediately join the new Quebec Armed Forces the day after a "yes" vote in the referendum. The referendum failed to win a majority.
Inquiry
Hart resigned as a Member of Parliament in order so that newly elected Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day could enter the House of Commons through a by-election. After the by-election, Hart received a severance payment of $50,000 from the Canadian Alliance, which prompted a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) inquiry. The Canadian Alliance maintained that the payment was made to cover lost income between the time of his resignation and the date of the next election, and was not an inducement.
The RCMP inquiry concluded that an investigation was not necessary and that neither Hart nor the Canadian Alliance had committed a criminal offence, and no charges were ever laid in the matter.
Later career
Since leaving Parliament, Hart started a Public and Government Relations business, with clients including the British Columbia Naturopathic Association, and continued to speak publicly about proposed changes to health care regulations in British Columbia.
In 2004 Hart moved to the Republic of Georgia and worked as a parliamentary adviser to H.E. Speaker Nino Burjanadze.
In 2005, Hart received an honorary doctorate from Georgian Technical University for his work in parliament and promoting democracy in Georgia.
In May 2008 the Harts returned to Georgia. Jim accepted the position of Dean, School of Governance at Caucasus University.
In the fall of 2008, Jim Hart was offered a position with Management Systems International (MSI) to work in Baghdad, Iraq as Senior Legislative Adviser on a multi-year contract to assist in strengthening the Council of Representatives (COR) Iraq's national parliament. Mr Hart accepted the position and in June 2009 he was promoted to the position of Chief of Party, heading the field operations and programming of the Iraq Legislative Strengthening Program (ILSP) a multimillion-dollar USAID development program.
Jim Hart has been in demand in the field of parliamentary development since 2004, he has managed parliamentary strengthening programs in the Republic of Georgia, Iraq, and Indonesia. In addition, Hart has been active with assignments observing elections in Ukraine, Georgia, and Afghanistan. The impressive list of clients includes international NGO's, USAID, OSCE and the European Union.
From July 2, 2013 to July 1, 2018 he served as a full-time member of the Pacific Regional Division of the Parole Board of Canada.
Publications
Hart, Jim. Straight from Hart''•
References
External links
History of Okanagan-Similkameen-Merritt riding
History of Okanagan Coquihalla riding
Living people
1955 births
Canadian Alliance MPs
20th-century Canadian politicians
Canadian Baptists
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Reform Party of Canada MPs |
4040053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Cellular%20of%20Southern%20Illinois | First Cellular of Southern Illinois | First Cellular of Southern Illinois was a telecommunications company in Illinois, United States.
Services included:
Owned and Operated Wireless phone carrier
At its time, the largest digital network in area served with significant market share.
Extensive nationwide network by partnering with multiple companies across the United States
Sponsorship of local arts and education programs as well as wireless phone donations to area shelters.
The company was purchased by Alltel in an all-cash deal; the acquisition closed on May 1, 2006. Complete turnover of all stores occurred in early October.
External links
Acquisition article
Company website
Acquisition press release
Defunct mobile phone companies of the United States
Communications in Illinois
Defunct companies based in Illinois
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2006
Alltel |
4040068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathukali | Marathukali | Marathukali is a variant of Poorakkali. Poorakkali is a traditional dance ritual performed by men during the nine-day Pooram festival in Bhagavathy temples across Northern Kerala (formerly known as Kolathunadu), south India. Marathukali is a form of Poorakali performed by two parties competently. The ordinary play lacks the competent mood displayed in Marathukali. Big disputes ensue between two parties while performance is on and learned people dissuade both parties from further confrontation.
See also
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Poorakkali
Dances of Kerala |
4040075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Magus | Grand Magus | Grand Magus are a three-piece heavy metal band from Stockholm, Sweden that draws influence from classic heavy metal bands and elements of doom metal.
Career
The band was formed in 1996 under the name Smack by former Cardinal Fang vocalist Janne "JB" Christoffersson, bassist Mats "Fox" Skinner, and Iggy on drums. Iggy departed in early 1998 and Fredrik "Trisse" Liefvendahl replaced him after responding to an advert for the vacant drummer position. A change in musical direction was also accompanied by a change of name to Grand Magus. A demo was recorded which received a positive response. This led to an appearance on the Waterdragon Records compilation, Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2000) and a split 7-inch LP with fellow countrymen Spiritual Beggars (who JB would later join on vocals 2002–2010) on Southern Lord Records.
Their debut album Grand Magus was released on 5 November 2001, through Rise Above Records (who would release the band's first four albums). This album continues to contribute to the band's cult status with doom and heavy metal fans. Two more albums would follow: Monument (25 November 2003) and Wolf's Return (14 June 2005). These would show a progression to a more traditional heavy metal sound but still retain the sound of their groove and stoner roots. Early 2006 saw Magus embark on a European tour supporting Cathedral, along with Electric Wizard, accentuating the band's ability to perform live.
In 2006 Trisse left the band with Sebastian "Seb" Sippola being recruited on drums. The band released their fourth album, Iron Will, on 9 June 2008, which garnered critical acclaim from the rock and music press by achieving first place in Metal Hammer Germany‘s Soundcheck. This would be the last album to be released by Rise Above Records.
It was announced in December 2009 that Roadrunner Records was to release Grand Magus' fifth album, Hammer of the North, the following summer. Released in 21 June 2010, Hammer of the North became a breakout for the band, triumphing in the Soundchecks of both German Hard Rock and Metal Hammer magazines. The album peaked at number 42 on the German album chart leading to a support slot on the joint tour of major acts Mötorhead and Doro. The eponymous track was regularly positioned as a conclusion to their live sets, due to its ability to elicit crowd participation. The album also yielded two other staple live songs in "Ravens Guide Our Way" and primary set opener "I, the Jury".
April 2012 saw the amicable departure of Seb from the band in order for him to concentrate more on family life. This in turn led to long-time friend Ludwig "Ludde" Witt of Spiritual Beggars being recruited as drummer. Their sixth album, The Hunt, was released via Nuclear Blast on 25 May 2012.
The band's seventh album came in the form of Triumph and Power, released 31 January 2014, which maintained the momentum of its predecessor. The cover artwork was created by artist Anthony Roberts.
Grand Magus' eighth album, Sword Songs was released on 13 May 2016. The songs were recorded during the midwinter months of 2015–16, produced by Nico Elgstrand. On the lead-up to the release, JB commented: "We put all of our sweat, blood and tears into this new album and I think that you can hear that. For me, Sword Songs is the best Grand Magus album ever! The new songs are faster and more aggressive than on Triumph and Power — and we have also included some more extreme and harder stuff. I’m convinced that there are some future classics on the disc!" A cover version of Deep Purple's "Stormbringer" was included as a bonus track on the limited edition CD version, the first cover released in the band's history.
Their ninth album, Wolf God, was released on 19 April 2019. The band had scheduled a European tour for March/April 2022, but due to COVID, they called off the tour and will instead spend the year recording a new album, to be released in 2023 and supported by a different tour that year.
Members
Current line-up
Janne "JB" Christoffersson - guitars, lead vocals (1996–present)
Mats "Fox" Skinner - bass, backing vocals (1996–present)
Ludwig "Ludde" Witt - drums (2012–present)
Past members
Fredrik "Trisse" Liefendahl - drums (1998-2006)
Sebastian "Seb" Sippola - drums (2006-2012)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Music videos
References
External links
Official website
Swedish heavy metal musical groups
Swedish doom metal musical groups
Swedish musical trios
Swedish stoner rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 1996
Nuclear Blast artists |
4040082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall%20Timbers%20Research%20Station%20and%20Land%20Conservancy | Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy | Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy is a research and learning facility located in northern Leon County, Florida, just off County Road 12 on the north side of Lake Iamonia. Tall Timbers researches the areas of fire ecology, resource management, forestry, game bird management, and vertebrate ecology.
Origins
Edward Beadel was a wealthy Architect from New York City who went south each winter. He was also an avid hunter who lodged at the Piney Woods Hotel in Thomasville, Georgia. The hotel was constructed circa 1885 but burned to the ground in 1906. "Beadel would often cross the Florida border to hunt on the property of Charlie Davis. Beadel was so impressed with Leon County that in 1895 he purchased 2,200-acres (890 ha) of land along the north shore of Lake Iamonia for $8000. At that time he also designed and built a $3000 vernacular colonial revival home where a plantation house had once stood. He renamed the property Tall Timbers Plantation. The home had its own water tower, boat house, and other outbuildings.
Edward Beadel died in 1919 and the property passed to his nephew, Henry Ludlow Beadel. Henry was a philanthropist and naturalist who had been hunting in Leon County since 1894. An additional 600-acres was added to the plantation.
Two years later, a single story, five-bay wing was constructed east of the main house, connected by an 86-foot porch. Additional bedroom space was created by adding 3 dormers to the front of the main house. Henry lived in the east wing from 1921 until his death in 1963 and the interior remains unchanged.
Field hunting was accomplished via horse-drawn carriage. For duck hunting, Henry used a handmade tin boat of between 8 and 9 feet in length. Tall Timbers also had a number of canoes. By this time, the house had a huge stone fireplace and rustic furniture fit for a lodge. The exterior had a sweeping porch facing the lake.
Beadel was one of several plantation owners who sponsored a 1924 scientific inquiry into local quail population declines. This was the first study that grew into the research station.
Henry Beadel's will left the plantation for use as a nature preserve for wildlife research. The Tall Timbers Inc was established in 1958 and incorporated May 24, 1960. The interior of the main house was modified for use as offices of the Reseach Station.
In 2014 the Conservancy announced the donation of the 9,100-acre Dixie Plantation from the Geraldine C. M. Livingston Foundation.
As of 2018, the organization held in excess of 125,000 acres of conservation easements in Georgia and Florida, the area's biggest private land trust. That total rose to 158,000 acres in 2020.
Fire Ecology Program
The Fire Ecology Program is designed to provide the public with applicable, science-based information on prescribed fire and vegetation dynamics in the southern pine ecosystem, specifically in the Red Hills Region.
National training
The National Advanced Fire & Resource Institute created the National Interagency Prescribed Fire Training Center (PFTC) in 1998 and Tall
Timbers was involved with the program from its beginning.
According to their website, the purpose of the PFTC is to "Provide maximum opportunities for federal, state, local, and tribal government agencies and other organizations to build skills and knowledge of prescribed fire, with an emphasis on field experience". The courses have drawn attendees from 18 countries and every state except Rhode Island. Hands-on training for fire professionals lasts 20 days, and administrative workshops are completed in 6 days.
The PFTC National offices and equipment relocated to the Tall Timbers Research Station in the Spring of 2021.
Resource Management Program
The Resource Management Program's responsibility is to manage the land so that the upland forests are maintained in an open, park-like condition using prescribed fire, mechanical tools, and chemical techniques to accomplish land management goals.
The Forestry Program is designed to meet the ecological forestry research needs of the Red Hills Region between Tallahassee, Florida and Thomasville, Georgia.
Game Bird Program
The Game Bird Program is studying the northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and its habitats.
Bird Dog Competition
The Continental Field Trial is a regional competition of pointing dogs that had been traditionally held at the Dixie Plantation since 1937. The availability of quail in the wild provides a true test for 146 "derby" and "open" dogs and their owners who travel from across the United States.
Vertebrate Ecology Lab
The Vertebrate Ecology Lab is studying Bachman's sparrows, brown-headed nuthatches, and red-cockaded woodpeckers.
References
External links
Tall Timbers Research Center and Land Conservancy
The Nature Conservancy
Quail Unlimited
Leon County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Protected areas of Leon County, Florida
Environmental science
Environmental organizations based in Florida
Forestry in the United States
Forest research institutes
Plantations in Leon County, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Leon County, Florida
Organizations established in 1958
Forest conservation organizations⋅ |
4040084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudiyett | Mudiyett | Mudiyettu is a traditional ritual theatre and folk dance drama from Kerala that enacts the mythological tale of a battle between the goddess Kali and the demon Darika. The ritual is a part of the bhagavathi or bhadrakali cult. The dance is performed in bhadrakali temples, the temples of the Mother Goddess, between February and May after the harvesting season.
In 2010 Mudiyettu was inscribed in the UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, becoming the second art form from Kerala after Koodiyattam.
The Kali - Darika myth
Darika was a demon who received a boon from Brahma which granted that he would never be defeated by any man living in any of the fourteen worlds of Hindu mythology. This made Darika immensely powerful and arrogant. Armed with this boon, Darika went on to conquer the world defeating even Indra, the king of the gods. As his atrocities became intolerable, the sage Narada requested Shiva to contain Darika. Shiva agreed, circumventing Brahma's boon by declaring that Darika would be killed by the goddess Kali, she being a woman and one not to be counted among men from fourteen worlds.
Features of Mudiyett
Mudiyett is a village ritual performed by members of the Marar and Kuruppu communities in Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki districts of Kerala. However, the entire community contributes to and participates in it. Mudiyettu is performed annually in ‘Bhagavati Kavus’, the temples of the goddess, in different villages along the rivers Chalakkudy Puzha, Periyar and Moovattupuzha
There is no rehearsal or preparation involved in playing Kali. The performance is a natural progression from Lord Shiva, Narada, demons Danavan and Darikan to Kali. A complete Mudiyettu performance requires a total of 16 persons— including percussionists, Kalamezhuthu artists, vocalists. There are also evident regional differences in the attire and performance styles of Mudiyettu. Thus, in the Koratty style, Kali exhibits a bare torso, covered only by a breast-shaped plank while in the Kunnayckal,Keezhillam and the Pazhoor styles, she wears a full upper body dress. Similarly, in the Koratty style, Darika's mudi resembles the Kathakali crown and his face paint the Kathi Veshas of Kathakali. This points to how the two forms have become interlinked even though Mudiyettu predates Kathakali, with epigraphists tracing its evolution as an art to even the 9th or 10th century AD.
The role of the community
Mudiyettu is a communal undertaking in which each caste of the village plays a specific role. The bamboo artefacts and leather hides for drums are provided by the Parayan caste while the Thandan caste brings the areca nut fronds that are required for the masks and headgears. The Ganakan community paints the masks while the Kuruvan community keeps the country torches burning. It is the Veluthedan (Patiyan) caste that washes the clothes used for making the deity’'s dress while the Maran caste readies the torches and keeps them supplied with oil.
Thus each caste in the village contributes to the festival according to its traditional caste role. Mutual cooperation and collective participation of each caste in the ritual instills and strengthens common identity and mutual bonding in the community.
Transmitting and conserving Mudiyett
Being a community based art form it is the community that has traditionally encouraged and trained the next generation to preserve the art form. There is no school or institution to give training in this art form and its survival depends almost exclusively on direct transmission through the Guru-Shishya Parampara.
See also
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
References
Kerala Charithram, book by Kumarakom Sankunni Menon
Dances of Kerala
Arts of Kerala
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Religious vernacular drama
Cultural heritage of India
Theatre in India |
4040088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomer%20the%20dog | Boomer the dog | Boomer the dog may refer to:
Boomer the dog, mascot of Port Vale F.C.
Character in U.S. television show 'Here's Boomer' |
4040094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391%20in%20English%20football | 1990–91 in English football | The 1990–91 season was the 111th season of competitive football in England.
Diary of the season
2 July 1990 – Leeds United prepare for their First Division comeback by signing midfielder Gary McAllister from Leicester City for £1million.
3 July 1990 – Chelsea pay a club record £1.6million for Wimbledon winger Dennis Wise.
4 July 1990 – England's World Cup hopes are ended in a semi-final defeat by West Germany, with Chris Waddle and Stuart Pearce both missing penalties.
5 July 1990 – Chelsea sign Norwich City midfielder Andy Townsend for £1.2million.
16 July 1990 – Graham Taylor, manager of Aston Villa, is appointed as successor to Bobby Robson as the England manager.
18 July 1990 – Derby County sign defender Paul Blades from Norwich City for £700,000.
19 July 1990 – England striker Mark Hateley ends six years overseas and joins Scottish league champions Rangers in a £1million move from AS Monaco. He had played on the continent since his move from Portsmouth to AC Milan in 1984.
20 July 1990 – Manchester City pay a club record £1 million for Watford goalkeeper Tony Coton.
22 July 1990 – Czech national coach Jozef Venglos is appointed as the new manager of Aston Villa, and becomes the first foreign manager in the First Division.
31 July 1990 – Aldershot F.C. in the Fourth Division are wound up in the High Court, condemned as "hopelessly insolvent" with debts of nearly £500,000 by the Official Receiver.
1 August 1990 –
– The Football League confirms that it will revert to a 22-club First Division for the 1991–92 season, while total league membership will be increased to 94 clubs for the 1992–93 season, with the Second, Third and Fourth Divisions each having 24 clubs.
– Sheffield Wednesday sell striker Dalian Atkinson to Real Sociedad of Spain for £1million, where he will be playing alongside the former Liverpool striker John Aldridge. Long-serving Manchester United defender Mike Duxbury joins Blackburn Rovers on a free transfer.
6 August 1990 – Arsenal sign Swedish winger Anders Limpar from Italian side Cremonese for £1million.
7 August 1990 – Aldershot are saved from closure by a £200,000 rescue package put together by 19-year-old property developer Spencer Trethewy, which means that they will be able to start the new Football League season.
15 August 1990 – Crystal Palace sign Wimbledon defender Eric Young for £850,000.
16 August 1990 – Crystal Palace further strengthen their defence with a £400,000 move for Charlton Athletic, their Selhurst Park tenants, for John Humphrey.
18 August 1990 – Liverpool and Manchester United share the Charity Shield after a 1–1 draw at Wembley.
23 August 1990 – Oldham Athletic pay a club record £460,000 for Nottingham Forest striker David Currie. Leeds United are warned that they face expulsion from the Football League if measures aimed by the Football Association at curbing incidents of hooliganism involving the club's fans fail.
24 August 1990 – Everton sign midfielder Mike Milligan from Oldham Athletic for £1million.
25 August 1990 – Liverpool begin their defence of the First Division title with a 3–1 away win against recently promoted Sheffield United.Arsenal begin their challenge for a second league title in three seasons by beating Wimbledon 3–0 at Plough Lane. Leeds United enjoy a fine First Division comeback with a 3–2 away win over Everton. Key games on the opening day of the Second Division campaign include a 4–2 home win over Blackburn Rovers for newly promoted Bristol City and Oxford United's 5–2 home win over Port Vale. In the Fourth Division, Walsall draw 2–2 with Torquay United in their first game at the new Bescot Stadium.
28 August 1990 – Manchester United and Leeds United meet for the first time since April 1982, and battle out a goalless draw at Elland Road in the First Division – a repeat of the last clash between the two sides.
31 August 1990 – The first month of the English league season ends with Arsenal and Liverpool sharing the lead in the First Division after two games. The Second Division leaders are Oldham Athletic.
1 September 1990 – Newly promoted First Division side Sunderland achieve a shock 2–1 league win over FA Cup holders Manchester United at Roker Park. Liverpool's 3–1 home win over Aston Villa leaves them with the only 100% record in the First Division after three games. Leeds go second with a 3–0 home win over Norwich City. Everton's 1–0 defeat to Manchester City at Maine Road leaves with without a point from their opening three games. There are victories in the Second Division for promotion favourites Millwall, Sheffield Wednesday, Oldham and West Ham.
4 September 1990 – The only league action of the day sees a Mark Robins goal give Manchester United a 1–0 away win over Luton Town.
8 September 1990 – Liverpool extend their winning start to the season to four games with a 2–1 away win over Wimbledon. Mark Robins is the star of the show for Manchester United once again, scoring twice in a 3–1 home win over QPR. Crystal Palace go second with a 3–0 win at Norwich. Paul Gascoigne scores a hat-trick for Tottenham in their 3–0 home win over Derby. Everton claim their first point of the season with a 1–1 draw at home to Arsenal. Oldham have a 100% record after four games, remaining top of the Second Division with a 1–0 win at Charlton.
10 September 1990 – Manager Joe Jordan leaves Bristol City to return to his native Scotland and become manager of Hearts.
12 September 1990 – England beat Hungary 1–0 in a friendly at Wembley, the first game under Graham Taylor's management.
15 September 1990 – Arsenal keep up the pressure on Liverpool with a 4–1 home win over Chelsea, as do Tottenham with a 2–0 win at Leeds. Oldham make it five wins in a row in the Second Division by beating Oxford 3–0 at Boundary Park.
16 September 1990 – Peter Beardsley scores a hat-trick for Liverpool in their 4–0 league win over Manchester United at Anfield.
18 September 1990 – Oldham drop points for the first time this season with a 1–1 draw at home to Charlton, who claim their first point of the season in the process.
22 September 1990 – Liverpool extend their winning start to the season to six games by winning the Merseyside derby 3–2 at Goodison Park. Arsenal keep up the pressure and hold onto second place with a 2–0 win at Nottingham Forest. Oldham remain top of the Second Division with a 1–0 win over Middlesbrough at Ayresome Park. Swindon Town draw level with the top three by beating local rivals Oxford 4–2 at the Manor Ground.
25 September 1990 – Ian Wright and Mark Bright both score hat-tricks for Crystal Palace in their 8–0 home win over Southend United in the League Cup second round first leg at Selhurst Park.
26 September 1990 – Paul Gascoigne scores four goals for Tottenham in their 5–0 win over Hartlepool United (managed by former Tottenham defender Cyril Knowles) in the League Cup second round first leg at White Hart Lane.
29 September 1990 – Liverpool's 1–0 win over Sunderland at Roker Park gives them a 100% record after seven games, and they extend their lead to six points after Arsenal are held to a 2–2 draw at Leeds. Tottenham and Crystal Palace are level on points with George Graham's men. Manchester United's title hopes are dented when a Stuart Pearce goal gives Nottingham Forest a 1–0 win at Old Trafford. Luton climb to sixth place with a 3–1 win over Norwich at Carrow Road. Sheffield United and Derby occupy the bottom places, both winless after seven games. Oldham remain top of the Second Division despite being held to a goalless draw at West Bromwich Albion.
30 September 1990 – Liverpool, with a 100% record after seven games, are First Division leaders by six points at the end of September. The bottom two places are occupied by Sheffield United and Derby County, who have both yet to win a league game this season. In the Second Division, Oldham Athletic lead the way with 20 points from their opening eight games. The other two automatic promotion places are occupied by Sheffield Wednesday and Notts County, and the playoff zone is occupied by West Ham United, Bristol City (in contention for a second successive promotion), Swindon Town and Brighton.
1 October 1990 – Notts County go second in the Second Division with a 1–0 win at Port Vale, boosting their hopes of a second successive promotion.
4 October 1990 – Peter Taylor, former managerial partner of Brian Clough, dies suddenly of pulmonary fibrosis whilst on holiday in Costa De Los Pinos, Majorca, at the age of 62.
6 October 1990 – In the biggest Second Division win of the season, West Ham United beat Hull City 7–1 at Upton Park.Wolves boost their hopes of a third promotion in four seasons by beating Bristol City 4–0 at home, with Steve Bull scoring a hat-trick. In the First Division, Southampton and Chelsea draw 3–3 in a thrilling match at The Dell. Liverpool make it eight wins in a row by beating Derby 2–0 at Anfield, while Arsenal keep the gap between themselves and the leaders at six points by beating Norwich 2–0 at Highbury.
7 October 1990 – The pressure mounts on Everton manager Colin Harvey after a 3–1 defeat at Nottingham Forest leaves his side third from bottom in the First Division after just one win and five points from their opening eight games.
12 October 1990 – West Ham United strengthen their promotion bid with a £600,000 move for Luton Town defender Tim Breacker.
20 October 1990 – 21 of the 22 players on the pitch brawl in Arsenal's 1–0 league win over Manchester United at Old Trafford. In their ninth league game of the season, Liverpool drop points for the first time when Norwich City hold them to a 1–1 draw at Carrow Road. The gap between first and second place is cut to four points as a result. Tottenham keep up the pressure with a 4–0 home win over Sheffield United, with Paul Walsh scoring a hat-trick. The bottom two clubs are still winless after nine games.
24 October 1990 – Aston Villa beat Italian favourites Inter Milan 2–0 at Villa Park in the UEFA Cup second round first leg. In the Second Division, Newcastle's promotion hopes are hit by a 3–1 home defeat to struggling Charlton.
27 October 1990 – The Manchester derby at Maine Road ends in a 3–3 draw between City and United. Liverpool return to their winning ways with a 2–0 home win over Chelsea. Arsenal keep up the pressure with a 1–0 home win over Sunderland at Highbury, as do Tottenham with a 2–1 win at Nottingham Forest, and Crystal Palace with a thrilling 4–3 home win over Wimbledon. The top four in the First Division are all unbeaten after 10 games, as are the Second Division's top two clubs Oldham and West Ham after 14 games, and Fourth Division leaders Torquay after 13 games.
31 October 1990 – Everton sack manager Colin Harvey after their worst start to a league season leaves them third from bottom in the First Division. Below them are Derby County and winless Sheffield United, while Liverpool remain top with nine wins from their opening 10 games. Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur and Crystal Palace are their nearest contenders, and the top four are all still undefeated in the league. The Second Division promotion race is heating up, with Oldham Athletic still top of the table and West Ham United having crept up to second place. Sheffield Wednesday occupy the third and final automatic promotion place. Millwall, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Barnsley and Middlesbrough have all climbed into the playoff zone this month. Charlton Athletic's are in real danger of a second successive relegation as they occupy second from bottom place in the Second Division with eight defeats from their opening 13 games. The Football League Cup third round action includes a Mick Harford hat-trick for Derby in a 6–0 home win over his old club Sunderland. Manchester United beat Liverpool 3–1 at Old Trafford. Nottingham Forest keep their hopes of a third successive League Cup triumph alive with a 2–1 win at Plymouth.
1 November 1990 – Spencer Trethewy is dismissed from the Aldershot board of directors just three months after saving the club from closure, after it is revealed that he was unable to pay back the £200,000 he borrowed to keep the Hampshire based club afloat.
3 November 1990 – Crystal Palace suffer their first league defeat of the season when they lose 2–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford. Derby beat Luton 2–1 to make it back-to-back victories in a boost to their survival hopes. Managerless Everton beat QPR 3–0 at Goodison Park.
4 November 1990 – Tottenham's unbeaten league start ends and their title hopes are hit by a major blow when they lose 3–1 at home to Liverpool, who maintain a four-point lead over their nearest challengers Arsenal, while third placed Tottenham are now nine points off the top.
7 November 1990 – Howard Kendall leaves Manchester City to begin his second spell as Everton manager. 34-year-old midfielder Peter Reid is put in temporary charge of Manchester City. Aston Villa's UEFA Cup hopes are ended when Inter Milan overturn a 2-0 Villa lead in the UEFA Cup second round second leg and win 3–0 in the San Siro. Manchester United go through to the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup by completing a 5-0 aggregate win over Wrexham.
10 November 1990 – Liverpool extend their lead at the top of the First Division to six points with a 4–0 home win over Luton, while Arsenal can only manage a goalless draw with Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park. Tottenham keep their title hopes alive with a 4–2 home win over Wimbledon. Howard Kendall's return to Everton begins with a goalless draw against Sheffield United at Bramall Lane, which keeps Everton in 17th place and means that their hosts are still bottom of the table and winless after 12 games. Derby hold Manchester United to a goalless draw at the Baseball Ground but miss the chance to climb out of the relegation zone.
11 November 1990 – Leeds go fifth in the First Division with a 3–2 away win over Manchester City.
12 November 1990 – Arsenal are deducted two points and Manchester United lose one point as punishment for last month's player brawl, which increases Liverpool's lead at the top to eight points.
14 November 1990 – Coventry City, 14th in the First Division and on course for their lowest league finish in five years, sack manager John Sillett after more than four years in charge. The only major action of the day is a 1–1 draw between England and the Republic of Ireland in a Euro 92 qualifier at Lansdowne Road.
15 November 1990 – Peter Reid is appointed player-manager of Manchester City on a permanent basis. Terry Butcher returns to England after more than four years with Rangers to become player-manager at Coventry City. 31-year-old Butcher, who was released from his Rangers contract for a fee of £350,000, is the youngest manager in all four divisions of the English league.
17 November 1990 – The first round of the FA Cup is contested. Bury, Reading and Scarborough are all eliminated by non-league opposition. In the First Division, Terry Butcher begins his managerial career with a 1–0 defeat at home to Liverpool, while second placed Arsenal beat Southampton 4–0 to keep up the pressure on the leaders. Sheffield United remain winless and bottom of the table after losing 2–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford.
21 November 1990 – Cardiff become the fourth league side to be knocked out of the FA Cup by non-league opposition when they lose their first round replay 1–0 to Vauxhall-Opel League side Hayes.
27 November 1990 – Liverpool sign 19-year-old midfielder Don Hutchison from Fourth Division Hartlepool United for £175,000. Second Division bottom club Watford sack manager Colin Lee after eight months in charge.
28 November 1990 – Manchester United beat Arsenal 6–2 at Highbury in a League Cup fourth round tie, in which 19-year-old winger Lee Sharpe scores a hat-trick. It is Arsenal's first competitive defeat of the season. Nottingham Forest's hopes of three League Cup triumphs in a row are ended when they lose 5–4 to Coventry at Highfield Road, with Kevin Gallacher scoring a hat-trick for the winners and Nigel Clough scoring a hat-trick for the losers.
29 November 1990 – Manchester United offer a professional contract to trainee winger Ryan Giggs on his 17th birthday. Giggs, who was born in Cardiff but has lived in Manchester for most of his life, is widely regarded in Old Trafford circles as the finest prospect in English football since George Best.
30 November 1990 – Liverpool remain unbeaten and top of the First Division as November draws to a close, four points ahead of an Arsenal side who are also unbeaten. Sheffield United are still looking for their first league win of the season after 14 games, while Derby County have climbed out of the relegation zone at the expense of Queens Park Rangers. In the Second Division, West Ham United have taken over from Oldham Athletic as Second Division leaders, while Sheffield Wednesday occupy third place. The playoff zone is occupied by Middlesbrough, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Millwall and Notts County. Newly promoted Bristol Rovers stand just two points outside the playoff zone in 10th place, sparking hopes that manager Gerry Francis could soon deliver First Division football to the club for the first time ever.
1 December 1990 – Sheffield United are still looking for a league win 15 games into the season, with just four points to their name, after losing 2–1 at Aston Villa, while Derby's upswing continues and they climb to 14th place with a 2–1 win at Sunderland, who stand 16th. A Lee Sharpe goal gives Manchester United a 1–0 win at Everton, United's first win at Goodison Park since January 1982. There is thrilling action in the Second Division when a 5–4 win for the hosts at Filbert Street sees David Kelly score a hat-trick for Leicester and Micky Quinn score a hat-trick for Newcastle. The result helps lift Leicester clear of the relegation zone, while Newcastle are now 16th in the Second Division and six points adrift of the playoffs, mounting the pressure on manager Jim Smith who had almost delivered Newcastle promotion last season. West Ham remain top of the Second Division with a 3–1 home win over West Bromwich Albion, Port Vale close in on the playoffs with a 5–1 home win over Plymouth, Oldham retain second place with a 6–1 home win over Brighton, and Middlesbrough go third win a 3–0 home win over Hull.
2 December 1990 – Arsenal end Liverpool's unbeaten League run by beating them 3–0 at Highbury, cutting the gap at the top to two points.
4 December 1990 – Luton Town win the Soccer Six at the G-Mex Centre, beating Liverpool 4–0 in the final.
8 December 1990 – Heavy snow causes many Football League and FA Cup fixtures to be postponed, but a decent amount of matches in the less seriously affected areas go ahead. Arsenal miss the chance to go ahead at the top of the table on goal difference when they are held to a 1–1 draw at Luton. Tottenham draw 3–3 at home to Sunderland. The first match between Manchester United and Leeds United at Old Trafford for nearly a decade ends in a 1–1 draw. Everton increase Coventry's relegation worries and boost their own chances of staying clear of relegation with a 1–0 win at Goodison Park. West Ham remain firmly in the lead at the top of the Second Division with a 1–0 win at struggling Portsmouth.
13 December 1990 – Southampton pay £1million for a player for the first time in their history by signing midfielder Alan McLoughlin from Swindon Town.
15 December 1990 – Liverpool are four points ahead at the top of the First Division, with a game in hand, after beating Sheffield United 2–0 to leave their hosts winless and still with only four points to their name so far this season, while Arsenal are held to a 2–2 draw at home to Wimbledon. A 10-goal thriller at the Baseball Ground sees Chelsea beat Derby 6–4. QPR remain second from bottom with a 2–1 defeat at home to Nottingham Forest.
19 December 1990 – Arsenal captain Tony Adams is sentenced to four months in prison for drink-driving after being more than three times over the legal alcohol limit when he crashed his car in Southend-on-Sea on 6 May this year. Adams, 24, is also fined £500 and banned from driving for two years.
21 December 1990 – Oldham go top of the Second Division on goal difference with a 5–3 home win over Plymouth.
22 December 1990 – Sheffield United beat Nottingham Forest to win their first First Division game of the season at the seventeenth attempt, but remain bottom of the table. Liverpool remain comfortably in the lead at the top of the table with a 3–2 home win over Southampton. Manchester United win 3–1 at Wimbledon. West Ham miss out on the chance to return to the top of the Second Division with a 1–0 defeat at Barnsley.
23 December 1990 – The last matches before Christmas are played. Arsenal extend their unbeaten start to the season to 18 games with a goalless draw at Aston Villa, although Liverpool are still six points ahead of them and have a game in hand. QPR miss the chance to climb out of the relegation zone when Derby hold them to a 1–1 draw at the Baseball Ground. Leeds hold on to fifth place with a 1–0 win over Sunderland at Roker Park. Three players are sent off in a goalless draw between Leicester and Watford at Filbert Street. In the Third Division, Brentford boost their hopes of winning promotion in Phil Holder's first season in management by beating Wigan Athletic 1–0 at Griffin Park. In the Fourth Division, Carlisle United keep their playoff hopes alive with a 1–0 win over Blackpool, who are now 18th in the table.
26 December 1990 – The Boxing Day action in the First Division sees leaders Liverpool held to a 1–1 draw by QPR at Loftus Road, allowing Arsenal to cut their lead to four points (with a game in hand) by beating Derby 3–0 at Highbury. Coventry boost their survival bid with a 2–0 home win over Tottenham. Crystal Palace remain in the hunt for the title with a 2–1 home win over Sunderland. Leeds go fourth with a 4–1 home win over Chelsea. Sheffield United make it back-to-back victories by winning 1–0 at Luton. Manchester United beat Norwich City 3–0 at Old Trafford, ending Dave Stringer's team's run of five victories in their previous clashes between the two sides. West Ham go back to the top of the Second Division with a 2–0 home win over Oldham. Bristol City beat Portsmouth 4–1 to move to the brink of the playoff zone and boost their chances of a second successive promotion, while the bottom two of Hull and Oxford draw 3–3 at Boothferry Park.
29 December 1990 – Arsenal cut Liverpool's lead of the First Division to a single point by beating Sheffield United 4–1 at Highbury, although Kenny Dalglish's men still have two games in hand. Leeds go third with a 3–0 home win over Wimbledon. Coventry, Everton, QPR and Southampton all claim victories in their fight to avoid relegation. There is no shortage of excitement in the Second Division, including Oxford climbing five places off the bottom of the table with a 3–1 win over Blackburn at Ewood Park. Ipswich and Charlton draw 4–4 at Portman Road. Newcastle's frustrating season continues with a 2–0 home defeat to Notts County, which leaves them rooted in the bottom half of the table.
30 December 1990 – The last fixture of 1990 sees Liverpool lose 1–0 to Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, which boosts Steve Coppell's side's hopes of winning their first ever major trophy in the shape of the league title.
31 December 1990 – The year ends with Arsenal, still unbeaten but having had two points deducted, one point behind of Liverpool at the top of the First Division. Crystal Palace and Leeds United occupy third and fourth respectively, while Sheffield United remain bottom of the table and Sunderland have slipped into the bottom two. West Ham United stand top of the Second Division, followed in second place by Oldham Athletic and in third place by Sheffield Wednesday. Middlesbrough, Notts County, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Bristol City occupy the playoff zone. Newcastle United, who began the season among the favourites for promotion, occupy a lowly 16th place and are just four points above the relegation zone that threatens them with Third Division football for the first time.
1 January 1991 – The new year begins with Paul Gascoigne being sent off in Tottenham's 2–1 defeat at home to Manchester United. Everton's resurgence under Howard Kendall continues with a 2–1 win at Chelsea. Sheffield United make it three wins from four games but remain bottom of the table with a 1–0 home win over QPR. The biggest drama in the Second Division comes at Fratton Park, where Portsmouth boost their survival hopes with a 5–1 home win over bottom club Hull City.
2 January 1991 – Nottingham Forest beat Norwich 6–2 at Carrow Road in the First Division.
5 January 1991 – The FA Cup third round produces a series of thrilling matches, perhaps the most notable being Second Division West Bromwich Albion's 4–2 home defeat to non-league Woking. GM Vauxhall Conference title hopefuls Barnet find themselves on the receiving end of a 5–0 defeat at home to Portsmouth. Chelsea suffer a shock 3–1 defeat at home to Second Division strugglers Oxford. Arsenal beat Sunderland 2–1 at Highbury, while Liverpool are held to a 1–1 draw at Blackburn.
6 January 1991 – Fourth Division Burnley attract more than 20,000 fans to Turf Moor, where they see Manchester City win the FA Cup third round tie 1–0. Barnsley, hopeful of following their Second Division rivals Leeds into the First Division for the first time, attract a crowd of more than 22,000 to Oakwell to watch a 1–1 draw. Last season's beaten finalists Crystal Palace draw 0–0 with Nottingham Forest.
7 January 1991 – Manchester United begin their defence of the FA Cup with a 2–1 home win over QPR.
8 January 1991 – Liverpool sign winger Jimmy Carter from Millwall for £800,000, on the same day that they beat Blackburn 3–0 in the FA Cup third round replay at Anfield to keep their hopes of a unique second double firmly on track. Brian Talbot is sacked as West Bromwich Albion manager following their shock FA Cup defeat.
9 January 1991 – In front of a smaller crowd than the one which saw them draw 1–1 at Oakwell three days ago, Leeds beat Barnsley 4–0 in the FA Cup third round replay at Elland Road. The other replays see Coventry beat Wigan 1–0 at Springfield Park and Wimbledon beat Aston Villa 1–0 at Plough Lane.
10 January 1991 – 34-year-old former England defender Viv Anderson joins Second Division promotion chasers Sheffield Wednesday on a free transfer from Manchester United.
12 January 1991 – Liverpool remain top of the table but drop two points when they are held to a goalless draw at Aston Villa. Arsenal miss the chance to go top when they are held to a goalless draw in the North London derby at White Hart Lane. Matthew Le Tissier and Rod Wallace score two goals each in Southampton's 4–3 win at Luton. Manchester United remain in the top five with a 3–0 home win over Sunderland.
13 January 1991 – Everton win 2–0 at Goodison Park in Howard Kendall's first match in charge against his old club Manchester City.
15 January 1991 – Liverpool sign 17-year-old midfielder Jamie Redknapp from AFC Bournemouth for £350,000.
16 January 1991 – Leeds United beat Aston Villa 4–1 in the FA Cup quarter final, while Southampton take Manchester United to a replay with a 1–1 draw, while the clash between Chelsea and Tottenham also goes to a replay after the first match at Stamford Bridge ends in a goalless draw. In the only league action of the day, Newcastle's woes continue when they lose 4–2 at Brighton in the Second Division, a result which lifts the South Coast club into the playoff zone.
17 January 1991 – Sheffield United pay a club record £450,000 for Crystal Palace midfielder Glyn Hodges, who played under Blades manager Dave Bassett several years ago when he was in charge at Wimbledon.
19 January 1991 – Arsenal go top of the First Division for the first time this season with a 1–0 home win over Everton, while Liverpool (who still have a game in hand) can only manage a 1–1 draw at home to Wimbledon. Crystal Palace's title hopes are hit by a 3–1 home defeat to Norwich.
23 January 1991 – Chelsea go through to the League semi-finals with a 3–0 win their quarter-final replay at Tottenham. Mark Hughes scores a hat-trick for Manchester United in their 3-2 replay win over Southampton at Old Trafford which takes them to this stage of the competition for the first time in eight seasons, while 20-year-old striker Alan Shearer scores twice for the losing side. Sheffield Wednesday win 1–0 at Coventry in their delayed quarter-final tie.
26 January 1991 – The first FA Cup fourth round ties are played. Second Division promotion rivals Millwall and Sheffield Wednesday clash in South London and battle out a dramatic 4–4 draw. A South Coast clash sees Portsmouth beat AFC Bournemouth 5–1 at Fratton Park. Manchester United beat Bolton Wanderers 1–0 at Old Trafford. The only First Division action of the day sees Sheffield United beat Derby 1–0 at Bramall Lane to boost their survival bid.
27 January 1991 – Woking's FA Cup dream comes to an end in the fourth round when they lose 1–0 to Everton at Goodison Park. Arsenal and Leeds draw 0–0 in their fourth round clash at Highbury.
28 January 1991 – Nottingham Forest beat Crystal Palace 3–0 in their second FA Cup third round replay at the City Ground.
29 January 1991 – David Pleat is sacked after three years as manager of Leicester City, the Second Division strugglers. His assistant Gordon Lee, the former Everton manager, is placed in temporary charge.
30 January 1991 – Liverpool sign striker David Speedie from Coventry City for £675,000.
31 January 1991 – Arsenal are one point ahead of Liverpool, who have a game in hand, at the top of the First Division. Meanwhile, Crystal Palace are still in contention for a first-ever league title, six points off the top, while Sheffield United remain bottom. West Ham United, Oldham Athletic and Sheffield Wednesday continue to occupy the top three places in the Second Division. Notts County, Middlesbrough, Brighton and Millwall occupy the playoff zone.
1 February 1991 – Paul Birch leaves Aston Villa after 10 years to join Wolverhampton Wanderers for £400,000.
2 February 1991 – Arsenal suffer their first league defeat of the season in their 24th game, going down 2–1 to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. They remain top of the league by a single point, although Liverpool have two games in hand. Sheffield United are now just two points adrift of safety after a 4–1 home win over Southampton. In the Second Division, Oldham suffer a shock 5–1 defeat at Oxford.
12 February 1991 – Aston Villa sign defender Neil Cox from Scunthorpe United for £400,000, a record fee for a Fourth Division player.
17 February 1991 – Liverpool and Everton draw 0–0 in an all Merseyside FA Cup fifth round tie at Anfield.
20 February 1991 – Sheffield Wednesday sign 19-year-old striker Gordon Watson from Charlton Athletic for £250,000. The FA Cup fourth round replay between Liverpool ends in a dramatic 4–4 draw at Goodison Park, forcing a second replay.
21 February 1991 – In a record fee for a non-league player, Barnet striker Andy Clarke joins Wimbledon for £250,000.
22 February 1991 – Kenny Dalglish announces his resignation as Liverpool manager. Long-serving coach Ronnie Moran is appointed caretaker manager.
24 February 1991 – Arsenal return to the top of the First Division on goal difference, beating Crystal Palace 4–0 at Highbury, while Liverpool suffer a shock 3–1 defeat at Luton. Wimbledon go sixth with a 5–1 win over Tottenham at Plough Lane. In the first leg of the League Cup semi finals, Sheffield Wednesday win 2–0 at Chelsea and Manchester United win 1–0 at Leeds.
27 February 1991 – Everton beat Liverpool 1–0 in the second replay of the FA Cup fifth round tie at Goodison Park, ending Liverpool's hopes of a unique second double. Sheffield Wednesday reach their first cup final in 25 years by beating Chelsea 3–1 in the League Cup semi-final second leg.
28 February 1991 – February draws to a close with Arsenal now ahead of Liverpool at the top of the First Division on goal difference, while Crystal Palace are five points behind. At the other end of the table, a splendid run of form has moved Sheffield United six points clear of bottom-placed Derby County. The Blades are level on goal difference with Coventry City, Sunderland and Queens Park Rangers. West Ham United, Oldham Athletic and Sheffield Wednesday continue to lead the way in the Second Division. Middlesbrough, Notts County, Brighton and Millwall occupy the playoff zone, with Bristol City continuing to turn up the heat on them in their bid for a second successive promotion.
March – Liverpool captain Alan Hansen retires after 14 years at the club, having been out of action for almost a year due to injury.
2 March 1991 – Manchester United give Ryan Giggs his senior debut as a substitute in a league match at Old Trafford, which ends in a 2–0 defeat to Everton. Dean Saunders scores a hat-trick for Derby in a 3-3 relegation crunch clash with Sunderland at the Baseball Ground.
3 March 1991 – Arsenal move three points clear at the top of the First Division by beating Liverpool 1–0 at Anfield thanks to a goal by Paul Merson.
16 March 1991 – Liverpool go back to the top of the First Division by beating Sunderland 2–1 at Anfield.
17 March 1991 – Arsenal return to the top of the First Division on goal difference (with a game in hand) by beating Leeds 2–0 at Highbury.
20 March 1991 – Swindon Town sell defender Paul Bodin to Crystal Palace for £550,000.
22 March 1991 – Coventry City sign striker Robert Rosario from Norwich City for £600,000.
23 March 1991 – Liverpool beat Derby County 7–1 at the Baseball Ground, the first time in 28 years that a First Division team has scored seven goals away from home. Arsenal's goalless draw at Norwich sends Liverpool back to the top of the table.
26 March 1991 – Manchester United sign Soviet winger Andrei Kanchelskis, 22, from FC Shakhtar Donetsk for £1million. Ossie Ardiles leaves Swindon Town to become the new manager of Newcastle United following the resignation of Jim Smith.
27 March 1991 – In the only league game of the day, Oldham and West Ham remain locked together at the top of the Second Division after a 1–1 draw at Boundary Park.
28 March 1991 – The 90-day inquest into the Hillsborough disaster records a verdict of accidental death on the 95 Liverpool fans who died as a result of their injuries at the FA Cup semi-final on 15 April 1989.
30 March 1991 – Manchester United centre-back Steve Bruce scores twice in a 3–0 away league win over his old club Norwich City, becoming the first defender to score ten league goals this season. Arsenal return to the top of the First Division by beating Derby 2–0 at the Baseball Ground, while Liverpool suffer a shock 3–1 defeat at home to QPR.
31 March 1991 – March draws to a close with Arsenal leading Liverpool by two points. Sheffield United's incredible revival has continued as they now stand 12th in the table, but Derby County are twelve points adrift of safety, and Sunderland occupy the other relegation place. Oldham Athletic and West Ham United lead the Second Division level on 70 points, with Brighton, Middlesbrough, Millwall and Bristol City occupying the playoff zone. Ossie Ardiles becomes manager of Newcastle United, who are just six points outside the playoff zone with two games in hand.
1 April 1991 – Liverpool's hopes of retaining their league title are damaged by a 1–0 away defeat to Southampton.
3 April 1991 – Arsenal are five points ahead at the top of the First Division with seven games remaining after a 5–0 home win over Aston Villa.
6 April 1991 – Arsenal take a step closer to the title by beating Sheffield United 2–0 at Bramall Lane.
7 April 1991 – Crystal Palace win the Full Members Cup after a 4–1 victory over Everton in the Wembley final.
13 April 1991 – Liverpool's title challenge is kept alive with a thrilling 5–4 away win over Leeds United, but the Reds are five points behind Arsenal with five games left. Leeds striker Lee Chapman finds himself in the unusual position of scoring a hat-trick despite being on the losing side.
14 April 1991 – Tottenham Hotspur end Arsenal's hopes of the double and boost their own hopes of an eighth FA Cup triumph with a 3–1 win in the first FA Cup semi-final to be played at Wembley. Nottingham Forest win the other semi-final, crushing West Ham United 4–0 at Villa Park.
16 April 1991 – Graeme Souness is named as Liverpool's new manager, departing from Rangers, where he is succeeded by Walter Smith.
20 April 1991 – Nottingham Forest record the biggest First Division win of the season by beating Chelsea 7–0 at the City Ground. Derby County lose to Manchester City and are relegated. West Ham seal promotion back to the First Division two years after relegation by beating Swindon 2–0 at Upton Park, with five games left to play in the Second Division.
21 April 1991 – Sheffield Wednesday, chasing promotion to the First Division, achieve a 1–0 win over Manchester United in the League Cup final to end a 56-year trophy drought.
23 April 1991 – David White scores four goals for Manchester City in a 5–2 away win over Aston Villa. With three games to go, the title race remains open as both Arsenal and Liverpool win and the gap remains three points wide.
27 April 1919 – Oldham Athletic are promoted to the First Division after 68-year exile by beating Ipswich Town 2-1 a to Portman Road.
30 April 1991 – April draws to a close with Arsenal three points ahead of Liverpool with three matches left, while Crystal Palace's title dreams have ended. Sunderland, Luton Town and last season's runners-up Aston Villa still fighting to avoid relegation alongside Derby County.
1 May 1991 – England beat Turkey 1–0 in Izmir in their fourth European Championship qualifying game.
4 May 1991 – Arsenal edge closer to the title by drawing 0–0 with Sunderland, while Liverpool are beaten 4–2 by Chelsea.
6 May 1991 – Liverpool are beaten 2–1 by Nottingham Forest, handing the title to Arsenal, who beat Manchester United 3–1. Alan Smith scores a hat-trick.
8 May 1991 – Aston Villa, First Division runners-up last season, confirm their survival with a 2–1 win at home to Norwich City. Sheffield Wednesday seal an immediate return to the First Division with a 3–1 home win over Bristol City.
11 May 1991 – Sunderland are relegated to the Second Division as they lose to Manchester City and Luton Town beat Derby County 2–0. It is the second season running that Luton have survived on the last day of the season with victory over Derby. Arsenal end their championship campaign with a 6–1 demolition of Coventry City at Highbury, with Anders Limpar scoring a hat-trick. The Second Division campaign ended with Oldham Athletic, already promoted to the First Division for the first time since 1923, crowned as champions thanks to an injury-time final-day Neil Redfearn penalty earning them a 3-2 comeback victory over Sheffield Wednesday. West Ham United, last day losers to 4th-place Notts County, had to settle for second. Sheffield Wednesday took the third automatic promotion spot. Hull City's relegation was confirmed 2 weeks ago, while West Bromwich Albion are relegated alongside them to fall into the Third Division for the first time in their history.
13 May 1991 – Gerry Francis resigns after four years as manager of Bristol Rovers, despite having guided the club a mid table finish in the Second Division a year after winning promotion.
15 May 1991 – Manchester United mark the return to European football by English clubs with a 2–1 win over Barcelona in the European Cup Winners' Cup final in Rotterdam. Mark Hughes scores both goals.
18 May 1991 – Tottenham Hotspur win the FA Cup for the eighth time, beating Nottingham Forest 2–1 after extra time in the final. Paul Gascoigne suffers cruciate knee ligament damage, causing his proposed £8.5million move to Lazio to be put on hold.
20 May 1991 – The First Division campaign ends with a 1–1 draw between Manchester United and Tottenham at Old Trafford.
21 May 1991 – QPR manager Don Howe is sacked after 18 months in charge at Loftus Road.
28 May 1991 – Jozef Venglos leaves Aston Villa after just one season as manager.
30 May 1991 – Brian Little, whose Darlington side have just secured their second successive promotion and won the Fourth Division title, is appointed as Leicester City's new manager.
31 May 1991 – Ron Atkinson, the Sheffield Wednesday manager, turns down an offer to become the new Aston Villa manager. Torquay United win promotion to the Third Division after nearly 20 years in the Fourth Division, beating Blackpool on penalties after a 2–2 draw in the Wembley playoff final.
1 June 1991 – Gerry Francis, who was captain of QPR during the 1970s, returns to Loftus Road as manager. Jim Smith is appointed manager of Portsmouth. Tranmere reach the Second Division for the first time since 1938 by beating Bolton 1–0 in the Third Division playoff final.
2 June 1991 – Notts County beat Brighton & Hove Albion 3–1 in the Second Division play-off final to seal promotion to the First Division – their second successive promotion.
6 June 1991 – David Pleat is appointed Luton Town manager for the second time. Leeds United pay a club record £1.6million for Southampton striker Rod Wallace.
7 June 1991 – Ron Atkinson becomes the new Aston Villa manager after accepting an improved offer.
18 June 1991 – Veteran striker Trevor Francis is appointed player-manager of Sheffield Wednesday.
25 June 1991 – Blackburn Rovers, now bankrolled by the wealth of local steel baron Jack Walker, pay a club record £700,000 for Barnsley midfielder Steve Agnew.
27 June 1991 – Former Oldham Athletic goalkeeper Andy Goram becomes Scotland's first £1million goalkeeper after a move from Hibernian to Glasgow Rangers.
National team
FA Cup
Tottenham Hotspur beat Nottingham Forest 2–1 after extra time in the FA Cup final. The decisive goal was an own goal by Forest defender Des Walker. Tottenham's triumph was overshadowed by a knee injury to star midfielder Paul Gascoigne in the opening 15 minutes.
Football League Cup
Sheffield Wednesday earned a shock 1–0 victory over their manager Ron Atkinson's old club Manchester United in the final thanks to a goal from John Sheridan.
Football League
First Division
Arsenal won the First Division after losing just one of their league matches all season. Liverpool finished runners-up. Third place went to Crystal Palace. Newly promoted Leeds United had a good season back in the First Division as they finished fourth, and also reached the semi-finals of the League Cup. At the bottom of the table, Derby County went down in last place with just five wins all season despite the 17 league goals of Welsh striker Dean Saunders, who was then sold to Liverpool. The other relegation place went to Sunderland.
Second Division
Joe Royle's Oldham Athletic side won the Second Division championship ahead of West Ham United, who were promoted as runners-up. Joining them in promotion were League Cup winners Sheffield Wednesday, who finished in third place. Neil Warnock guided Notts County to a second successive victory in the promotion play-offs. Hull City and West Bromwich Albion were relegated.
Second Division play-offs
Third Division
Champions Cambridge United, runners-up Southend United and third-placed Grimsby Town occupied the automatic promotion places and all achieved second successive promotions. The fourth promotion place went to play-off winners Tranmere Rovers. Going down to the Fourth Division were Crewe Alexandra, Rotherham United and Mansfield Town.
Third Division play-offs
The semifinals were decided over two legs, and only the aggregates are given in the schemata below. The final consisted of only a single match.The full results can be found at: Football League Division Three play-offs 1991.
Fourth Division
Brian Little's Darlington won the Fourth Division championship to earn a second successive promotion, while the other four promotion places went to Stockport County, Hartlepool United, Peterborough United and Torquay United. Torquay were the play-off winners, beating Blackpool in a penalty shoot-out in the final.
Wrexham finished bottom of the league, but avoided relegation into the Conference as the Football League increased in size from 92 to 93 teams for 1991–92.
Fourth Division play-offs
Top goalscorers
First Division
Alan Smith (Arsenal) – 22 goals
Second Division
Teddy Sheringham (Millwall) – 38 goals
Third Division
Brett Angell (Southend United)/Tony Philliskirk (Bolton Wanderers) – 26 goals
Fourth Division
Steve Norris (Halifax Town) – 35 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Retirements
Tommy Hutchison, 43-year-old midfielder with one of the highest appearance records of any player in English football, played his final game for Swansea City on 12 March 1991 against Southend United in the Third Division.
Jim Beglin, 27-year-old Leeds United and Republic of Ireland left-back formerly with Liverpool, retires after failing to overcome a long-term knee injury.
Alan Hansen, 35-year-old Liverpool captain and former Scotland international, retires after a year out of action with injury.
Norman Whiteside, 26-year-old Everton and Northern Ireland attacking midfielder, formerly of Manchester United, retires due to a knee injury.
Deaths
July 1990 – Eric Anderson, 59, played for Liverpool and Barnsley as a forward during the 1950s.
23 July 1990 – Dave Deacon, 61, played 66 league games for Ipswich Town, many of them under the management of Alf Ramsey, and later played for Cambridge United when they were still a non-league team.
9 August 1990 – Joe Mercer, 76, who won a total of three league titles as a player with Everton (1939) and Arsenal (1948 and 1953), and was later manager of Sheffield United, Aston Villa, Manchester City and Coventry City, as well as an interim spell as manager of the England national football team in 1974.
15 August 1990 – Billy Hume, 54, spent most of his career in his native Scotland but made 10 appearances as a forward for Birmingham City between 1958 and 1960.
17 August 1990 – Ian Handysides, 27, former Birmingham City, Walsall and Wolves forward, died of cancer after a two-year battle against the illness.
20 August 1990 -
– Fred Bennett, 83, played a total of 287 league games at full-back during the interwar years for Bristol Rovers and Chester.
– Bill Curry, 54, played 391 games as a forward between 1953 and 1969 for Newcastle United, Brighton, Derby County, Mansfield Town and Chesterfield.
8 September 1990 – David Longhurst, 25, York City striker, died after collapsing during a Fourth Division fixture at home to Lincoln City.
5 October 1990 – Peter Taylor, 62, most famous for serving as assistant manager to Brian Clough at Hartlepool United, Derby County, Brighton and Nottingham Forest between 1965 and 1982. Also had a spell as manager of non-league Burton Albion before linking up with Clough, and later returned to Derby as manager from 1982 to 1984.
28 November 1990 – Ted Catlin, 79, played more than 200 games at left-back for Sheffield Wednesday during the 1930s and picked up an FA Cup winner's medal in 1935, also winning five caps for England.
December 1990 – Pat Jones, 70, played 425 league games for Plymouth Argyle as a full-back between 1946 and 1957.
22 December 1990 – Robin Friday, 38, who was found dead from heart attack in his London flat, was a striker for Reading and Cardiff City during the 1970s.
24 December 1990 – Don Dearson, 76, played 131 league games for Birmingham City during a career which was disrupted by the Second World War, before spending the final few seasons of his career with Coventry City and Walsall.
25 January 1991 – Frank Soo, 76, played 173 league games at half-back for Stoke City before the Second World War and 71 times for Luton Town in the early postwar league campaigns. He later managed 12 different British and overseas club sides and had a brief spell in charge of the Norway national football team.
April 1991 – Bobby Baxter, 80, played 247 league games for Middlesbrough during the 1930s before completing his league career in his native Scotland with Hearts in the immediate postwar era.
May 1991 – Harold Hobbis, 78, made 248 league appearances for Charlton Athletic as a winger between 1931 and 1948, and scored one goal in two pre-war appearances for the England team.
22 May 1991 – Stan Mortensen, 69, former Blackpool forward who scored over 200 goals for the club all competitions, winning the FA Cup in 1953 and also scoring 23 goals in 25 games for the England team.
References |
4040102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea%20Roumata%20%28archaeological%20site%29 | Nea Roumata (archaeological site) | Nea Roumata is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan tomb near the village of Nea Roumata in Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece.
Archaeology
A small Early Minoan I tholos tomb made of river bed rocks was found at Nea Roumata. A single body and two vases were excavated. The tomb is similar to contemporary Cyclades tombs.
References
Swindale, Ian "Nea Roumata" Retrieved 11 February 2006
Chania (regional unit)
Minoan sites in Crete
Tombs in Greece |
4040110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Boardman%2C%20Baron%20Boardman | Tom Boardman, Baron Boardman | Thomas Gray Boardman, Baron Boardman, (12 January 1919 – 10 March 2003) was a British Army tank commander, Conservative politician, cabinet minister and chairman of National Westminster Bank Plc.
Early life
Thomas Gray Boardman was born on 12 January 1919, just after the end of the First World War. He was educated at Bromsgrove School in Worcestershire (and later in life he became the "President of the School" from 1983 to 1994). His father was a landowner and Lord Mayor of Daventry, who farmed 500 acres in Northamptonshire. Like many of his generation, Boardman's formative years were shaped by the increasingly real prospect of war. On leaving school, Boardman paid £500 to become an articled clerk with a local solicitor, but in 1938, despite an early interest in the law and politics, enlisted into the British Army as a trooper in the 1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry.
Military service
At the start of the World War II, Boardman was selected for training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and commissioned as a Second Lieutenant on 14 September 1940. He was promoted through the ranks to Lieutenant-Colonel and commanded the 1st Battalion Northamptonshire Yeomanry during the North West Europe campaign. He won the Military Cross (MC) in Normandy during Operation Overlord, in the early part of the operation to trap German forces in the Falaise Pocket.
After the D-Day landings in 1944, Boardman was detailed to act as navigator for four armoured columns formed from the Northamptonshire Yeomanry, and 1st Battalion Black Watch. The columns were to take Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil, about 20 kilometres south of Caen.
On 6 and 7 August 1944, Boardman conducted reconnaissance in no man's land, despite German fire, to allow him to establish the route in darkness. In the night attack of 7/8 August, he then successfully spearheaded the columns forward through the Falaise Gap towards the village of St Aignan de Cramesnil, several times dismounting from his tank, and going back on foot to find parts of the columns which had lost touch. He had to illuminate the way forward with Very lights, making himself a highly visible target for enemy fire. Having used all his flares, Boardman had to run back to the second tank in the column to find more, in so doing he almost fell into a slit trench full of Germans; but the objective was achieved.
On 8 August 1944, Kurt Meyer, of the SS Hitlerjugend Division, ordered elements of his command to counterattack and recapture the high ground taken by The Allies. Michael Wittmann 'The Black Baron' a notable German Waffen-SS tank commander, led a group of seven Tiger tanks, from the Heavy SS-Panzer Battalion 101, supported by additional tanks and infantry. Boardman, with A Squadron 1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry, ambushed the Tigers crossing open terrain towards the high ground from the tree line. It was Boardman's order to the gunner Joe Ekins, which killed Wittman. According to the historian Hart, Boardman's unit was positioned in a wood on the right flank of the advancing Tiger tanks. At approximately 12:47, they engaged them, halting the attack, and killing Wittmann. Boardman's squadron (of which he was second in command) beat off the heavy counter-attack and the citation for his Military Cross gives much of the credit for this, and the destruction of 12 German tanks, to him. His MC was gazetted on 21 December 1944.
Boardman was later the Commanding Officer of the Northamptonshire Yeomanry, when they became part of the Territorial Army.
Political Service
At the end of the World War II, Boardman took his law exams at Gibson & Wheldon (subsequently renamed The University of Law) and passed out top. He qualified and practised as a solicitor in Northampton, and served on the boards of several companies; his sound judgment made him a valued contributor to business as director. He became the Finance Director of Allied Breweries and, in 1958, he became chairman of Chamberlain Phipps, the Wellingborough manufacturer of adhesives, insulation, cladding and footwear components. He held this position until 1978.
Boardman's interest in Conservative politics brought his adoption as the Conservative candidate for Leicester South-West, where he fought Labour's Chief Whip, Herbert Bowden, in the 1964 and 1966 elections. Bowden was elevated to the House of Lords in 1967 and Boardman, at the age of 48, then won the parliamentary seat in a sensational by-election beating the Labour candidate Neville Sandelson and turning a Labour majority into a Conservative majority of 3,939 (15.7 per cent).
It was a period of considerable Conservative success and Boardman consolidated his hold on the seat. In 1970, he beat off a fierce Labour challenge by just 106 votes.
By then, his fellow Conservatives had already elected him to the executive of the 1922 Committee and he was chairman of the parliamentary panel of the Institute of Directors. Business commitments prevented him accepting the first government job offered to him, as Principal Private Secretary to Margaret Thatcher.
Boardman's skills had been rapidly recognised by the incoming Conservative government of Edward Heath in 1970. He quickly earned a reputation for speaking publicly only about subjects that he knew well, particularly in the realms of industry and commerce. In April 1972, he was made Minister for Industry at the Department of Trade and Industry, where he was seen by many as a powerful advocate of progress in industry. Heath brought Boardman in to help take forward the industrial expansion programme, in a reshuffle which followed the unveiling of the Industry Bill. This was Heath's notorious 'U-turn' on industrial policy, in which a free market approach was abandoned in favour of a return to intervention, subsidy for 'lame ducks' and price controls.
Following the 1972 miners' strike, Boardman steered the Coal Industry Act through Parliament; it injected huge subsidies to keep the National Coal Board solvent. Having achieved a record pay award as part of that settlement, the miners were quiescent until the summer of 1973, when they demanded another 35 per cent.
Boardman and his fellow junior minister, Peter Emery, represented the government in the negotiations that followed, in which the National Coal Board tabled a formula which offered the maximum allowed by Heath's "Stage Three" pay code, plus a further slice linked to productivity. This left no room at all for further negotiation from the National Coal Board 's side. But any hope that the miners' leader, Joe Gormley, could persuade his executive to accept it was ended by the machinations of his hard-Left colleague Mick McGahey, who told Heath that he wanted to see the government fall. Although others have criticised the National Coal Board for offering the miners too much too soon, Boardman always defended them, believing that the legislation made that inevitable and that any concessions would have to be found outside the code. He was also clear that if the mineworkers were made a special case, other unions would have been forced to exploit it. He had in mind Frank Chapple at the EETPU, who told him bluntly that, "if those buggers get a farthing more" than his own workers, he could stop the country in 48 hours. Boardman took part in the talks with the miners and he evidently impressed Heath.
Meanwhile, war had broken out in the Middle East, and Arab oil producers had dramatically raised the price of oil. This strengthened the miners' hand, and in November they instigated an overtime ban. With both oil and coal supplies threatened, the government declared a State of Emergency. In an atmosphere of extreme tension, Boardman bore the brunt of administering the emergency measures, which involved a ban on non-essential uses of electricity and restrictions on heating in shops and offices.
There was also a plan to cut heating in schools. But the education secretary, Margaret Thatcher, who had heard the news on a radio programme, had not been consulted. Furious, she stormed into Boardman's office. "After what the diplomats would describe as frank exchanges, [I] had it stopped," she recalled in her memoirs.
According to an obituarist, Boardman was "admired for his calmness under fire". He reassured the public that power-station coal stocks would hold out through the winter; and, when a row broke out about possible petrol rationing, he played down his ministry's preparations as "purely administrative action … officials are looking to see whether the mice have eaten the ration books".
He was frequently called to Downing Street to take part in talks with leaders of the National Union of Mineworkers, and with representatives of the oil sheikdoms. And he set a widely appreciated example at the height of the shortages by exchanging his ministerial car for a smaller model. He also made a point of letting it be known that he had turned down the thermostat on his oil-fired central heating.
Boardman showed his steel when he refused the gas workers a court of inquiry over their industrial dispute against Stage II of the prices and incomes policy: "There is nothing to inquire into," he told the Commons. He ran energy policy during the first great oil shock until Heath, against the wishes of both Lord Peter Walker and Boardman, decided that there should be a new energy ministry.
Boardman was described by an admirer as "a politician of charm and ability", noted for his loyalty and for the meticulousness with which he prepared his case and redrafted every statement or document emanating from his office. He was also a very patient listener to the problems of industry, at a time of soaring costs and shop floor militancy. His only fault, according to his ministerial boss, Lord Walker, was that "he worked too hard and worried too much … I had great difficulty in seeing that Tom got enough sleep and relaxation at weekends"
His success as a minister was illustrated by his promotion to the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury in the dying days of the Heath government, but a long career on the front bench was denied him by the defeat of the Government in the February 1974 election and the loss of his own seat to the Labour Party's Jim Marshall. Boardman had been a well-liked and respected Member of Parliament but, with his party back in opposition, his mainstream political career had come to an end.
Businessman
Boardman rejoined the Allied Breweries board in 1974, rising to vice-chairman the next year. He also became joint honorary treasurer of the Conservative Party, a post he held until 1982. He managed to buy the Tory central office site at Smith Square from Westminster council for £1.32m - enabling it to be sold for three times the amount only two years later. He was president of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce for three years from 1977 and served on the council of the Confederation of British Industry.
Boardman remained politically involved. Announced in the 1980 Birthday Honours, he was created a life peer as Baron Boardman, of Welford in the County of Northamptonshire on 10 July 1980.
In 1978, Boardman became chairman of the building materials group Steetley Industries (he had been a director since 1975), the construction materials group.
In 1979, Boardman joined the board of the National Westminster Bank and followed Lord Kingsdown (who became Governor of the Bank of England) into the chair in 1983. This was a period in which NatWest was overtaking Barclays to become the market leader in High Street banking, and pursuing grand ambitions, notably in investment banking and in North America. "Our philosophy is, and was, and remains that we are going to be a major player in the global market," Boardman proclaimed in 1988 Changes at National Westminster during the Boardman era included returning to Saturday opening in 1985 after 16 years; waiving charges on current accounts in credit; becoming involved in the International Stock Exchange through the “Big Bang” deregulation of 1986; meeting the requirements of the 1986 Financial Services Act; and taking over First Jersey National Corporation of the US. In 1988 National Westminster's shares were listed on the Tokyo stock exchange for the first time. Boardman's avowed technique was to support his management team without getting involved in day-to-day management.
In his decade with what was then the biggest high street bank, Boardman helped make Natwest the country's most profitable and dynamic. Unhappily though, some of his subordinates cut corners, notably at County Natwest, whose handling of the Blue Arrow takeover of Manpower was savaged by inspectors at the Department of Trade and Industry - to Boardman's fury. Three top executives resigned, and Boardman stepped down three months early in 1989. Although not personally implicated in the fraud, and ignorant of any wrongdoing, Boardman chose to resign a few months before his term of office was due to end.
Boardman was chairman of the committee of London & Scottish Clearing Bankers from 1987 in the last two years of a very successful term of office until his resignation from NatWest in 1989. He was also a director of MEPC, the property company. In 1993, at the instigation of NatWest and other banks, he became chairman of Heron International, the troubled property group created by Gerald Ronson.
In retirement, Boardman was active in the House of Lords almost until his death. He found more time to enjoy his life in Welford, Northamptonshire. A skilled horseman, he had ridden in earlier days in military steeplechases. He hunted with the Pytchley until he was well into his seventies, retiring only when his faithful mount Bramble became too old to continue. Boardman lived in Northamptonshire all his life, becoming Deputy Lieutenant of the county in 1977, and High Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1979. He was awarded honorary doctorates by Nottingham and City universities. Among his many charitable works, Boardman was chairman of the national appeal for the Prince's Youth Business Trust.
Legal significance
Boardman is also noteworthy in being the appellant in Boardman v Phipps'' [1967] 2 AC 46 (House of Lords) a leading case on fiduciary duty and constructive trusts. Although he was ultimately required to account to the trust for additional benefits that accrued from his actions, the courts commended him for the service he had delivered to the beneficiaries, to whom the court held he owed fiduciary duties. Whilst he lost and would technically have had to account for the profits, Boardman was allowed in fact to keep the greater part of the profit as reward for his service.
Personal life
In 1948 Lord Boardman married, as her second husband, Deirdre Chaworth-Musters (née Gough) (1923-2014), and the couple had two sons and a daughter together. (Lady Boardman already had another daughter, born in 1943, by her first marriage.) The younger son, Nigel Patrick Gray Boardman, built a successful legal career with Slaughter and May in London. Nigel Boardman came to wider public attention in July 2021 as the compiler of a preliminary report commissioned by English leaders into aspects of the so-called Greensill scandal, involving David Cameron, Lex Greensill and others.
Tom Boardman's daughter Grania Janet Gray Boardman married Rupert Law, 9th Baron Ellenborough.
Arms
References
External links
1919 births
2003 deaths
High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Recipients of the Military Cross
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British bankers
Deputy Lieutenants of Northamptonshire
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
British Army personnel of World War II
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People educated at Bromsgrove School
Northamptonshire Yeomanry soldiers
Northamptonshire Yeomanry officers
People from Welford, Northamptonshire
NatWest Group people |
4040114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway | Wade's Causeway | Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the North York Moors national park in North Yorkshire, England. The name may refer to either scheduled ancient monument number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted flagstones. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage.
The structure has been the subject of folklore in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as Wade, a figure from Germanic mythology. In the 1720s, the causeway was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to antiquarians who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable historicity. They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the Roman military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian Ivan Margary agreed with its identification as a Roman road and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist Raymond Hayes in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the Council for British Archaeology. The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society.
In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, English Heritage, in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.
Description
Situation and geology
The area through which the Wheeldale structure runs is predominantly uncultivated heather moorland. Hayes believes its appearance had remained fundamentally unchanged since the Bronze Age when its forest cover was removed to permit cultivation and grazing. Wheeldale Moor is poorly drained in places making it susceptible to flooding in both the ancient and modern eras. The underlying geology consists of patches of sand and gravel on top of mixed sandstone and oolitic limestone, known as Ravenscar Group strata.
Construction
The causeway's visible section on Wheeldale Moor shows the remains of a continuous surface metalled with closely fitted slabs of sandstone with flat upper surfaces. The average size of a slab is square, but some examples are in breadth. The purpose of a central ridge along one section of the causeway, described in two independent excavations, is unknown. The stone flags are seated on a cambered base of mixed gravel, clay and either rubble, peat or soil, that forms a raised embankment. The embankment is from wide at its raised surface. Its width in some sections is increased by of ditch to either side, which may or may not be associated with its original construction, making an approximately uniform total width of . Its height above surrounding soil level is approximately .
Hayes and Rutter state that such an embankment's primary purpose would have been to provide good drainage for a road surface. Archaeologist David E Johnston states that the structure is crossed by numerous perpendicular drainage culverts with small becks trickling through them since the ground is often boggy. This could suggest a reason for the embankment, and its early attribution as a causeway—a route across the wetland, normally supported on earth or stone in the form of a raised embankment. Nineteenth-century antiquarian Thomas Codrington argued that Roman roads in Britain were generally built on embankments regardless of the underlying ground's drainage. He states that the common appellation of "causeway" in the names of Roman roads may, therefore, relate to their embankments rather than indicate that the ground on which they were constructed was ill-drained. Some historians translate Livy's phrase for Roman military construction of roads, via munire, as "making a causeway".
Johnston, historian Nikolaus Pevsner and landscape historian Richard Muir all agree that an original gravel surface dressing was once present on top of the stone of the Wheeldale structure. Whereas Johnston and Pevsner believe that the gravel was washed away through weathering, Muir states that human agents were primarily responsible for its removal. Both agree that the stonework remaining does not represent the original road surface. Statements by the eighteenth-century antiquary Francis Drake and nineteenth-century topographer Samuel Lewis that the writers found it to be "paved with a flint pebble" may support this theory, although Hayes and Rutter cast doubt on the accuracy of Drake's reports. Codrington states that in 1817 the causeway consisted of a "strong pavement of stones ... [with] above these another stratum of gravel ...", Hayes and Rutter state that "traces of a surface layer of gravel and small stones" remained visible in the 1960s, and professor of structural engineering John Knapton states that there remained some evidence of smaller surface-dressing pebbles as late as 1996.
Codrington and archaeologist Frank Elgee consider the structure was flanked in a few sections by lateral parallel ditches, but Hayes is doubtful whether they were part of the original construction or if they even existed.
Extant course
The excavated portion of the Wheeldale structure—the only section of a postulated greater extent that remains clearly visible to the naked eye—consists of a section on the eastern edge of Wheeldale Moor, facing Howl Moor. It runs in an approximately north-northeasterly direction between and , and is approximately above sea level. The presence of large quantities of stone on a raised agger, and the absence of much vegetation on its surface make the presence of the structure indisputable along this section. The causeway's course is linear along its visible section on Wheeldale Moor, consisting of several short, straight sections that occasionally pivot onto new alignments in a way not clearly demanded by the landscape. In 1855, several overgrown fragments of the structure were also reported visible at several points in the vicinity: near Morley Cross; east of Keys Beck; near Hazle houses; at July Park; and Castle Hill.
Possible extended course
The structure is believed by several writers to extend far beyond its visible portion, but no significant sections of its conjectured course remain visible to the naked eye or have been excavated or extensively surveyed, and there is little agreement on an exact course that an extension may have taken. The total original length of the structure is therefore unknown but may have been up to .
To the north
Early records of the causeway's course to the north—when its remains were apparently more readily visible than today—differ considerably from one another: the early geologist and natural historian George Young, who wrote concerning the causeway in his History of Whitby, makes no clear mention of the route of the structure north of Wheeldale Moor; it is unmarked on the 1854 Ordnance Survey map of the area, and eighteenth-century historian Thomas Hinderwell's mention of it passing near Hunt House suggests a greatly differing route to that marked on 2012 Ordnance Survey mapping. At least one source states that a "conjectural" continuation to the north is visible in vertical aerial photography. Hayes reports that in his survey in the 1950s, he found a "trace of the embankment" in one short section and "a patch of the metalling" in four additional sections along a route past Hazle Head and Julian Park.
Beyond Julian Park, it has been conjectured that the structure originally continued to the Roman garrison fort at Lease Rigg, southwest of Sleights, based on reports from antiquarians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that fragments were visible at numerous points along this course. Hayes and Rutter appear confident of the structure's extent as far as Lease Rigg, but admit that its extent is conjectural from well short of that point, from Dowson Garth Quarry northwards.
Numerous authors have conjectured that the structure was a road that continued past Lease Rigg all the way to Roman coastal fortifications or signal stations somewhere near Whitby, but this is debated. Drake reports in 1736 that an associate had followed its course from Wheeldale Moor to the coast at Dunsley Bay. Still, Codrington is dismissive of his account, and whether the author meant to imply that a visible structure had been followed, or simply that the associate had followed a proposed route without encountering it, is unclear. In either case, the author did not verify sight of the structure along this course himself. Several sources after 1805 report the same endpoint for the road, but it is unclear whether they are echoing Drake or had visited the site themselves. Several authorities state that any termini beyond Lease Rigg are "doubtful" and "unproven", and Elgee states that the causeway's northern course "is obscure and its termination unknown". Hayes and Rutter in 1964 found no evidence for a continuation of the structure any further north than Lease Rigg. Other authorities argue for possible courses extending northwards to Goldsborough, Guisborough, or Sandsend Bay.
To the south
It has also been suggested that the structure originally extended southwards from Wheeldale Moor to link up to the Roman Cawthorne Camp (sometimes spelt 'Cawthorn'). In the twentieth century English Heritage identified two sections of ground on Flamborough Rigg and Pickering Moor as extensions of the Wheeldale structure. Hayes states that the Flamborough Rigg section remained "clearly visible" as late as 1961, and that additional sections near Keys Beck were visible in aerial photography from 1946. The accounts of Hinderwell, Young, and Hayes & Rutter, as well as the 1854 and 2012 Ordnance Survey maps, appear to corroborate the stated course of the structure along this section.
There is further conjecture that the original structure's course may have gone beyond Cawthorne Camp to the Roman settlement of Derventio Brigantum (possibly either Stamford Bridge or modern-day Amotherby near Malton). Any postulated extension further south than Cawthorn is contested. Hinderwell reports in 1811 that the late Robert King had found evidence of a continuation of the causeway between "Newsom-bridge" and Broughton (a former township located near Appleton-le-Street). Hayes and Rutter failed to find any trace of the causeway south of Cawthorn along a route via Amotherby, Barugh or Newsham in their survey in the 1950s, and note that its course could not be determined as early as 1726.
Beyond Malton, there is a postulated stretch of Roman road leading towards York, which may be an extension of the causeway. Evidence for it is very slim: Drake mentioned it in 1736, but Codrington could find no trace of it in 1903, and writes that there is "some uncertainty as to the connexion". Archaeologists Philip Corder and John Kirk reported a possible section of Roman road at Brandrith Farm () in 1928, but it is unknown whether this relates to the same structure as Drake observed, or has any association with the Wheeldale structure.
Legendary interpretations
Historian Hector Munro Chadwick states that historical explanations for ancient structures would have been known to educated clergymen from the seventh century, but that structures were generally named by less educated people, often after mythological characters. Oral folklore in the North York Moors area from the Early Middle Ages has not generally survived into the modern era. Still, social historian Adam Fox states that the attribution of the causeway to Wade existed in oral folklore dating from at least as early as the Renaissance era. The folklore held that the causeway was built by a giant called Wade for his wife to take her cow to either market or pasture. In 1890, historian Thomas Bulmer records that:
The legend of Wade and his wife are reflected in alternative names for the structure that includes "Old Wife's Trod," "Auld Wife's Trod" and "Wade's Wife's Causey." The folklore of Wade was still common locally in the early nineteenth century. There is some confusion as to whether the name Bel or Bell relates to Wade's wife or his cow. Bulmer refers in 1890 to "[Wade's] wife, Bell" and Young also assigned the name to Wade's wife in 1817. Hayes (1964) accepts this attribution but antiquarian Hilda Ellis Davidson believes that the folkloric Bel refers to Wade's cow and reflects an earlier tradition of the "fairy" or bountiful cow. The earliest published source of the legend, from 1779, is ambiguous and refers to "Bell Wade's cow".
Etymological history of early names
Causeway
Several of the earliest sources refer to the structure as "Wade's Causeway", "Wade's Causey", and "Wade's Wife's Causey". The word causeway derives from the earlier English causey way or simply causey. Causey derives from the Middle English cauci, which derives from the Anglo-French causee, itself derived from the Medieval Latin calciata ("paved highway"), which ultimately may derive from the Latin calx (meaning "heel"). The derivation from calx can most likely be explained by the practice in the Ancient Roman era of consolidating earthworks through trampling with the heel of the foot.
Wade
It is not known for certain who the causeway is named after. Still, the figure was at the latest pre-Renaissance, and the majority of sources agree that it has its origins in the medieval period or earlier. The name Wade appears as one of the most common surnames in 1381 poll tax register from Suffolk, and philologist P H Reaney reports multiple instances of it from the 11th and 12th centuries. The names Wade or Wada were common in pre-medieval English history and historian William Searle records around a dozen historic Wades in his Onomasticon of early Anglo-Saxon names. The earliest figure from the region identified as Wade in extant writings is Duke Wada, a historical personage of Saxon descent who is recorded in 1083 as having been a prominent figure living in the Yorkshire area around 798. It is possible that this person was either named after—or has been conflated over time with—one of several earlier, mythological figures known as Wade. Chadwick states that it is most probable that the causeway is named directly after a well-known mythological, rather than historical, Wada.
The earliest origins of tales relating to a mythological Wade are confused and diverse. Linguist George McKnight states that the epic of Wade, although becoming a "mass of tales ... of the most diverse origin imaginable", was one of only a few clear examples of an epic from the Early Middle Ages surviving into Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer, writing in the fourteenth century, refers to early English legends of Wade. Still, these no longer exist in their complete form. Walter Map, writing in the twelfth century, also mentions a Vandal prince Gado (thought to be a Latin form of Wade) in his fantastical lay De Nugus Curialium.
The Wades in these early English works likely relate to one or earlier legendary figures known as Wade, or variations thereof, in Northern European folklore and legend. Various authors suggest links to the giant Vaði, (also known as Witege, Vathe, Vidia, Widga, Vidga, Wadi or Vade) mentioned in the Norse Saga of Bern in the Þiðrekssaga; the Danish hero Wate, also called Wada; the Anglo-Saxon deity Wōden (also Wōđanaz or Wōđinaz), who was historically referred to as "heaven's giant"; and the German figure Wa-te, a fierce sea-king similar to Neptune, who reigns in Sturmland in the 7th-century saga Kudrun. Nurse and Chadwick identify all the above figures as being later facets of a single legendary character present in early, shared mythology of tribes living around the rim of the Baltic and North Seas.
There are possible etymological links between Wade's causeway and other UK archaeological sites: Wade's Gap on Hadrian's Wall in Northumbria; the Wansdyke that runs between Wiltshire and Somerset; and Wat's Dyke in the Welsh borders: all three have pre-modern origins. The latter two have sections contested as Roman in part.
Bel
There have been too few published studies on the etymology of the figure of Wade's Bel (whether that refers to his milkmaid wife or the cow) to provide a firm etymological or mythological basis. Wade is firmly rooted in Germanic mythology, and there are parallels between Wade's cow/milkmaid wife Bel and the milkmaid figure of Beyla in Norse mythology, who some authorities have suggested derives etymologically from baula, meaning cow. There is no published work suggesting such a link, so the origin of the figure remains unproven.
Skivick
It is thought that Skivick or Skivik, the local name for the section of the structure visible on Wheeldale Moor, could derive from two morphemes from Old Norse. The first syllable could derive from skeið, which could mean either a track or farm road through a field, or from a word used to describe a course or boundary. The second syllable could derive from vík, meaning a bay or a nook between hills. Scandinavian or Norse place-names are common in Yorkshire and Norse peoples settled in the Yorkshire area from 870 AD onwards following raiding over the previous seventy years. Sawyer states that early Norse colonists had a profound effect on place-names in the areas in which they settled. Sedgefield states that the skeið derivation specifically in place-names within northern England points to a Scandinavian settlement of the area, but that due to the inheritance of language across generations, a place-name containing skeið may in any individual case have been applied any time between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. Historian Mary Atkin states that skeið place-names appear near Roman sites frequently enough to suggest an associative link.
Investigations, surveys and excavations
Discovery and initial records
The sixteenth-century antiquarian John Leland passed through the area in around 1539 when compiling his Itineraries of local English history and mentions the nearby and mythologically-linked "Waddes Grave" – standing stones at Mulgrave near Whitby. He appears not to have had Wade's Causeway brought to his attention by local antiquarians since he makes no mention of it. In 1586, antiquarian William Camden makes passing note of the fact that, in parts of England, locals take "Roman fabriks to be the work of Gyants," but, although mentioned in the context of Roman roads, this appears to refer to the folklore of the time in general rather than to Wade's causeway specifically. He makes no mention of Wade's causeway by name, despite having toured the area, which—as Drake remarks in 1736—is "odd ... when he was upon the spot".
The first modern written record that unquestionably relates to the Wheeldale structure was in 1720 by the antiquarian John Warburton. This first publication of the structure's existence was followed by debate over the structure's function, course, and history amongst local historians and antiquarians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as its existence came to broader attention. In a private letter dating from October 1724, Thomas Robinson of Pickering states that approximately of the structure, which he describes as a road, were visible at that time, stretching south from Dunsley village:
Drake personally visited and examined the structure's length and incorporated its description into one of his published works (1736). The causeway was also mentioned in nineteenth-century publications by Walley Oulton (1805), Thomas Hinderwell (1811), George Young (1817), John Phillips (1853), Robert Knox (1855), George Bevan (1884), John Atkinson (1894) and Ralph Horne (1897); and in the twentieth century by Thomas Codrington (1903), Boyd Dawkins, A Austen (1903), Frank Elgee (1912,1923,1933), Kitson Clark (1935), Ivan Margary (1957), Hayes & Rutter (1964) and Nikolaus Pevsner (1966).
Pre-war excavations
The first recorded excavations of the structure are in the Victorian era. After performing some preliminary clearing of a part of the Wheeldale Moor section of the causeway in the 1890s, Wheeldale Lodge gamekeeper James Patterson persuaded the Office of Works (now the Department of the Environment) in 1912 to transfer into its stewardship the full stretch of the causeway over Wheeldale Moor. Working alongside Oxley Grabham from the York Museum, members of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society and several private individuals, Patterson cleared and excavated the adopted stretch of the causeway between 1910 and 1920. A further section, near Grosmont Priory, was excavated by Hayes between 1936 and 1939.
Post-war excavations and surveys
Historic England's PastScape website mentions; further, minor excavations of small sections of the causeway in 1946 and 1962, and archaeologist Hayes relates extensive excavations that he carried out between 1945 and 1950 at Riseborough, Cawthorn, Flamborough Rigg, Lease Rigg, Grosmont Priory and to the west of Aislaby. This work was partly funded by the Council for British Archaeology, and his findings were published in an extensive study titled Wade's Causeway in 1964. The previous year, the course of the structure across Wheeldale was surveyed by the Whitby Naturalists Club. English Heritage have also published records of later survey works by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (1981) and Plowman Craven and Associates (1984).
The Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) undertook a theodolite survey of the causeway in 1992, and some limited excavations and analysis were carried out in 1997 during maintenance work on the structure. The most recent published survey that has been performed is an aerial survey carried out in 2010/2011 by Archaeological Research Services (ARS) as part of English Heritage's National Mapping Programme.
Future archaeological work
Professor Pete Wilson, on behalf of English Heritage's Portico Properties Research Project, has suggested questions for future research and investigation of the site, including excavation to establish its date and function; examination of historical documentation for medieval mention of the use of the monument as a route or in a boundary dispute; and analysis of the site via a detailed aerial survey, lidar or other remote sensing technique to establish the extent of the monument beyond the length so far excavated.
The possibility also exists to apply newer techniques such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) testing to attempt to date any bricks, pottery, or other fired materials found in situ in the structure, a method that was successfully used in the identification of a suspected Roman road near Bayston Hill in Shropshire.
Theories on the structure's origins and purpose
A wide variety of interpretations for the structure have led, in the absence of any hard evidence, to a broad range of proposed dates for its construction, from 4,500 BC to around 1485 AD. In archaeological excavations, no coins or other artefacts have been found on or around the structure to aid its dating, and no evidence has been gathered through radiometric surveys. This has led to great difficulty in establishing even an approximate date for the causeway's construction. Attempts to date the structure have therefore relied on less precise means including etymology, the structure's probable relationship in the landscape to other structures of more precisely established date and function, and the comparison of the causeway's structure and fabrication to structures such as Roman roads.
As a Roman causeway
The first antiquarians to discuss the site in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries dismissed early folkloric explanations of its origins. Roman roads were of particular interest to eighteenth-century antiquarians, and they sought to explain the Wheeldale structure in the context of Roman activity in the North York Moors area in the first and second centuries AD. Specifically, it was commonly suggested in their writings that the causeway was most probably constructed to connect the Roman Cawthorne Camp to the south with the Roman garrison fort at Lease Rigg near Grosmont to the north. The excavated section of the structure does lie linearly approximately between these two sites, which Knight et al. believe lend credence to its being of Roman origin. Its average reported width of approximately plus wide lateral ditches flanking either side matches closely to the width of other Roman roads in Britain (e.g. Stanegate at ) as well as to the average of for Roman roads internationally; historian John Bigland, writing in 1812, also states that there is no other plausible alternative for the structure's scale and method of construction than "Roman industry and labour".
One objection to identifying the road as Roman was that based on readings of the Iter Britanniarum—the section of the 4th-century Itinerary of Antoninus that lists major Roman Roads and stations within Britain—there had never been any major Roman roads in the area. In 1817, Young attempted to address this problem by arguing that the course of one of the identified iters (iter 1) had been misinterpreted and ran between Malton and Dunsley, passing through Wheeldale. Such an argument was possible because the Iter Britanniarum was not a map, but rather a list itinerary of roads and their distance between various settlements. Roman names for settlements were used in the document. Since many of these named sites had not been conclusively matched to contemporary settlements, identification of exact routes listed in the Iter was often difficult. There were few other objections at the time to the causeway's identification as a Roman road, and by the twentieth century, the causeway was commonly being referred to as the "Wheeldale Roman Road," or "Goathland Roman Road".
There was also support for the identification of the structure as a Roman road on etymological grounds. The early twentieth-century literary scholar Raymond Chambers argued that the name "Wade's causeway" is an example of Angle and Saxon settlers arriving in Britain and assigning the name of one of their heroes to a pre-existing local feature or area: if his argument that the structure was given its current name sometime during the Saxon era—between approximately 410 and 1066 AD—is accepted, then it must have been constructed before these dates. Atkin reaches a similar conclusion, arguing that the Norse morpheme skeið that is a partial root for Skivick, a local name for a section of the structure, is commonly found amongst Roman structures are discernible by later Saxon or Viking settlers. Hayes and Rutter also identify the structure as a Roman road, but using a quite different etymological argument: they state that there is an absence among the names of settlements along the causeway of the Anglo-Saxon morphemes ceaster and stret and that, as per Codrington, these morphemes would be expected to be found in the names of several sites that lie alongside a former Roman road. They conclude that the absence of settlements with such names along the postulated extended course of Wade's Causeway indicates that the structure must already have been abandoned and of little significance by the Anglo-Saxon period (), most likely by around 120 AD, and must therefore be of early Roman origin.
Several authorities who accepted the structure's interpretation as a Roman road attempted to make more precise estimates of the date of its construction by identifying periods of Roman military activity in the region since most Roman roads were of military construction. Historian Albert Norman, writing in 1960, states that the Wheeldale structure most probably dates from either the first or fourth-century AD but most sources appear to favour the first-century date: both historian Brian Hartley and Hayes & Rutter estimate around 80 AD; and Elgee estimates 86 AD. The earlier, first-century estimates assume that the road is Roman and that Roman road-building in the region occurred around the time that Gnaeus Julius Agricola was the Roman governor of Britain. Agricola made a concerted effort to expand and consolidate Roman control over lands of the Brigantes tribes in the North York Moors area in the 80s AD and is thought to have ordered the construction of nearby Lease Rigg fort. The fourth-century estimates, by contrast, assume that the tribes in the North York Moors area were either bypassed or subdued in the first century but that, being of little importance strategically, their lands were not subject to Roman occupation or construction until the fourth century. A second wave of Roman military activity appears to have occurred in the region during this later period in response to new military incursions and raiding by Saxons, Picti, Scoti and Attacotti. The east coast of the North York Moors area formed the northern flank of the Saxon Shore defences believed to have been constructed against this perceived threat.
The above explanations all place the causeway within a Roman military context. An alternative or perhaps secondary, usage for the causeway in Roman times is suggested by landscape author Michael Dunn and others, who state that it may have been constructed for the transport of jet inland from Whitby. Hayes and Rutter are dismissive, stating that the value of jet mined in the Roman period would not have justified the expense of the causeway's construction.
A possible issue with the causeway's identification as a Roman structure in the latter half of the twentieth century was its incorporation of many small bends along its course. Roman military roads are usually straight in both their overall course, and also typically from one vantage point to the next. Both the Foss Way and the Stanegate, roads of established Roman provenance, have sinuous courses similar to Wade's causeway, so the objection is not conclusive.
The use of dressed stone rather than gravel as a surface dressing was occasionally held to be a sign against Roman construction's causeway: the majority of Roman roads that were finished with a material other than simply packed earth were dressed in either packed gravel or pebbles. There are other examples of Roman roads paved with stone blocks, including the section of the Via Appia—the oldest major Roman route in Italy—near Albano. Historians Richard A Gabriel and Michael Grant state that of the of known Roman roads, over may have been stone-paved. The Roman writer Ulpian specifically differentiates between via munita, which always had a paved stone surface, and via glareata, which were earthed roads with either gravelled surfaces or a gravelled subsurface and paving on top. The causeway may well have had a gravel surface dressing originally, which has been removed since robbing and natural weathering. Another difference in construction detail between Wade's Causeway and a typical Roman road is its lack of a foundation of large stones. Codrington and archaeologist John Ward stress that the structure of Roman roads varied greatly depending upon their situation and the materials available, especially within Britain.
For much of the twentieth century, the consensus remained that the road was most probably Roman. It was still referenced as an undoubted Roman road in a 1947 UK Government report. In 1957 Margary, the leading authority on Roman roads at the time, accepted the road as Roman and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in his list of Roman roads in Britain. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, this was a definitive and unquestioned interpretation of the monument. Several works in the 1980s and 1990s stated that Roman-era road construction was still the most probable explanation of the structure.
As a pre-Roman or medieval road
Whilst nineteenth- and to a lesser extent twentieth-century attitudes often suggested that any well-constructed pre-modern road surface must be Roman, late-twentieth-century archaeologists were more open to evaluating the structure within the context of a wider span of historical periods. After an early allowance by Phillips in 1853 that the causeway could be British rather than Roman there was a little further investigation of such a possibility. In 1994, the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England began reviewing the date of origin for the Wheeldale causeway. Detailed air photography of the Cawthorn camps in 1999 site failed to find evidence of a road leading towards Wheeldale Moor from the camps to which it is historically related,. The causeway does not obviously connect to the main Roman road network. Several writers around the turn of the millennium began to express doubt about the established narrative for the structure as a Roman road. Twenty-first-century archaeologists then found several exemplars of other cambered, metalled roads that pre-date the Roman presence in Britain, and hence set precedence for the possibility of a pre-Roman origin for the Wheeldale causeway. Several sources from the mid-1990s onwards have suggested that the structure may be a pre-Roman (Iron Age) road of uncertain route or purpose.
Blood and Markham (1992) have proposed an interpretation of the structure as a post-Roman (medieval) road, possibly relating to the wool trade,. However, this is harder to reconcile chronologically with etymological explanations for the structure's naming. English Heritage states that it is "quite possible" that the causeway was used as a road during the medieval period despite being built much earlier. Similarly, Hartley, whilst accepting the structure as a Roman military road, believes it is unlikely that the causeway immediately fell out of use once its military use ceased. Drake recorded that by 1736 the causeway was "not now made use of," but there is no historical record covering its possible use as a road during the medieval period.
As a neolithic boundary structure
There are some objections to the interpretation of the structure as being a road at all, including the fact that several burials cists along the structure's course protrude through its surface by up to 0.4m, highly unusual for a road surface. Since 1997, authorities, including English Heritage, have accepted the possibility that the structure may not be a road. Archaeological consultant Blaise Vyner suggested in 1997 that the structure may be the collapsed and heavily robbed remains of a Neolithic or Bronze Age boundary wall or dyke. There are other Neolithic remains on the North York Moors, including boundary dikes, although Knight et al. report that the later Neolithic is very poorly represented archaeologically in the North York Moors area and neolithic use of the moors was likely very limited in extent. Bronze Age presence in the moors, including earthworks, is well represented generally in the archaeology of the area, and therefore is a more plausible origin. Evidence against the identification of the causeway as an early Neolithic structure includes the statement by Elgee in 1912 that the causeway had been identified as cutting across an earlier British earthwork just north of Julian Park, suggesting that it must post-date it. One possibility that could explain several of the anomalies in trying to identify the site definitively is the suggestion by Knight et al. that it was commonly observed practice in the area for dykes to be reused as trackways.
The term "Wheeldale Linear Monument" was introduced in the 2010s to refer to the structure to account for the uncertainty regarding the structure's original function. English Heritage in 2013 stated that the balance of opinion had swung to favour a prehistoric, rather than Roman, the origin for the structure. , the uncertainty regarding the monument's purpose and origin is reflected by the information board at the end of the Wheeldale section of the structure, where it meets the modern road. The original sign, pictured in 1991 states that the structure is a Roman road, whereas new signage installed in 1998 admits that the origin and purpose of the structure are unknown.
Significance of uncertainty over the structure's origin
If Wade's Causeway is conclusively determined to be other than a Roman road, it would not be the only example of a long-standing misattribution of ancient structures as Roman roads. The most famous example is the Blackstone Edge Long Causeway, which was once acclaimed as one of the finest surviving Roman roads in Britain, and a structure around which there was "no doubt that ... [it] ... is Roman". It was accepted as Roman by archaeologists Hayes and Rutter, who also identified Wade's Causeway as Roman. Archaeologist James Maxim in 1965—a year after Hayes and Rutter published their findings on Wade's Causeway—stated that he had found a medieval pack-horse trail passing under Blackstone Edge, which it must therefore post-date. Subsequent research by the archaeological unit of the University of Manchester claimed that the Blackstone Edge road was most probably a turnpike dating from around 1735.
Site management in the modern era
The surviving section of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was reported by 1903 to be overgrown with heather and up to a foot of soil. After being cleared of debris and overgrowth during excavations from 1910, it was by 1920 "stripped ... of the growth of turf and heather and ... clear for miles". The Office of Works then employed a labourer to keep the section of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor clear of vegetation, an arrangement that appears to have survived after that organisation's change to the Ministry of Works in 1943 and later absorption into the Department for the Environment in 1970. Johnston states that the site was still maintained in 1979, but by 1994 the visible section of the causeway had been left to be covered by vegetation once more.
Hayes and Rutter state that the greater postulated portion of the structure beyond that visible on Wheeldale Moor is difficult to trace due to its having been greatly damaged over the years by natural erosion, which they state has destroyed some sections. The structure as a whole has also been greatly damaged both deliberately and inadvertently by humans. As Ward writes, it is often the fate of historic structures such as roads to have "been levelled by the plough and plundered of their materials". There are specific mentions of damage to the causeway through ploughing, tree felling, the laying of water mains, attempts to clear vegetation and even, in the twentieth century, by the activity of both tracked and armoured vehicles. The structure has also been heavily and deliberately robbed of stone for use in local construction, such as roads, dry-stone walls, dikes and farm buildings, this robbing continuing from 1586 through to at least the early twentieth century. Young, writing in 1817, laments the robbing of stone from the causeway for use in the construction of a modern field boundary, writing:
A change in attitudes and awareness of the structure's historical significance led to a gradual shift from destruction to preservation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. English Heritage states that limited repair work or alterations on the structure were likely carried out in the nineteenth century, but exact details are unclear. In 1913 the Wheeldale structure was brought under legal protection from robbing and deliberate damage, when its conservation was guaranteed under the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act. In 1982, a proposal was made to recover the majority of the exposed section with topsoil to protect it from further damage, but this has not been carried out . There was some further, limited maintenance of some sections between 1995 and 1997 to control water erosion, in addition to major erosion repair at the southern end of the structure in 1997.
There has been at least one report of deliberate vandalism to the structure,. Still, the primary concern relating to visitors to the site is the possibility of damage caused through tread wear. The site is not heavily trafficked, and any wear to the structure since the 1980s would likely be mitigated by the protection from the natural re-establishment of plant growth over its surface. Updates by the North York Moors National Park Authority and English Heritage suggest that natural weathering and grazing sheep represent greater erosion risks to the structure than do human agents.
, the site is managed by the North York Moors National Park Authority, in cooperation with English Heritage, through a Local Management Agreement. English Heritage does not man the site and permits free access at any reasonable time. The site receives up to a thousand visitors per month.
In fiction
Scottish Author Michael Scott Rohan drew on the legend of Wade's Causeway, as well as wider English, Germanic, and Norse mythology, when he wrote his Winter of the World trilogy while living in Yorkshire. The books feature mention of a legendary giant, Vayde, who ordered to be built a causeway across the marshes.
Other historical sites nearby
English Heritage recognises the following historically significant sites close to Wade's Causeway:
Cairnfield on Howl Moor 510m south of Wheeldale Lodge, including an unenclosed hut circle settlement, field system, and round burial cairns ()
Simon Howe: a round cairn on Goathland Moor, two associated round barrows, a standing stone, and a stone alignment ()
Field system and cairnfield on Lockton High Moor, NNE of Needle Point ()
Extensive prehistoric and medieval remains on Levisham Moor ()
Two sections of Roman road on Flamborough Rigg ()
Two sections of Roman road on Pickering Moor ()
Cawthorn Roman forts and camp including a section of medieval trackway known as the Portergate ()
Allan Tofts cairnfield, field system, burial cairns, and prehistoric rock art, immediately south of Morton Close ()
Photographs (1912–1985)
References and footnotes
Explanatory notes
α.The Roman Dunu[m|s] Sinus, which Young and Drake place at Whitby, and Hinderwell and Calvert suggest may be either the village of Dunsley, or the bay just north east of it.
β.Blaise Vyner classifies the structure as Neolithic, which would place its earliest possible construction date at around 4,500 BC. English Heritage suggest that it could be a medieval road. A traditional date for the medieval period is around 1066–1485, from the Battle of Hastings to the Battle of Bosworth Field (see for example the title of Saul's "Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485"), putting 1485 as the latest possible date of construction.
γ.Camden refers to a common practice of locals "digging sand out of [the Roman roads]".
δ.See Davidson and Hayes. Hayes and Rutter describe its Roman provenance as "undoubted".
ε.Hayes and Rutter find fault with Drake's description of the road's width, materials, and course.
ζ.See Elgee, Hayes, Codrington, and WNC Annual Report for 1956. The word "trod" is a general term in the North York Moors area for historical paths and trails: see Unsworth, Atherden, and Evans.
η.See Young, Hayes and Lee. Knapton states that the slabs are of dolomitic limestone, but all other sources state that the slabs are sandstone.
θ.Witcher points out that not all Roman roads should be thought of as arrow straight paved highways, and that "many were winding, unpaved, pre-existing routes". This is seconded by Ward.
ι.See, for example, Hayes, who describes it as "swampy and ill-drained" and attributes the perpendicular drainage culverts to this; also Ward, and Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists Field Club (1903–1904). There is some disagreement: Lang describes the North York Moors landscape during the Roman period as "arid".
κ.Several sources attest to the notion that Roman roads were predominantly straight: see, for example, PastScape, Gagarin. and Codrington. Codrington states further that there are examples of Roman roads that do not deviate more than a quarter of a mile from a direct line over a course. Likewise, Davies states that at least one Roman road differs from a straight-line course between its termini by less than one degree over its entire course.
λ.See Wade, Clarke, Chadwick, and Bjork. Chadwick notes that the practice of attributing ancient structures to Dietrich von Berne or one of his associates was particularly common by German travellers of the Middle Ages.
μ.See Hinderwell, Drake, Davidson and Murray. Dillon says the legend involves sheep, but all other sources agree on it being cows.
ν.English Heritage state that "It has been assumed that the road is Roman, being carefully built and well-engineered".
ξ.See Bigland, Sheehan and Calvert.
ο.See Hinderwell and Drake.
π.See English Heritage and Heritage Explorer websites.
ρ.See Fellows, Edlin, and Historic England website.
σ.See Wade and Hayes.
τ.See Chambers and Searle.
υ.See Lukis, Camden (1607), Arnold (1882) and Hinde.
φ.See Wade and Camden.
χ.See Clarke, Nichols and Chambers.
ψ.See Grimm and Davidson.
ω.See Wansdyke Project website.
Α.See Sawyer and Bowden et al.
Β.See Young and WNC Annual Report for 1956.
Γ.See Chadwick and Wansdyke Project website.
Δ.See Hayes and English Heritage website.
Ε.See Unsworth and English Heritage website.
Ζ.See Darvill, Mattingly, Price, Knapton and Muir.
Η.See Hayes and Harrison.
Θ.See Codrington, Young, and Austen. Exact reported width varies from one source to another, presumably depending on whether they are measuring the surviving stonework only, or include one or both of the total agger width and the ditches on either side. Margary claims a width of 27 feet for the agger.
Ι.See Darvill, Pevsner, Barker, Mattingly, Elgee, Price, Knapton, Muir, Brown and Bigland.
Κ.See Atkinson, Hartley and PCNC (1901).
Λ.See Historic England website.
Μ.See Muir, Barker, Bevan, Price, Weston and Heritage Trail website.
Ν.See Codrington and WNC Annual Reports (1956).
Ξ.See Drake and Lewis.
Ο.See English Heritage and Heritage Trust websites and WNC Annual Report (1994).
Π.See Hinderwell and Hayes.
Ρ.See Knox, Young and Home.
Σ.See Hayes and Young.
Τ.See Codrington and Home.
Υ.See Lee, PastScape website and WNC Annual Reports (1995, 1996, 1997).
Φ.See Lee and WNC Annual Report (1996).
Χ.See Ward and WNC Annual Report (1994).
Ψ.See WNC Annual Report (1995) and NYMNP Wordpress blog.
Ω.See Codrington and BBC Countryfile website.
Ϊ.See Heritage Explorer website and WNC Annual Report (1956).
Ϋ.See Pastscape, Archaeological Research Services. and English Heritage websites.
ά.See Hayes and WNC Annual Report (1956).
έ.See Elgee and Oswald.
ή.See WNC Annual Report (1956) and English Heritage website. Margary and Yorkshire Archaeological Society annual reports state that the work continued 1912–1915 only, but several other sources mention a break in work during the first world war.
ί.See Lee and the PastScape website.
ΰ.See Hayes, Williams and Selkirk.
ϊ.See Williams Heseltine (2005) and Birmingham Roman Roads Project website.
ϋ.See Gabriel and Grant.
ό.See Codrington and Ward.
ύ.See Muir and Price.
ώ.See, for example, Ward (1911), Malim and Bigland (1812)
Ϗ.See Lang and Geake.
β.See Malim and Morris.
θ.See Unsworth, PastScape and English Heritage websites, and WNC Annual Report (1997).
ϒ.See Anttila, Johnson, Atkin and Sedgefield for definitions and commentary on the origins and alternative meanings for skeid.
ΐ.See Online Etymology Dictionary, Johnson, Heath and Sedgefield for discussion of vik.
ϔ.See Schleifer and Oxford English Dictionary.
Φ.Wade reports that Wright, who he describes as the "standard authority on the saxon era, is of the opinion that all tradition of Wade is of the earliest Teutonic origin".
ϖ.See, for example title of Fleming's Anglo-Saxon Britain: 410 to 1066 in Carpenter (2003), and BBC website.
ϗ.See, for example Jones, Carpenter (2003) and BBC website.
Ϙ.See, for example Hindle and Welfare.
ϙ.Hayes declares that he "failed to disclose any definite traces ... in the neighbourhood of Amotherby and Newsham", found "no definite evidence ... in the vicinity of Little Habton and Great Barugh", and "no concrete evidence" between Riseborough Hill and the Cawthorn Camps.
Ϛ.See, for example, Chambers Codrington, and Hayes for etymological discussions of the various names for the structure, and their impact on an understanding of its likely date of construction.
ϛ.See, for example, Hinderwell, Bigland, Young Knox and the Pastscape website for evaluations of the structure as a Roman road in connection with Cawthorn Roman camps.
Ϝ.See, for example, discussions in Johnston and on the English Heritage website.
Ϟ.See, for example, statements by both Margary (1973) and Wilkinson (2007).
ϟ.See, for example, Brown (1948), Ormsby-Gore (1951), and Pevsner (1966).
Ϡ.See brief mentions given in Barker as well as Patterson's letter stating his position.
ϡ.See attributions to the duchy in Vyner, Beardsall, Hayes and Rutter, and Barker.
Ϣ.See Hayes and Rutter (1964). Hartley (1993), as well as secondary cite in Barker (1977).
ϣ.See both the Heritage Gateway and PastScape websites for mention of the Blood/Markham study.
Ϥ.See Skivick spelling and attribution in Hayes (1964) and Skivik spelling and attribution in Hayes (1988).
Ϧ.See varying estimates in Lewis, Hayes, and Hawkes.
ϧ.See, for example, Brown and Sheehan/Whellan.
Ϩ.See Hayes (1964) and Elgee (1933).
Ϫ.See Johnston and Pevsner.
ϫ.See Oulton, Phillips, The Antiquary (Vol 51) (1915) and Academy and Literature (1904).
Ϭ.See Sheehan (1859) and Turner (1890).
Ϯ.See, for example Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (1914) and Contemporary Review (Vol 116) (1919).
κ.See, for example, Dunn (1986) and Hartley (1993).
ρ.See, for example, Chadwick (1932) and Reaney (2006).
϶.See, for example Shotter (2005), Hartley (1993) and Elgee (1930), the latter whom suggests also Agricola's predecessor Cerealis.
ϼ.See Mattingly (2007), Muir (1997), Algeo (2010), Turner (1840) Freeman (1870), and Frere (1987).
Ͼ.See Lindow (2001) and Dumézil (1973).
ϻ. See Lawrence (2010) and Heseltine (2005).
Ͽ.See Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (1914) and Contemporary Review (Vol 116) (1919).
Ͻ.See Dillon (2005), Muir (1997), Pearson (2002) and Sarantis (2013).
ϸ.See Knight (2011), Powell (2012) and NYNPA Minerals Technical Paper (2013).
Citations
Bibliography
Printed books
Online:
Online:
Online:
Online:
Online:
Online:
Online access
eBooks
Journals and technical papers
Printed newsletters
eJournals, brochures and technical papers
Online newspapers
Miscellaneous websites
Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire
Archaeological sites in Yorkshire
Scheduled monuments in North Yorkshire
Germanic mythology
Yorkshire folklore
English Heritage sites in Yorkshire
Ancient trackways in England
North York Moors |
4040123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wesley%20Brashares | Charles Wesley Brashares | Charles Wesley Brashares (1891–1982) was an American bishop of The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1944.
Charles was born 31 March 1891 in Williamsport, Ohio, the son of Isaiah Mark and Clara Emma (McBroom) Brashares. Charles married Julia Estelle Merrill 20 December 1916. They had the following children: Charles Merrill, Wesley Emerson and Robert Mark. Wesley followed his father into ordained ministry, becoming a pastor in the Northwest Indiana Annual Conference of The Methodist Church. He then became the editor of the Hoosier Methodist newspaper. Charles Wesley Brashares earned the A.B. degree from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1914. He then earned the S.T.B. degree from the Boston University School of Theology in 1917. He did further graduate study at Harvard University and Boston University, 1917-18.
Charles Wesley Brashares was ordained elder and became a Member in Full Connection of the Maine Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1917. He served the following appointments as pastor: the Orient Heights Methodist Church in East Boston, 1916–18; Gorham, Maine, 1918–20; Newton, Massachusetts 1920-22; the Grace Methodist Church in Dayton, Ohio, 1922–34; and First Methodist Church in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1934-44.
The Rev. Dr. Charles Wesley Brashares was elected to the episcopacy of The Methodist Church by the 1944 North Central Jurisdictional Conference. He was assigned the Des Moines episcopal area. His offices were at 302 Old Colony Building, Des Moines, Iowa. In 1952 he became resident bishop of the Chicago Area.
Brashares received a number of honorary degrees. In 1927 Ohio Wesleyan University conferred upon Rev. Brashares the degree Doctor of Divinity. Bishop Brashares received the LL.D. degree in 1945 from Cornell College. Boston University awarded the LL.D. in 1948. Simpson College gave the Doctor of Humane Letters in 1950. And Iowa Wesleyan College conferred the Doctor of Litt. in 1951.
References
Methodism: Ohio Area (1812-1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).
Who's Who in Methodism, Dr. Elmer T. Clark, Editor-in-Chief, Chicago: The A.N. Marquis Co., 1952.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
1891 births
1982 deaths
Harvard University alumni
People from Dayton, Ohio
Boston University School of Theology alumni
United Methodist bishops of the North Central Jurisdiction
Clergy from Des Moines, Iowa
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
People from Chicago
Editors of Christian publications
20th-century American clergy |
4040132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglioneuroma | Ganglioneuroma | Ganglioneuroma is a rare and benign tumor of the autonomic nerve fibers arising from neural crest sympathogonia, which are completely undifferentiated cells of the sympathetic nervous system. However, ganglioneuromas themselves are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements.
Ganglioneuromas most frequently occur in the abdomen, however these tumors can grow anywhere sympathetic nervous tissue is found. Other common locations include the adrenal gland, paraspinal retroperitoneum, posterior mediastinum, head, and neck. It is contained within the neuroblastic tumors group, which includes: Ganglioneuroma (benign), Ganglioneuroblastoma (intermediate), Neuroblastoma (aggressive).
Symptoms and signs
A ganglioneuroma is typically asymptomatic, and is typically only discovered when being examined or treated for another condition. Any symptoms will depend upon the tumor's location and the nearby organs affected.
For example, a tumor in the chest area may cause breathing difficulty, chest pain, and trachea compression. If the tumor is located lower in the abdomen, it may cause abdominal pain and bloating. A tumor near the spinal cord may cause spinal deformity or spinal compression, leading to pain and loss of muscle control or sensation in the legs and/or arms.
These tumors may produce certain hormones, which can cause diarrhea, an enlarged clitoris (in females), high blood pressure, increased body hair, and sweating.
Cause
There are no known risk factors for ganglioneuromas. However, the tumors may be associated with some genetic problems, such as neurofibromatosis type 1.
Pathology
Pathologically, ganglioneuromas are composed of ganglion cells, Schwann cells and fibrous tissue. Ganglioneuromas are solid, firm tumours that typically are white when seen with the naked eye.
Diagnosis
Ganglioneuromas can be diagnosed visually by a CT scan, MRI scan, or an ultrasound of the head, abdomen, or pelvis. Blood and urine tests may be done to determine if the tumor is secreting hormones or other circulating chemicals. A biopsy of the tumor may be required to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment
Because ganglioneuromas are benign, treatment may not be necessary, as it would expose patients to more risk than leaving it alone.
If there are symptoms or major physical deformity, treatment usually consists of surgery to remove the tumor.
Prognosis
Most ganglioneuromas are noncancerous, thus expected outcome is usually good. However, a ganglioneuroma may become cancerous and spread to other areas, or it may regrow after removal.
If the tumor has been present for a long time and has pressed on the spinal cord or caused other symptoms, it may have caused irreversible damage that cannot be corrected with the surgical removal of the tumor. Compression of the spinal cord may result in paralysis, especially if the cause is not detected promptly.
References
External links
Nervous system neoplasia
Dermal and subcutaneous growths |
4040134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiriyuzhichil | Thiriyuzhichil | Thiriyuzhichil is a dance ritual performed by Pulluvas in Kerala (South India) to alleviate the fear of snakes, to appease the snake and to be blessed with babies. This is more popular in the districts of Trichur, Calicut and Palghat and it is performed in Hindu Temples and shrines meant for snakes. By performing this, the queen of snakes could be appeased. The performer starts dancing holding a torch in his hand using various types of music instruments.
Thiri Uzhichchil is also performed as one of the items in Ayyappan Vilakku festival. This item is performed early morning at about 3 am after the Ayappa Jananam (Birth of Ayyappa) ritual and the Paal kindi ezhunnaLLippu (ritual procession of Ayyappa bringing tiger's milk).
In the case of Thiri Uzhichchil in Ayyappan viLakku, the accompaniments are ilaththaaLam(cymbal) and Chenda (traditional Keralite drum). The Velichapaadu after uranju thuLLal (trance-like shivering and jumping continuously) starts with one thiri (flaming torch) and increases it to two and three and even goes up to five thiris.
The thiri or pandam is a flaming torch made of group of cotton wicks strapped together by coconut leaf fronds. The wicks are fuelled by coconut oil, into which
they are dipped before the performance.
He wipes the flames on the body especially the arms, chest and back continuously dancing to the tune of the drums.
The dance is a form of worship, Nrithya Pooja, on the eight sides of the ambalam (shrine) - in case of Ayyappan ViLakku the temple is constructed purely with banana stems without using any metallic items - with intricate steps and each section of the dance, ending with a crescendo on one of the eight sides.
In addition to wiping the flames on the body, the performer also sticks the torch into the waist part of the kachcha (traditional dress) both on front and back side so that the flames almost touches his chin. The crescendo of the drumming and the dance culminates when
he wipes the torch so vigorously on his arms, chest and back that it almost goes out.
After the performance the performer offers the torch to all the spectator devotees to warm their palms and touch the palms to their faces (just like the traditional way Hindus take the camphor offering).
The Velichappadu usually wears the white dothi and both red and black kachcha and also ties up the "waist belt of bells" (aramaNi) during the performance.
See also
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Dances of Kerala |
4040146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Top%20of%20Our%20Game | On Top of Our Game | On Top of Our Game is the second studio album by Atlanta-based rap group Dem Franchize Boyz, released on February 7, 2006.
Track listing
Other versions
There is a deluxe version of the album with a bonus DVD, and there is also another version of this album which was chopped and screwed by Michael 5000 Watts for the Swishahouse label.
Track listing (chopped and screwed)
My Music feat. Bun B 4:49
I Think They Like Me [So So Def Remix] feat. Jermaine Dupri, Da Brat & Bow Wow 6:04
Ridin' Rims 6:20
Don't Play with Me feat. Three 6 Mafa 5:18
You Know What It Is 4:39
Suckas Comes & Try Me 4:31
Lean wit It, Rock wit It feat. Peanut & Charley 4:57
Freaky as She Wanna Be feat. Trey Songz 7:15
Bricks 4 From The High feat. Jim Jones & Damon Dash 6:13
They Don't Like That 4:47
Stop Callin' Me 5:30
Give Props 6:48
Sales
The album debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200 with 106,000 copies sold in its first week. Since then it has been certified Gold by the RIAA.
Chart positions
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2006 albums
Dem Franchize Boyz albums
Virgin Records albums
Albums produced by Jermaine Dupri |
4040147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Cellular | Rural Cellular | Rural Cellular was a telecommunications company that had run the Unicel mobile network. It operated in Midwest, Northeast, Northwest and the Southern regions of the United States and was bought by Verizon Wireless on January 25, 2009, for approximately $2.67 billion in cash and assumed debt.
External links
Rural Cellular Corporation
Defunct mobile phone companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Minnesota
Verizon Wireless |
4040150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sovereign%20states%20and%20dependent%20territories%20in%20the%20Indian%20Ocean | List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean | This list of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean consists of 38 countries, with 13 in Africa, 22 in Asia, and 1 in Oceania that either border on or are in the Indian Ocean, as well as 2 European countries which administer several dependencies or overseas territories in the region.
Indian Ocean Members
Sovereign states
The states listed in this table either border on or are in the Indian Ocean, which here includes the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Recognised states
The following fully recognised states are all member states of the United Nations.
States with limited or no international recognition
The entity listed below has declared itself to be a sovereign state and exercises control over some territory but has limited or no recognition from other states and is not a member state of the United Nations.
Constituent parts of sovereign states
Dependent territories of sovereign states
See also
List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
List of Caribbean countries by population
List of island countries
List of islands in the Indian Ocean
List of islands of Africa
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania
References
Indian Ocean |
4040151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Craze | Elizabeth Craze | Elizabeth Craze is one of the youngest known recipients of a heart transplant. She received a new heart in 1984 at the age of 2 years, 10 months. The operation was performed at Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California by the team of Norman Shumway,
one of the early pioneers of heart transplant surgery.
Although considered almost conventional today, in the early 1980s heart transplants (in children especially) were extremely rare.
Surgery
At the time of Craze's procedure, an ethics committee was formed at Stanford to review the advantages and disadvantages of possible surgery for her. It was not known at the time if a donated heart would "continue to grow along with her body." Her family pleaded for the surgery as she was gravely ill and weighed only 23 pounds. A decision to proceed was reached by the committee and the donor was a young girl from Utah who had been the victim of a car crash.
Craze had three siblings who died of heart failure in infancy, and she was diagnosed at only 4 months old. Her surviving sibling, older brother Andrew, had a heart transplant at the age of 16. His operation preceded hers by one year, and Andrew was instrumental in pleading her case before the ethics committee.
Craze was at the time of the operation the youngest patient to have received a heart transplant.
She has had to rely on various medications throughout her life, some with severe side effects, including needing a kidney transplant surgery at the age of 15. Craze has been able to lead a normal life including activities such as playing junior high school volleyball, and attending Whittier College. She was an active member of the Ionian Society, a local sorority, and went on to graduate in 2004. In 2009, Craze worked in IT for Facebook in Palo Alto, California, and celebrated the 25th anniversary of her surgery with a trip to Yosemite National Park and a short cruise to Mexico.
In 1996, 90 minutes old Cheyenne Pyle became the youngest known heart transplant recipient, and Craze became the second youngest on record.
Life after surgery
Craze was featured in the Spring/Summer 2012 Children's Cardiomyopathy Foundation newsletter.
In October 2014 Craze celebrated the 30th anniversary of her surgery by raising money and awareness for Donate Life California, and completing the Rock’n’Roll Half-Marathon in San Jose. As of 2014, Craze was the only heart transplant recipient in the United States to survive 30 years with the same donor heart she received as a toddler.
References
Heart transplant recipients
Whittier College alumni
Living people
1982 births |
4040152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S10%20%28UPU%20standard%29 | S10 (UPU standard) | The UPU S10 standard defines a system for assigning 13-character identifiers to international postal items for the purpose of tracking and tracing them during shipping.
With increased liberalization and the possibility of multiple postal services operating in the same country, the use of country codes to designate the postal service is a problem. To solve this, each country has a designated postal service that controls all S10 identifiers from that country; any competing postal services will have to cooperate with the designated owner. The organization assigned by the UPU member country shall manage the issue and use of S10 identifiers, among all the operators under the authority of that UPU member country, in such a way as to ensure that no S10 identifier is reused within a period of 12 calendar months. A period of 24 calendar months, or longer, is recommended.
Format
The identifiers consist of a two letter service indicator code, an eight digit serial number (in the range 00000000 to 99999999), a single check-digit, and a two-letter ISO country code—the latter identifying the issuing postal administration's country.
Service indicator codes
Service codes are generally assigned and administered within each issuing country, but certain types of service and code ranges are used for all countries as listed here.
Check-digit calculation
Ignore the Service Indicator Code and Country Code
Assign the weights 8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7 to the 8 digits, from left to right
Calculate S, the sum of each digit multiplied by its weight.
For example, for the number 47312482, S = 4*8 + 7*6 + 3*4 + 1*2 + 2*3 + 4*5 + 8*9 + 2*7 = 200
Calculate the check digit, C, from C = 11 - (S mod 11)
If C = 10, change to C = 0
If C = 11, change to C = 5
For the example 47312482 C = 11 - (200 mod 11) = 11 - 2 = 9.
Python code for check-digit calculation
For Python 3.6 or later:
def get_check_digit(num: int) -> int:
"""Get S10 check digit."""
weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7]
sum = 0
for i, digit in enumerate(f"{num:08}"):
sum += weights[i] * int(digit)
sum = 11 - (sum % 11)
if sum == 10:
sum = 0
elif sum == 11:
sum = 5
return sum
JavaScript code for check-digit calculation
function getCheckDigit(num) {
const weights = [8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7];
const numArr = Array.from(String(num), Number);
let sum = 0;
numArr.forEach((n, i) => sum = sum + (n * weights[i]));
sum = 11 - (sum % 11);
if (sum == 10) sum = 0;
else if (sum == 11) sum = 5;
return sum;
}
See also
Serial Shipping Container Code, a related standard.
References
External links
Draft of S10:
Part A: Identifier structures and encoding principles
Part B: EMS items
Part C: Special letter products
Part D: Parcels
Part E: Domestic / bilateral use
The UPU service indicator code list, list 124
Online validator for S10 tracking numbers
Identifiers
Universal Postal Union |
4040164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Vegas%20Grind | Las Vegas Grind | Las Vegas Grind was a festival held in 1999 and 2000 at the Gold Coast Hotel in Paradise, Nevada. The programs for these festivals consisted of bands that were inspired by, or actually were part of, the garage rock genre of music of the 1960s. Bands that played at these festivals included the Fabulous Wailers, the Trashmen, the Remains, the Standells, Lyres, and other regional bands from across the US and around the world.
The successor to these festivals is the Las Vegas Rockaround.
References
Music festivals in Nevada
Paradise, Nevada
Tourist attractions in the Las Vegas Valley
1999 establishments in Nevada |
4040167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanas | Galanas | Galanas in Welsh law was a payment made by a killer and his family to the family of his or her victim. It is similar to éraic in Ireland and the Anglo-Saxon weregild.
The compensation depended on the status of the victim, but could also be affected by the circumstances of the killing, for example a killing from ambush or by poison meant the payment of double galanas. The payment was due from relatives as distant as the fifth cousins of the killer, with each degree of relationship paying double the rate of the next, for example first cousins of the killer paid double the sum payable by second cousins. Women paid half the rate of payment by men. The first third of the galanas falls on the homicide, his father and mother and brothers and sisters. The remainder is shared between the kindred, with two thirds falling on the father's kindred and one third on the mother's kindred.
The same rules applied to the receipt of galanas. In the existing texts, dating from the 13th century, one third of the sum paid was due to the Lord as the enforcing authority, but this is considered to be an innovation.
See also
Blood money
Diyya
Éraic
Główszczyzna
Weregild
References
Dafydd Jenkins (1986) The law of Hywel Dda: law texts from mediieval Wales (Gomer Press)
Welsh law
Legal history of Wales |
4040178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalamkali | Mangalamkali | Mangalamkali is a dance ritual related to marriage functions as a form of entertainment. Usually mavilas (a tribe in kasaragod and kannur districts Kerala (state of south India) perform this. Certain music instruments too are used like thudi. The dance movement gradually become fast.
See also
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Dances of Kerala |
4040179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Tokelauan%20self-determination%20referendum | 2006 Tokelauan self-determination referendum | The Tokelau self-determination referendum of 2006, supervised by the United Nations, was held from February 11 to February 15, 2006. The defeated proposal would have changed Tokelau's status from an unincorporated New Zealand territory to a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand, akin to the Cook Islands and Niue.
After 581 of the 615 eligible voters cast a proper ballot (3 ruined ballots were also cast), the referendum fell 38 votes short of the two-thirds majority required to succeed in a change of status.
The majority of Tokelauans reside in New Zealand, and were ineligible to vote in the referendum, in line with standard practice in United Nations mandated votes on self-determination. However concerns among this community may have influenced those who were eligible to vote, thereby contributing to the referendum's failure.
The passage of the referendum would have removed Tokelau from the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, as the Cook Islands and Niue were removed from this list when they were granted self-governance in 1965 and 1974, respectively.
Outgoing Tokelau Ulu (head of government) Pio Tuia suggested in February 2006 that since the vote failed to pass by such a small margin, the issue was likely to be revisited in a few years' time. In June 2006, his successor Kolouei O'Brien announced that the Fono had agreed to hold a similar referendum again in late 2007 or early 2008; in the end, it was decided to hold a second referendum on self-determination in October 2007.
An unintended result of the United Nations' recent efforts to promote decolonization in Tokelau has been the re-emergence of a Tokelauan claim to Swains Island, which is legally part of American Samoa, hitherto a somewhat dormant issue.
Voting schedule
Results
The proposal: "Do you agree that Tokelau become a self-governing state in Free Association with New Zealand on the basis of the Constitution and as in the draft Treaty notified to Tokelau? ".
References
Referendums in Tokelau
Tokelau
Self-determination referendum
2006 elections in Oceania
2006 in international relations
Tokelau
Separatism in New Zealand |
4040188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperaccumulator | Hyperaccumulator | A hyperaccumulator is a plant capable of growing in soil or water with very high concentrations of metals, absorbing these metals through their roots, and concentrating extremely high levels of metals in their tissues. The metals are concentrated at levels that are toxic to closely related species not adapted to growing on the metalliferous soils. Compared to non-hyperaccumulating species, hyperaccumulator roots extract the metal from the soil at a higher rate, transfer it more quickly to their shoots, and store large amounts in leaves and roots. The ability to hyperaccumulate toxic metals compared to related species has been shown to be due to differential gene expression and regulation of the same genes in both plants.
Hyperaccumulating plants are of interest for their ability to extract metals from the soils of contaminated sites (phytoremediation) to return the ecosystem to a less toxic state. The plants also hold potential to be used to mine metals from soils with very high concentrations (phytomining) by growing the plants, then harvesting them for the metals in their tissues.
The genetic advantage of hyperaccumulation of metals may be that the toxic levels of heavy metals in leaves deter herbivores or increase the toxicity of other anti-herbivory metabolites.
Physiological basis
Metals are predominantly accumulated in the roots causing an unbalanced shoot to root ratio of metal concentrations in most plants. However, in hyperaccumulators, the shoot to root ratio of metal concentrations are abnormally higher in the leaves and much lower in the roots. As this process occurs, metals are efficiently shuttled from the root to the shoot as an enhanced ability in order to protect the roots from metal toxicity.
Delving into tolerance: Throughout the research of hyperaccumulation, there is a conundrum with tolerance. There are several different understandings of tolerance associated with accumulation; however, there are a few similarities. Evidence has conveyed that the traits of tolerance and accumulation are separate to each other and are moderated by genetic and physiological mechanisms. Moreover, the physiological mechanisms, in relation to tolerance, are classified as exclusion: when the movement of metals at the interfaces of soil/root or root/shoot are blocked, or accumulation: when the uptake of metals that have been rendered as non-toxic are allowed into the aerial plant parts.
Characteristics from certain physiological elements:
There are certain characteristics that are specific to certain species. For example, when presented with a low supply of Zinc, Thlaspi caerulescens had higher Zinc concentrations accumulated compared to other non-accumulator plant species. Further evidence indicated that when T. caerulescens were grown on soil with an adequate amount of contamination, the species accumulated an amount of Zinc that was 24-60 times more than Raphanus sativus (radish) had accumulated. Additionally, the capacity to experimentally manipulate soil metal concentrations with soil amendments has allowed researchers to identify the maximum soil concentrations that hyperaccumulation species can tolerate and the minimum soil concentrations in order to reach hyperaccumulation. Furthermore, with these findings, two distinct categories of hyperaccumulation arose, active and passive hyperaccumulation. Active hyperaccumulation is attained by relatively low soil concentrations. Passive hyperaccumulation is induced by exceedingly high soil concentrations.
Genetic basis
Several gene families are involved in the processes of hyperaccumulation including upregulation of absorption and sequestration of heavy metal metals. These hyperaccumulation genes (HA genes) are found in over 450 plant species, including the model organisms Arabidopsis and Brassicaceae. The expression of such genes is used to determine whether a species is capable of hyperaccumulation. Expression of HA genes provides the plant with capacity to uptake and sequester metals such as As, Co, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, Mn, Zn, Mo and Ni in 100–1000x the concentration found in sister species or populations.
The ability to hyperaccumulate is determined by two major factors: environmental exposure and the expression of ZIP gene family.
Although experiments have shown that the hyperaccumulation is partially dependent on environmental exposure (i.e. only plants exposed to metal are observed with high concentrations of that metal), hyperaccumulation is ultimately dependent on the presence and upregulation of genes involved with that process. It has been shown that hyperaccumulation capacities can be inherited in Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) and others. As there is a wide variety among hyperaccumulating species that span across different plant families, it is likely that HA genes were eco typically selected for.
In most hyperaccumulating plants, the main mechanism for metal transport are the proteins coded by genes in the ZIP family, however other families such as the HMA, MATE, YSL and MTP families have also been observed to be involved. The ZIP gene family is a novel, plant-specific gene family that encodes Cd, Mn, Fe and Zn transporters. The ZIP family plays a role in supplying Zn to metalloproteins.
In one study on Arabidopsis, it was found that the metallophyte Arabidopsis halleri expressed a member of the ZIP family that was not expressed in a non-metallophyte sister species. This gene was an iron regulated transporter (IRT-protein) that encoded several primary transporters involved with cellular uptake of cations above the concentration gradient. When this gene was transformed into yeast, hyperaccumulation was observed. This suggests that overexpression of ZIP family genes that encode cation transporters is a characteristic genetic feature of hyperaccumulation.
Another gene family that has been observed ubiquitously in hyperaccumulators are the ZTP and ZNT families. A study on T. caerulescens identified the ZTP family as a plant specific family with high sequence similarity to other zinc transporter4. Both the ZTP and ZNT families, like the ZIP family, are zinc transporters. It has been observed in hyperaccumulating species, that these genes, specifically ZNT1 and ZNT2 alleles are chronically overexpressed.
While the precise mechanism by which these genes facilitate hyperaccumulation is unknown, expression patterns strongly correlate with individual hyperaccumulation capacity and metal exposure, implying that these gene families play a regulatory role. Because the presence and expression of zinc transporter gene families are highly prevalent in hyperaccumulators, the ability to accumulate a diverse range of heavy metals is most likely due to the zinc transporters' inability to discriminate against specific metal ions. The response of the plants to hyperaccumulation of any metal also supports this theory as it has been observed that AhHMHA3 is expressed in hyperaccumulating individuals. AhHMHA3 has been identified to be expressed in response to and aid of Zn detoxification. In another study, using metallophytic and non-metallophytic Arabidopsis populations, back crosses indicated pleiotropy between Cd and Zn tolerances. This response suggests that plants are unable to detect specific metals, and that hyperaccumulation is likely a result of an overexpressed Zn transportation system.
The overall effect of these expression patterns has been hypothesized to assist in plant defense systems. In one hypothesis, "the elemental defense hypothesis", provided by Poschenrieder, it is suggested that the expression of these genes assist in antiherbivory or pathogen defenses by making tissues toxic to organisms attempting to feed on that plant. Another hypothesis, "the joint hypothesis", provided by Boyd, suggests that expression of these genes assists in systemic defense.
Metal transporters
An important trait of hyperaccumulating plant species is enhanced translocation of the absorbed metal to the shoot. Metal toxicity is tolerated by plant species that are native to metalliferous soils. Exclusion, in which plants resist undue metal uptake and transport, and absorption and sequestration, in which plants pick up vast quantities of metal and pass it to the shoot, where it is accumulated, are the two basic methods for metal tolerance. Hyperacctinttilators are plants that have both the second technique and the ability to absorb more than 100 times higher metal concentrations than typical organisms.
T. caerulescens is found mostly in Zn/Pb-rich soils, as well as serpentines and non-mineralized soils. It was discovered to be a Zn hyperaccumulator. Because of its ability to extract vast quantities of heavy metals from soils. When grown on mildly polluted soils, a closely related species, Thlaspi ochroleucum, is a heavy metal-tolerant plant, but it accumulates much less Zn in the shoots than T. caerulescens. Thus, Thlaspi ochroleucum is a non-hyperaccumulator and of the same family T. caerulescens is a hyperaccumulator. The transfer of Zn from roots to shoots varied significantly between these two species. T. caerulescens had much higher shoot/root Zn concentration levels than T. ochroleucum, which always had higher Zn concentrations in the roots. When Zn was withheld, the amount of Zn previously accumulated in the roots in T.caerulescens decreased even more than in T. ochroleucum, with a concomitantly greater rise in the amount of Zn in the shoots. The decreases in Zn in roots may be mostly due to transport to shoots, since the volume of Zn in shoots increased during the same time span.
A heavy metal transporter, cDNA, mediates high-affinity Zn2+ uptake as well as low-affinity Cd2+ uptake. This transporter is expressed at very high levels in roots and shoots of the hyperaccumulator. According to (Pence et., al. 1999), an overexpression of a Zn transporter gene, ZNT1, in root and shoot tissue is an essential component of the Zn hyperaccumulation trait in T. caerulescens. This increased gene expression has been shown to be the basis for increased Zn21 uptake from the soil in T. caerulescens roots, and it is possible that the same process underpins the enhanced Zn21 uptake into leaf cells.
See also
List of hyperaccumulators
Phytoremediation
Metallophyte
References
13. Souri Z, Karimi N, Luisa M. Sandalio. 2017. Arsenic Hyperaccumulation Strategies: An Overview. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 5, 67. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00067.
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation plants
Ecological restoration
Soil contamination |
4040190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20in%20the%20Lou/Bassassins | Live in the Lou/Bassassins | Live in the Lou/Bassassins is a CD/DVD release by American rock band Story of the Year on May 10, 2005. The CD Live in the Lou features one set of audio edited from two concerts the band played in their hometown of St. Louis, Missouri at the Pageant theater in November 2004, while the Bassassins DVD features video footage that matches the audio CD and various home movie clips from the band's years on the road.
CD track listing
"And the Hero Will Drown"
"Divide and Conquer"
"Dive Right In"
"Anthem of Our Dying Day"
"Page Avenue"
"Falling Down" (feat. Matt Shelton)
"Burning Years"
"The Heart of Polka Is Still Beating"
"Sidewalks"
"Swallow the Knife" (Instrumental)
"Until the Day I Die"
"In the Shadows"
DVD contents
Concert footage from St. Louis (matches audio track listing)
Anthem of Our Dying Day (Music Video)
Sidewalks (Music Video)
The Making of Sidewalks
Until the Day I Die (Music Video)
Sidewalks: Making the Video (Bonus Footage)
AOL Sessions (Bonus Footage)
Bassassins (Lifestyle Feature)
Sales
American sales: 50,000 (Gold as Longform Video)
References
External links
Live in the Lou/Bassassins at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
Story of the Year albums
2005 live albums
Live pop punk albums
2005 video albums
Live video albums
Maverick Records live albums
Maverick Records video albums |
4040200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track%20and%20trace | Track and trace | In the distribution and logistics of many types of products, track and trace or tracking and tracing concerns a process of determining the current and past locations (and other information) of a unique item or property.
This concept can be supported by means of reckoning and reporting of the position of vehicles and containers with the property of concern, stored, for example, in a real-time database. This approach leaves the task to compose a coherent depiction of the subsequent status reports.
Another approach is to report the arrival or departure of the object and recording the identification of the object, the location where observed, the time, and the status. This approach leaves the task to verify the reports regarding consistency and completeness. An example of this method might be the package tracking provided by shippers, such as the United States Postal Service, Deutsche Post, Royal Mail, United Parcel Service, AirRoad, or FedEx.
Technology
The international standards organization EPCglobal under GS1 has ratified the EPC network standards (esp. the EPC information services EPCIS standard) which codify the syntax and semantics for supply chain events and the secure method for selectively sharing supply chain events with trading partners. These standards for Tracking and Tracing have been used in successful deployments in many industries and there are now a wide range of products that are certified as being compatible with these standards.
In response to a growing number of recall incidents (food, pharmaceutical, toys, etc.), a wave of software, hardware, consulting and systems vendors have emerged over the last few years to offer a range of traceability solutions and tools for industry. Radio-frequency identification and barcodes are two common technology methods used to deliver traceability.
RFID is synonymous with track-and-trace solutions, and has a critical role to play in supply chains. RFID is a code-carrying technology, and can be used in place of a barcode to enable non-line of sight-reading. Deployment of RFID was earlier inhibited by cost limitations but the usage is now increasing.
Barcoding is a common and cost-effective method used to implement traceability at both the item and case-level. Variable data in a barcode or a numeric or alphanumeric code format can be applied to the packaging or label. The secure data can be used as a pointer to traceability information and can also correlate with production data such as time to market and product quality.
Packaging converters have a choice of three different classes of technology to print barcodes:
Inkjet (dot on demand or continuous) systems are capable of printing high resolution (300 dpi or higher for dot on demand) images at press speed (up to 1000fpm). These solutions can be deployed either on-press or off-line.
Laser marking can be employed to ablate a coating or to cause a color change in certain materials. The advantage of laser is fine detail and high speed for character printing, and no consumables. Not all substrates accept a laser mark, and certain colors (e.g. red) are not suitable for barcode reading.
Thermal transfer and direct thermal. For lower speed off-press applications, thermal transfer and direct thermal printers are ideal for printing variable data on labels.
Consumers can access web sites to trace the origins of their purchased products or to find the status of shipments. Consumers can type a code found on an item into a search box at the tracing website and view information. This can also be done via a smartphone taking a picture of a 2D barcode and thereby opening up a website that verifies the product (i.e. product authentication).
See also
Drug distribution
Mobile asset management
Real-time locating system
Tracking system
References
Navigation
Tracking
Wireless locating
Track and Trace
Food safety
Pharmaceutical industry
Product recalls
Supply chain management
Automatic identification and data capture |
4040202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro%20Angels | Pesaro Angels | From 1982 to 1993 the Pesaro Angels American Football team helped pioneer American Football in Italy. The team was rebuilt in 2006.
History
Playing within the A.I.F.A. and F.I.A.F. leagues the team reached two Super Bowls, five semifinals, and numerous playoff appearances in the series A-1 and Under 21 football championships.
Maurizio Terenzi founded the team in 1981 and, thanks to his mix of management and entrepreneurial expertise, was able to create a strong team during the pioneering days of American Football in Italy. He hired Jerry Douglas, a.k.a. "The Iron Sergeant", as the team's first and most prolific coach. Douglas took a group of young men who had never played the game of football before and turned them into extraordinary athletes who achieved great success by going to two Super Bowls and appearing in several playoff games. The Angels gave Pesaro a newfound prestige across Italy.
A team of the same name was re-established in 2006. Since 2009 it has played in the Italian Federation of American Football (FIDAF), in the National League of American Football (LENAF), Central Division.
External links
Football in Europe
Pesaro Angels website (in Italian)
American football teams in Italy
1982 establishments in Italy
American football teams established in 1982 |
4040205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odigitria | Odigitria | Odigitria is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan religious complex including two tholos tombs located near the modern Odigitria Monastery in the Asterousia mountains of southern Crete.
The tombs are dated from Early Minoan I to Middle Minoan IA and were excavated in 1979 by N. Dimopoulou and in 1980 by Antonis Vasilakis. They were in use for more than 1,000 years. Artifacts found include seals, amulets, necklaces, gold diadems, stone blades, stone vases, pots and a gold bracelet.
References
Swindale, Ian "Odigitria" Retrieved 21 May 2006
External links
http://www.minoancrete.com/odiyitria.htm
Heraklion (regional unit)
Minoan sites in Crete
Ancient cemeteries in Greece
it:Odigitria |
4040207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon%20FCO | Dijon FCO | Dijon Football Côte d'Or (; literally "Dijon Football Gold Coast"), commonly referred to as Dijon FCO or simply as Dijon, is a French football club based in Dijon. The club was founded in 1998 as a result of a merger between two local clubs in the city, and competed in Ligue 2 after suffering relegation from Ligue 1 in the 2011–12 season. The club earned promotion back to Ligue 1 at the end of the 2015–16 season, before again being relegated in 2020–21. The club’s president is Olivier Delcourt. Dijon plays its home matches at the Stade Gaston Gérard.
History
The history of football in Dijon began in 1903 with the founding of Cercle Laïque Dijonnais (Dijon Secular Club). The club's football section was set up in 1913. During World War II Cercle Laïque Dijonnais was renamed Cercle Sportif Dijon (Dijon Sports Club) and merged with FC Dijon. The new club, called Cercle Sportif Laïque Dijonnais (Dijon Secular Sports Club), joined Burgundy's regional Division Honneur at its creation in 1945. In spring 1960, the club won the Burgundy championship for the first time.
After a spell in the top level amateur league from 1962, the club was coached by Pierre Danzelle and was able to field a stronger team, as shown by its winning the CFA Centre division in 1965. Refusing repeated proposals by the footballing authorities for the club to turn professional, Dijon's directors brought about the breakup of the team. The club was relegated to the Division d'Honneur in 1967. The club won promotion to Division 3 in 1974 with the help of Philippe Piat.
In the late 1970s, meanwhile, several small clubs merged to form Dijon FC. This new club became the rivals of Cercle Sportif Laïque Dijonnais in the Burgundian capital. During the 1980s Cercle was owned by Jean Claude Dubouil. For the first time in its history, the club played in Division 2 between 1987 and 1991. Despite some good results, however, the club declined both financially and in terms of performance. Meanwhile, the city's second club, Dijon FC, coached by Daniel Joseph, was promoted to the CFA, the same division as Cercle.
Formation (1998–2005)
In 1998, the two leading clubs of the city, the Cercle Sportif Laïque Dijonnais and Dijon FC decided to merge to give Dijon a stronger club, which was named Dijon Football Côte-d'Or (DFCO). During its first season in CFA, DFCO's manager was Noël Tosi. The club missed out on promotion in the last match of the season. Noël Tosi was dismissed, and replaced by his deputy, Daniel Joseph. The following season, promotion was won in a match against Calais RUFC, again on the last day of the season. The same year DFCO beat Alès to win the French Amateur title, the club's first trophy.
The following two seasons in National were difficult for the club. During the 2000–01 season, the club narrowly escaped relegation. Following the departure of Daniel Joseph, his deputy Mario Relmy took over and again the team managed to avoid relegation. In 2002, Rudi Garcia arrived at Dijon, which turned professional in 2004. In his first season as coach, Garcia took Dijon briefly to the top of the National league before they finally finished 4th, three points away from promotion. In 2004 Dijon achieved a memorable run in the Coupe de France, beating Saint-Étienne (L2), Lens (L1), Reims (L2) and Amiens (L2) before losing to Châteauroux (L2) in the semi-final. In the same year DFCO was promoted to Ligue 2.
Ligue 2 (2005–2011)
Promotion to Ligue 2 allowed the club to be separated into two entities: professional and amateur. Despite limited resources and poor infrastructure, DFCO achieved an impressive 4th place in its first season in Ligue 2. The club also achieved the exploit of beating Bordeaux in the 16th round of the Coupe de la Ligue.
At the end of the 2005–06 season, the club finished fifth. The club's aim was promotion to Ligue 1. During the 2006–07 season, Dijon narrowly missed several opportunities to reach the podium, but finally finished 8th. June 2007 marked the end of an era as Rudi Garcia left to manage Le Mans. The new coach, Serge Romano, led the club to a top-three position during the season for the first time in the club's history, but after the club fell down the table Serge Romano was sacked in December 2007. He was replaced by Faruk Hadžibegić in January 2008 after Frederic Bompard briefly took charge as caretaker. The new coach then saved the club from relegation thanks to a draw on the last day of the season away to AC Ajaccio. The same year, the club reached the quarter finals of the Coupe de France for the first time, but lost to Amiens on 15 April 2008.
The 2008–09 season was marked by the arrival of the French international Eric Carrière, as well as Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang on loan from A.C. Milan. Despite their contribution, DFCO remained stuck in the lower half of the table, although they put themselves beyond relegation in April. In the Coupe de France Dijon lost against the Ligue 1 team Grenoble on penalties after a 1–1 draw.
Following a dispute during the summer break in 2009 between President Bernard Gnecchi and the coach at the time, Faruk Hadžibegić, Gnecchi chose to appoint Patrice Carteron as the new coach. After a first season ended in mid-table, DFCO was promoted to Ligue 1 at the end of the 2010–11 season for the first time in its history, thanks to finishing third in Ligue 2.
Ligue 1 (2011–2012)
Dijon played in Ligue 1 for the first time in its history during the 2011–12 season. On 7 August 2011, the Burgundy club played its first top-flight match against Rennes at home, scoring its first goal and recording its first defeat (1–5). The following Saturday, DFCO lost to Toulouse 2–0. The club's first victory in Ligue 1 came at home on 20 August against Lorient (2–0). The club won a second match in Annecy against Evian Thonon-Gaillard (0–1), but then lost against Lyon at home in the next match (1–2). Dijon was 16th in the table at the winter break, and recorded a series of good results afterward, drawing with the future champions Montpellier (1–1), and beating Marseille (2–1) on 17 March 2012, but internal conflicts and poor performances by leading players such as Benjamin Corgnet, Abdallah Boudabous, and ex-Chelsea player Gaël Kakuta weighed heavily at the end of the season. After a win against SM Caen (2–0) on 25 March 2012, Dijon failed to win another match, losing six and drawing three. On 20 May 2012, on the last day of the season, Dijon lost heavily to Rennes (5–0) and were officially relegated to Ligue 2, accompanied by their local rivals, Auxerre. Conceding 63 goals in 38 games, Dijon had the worst defence in Ligue 1 during their first season in the top flight. Following the relegation, club president Bernard Gnecchi resigned and manager Patrice Carteron left the club.
Return to Ligue 2 (2012–2016)
The new president was Olivier Delcourt, while Olivier Dall'Oglio took over as coach. During the first season back in Ligue 2, the club finished 7th. On 22 April 2016, Dijon won promotion back to Ligue 1 finishing second on the table.
Ligue 1 (2016–2021)
In Dijon's first season back in Ligue 1, they managed to survive relegation and finish 16th. In the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season, Dijon finished 11th, improving their club record of 16th, which they set last season. The 2017–18 campaign, which was only the club's third-ever top-flight season, saw them end on 48 points, 11 more than they managed last year.
In the 2018–19 Ligue 1 season, Dijon finished in 18th place on the table and were required to play a two legged play off against Ligue 2 side RC Lens. After a 1–1 draw in the first leg, Dijon would win the second leg and the tie 3–1 after two goalkeeping blunders by Lens keeper Jérémy Vachoux cost his side a chance of promotion to Ligue 1 and ensured Dijon's survival.
With four games left to play, Dijon were relegated back to Ligue 2 in the 2020–21 Ligue 1 season, following a 5–1 defeat to Stade Rennais on 25 April 2021.
Records
Matches played: Stéphane Mangione (283 matches)
Number of goals: Julio Tavares (80 goals) (still in the team)
Matches against: Rudi Garcia (204 matches)
Biggest purchase: Brice Jovial (€2M for Le Havre Athletic Club )
Biggest Sale: Loïs Diony (€10M to AS Saint Etienne, including bonuses)
The oldest player in a match: Stéphane Grégoire (39 years, 3 months and 23 days at Dijon and Strasbourg (3–1, Ligue 2) 25 May 2007)
Youngest player in a match: Patrick M'Pondo (17 years, 2 months and 17 days at Brest-Dijon (0–1 National) 27 October 2001)
Most goals in one game: 12 (US Mahault Baie-Dijon FCO :1–12 Coupe de France 1998–1999)
Most goals conceded in a match: 8 ( Paris Saint German -Dijon FCO :8–0 Ligue 1 2017–2018)
Victory with the biggest difference: 11 (US Mahault Baie-Dijon FCO :1–12 Coupe de France 1998–1999)
Defeat with the biggest difference: -8 (Paris Saint German -Dijon FCO :8–0 Ligue 1 2017–2018)
Current squad
First team
Other players under contract
Out on loan
Coaching history
Noël Tosi (1998–99)
Daniel Joseph (1999-01)
Mario Relmy (2001–02)
Rudi Garcia (2002–07)
Serge Romano (June 2007 – December 2007)
Frédéric Bompard (December 2007)
Faruk Hadžibegić (2007–09)
Patrice Carteron (July 2009 – May 2012)
Olivier Dall'Oglio (2012–2018)
Antoine Kombouaré (2019)
Stéphane Jobard (2019–2020)
David Linarès (2020-)
Logo history
The owl, associated with an architectural detail at the Church of Notre-Dame of Dijon, is a symbol of the city. The club's first logo featured Dijon's Guillaume Gate (Place Darcy) with an owl in the foreground. In the 2006 version the owl was shown in full flight, while the Guillaume Gate gave way to a plain red background, in line with the team's new home kit. The owl is shown opening its wings to represent V for victory. Between the wings appears "1998", the date of the club's foundation in its modern form, and at the top 'DFCO' and 'Dijon Football Côte d'Or'. The current logo is an updated version of 2006's, with the words 'Dijon Football Côte d'Or' having disappeared, leaving only 'DFCO' and '1998' written in white on the red background.
References
External links
Association football clubs established in 1998
Sport in Dijon
1998 establishments in France
Football clubs in France
Football clubs in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
4040215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%20Lin | Nan Lin | Nan Lin (born 1938 in Chongqing, China) is the Oscar L. Tang Family Professor of Sociology of the Trinity College, Duke University. He is most notable for his research and writing on social networks and social capital.
Biography
Lin received his undergraduate degree from Tunghai University, Taiwan, in 1960; his M.A. from Syracuse University in 1963; and his doctorate degree from Michigan State University in 1966. He entered the sociology department at the University at Albany, SUNY in 1971, became a full professor there in 1976 and served as department chair from 1979 to 1982. In 1979, he established contacts with sociologists in the People's Republic of China and established an exchange program between Albany and Nankai University. He also helped organize the first U.S.-China doctoral program in sociology.
In 1990 he took a position as sociology professor at Duke University, where he also served as Director of the Asian-Pacific Studies Institute.
A former Vice President of the American Sociological Association, he has also taught at Johns Hopkins University. He has worked in the United States, Central America, Haiti, China, and Taiwan.
Research
Lin's research interest lies in social networks, social support and social capital. He has contributed theory, devised measurements and conducted empirical research in each of these areas. He has applied the theory and measurements to the study of social stratification and mobility, stress and coping, and individual, organization and community well-being.
Lin has employed both quantitative methods—such as large-scale national surveys, and surveys in organizations and communities—and qualitative methods, such as intensive long-term observations in villages, for example.
Having written about social networks since the early 1980s, Lin contributed to the economically-oriented branch of the literature on social capital defined by Mark Granovetter and James Coleman, seeking to establish a research paradigm which integrates theory with empirical testing. His definition of social capital as access to resources through network ties is one of the most widely accepted conceptualizations of the term. This definition of social capital is quantifiable and widely held to be more precise than the one popularized by Robert Putnam. Lin also rejects Putnam's thesis, put forward in Bowling Alone, that social capital is decreasing; he maintains that it is, in fact, on the ascent thanks to increasingly pervasive online networking.
Honors and awards
Lin is an academician at the Academia Sinica, Taiwan. He delivered the Fei Xiao-tong Memorial Lecture at Peking University in 2008, was honored the same year at the “Re-construction and Development of Sociology in China and Nan Lin’s Intellectual Thoughts” at Tsinghua University, and gave the Famous Foreign Lectures at the Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology at the University of Groningen in 2006. He holds an honorary doctorate degree from the National Chengchi University and distinguished visiting or honorary professorships at many universities and institutes, including Nankai University, Renmin University, Fudan University, Peking University, Academia Sinica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jilin University, Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences and Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. Lin received the Distinguished Research Contribution Award by the International Association of Chinese Management Research in 2010.
Publications
Lin has authored or edited eleven books, forty book chapters and numerous journal articles. His books include Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action, which has been praised as "the definitive work on the subject of social capital," amongst others:
References
External links
Nan Lin's Homepage at Duke
American sociologists
Duke University faculty
Living people
American people of Taiwanese descent
1938 births
American people of Chinese descent |
4040216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Charles | Kate Charles | Kate Charles (born 1950) is an American crime writer who lives in the United Kingdom and is a British citizen.
Kate Charles was born Carol Fosher in Cincinnati, the daughter of Elmer and Kathryn Fosher. Her family moved to Bloomington, Illinois, when she was 10. She graduated from Bloomington High School and went on to Illinois State University where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in library science in 1972. She then went on to earn an MA from Indiana University. She married Rory Chase and lives in Ludlow, Shropshire, UK. She is a past Chair of the Crime Writers' Association and the Barbara Pym Society. In 1996 she underwent open-heart surgery. She was elected to membership in the Detection Club in 2010. In 2012 she was awarded the George N. Dove Award by the Popular Culture Association for 'Outstanding Contribution to the Serious Study of Mystery and Crime Fiction', in recognition of her work as co-organiser of the annual St Hilda's (Oxford) Crime and Mystery Conference since 1994.
Charles's novels are mostly set against the background of the Church of England. Her 2005 novel, Evil Intent, was the first of her books to introduce a female Anglican priest as a central character; other series characters include solicitor David Middleton-Brown and artist Lucy Kingsley. Her novels evince a fascination with church politics.
Novels
A Drink of Deadly Wine 1991
The Snares of Death 1992
Appointed to Die 1993
A Dead Man Out of Mind 1994
Evil Angels Among Them 1995
Unruly Passions 1998
Strange Children 1999
Cruel Habitations 2000
Evil Intent 2005
Secret Sins 2007
Deep Waters 2009
False Tongues 2015
Desolate Places 2021
References
External links
http://www.katecharles.com//
1950 births
Living people
British crime fiction writers
People from Ludlow
Indiana University alumni
Illinois State University alumni
Writers from Cincinnati
Members of the Detection Club
Women mystery writers
Date of birth missing (living people)
American emigrants to England
Bloomington High School (Bloomington, Illinois) alumni
British women novelists
Novelists from Ohio
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British women writers
21st-century British novelists
21st-century British women writers |
4040217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters%20of%20St.%20Francis%20of%20Perpetual%20Adoration | Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration | The Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration is a papal congregation of the Roman Catholic Church, founded on July 20, 1863, by Mother Maria Theresia Bonzel in Olpe, Germany.
History
Regina Christine Wilhelmine ("Aline") was born on September 17, 1830. In 1851 she became a member of the Third Order Secular of St. Francis, taking the name Maria Theresia. On July 20, 1863, the community at Olpe was approved by the Bishop Konrad Martin of Paderborn as an independent motherhouse. This date is observed as the founding day of the Congregation.
Their first apostolate was the care of orphans. During the war years of 1870–71, the religious sisters from Olpe cared for eight hundred wounded soldiers. Nonetheless, the Kulturkampf, an anticlerical reaction against the Catholic Church, placed convents under government control, and in 1876 the orphanage was closed.
At the invitation of Bishop Joseph Dwenger of Fort Wayne, Indiana, Mother Maria Theresia sent missionary Sisters to work in his diocese. An American branch was established by six pioneer nuns who emigrated to Lafayette, Indiana in 1875. During the years that followed, the congregation grew and the sisters opened many new hospitals and schools.
The sisters minister in the United States, Germany, the Philippines and Brazil.
American painter Sister Mary Rufinia was a member of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration.
Structure
In 1886 the congregation was formally divided into two provinces, the German and the American. The American has since divided into eastern and western provinces, and another has been established in the Philippines.
St. Elizabeth of Hungary Province, centered in Germany.
Immaculate Heart of Mary Province, centered at Mount Alverno provincial house in Mishawaka, Indiana
Mount Saint Francis educational and skilled nursing facilities in Colorado Springs, Colorado
St. Joseph Province, centered at Mount Saint Joseph provincial house in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Immaculate Conception Province, centered in the Philippines.
See also
Third Order of St. Francis
References
External links
Saint Joseph Province
Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc.
1863 establishments in Germany
Congregations of Franciscan sisters
Religious organizations established in 1863
Catholic female orders and societies
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century |
4040221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20LeBlanc | Neil LeBlanc | Neil J. LeBlanc (born August 8, 1956) is a former politician in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Early life and education
He was born in Wedgeport, Nova Scotia to Gladys (Bourque) and Alfred LeBlanc. He graduated from Saint Mary’s University and then for the chartered accounting firm of Peat, Marwick and Mitchell (now KPMG).
Political career
He entered politics in 1984, when he was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly as a Progressive Conservative for the riding of Argyle. LeBlanc after his second election victory in 1988, was named Solicitor General, becoming one of Nova Scotia’s youngest Cabinet Ministers.
In the 1990s, LeBlanc also served as Minister responsible for the Nova Scotia Sport and Recreation Commission and Minister of Government Services.
He lost his seat during the Liberal sweep of 1993, and returned home to establish N. LeBlanc Enterprises Ltd., a fish and lobster wholesale company.
LeBlanc made a successful return to politics in the 1998 election, winning back the seat he lost, five years earlier. Following the election, he was named as the Progressive Conservative House Leader.
He was re-elected in the 1999 election, that saw the Progressive Conservatives under John Hamm form a majority government. He was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Minister of Finance, Minister of Business and Consumer Services, as well as Minister of Acadian Affairs. Along with his cabinet duties, he was also named the minister responsible for Nova Scotia Resources Ltd., Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation, Halifax/Dartmouth Bridge Commission; and President de l’Association des Parlementaire Francais.
In 2002, LeBlanc introduced Nova Scotia’s first balanced budget in 40 years.
In 2003, LeBlanc retired after 14 years as an MLA and eight and a half years as a cabinet minister, to return to Wedgeport to spend more time with his family and to briefly assume duties as Chief Administrative Officer of the Municipality of the District of Argyle.
Leadership candidacy
In 2005, LeBlanc announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia. Originally considered a front-runner, LeBlanc finished last on the first ballot, 59 votes behind the leader, Rodney MacDonald, and 12 behind second place finisher, Bill Black. Dropped from the second ballot, LeBlanc endorsed MacDonald, who defeated Black on the decisive ballot.
After politics
On July 13, 2006, LeBlanc was named as Consul General to Boston replacing Stan Keyes.
Following the Progressive Conservative defeat to the New Democratic Party in the 2009 election and the subsequent resignation of Progressive Conservative leader Rodney MacDonald, LeBlanc was touted as a possible contender to replace MacDonald.
References
1956 births
Canadian diplomats
Canadian people of Acadian descent
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia
People from Yarmouth County
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
Canadian city managers and chief administrative officers
21st-century Canadian politicians
Finance ministers of Nova Scotia |
4040227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyping | Genotyping | Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the alleles an individual has inherited from their parents. Traditionally genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations by use of molecular tools. It does not usually involve defining the genes of an individual.
Techniques
Current methods of genotyping include restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (RFLPI) of genomic DNA, random amplified polymorphic detection (RAPD) of genomic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism detection (AFLPD), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes, and hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads. Genotyping is important in research of genes and gene variants associated with disease. Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual’s genotype is determined, such as with (epi)GBS (Genotyping by sequencing) or RADseq. New mass-sequencing technologies promise to provide whole-genome genotyping (or whole genome sequencing) in the future.
Applications
Genotyping applies to a broad range of individuals, including microorganisms. For example, viruses and bacteria can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in controlling the spreading of pathogens, by tracing the origin of outbreaks. This area is often referred to as molecular epidemiology or forensic microbiology.
Human genotyping
Humans can also be genotyped. For example, when testing fatherhood or motherhood, scientists typically only need to examine 10 or 20 genomic regions (like single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)), which represent a tiny fraction of the human genome.
When genotyping transgenic organisms, a single genomic region may be all that needs to be examined to determine the genotype. A single PCR assay is typically enough to genotype a transgenic mouse; the mouse is the mammalian model of choice for much of medical research today.
Ethical concerns
The ethical concerns of genotyping humans have been a topic of discussion. The rise of genotyping technologies will make it possible to screen large populations of people for genetic diseases and predispositions for disease. The benefits of population wide genotyping have been contended by ethical concerns on consent and general benefit of wide span screening. Genotyping identifies mutations that increase susceptibility of a person to develop a disease, but disease development is not guaranteed in most cases, which can cause psychological damage. Discrimination can arise from various genetic markers identified by genotyping, such as athletic advantages or disadvantages in professional sports or risk of disease development later in life. Much of the ethical concerns surrounding genotyping arise from information availability, as in who can access the genotype of an individual in various contexts.
Tuberculosis
Genotyping is used in the medical field to identify and control the spread of tuberculosis (TB). Originally, genotyping was only used to confirm outbreaks of tuberculosis; but with the evolution of genotyping technology it is now able to do far more. Advances in genotyping technology led to the realization that many cases of tuberculosis, including infected individuals living in the same household, were not actually linked. This caused the formation of universal genotyping in an attempt to understand transmission dynamics. Universal genotyping revealed complex transmission dynamics based on things like socio-epidemiological factors. This led to the use of polymerase chain reactions (PCR) which allowed for faster detection of tuberculosis. This rapid detection method is used to prevent TB. The addition of whole genome sequencing (WGS) allowed for identification of strains of TB which could then be put in a chronological cluster map. These cluster maps show the origin of cases and the time in which those cases arose. This gives a much clearer picture of transmission dynamics and allows for better control and prevention of transmission. All of these different forms of genotyping are used together to detect TB, prevent its spread and trace the origin of infections. This has helped to reduce the number of TB cases.
Agricultural Usage
Many types of genotyping are used in agriculture. One type that is used is genotyping by sequencing because it aids agriculture with crop breeding. For this purpose, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are used as markers and RNA sequencing is used to look at gene expression in crops. The knowledge gained from this type of genotyping allows for selective breeding of crops in ways which benefit agriculture. In the case of alfalfa, the cell wall was improved through selective breeding that was made possible by this type of genotyping. These techniques have also resulted in the discovery of genes that provide resistance to diseases. A gene called Yr15 was discovered in wheat, which protects against a disease called yellow wheat rust. Selective breeding for the Yr15 gene then prevented yellow wheat rust, benefiting agriculture.
See also
References
External links
International HapMap Project
resources for genotyping microorganisms
Genetics techniques |
4040242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomena%20%28band%29 | Phenomena (band) | Phenomena is a rock music concept formed by record producer Tom Galley and his brother, Whitesnake guitarist Mel Galley. During the recording of Phenomena I, they were joined by Metalhammer founder Wilfried Rimensberger. Contributors were leading rock musicians such as Glenn Hughes, Brian May, and John Wetton, amongst others.
History
In a cover story run by Kerrang! magazine in 1985, Phenomena's production of rock songs based on a story line running through a whole album, attached to artworks and other multi-media aspects, was credited for the "return of the concept album" in the 1980s. Phenomena released three albums in the 1980s and early 1990s, and had a number one hit single in South America with "Did It All For Love", while the album charted in Europe, Japan, and Brazil. It was after working together on the second album, that Kyoji Yamamoto invited Neil Murray to join Vow Wow.
In 1993, Tom Galley sold his rights to the recordings and the brand concept to former Wishbone Ash member Merv Spence of Parachute Music Ltd, releasing Phenomena 3, under the name Inner Vision. In 2017, the rights to the recordings of the Phenomena trilogy of albums were obtained by Daniel Earnshaw of Explore Rights Management Ltd.
Discography
Singles
"Phenomena II Did It All For Love" (BMG/RCA, 1987)
Albums
Phenomena (Bronze, 1985) - UK #63
Phenomena II: Dream Runner (BMG/RCA, 1987)
Phenomena III: Inner Vision (Parachute Music, 1993)
Psycho Fantasy (Escape Music, 2006)
Blind Faith (Escape Music, 2010)
Awakening (Escape Music, 2012)
Compilation albums
Phenomena Project X 1985–1996 (1997) (Creative World Entertainment)
The Complete Works (2006 CWE) (first three albums partly remixed, plus bonus tracks, but omitting three tracks inadvertently)
Phenomena Anthology (2019) (Explore Rights Management Ltd)
References
External links
Official website
English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1984 |
4040245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Mineral%20Development%20Corporation | National Mineral Development Corporation | NMDC Limited, (formerly National Mineral Development Corporation), is a government owned mineral producer. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Steel, Government of India.
It is involved in the exploration of iron ore, copper, rock phosphate, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, bentonite, magnesite, diamond, tin, tungsten, graphite, etc.
It is India's largest iron ore producer and exporter, producing more than 35 million tonnes of iron ore from three mechanized mines in Chhattisgarh and Karnataka. It also operates the only mechanized diamond mine in the country at Panna in Madhya Pradesh.
NMDC is in the process of demerging its Nagarnar iron and steel plant by mid 2022, and publicly listing the demerged company.
Operating mines
Bailadila Iron Ore Mine, Kirandul Complex, South Bastar district, Dantewada (C.G.)Steel
Bailadila Iron Ore Mine, Bacheli Complex, South Bastar district, Dantewada (C.G.)
Donimalai Iron Ore Mine, Donimalai, Bellary district, Karnataka (at December 2019 suspended for over a year due to a royalty dispute)
Diamond Mining Project, Majhgawan, Panna (M.P.)
NMDC Ltd. is diversified into other raw materials for the steel industry such as low silica limestone. Production of dead burnt magnesite and further value addition is under study through its subsidiary J K Mineral Development Corporation Limited.
NMDC Ltd. has taken over a silica sand mining and beneficiation project from Uttar Pradesh State Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. The plant is designed to produce beneficiated high purity silica sand to a capacity of 300,000 tonnes per year as the raw material for production of float/sheet glass.
A memorandum of understanding has been signed between NMDC, Indian Rare Earths Limited, (IRE) and Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation to establish a joint venture for the development of Bheemunipatnam Beach Sand. The project envisages mining of beach sands, setting up of mineral separation plant for ilmenite concentrate and a downstream value addition plant for conversion of ilmenite into synthetic rutile/TiO2 slag/TiO2 pigment with pig iron as by-product.
Nagarnar Steel Plant
NMDC set up a 3 MTPA capacity greenfield Nagarnar Steel Plant based on HiSmelt technology, 16 km from Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh state, with an estimated outlay of Rs 20000 crore.
A pure-play miner, NMDC had in 2009–10 conceived the Nagarnar steel plant with the intention of moving up the value chain and diversifying its portfolio. The idea was also to hedge itself against the vagaries of iron ore prices.
The plant site is around 16 km from Jagdalpur and 6 km from the Orissa–Chattishgarh border. The nearest railway station is Amaguda (around 2 km). The site is located on National Highway NH 30. The nearby airports are Jagdalpur, Raipur & Vishakhapatnam and the nearest seaport is Visakhapatnam located at a distance of approx 325 km. The nearest river is Indravati, located at a distance of 3 km.
Listings and shareholding
The equity shares of NMDC are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.
As of February 2020, the Government of India held a 69.65% equity in NMDC. 225,339 individual shareholders hold approximately 3.79% of its shares. The balance is held by insurance companies (14.31%), foreign institutional investors (5.78%), mutual funds (4.42%), and banks (1.96%). Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with a 12.89% shareholding.
International
In Australia, Legacy Iron Ore, a majority-owned NMDC company, holds majority stakes in gold and iron ore projects in Western Australia.
NMDC Limited was awarded the Corporate Social Responsibility Award Global Metals Award 2018 in the Corporate Social Responsibility category in London, the first time since inception that an Indian company received the award.
References
External links
NMDC website
Metal companies of India
Mining companies of India
Government-owned companies of India
Industries in Hyderabad, India
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1958
Indian companies established in 1958
1958 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange |
4040257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20X | Radio X | Radio X may refer to:
Radio X (United Kingdom), formerly known as XFM
These stations owned by RNC Media in Quebec:
CHOI-FM 98.1, Quebec City
CKYK-FM 95.7, Saguenay
CKLX-FM 91.9, Montreal
WKPX 88.5 FM, Sunrise, Florida
Radio X, a radio station heard in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack
Former stations
These stations owned by RNC Media:
CFTX-FM 96.5, Gatineau (formerly known as Tag Radio X)
CHGO-FM 104.3, Val-d'Or (formerly known as GO Radio X)
CJGO-FM 102.1, La Sarre (formerly known as GO Radio X)
DYRX 102.3 FM, Oton, Iloilo, Philippines |
4040258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Silver | Alfred Silver | Alfred Silver is a Canadian novelist and playwright. He grew up in the Canadian Prairies and now lives in Nova Scotia.
His novel Acadia won the 1997 Thomas Head Raddall Award.
Several of his radio plays have been aired by CBC Radio, including Göttingen (Sunday Showcase), Rebel Angels of Song (Definitely Not the Opera) and Clean Sweep (The Mystery Project), which was nominated for the 1998 Top Ten Award of the Writers Guild of Canada.
Works
A Place Out of Time. Great Plains Fiction, 2007.
Clean Sweep. Pottersfield Press, 2004.
Eulalie La Tour: Acadie 1755. Trait d'union, 2004.
Acadia: A Novel. Pottersfield Press, 2004.
Three Hills Home. Nimbus Publishing, 2002.
The Haunting of Maddie Prue. Great Plains Publications, 2000.
Acadia. Ballantine/Random House, 1997. Winner of the 1997 Thomas Head Raddall Award.
Keepers of the Dawn. Ballantine/Random House, 1995.
Where the Ghost Horse Runs. Ballantine/Random House, 1991.
Lord of the Plains. Ballantine/Random House, 1990.
Red River Story. Ballantine/Random House, 1988.
A Savage Place. Ballantine/Random House, 1983.
Good Time Charlie's Back in Town Again. Avon, 1978.
References
Living people
Canadian male novelists
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Writers from Nova Scotia
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers |
4040268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerokambos | Yerokambos | Yerokambos is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan cemetery in central Crete.
Geography
The site is near the modern village of Lendas, south of the Asterousia mountains.
Archaeology
The tombs were built in Early Minoan I and in use through Middle Minoan IA.
References
Swindale, Ian "Yerokambos" Retrieved 11 Feb 2006
External links
http://www.minoancrete.com/yerokambos.htm
Minoan sites in Crete
Ancient cemeteries in Greece |
4040270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Pullman | Simon Pullman | Simon Pullman (15 February 1890 in Warsaw – August 1942 in Treblinka) was a Polish violinist, conductor, music teacher and founder and Director of the Pullman Ensemble and Orchestra, and a seminal figure in the evolution of chamber music performance.
Born in Warsaw, he was a nephew of the famous Yiddish actress Ester Rachel Kamińska and a cousin of Ida Kaminska and Josef Kaminsky. He studied with Leopold Auer at the St. Petersburg Conservatory (1905-1909) where he received his diploma. 1913 he continued his studies with Martin Pierre Marsick at the Conservatoire de Paris. Back in Warsaw, he founded and led a chamber orchestra specialised on music of the Vienna Classic (1915 to 1920). In the 1920s and 1930s he taught violin, viola, and chamber music at the New Vienna Conservatory (Neues Wiener Konservatorium), where he coached several groups including the Galimir String Quartet (led by Felix Galimir). In 1930 he founded the Pullman Ensemble, consisting of 17 string players (4 string quartets with a double-bass), of which the specialty was their performance of Beethoven's Große Fuge Op. 133 and String Quartet in C# minor Op. 131. Later, 10 windplayers were added to form the Pullman Orchestra, which performed regularly in Vienna and throughout Europe until 1938, when Pullman was able to escape to Paris.
According to his students and colleagues, Pullman was a visionary musician; his desire for a kind of revelatory ensemble playing led him to make use of the widest possible range of string tone, to demand a perfect legato, and to search out highly unorthodox fingerings to match his conceptions of phrasing. Rehearsals were intense and long — however, they functioned as rolling all-day affairs where members came and went as their schedules permitted. Through his pupils Felix Galimir, Richard Goldner, and others, his ideas influenced the training of generations of chamber music performers in the U. S., Australia (Musica Viva Australia), and elsewhere.
In August 1939, he visited Warsaw in an attempt to sell a house belonging to his wife, and was trapped there by the German invasion. Imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto, he directed (beneath the orchestra founders Marian Neuteich and Adam Furmanski) the Warsaw Ghetto Symphony Orchestra, which included among notable musicians, Ludwik Holcman. The band performed frequently from 1940-1942. Pullman was transported to Treblinka extermination camp in early August 1942, and like him all of the members of the orchestra were presumed to have been killed.
References
External links
Article for Simon Pullman in the Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit
1890 births
1942 deaths
Austrian classical musicians
Polish classical musicians
Polish civilians killed in World War II
Jewish violinists
Warsaw Ghetto inmates
Polish people who died in Treblinka extermination camp
Austrian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Polish classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Polish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Musicians from Warsaw
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century male musicians |
4040273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun%20County%20Public%20Schools | Loudoun County Public Schools | Loudoun County Public Schools (LCPS) is a branch of the Loudoun County, Virginia, United States government, and administers public schools in the county. LCPS's headquarters is located at 21000 Education Court in Ashburn, an unincorporated section of the county.
Due to rapid growth in the region, LCPS is one of the fastest-growing school divisions in Virginia and the third largest school division in the state. For the 2019–2020 school year, LCPS educated approximately 84,000 students.
History
The public school system in Loudoun County was established in 1870 to fulfill the needs for free education during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. For most of its history, LCPS served a rural population known mainly for its dairy farms. Since the opening of Washington Dulles International Airport in 1962, Loudoun County's population has skyrocketed, accompanied by that of the school system. For example, since the 2000–2001 school year, LCPS has opened 51 schools: 28 elementary, 11 middle, 11 high and one educational center.
In the 20th century, including during the civil rights movement and the era of massive resistance, LCPS was one of the last school districts in the nation to begin desegregation in 1967. In 2020 the school board, the administration, and the county board issued a public apology for its "blatant disregard and disrespect of Black people".
Administration
The LCPS system, while operated on a day-to-day basis by the Superintendent (Dr. Scott A. Ziegler), is managed under the direction and authority of the Loudoun County School Board, a nine-member panel elected by citizens in the county. Eight of the nine board positions are divided among voting districts that represent communities throughout the county, while the ninth seat is elected at-large by the entire county. The voting districts correspond to those used for Loudoun County Board of Supervisors elections. Unlike the Board of Supervisors, the chairmanship of the School Board is elected annually by its members, while the Chairman of the Board of Supervisors is always the at-large seat. While the School Board makes decisions relating to school policy and curriculum, it receives funding through the Board of Supervisors.
On August 31, 2021, the Broad Run District member, Leslee King, died from complications due to a heart surgery. On October 12, 2021, Andrew Hoyler was appointed to serve as the interim Broad Run District member through December 31, 2022. Hoyler ran against King in 2019 and lost with 37% of the vote to King's 61%. A special election will be held in November 2022 for the voters to select a member to serve from January to December 2023. On October 15, 2021, the Leesburg District member, Beth Barts, announced her resignation effective November 2, 2021, citing threats and fear for her and her family's safety. Barts was facing a recall petition over claims that her participation in a private Facebook group violated the School Board's Code of Conduct and open meeting laws. On December 14, 2021, Tom Marshall was appointed to serve as the interim Leesburg District member through December 31, 2022. Marshall previously served on the School Board from 2008 to 2011 and from 2016 to 2019, both terms as the Leesburg District member. Sterling District member, Brenda Sheridan, and Algonkian District member, Atoosa Reaser, are also facing recall petitions for similar reasons as Barts. In January 2022, Dulles District Member, Jeff Morse, was elected Chair of the School Board with Blue Ridge District Member, Ian Serotkin, elected Vice-Chair. Morse previously served as Chair from 2017 through 2019. Sheridan and Reaser served as Chair and Vice-Chair from 2020 through 2021, respectively. Sheridan also served as Vice-Chair from 2016 through 2019.
Demographics
In the 2021–2022 school year, LCPS students were 42.7% White, 25.4% Asian, 18.3% Hispanic/Latino, 7.1% Black/African American, 5.7% Multiracial, 0.6% Native American, and 0.1% Pacific Islander.
2021 sexual assaults
Sexual assaults and charges
On May 28, 2021, a male teenager was accused of sexually assaulting a female student in a girls' restroom at Stone Bridge High School in Ashburn. The two had agreed to meet in the restroom, where they had previously engaged in consensual sexual encounters. School officials immediately reported the assault to law enforcement. Following a weeks-long investigation by the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office, a 14-year-old male was arrested on July 8, 2021, and charged with two counts of forcible sodomy. The suspect spent time in a juvenile detention facility before being released and placed on electronic monitoring. He was transferred to Broad Run High School in Ashburn.
On October 6, 2021, the same male teenager, now aged 15, was accused of sexually assaulting a female student in an empty classroom at Broad Run High School. The male student was arrested the following day and charged with sexual battery and abduction of a fellow student. He was again held in a juvenile detention facility.
On October 25, 2021, the suspect was found guilty on all charges for the May 28 assault. On November 15, 2021, the suspect pleaded no contest to a felony charge of abduction and a misdemeanor count of sexual battery for the October 6 assault. He was set to be sentenced on December 13, 2021, but sentencing was delayed until January 2022 in order for the court to perform a psychology evaluation on him and explore residential treatment facility options. In January 2022, the suspect was found guilty on all four charges and was sentenced to complete a "residential program in a locked-down facility" and placed on supervised probation until he turned 18, and ordered to register as a sex offender in Virginia. Loudoun County Juvenile Judge Court Judge Pamela L. Brooks said she had never previously ordered a minor to register as a sex offender, stating, "You scare me. What I read in those reports scared me and should scare families and scare society. You need a lot of help." The perpetrator apologized to the two victims in court. Judge Brooks said that there was a third victim who had not come forward to press charges.
Later that month, Brooks decided against placing the perpetrator on the sex offender registry, due to the offender's young age and data indicating that teenagers placed on the registry go on to have higher recidivism rates.
Policy 8040 and responses
Policy 8040, which was passed in August 2021, allows students to use locker rooms and bathrooms corresponding to their "consistently asserted gender identity"; the policy was adopted to comply with a state mandate. The parents of the Stone Bridge victim have said the perpetrator of their daughter's assault identified as gender fluid. While discussing a draft of Policy 8040 at a school board meeting on June 22, 2021, superintendent Scott Ziegler stated that, to his knowledge, there were no reports of any assaults occurring in the school system's restrooms and that a "predator transgender student or person simply does not exist". The father of the Stone Bridge victim stated he was angered by Ziegler's comments due to his daughter's assault, and was arrested at the meeting after getting into an argument with a fellow attendee; he was found guilty of disorderly conduct and resisting arrest on August 17, 2021. The parents of the Stone Bridge victim accused the school system of covering up the assault to push Policy 8040. The Loudoun County Sheriff's Office stated they were immediately made aware by school officials of the assault on May 28. Authorities have not commented on the parents' "gender fluid" characterization of the perpetrator, but have said he was wearing a skirt at the time of the assault. On October 15, 2021, Ziegler said he "wrongly interpreted" questions posed to him at that meeting and apologized, calling his comments "misleading". Later that month, the perpetrator's lawyer refuted the characterization of his then-client as gender fluid or transgender.
At a school board meeting on October 12, 2021, parents criticized the handling of the alleged assaults, expressing fear for their children's safety in Loudoun County Public Schools and calling for the school board, and superintendent Ziegler, to resign. During an October 15, 2021 press conference, Ziegler acknowledged that the school system had "failed to provide the safe, welcoming, and affirming environment" they aspired to. He went on to state that federal policy contained in Title IX had required a full investigation of the assaults before certain disciplinary actions were allowed to be taken and that he would lobby for changes to this part of Title IX. He also proposed local policy changes that he said would "place greater emphasis on victim rights". These local changes, Ziegler said, would ensure the future separation of "alleged offenders from the general student body" and allow disciplinary actions to begin before the end of any future investigations of assault.
A September 29, 2021 letter from the National School Boards Association (NSBA) to President Joe Biden characterized parents from various school board meetings as "domestic terrorists", including the father of the Stone Bridge victim, citing his arrest at the June 22 meeting. In October 2021, the father demanded an apology and retraction from the NSBA. His attorneys said that the NSBA released an apology to other NSBA members on October 22 but "did not include any specific apology" to him or other parents.
School students across Loudoun County, including students at Stone Bridge High School and Broad Run High School, performed walkout protests on October 26, 2021, in support of the victims.
During his successful campaign for governor of Virginia, Glenn Youngkin responded to the assaults by arguing for an increased police presence in the state's schools. On his first day in office, January 15, 2022, Youngkin signed an executive order requesting that the Virginia Attorney General, Jason Miyares, conduct an investigation into the school system's handling of the assaults.
The assaults coincided with vocal opposition among some parents towards the Loudoun County school system's COVID-19 prevention strategies and racial equity programs. Amid these controversies, several members of the Loudoun County School Board were harassed and received death threats. The New York Times noted that conservative media coverage of the assaults "zeroed in on the transgender angle", and Youngkin's Democratic opponent, Terry McAuliffe, argued that conservatives were exploiting the issue as a "transphobic dog whistle". The New York Times further noted that early media coverage of the assaults had sensationalized the story by failing to report that the victim and assailant "had an ongoing sexual relationship and had arranged to meet in the bathroom."
On March 8, 2022, the Loudoun County School Board voted to adopt an overhaul of the school's Title IX policies that had been in development since the beginning of 2020. Under the reformed policy, a Title IX coordinator is charged with ensuring an immediate investigation and response to instances of "sex discrimination, sexual harassment, or sexual misconduct". The reformed policy also states, "If appropriate and regardless of whether a criminal or regulatory investigation regarding the alleged conduct is pending, the school division shall promptly take interim action to maintain a safe and secure learning environment for all students."
Schools
High schools
With the opening of Lightridge High School, Loudoun County has 17 high schools. All but two high schools, Loudoun Valley and Broad Run, are two stories. Loudoun County (1954), the oldest high school, can hold around 1,370 students, Loudoun Valley (1962) and Broad Run (1969) can hold around 1,390–1,410 (Loudoun Valley and Broad Run were built with a similar design), Park View (1976) can hold about 1,370 and Potomac Falls (1997) can hold about 1,400. Potomac Falls' design has been used with every high school in Loudoun County built after it (with the exception of Lightridge High School), with a bigger auditorium and more classrooms. Stone Bridge (2000), Heritage (2002), Briar Woods (2005), Freedom (2005), and Woodgrove (2010) can hold 1,600 students. Dominion High School (2003) is an exception to the 1,600 capacity rule; the school is structurally designed for 1,600 students, however, because it is the site of the Academy of Science, the actual student capacity for Dominion High School is 1,350, and the remaining seats are designated for the Academy of Science students. With the opening of Tuscarora High School (2010), and John Champe High School (2012), the new high schools still use the Potomac Falls design template but with an 1800 student capacity. When Riverside High School (HS-8) in 2015, and Rock Ridge High School (HS-7) opened in 2014 it had a 1,600 student capacity not the standard 1,800 because of little increase in student population foreseen in the Ashburn area. The 2019–2020 year introduced Independence High School (HS-11) with a newer and refreshed design of Potomac Falls, although the student capacity is to be determined due to the amount of high schools around the build site. The 2020–2021 year introduced Lightridge High School (HS-9) with a new design different from Potomac Falls High School. The school opened to reduce overcrowding at John Champe High School.
All high schools serve grades 9–12.
Briar Woods High School, Ashburn
Broad Run High School, Ashburn
Dominion High School, Sterling
Freedom High School, South Riding
Heritage High School, Leesburg
Independence High School, Ashburn
John Champe High School, Aldie
Lightridge High School, Aldie
Loudoun County High School, Leesburg
Loudoun Valley High School, Purcellville
Park View High School, Sterling
Potomac Falls High School, Sterling
Riverside High School, Leesburg
Rock Ridge High School, Ashburn
Stone Bridge High School, Ashburn
Tuscarora High School, Leesburg
Woodgrove High School, Purcellville
Middle schools
Loudoun County currently has 17 middle schools, all of which typically feed into one high school currently, or in the near future. Older middle schools such as Simpson, Blue Ridge, Sterling, and Seneca Ridge originally were able to carry about 1,000 students, but have all gone or are going through expansion projects that will allow them to carry 1,200 students once the projects are complete. The older schools are also trying to modernize the building by placing ornamental designs throughout the school. Newer middle schools built since 1995, when Farmwell Station opened, typically have capacities of 1,200 to 1,350 students depending on the age of the building and how fast growth was around the particular school when the school opened. Since the opening of J. Michael Lunsford, all middle schools are built with a two-story design that can carry 1,350 students.
Serves grades 6–8.
Belmont Ridge Middle School, Leesburg
Blue Ridge Middle School, Purcellville
Brambleton Middle School, Ashburn
Eagle Ridge Middle School, Ashburn
Farmwell Station Middle School, Ashburn
Harmony Middle School (Formerly Harmony Intermediate School), Hamilton
Harper Park Middle School, Leesburg
J. Lupton Simpson Middle School, Leesburg
J. Michael Lunsford Middle School, Chantilly
Mercer Middle School, Aldie
River Bend Middle School, Sterling
Seneca Ridge Middle School, Sterling
Smarts Mill Middle School, Leesburg
Sterling Middle School, Sterling
Stone Hill Middle School, Ashburn
Trailside Middle School, Ashburn
Willard Middle School (Formerly Willard Intermediate School), Aldie
Future schools
Elaine E. Thompson Elementary School (ES-23) in Arcola will open in the fall of 2022 off Arcola Mills Drive.
Intermediate schools
Serves grades 8–9.
LCPS previously had two intermediate schools
Harmony Intermediate School, now Harmony Middle School in the western part of the county which served 8th and 9th graders. This was only a temporary concept to relieve crowding at Blue Ridge Middle School and Loudoun Valley High School which ended after Woodgrove High School opened in fall 2010.
Willard Intermediate School, now Willard Middle School in Aldie also served 8th and 9th graders. This was only a temporary concept to relieve crowding at Mercer Middle School and John Champe High School which ended after Lightridge High School opened in fall 2020.
Elementary schools
LCPS currently has 51 elementary schools, which are nearly all community based, with over half of them opening in the last 10 years. Newer elementary schools throughout the county can carry approximately 800 to 875 students. Older elementary schools in the eastern part of the county can carry anywhere from 400–600 students. There are some rural elementary schools in Loudoun County as well, nearly all of them in the western part of the county. They are much smaller in size and are much older facilities, typically holding enrollments of about 100–150 students. Since the opening of Buffalo Trail Elementary School, all elementary schools are built with a two-story design that can carry 875 students.
Serves grades K–5.
Aldie Elementary School, Aldie
Algonkian Elementary School, Sterling
Arcola Elementary School, Aldie
Ashburn Elementary School, Ashburn
Ball's Bluff Elementary School, Leesburg
Banneker Elementary School, Saint Louis
Belmont Station Elementary School, Ashburn
Buffalo Trail Elementary School, Aldie
Cardinal Ridge Elementary School, Centreville
Catoctin Elementary School, Leesburg
Cedar Lane Elementary School, Ashburn
Cool Spring Elementary School, Leesburg
Countryside Elementary School, Sterling
Creighton's Corner Elementary School, Ashburn
Discovery Elementary School, Ashburn
Dominion Trail Elementary School, Ashburn
Emerick Elementary School, Purcellville
Evergreen Mill Elementary School, Leesburg
Forest Grove Elementary School, Sterling
Frances Hazel Reid Elementary School, Leesburg
Frederick Douglass Elementary School, Leesburg
Goshen Post Elementary School, Aldie
Guilford Elementary School, Sterling
Hamilton Elementary School, Hamilton
Hillsboro Charter Academy (formerly Hillsboro Elementary School), Purcellville
Hillside Elementary School, Ashburn
Horizon Elementary School, Sterling
Hovatter Elementary School, Aldie
Hutchison Farm Elementary School, South Riding
John W. Tolbert Jr. Elementary School, Leesburg
Kenneth Culbert Elementary School, Hamilton
Leesburg Elementary School, Leesburg
Legacy Elementary School, Ashburn
Liberty Elementary School, South Riding
Lincoln Elementary School, Purcellville
Little River Elementary School, South Riding
Lovettsville Elementary School, Lovettsville
Lowes Island Elementary School, Sterling
Lucketts Elementary School, Leesburg
Madison's Trust Elementary School, Ashburn
Meadowland Elementary School, Sterling
Middleburg Community Charter School (formerly Middleburg Elementary School), Middleburg
Mill Run Elementary School, Ashburn
Moorefield Station Elementary School, Ashburn
Mountain View Elementary School, Purcellville
Newton-Lee Elementary School, Ashburn
Pinebrook Elementary School, Aldie
Potowmack Elementary School, Sterling
Rolling Ridge Elementary School, Sterling
Rosa Lee Carter Elementary School, Ashburn
Round Hill Elementary School, Round Hill
Sanders Corner Elementary School, Ashburn
Seldens Landing Elementary School, Leesburg
Sterling Elementary School, Sterling
Steuart W. Weller Elementary School, Ashburn
Sugarland Elementary School, Sterling
Sully Elementary School, Sterling
Sycolin Creek Elementary School, Leesburg
Waterford Elementary School, Waterford
Waxpool Elementary School, Ashburn
Instructional centers
Academies of Loudoun, Leesburg
Monroe Advanced Technical Academy (MATA)
Academy of Science (AOS)
Academy of Engineering & Technology (AET)
Douglass School, Leesburg (alternative education center)
See also
List of school divisions in Virginia
References
External links
LCPS at U.S. News & World Reports Best High Schools
School divisions in Virginia
Education in Loudoun County, Virginia
Northern Virginia
1870 establishments in Virginia |
4040274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv | Rajiv | Rājīv (Devanagari: राजीव, Bengali script: রাজীব) is a popular Indian, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan and Nepalese male name, also spelt Rajeev, Rajive, Rajib, Rajeeb, Rajiva and Rajiba.
It is said that the lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera), though it grows in muddy water, doesn't accumulate the mud particles onto it; such is the quality described as rājīv. Today, in several Indian languages, including Hindi, Telugu, Bengali, Madheshi, Nepali, Assamese, Marathi and Kannada, rājīv is the word for "lotus flower".
In the Rāmāyaṇa, Rāma's epithets include Rājīv-Lochan, meaning "one whose eyes are like lotus flowers".
Notable people named Rajiv, Rajive or Rajeev
Akshay Kumar, Indian-Canadian actor and martial artist (birth name Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia)
Rajeev, Indian Tamil language actor
Rajiv Anchal, film director
Rajive Bagrodia, American computer scientist
Rajiv Bapna, founder and director of Amkette
Rajeev Bikram Shah, Nepalese politician
Rajiv Dixit, Indian social activist and associated with Swadeshi movement
Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India
Rajiv Goswami, political activist
Rajiv Gupta (technocrat), former general manager of Hewlett Packard's E-speak project
Rajiv Gauba (born 1959), Indian Administrative Service and Home Secretary of India
Rajeev Goyle, United States Congressional candidate from Kansas
Rajeev Khandelwal, Indian actor
Rajiv Joseph, American playwright
Rajiv Kapoor, Indian actor
Rajive Kumar (born 1958), Indian Administrative Service officer and former Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh
Rajiv Kulkarni, Indian former cricketer
Rajib Lochan Pegu, Indian politician
Rajiv Mehrotra, Indian journalist
Rajiv Menon, Indian cinematographer and director
Rajeev Motwani, Indian professor of computer science
Rajiv Ouseph, English professional badminton player
Rajeev Paul, Indian actor
Rajiv Patel, musician
Rajiv Rai, director
Rajeev Ram, American tennis player
Rajiv Pratap Rudy, Bharatiya Janata Party politician
Rajiv Satyal, Indian-American comedian
Rajiv Shah, American government official
Rajiv Singh (born 1958 or 1959), Indian businessman
Rajeev Suri, chief executive officer of Nokia
Notable people named Rajib or Rajeeb
Rajib Ghosh, Indian footballer
Rajib Ghorui, Indian footballer
Rajib Banerjee, Indian politician
Rajib Boro, Indian footballer
Rajib Lochan Pegu, Indian politician
Rajib Dutta (born 1971), Indian former cricketer
Rajib Dutta (born 1980), Indian former cricketer
Rajeeb Dey, British entrepreneur
Rajeeb Samdani, Bangladeshi industrialist and art collector
Notable people named Rajiva
Rajiva Wijesinha, Sri Lankan writer
Indian masculine given names |
4040276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Medell%C3%ADn | Battle of Medellín | In the Peninsular War, the Battle of Medellín was fought on 28 March 1809 and resulted in a victory of the French under Marshal Victor against the Spanish under General Don Gregorio Garcia de la Cuesta. The battle marked the first major effort by the French to occupy Southern Spain, a feat mostly completed with the victory at the Battle of Ocana later in the year.
Background
The Spanish campaign in early 1809 started with the Battle of Uclés.
Prelude
Victor began his southern drive with the objective of destroying the Army of Estremadura, commanded by General Cuesta, who was retreating in face of the French advance. On the 27th of March, Cuesta was reinforced with 7,000 troops and decided to meet the French in battle rather than continue to withdraw.
The battlefield was just southeast of the town of Medellín, roughly 300 km southwest of Madrid. The Guadiana River ran along a west-east axis in the northern edge of the battlefield, joined with the Hortiga River, which ran along a north–south axis that precluded any Spanish flanking maneuvers on the French right. Victor had roughly 17,500 troops while Cuesta possessed about 23,000. However, Victor had a 50-30 advantage in guns and could also count on more cavalry than the Spanish, 4,500 to 3,000.
Both commanders arrayed their armies in an unusual fashion, although Victor's setup seems to have been more reasonable. The center of the French army, an infantry division under General Eugene-Casimir Villatte, occupied the main road that led from Medellín to Don Benito in the southeast, whereas the wings, commanded by Lasalle (the left) and Latour-Maubourg (the right), stood much farther south and southeast. Each wing was composed of a cavalry division and two infantry battalions filled with German troops from the Confederation of the Rhine. Apparently, Victor's intentions were to keep withdrawing his flanks closer and closer to the center until a powerful counter-attack could shatter the Spanish lines. Victor's reserve was an infantry division under General François Ruffin, which would not take part in the battle. Victor's innovative scheme can be sharply contrasted with Cuesta's mistakes: Cuesta maintained no reserve and extended just 23,000 men, deployed in four ranks, into a four-mile arc from Guadiana to Hortiga. His plan was to simply strike the French wings and hope to catch the entire French army with their backs to Medellín and the Guadiana River, which was exactly what Victor expected.
The battle
The cannonade began around 1 p.m. and Cuesta ordered the attack about an hour later. The Spanish initially had a great deal of success, repelling an impatient cavalry charge on their left flank by a brigade of Latour-Maoubourg's dragoons and prompting both French wings to keep falling back, all while their skirmishers unleashed deadly fire into the French ranks. Lasalle's position was a bit dangerous, since the Guadiana at his back meant his 2,000 cavalry and 2,500 infantry could not fall back more than a mile. Three Spanish cavalry regiments hovered around the bank of the Guadiana and attempted to turn the French left, but Lasalle and his men held on to their tenuous positions.
By this point in the battle, both French flanks had retreated far enough to be within easy supporting distance from Villatte's division. Latour-Maubourg's western sector was reinforced with the 94th Line infantry regiment and a battalion of grenadiers. The ten French guns in this part of the battlefield also stabilized the situation as they consistently outperformed their Spanish counterparts. Spanish infantry, however, kept pushing forward and created many problems for Latour-Maubourg's men, who were arrayed in squares to protect themselves against cavalry charges and consequently had limited firepower. As the Spanish threatened to capture the French guns, Latour-Maubourg ordered the dragoons to attack once more. This time, the charge succeeded. The French dragoons defeated three Spanish cavalry regiments, who fled the field and left their infantry isolated, prompting them to flee as well. Since Cuesta had no reserves, a breach of this magnitude was just about the worst that could happen to his fragile line.
Events now unfolded quickly. Lasalle had been reinforced with seven infantry battalions from Villatte, and once he saw the Spanish routing to the west he too ordered a powerful counter-attack. The 2nd Hussars regiment, accompanied by a regiment of Chasseurs à Cheval, smashed the Spanish cavalry, reformed, and charged at the once-again abandoned Spanish infantry in the eastern flank. Lasalle's fresh battalions also attacked frontally and French dragoons were now rolling over the center of the Spanish army, which attempted to flee in any way it could. Many were brutally killed in this chaotic retreat and Cuesta's army effectively ceased to exist.
A large part of the Spanish army, mostly on the right flank, was totally encircled, with no room to move. The French gave no quarter to Spanish soldiers, standing or surrendering, and during the rest of day they killed all of prisoners taken. Entire units were totally annihilated, Spanish bodies covering large extensions of the field.
Results
It had been a disastrous day for Cuesta, who nearly lost his life in the battle. Some estimations put the number of Spanish killed at 8,000 men, counting both battle and after battle killings, and about 2,000 captured, while the French only suffered about 1,000 casualties. However, during the next days the French undertakers buried 16,002 Spanish soldiers in mass graves. On top of that, the Spanish lost 20 of their 30 guns. It was Cuesta's second major defeat at the hand of the French after Medina del Rio Seco in 1808. The battle saw a successful start to the French conquest of Southern Spain.
Aftermath
The Spanish campaign in early 1809 proceeded with the liberation of Galicia in the Battle of Puente Sanpayo.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Conflicts in 1809
Battles involving Spain
Battles involving France
Battles of the Peninsular War
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles in Extremadura
1809 in Spain
March 1809 events
Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe |
4040279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Sahara%20Recreation%20Area | Little Sahara Recreation Area | The Little Sahara Recreation Area is a large area of sand dunes, hills and sagebrush flats located in the northeast corner of the Sevier Desert in Juab County in the west central part of Utah, United States.
Description
The recreation area is managed by the Bureau of Land Management of the United States Department of the Interior. A portion of the northwest corner of the facility has been designated as The Rockwell Natural Area and is off limits to vehicles to preserve and shelter desert plants and animals. Although the entire recreation area is located within Juab County, the dune field (which covers an area of ), extends southwest into Millard County, nearly as far as the city of Delta.
Geology
The Little Sahara sand dunes are remnants of a large river delta formed by the Sevier River from about 12,500 to 20,000 years ago. The river emptied into ancient Lake Bonneville near the present day mouth of Leamington Canyon. After Lake Bonneville receded, winds transported the sand from the river delta to the current location. The dunes are still moving per year. One of the primary barriers to the sand movement are the Sand Hills, which are located entirely within the recreation area and substantially slow the movement of the blowing sand.
The sand consists of quartz grains, with minor amounts of feldspar, biotite, calcite, garnet and magnetite.
Recreation
Little Sahara is one of the most popular locations in the state for all-terrain vehicle (ATV) riding. Riders can enjoy riding on of sand dunes, trails and sage brush flats. Within the Sand Hills is Sand Mountain, a wall of sand that challenges experienced riders and the most capable machines. Visitors also enjoy camping, hiking, mountain biking, photography, horseback riding, snowmobiling, stargazing, trail running, sand surfing, sand skiing/snowboarding, paragliding, and sand sledding. There are 255 improved campsites spread across four campgrounds with access to 40 toilets and two sources for potable water. Dispersed camping is common outside of the campground areas. A visitor center is open Thursday - Monday, and closed Tuesday and Wednesday from spring - fall. The recreation area sees the highest number of visitors over holiday weekends from spring to fall.
Wildlife
The area is home to typical Great Basin Desert wildlife including mule deer, pronghorn antelope, snakes, lizards and birds of prey. Great horned owls make their home among juniper trees in the Rockwell Natural Area.
References
External links
Little Sahara Recreation Area: Utah's Premier OHV Area (official Bureau of Land Management brochure)
Parks in Utah
Landforms of Juab County, Utah
Protected areas of Juab County, Utah
Bureau of Land Management areas in Utah
Dunes of the United States |
4040297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Ainsworth | Mary Ainsworth | Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth (; December 1, 1913 – March 21, 1999) was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in the development of the attachment theory. She designed the strange situation procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and its primary caregiver.
A 2002 Review of General Psychology survey ranked Ainsworth as the 97th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Many of Ainsworth's studies are "cornerstones" of modern-day attachment theory.
Life
Mary Dinsmore Salter was born in Glendale, Ohio on December 1, 1913, the eldest of three daughters born to Mary and Charles Salter. Her father, who possessed a master's degree in history, worked at a manufacturing firm in Cincinnati and her mother was a nurse. Both her parents were graduates of Dickinson College who placed "high value on a good liberal arts education" and expected their children to have excellent academic achievements. In 1918, her father's manufacturing firm transferred him and the family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where Salter would spend the rest of her childhood.
Salter was a precocious child who thirsted for knowledge. She began reading by the age of three, and the family would once a week visit the local library where her mother would select appropriate books for her level. She was close with her father, who assumed the duties of tucking her in at night and singing to her, but did not have a warm relationship with her mother; Salter later stated that their relationship was marked by her mother's jealousy and interference with the bond she had with her father. Salter excelled in school, and decided to become a psychologist after reading William McDougall's book Character and the Conduct of Life (1926) at the age of 15.
She began classes at the University of Toronto at the age of 16, where she was one of only five students to be admitted into the honors course in psychology. She completed coursework for her bachelor's degree in 1935, and decided to continue her education at the University of Toronto with the intention of earning her doctorate in psychology. She earned her master's degree in 1936 and her PhD was granted in 1939. Salter's dissertation was titled "An Evaluation of Adjustment Based on the Concept of Security". Her dissertation stated that "where family security is lacking, the individual is handicapped by the lack of a secure base from which to work."
After graduation, Salter stayed on at the University of Toronto as a teacher before joining the Canadian Women's Army Corps in 1942. While with the army, Salter began as an Army Examiner who interviewed and selected personnel in Kitchener, Ontario. Her duties included administering clinical evaluations and personnel assessment tests. Soon she was promoted as an Advisor to the Director of Personnel Selection of the Canadian Women's Army Corps, and reached the rank of Major in 1945.
After victory in the war, Salter returned to Toronto to continue teaching personality psychology, conducted research, and worked with Klopfer on a revision of the Rorschach. She married Leonard Ainsworth, a graduate student in the Psychology department of University of Toronto, in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his PhD at University College London. Although they divorced in 1960, the 10 years of accompanying Leonard to different places for his career gave Mary the opportunity to meet and work with many influential psychologists including John Bowlby, as well as the occasion when they moved to Kampala, Uganda where her first "mother-infant" observation was done.
After many other academic positions, including a long tenure at Johns Hopkins University, she eventually settled at the University of Virginia in 1975, where she remained for the rest of her academic career until 1984. From then she became a professor emeritus and stayed active until the year of 1992. While working at Johns Hopkins, Ainsworth did not receive the proper treatment considering her skills and expertise, such as a proper salary she deserved considering her age, experience, and contribution to the job. She had to wait two years for an associate professor position even though her qualifications surpassed the job description. At the time, women had to eat in separate dining rooms than men, which ultimately meant women could not meet male head department members the "normal way".
Ainsworth received many honors, including the G. Stanley Hall Award from APA for developmental psychology in 1984., the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development in 1985 and the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association in 1989. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. She died on March 21, 1999, at the age of eighty-five due to a stroke.
Early work
During graduate school, Mary studied under the mentorship of William E. Blatz. Blatz focused on studying what he referred to as "security theory." This theory outlined Blatz's idea that different levels of dependence on parents meant different qualities of relationships with those parents, as well as the quality of relationships with future partners. His tiers of dependence were labeled secure dependence, independent security, immature dependent security, and mature secure dependence. Blatz theorized that the more secure and mature that the interaction was between individuals, the more likely the relationship to be healthy and without insecurities.
After leaving the Canadian Women's corps she returned to Toronto to continue teaching personality psychology and conduct research. She married Leonard Ainsworth in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his graduate degree at University College. While in England, Ainsworth joined the research team of John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic, investigating the effects of maternal separation on child development. Comparison of disrupted mother-child bonds to normal mother-child relationship showed that a child's lack of a mother figure lead to "adverse development effects."
In 1954, she left the Tavistock Clinic to do research in Africa where she carried out her longitudinal field study of mother-infant interaction. She chose to examine a common weaning practice in the area, in which the child is sent away for several days to live with relatives and "forget the breast." Ainsworth conducted detailed interviews with families from 6 villages surrounding Kampala, Uganda, but was originally met with a language barrier. In order to overcome this, she made a great effort to learn the language to the extent that she could carry out simple conversation. Through learning this, she developed an appreciation for the culture, and later said, "It is a pity that one cannot require field work in another society of every aspiring investigator of child development." Ainsworth's book from that field study, Infancy in Uganda, remains an exceptional and classic ethological study in the development of attachment and demonstrates that the process reflects specific universal characteristics that cross linguistic, cultural and geographic lines.
Mary Ainsworth followed her husband when a position as a forensic psychologist brought him to Baltimore. She spoke on clinical psychology at The Johns Hopkins University. In 1958, she was given a permanent position as an associate professor of developmental psychology. During this time at Johns Hopkins, Ainsworth's professional relationship with John Bowlby grew. While he had previously been a mentor, they started working together as equal partners, exchanging paper drafts for comments and finding the time to meet on rare occasions, since he was still primarily in London. Bowlby gave Ainsworth a copy of his new paper "The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother" for her comments and Ainsworth was able to provide Bowlby information on her studies of infant-mother attachment in Uganda.
Ainsworth underwent a difficult divorce in 1960, but continued with her research. She had an opportunity to present the findings from her Uganda study at a Tavistock Mother-Infant Interaction Study Group in London. It was her first time publicly presenting results, and the reactions were not enthusiastic. The primary question that developmental psychologists brought up was her definition for "attachment." Ainsworth was motivated by this and other questions to create a catalogue of behaviors like "crying when the mother left the room, following her, greeting her on return with smiling, vocalization, excited bouncing, reaching or approach behavior" that she could use to qualify attachment.
Strange Situation
In 1965, Ainsworth designed the Strange Situation Procedure as a way of assessing individual differences in attachment behaviour by evoking individual's reaction when encountering stress. The Strange Situation Procedure is divided into eight episodes, lasting for three minutes each. In the first episode, the infant and his or her caregiver enter into a pleasant laboratory setting, with many toys. After one minute, a person unknown to the infant enters the room and slowly tries to make acquaintance. The caregiver leaves the child with the stranger for three minutes; and then returns. The caregiver departs for a second time, leaving the child alone for three minutes; it is then the stranger who enters, and offers to comfort the infant. Finally, the caregiver returns, and is instructed to pick up the child. As the episodes increase the stress of the infant by increments, the observer can watch the infant's movement between behavioural systems: the interplay of exploration and attachment behaviour, in the presence and in the absence of the parent.
On the basis of their behaviors, the 26 children in Ainsworth's original Baltimore study were placed into one of three classifications. Each of these groups reflects a different kind of attachment relationship with the caregiver, and implies different forms of communication, emotion regulation, and ways of responding to perceived threats.
Despite the many findings from her Strange Situation experiment, there was also criticism. It was said to have too much emphasis on the mother and did not measure a general attachment style. It was said that Ainsworth's work was biased because the study was conducted with only middle class American families. Critics also believed the experiment was artificial and lacked ecological validity.
Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment
A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style will avoid or ignore the caregiver – showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. There is not much emotional range regardless of who is in the room or if it is empty. Infants classified as anxious-avoidant (A) represented a puzzle in the early 1970s. They did not exhibit distress on separation, and either ignored the caregiver on their return (A1 subtype) or showed some tendency to approach together with some tendency to ignore or turn away from the caregiver (A2 subtype). Ainsworth and Bell (1970) theorised that the apparently unruffled behaviour of the avoidant infants is in fact as a mask for distress, a hypothesis later evidenced through studies of the heart-rate of avoidant infants.
Secure Attachment
A child who's securely attached to its mother will explore freely while the caregiver is present, using her as a 'safe base' from which to explore. The child will engage with the stranger when the caregiver is present, and will be visibly upset when the caregiver departs but happy to see the caregiver on his or her return. In the United States, about seventy percent of middle-class babies present secure attachment in this study.
Anxious-Resistant Insecure Attachment
Children classified as Anxious-Ambivalent/Resistant (C) showed distress even before separation, and were clingy and difficult to comfort on the caregiver's return. They either showed signs of resentment in response to the absence (C1 subtype), or signs of helpless passivity (C2 subtype). In Ainsworth's original sample, all six C infants showed so much distress in the course of the episodes of the Strange Situation Procedure 'that observations had to be discontinued.' One percent of infants had responded with high degree of passivity and inactivity in a situation of helpless settings.
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
A fourth category was added by Ainsworth's colleague Mary Main. In 1990, Ainsworth put in print her blessing for the new 'D' classification, though she urged that the addition be regarded as 'open-ended, in the sense that subcategories may be distinguished', as she worried that the D classification might be too encompassing and might subsume too many different forms of behaviour In contrast to infants in other categories classified by Mary Ainsworth, which possess a standard path of reaction while dealing with the stress of separation and reunion, type D infants appeared to possess no symptom of coping mechanism. In fact, these infants had mixed features such as "strong proximity seeking followed by strong avoidance or appeared dazed and disoriented upon reunion with their caretakers (or both)."
From Project STEEP, infants that were having Disorganized/Disoriented (Type D) tested of secreting higher cortisol concentrations in saliva than infants in the traditional (ABC) classifications. Results of this study demonstrate a model of stress reactivity that reflects how the various classification of traditional (ABC) behaviors become a factor that is affecting physiological stress responses.
Major works
Ainsworth, M. and Bowlby, J. (1965). Child Care and the Growth of Love. London: Penguin Books.
Ainsworth, M. (1967). Infancy in Uganda. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lifetime awards
Phi Beta Kappa, University of Toronto
Distinguished Contribution Award, Maryland Psychological Association (1973)
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Virginia Psychological Association (1983)
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Division 12 (Division of Clinical Psychology), American Psychological Association (APA; 1984)
G. Stanley Hall Award, Division 7 (Division of Developmental Psychology), APA (1984)
Salmon Lecturer, Salmon Committee on Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene, New York Academy of Medicine (1984)
William T. Grant Lecturer in Behavioral Pediatrics, Society for Behavioral Pediatrics (1985)
Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development Research, Society for Research in Child Development (1985)
Award for Distinguished Professional Contribution to Knowledge, APA (1987)
C. Anderson Aldrich Award in Child Development, American Academy of Pediatrics (1987)
Distinctive Achievement Award, Virginia Association for Infant Mental Health (1989)
Honorary Fellowship, Royal College of Psychiatrists (1989)
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, APA (1989)
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992)
Distinguished Professional Contribution Award, Division 12 (Division of Clinical Psychology), APA (1994)
International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships Distinguished Career Award (1996)
Mentor Award, Division 7 (Division of Developmental Psychology), APA (1998)
Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology, American Psychological Foundation (APF, 1998)
See also
Attachment in children
Attachment measures
Reactive attachment disorder
Princess Olufemi-Kayode
References
Further reading
Landa, S. & Duschinsky, R. (2013) "Letters from Ainsworth: Contesting the ‘Organization’of Attachment." Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 22.2
O'Connell, A.N., & Rusoo, N.F. (1983). Models of achievement: Reflections of eminent women in psychology. New York: Columbia University Press.
External links
Mary Ainsworth on The Psi Cafe
Mary Ainsworth profile on Psychology's Feminist Voices
Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society
Articles by Mary Ainsworth including summaries and links to full-text
Transcript of oral history interview and CV (both in PDF format) from the Society for Research in Child Development
Transcript of oral history interview (PDF) from the Canadian Psychological Association
Finding Aid for The Mary Ainsworth Papers at The Cummings Center for History of Psychology
Episode about Mary Ainsworth from the BBC Radio 4 program Mind Changers
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American scientists
Canadian women psychologists
Canadian psychologists
American women psychologists
American developmental psychologists
Developmental psychologists
Attachment psychologists
Canadian female military personnel
University of Toronto alumni
University of Toronto faculty
University of Virginia faculty
People from Glendale, Ohio
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1913 births
1999 deaths
People with acquired Canadian citizenship
American emigrants to Canada
20th-century psychologists
American women academics
Stroke-related deaths in Virginia |
4040298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Cunningham%20%28Nebraska%20politician%29 | Glenn Cunningham (Nebraska politician) | Glenn Clarence Cunningham (September 10, 1912 – December 18, 2003) was an American Republican politician.
He was born in Omaha, Nebraska on September 10, 1912 and graduated from the University of Nebraska at Omaha in 1935. He sold insurance for a while. From 1946 to 1948 he was a member of the Omaha board of education and a member of Omaha city council from 1947 to 1948. He was elected Mayor of Omaha from 1949 to 1954.
He was a delegate to the 1948 Republican National Convention and to the 1952 Republican National Convention. He was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-fifth United States Congress and to the six succeeding Congresses serving from January 3, 1957 to January 3, 1971. Cunningham voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but did not vote on the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. He lost his bid for renomination to the Ninety-second United States Congress in 1970 to then Douglas County Commissioner John Y. McCollister. He died on December 18, 2003, in Omaha. He was a member of the Episcopalian church and of Pi Kappa Alpha.
Glenn Cunningham Lake was named for Cunningham.
References
1912 births
2003 deaths
Omaha City Council members
Mayors of Omaha, Nebraska
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
Nebraska Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
School board members in Nebraska
20th-century American politicians |
4040311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck%20Turner | Truck Turner | Truck Turner, also known as Black Bullet, is a 1974 blaxploitation film, starring Isaac Hayes and Yaphet Kotto, and directed by Jonathan Kaplan. The screenplay was written by Michael Allin, Jerry Wilkes, and Oscar Williams. Hayes also scored the music for the soundtrack. The film was released by American International Pictures as a double feature with Foxy Brown.
Synopsis
Mack "Truck" Turner (Hayes) is a former professional football player who becomes a Los Angeles-based bounty hunter after an injury. Truck visits his girlfriend, Annie (Annazette Chase), who is in jail and wants to leave LA when released. Truck and his partner Jerry Barnes go to collect their bounty from Nate Dinwiddie, a bail bondsman, who refers them to Fogarty (Dick Miller), a bail bondsman after a pimp who skipped bail named Gator.
The two visit Dorinda (Nichelle Nichols), who runs Gator's stable of prostitutes. Truck and Jerry wait for Gator to visit, and chase him, but Gator escapes. A tip from Truck's friend Duke (Scatman Crothers) allows them to locate Gator again, and kill Gator when he attempts to shoot Truck.
Dorinda threatens Gator's former whores to keep them in line. Dorinda offers Gator's competing pimps a deal: whoever kills Truck gets to replace Gator while she runs the stable. The only pimp interested in the violence is Harvard Blue (Kotto). Truck survives several ambushes by Blue's goons.
When Blue points out that Dorinda will not be able to deal with Truck, they agree to share the cost of getting rid of Truck, and Blue will take over more control of Gator's stable. Blue's men force Nate to call Truck and tell him that there is a big job. Truck does not feel sober enough after a night of partying, so he calls Jerry, who dies in Blue's ambush.
Nate warns Truck of the hit out on him. Truck frames Annie for shoplifting, and the police arrest her. Truck visits Nate again in the hospital. Truck gives Nate Jerry's gun for protection, and then they shoot Blue's goons when they burst in. Blue flees, but Truck shoots him. Blue dies a few minutes later in the driver's seat of his car. Truck confronts Dorinda and more goons at her house, and kills her when she reaches for a gun.
Truck makes up with Annie as she gets out of jail. All of his belongings are packed in the car, and he promises he will go away with her, right away, if she takes him back. They drive off together, leaving LA for good.
Cast
Isaac Hayes as Mack "Truck" Turner
Yaphet Kotto as "Harvard Blue"
Alan Weeks as Jerry Barnes
Annazette Chase as Annie
Nichelle Nichols as Dorinda
Sam Laws as Nate Dimwiddie
Paul Harris as Richard Leroy "Gator" Johnson
Charles Cyphers as Drunk
John Kramer as Desmond
Scatman Crothers as Duke
Dick Miller as Fogarty
Bob Harris as "Snow"
Jac Emil as Reno
Edna Richardson as "Frenchie"
Stan Shaw as Fontana
Wendell Tucker as Wendell
Earl Maynard as "Panama"
Tara Strohmeier as "Turnpike"
Henry Kingi as "Candy Man"
Production
The film started as a script by Leigh Chapman about a caucasian bounty hunter. It was bought by Fred Weintraub who was in partnership with Larry Gordon. Chapman later recalled, "I remember going into the office and, with my usual insouciance? arrogance? announced that, in that case, I wasn’t going to do any freebie re-writes. The response? That’s OK. He doesn’t want you on the project anyway.... And then, it became a blaxloitation film … about pimps and whores, right? I don’t think any of that was in my script and I’m not sure why I even received a story credit. I used Jerry Wilkes [as a pseudonym. That’s part of my ex-husband’s name."
Kaplan says the film was written for Lee Marvin, Robert Mitchum, or Ernest Borgnine. "Larry Gordon at AIP said, "Well, we can't get any of them so now it's a black picture." Isaac Hayes was cast and that's how that came about."
Home media
In 2001 it was released on DVD.
In 2010, it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD.
On July 7, 2015, Truck Turner was released on Blu-ray.
Attempted remake
In 2004, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Queen Latifah's production company, Flavor Unit Entertainment, attempted to remake the film, which was to have been written by Chris Frisina.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack for Truck Turner was composed by Isaac Hayes. The soundtrack failed to reach the mass popularity of the Hayes' previous soundtrack effort, Shaft soundtrack. It was originally released on a double record album on vinyl which are mostly found in the "bargain bins". However, in 1993, it was released in a double-CD album alongside Hayes' other lesser-known soundtrack for the movie Three Tough Guys and again released on its own CD in 2002. Some of the music score was used by filmmaker Quentin Tarantino in the Kill Bill series.
Track listing:
"Main Title (Truck Turner)"
"House Of Beauty"
"Blue's Crib"
"Driving In The Sun"
"Breakthrough"
"Now We're One"
"The Duke"
"Dorinda's Party"
"Pursuit Of The Pimpmobile"
"We Need Each Other Girl"
"A House Full Of Girls"
"Hospital Shootout"
"You're In My Arms Again"
"Give It To Me"
"Drinking"
"The Insurance Company"
"End Theme"
See also
List of American films of 1974
List of blaxploitation films
References
External links
1974 films
1970s action thriller films
American International Pictures films
Blaxploitation films
American films
Films directed by Jonathan Kaplan
Films scored by Isaac Hayes
Isaac Hayes soundtracks
albums produced by Isaac Hayes
Stax Records soundtracks |
4040314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Cruz | Eva Cruz | Eva Marie Cruz Dalmau (born January 22, 1974 in Toa Baja, Puerto Rico) is a member of the Puerto Rican national volleyball team. Cruz plays for Valencianas of Juncos in the Puerto Rican league of volleyball. She is for many "La Reina" (the queen) of volleyball in Puerto Rico.
She participated at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany.
Cruz was the first player in the Puerto Rico women's volleyball league (Liga de Voleibol Superior Femenino) to have 4,000 points. She reached this mark on February 27, 2009. She reached 2,000 defenses on February 2, 2007, and 200 serves, to become second in league history.
Awards
Individuals
2006 Central American and Caribbean Games "Best Attacker"
See also
Volleyball in Puerto Rico
References
External links
News
Profile
1974 births
Living people
Puerto Rican women's volleyball players
People from Toa Baja, Puerto Rico
Volleyball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Wing spikers
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in volleyball
Pan American Games competitors for Puerto Rico |
4040326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuyumi%20Ono | Fuyumi Ono | is a Japanese novelist best known for writing , which was adapted into a popular anime series. She is married to Yukito Ayatsuji, the author of the horror novel Another.
Biography
Ono is married to , a mystery novelist who writes under the pseudonym .
Her name after marriage to AYATSUJI Yukito, is UCHIDA Fuyumi, but she writes under her maiden name, which is Ono Fuyumi.
Before she started work on The Twelve Kingdoms, Fuyumi Ono wrote , a horror novel about a boy from another world. She later worked certain events from this novel into the Twelve Kingdoms series. Short stories set in the various kingdoms include: , , , and . In February, 2008, a new Twelve Kingdoms short story, "Hisho no Tori" (丕緒の鳥) was published in Shinchosha's Yomyom magazine.
On March 18, 2007, according to an interview at the Anime News Network, she is "currently rewriting a girls’ horror series (she) wrote long ago".
Major works
Akuryo Series (1989–92, 8 light novel volumes, Kodansha)
Ghost Hunt (also known as Nightmare Dwelling) (1994, 2 light novel volumes, Kodansha) – continuation of Akuryo Series but in a different setting
The Twelve Kingdoms (1992–2019, 9 novels and 2 short story collections, Kodansha, later Shinchosha)
Shiki (1998, novel in 2 volumes)
Works
Evil Spirit Series
Evil Spirit series (悪霊シリーズ - Akuryō series), Kodansha.
There are lots of Evil Spirits?! (悪霊がいっぱい!?) 1989.
There are really lots of Evil Spirits! (悪霊がホントにいっぱい!), 1989.
Too many Evil Spirits to sleep (悪霊がいっぱいで眠れない), 1990.
A lonely Evil Spirit (悪霊はひとりぼっち) 1990.
I Don't Want to Become an Evil Spirit! (悪霊になりたくない!), 1991.
Don't Call me an Evil Spirit (悪霊とよばないで), 1991.
I don't mind Evil Spirits 1 (悪霊だってヘイキ!〈上〉), 1992.
I don't mind Evil Spirits 2 (悪霊だってヘイキ!〈下〉), 1992.
Ghost Hunt Series
Ghost Hunt Series (ゴースト・ハントシリーズ) A continuation of the Evil Spirit series, but in a different setting
Nightmare Dwelling 1 (悪夢の棲む家(上)), 1994, Kodansha.
Nightmare Dwelling 2 (悪夢の棲む家(下)), 1994, Kodansha.
The Twelve Kingdoms
The Twelve Kingdoms series (十二国記), Kodansha, unless otherwise noted
Shadow of the Moon, Sea of the Shadow (月の影 影の海), 1992. US Publication: 3/2007, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: Sea of Shadow
Sea of the Wind, Shore of the Labyrinth (風の海 迷宮の岸), 1993. US Publication: 3/2008, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: Sea of Wind
Sea God of the East, Vast Sea of the West (東の海神 西の滄海), 1994. US Publication: 3/2009, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: The Vast Spread of the Seas
A Thousand Miles of Wind, the Sky of Dawn (風の万里 黎明の空), 1994. US Publication: 3/2010, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: Skies of Dawn
Aspired Wings (図南の翼), 1996.
"Drifting Ship" (漂舶), 1997 (short story)
Shore at Dusk, Sky at Dawn (黄昏の岸 暁の天), 2001.
Kashou's Dream (華胥の幽夢), 2001.
Prosperity in Winter (冬栄), originally published 4/2001 IN☆POCKET
Kashou (華胥), originally published 5/2001 Mephisto
Jougetsu (乗月)
Correspondence (書簡)
Kizan (帰山)
"The Birds of Hisho" (丕緒の鳥) 2/2008 (short story, published in Yomyom magazine)
"Rakusho no Goku" (落照の獄) 9/2009 (short story, published in Yomyom magazine)
The Birds of Hisho (丕緒の鳥), 2013, Shinchosha,
Silver Ruins, Black Moon (白銀の墟 玄の月), 2019, Shinchosha
Demon's Child (魔性の子 Mashō no Ko), 1991, Kodansha. . Loosely associated with The Twelve Kingdoms series
Other Novels
Can't Sleep on Birthday Eve (バースデー・イブは眠れない) 1988, Kodansha
Mephisto and Waltz! (メフィストとワルツ!) 1988, Kodansha , Continuation of Can't Sleep on Birthday Eve
Evil Spirits Aren't Scary (悪霊なんかこわくない), 1989, Kodansha.
Charmed 17 year old (呪われた17歳) 1990 朝日ソノラマ
17 Springs Passed (過ぎる十七の春 Sugiru Jūshichi no Haru), 1995, Kodansha. , an adaptation of Charmed 17 year old
Green Home Spirits (グリーンホームの亡霊たち) 1990年朝日ソノラマ刊
Home, Green Home (緑の我が家 Home、Green Home), 1997, Kodansha. 、an adaptation of Green Home Spirits
Strange Tōkei Tales (東亰異聞 - Tōkei Ibun) (runner-up for the 1993 Japan Fantasy Novel Award), 1994, Shinchosha.
Shiki (屍鬼, literally Corpse Demon), 1998, Shinchosha.
Island of the Black Shrine (黒祠の島), 2001, Shodensha.
Kura no Kami (くらのかみ), 2003, Kodansha.
Zan'e (残穢), 2012, Shinchosha.
Short story collection
Ghost Stories Storybook (鬼談百景). Serialized since June 2000 in the magazine Yuu. published in 2012
Short story
London, 1888 (倫敦、1888) 10/1993 Logout
References
External links
Kōdansha's Twelve Kingdoms Site
J'Lit | Authors : Fuyumi Ono | Books from Japan
1960 births
20th-century Japanese novelists
21st-century Japanese novelists
Japanese fantasy writers
Japanese mystery writers
Living people
Light novelists
Japanese children's writers
Writers from Ōita Prefecture
Japanese horror writers
20th-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese writers
Japanese women children's writers
Women horror writers |
4040329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392%20in%20English%20football | 1991–92 in English football | The 1991–92 season was the 112th season of competitive football in England.
Overview
First Division
The last league championship before the creation of the Premier League was won by Leeds United who overhauled Manchester United thanks to the efforts of, among others, Gordon Strachan, Lee Chapman, David Batty, Gary Speed, Gary McAllister and Eric Cantona. After runners-up Manchester United came newly promoted Sheffield Wednesday.
Defending champions Arsenal slipped to fourth place and were never a serious threat to retain their title. The previous season's runners-up Liverpool dropped to sixth, below Manchester City, in their first full season under the management of Graeme Souness. It was Liverpool's first finish outside the top two since 1981.
Newly promoted West Ham United were relegated in bottom place, with another newly promoted side – Notts County – following days later. The last day of the season saw Luton Town lose their top flight status after ten seasons.
Second Division
John Lyall took Ipswich Town back to the First Division after a six-year absence. The Suffolk club were followed by runners-up Middlesbrough, but it was play-off winners Blackburn Rovers whose promotion made the biggest headlines. Bankrolled by millionaire chairman Jack Walker and managed by former Liverpool boss Kenny Dalglish, Rovers beat Leicester City 1–0 in the play-off final to end a 26-year absence from the top flight.
The Second Division relegation places were occupied by Port Vale, Plymouth Argyle and Brighton & Hove Albion. Brighton had been losing finalists in the play-offs just twelve months before going down, but their fortunes had been ruined by financial problems and the loss of striker Mike Small to West Ham United in the 1991 close season.
Third Division
New manager Phil Holder guided Brentford to a surprise Third Division championship success, while Terry Cooper's Birmingham City occupied the runners-up spot. The play-offs were won by Chris Turner's Peterborough United.
The Third Division relegation zone was occupied by Shrewsbury Town, Bury, Torquay United and Darlington.
Fourth Division
Burnley won the Fourth Division title and became the second team, after Wolverhampton Wanderers, to have been the champions of all four divisions of the Football League. Also going up were Rotherham United, Mansfield Town and play-off winners Blackpool.
On 25 March 1992, Aldershot were declared bankrupt and obliged to resign from the Football League following a long battle to stay afloat – their record was expunged. Carlisle United finished bottom, but there was no relegation from the league in the 1991–92 season. Conference champions Colchester United returned to the league after a two-year absence.
FA Cup
Liverpool's Graeme Souness compensated for a disappointing season in the league by winning the FA Cup. They beat Second Division underdogs Sunderland 2–0 in the final.
League Cup
Manchester United missed out on the league title but achieved success in the League Cup with a 1–0 triumph against Nottingham Forest in the final.
League tables
First Division
This was the last season of the Football League First Division as the top division of English football before the creation of the FA Premier League.
Leeds United and Manchester United fought a fierce duel for the title, with the leadership changing several times, before Leeds finally clinched the title. A key factor in their success was the new year arrival of French forward Eric Cantona, while a key factor in United's downfall was a shortage of goals in the second half of the season where they dropped points against several teams they had been widely expected to beat. Consolation for the unsuccessful title challenge at Old Trafford came in the shape of EFL Cup glory. Sheffield Wednesday's third-place finish was their highest for decades, while defending champions Arsenal finished fourth and suffered an early exit in the European Cup as well as a shock first hurdle exit from the FA Cup at the hands of Wrexham. Manchester City finished fifth for the second season in a row. Liverpool finished sixth but compensated for a disappointing league season by winning the FA Cup in their first full season under the management of Graeme Souness.
Two young players who made a major impact in the First Division were Ryan Giggs of Manchester United (voted PFA Young Player of the Year) and Steve McManaman of Liverpool.
FA Cup holders Tottenham Hotspur endured a disappointing season, finishing a lowly 15th in the league, their chances of further success not helped by the season-long absence of Paul Gascoigne through injury. Gascoigne's projected move to Lazio in Italy was finally confirmed at the season's end, when top scorer Gary Lineker followed Gascoigne out of the White Hart Lane exit door to finish his playing days in Japan.
Newly promoted West Ham United and Notts County went straight back down, joined by a Luton Town side who had enjoyed a memorable 10-year run in the top flight. Coventry City narrowly avoided relegation after a decline in form during the final four months of the season after Terry Butcher was controversially sacked as manager in favour of Don Howe, who himself left in the close season to be replaced by Bobby Gould.
Oldham Athletic survived in their first top flight season for nearly 70 years.
Second Division
The Second Division promotion race was an exciting one throughout the season, with the promise of extra wealth for the promoted clubs after the creation of the lucrative new FA Premier League was confirmed. The first team to secure promotion were champions Ipswich Town, who ended their six-year exile from the top flight. The second team to go up were Middlesbrough, who clinched runners-up spot on the final day. The final promotion place went to Blackburn Rovers, who had thrived since the takeover of the club by local millionaire Jack Walker the previous season, his masterstroke coming in the autumn of 1991 when he appointed Kenny Dalglish as manager and allowed him to spend millions on building a promotion winning team. Blackburn had entered the new year looking all set to go up automatically, but a run of bad results meant that they had to win their final game of the season to qualify for the playoffs. They finally won promotion with a Wembley win over Leicester City, who had now played at the famous stadium five times and lost each time.
The Second Division promotion race had also seen a few unlikely contenders. Swindon Town, under the management of former England star Glenn Hoddle, had gone top of the table for the first time in their history in October, but an eighth-place finish was not enough for even a place in the playoffs. Southend United, playing at this level for the first time, briefly topped the table on New Year's Day, but eventually wallowed away to a mid table finish. Their brief lead of the table was at the expense of Cambridge United, another side hopeful of a unique third successive promotion, and unlike Southend the East Anglian side remained in the hunt right up to the end of the season, finishing fifth and qualifying for the playoffs, but a heavy defeat to Leicester City in the semi-finals ended their dreams of playing in the new Premier League.
Sunderland failed to finish anywhere near the top of the Second Division but enjoyed a remarkable run to the final of the FA Cup, where they lost to Liverpool.
Third Division
Brentford, who had played in the Third and Fourth Divisions for most of the postwar era, clinched the Third Division title to secure a place in the new Division One. They were joined by runners-up Birmingham City, who finally escaped from this division at the third attempt, and playoff winners Peterborough United, who won a second successive promotion to secure second-tier football for the very first time.
West Bromwich Albion, playing in the Third Division for the first time, were in the promotion race throughout the season but eventually finished seventh to miss out on the playoffs. Bolton Wanderers, who had only missed out on promotion on goal difference a year earlier, could only manage a mid table finish and sacked manager Phil Neal after nearly seven years in charge.
Newly promoted Darlington and Torquay United both suffered an instant relegation back to the league's basement division. They went down with Bury, who had been in the playoffs a year earlier, and a Shrewsbury Town side who had been in the Second Division three years earlier.
Fourth Division
Burnley sealed the Fourth Division title to end their seven-year spell in the league's basement division and become only the second team to win all four divisions of the English league. They were joined by newly relegated Rotherham United, Mansfield Town and playoff winners Blackpool.
After spending several years struggling to stay afloat, Aldershot were declared bankrupt and obliged to resign from the league on 25 March 1992, having played 36 games in the Fourth Division – their record was expunged. Carlisle United finished bottom of the Fourth Division, but there was no relegation from the league this season due to the continued expansion of the Football League, although Colchester United's return to the league after two years would make them its 93rd member rather than its 94th due to the demise of Aldershot.
However, there were doubts about the future of Maidstone United, who were struggling with huge debts and low crowds, after they were refused planning permission to build a new stadium on land they had bought in Maidstone. There were also problems with their tenancy of the Watling Street stadium in Dartford, which left them with the threat of being without a stadium for the 1992–93 season.
Events
Premier League gets go-ahead
1991–92 was the last season of the four-division Football League. For 1992–93, the First Division would become the breakaway FA Premier League, and the Football League would contain just three divisions. The new league was seen as the last chance to maintain interest in a sport which had been blighted in recent years by numerous incidents of hooliganism and images of decay at football grounds which had contributed to the Bradford Fire Disaster and the Hillsborough Disaster.
Leeds grab title a decade after relegation
Leeds United won the last-ever league championship after a decade of relegation and before the creation of the FA Premier League, two years after returning to the top flight. Driving force in the title triumph was experienced midfielder Gordon Strachan, who helped Leeds overtake Strachan's former club Manchester United in the title race.
Dalglish makes comeback to deliver promised land to Blackburn
Blackburn Rovers, managed by former Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish, won promotion to the new F.A Premier League to end a 26-year exile from the top flight of English football. Their triumph was sealed with a 1–0 win over Leicester City in the playoff final, thanks to a penalty from Mike Newell – a former Leicester striker.
Aldershot go bust
Aldershot, who had been plagued with financial problems for two years, finally went out of business on 25 March. Their Fourth Division record was expunged and their place in the Football League was taken over by Colchester United for the 1992–93 season. A new club Aldershot Town was formed almost immediately, and joined the Third Division of the Isthmian League for the following season.
League Cup win at last for United
Manchester United won the League Cup for the first time in their history after Brian McClair scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest at Wembley. It was some consolation for their failed title challenge.
Souness delivers Cup glory for Reds
Liverpool won the FA Cup for the fifth time in their first full season under the management of Graeme Souness, beating Second Division underdogs Sunderland 2–0 in the final at Wembley. Ian Rush set a new record for scoring in FA Cup Finals at Wembley with his 5th goal.
Burnley enter the history books
Burnley won the last Fourth Division championship to join Wolves as only the second English team to have been champions of all four divisions of the English league. It was Burnley's first successful season after a period of misery which had almost seen them relegated to the Conference in 1987.
The Owls make an impressive comeback
Newly promoted Sheffield Wednesday finished third in the league and qualified for the UEFA Cup, confounding suggestions that 37-year-old player-manager Trevor Francis was too inexperienced to keep the Owls in the top flight.
Euro final returns to Wembley
Wembley hosted the European Cup final for the first time in 14 years. Barcelona of Spain beat Sampdoria of Italy 1–0.
Keegan rescues Newcastle
Newcastle United sacked manager Ossie Ardiles, just 36 hours after he was told by chairman John Hall that his job was safe. Hall appointed former striker Kevin Keegan as manager in hope of staving off relegation from the Second Division – and he succeeded.
Awards
In his last season at Tottenham Hotspur before joining Nagoya Grampus Eight of Japan, Gary Lineker was voted FWA Footballer of the Year after scoring 35 goals in all competitions during the 1991–92 season.
The PFA Players' Player of the Year award went to Manchester United's central defender Gary Pallister.
The PFA voted Manchester United's 18-year-old winger Ryan Giggs as Young Player of the Year, ahead of Steve McManaman, Nick Barmby and Giggs' United teammate, Lee Sharpe. Like Pallister, Giggs also picked up a League Cup winner's medal, but just missed out on the league title.
Successful managers
Leeds United manager Howard Wilkinson brought the league championship trophy to Elland Road just two seasons after they gained promotion to the First Division.
Manchester United's Alex Ferguson added another trophy to the Old Trafford boardroom, this time the club's first-ever League Cup.
Graeme Souness marked his first full season as Liverpool manager with an FA Cup triumph.
Trevor Francis had a successful first season as player-manager of Sheffield Wednesday, who finished third in the league and qualified for the UEFA Cup to end a 28-year absence from European competitions.
John Lyall brought First Division football back to Ipswich Town for the first time since 1985–86.
Kenny Dalglish put together an impressive squad to win promotion to the new FA Premier League for fallen giant Blackburn Rovers.
Brian Little transformed Leicester City from relegation candidates the previous season into promotion contenders, reaching the play-off final in his first season in charge.
Phil Holder had a successful first season in management by winning the Third Division title with Brentford.
Chris Turner guided Peterborough United to a second successive promotion as they won the Third Division playoffs to claim a place in the second tier of the English league for the first time in their history.
Jimmy Mullen won the last-ever Fourth Division title with Burnley, who joined Wolverhampton Wanderers in the distinction of having been champions of all four divisions of the English league.
Roy McDonough steered Colchester United to title success in the Conference to return the club to the Football League after a two-year exile.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Ian Wright (Crystal Palace/Arsenal) – 29 goals
Second Division
Duncan Shearer (Swindon Town/Blackburn Rovers)/David Speedie (Blackburn Rovers) – 23 goals
Third Division
Dean Holdsworth (Brentford)/Iwan Roberts (Huddersfield Town) – 24 goals
Fourth Division
Dave Bamber (Blackpool)/Phil Stant (Mansfield Town) – 26 goals
Famous debutants
29 January 1992: Ray Parlour, 18-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Arsenal in their 2–0 league defeat against Liverpool.
2 May 1992: Eddie Newton, 20-year-old midfielder, comes on and scores as a substitute on his debut for Chelsea in the final game of the league season as they lose 2–1 to Everton.
Notable retirements
John Bailey, left-back who was part of Everton's 1984 FA Cup winning team, retired in January while playing for Bristol City in the Second Division.
Alan Devonshire, midfielder who was influential in West Ham United's successes between 1976 and 1990, retired at the end of the season after completing his career with a two-season spell at Watford.
Brian Talbot, 38-year-old former Arsenal and England midfielder, played his final league game as player-manager of Aldershot in the autumn.
Dave Bennett, FA Cup winner with Coventry City in 1987 and runner-up with Manchester City in 1981, retired from professional football after breaking his leg while on loan at Shrewsbury Town from Swindon Town, although he returned to playing at non-league with Nuneaton Borough.
Diary of the season
3 July 1991 – After a year in Spain with Real Sociedad, former Sheffield Wednesday striker Dalian Atkinson returns to England in a £1.6million move to Aston Villa. Mike Milligan ends his year-long spell at Everton and returns to Oldham Athletic for £600,000.
8 July 1991 – Chelsea pay Celtic £1.4million for defender Paul Elliott.
9 July 1991 – Leeds United sign striker Rod Wallace from Southampton for £1.6million and defender Tony Dorigo from Chelsea for £1.3million.
10 July 1991 – Lennie Lawrence ends nine years as manager of Charlton Athletic to become the new manager of Middlesbrough in place of Colin Todd. Charlton in turn announce that coaches Alan Curbishley and Steve Gritt will replace Lawrence as a co-managerial team. Everton striker Graeme Sharp ends 11 years at the club to sign for Oldham Athletic in a £500,000 deal, with Paul Warhurst heading out of Boundary Park in a £750,000 move to Sheffield Wednesday.
11 July 1991 – Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge returns to England in a £250,000 move to Tranmere Rovers, becoming their record signing after spending two years in Spain with Real Sociedad.
12 July 1991 – Ron Atkinson looks to the future when he signs 18-year-old defender Ugo Ehiogu for Aston Villa from West Bromwich Albion for £40,000. Former Tottenham Hotspur manager Peter Shreeves leaves Watford to return to White Hart Lane as a coach, having worked at Vicarage Road on the coaching staff of former Tottenham player Steve Perryman.
15 July 1991 – Mark Wright moves from Derby County to Liverpool for £2.2million. Denmark goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel joins Manchester United for £550,000.
19 July 1991 – Liverpool break the national transfer record by paying Derby County £2.9million for striker Dean Saunders.
20 July 1991 – Aston Villa sell David Platt to A.S. Bari of Italy for £6.5million – the most expensive fee for a British player, and more than double the latest record paid by a British club.
23 July 1991 – Nottingham Forest pay a club record £2million for Millwall striker Teddy Sheringham, who was the Football League's top goalscorer last season. Amstrad computer tycoon Alan Sugar joins forces with Tottenham Hotspur manager Terry Venables to take the club over; Venables becomes chief executive and hands over management of the first team to Peter Shreeves, who only returned to the club as a coach eleven days ago.
25 July 1991 – 37-year-old midfielder Jimmy Case moves from Southampton on a free transfer to AFC Bournemouth, who sell defender Shaun Teale to Aston Villa for £300,000. Second Division Middlesbrough sign striker Paul Wilkinson from Watford for £500,000.
26 July 1991 – Joe Royle further boosts Oldham Athletic's squad, ready for their first top flight season in almost 70 years, with a £400,000 move for Coventry City captain Brian Kilcline.
30 July 1991 – The Football Association wins High Court approval, ahead of the Football League, to launch the new Premier League from next season.
31 July 1991 – Coventry City pay £130,000 for 22-year-old striker Paul Furlong from Isthmian League side Enfield.
1 August 1991 – Liverpool sell Peter Beardsley to Everton for £1million. Tottenham Hotspur defender Mitchell Thomas moves to West Ham for £500,000, and announce that injured midfielder Paul Gascoigne is set to move to Italian club Lazio at the end of the season.
6 August 1991 – Keith Curle becomes the most expensive defender in Britain when he joins Manchester City from Wimbledon for £2.5million. Kevin Richardson becomes the third player to leave Real Sociedad for an English club this summer when he is sold to Aston Villa for £450,000.
7 August 1991 – Liverpool sell Steve Staunton to Aston Villa for £1.1million. Terry Cooper resigns as manager of Third Division club Exeter City and is replaced by Alan Ball.
9 August 1991 – Within 48 hours of leaving Exeter City, Terry Cooper is named as the new Birmingham City manager.
10 August 1991 – League champions Arsenal and FA Cup winners Tottenham Hotspur share the FA Charity Shield with a goalless draw at Wembley.
13 August 1991 – Mark Walters follows his former Rangers manager Graeme Souness to Liverpool in a £1.25million deal. Don Howe's brief return to Wimbledon's coaching staff ends when he announces his decision to leave the club with immediate effect, in response to manager Ray Harford's decision to resign from the club within the next six months. West Ham United prepare for their First Division comeback by signing striker Mike Small from Brighton & Hove Albion for £400,000.
15 August 1991 – Sheffield Wednesday pay a club record £1.2million for Rangers and England goalkeeper Chris Woods, while Liverpool sell defender Gary Gillespie to Celtic for £925,000 and Everton's Stuart McCall heads to Rangers for £1.2million. England winger Trevor Steven, formerly of Everton, becomes the most expensive English footballer in a £5million move to French league champions Marseille, where he will play alongside fellow England international Chris Waddle.
16 August 1991 – Tottenham Hotspur pay a club record £2.2million for Chelsea and Scotland striker Gordon Durie, while Coventry City pay a tiny fraction of that fee when signing Zimbabwean striker Peter Ndlovu from Highlanders for £10,000.
17 August 1991 – The Football League season begins. Arsenal begin their defence of the First Division title with a 1–1 home draw against Queens Park Rangers. Manchester United beat newly promoted Notts County 2–0 at Old Trafford. New Aston Villa Ron Atkinson begins his spell in charge at Villa Park with a 3–2 away win over his old club Sheffield Wednesday. Tottenham Hotspur's new head coach Peter Shreeves begins his second spell in charge with a 3–2 win at Southampton. Oldham Athletic lose 2–1 to Liverpool at Anfield in their first top flight game for 68 years.
Barnet begin their Football League career with a 7–4 home defeat by Crewe Alexandra in the Fourth Division.
19 August 1991 – Cardiff City pay a Fourth Division record fee of £100,000 for Chester City striker Carl Dale.
21 August 1991 – 19-year-old midfielder Steve McManaman scores his first goal for Liverpool in a 2–1 defeat against Manchester City at Maine Road.
22 August 1991 – Charlton Athletic announce that they will stay at Upton Park until at least January owing to delays on the renovation of The Valley, where they last played in September 1985.
28 August 1991 – Leeds United win 4–0 at Southampton in the league, with Gary Speed and Gordon Strachan both scoring twice from midfield.
29 August 1991 – Ian Porterfield boosts the Chelsea midfield with a £575,000 move for Sheffield United's Vinnie Jones.
30 August 1991 – Former Tottenham Hotspur full-back Cyril Knowles dies of cancer aged 47. Three months ago he retired as manager of Hartlepool United shortly after taking them to promotion to the Third Division.
31 August 1991 – August draws to a close with Manchester United top of the First Division with 11 points from their first five games. Liverpool, Manchester City, Nottingham Forest and Tottenham Hotspur occupy the next four places, while winless Sheffield United, Queens Park Rangers and Luton Town occupy the bottom three places in the top flight. Carlton Palmer becomes the unlikely first scorer of a hat-trick in this season's First Division, finding the net three times in a 4–1 home win for Sheffield Wednesday over QPR. Ipswich Town lead the way in the Second Division, with Bristol City second. The playoff zone is occupied by Cambridge United, Tranmere Rovers, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Leicester City. Nottingham Forest sign winger Kingsley Black from Luton Town for £1.5million.
2 September 1991 – Don Mackay becomes the first managerial casualty of the season when he is sacked by Blackburn Rovers after more than four years in charge. Coach Tony Parkes is appointed caretaker manager. Within hours of his dismissal, Graham Carr resigns from Fourth Division side Maidstone United (deep in debt and reportedly at threat of closure in only their third season as a Football League club) after eight months at the helm, with the club's general manager, Bill Williams taking over as first-team manager for the third time in his career.
7 September 1991 – 17-year-old winger Ryan Giggs scores his first league goal of the season in Manchester United's 3–0 home win over Norwich City. A mere 3,231 fans watch Wimbledon's home game against Luton Town – the lowest postwar attendance at a First Division game.
11 September 1991 – A year into his reign as England manager, Graham Taylor sees the national side lose for the first time when they go down 1–0 to a reunified Germany side in a friendly at Wembley.
14 September 1991 – Arsenal beat a Crystal Palace side containing their transfer target Ian Wright 4–1 in the league at Selhurst Park. Kevin Campbell scores twice.
16 September 1991 – Nigel Jemson, the striker whose goal won the League Cup for Nottingham Forest 17 months ago, moves to Sheffield Wednesday for £800,000.
18 September 1991 – Dean Saunders becomes the first player to score four goals in a European game for Liverpool as they defeat Kuusysi Lahti 6–1 at Anfield in the UEFA Cup first round first leg. Alan Smith of Arsenal also scores four in a 6-1 European win – at home to Austria Vienna in the European Cup first round first leg. There is misery for Liverpool, however, as John Barnes suffers an achilles injury and is ruled out until the new year.
20 September 1991 – Tottenham Hotspur defender Terry Fenwick, 31, is sentenced to four months in prison for drink-driving.
21 September 1991 – First Division leaders Manchester United beat struggling Luton Town 5–0 at Old Trafford, with Brian McClair and Mark Hughes both scoring twice. Peter Beardsley scores a hat-trick in Everton's 3–0 home win over Coventry, and Gary Lineker scores four goals in Tottenham's 5–3 away win over Wimbledon.
23 September 1991 – Arsenal pay a club record £2.5million for Crystal Palace striker Ian Wright. Palace manager Steve Coppell uses the windfall from the transfer to pay Palace's record fee of £1.8million for Sunderland striker Marco Gabbiadini.
25 September 1981 – Ian Wright scores on his Arsenal debut in a 1–1 draw with Leicester City at Filbert Street in the second round first leg of the EFL Cup.
28 September 1991 – Ian Wright scores a hat-trick on his league debut for Arsenal in a 4–0 win at Southampton.
30 September 1991 – Manchester United lead the First Division by six points from Leeds United at the end of September. Sheffield United are bottom of the table, with only one league win from eleven games. The Second Division is being led by a thriving Middlesbrough side in their first season under the management of Lennie Lawrence. Ipswich Town occupy second place. Swindon Town, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Leicester City and Cambridge United occupy the playoff zone.
1 October 1991 – Leeds United suffer their first league defeat of the season when they are beaten 1–0 at Selhurst Park by Crystal Palace.
3 October 1991 – John McGrath, the former Preston North End manager, becomes Halifax Town's 23rd manager in 45 years as successor to Jim McCalliog.
4 October 1991 – Liverpool sign 19-year-old Welsh-born right back Rob Jones from Fourth Division Crewe Alexandra for £300,000.
5 October 1991 – Leeds United get their title challenge back on track with a 4–3 home win over struggling Sheffield United, although they are still three points behind leaders Manchester United, who have two games in hand. Steve Hodge and Mel Sterland both score twice. Luton Town's struggles continue when they lost 4–0 at Aston Villa in a welcome victory for Ron Atkinson's team after a slow start to his first season in charge. Sheffield Wednesday move fourth with a 4–1 home win over Crystal Palace. Terry Butcher, at 32 the youngest manager in the league, has got off to a good start to his second season as manager of Coventry City, who occupy fifth place after a 1–0 win at West Ham.Tony Cottee becomes Everton's second hat-trick scorer of the league campaign, scoring all three goals in a 3–1 home win over Tottenham.
6 October 1991 – Rob Jones makes his debut for Liverpool in a goalless draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford. Mark Hughes is sent off for the hosts and Gary Ablett is sent off for the visitors.
7 October 1991 – Ray Harford leaves Wimbledon and is replaced by Aston Villa's reserve team coach Peter Withe.
8 October 1991 – John Impey, who won promotion to the Third Division with Torquay United just weeks after his appointment as manager last season, is sacked after six months in the job after his side lost seven out of eight games in the league. 28-year-old player Wes Saunders is appointed caretaker manager – making him the youngest manager in the Football League. Winger Jimmy Carter moves from Liverpool to Arsenal for £500,000.
12 October 1991 – Kenny Dalglish, who has recently returned to management with Second Division Blackburn Rovers, eight months after leaving Liverpool, has a dream start with his new team, who crush struggling Plymouth Argyle 5–2 and stand fourth in the league. Middlesbrough remain top despite being held to a goalless draw at home by seventh-placed Wolves. Ipswich, second in the table, are held to a 2–2 draw by Brighton at the Goldstone Ground. Cambridge United are third after an impressive 3–0 home win over Sunderland.
16 October 1991 – England beat Turkey 1–0 at Wembley in their penultimate 1992 European Championship qualifying game. Wales lose 4–1 to Germany in a game in which Dean Saunders is sent off and Ryan Giggs, still not 18 until the end of next month, becomes their youngest full international.
17 October 1991 – Everton buy 20-year-old defender Matt Jackson from Luton Town for £600,000.
19 October 1991 – Arsenal's four-match winning run in the league ends with a 1–1 draw against leaders Manchester United at Old Trafford. Second placed Leeds cut the gap at the top to two points with a 4–2 win at Notts County, although Alex Ferguson's men still have a game in hand. Liverpool's relatively short start to the season continues with a 2–2 draw at Chelsea and they still only occupy 10th place, although they have played fewer games than any of the teams above them. Sheffield United remain bottom despite a 4–2 home win over Nottingham Forest, only their second win in the league this season.
21 October 1991 – Fourth Division strugglers York City dismiss manager John Bird after winning just 2 of their first 11 games.
24 October 1991 – Justin Fashanu signs a trial contract with Newcastle United, who are battling against relegation from the Second Division. Kenny Dalglish makes his first signing for Blackburn Rovers, signing defender Alan Wright from Blackpool F.C. for £500,000 – a record fee for a Fourth Division player.
26 October 1991 – The last unbeaten start in the First Division ends when Manchester United lose their 13th game of the season 3–2 at Sheffield Wednesday. They also surrender their leadership of the First Division, which is taken by Leeds United after their 1–0 win over Oldham Athletic – the first time that Leeds have led the English league since they won the league title in Don Revie's last season as manager in 1974. Arsenal keep their hopes of retaining the league title on track with a 2–0 home win over Notts County, who are now just one place above the relegation zone after their fine start to the season gave way to a run of bad results. Manchester City are third in the league and four points off the top of the table after a 3–2 home win over Sheffield United.
29 October 1991 – York City appoint John Ward as their new manager. The club had initially been set to appoint Billy McEwan as successor to John Bird, but a dispute over wages and the personal recommendation of England manager Graham Taylor resulted in outgoing City chairman Michael Sinclair appointing Ward in his last major decision before handing his own role over to Douglas Craig.
31 October 1991 – The Second Division promotion race is still led by Middlesbrough, but second place is now occupied by a Cambridge United side in the hunt for a unique third successive promotion. The play-off zone is occupied by Charlton Athletic, Swindon Town, Ipswich Town and Derby County.
2 November 1991 – Billy Bremner is sacked as manager of Fourth Division strugglers Doncaster Rovers, who are kept off the bottom of the Football League only by an Aldershot side in massive financial turmoil. The club's youth coach, Steve Beaglehole replaces Bremner as manager. Manchester United regain their lead of the First Division with a 2–0 win over Sheffield United, who are still bottom of the table. Leeds are held to a goalless draw by Wimbledon, which means that Alex Ferguson's team are now leading the league by a single point and having a game in hand. Liverpool's erratic form continues with a 2–1 home defeat to Crystal Palace, while Manchester City maintain their title push with a 3–0 away win over struggling Southampton, whose 21-year-old striker Alan Shearer is now being strongly linked with a move to the likes of Manchester United and Liverpool.
4 November 1991 – Bryan Robson announces his retirement from international football after 90 full caps for England since 1980.
5 November 1991 – Benfica, the Portuguese champions, join the race to sign Paul Gascoigne and table a £6million bid for him.
6 November 1991 – Arsenal's European Cup quest is ended by Benfica. Manchester United's defence of the European Cup Winners' Cup ends with defeat by Atlético Madrid.
8 November 1991 – Kenny Dalglish's spending spree at Blackburn Rovers begins with a £700,000 move to bring defender Colin Hendry back to the club from Manchester City.
9 November 1991 – Cambridge United move to the top of the Second Division for the first time in their history after beating Ipswich Town 2–1, putting themselves on course for a unique third successive promotion.
11 November 1991 – Aldershot manager Brian Talbot resigns with the club well adrift at the bottom of the Fourth Division. With the club in no position to pay for a new manager, team captain Ian McDonald is appointed as player-manager for the rest of the season.
12 November 1991 – First Division strugglers Notts County pay a club record £750,000 for Sheffield United striker Tony Agana.
13 November 1991 – England secure qualification for the European Championship Finals by drawing 1–1 with Poland in Poznań.
14 November 1991 – Blackburn Rovers pay a club record £1.1million for Everton striker Mike Newell. The Football Association confirms that the Premier League will open next season with 22 clubs.
16 November 1991 – The Manchester derby ends in a goalless draw at Maine Road. Leeds go top of the First division with a 2–0 home win over QPR. Aston Villa move into fourth place with a 1–0 home win over Notts County.
17 November 1991 – Gary Lineker announces that he will retire from international football after the European Championships. The first top flight Steel City derby for almost a quarter of a century sees Sheffield United beat Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 at Bramall Lane.
18 November 1991 – Everton sign Rangers striker Mo Johnston for £1.5million.
20 November 1991 – Gary Lineker agrees to join Nagoya Grampus Eight of Japan for £1million on a two-year contract at the end of the season.
23 November 1991 – Justin Fashanu signs for Torquay United as manager Wes Saunders looks to boost his side's hopes of Third Division survival. In the First Division, Manchester United regain their lead with a 2–1 home win over West Ham United. Manchester City's title hopes are dented with a 2–2 draw at bottom-of-the-table Luton Town, who have won just two of their first 17 league games.
24 November 1991 – Leeds regain their lead of the First Division with a 4–1 away win over Aston Villa.
26 November 1991 – The first penalty shoot-out in FA Cup history sees Rotherham United eliminate Scunthorpe United after both Fourth Division clubs draw 3–3 in their first round replay.
28 November 1991 – Gordon Cowans leaves Aston Villa for the second time, this time signing for Blackburn Rovers in a £200,000 deal. His place in the Villa midfield is filled by Garry Parker from Nottingham Forest for £650,000.
30 November 1991 – Leeds United remain First Division leaders, with Manchester United still one point behind and with a game in hand. Third-placed Manchester City are eight points adrift of top place. Sheffield United, meanwhile, have climbed away from bottom place, and are now just one place and two points adrift of safety, ahead of Luton Town and Southampton. Cambridge United remain top of the Second Division, with Middlesbrough in second place. Derby County, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town and Leicester City occupy the play-off places. Both of the top two First Division side win today, Leeds beating Everton 1–0 at home at Manchester United beating Crystal Palace 3–1 at Selhurst Park. Down in the Second Division, Cambridge United are still top after three weeks, one point ahead of second placed Middlesbrough and third placed Derby County. Middlesbrough missed the chance to go top with their 2–1 defeat at fourth placed Blackburn. Leicester City have broken into the Second Division playoff zone after a 2–1 win over Derby at the Baseball Ground. Newcastle United, among the pre-season promotion favourites, have made a dismal start to the season and are now 17th in the Second Division, having lost 3–0 at Barnsley.
3 December 1991 – Liverpool suffer a shock fourth round exit from the League Cup to Third Division Peterborough United, who beat them 1–0 at London Road.
4 December 1991 – Ossie Ardiles pays Leicester City £250,000 to bring Irish international striker David Kelly to Newcastle United.
5 December 1991 – Sunderland pay a club record £900,000 for West Bromwich Albion striker Don Goodman.
6 December 1991 – Chelsea sign striker Clive Allen from Manchester City for £250,000.
7 December 1991 – Leeds retain their lead of the First Division with a 2–0 win at Luton, with Manchester United keeping up the pressure with a 4–0 home win over Coventry City, who have slumped to 15th place in the table. Sheffield Wednesday climb into third place with a 3–0 home win over Chelsea. Manchester City's title challenge is fading fast with a 3–1 defeat at Aston Villa. Liverpool's frustrating season continues with a 1–1 draw at Southampton, restricting them to 10th place.
9 December 1991 – Bill Fox, president of the Football League and chairman of Blackburn Rovers, dies after a short illness at the age of 63. Former Manchester United and Arsenal striker Frank Stapleton moves into management as player-manager of Third Division side Bradford City.
11 December 1991 – Millwall receive the go-ahead to relocate to a new 20,000-seat stadium at Bermondsey. Construction work is expected to begin within the next few months and chairman Reg Burr is hoping to have his team playing in their new stadium for the 1993–94 season.
13 December 1991 – Liverpool pay Arsenal £1.5million for midfielder Michael Thomas, the player whose last minute goal deprived them of the league title in 1989.
14 December 1991 – Leeds drop two points in the league when Tottenham hold them to a 1–1 draw at Elland Road. Former Everton player Joe Royle hosts his former club for the first time as Oldham manager, and the newly promoted Latics hold their opponents to a 2–2 draw at Boundary Park. Blackburn go top of the Second Division for the first time this season with a 3–0 home win over Bristol Rovers.
15 December 1991 – In the only Football League action of the day, Manchester United return to the top of the First Division with a 3–1 win over Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.
18 December 1991 – Liverpool climb into fourth place in the league with a 2–1 win over Tottenham at White Hart Lane.
20 December 1991 – Luton Town achieve only their third league win of the season by beating Coventry 1–0 at Kenilworth Road. Southampton, second from bottom in the First Division, manage a 1–1 draw at home to Notts County, who have now fallen into the relegation zone. Newcastle United's woes continue with a 2–0 defeat at Plymouth Argyle, who climb out of the Second Division drop zone.
21 December 1991 – Ian Wright scores all four of Arsenal's goals as they beat Everton 4–2 in the league at Highbury. Chelsea defeat Oldham Athletic by the same scoreline at Stamford Bridge. Liverpool and Manchester City draw 2–2 at Anfield. QPR's upturn continues with a 1–0 at Norwich lifting them four positions into 13th place. Sheffield Wednesday keep up the pressure on the top two with a 2–0 home win over Wimbledon. Down in the Second Division, an exciting encounter at the Goldstone Ground sees Millwall beat Brighton 4–3, with the home side now battling against relegation just months after being in the playoff final and on the brink of the First Division. Wolves are just two points above the relegation zone.
22 December 1991 – Cambridge United miss out on the chance to regain their surprise lead of the Second Division when they are held to a 1–1 draw at Southend United, who occupy an impressive fifth place in the league halfway through their first season in the Second Division.
23 December 1991 – Manchester City pay Liverpool £900,000 for Steve McMahon.
26 December 1991 – Southend United take over at the top of the Second Division in their first season at this level, but within hours are displaced by Blackburn Rovers. In the First Division, Manchester United defeat Oldham Athletic 6–3 at Boundary Park, Leeds United are held 3–3 at home by Southampton, and Arsenal lose 1–0 at struggling Luton Town. Other exciting Boxing Day action includes a 3–1 home win for Aston Villa over West Ham United and Coventry's 3–0 win over Sheffield United at Bramall Lane. In the Second Division, Watford climb clear of the relegation zone with an impressive 4–0 win at Millwall.
28 December 1991 – The Merseyside derby ends in a 1–1 draw at Goodison Park. Luton Town's survival hopes are given a major boost when they beat Chelsea 2–0 at Kenilworth Road. Defending champions Arsenal are now seventh in the league and 15 points behind leaders Manchester United after they lose 1–0 to Manchester City at Maine Road. Notts County move clear of the drop zone with a 3–0 win over West Ham, which pushes the East Londoners into the bottom three. Blackburn fall off the top of the Second Division with a 2–1 defeat at third place Ipswich. Portsmouth close in on the playoff places by beating Middlesbrough 4–0 at Fratton Park. Bottom club Oxford United boost their survival hopes with a 3–0 home win over Sunderland.
29 December 1991 – Manchester United remain top of the First Division with a 1–1 draw at home to their nearest rivals Leeds United, who have now drawn four league games in a row.
30 December 1991 – Denis Smith is sacked after nearly five years at Sunderland. Malcolm Crosby takes over as caretaker manager.
31 December 1991 – The year draws to a close with Manchester United top of the table by two points and with two games in hand over second-placed Leeds United. Their closest challengers, Sheffield Wednesday and Manchester City, are nine points behind the leaders. The relegation zone is occupied by Southampton, West Ham United and Luton Town. In the Second Division, Cambridge United have restored their lead at the top, level on points with Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town and Middlesbrough. Southend United and Leicester City, just one point behind them, complete the top six.
1 January 1992 – Manchester United suffer a shock 4–1 home defeat by Queens Park Rangers, with Dennis Bailey scoring a hat-trick. Leeds United overtake them at the top of the First Division with a 3–1 away win over relegation-threatened West Ham United. The Second Division promotion race sees Blackburn regain their lead with a 2–1 home win over Cambridge United, who drop to sixth in the league. Southend maintain their promotion challenge with a 4–0 home win over Newcastle, who are now just one point clear of the drop zone and faced with the prospect of third tier football for the first time in their history. Wolves continue their climb up the table with a 2–0 win at Grimsby, while Portsmouth's promotion hopes are hit by a 3–2 defeat at Plymouth, whose three points help them stay clear of the drop zone. Gary Lineker receives an OBE and Tom Finney an MBE in the New Year's Honours.
2 January 1992 – Maidstone United manager Bill Williams admits defeat in his attempt to revive the club's fortunes and reverts to his previous position as general manager. Williams' assistant Clive Walker is left with the task of turning things around for the club, who are kept off the foot of the table only by the shockingly awful seasons being experienced by Aldershot and Doncaster Rovers.
4 January 1992 – Arsenal, defending league champions, lose 2–1 at Wrexham, who finished bottom of the Fourth Division last season, in the FA Cup third round. Non-league Farnborough Town hold West Ham United to a 1–1 draw at Upton Park, while Crystal Palace are beaten 1-0 by Leicester City.
6 January 1992 – Terry Butcher, at 33 the youngest manager in the First Division, is sacked by Coventry City and replaced by his 56-year-old assistant Don Howe.
10 January 1992 – Notts County sell Paul Rideout to Rangers for £500,000.
11 January 1992 – Defender Gary Ablett makes the move across Stanley Park to join Everton from Liverpool for £750,000, on the same day that his new club loses 1–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford, with an Andrei Kanchelskis goal taking Alex Ferguson's team back to the top of the league. Liverpool's improvement continues as a 2–1 home win over Luton Town takes them into third place, sending the visitors back into the relegation zone, while Sheffield United climb out with a 4–2 away win over bottom club Southampton. Coventry draw 2–2 at home with QPR in their first match under the management of Don Howe. Second Division leaders Blackburn beat Bristol City 4–0 at Ewood Park. Brighton keep their survival bid on track with a 3–1 home win over Barnsley. A mid-table clash at Roker Park sees Sunderland beat Millwall 6–2 with Don Goodman scoring a hat-trick. Newcastle have fallen into the relegation zone after being held to a 2–2 draw by Watford at Vicarage Road.
12 January 1992 – Lee Chapman takes Leeds back to the top of the First Division with a hat-trick against his old club Sheffield Wednesday in a 6–1 win at Hillsborough.
14 January 1992 – Holders Tottenham Hotspur are knocked out of the FA Cup by Aston Villa in a third round replay. West Ham United struggle to a 1–0 win in their replay against Farnborough Town.
15 January 1992 – Manchester United defeat Leeds United 1–0 in the FA Cup third round showdown between the leading two teams in the First Division.
18 January 1992 – Leeds United and Manchester United both drop points, with Crystal Palace holding the hosts to a 1–1 draw at Elland Road and Manchester United being held to a 1–1 draw by Notts County at Meadow Lane. Liverpool continue to recover their league form with a 3–2 win over Oldham at Boundary Park. Newcastle's Second Division campaign continues to go from bad to worse with a 4–3 home defeat to Charlton Athletic, who remain firmly in the hunt for a playoff place, as do a resurgent Wolves with a 3–0 home win over Watford.
19 January 1992 – Wimbledon sack Peter Withe after three months as manager and replace him with reserve team manager Joe Kinnear.
22 January 1992 – Bolton Wanderers sign 19-year-old midfielder Jason McAteer from Northern Premier League side Marine. Manchester United regain their lead of the First Division when a Mark Hughes goal gives them a 1–0 home win over Aston Villa.
25 January 1992 – Aston Villa beat Derby County 4–3 in the FA Cup fourth round at the Baseball Ground. Wrexham hold First Division West Ham United to a 2–2 draw at Upton Park.
30 January 1992 – Derby County pay a club record £1.2million for striker Marco Gabbiadini, just four months after he joined Crystal Palace.
31 January 1992 – Manchester United are still top of the First Division as January ends, with a two-point lead over Leeds United and a game in hand. After four straight league wins, Liverpool are third, but remain eight points off top place. Luton Town, Southampton and West Ham United occupy the bottom three places. The Second Division promotion race is being led by Blackburn Rovers, while Southend United's unlikely promotion challenge continues as they occupy second place. Ipswich Town, Middlesbrough, Leicester City and Cambridge United lie in the play-off zone. French striker Eric Cantona rejects the offer of a contract with Sheffield Wednesday after a trial period.
1 February 1992 – Frenchman Eric Cantona agrees to join Leeds United on the same day that his new club return to the top of the First Division with a 3–0 home win over Notts County, while Manchester United are held to a 1–1 draw by Arsenal at Highbury. Chelsea climb into sixth place with a 2–1 win over Liverpool at Anfield. Sheffield United climb into 17th place with a 5–2 win over Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. Blackburn remain top of the Second Division with a 2–1 home win over Swindon Town. Southend remain second with a 1–0 home win over Watford, with Ipswich still level on points with them after beating Millwall 3–2 away from home. Wolves beat Leicester 1–0 at home to move within three points on the playoffs.
4 February 1992 – Wrexham's FA Cup run ends with a 1–0 defeat at home to West Ham United in their fourth round replay. Manchester United sell out-of-favour goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who has played for the first team just once in the last 18 months, to Dundee for £250,000.
5 February 1992 – Swansea City winger Alan Davies, 30, is found dead in his car near his home in South Wales. Davies played for Manchester United in the 1983 FA Cup final, and later played for Newcastle United and Bradford City. Southampton knock Manchester United out of the FA Cup on penalties in a fourth round replay. Teddy Sheringham scores a hat-trick for Nottingham Forest as they beat Crystal Palace 4–2 in the League Cup quarter-final at the City Ground.
6 February 1992 – Newcastle United, second from bottom in the Second Division, sack manager Ossie Ardiles after 11 months in charge and replace him with former striker Kevin Keegan. Eric Cantona signs for Leeds United from Nîmes Olympique in a £900,000 deal after turning down a contract with Sheffield Wednesday.
7 February 1992 – Former Liverpool and England midfielder Terry McDermott is appointed as Kevin Keegan's assistant. Liverpool legend Bob Paisley resigns from the club's board of directors due to ill health, ending a 53-year association with the club.
8 February 1992 – Kevin Keegan starts his managerial career on a high note as Newcastle beat Bristol City 3–0 at home. Arsenal end a seven-match winless run in the league with a 1–0 win at Notts County, but Leeds United's title bid takes a blow when they suffer a 2–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic, with Manchester United's 1–1 home draw with Sheffield Wednesday being enough to keep them on top. Sheffield United's upturn continues with a 4–2 home win over Manchester City. Wimbledon beat Aston Villa 2–0 to ensure that they stay clear of the relegation zone and begin their recovery from dismal mid-season form. Blackburn's 3–2 win over Grimsby at Blundell Park ensures that their remain one point ahead at the top of the Second Division, despite second-placed Ipswich's 5–2 home win over Portsmouth. Swindon climb into fourth place with a 2–1 home win over Brighton. Down in the Third Division, a clash between local rivals sees West Bromwich Albion retain their lead of the table with a 3–0 away win over Birmingham City, who stand fourth in the table during their third season at this level.
9 February 1992 – With the club slipping back into the relegation zone after an initial run of good form under caretaker manager Wes Saunders, Third Division strugglers Torquay United take the bold move of appointing Yugoslav manager Ivan Golac until the end of the season.
13 February 1992 – Second Division strugglers Plymouth Argyle sack manager David Kemp.
15 February 1992 – Nottingham Forest thrash Bristol City 4–1 at the City Ground in the FA Cup fifth round. Chelsea beat Sheffield United 1–0 in a match in which Vinnie Jones is booked inside the first ten seconds of play. In the league, Arsenal keep their fading title hopes alive with a 7–1 home win over fellow outsiders Sheffield Wednesday at Highbury.
19 February 1992 – Alan Shearer scores on his full England debut in a 2-0 friendly win over France at Wembley. Also making his debut are Liverpool's Rob Jones and Everton's Martin Keown.
20 February 1992 – The Football Association confirms that it will launch the new FA Premier League for next season, contested between the 19 highest-placed teams in this season's final First Division table and the champions, runners-up and playoff winners in the Second Division.
21 February 1992 – Aston Villa pay a club record £1.7million for Oldham Athletic defender Earl Barrett.
22 February 1992 – Manchester United open up a four-point lead at the top of the First Division by beating Crystal Palace 2–0 at Old Trafford, with Mark Hughes scoring twice and Peter Schmeichel making a spectacular save from a Simon Rodger shot. Liverpool fall to a 3–0 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road.
23 February 1992 – Leeds are held to a 1–1 draw by Everton at Goodison Park, which means they are still three points behind Manchester United, who have a game in hand.
26 February 1992 – In a set of high-scoring FA Cup fifth round replays, Southampton beat Bolton Wanderers 3–2 at The Dell, Sunderland beat West Ham United 3–2 at Upton Park, Liverpool beat Ipswich Town 3–2 at Anfield and Portsmouth beat Middlesbrough 4–2 at Ayresome Park.
28 February 1992 – 20-year-old Australian goalkeeper Mark Bosnich joins Aston Villa after seven months back in his homeland following his departure from Manchester United. He joins Les Sealey, who joined Villa from Old Trafford last summer, at Villa Park. After a loan spell, Norwich City midfielder Tim Sherwood makes his move to Blackburn Rovers permanent for £500,000. The only league action of the day sees Cambridge United beat Bristol Rovers 6–1 in the Second Division at the Abbey Stadium.
29 February 1992 – February ends with Manchester United holding a two-point advantage over second placed Leeds United. Southampton, West Ham United and Luton Town remain in the bottom three. Blackburn Rovers still lead the race for a place in the new Premier League, while Ipswich Town are second . The play-off zone is occupied by Cambridge United, Southend United, Middlesbrough and Derby County. In the Third Division, referee Roger Wiseman is assaulted by a spectator during the Birmingham City–Stoke City promotion clash at St Andrew's, which ends in a 1–1 draw and sees Stoke top the Third Division.
2 March 1992 – Peter Shilton, at 42 the oldest player in the Football League, departs from Derby County after nearly five years to become player-manager of Plymouth Argyle. Birmingham City chairman Samesh Kumar vows to impose life bans on anyone convicted of taking part in the pitch invasion against Stoke City.
4 March 1992 – Welsh international midfielder Joey Jones, who plays for Wrexham at club level and turned out for Liverpool earlier in his career, announces his retirement as a player on his 37th birthday.
7 March 1992 – Nottingham Forest's hopes of a cup double are ended as they are beaten 1–0 by Portsmouth at Fratton Park in the FA Cup sixth round. In the league, Leeds go top of the First Division with a 3–1 win over Tottenham at White Hart Lane, which sends the hosts down to 17th place. Luton climb out of the relegation zone with a 1–1 draw at home to Crystal Palace. QPR beat Manchester City 4–0 at Loftus Road. Wimbledon's resurgence continues with a 2–0 home win over Notts County, who fall into the relegation zone. In the Second Division, Blackburn suffer a shock 3–0 away defeat to Bristol Rovers, allowing Ipswich Town to draw level on points with them by beating Watford 1–0 at Vicarage Road. Oxford climb out of the Second Division relegation zone with a dramatic 5–3 win over local rivals Swindon Town at the Manor Ground.
8 March 1992 – Liverpool's bid for a fifth FA Cup triumph remains on track as they beat Aston Villa 1–0 at Anfield.
9 March 1992 – Caretaker manager Joe Kinnear is placed in charge of Wimbledon on a permanent basis.
10 March 1992 – Sunderland hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw at Stamford Bridge in the FA Cup sixth round. In the top-flight, Arsenal beat Oldham 2–1 while Steve Cherry is Notts' hero at home to Villa: the County custodian saves Steve Staunton's penalty kick in a goalless draw that sees the Nottingham club pull out of the bottom three. In Second Division action, league leaders Blackburn Rovers draw 2–2 with play-off hopefuls Southend United, while Newcastle United win away at high-flying Cambridge United.
11 March 1992 – Queens Park Rangers inflict another 4–1 defeat on a title-chasing side, this time Leeds United at Loftus Road. Derby County spend £1.3million on Leicester City striker Paul Kitson, while Manchester City sign Dutch defender Michel Vonk from HVV for £500,000.
12 March 1992 – Derby County spend another £1.3million on another striker – Tommy Johnson from Notts County – while Arsenal sell 20-year-old striker Andy Cole to Bristol City for £500,000 after a loan spell.
14 March 1992 – Lee Chapman scores his second hat-trick in just months as Leeds win 5–1 at home to Wimbledon, with Eric Cantona scoring twice to keep the leaders on top. Manchester United beat Sheffield United 2–1 at Bramall Lane, but are two points behind the leaders and have three games in hand. Luton keep out of the drop zone by holding Everton to a 1–1 draw at Goodison Park. Oldham head closer to securing a place in the new Premier League with a 4–3 home win over Notts County, who remain in the drop zone when a victory would have lifted them out of it. Sheffield Wednesday keep their faint title hopes alive with a 2–0 away win over Tottenham, who now occupy a dismal 18th place in the league and are just five points clear of the relegation zone. West Ham remain bottom after losing 2–0 at home to Arsenal. Blackburn remain top of the Second Division with a 3–0 win over Brighton at the Goldstone Ground, while Newcastle take a big step towards survival with a 3–1 home win over second-placed Ipswich. Cambridge United keep their automatic promotions hopes alive with a 2–1 win over Bristol City at Ashton Gate. Portsmouth keep on track for a playoff place with a 6–1 home win over Millwall.
15 March 1992 – The only league action of the day sees Southampton climb out the drop zone by beating Manchester City 1–0 at Maine Road, with Iain Dowie scoring the only goal of the game.
18 March 1992 – The FA Cup quarter-final replays see Norwich City beat Southampton 2–1 and Sunderland beat Chelsea 2–1. Bruce Rioch resigns after two years as Millwall manager to be replaced in the manager's seat by 35-year-old defender Mick McCarthy. In the Fourth Division, bottom club Aldershot are wound up in the High Court with debts in excess of £1million, but are given seven days to appeal against the verdict and have been allowed to continue in the Football League. Liverpool's UEFA Cup run ends in a 4–0 aggregate semi-final defeat by Genoa of Italy, who beat them 2–0 in both legs.
20 March 1992 – Derby County break their transfer record again by signing Notts County striker Tommy Johnson for £1.3million after a loan spell.
21 March 1992 – Chelsea player Vinnie Jones sets a Football League record by receiving a yellow card after only three seconds of the game against Sheffield United. The game ends in a 2–1 win for the Blades at Stamford Bridge. Tottenham are now 19th in the First Division after a 2–1 defeat to Liverpool at Anfield, although they are four points clear of 20th-placed Luton and have three games in hand. The bottom three of Luton, Notts County and West Ham all drop points. Darren Beckford scores a hat-trick for Norwich in a 4–3 win over Everton at Carrow Road. Blackburn remain top of the Second Division despite a 2–0 home defeat at home to Charlton Athletic, who climb three places to fifth. Middlesbrough's promotion hopes are boosted by a 4–0 home win over Brighton, who are still in the relegation zone.
22 March 1992 – In the only league action of the day, leaders Leeds draw 1–1 with Arsenal at Highbury. They currently have a two-point lead over Manchester United, but their nearest rivals still have two games in hand.
23 March 1992 – Kenny Dalglish takes his Blackburn Rovers spending to £5million in five months with a £750,000 move for Swindon Town striker Duncan Shearer.
25 March 1992 – Aldershot go out of business and are forced to resign from the Football League. Their resignation disrupts the League's plans to expand to 94 clubs for the following season, and it is announced that rather than promoting a second club from the Football Conference (or relegating the bottom-placed Fourth Division club to restore the League to 92 members), the following two seasons will proceed with a 93-club Football League, with further discussions on league reconstruction to take place for the 1994–95 season. Aldershot's resignation seemingly condemns Doncaster Rovers to the humiliation of finishing in bottom place, as they are now nine points adrift of second-bottom Carlisle United.
27 March 1992 – Clive Allen's three-month spell at Chelsea ends with a £275,000 move to relegation-threatened West Ham United.
28 March 1992 – Leeds drop two vital points when they are a held to a goalless draw by bottom club West Ham at Elland Road, but Manchester United also drop points when they are held to a goalless draw at QPR. Gordon Durie scores a hat-trick for Tottenham in their 4–3 home win over Coventry. West Ham are now eight points adrift of safety with nine games left to play. Notts County's survival hopes suffer a major blow with a 3–2 home defeat to Crystal Palace. Blackburn surrender their lead of the Second Division with a 2–1 defeat at Barnsley, with Ipswich going top as they beat Derby County 2–1.
29 March 1992 – Newcastle United's Second Division survival bid is given a major boost when they beat local rivals Sunderland 1–0 at home. In the last-ever Full Members Cup final, Nottingham Forest beat Southampton 3-2 after extra time at Wembley, but lose defender Stuart Pearce for the rest of the season with a knee injury.
31 March 1992 – The month ends with Manchester United still top of the league, now one point ahead of Leeds United and with a game in hand after two Paul Ince goals help them beat Norwich City 3–1 at Carrow Road. Luton Town and West Ham United remain in the relegation zone, and have been joined by Notts County. Four successive wins in March have seen Southampton move five points clear of danger. Ipswich Town have displaced Blackburn Rovers at the top of the Second Division, with the play-off zone occupied by Cambridge United, Middlesbrough, Leicester City and Charlton Athletic. Liverpool maintain fourth place in the First Division with a 4–0 home win over Notts County, who are now six points adrift of safety and having play more games than all the other teams in the bottom seven.
1 April 1992 – Southampton make it five league wins in a row by beating Everton 1–0 at Goodison Park. West Ham are now 11 points adrift of safety after losing 3–0 to Tottenham at White Hart Lane, with Gary Lineker scoring a hat-trick. A Second Division promotion crunch game at Filbert Street sees Leicester beat Middlesbrough 2–1.
2 April 1992 – Wimbledon beat Nottingham Forest 3–0 at Selhurst Park, meaning that they now only need five points from their final six games to be sure of survival and a place in the Premier League.
3 April 1992 – Northampton Town go into receivership with debts of £1million; the club's administrators sack manager Theo Foley.
4 April 1992 – Leeds United's title challenge suffers another blow as they lose 4–0 to Manchester City at Maine Road. Luton keep their survival hopes alive with a 2–1 home win over Wimbledon, cutting the gap between themselves and 19th-placed Coventry to five points. Aston Villa manage an impressive 5–2 away win over Tottenham. West Ham are pushed closer to relegation with a 2–1 defeat at Chelsea. Southampton beat QPR 2–1 to make it six league wins a row. Cambridge move back into the Second Division automatic promotion places at the expense of Blackburn by beating Millwall 1–0 at home.
5 April 1992 – Sunderland beat Norwich City 1–0 to reach their first FA Cup final since 1973, while Portsmouth draw 1–1 after extra time with Liverpool, whose manager Graeme Souness is rushed to hospital just hours after the game to undergo an emergency heart operation.
7 April 1992 – Ryan Giggs scores against Manchester City in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford for the second season running, but this time United fail to take all the points as their neighbours hold them to a 1–1 draw. With six games left to play, United now have a two-point lead over Leeds and a game in hand. Notts County slide closer to relegation with a 2–0 home defeat to Tottenham.
8 April 1992 – Sheffield Wednesday's title bid is effectively ended when they are held to a goalless draw at Coventry, whose two dropped points are a gift to 20th-placed Luton, who are now six points adrift of Don Howe's team and have a game in hand. Wimbledon climb four places to 10th with a 3–2 win over Liverpool at Anfield, Arsenal win 3–1 over Norwich at Carrow Road, and Southampton's six-match winning run ends with a 1–0 home defeat to Nottingham Forest. Leicester reach fifth place in the race for places in the new Premier League by beating Sunderland 3–2 at Filbert Street – a result which leaves the FA Cup finalists on the brink of the relegation zone, although they have games in hand over all of the bottom three teams.
11 April 1992 – Paul Merson scores a hat-trick in Arsenal's 4–1 home win over Crystal Palace. Leeds United beat Chelsea 3–0 to move one point ahead of Manchester United at the top of the league, although Alex Ferguson's men still have two games in hand. Notts County beat Coventry 1–0 to keep their survival hopes alive, but still need at least seven points from their final four games to stand any chance of avoiding relegation. West Ham beat Norwich 4–0 at Upton Park to give themselves fresh hope of survival, they are still nine points adrift to safety with six games left to play but have two games in hand over 19th-placed Coventry. Luton failed to take advantage of Coventry's latest defeat, crashing to a 5–1 defeat at Oldham in which Graeme Sharp scored four goals. At the top of the Second Division, Ipswich beat Newcastle 3–2 at Portman Road and will guarantee their place in the new Premier League if they pick up as little as five points from their last five games. Cambridge hold on to second place despite a 2–1 defeat at Wolves. Leicester keep their automatic promotion hopes alive with a 3–1 home win over Barnsley. Blackburn's dismal run of form continues as they lose 2–1 at Watford.
12 April 1992 – Manchester United defeat Nottingham Forest 1–0 in the League Cup final thanks to a Brian McClair goal in the first half.
13 April 1992 – Liverpool defeat Portsmouth on penalties after their FA Cup semi-final replay ends in a goalless draw.
14 April 1992 – Luton are now just three points adrift of safety after beating Nottingham Forest 2–1 at Kenilworth Road. Sheffield United peak in eighth place with a 2–0 win over Tottenham at Bramall Lane. West Ham lose 1–0 at home to Southampton, who are now almost certainly safe from relegation, but West Ham are left needing at least nine points from their final four games to stand any chance of avoiding relegation.
15 April 1992 – On the third anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster, Graeme Souness sparks outrage when he gives an exclusive front page interview with The Sun newspaper, which is still reviled on Merseyside following its controversial reporting of the tragedy in which 95 Liverpool fans died, celebrating his recovery from heart surgery and Liverpool's victory in the FA Cup semi-final. On the Football League scene, there is no action in the First Division but Middlesbrough clinch three vital points in the Second Division promotion race with a 2–1 win over Oxford United and Derby win 2–1 at Brighton, with both results impacting on the promotion and relegation issues.
16 April 1992 – Manchester United return to the top of the First Division when an Andrei Kanchelskis goal gives them a 1–0 home win over Southampton and a two-point lead over Leeds, with the advantage of a game in hand.
17 April 1992 – Cambridge United squander the chance of bouncing back into the Second Division automatic promotion places when they are held to a 2–2 draw at home to Portsmouth, whose own playoff push takes a major blow by the failure to win the game.
18 April 1992 – Liverpool hold Leeds United to a goalless draw at Anfield. Manchester United fail to take advantage as they can only manage a 1–1 draw at Luton Town, but remain two points clear at the top with a game in hand. The point equally was crucial for Luton, who are now just two points adrift of safety due to Coventry's 1–0 defeat at home to Everton. Sheffield Wednesday win 1–0 at Southampton and are still in with a faint chance of winning the league title just one season after promotion. Notts County claw back to being four points adrift of safety with a 1–0 win at Norwich, who suddenly find themselves in danger of relegation after a recent slump in league form.
19 April 1992 – Defender Mick McCarthy becomes player-manager of Millwall following the sacking of Bruce Rioch.
20 April 1992 – Ian Wright scores twice as Arsenal beat Liverpool 4–0 at Highbury. Leeds United are one point ahead of Manchester United, who have a game in hand, after a 2–0 home win over relegation threatened Coventry City, while Alex Ferguson's team lose 2–1 at home to Nottingham Forest. Sheffield Wednesday maintain their slim chance of snatching the title by recording a third straight victory, and are now just three points off top spot. West Ham's relegation is almost certain following a 2–0 home defeat to Crystal Palace, meaning that they will have to win their final three games of the season and hope that Coventry lose their remaining three games to survive even on goal difference. Luton squander their chance to climb out of the drop zone with a 2–1 defeat at QPR, while Notts County's 3–1 defeat at home to Sheffield United leaves them needing to win both of their remaining games to stand any chance of survival. In the Second Division, Newcastle have fallen back into the relegation zone and their 4–1 defeat at Derby is a big boost for their hosts in the push for promotion.
21 April 1992 – Businessman Max Griggs forms a new team, Rushden & Diamonds, from a merger of Rushden Town and Irthlingborough Diamonds, to play in the Midland Division of the Southern League next season. In the Second Division, Ipswich's promotion celebrations are put on hold when they are held to a goalless draw at home by Grimsby, but their now just need a single point from their final two games to guarantee promotion. Leicester's automatic promotion hopes are given a major boost by a 2–1 home win over Cambridge, which ends John Beck's team's hopes of automatic promotion, although they remain in the playoff places and in contention for a unique third successive promotion. Charlton edge Blackburn out of the playoff places on goal difference with a 1–1 draw at Port Vale, who would have climbed out of the relegation zone with a victory.
22 April 1992 – Manchester United's title hopes are left hanging by a thread when they lose 1–0 to West Ham United at Upton Park. They remain one point behind leaders Leeds United with two games remaining. The victory also delays West Ham's almost certain relegation.
25 April 1992 – Newly promoted clubs West Ham United and Notts County are both relegated from the First Division. County's relegation is confirmed by a 2–0 defeat to Manchester City at Maine Road, and West Ham are beaten 1–0 at Coventry, who stay out of the relegation zone despite Luton's 2–0 win over Aston Villa. Sheffield Wednesday miss the chance to go level with Leeds United at the top as they draw 1–1 with Crystal Palace. Ipswich become the first team to win promotion to the new Premier League when they draw 1–1 at Oxford United, which also seals them the Second Division title. Leicester would have gone into their final game needing just a point to achieve promotion had they managed to win at Charlton, but found themselves on the receiving end of a 2–0 defeat and also face the prospect of being pipped to automatic promotion by their local rivals Derby, who won 2–1 at Bristol City. Blackburn beat Millwall 2–1 at Ewood Park but remain one place outside the playoff places due to Charlton's win. Middlesbrough beat Bristol Rovers 2–1 at Ayresome Park and will go into their final game of the season in the automatic places on goal difference if they win their game in hand. Port Vale's 4–2 defeat at Cambridge leaves them needing to win their final game to stand any chance of survival.
26 April 1992 – Leeds United are confirmed as league champions for the first time in eighteen years, and just two years after winning promotion, thanks to a 3–2 win over Sheffield United and Manchester United's 2–0 defeat at Liverpool immediately afterwards.
27 April 1992 – FA Cup finalists Sunderland secure their Second Division survival with a goalless draw over Swindon at Roker Park.
28 April 1992 – After guiding Sunderland to the FA Cup final and Second Division survival, Malcolm Crosby receives the manager's job on a permanent basis. Middlesbrough move into second place in the Second Division with a 2–0 home win over Grimsby. Charlton lose 1–0 at home to Tranmere to give Blackburn the advantage of their game in hand in the race for a playoff place.
29 April 1992 – Blackburn climb back into the top six of the Second Division on goal difference with a 2–2 draw over Sunderland at Ewood Park. Brighton keep their survival hopes alive with a 2–1 home win over Portsmouth, whose playoff hopes are ended as a result.
30 April 1992 – Ipswich Town have sealed promotion to the new Premier League as Second Division champions, ending six years outside the top flight. Leicester City now occupy the second automatic promotion place, but face competition from Derby County and Middlesbrough. Cambridge United and Charlton Athletic complete the top six.
1 May 1992 – Dave Stringer resigns as manager of Norwich City after five seasons, with coach David Williams being put in temporary charge for the club's final game of the season.
2 May 1992 – Leeds United finish their title winning campaign with a 1–0 home win over Norwich City. Manchester United finish second after beating Tottenham Hotspur 3–1, with Gary Lineker scoring a consolation goal for the North London side to finish the season with 28 league goals. It is the last game to be played in front of the Stretford End terrace before it is replaced by an all-seater stand. Arsenal's Ian Wright leapfrogs Lineker as the First Division's top scorer, with 29 goals, by scoring a hat-trick against Southampton in a 5–1 win at Highbury, in the last game to be played in front of the existing North Bank. Luton Town's final game of the season ends in defeat by relegated Notts County, ending their 10-year stay in the top flight. Coventry City survive by two points despite losing to Aston Villa. In his final game for West Ham United, Frank McAvennie scores a hat-trick for the relegated East London side in their 3–0 home win over Nottingham Forest.David White scores a hat-trick for Manchester City in their 5–2 away win over Oldham. Liverpool finish sixth in the league – their lowest final position for 27 years – but maintain their record of finishing in the top eight every season since winning promotion in 1962. Middlesbrough clinch the second promotion place in the Second Division, winning 2–1 at Wolves. Newcastle achieve survival with a 2–1 at Leicester, who along with their local rivals Derby qualify for the playoffs. Cambridge's hopes of a unique third successive promotion remain alive as they qualify for the playoffs by finishing fifth. Blackburn seal the final playoff place with a 3–1 at Plymouth, who are relegated after six seasons in the Second Division. Oxford's survival is ensured by a 2–1 away win over Tranmere at Prenton Park, while Brighton are sent down by a 3–1 defeat at champions Ipswich and Port Vale go down in bottom place after losing 1–0 at home to Grimsby.
3 May 1992 – Gordon Strachan announces his retirement from international action with Scotland.
5 May 1992 – It is announced that England will host the 1996 UEFA European Football Championships. Bobby Gould is sacked as manager of West Bromwich Albion after they just missed out on the Third Division play-offs in their first season at this level.
7 May 1992 – Defender Des Walker moves from Nottingham Forest to Sampdoria of Italy for £1.5million.
8 May 1992 – Phil Neal, the former Liverpool captain, is sacked after more than six years as manager of Bolton Wanderers. Neal, 41, oversaw Bolton's relegation to the Fourth Division in 1987 but won them promotion after just one season, and last season he took them to the brink of promotion to the Second Division. However, he could only manage them to 13th place in this season's Third Division. Two more Third Division clubs make managerial appointments on the same day, as Ossie Ardiles returns to management with West Bromwich Albion, and Ivan Golac steps down as Torquay United manager after failing to keep them in the division. With Wes Saunders declining the chance to return to the Torquay manager's job on a permanent basis, the club appoint another senior player, Paul Compton as manager.
9 May 1992 – Liverpool lift the FA Cup for the fifth time in their history thanks to a 2–0 win over Sunderland at Wembley. The goals come from Michael Thomas and Ian Rush, who scores for a record fifth time in the final.
10 May 1992 – Mike Masters becomes the first American to score at Wembley, doing so for Colchester United in the F.A Trophy Final.
11 May 1992 – Former England manager Bobby Robson ends two years with PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands to manage Sporting Lisbon of Portugal.
15 May 1992 – Rob Jones pulls out of contention for a place in England's European Championship squad due to a shin splints injury. Peter Shreeves is dismissed as team manager of Tottenham Hotspur after one disappointing season back at the helm.
18 May 1992 – Graham Taylor announces England's 20-man squad for the European Championships.
19 May 1992 – Portsmouth accept a £700,000 offer from Liverpool for defender John Beresford.
21 May 1992 – Having secured Newcastle's survival in the Second Division, Kevin Keegan signs a three-year contract to become manager on a permanent basis.
23 May 1992 – Aldershot Town are formed in place of the bankrupt Aldershot FC, and are applying for a place in next season's Isthmian League Third Division. Blackpool become the first team to win promotion on penalties when they defeat Scunthorpe United 4–3 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the Fourth Division playoff final.
24 May 1992 – Peterborough United win the Third Division playoff final with a 2–1 win over Stockport County to become founder members of the new Division One and reach the second tier of the English league for the first time in their 32 years as a Football League side.
25 May 1992 – Blackburn Rovers return to the top flight of English football after a 26-year exile after beating Leicester City in the Second Division playoff final. The only goal of the game is a penalty by former Leicester striker Mike Newell. Lee Dixon becomes the second right-back to pull out of the England squad, causing Graham Taylor to call upon the Rangers defender Gary Stevens.
27 May 1992 – Bobby Gould is appointed joint manager of Coventry City alongside Don Howe, who was his assistant when he managed Wimbledon to FA Cup glory in 1988. Derby County, who missed out on a place in the new Premier League after defeat in the playoffs, prepare for another promotion push by signing midfielder Mark Pembridge from Luton Town for £1.25million. Tottenham Hotspur announce that Doug Livermore will be taking charge of the first team from next season with Ray Clemence as his assistant, while chief executive Terry Venables will be involved in the coaching side of the club again.
29 May 1992 – Bruce Rioch returns to football as manager of Bolton Wanderers.
1 June 1992 – Tottenham Hotspur sign 19-year-old winger Darren Anderton from Portsmouth for £1.7million. Mike Walker is promoted from reserve team manager to succeed Dave Stringer as manager of Norwich City.
2 June 1992 – Demolition work begins on Manchester United's famous Stretford End, to make way for an all-seater replacement which will cost £12million to build and be completed next year.
3 June 1992 – England lose a third right-back when Gary Stevens suffers a stress fracture in a 2–1 friendly win over Finland in Helsinki. Their left winger John Barnes ruptures his Achilles tendon and is also ruled out of the European Championships.
5 June 1992 – England are given special permission to make additions to their European Championship squad after the official deadline, selecting Manchester City defender Keith Curle and QPR winger Andy Sinton as late additions to his squad.
9 June 1992 – England midfielder David Platt leaves Bari after one year and agrees to join their Italian league rivals Juventus for £6.5million. Harry Redknapp ends eight years as manager of Bournemouth and is succeeded by Tony Pulis. Aston Villa assistant manager Andy Gray resigns from the position to become a full-time pundit for Sky Sports in their coverage of the new Premier League.
10 June 1992 – More than a year after first trying to sign him, Lazio finally sign Paul Gascoigne from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of £6.5million – a record sale for an English club and the joint highest fee for an English player following David Platt's transfer between two Italian clubs yesterday.
11 June 1992 – England begin their European Championship campaign with a goalless draw with Denmark in Malmö.
12 June 1992 – England are refused permission to make a further addition to their European Championship squad, after Mark Wright was ruled out by injury and manager Graham Taylor had wanted to select Tony Adams in his place.
14 June 1992 – England draw 0–0 with France in their second European Championship group game.
16 June 1992 – Kevin Keegan continues to plot Newcastle United's revival bid by signing midfielder Paul Bracewell from Sunderland for £250,000.
17 June 1992 – Despite taking an early lead thanks to David Platt, England bow out of the European Championships after two second-half goals put them 2–1 down to Sweden in Stockholm.
21 June 1992 – Chris Waddle rejects an offer to join Leeds United from Olympique Marseille. He is now expected to join Sheffield Wednesday for £900,000.
24 June 1992 – Don Howe resigns as joint manager of Coventry City, leaving Bobby Gould in sole charge.
Retirements
Alan Devonshire, Watford winger who spent most of his career at West Ham United and was capped eight times by England.
Brian Talbot, former Arsenal and England midfielder, retired from professional football on his resignation as Aldershot's player-manager in November 1991.
Deaths
12 July 1991 – Joe Robinson, 72, kept goal for Blackpool in the 1948 FA Cup Final defeat by Manchester United.
15 August 1991 – Ken Gunn, 82, played at wing-half for Swansea Town, Port Vale and Northampton in the 1930s.
18 August 1991 – Les McDowall, 78, played 117 league games and scored eight goals at wing-half for Manchester City between 1937 and 1949, having started his career at Sunderland. His career was disrupted by World War II. He then managed City for 13 years from 1950 to 1963, guiding them to FA Cup glory in 1956.
30 August 1991 – Cyril Knowles, 47, who played at left back for Tottenham and England during the late 1960s and early 1970s, died of brain cancer. Achieved Fourth Division promotion success with Darlington in 1985 and Hartlepool United in 1991.
27 September 1991 – Joe Hulme, 87, was a right-winger for Arsenal in Herbert Chapman's great interwar team. After the war, he was the manager of Tottenham Hotspur for four years.
29 September 1991 – Gordon Clayton, 51, who kept goal for Manchester United twice in the late 1950s, had only been appointed assistant manager of GM Vauxhall Conference side Northwich Victoria a few weeks before his sudden death.
5 November 1991 – Robert Maxwell, 68, Former Chairman of Oxford United & Derby County & Media Proprietor. Died after presumably falling overboard his luxury Yacht Lady Ghislaine.
12 November 1991 – Billy Behan, 80, made a solitary appearance in goal for Manchester United in the Second Division in March 1934. He spent most of his playing career in his native Ireland, where he later spent many years working as a referee.
19 November 1991 – Jackie Stamps, 72, scored 100 league goals for Derby County between 1939 and 1950 and scored twice in their 1946 FA Cup Final triumph, being prevented from enjoying more success at the club due to World War II.
4 December 1991 – Cliff Bastin, 79, played centre-forward during Arsenal's successful pre Second World War side and set a goalscoring record for the club which would be unbroken for some 60 years. Had played for Exeter City early in his career and a new stand at the club's St James Park ground was named after him.
1 January 1992 – Jack Badham, 72, played 175 league games as a left-back or left-half for Birmingham City between 1946 and 1957.
13 January 1992 – Mick Leach, 44, who died of cancer, played more than 300 games for Queens Park Rangers between 1965 and 1979. He helped them achieve their highest-ever league finish when they finished runners-up in the league title race at the end of the 1975–76 season, and continued at the club for the next three seasons before finishing his career with Cambridge United.
15 January 1992 – John Beattie, 79, played 278 games in the English and Scottish leagues, starting out in his native Scotland at Aberdeen in 1931 before turning out for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Huddersfield Town and Grimsby Town, his senior career being effectively ended by World War II.
4 February 1992 – Alan Davies, 30, who played on the left wing for Manchester United in their 1983 FA Cup triumph, was found dead in his car in South Wales. He had committed suicide. At the time of his death, Davies was employed by Swansea City and his other clubs had included Newcastle United and Bradford City.
29 February 1992 – Willie Fagan, 75, began his playing career in his native Scotland with Celtic before moving south of the border to Preston in 1936, moving to Liverpool a year later and making 158 league appearances as a forward, scoring 47 goals, before ending his senior career at Anfield in 1952. He collected a league title winner's medal with Liverpool in 1947 but was prevented from enjoying more success on Merseyside due to his career being disrupted by World War II.
2 March 1992 – Jackie Mudie, 61, was capped 17 times for Scotland in the 1950s, scoring nine goals from centre-forward, but spent his whole senior playing career in England, including a 14-year spell at Blackpool beginning in 1947 which yielded 144 league goals and an FA Cup winner's medal in 1953. On leaving Bloomfield Road in 1961, he signed for Stoke City and finally retired as a player at Port Vale in 1967, where he had been joint manager alongside Stanley Matthews for two years. He died after a two-year battle against cancer.
18 March 1992 – Jack Kelsey, 63, kept goal for Arsenal and Wales during the postwar years and played until his career was ended by a back injury suffered against Brazil in 1962.
April 1992 – Tommy Wilson, 61, scored for Nottingham Forest in their second FA Cup victory – when they beat Luton Town in the 1959 final at Wembley.
25 May 1992 – Daniel Yorath, 15, son of Wales manager Terry, collapsed and died as a result of a rare heart condition, just after joining the Leeds United youth team.
References |
4040338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Cunningham | Glenn Cunningham | Glenn Cunningham may refer to:
Glenn Cunningham (athlete) (1909–1988), American runner, Olympic Games medalist
Glenn Cunningham (Nebraska politician) (1912–2003), American politician, mayor of Omaha, and congressman for Nebraska
Glenn Cunningham (New Jersey politician) (1943–2004), American politician, mayor of Jersey City
Glenn Cunningham (speedway rider) (born 1975), British speedway rider, finalist of 1994 Individual U-21 World Championship
See also
Glenn Cunningham Lake, named after Glenn Cunningham, Nebraska politician |
4040340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davo%20Karni%C4%8Dar | Davo Karničar | Davorin "Davo" Karničar (October 26, 1962 – September 16, 2019) was a Slovene alpinist and extreme skier.
As an active mountain skier, Davo was a member of the Yugoslavian national mountain ski team between 1975 and 1982. An alpinist since 1980, he climbed in 1989 to Nanga Parbat in Pakistan and in 1993 to K2, which borders Pakistan and The People's Republic of China. In 1995 he made his first ski descent from Annapurna in Nepal and in 1996 he made a ski descent from Shishapangma in Tibet. By 2010 he had accomplished over 1,500 mountain climbs and ski descents. He was the first person to make a complete ski descent from the Seven Summits, less than one month after the first person, Kit DesLauriers (a woman), skied from the top of all of the seven summits, but did not accomplish complete descents on Everest and Denali. Davo was only 38 years old when he became the first person to ski down from the summit of the highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, on October 7, 2000.
His Seven Summits descents were:
Mount Everest (8848 m) in Asia on October 7, 2000
Kilimanjaro (5895 m) in Africa in November 2001
Mount Elbrus (5642 m) in Europe in May 2002
Aconcagua (6960 m) in South America in January 2003
Mount Kosciuszko (2228 m) in Australia in August 2003
Denali (6194 m) in North America in June 2004
Vinson Massif (4897 m) in Antarctica on November 11, 2006
The other significant peaks he skied from include the north-east face of Eiger and the east face of Matterhorn in Switzerland and Mont Blanc, the highest peak in Alps in the border between Italy and France. In February 2001, he guided the first ski school for Nepalese children on the Khumbu Glacier in Nepal.
See also
List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest
References
1962 births
2019 deaths
Slovenian mountain climbers
People from the Municipality of Jezersko
Seven Summits
Summiters of the Seven Summits
Free soloists |
4040359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20NFL%20season | 2007 NFL season | The 2007 NFL season was the 88th regular season of the National Football League.
Regular-season play was held from September 6 to December 30. The campaign kicked off with the defending Super Bowl XLI champion Indianapolis defeating the New Orleans in the NFL Kickoff Game.
The New England Patriots became the first team to complete the regular season undefeated since the league expanded to a 16-game regular season in 1978. Four weeks after the playoffs began on January 5, 2008, the Patriots' bid for a perfect season was dashed when they lost to the New York in Super Bowl XLII, the league championship game at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona on February 3.
Draft
The 2007 NFL Draft was held from April 28 to 29, 2007 at New York City’s Radio City Music Hall. With the first pick, the Oakland Raiders selected quarterback JaMarcus Russell from Louisiana State University.
New referee
John Parry was promoted to referee, replacing Bill Vinovich, who was forced to resign due to a heart condition. Vinovich would then serve as a replay official from 2007 to 2011. He would later be given a clean bill of health and return to the field as a referee in 2012.
Rule changes
The following rule changes were passed at the league's annual owners meeting in Phoenix, Arizona during the week of March 25–28:
The instant replay system, used since the 1999 season, was finally made a permanent officiating tool. Previously, it was renewed on a biennial basis.
The system has also been upgraded to use high-definition technology. However, the systems at Texas Stadium (Dallas Cowboys), RCA Dome (Indianapolis Colts), and Giants Stadium (New York Giants and Jets) did not receive the HDTV updates since those stadiums were scheduled to be (and since have been) replaced in the forthcoming years. One reason that the technology was improved was that fans with high-definition televisions at home were having better views on replays than the officials and according to Dean Blandino, the NFL's instant replay director "that could have bit us in the rear if we continued [with the old system]." In addition, the amount of time allotted for the referee to review a play was reduced from 90 seconds to one minute.
After a play is over, players who spike the ball in the field of play, other than in the end zone, will receive a 5-yard delay of game penalty.
Forward passes that unintentionally hit an offensive lineman before an eligible receiver will no longer be an illegal touching penalty, but deliberate actions are still penalized.
Roughing-the-passer penalties will not be called on a defender engaged with a quarterback who simply extends his arms and shoves the passer to the ground.
During situations where crowd noise becomes a problem (when it becomes too loud that it prevents the offensive team from hearing its signals), the offense can no longer ask the referee to reset the play clock.
It is necessary to have the ball touch the pylon or break the plane above the pylon to count as a touchdown. Previously, a player just had to have some portion of his body over the goal line or pylon to count a touchdown.
A completed catch is now when a receiver gets two feet down and has control of the ball. Previously, a receiver had to make "a football move" in addition to having control of the ball for a reception.
Players will be subject to a fine from the league for playing with an unbuckled chin strap. Officials will not penalize for chin strap violations during a game.
Preseason
The Hall of Fame Game was played in Canton, Ohio on Sunday August 5, 2007, with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Saints by a score of 20–7; the game was televised by the NFL Network, replacing NBC, who had been previously scheduled to broadcast the China Bowl exhibition game from Beijing, China on August 8, 2007 between the New England Patriots and the Seattle Seahawks at Workers Stadium. However, with all efforts being put into the London regular season game, plans for the game were postponed (then later cancelled completely) as Beijing hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Regular season
Schedule formula
Based on the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups for 2007 were:
Intraconference
AFC East vs. AFC North
AFC West vs. AFC South
NFC East vs. NFC North
NFC West vs. NFC South
Interconference
AFC East vs. NFC East
AFC North vs. NFC West
AFC South vs. NFC South
AFC West vs. NFC North
Opening weekend
On March 26, 2007, the league announced the opening Saints-Colts Kickoff Game on September 6 that would be telecast on NBC. Pre-game activities featured Indiana native John Mellencamp, Billy Joel, and Kelly Clarkson. The entertainment portion of events started 30 minutes earlier than the scheduled start time of the game, leading up to the unveiling of the Colts’ Super Bowl XLI championship banner. The opening events were simulcast on NFL Network.
The Dallas Cowboys hosted the New York Giants in the first Sunday night game September 9 at 8:15 p.m. US EDT. Monday Night Football on ESPN kicked off with a doubleheader on September 10 with the Cincinnati Bengals hosting the Baltimore Ravens at 7:00 p.m. US EDT, and the San Francisco 49ers hosting the Arizona Cardinals at 10:15 p.m. US EDT. The 49ers paid tribute to three-time Super Bowl winning head coach Bill Walsh, who died July 30, in that game.
Going global
In October 2006, NFL club owners approved a plan to stage up to two international regular season games per season beginning in 2007 and continuing through at least 2011. On February 2, 2007, the league announced that the Week 8 contest between the New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins would be played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 28 at 5 p.m. GMT, which was 1 p.m. EDT) As the Giants were the away-team designate from the NFC, Fox broadcast the game in the USA according to league broadcast contract rules.
"Super Bowl 41"
In Week 9, the New England Patriots (8–0) faced the Indianapolis Colts (7–0) in a battle of undefeated teams. Thus there was a lot of hype surrounding the game, also due to the fact that these teams had met in the previous season's AFC Championship game, and would possibly meet later in the 2007 AFC Championship game. Many people dubbed the game "Super Bowl 41". The Patriots prevailed 24–20, and would finish the regular season as the league's first 16–0 team.
Thanksgiving
For the second year in a row, three games were held on the United States' Thanksgiving Day (November 22). In addition to the traditional games hosted by the Detroit Lions and Cowboys (with those teams respectively playing the Green Bay Packers and the New York Jets, with the Packers–Lions game starting at 12:30 p.m. US EST and the Jets–Cowboys game kicking off at 4:15 p.m. US EST respectively), the Colts faced the Atlanta Falcons in the Georgia Dome, with kickoff at 8:15 p.m. US EST.
Flex scheduling
The NFL entered its second year of flexible scheduling in the final weeks of the season. In each of the Sunday night contests from Weeks 11 through 17, NBC had the option of switching its Sunday night game for a more favorable contest, up to 12 days before the game's start.
In addition to an extra week of flexible scheduling (because of the conflict with scheduling Christmas Eve the previous season, which NBC did not do (instead opting to air a game on Christmas Day)), the NFL slightly changed its flex-schedule procedure. In 2006, the league did not reveal its predetermined Sunday night game; the reason given by the league was to avoid embarrassing the teams switched out for a more compelling game.
In 2007, the league announced all predetermined matchups, with a footnote on the games subject to flex scheduling. Also, the network that carries the "doubleheader" week game (either CBS or Fox) will be able to switch one game per week into the 4:15 PM (US
ET) time slot, except in the final week, when NBC will select one game for the 8:15 PM slot, and both CBS and Fox will have doubleheader games on December 30.
The first flex game was the New England Patriots visiting the Buffalo Bills on November 18. The next flexing came when it was announced that the December 23 Washington Redskins–Minnesota Vikings game was moved to 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the Tampa Bay Buccaneers–San Francisco 49ers contest, which was moved to 4:05 PM to be aired on Fox.
It was announced on December 23 the Tennessee Titans–Indianapolis Colts game, originally scheduled for a 1 PM kickoff on CBS, would be the December 30 "flex game" and airing at 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the Kansas City Chiefs–New York Jets game, which was moved to 4:15 PM on CBS, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers–Baltimore Ravens contest. Additionally, the Dallas Cowboys–Washington Redskins game was switched on Fox from 1 PM kickoff to 4:15 PM.
Regular season standings
Tiebreakers
Pittsburgh finished in first place in the AFC North over Cleveland based on a head-to-head sweep.
Detroit finished in third place in the NFC North over Chicago based on a head-to-head sweep.
Carolina finished in second place in the NFC South over New Orleans based on a better conference record (7–5 to New Orleans’ 6–6).
Kansas City finished in third place in the AFC West over Oakland based on a better record against common opponents. (2–10 to Oakland's 1–11).
Tennessee clinched the AFC No. 6 seed over Cleveland based on a better record against common opponents. (4–1 to Cleveland's 3–2).
Dallas clinched the NFC No. 1 seed over Green Bay based on a head-to-head victory.
Playoffs
Bracket
Events
Player conduct off the field
The NFLPA, then led by their president Gene Upshaw and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell, worked with player conduct in the form of suspensions for off the field conduct in light of the more than fifty arrests by local law enforcement since the start of the 2006 season. The hardest hit came on April 10 when Adam "Pacman" Jones of the Tennessee Titans was suspended for the entire season for his five arrests, the most blatant while in Las Vegas for the NBA All-Star Weekend in February where he was accused of causing a riot/shooting in a strip club. That same day, Chris Henry of the Cincinnati Bengals was suspended for the first eight games of the season for his run-ins with the legal system. The other big name that has been caught in the web of controversy was Falcons' quarterback Michael Vick. Vick was charged on July 24, 2007 with dogfighting and animal abuse, and was suspended following a guilty plea in the case, on which he was sentenced to 23 months in prison (retroactive to November) and three years probation on December 10.
Death of Marquise Hill
On the evening of May 27, 2007, Marquise Hill, a defensive end for the New England Patriots and a friend fell off a jet ski in Lake Pontchartrain, north of New Orleans. The two were wearing neither personal flotation nor tracking devices. The friend was rescued and sent to Tulane Medical Center, but Hill did not survive; his body was found the next day. The Patriots honored Hill, the first Patriots player to die while still a member of the team, by wearing black circular decals on their helmets with Hill's number, 91.
Murder of Sean Taylor
Fourth-year player Sean Taylor, a free safety for the Redskins, was shot in his home near Miami, Florida on November 26. Armed with a machete, Taylor confronted robbers who were breaking into his home—then 17-year-old Eric Rivera, Jr., 18-year-old Charles Wadlow, and 20-year-olds Jason Mitchell and Venjah Hunte. Rivera fired two shots from his 9 mm gun, one missing and the other hitting Taylor's leg, going from his right groin to his left according to an autopsy obtained by Associated Press. He died from his injuries the next day.
For the remainder of the season, the Redskins honored him with a black patch on their right shoulder of the player uniform jerseys, while all 32 teams honored Taylor by applying a decal with his playing number (21) on the left back side of their helmets. Taylor was honored in all games during Week 13 and all three Redskins representatives in the Pro Bowl wore number 21 in his honor. In 2013, a jury found Rivera guilty of second-degree murder and armed burglary. In 2014 Rivera received a sentence of 57 years in prison; he testified someone else fired the gun. Jason Scott Mitchell was also convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Venjah Hunte was sentenced to 29 years in prison, Charles Wardlow to 30 years in prison, and Timmy Lee Brown to 18 years in prison.
Spygate
During the Patriots season opening game at The Meadowlands against the Jets, a Patriots camera staffer was ejected from the Patriots sideline and was accused of videotaping the Jets' defensive coaches relaying signals. The end result was that the team was fined $250,000, head coach Bill Belichick was docked $500,000 (the maximum fine that could be imposed) and also stripped of their first round selection of the 2008 NFL Draft. If the Pats had failed to make the playoffs, the penalty would have been their second and third round picks. The team was allowed to keep their other first-round pick acquired from the San Francisco 49ers during the previous year's selection meeting.
Other events
The NFL set an all-time attendance record in 2007, with the league's 32 stadiums attracting 17,345,205 paying customers during the regular season. Average per-game attendance was 67,755.
The ESPN Monday Night Football game between the unbeaten New England Patriots and the Baltimore Ravens on December 3 drew the highest basic cable rating in history, with over 17.5 million viewers, beating the premiere of Disney Channel’s High School Musical 2, which set the previous record on August 17. The previous high-water mark was a MNF telecast between the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys on October 23, 2006, which drew over 16 million viewers.
Milestones
The following teams and players set all-time NFL records during the regular season:
Hobbs' kickoff return was also, at the time, tied for the longest play in NFL history until Antonio Cromartie broke the record.
Regular season statistical leaders
Awards
All-Pro Team
Team superlatives
Offense
Most points scored: New England, 589
Fewest points scored: San Francisco, 219
Most total offensive yards: New England, 6,580
Fewest total offensive yards: San Francisco, 3,797
Most total passing yards: New England, 4,731
Fewest total passing yards: San Francisco, 2,320
Most rushing yards: Minnesota, 2,634
Fewest rushing yards: Kansas City, 1,248
Defense
Fewest points allowed: Indianapolis, 262
Most points allowed: Detroit, 444
Fewest total yards allowed: Pittsburgh, 4,262
Most total yards allowed: Detroit, 6,042
Fewest passing yards allowed: Tampa Bay, 2,725
Most passing yards allowed: Minnesota, 4,225
Fewest rushing yards allowed: Minnesota, 1,185
Most rushing yards allowed: Miami, 2,456
Coaching changes
The following teams hired new head coaches prior to the start of the 2007 season:
The following head coaches were fired or resigned during the 2007 season:
Stadiums
The 2007 season was the last in the RCA Dome for the Indianapolis Colts, who had played there since 1984. The franchise moved to the new Lucas Oil Stadium in time for the 2008 season, located directly across the street. The dome would be demolished, and an extension to the Indiana Convention Center would replace the stadium.
Alltel Stadium reverts to Jacksonville Municipal Stadium after Alltel declines to renew the naming rights of the Jacksonville Jaguars's home.
Uniforms and patches
This was the final season in which the classic NFL Shield logo, which had not changed since 1980, was used. An updated version first seen on August 31 in USA Today was put into use starting with the 2008 NFL Draft in April. The new logo design features eight stars (one for each division) instead of the current 25 stars, the football now resembles that on the top of the Vince Lombardi Trophy, given to the Super Bowl champion and the lettering and point has been updated and modified to that of the league's current typeface for other logos.
Teams that have permanent captains are allowed to wear a "C" patch (similar to those in ice hockey) on their right shoulder. The patch is in team colors with four stars under the "C." A gold star is placed on a bar below the "C" signaling how many years (with a maximum of four years) that player has been captain. The Pittsburgh Steelers—who were using up two patches as it was for the season with their own logo (which was already part of the standard uniforms) and the team's 75th anniversary logo—and Oakland Raiders elected not to use the "C" patch.
The San Diego Chargers introduced new uniforms featuring white helmets, navy face masks, and revamped gold lightning bolts. A powder blue third jersey was also introduced.
San Francisco 49ers coach Mike Nolan and Jaguars coach Jack Del Rio each wore suits on the sidelines for all of the teams' home games to honor Nolan's father, former 49ers and Saints coach Dick Nolan. In 2006, both coaches were allowed to wear a suit on the sidelines for a maximum of two home games. Del Rio did not wear a suit in the September 16 game against the Falcons due to the extreme heat in Jacksonville that day. Nolan wore a suit at the Meadowlands against the Giants on October 21.
The Washington Redskins celebrated their 75th anniversary season (the franchise having been founded in 1932 as the Boston Braves), and wore Vince Lombardi-styled uniforms against the New York Giants on September 23. The Philadelphia Eagles and their cross-state rival Pittsburgh Steelers also celebrated their respective 75th seasons, having been founded in 1933. The Eagles wore replicas of their inaugural season uniforms against the Detroit Lions on September 23, while the Steelers wore 1960 uniforms against the Buffalo Bills on September 16 and did so again when the Baltimore Ravens visited on November 5.
Throwback uniforms were not just limited to team anniversary celebrations. The Cleveland Browns wore their 1957 throwbacks in a game against the Houston Texans on November 25, the Minnesota Vikings wore 1970s uniforms against the Green Bay Packers on September 30 (in the same game that Brett Favre passed Dan Marino for most touchdown passes in NFL history), while the Jets honored their historic predecessors on October 14 against the Eagles and, in a rare instance, wore them in a road game at Miami December 2 by wearing the New York Titans' 1960 through 1962 uniforms. The team did not become the Jets until 1963. The Cowboys wore their 1960 uniforms on November 29 against the Packers, and the Bills wore their 1960s throwbacks at home against Dallas October 7 and against Miami December 9.
The 49ers also honored the late Bill Walsh, coach of their wins in Super Bowls XVI, XIX, and XXIII by wearing throwback uniforms from the 1980s in their opener on September 10 against the Arizona Cardinals. Mike Nolan had been considering wearing the 1980s uniforms for the entire season to honor Walsh's memory. The retro uniforms were worn again on November 18 against the Seahawks. In addition, all season long, the team wore a black football-shaped decal on their helmets with the initials "BW" in white.
The Kansas City Chiefs honored their late former owner and team founder Lamar Hunt by wearing special American Football League logo patches on their jerseys with the letters "LH" emblazoned inside the logo's football. Originally meant to be a one-season tribute, the Chiefs announced that as of the 2008 NFL season, the patch will be a permanent fixture on the jerseys, joining the Chicago Bears (for George Halas) and Cleveland Browns (for Al Lerner) for such memorial patches.
Television
The 2007 season marked the second year of the current television contracts with NBC, CBS, Fox, ESPN, and the NFL Network. The pre-game shows made some changes, with former Steelers coach Bill Cowher joining host James Brown, Boomer Esiason, Shannon Sharpe and Dan Marino on CBS’ The NFL Today. On Fox, after one season on the road, Fox NFL Sunday returned to Los Angeles as Curt Menefee took over as full-time host. Chris Rose, who had been doing in-game updates of other NFL games, was reverted to a part-time play-by-play role.
The biggest changes were at NBC and ESPN. Michael Irvin’s contract with ESPN was not renewed, and former coach Bill Parcells returned to the network after four years as Cowboys head coach. Parcells left before the season ended to become the Miami Dolphins VP of Player Personnel. Another pair of former Cowboys, Emmitt Smith and Keyshawn Johnson also provided roles in the studio for Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown. At Monday Night Football, Joe Theismann was dropped (and would later resign from the network) after seventeen years in the booth between the Sunday and Monday Night packages, and former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback and current Philadelphia Soul (AFL) president Ron Jaworski took his place alongside Mike Tirico and Tony Kornheiser. Part of the reason that Jaworski replaced Theismann was because of his chemistry with Kornheiser on Pardon the Interruption, where Jaworski was a frequent guest during the football season.
NBC’s Football Night in America also made two changes. MSNBC Countdown anchor Keith Olbermann joined Bob Costas and Cris Collinsworth as another co-host, while Sterling Sharpe exited as a studio analyst, and former New York Giants running back Tiki Barber replaced him. In another change, Faith Hill took over singing “Waiting All Day For Sunday Night” for Pink.
In the second year of the NFL Network's “Run to the Playoffs”, Marshall Faulk and Deion Sanders replaced Dick Vermeil for two games when Collinsworth was unavailable. An unforced change saw Bryant Gumbel miss the Broncos–Texans game December 13 due to a sore throat and NBC announcer Tom Hammond step into Gumbel's play-by-play role in what turned out to be more or less a preview of one of NBC's Wild Card Game announcing teams.
Controversy surrounding NFL Network coverage
The dispute between the NFL Network and various cable companies involving the distribution of the cable channel continued throughout the season, getting the attention of government officials when the NFL Network was scheduled to televise two high-profile regular season games: the Packers-Cowboys game on November 29 and the Patriots-Giants game on December 29. In the case of the Packers-Cowboys game, the carriage was so limited that even Governor of Wisconsin Jim Doyle went to his brother's house to watch the game on satellite (which is where the majority of the viewers watch the network). The contest drew a network record 10.1 million viewers, a high-water mark at that time.
Some politicians urged the league to seek a resolution to conflict. In December, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry wrote a letter to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell asking for the league to settle their differences in time for the Patriots-Giants game. Because the game, as it turned out, would be the Patriots' attempt to seal the record that would make them the first undefeated team in 35 years, Kerry urged for a solution to be decided upon in time so that Americans can witness "an historic event." Also, Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter threatened to introduce legislation to eliminate the league's freedom from antitrust laws.
On December 26, the NFL announced that, despite initial plans to broadcast the game only on the NFL Network, the game would be presented in a three-network simulcast with both CBS and NBC, the first time an NFL game would be broadcast on three networks, and the first simulcast of any pro football game since Super Bowl I. Nielsen ratings saw CBS with 15.7 million viewers, NBC with 13.2 million viewers and NFL Network with 4.5 million viewers for the game. In addition, local stations in New York City (WWOR-TV in nearby Secaucus, New Jersey), Boston (WCVB-TV), and Manchester, New Hampshire (WMUR-TV), all previously signed on to carry the game in the teams' home markets, added 1.2 million viewers, making it the most watched TV show since the 2007 Oscars and the most watched regular season NFL telecast in twelve years.
Notes
References
External links
Football Outsiders 2007 DVOA Ratings
National Football League seasons
National Football League |
4040365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20Life | Law of Life | Jack London 1901 coined "Law of Life"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Law_of_Life
The Law of Life is a term coined by author Farley Mowat in his 1952 book People of the Deer, and popularized by Daniel Quinn, to denote a universal system of various natural principles, any of which tend to best foster life—in other words, any of which best guides behavior that tends toward the reproductive success and survival of some particular gene pool. The idea posits that, in general, the most fit organisms instinctively behave according to some natural rule (often, these rules vary among and are specific to the species). Since every organism has some instinctive "law" it can follow to be the most reproductively successful, this very notion is a sort of law itself, true of all living beings: thus, the Law of Life.
In his 1996 novel, The Story of B, Quinn writes, "A biologist would probably say what I'm calling the Law of Life is just a collection of evolutionarily stable strategies— the universal set of such strategies, in fact."
Quinn points out that this is a physical law, like gravity, not a commandment like "thou shalt not kill" nor a legislative ruling like "pay taxes". As he puts it, the latter two are written where only man can read them (in books), and that they can be changed by a vote, while the Law of Life is written in the fabric of the universe and cannot be broken. Those who do not follow the law simply won't live.
Daniel Quinn |
4040366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump%20Raven | Jump Raven | Jump Raven was the second game released by Cyberflix, in 1994. The game's technology is similar to that of Lunicus, released by Cyberflix one year prior, but this time employs a more detailed storyline and environment. In an opening sequence of the game, we see future New York City, which has fallen into horrible disrepair in the aftermath of global warming and rising sea levels and a bankrupt federal government. The premise of the story is that gangsters, neo-nazis, and various other thugs have acquired large stores of weapons (from the government) and have ransacked New York's store of cryogenically-frozen DNA of endangered species. The player's job as a bounty hunter is to retrieve them.
Gameplay
Before taking off in a fancy hovercraft, the player chooses a co-pilot who can navigate or fire weapons. selecting Nikki, Chablis, "Cheesestick" Limbaugh (supposedly descended from Rush, though he is black), Thrash, Lark or Dogstar. Each co-pilot is unique and may not be available for every level.
The game's three difficult and lengthy levels are played in the player's hovercraft flying around the streets of New York. The opponents drive tanks or fly planes and insult the player frequently. The user can choose between one of several bands for theme music in each level. each band has a unique song per level. the bands include: x-static, deathkiller, pink flaand (a reference to Pink Floyd), and smoove da groove. The name "deathkiller" was coined at a trade show - two Japanese girls watched the demo and described it as "deathkiller". evidently there is no accurate translation from Japanese to English for that type of video game...
Game control is rather complicated as the player can move up, down, left, right, and forward and backward. The player must also control weapons. Fortunately, the copilot can take care of one or more of these functions.
Development
Following the successful launch of its CD-ROM game Lunicus in April 1993, developer CyberFlix began to create Jump Raven with the DreamFactory development environment from the first title. At the time, CD-ROM games tended to run slowly, but DreamFactory was designed to allow an unusually high level of speed for the era. However, CyberFlix considered its projects to be "interactive movies" rather than games, according to Jack Neely of Metro Pulse, and DreamFactory placed an emphasis on storytelling. As with Lunicus, production of Jump Raven began in the basement of a log cabin owned by CyberFlix founder William Appleton. The game's development team was composed of four members: Appleton, creator of DreamFactory, who handled the game's programming; audio lead Scott Scheinbaum; artist Jamie Wicks; and screenwriter Andrew Nelson. The four had originally founded CyberFlix to create Lunicus, and the company was incorporated a month after its release, with the help of manager Erik Quist. Science Fiction and Fantasy Illustrator: Debbie Hughes was hired as a freelancer to create the "puppet characters" for the game. Hughes Illustrated over 14 characters that players interacted with in the game.
CyberFlix demonstrated Jump Raven at the Macworld Expo later in 1993, to public acclaim, and impressed Paramount Interactive employees who were in attendance. As a result, CyberFlix received a "multi-million-dollar deal for it" from Paramount, Neely later wrote. The agreement, which the two companies closed by November 1993, contracted CyberFlix for three games.
Reception
Jump Ravens initial Macintosh release was a commercial success. Discussing the multimedia development scene in 1994, a writer for The New York Times called the game one of "the best-selling and most critically praised [multimedia] titles on the market", alongside Myst. Market research firm PC Data named it the fourth-best-selling Macintosh game of July 1994, and the platform's seventh-highest seller in September. By August, Jump Raven had reached sales of 50,000 units. Around the 28th of that month, another 50,000 units were shipped for Microsoft Windows. Erik Quist of CyberFlix expected the game to sell 100,000 units overall "by Christmas", Barbara Kantrowitz of Newsweek reported at the time. Sales of Jump Raven had reached close to the 100,000 mark by January 3.
Christopher Breen of Computer Gaming World enjoyed Jump Ravens combat and "often very amusing" writing, and noted that "the game is darned fast for a CD-ROM". However, he criticized the "incredibly annoying" copilot voices and "inane dialogue", and considered its interface clumsy. He concluded, "Adequately addressing these issues might have made Jump Raven a great strategy/action adventure rather than just a good arcade game." The game was reviewed in June 1995 in Dragon #218 by Paul Murphy in the "Eye of the Monitor" column. Murphy's review was negative, concluding "I don't care how good a game looks or sounds, how cool the animation and special-effects are, how easy it is to load or save: if it isn't any fun to play, it's a failure."
References
External links
Official website via Internet Archive
Jump Raven at MobyGames
1994 video games
Classic Mac OS games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games |
4040371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGC%20Screenwriting%20Awards | WGC Screenwriting Awards | The WGC Screenwriting Awards (previously Canadian Screenwriting Awards) are administered by the Writers Guild of Canada, and are awarded to the best script for a feature film, television or radio project produced within the Guild's jurisdiction, written by a guild member in good standing, and broadcast or released in North America or screened at a Canadian film festival for the first time in the previous year.
In addition to the film, television and radio categories, special awards presented by the WGC include the Sondra Kelly Award for projects written by women, the Denis McGrath Service Award for distinguished contributions to the organization, and the Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize for the best unproduced new screenplay.
Awards
2006
Children & Preschool — Mary Crawford and Alan Templeton, King: "Stolen Voices"
Comedy & Variety — Brent Butt and Paul Mather, Corner Gas: "Dog River Vice"
Documentary — Robert Duncan, Woodward's: The Competition
Drama, Half-Hour — Susin Nielsen, Robson Arms: "Dancing the Horizontal Mambo"
Drama, One Hour — Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, Slings & Arrows: "Steeped in Blood"
Feature Film — Wil Zmak, The Dark Hours
Radio Drama — Jason Sherman, Graf: "Episode 1"
Youth — Jeff Biederman, Life with Derek: "The Party"
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Josh Miller
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Jason Hreno, Two Mountains
Writers Block Award — Fred Yackman
2007
Children & Preschool — Kate Barris, If the World Were a Village
Comedy & Variety — Brent Butt and Kevin White, Corner Gas: "Outside Joke"
Documentary — Barry Stevens, The Bomber's Dream
Drama, Half-Hour — Laura Kosterski, Naked Josh: "Beating the Rap"
Drama, One Hour — Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, Slings & Arrows: "That Way Madness Lies"
Feature Film — Sarah Polley, Away from Her
MOW & Miniseries — John W. Doyle and Lisa Porter, Above and Beyond
Radio Drama — Andrew Moodie, Greg Nelson, Adam Pettle and Jason Sherman, Afghanada: "Episode 4"
Youth — Brent Piaskoski, Naturally Sadie: "Rashomon"
Showrunner Award — Brad White
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Ryan Redford, Bone
Writers Block Award — Sondra Kelly, Sugith Varughese
2008
Children & Preschool — Kenn Scott, Iggy Arbuckle: "Petition Impossible"
Documentary — Barri Cohen, Toxic Trespass
Drama Series, Half-Hour — Mark Farrell and Robert Sheridan, Corner Gas: "Seeing Things"
Drama Series, One Hour — Denis McGrath and Robert Wertheimer, Across the River to Motor City: "Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
Feature Film — Travis McDonald, Normal
MOW or Miniseries — Ian Weir, Dragon Boys
Radio Drama — Jason Sherman, Adam Pettle and Greg Nelson, Afghanada: "Episode 12"
Variety — Kevin White, Mark Critch, Irwin Barker, Gavin Crawford, Gary Pearson, Jennifer Whalen, Carolyn Taylor, Albert Howell, Dave Nystrom, Geri Hall, Todd Allen and Tim McAuliffe, This Hour Has 22 Minutes: "Season XIV, Episode 17"
Youth — Brent Piaskoski, Naturally Sadie: "In or Out of Africa"
WGC Showrunner Award — Peter Mohan
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Tony Elliott, Stranger Than You
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Allan Magee
WGC Writers Block Award — Jack Blum, Jeremy Hole and Ann MacNaughton
2009
Animation — Shane Simmons, Ricky Sprocket: Showbiz Boy: "The Perfect Family"
Children & Preschool — Christin Simms, Captain Flamingo: "Comic Slip"
Documentary — John Walker, Passage
Episodic, Half-Hour — Brent Butt, Corner Gas: "Full Load"
Episodic, One Hour — Adam Barken, Flashpoint: "Who's George?"
Feature Film — Don McKellar, Blindness
MOW & Miniseries — Andrew Wreggitt, Mayerthorpe
Radio Drama — Greg Spottiswood, Afghanada: "The Lotus Eater"
Short Film — Kellie Ann Benz, Awkward
Variety — Mark Critch, Gavin Crawford, Kyle Tingley, Jennifer Whalen, Albert Howell, Tim McAuliffe, Dean Jenkinson, Geri Hall and Nathan Fielder, This Hour Has 22 Minutes: "Season XVI, Episode 1"
Youth — Brent Piaskoski, The Latest Buzz: "The Gala Issue"
Showrunner Award — Mark Farrell
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Riley Adams, Cold Rush
Writers Block Award — Karen Walton
2010
Animation — Shelley Scarrow, Total Drama Action: "The Sand Witch Project"
Children & Preschool — Kate Barris, Max & Ruby: "Max Says Goodbye"
Documentary — Robert Lower, The Royal Winnipeg Ballet: 40 Years of One Night Stands
Episodic, Half-Hour — Garry Campbell, Less Than Kind: "The Daters"
Episodic, One Hour — Robert C. Cooper, Stargate Universe: "Time"
Feature Film — Jacob Tierney, The Trotsky
MOW & Miniseries — John Krizanc, The Summit
Radio Drama — Barbara Samuels, Afghanada: "Episode 61"
Short Subject — Jessie Gabe, Being Erica: "Webisodes"
Variety — Ed Macdonald, Mark Critch, Gavin Crawford, Kyle Tingley, Albert Howell, Dean Jenkinson, Joanne O’Sullivan, Tara Doyle, Erik van Wyck, Mike Allison and Joey Case, This Hour Has 22 Minutes: "Season XVII, Episode 6"
Youth — Anita Kapila, How to Be Indie: "How to Be a Mehta"
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Peter Mitchell
Showrunner Award — Heather Conkie
Writers Block Award — Rebecca Schechter
2011
Animation — Karen Moonah, The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!: "The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Maps"
Children & Youth — Barbara Haynes, The Latest Buzz: "The Extreme Shakespeare Issue"
Comedy — Chris Sheasgreen, Less Than Kind: "Coming Home"
Documentary — Christine Nielsen, The Pig Farm
Drama — Mark Ellis and Stephanie Morgenstern, Flashpoint: "Jumping at Shadows"
Feature Film — Michael Konyves, Barney's Version
Shorts & Webseries — Lisa Hunter, You Are So Undead
Showrunner Award — Tassie Cameron
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Denise Blinn, 1936
Writers Block Award — Peter Grant
2012
Animation — Darrin Rose, Scaredy Squirrel: "Nothing But the Tooth"
Children & Youth — Alice Prodanou, My Babysitter's a Vampire: "ReVamped"
Comedy — Craig David Wallace, Todd and the Book of Pure Evil: "A Farewell to Curtis' Arm"
Documentary — Gary Marcuse, Waking the Green Tiger: A Green Movement Rises in China
Drama — Larry Bambrick, Flashpoint: "Shockwave"
Movies & Miniseries — Bruce Smith, John A.: Birth of a Country
Shorts & Webseries — Patrick Tarr, Murdoch Mysteries: The Curse of the Lost Pharaohs
Showrunner Award — Mark McKinney
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Barbara Samuels
Writers Block Award — Chuck Lazer
2013
Animation — Dan Williams and Lienne Sawatsky, Sidekick: "I, Sidebot"
Children & Youth — John May and Suzanne Bolch, How to Be Indie: "How to Make a Christmas Miracle"
Comedy — Kim Coghill, Less Than Kind: "Jerk Chicken"
Documentary — Mitch Miyagawa, A Sorry State
Drama — Martin Gero, The L.A. Complex: "Down in L.A."
Movies & Miniseries — Andrew Wreggitt, The Phantoms
Shorts & Webseries — Julie Strassman-Cohn and Jill Golick, Ruby Skye P.I.: The Haunted Library: "#Creepy"
Showrunner Award — Mark Ellis, Stephanie Morgenstern
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Adam Garnet Jones, Wild Medicine
Writers Block Award — Anne-Marie Perrotta, Simon Racioppa, Lienne Sawatsky
2014
Animation — Hollis Ludlow-Carroll, Almost Naked Animals: "The Rotation Situation"
Children & Youth — Lisa Hunter, Finding Stuff Out: "Babies and Families" and Cole Bastedo, Mr. Young: "Mr. Love Letter"
Comedy — Marvin Kaye and Chris Sheasgreen, Less Than Kind: "I'm Only Nineteen"
Documentary — Barry Stevens, Sector Sarajevo
Drama — Will Pascoe, Orphan Black: "Variations Under Domestication"
Movies & Miniseries — Elan Mastai, The F Word
Shorts & Webseries — Jill Golick and Julie Strassman, Ruby Skye P.I.: The Haunted Library: "The Final Clue"
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Susin Nielsen
Showrunner Award — Peter Mitchell
Writers Block Award — Maureen Parker
2015
Animation — Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott, Fangbone!: "The Warbrute of Friendship"
Children & Youth — Melody Fox, The Haunting Hour: The Series: "Mrs. Worthington"
Comedy — Andrew De Angelis, Mr. D: "Old School"
Documentary — Michael McNamara, The Cholesterol Question
Drama — Tony Elliott, Orphan Black: "Ipsa Scientia Potestas Est"
Movies & Miniseries — Nicolas Billon, Elephant Song
Shorts & Webseries — Jason Leaver, Out with Dad: "Outed"
Showrunner Award — Bruce Smith
Sondra Kelly Award — Alison Lea Bingeman
Writers Block Award — Denis McGrath
2016
Children — Evan Thaler Hickey, Numb Chucks: "Witless to the Prosecution"
Comedy — Amanda Walsh, Schitt's Creek: "The Cabin"
Documentary — Josh Freed, Deluged by Data
Drama — Russ Cochrane, Orphan Black: "Newer Elements of Our Defense"
Feature Film — James Kee, Sarah Larsen, Doug Taylor and Pascal Trottier, A Christmas Horror Story
MOW & Miniseries — Clement Virgo and Lawrence Hill, The Book of Negroes
Shorts & Webseries — Michael Konyves, Goldfish
Tweens & Teens — Jennica Harper, Some Assembly Required: "Rocket with a Pocket"
Showrunner Award — Frank van Keeken
Sondra Kelly Award — Penny Gummerson
Writers Block Award — Peter Mohan
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Clive Endersby
2017
Best New Series Script — Alexandra Zarowny, Wynonna Earp: "Bury Me with My Guns On"
Children's — Tim McKeon, Odd Squad: "Drop Gadget Repeat"
Comedy — Jared Keeso and Jacob Tierney, Letterkenny: "Super Soft Birthday"
Documentary — John Walker, Quebec My Country Mon Pays
Drama — Mark Ellis and Stephanie Morgenstern, X Company: "August 19th"
Feature Film — Sherry White, Maudie
MOW & Miniseries — Adam Barken, Bruno & Boots: Go Jump in the Pool
Tweens & Teens — Ian MacIntyre, Degrassi: Next Class: "#TeamFollowBack"
Sondra Kelly Award — Diana Frances
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Daniel Whidden, Valhalla
Showrunner Award — Aaron Martin
Denis McGrath Award — Andrew Wreggitt
2018
Best New Series Script — Moira Walley-Beckett, Anne with an E: "I Am No Bird, and No Net Ensnares Me"
Children's — Sean Jara, Mysticons: "Sisters in Arms"
Comedy — Jared Keeso and Jacob Tierney, Letterkenny: "Relationships"
Documentary — Mark Leiren-Young, The Hundred-Year-Old Whale
Drama — Aubrey Nealon, Cardinal: "John Cardinal"
Feature Film — Jason Filiatrault, Entanglement
MOW & Miniseries — Sarah Polley, Alias Grace: "Part 5"
Shorts & Webseries — Karen McClellan, Spiral: "The Girl in the Dream"
Tweens & Teens — Matt Kippen, The Stanley Dynamic: "The Stanley Cheer"
Showrunner Award — Michael MacLennan
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Sherry White
Sondra Kelly Award — Sarah Dodd
2019
Best New Series Script — Daegan Fryklind, The Bletchley Circle: San Francisco: "Presidio"
Children's — Josh Sager, Jerome Simpson, Wishfart: "I Wear This Hat Ironically"
Comedy — Rupinder Gill, Schitt's Creek: "RIP Moira Rose"
Documentary — Michael McNamara, Catwalk: Tales from the Cat Show Circuit
Drama — Sarah Dodd, Cardinal: Blackfly Season: "Red"
Feature Film — Jeremy Boxen, 22 Chaser
MOW & Miniseries — Tim McKeon, Odd Squad: World Turned Odd
Shorts & Webseries — Alex Epstein and Lisa Hunter,We’ve Come to the End of Our Time
Tweens & Teens — Cole Bastedo, Star Falls: "The Picnic Auction"
Sondra Kelly Award — Jinder Oujla-Chalmers
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Pat Holden, Mirsada and Amir Kahnamouee, Harbour House
Showrunner Award — Emily Andras
McGrath Service Award — Bruce Smith
2020
Children — Mark Steinberg, Hotel Transylvania: The Series: "Better Know Your Mavis"
Comedy — Jann Arden and Jennica Harper, Jann: "The Big House"
Documentary — Nance Ackerman, Ariella Pahlke and Teresa MacInnes, Conviction
Drama Series — Noelle Carbone, Coroner: "All's Well"
Feature Film — Laura Phillips, Sweetness in the Belly
MOW & Miniseries — David Elver and Andrea Stevens, Thicker Than Water
Preschool — J.J. Johnson, Christin Simms and Amish Patel, Dino Dana: "Dino Prints"
Shorts & Webseries — Fab Filippo, Save Me: "Birdie's End"
Tweens & Teens — Emma Campbell, Creeped Out: "The Takedown"
Sondra Kelly Award — Cynthia Knight
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Nathalie Younglai
Showrunner Award — Dennis Heaton
2021
Children — Mark De Angelis, Odd Squad Mobile Unit: "Slow Your Roll"
Comedy — Daniel Levy, Schitt's Creek: "Happy Ending"
Documentary — Jonny Harris, Fraser Young, Graham Chittenden and Steve Dylan, Still Standing: "Rankin Inlet"
Drama — Michelle Latimer, Tony Elliott and Penny Gummerson, Trickster: "Episode 105"
Feature Film — Tracey Deer, Beans
MOW & Miniseries — Becky Southwell and Dylan Neal, Gourmet Detective: Roux the Day
Preschool — J.J. Johnson, Dino Dana: "The Sound of Dinosaurs"
Shorts & Webseries — Simone Swan and The Affolter Brothers, Try to Fly
Tweens & Teens — Joseph Mallozzi and R. T. Thorne, Utopia Falls: "The World Is Yours"
Sondra Kelly Award — Kate Hewlett
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Travis McDonald, Magnificent
Showrunner Award — Morwyn Brebner
2022
Children's — Lakna Edilima, Odd Squad Mobile Unit: "H2 Oh No"
Comedy — Bilal Baig and Fab Filippo, Sort Of: "Sort of Gone"
Drama — Tassie Cameron and Sherry White, Pretty Hard Cases: "Bananas"
Feature Film — Michael McGowan, All My Puny Sorrows
MOW & Miniseries — James Phillips, As Gouda As It Gets
Preschool — Michael Foulke, Elinor Wonders Why: "Olive's Tree"
Shorts & Webseries — Maddi Patton, My Pride: The Series: "Fire"
Tweens & Teens — Amanda Joy, The Parker Andersons/Amelia Parker: "Joy"
Sondra Kelly Award — Carolyn Saunders
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Matt Huether
Denis McGrath Award — Michael Amo
Showrunner Award — Anthony Q. Farrell
See also
Canadian television awards
References
External links
Canadian film awards
Canadian television awards
Screenwriting awards for film
Screenwriting awards for television |
4040386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Brown%20%28footballer%29 | Ken Brown (footballer) | Kenneth Brown (born 16 February 1934 in Forest Gate, London) is an English former football player and manager. As player, he made more than 400 appearances in the Football League representing West Ham United, where he spent the majority of his career, and Torquay United, and was capped once for the England national team. As manager, he took charge of Norwich City, Shrewsbury Town and Plymouth Argyle.
Playing career
Brown was playing for local Dagenham side Neville United when he signed professional for West Ham United on 16 October 1951. He quickly made his way into the reserve side, but first team football was much harder to come by, his debut eventually coming in February 1953 against Rotherham United as a replacement for Malcolm Allison. His first five years as a professional saw him only make occasional appearances for the Hammers, although national service between 1952 and 1954 did not help.
He started the 1957–58 season as first-choice in the centre of the West Ham defence, and remained there, missing only one game as West Ham won the Second Division title. On 18 November 1959, Brown made his only appearance for England, a 2–1 victory over Northern Ireland at Wembley. He was a member of the 1964 FA Cup winning side, and the following year was back at Wembley as part of the European Cup Winners' Cup winning side, playing alongside Bobby Moore.
In May 1967, after receiving a testimonial from West Ham, he followed his friend John Bond to Torquay United for a fee of £4000. He had played 386 league games and scored 4 goals. He played 42 league games for Torquay, scoring once, before moving to Southern League Hereford United, then managed by Welsh legend John Charles, in May 1969 for one final season as a player.
Coaching and managerial career
When John Bond was appointed manager of Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic in 1970, Brown was appointed as his trainer (although many sources have later described him as assistant manager which was Reg Tyrrell), and in November 1973, Brown followed Bond to Norwich City, becoming assistant manager. In October 1980, Bond left to manage Manchester City and Brown took over the reins at Norwich, though was unable to stop them being relegated. The following season Norwich were promoted back to Division One at the first attempt. They won the League Cup in 1985, but were relegated at the end of the season, only to bounce back at the first attempt again the following season as Second Division champions.
Their next season back in the top flight saw Brown lead his side to fifth place, then Norwich's highest ever final position. They even topped the league during the first half of the season, and proved to be the hardest side to beat in the First Division alongside champions Everton.
The following season, Norwich started badly and by Christmas, Brown had been sacked. In addition to his success on the pitch at Norwich, he had displayed a great ability for spotting talent at lower league clubs and in the reserve sides of other top flight clubs. The likes of Dave Watson, Steve Bruce, Ian Crook, Mike Phelan and Bryan Gunn were all brought to the club by Brown in this fashion. Watson went on to enjoy league title and FA Cup glory at being sold to Everton in 1986. Bruce was sold to Manchester United immediately after Brown's sacking, and went on to lift a succession of trophies at Old Trafford. Phelan followed Bruce to Old Trafford and collected winner's medals in the league and cup competitions during the first four of his five seasons there. Crook spent a total of 11 seasons at Carrow Road and played a part in some of Norwich's great successes, while also enduring a relegation in 1995. Gunn, who was signed from Aberdeen a year before Brown's sacking, remained at Carrow Road until the end of his playing career in 1999, and would spend a total of 23 years at the club as a player, member of the coaching staff and finally serving a brief spell as manager.
In December 1987, Brown took charge of Shrewsbury Town for one match in the Second Division, but decided against taking the job permanently and took time out of football instead. In July 1988 he was appointed manager of Plymouth Argyle, where one of his signings was his son Kenny Junior from Norwich City, who would later be sold to West Ham United for £170,000. Brown was controversially sacked as Plymouth manager in February 1990, and decided to once more take time away from football. His spell in charge of Plymouth would prove to be his last managerial appointment.
In 1994, he was approached by England manager Terry Venables to work part-time as a scout, a duty he has since also performed for Glenn Hoddle and Kevin Keegan, whilst maintaining his business interest in the Lakenham Leisure Centre in Norwich.
In February 2004 he was guest of honour at Carrow Road for the home game against West Ham to celebrate the opening of a new stand, when a special presentation was made to Brown to commemorate his 70th birthday.
Personal life
Ken is the father of Kenny Brown, also a footballer and manager, as well as Amanda Brown, a former tennis international and twice winner of the Australian Open Girls' singles championships. In April 2015 during a burglary at his home in Blofield near Norwich, Brown's medals from the 1964 FA Cup Final, the 1965 European Cup Winners' Cup Final and the 1985 League Cup Final were stolen. In May, West Ham United football club offered a reward of £5,000 to anyone providing information leading to the arrest and the conviction of those responsible for the break-in. As of , Brown is the oldest living former player of West Ham United.
Honours
West Ham United
FA Cup: 1963–64
FA Charity Shield: 1964
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1964–65
References
1934 births
Living people
Footballers from Forest Gate
English footballers
Association football central defenders
Association football defenders
West Ham United F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
English Football League players
London XI players
England international footballers
English football managers
Norwich City F.C. managers
Plymouth Argyle F.C. managers
Shrewsbury Town F.C. managers
English Football League managers
FA Cup Final players
People from Blofield
Association football scouts |
4040389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha%20Partners | Aloha Partners | Aloha Partners LP is a telecommunications company based in Providence, RI. It is the largest owner of 700 MHz spectrum in the United States.
Aloha Partners LP is and was the largest buyer of spectrum in the FCC auctions of radio frequencies in the 700 MHz band in 2001 and 2003. Since that time Aloha has also acquired the second largest (Cavalier Group LLC) and third largest (DataCom Wireless LLC) owners of 700 MHz spectrum. As a result, Aloha currently owns 12 MHz of spectrum covering 60% of the United States - including all of the top 10 markets and 84% of the population in the top 40 markets.
On September 19, 2007, Aloha Partners announced that it had reached an agreement with LIN Television Corp. to purchase their entire catalog of 31 spectrum licenses in the 700 MHz band.
On February 4, 2008, the FCC approved the $2.5 billion buyout of Aloha Partners by AT&T Mobility. This gives AT&T control of former television channel 54 and 59 in a coverage area which includes 72 of the top 100 metropolitan areas and a grand total of 196 million people in 281 markets.
The next-largest owner of 700 MHz spectrum is Qualcomm, which owns channel 55 nationwide for use by its MediaFLO system.
References
External links
Official website
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Companies based in Rhode Island |
4040396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tusi | Al-Tusi | Al-Tusi or Tusi is the title of several Iranian scholars who were born in the town of Tous in Khorasan. Some of the scholars with the al-Tusi title include:
Abu Nasr as-Sarraj al-Tūsī (d. 988), Sufi sheikh and historian.
Aḥmad al Ṭūsī (d. 1193), Persian author of a book known by the same title as ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt of Qazwini.
Asadi Tusi (d. 1072), Persian poet.
Ferdowsi Tusi (935–1020), Persian poet.
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201–1274), Persian polymath.
Nizam al-Mulk al-Tusi (1018–1092), Persian vizier.
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī or Sharafeddin Tusi (1135–1213), Persian mathematician.
Shaykh Tusi or Abu Ja'far al-Tusi (995–1067), Islamic scholar.
Arabic-language surnames
Tusi
Titles |
4040405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoSpace | InfoSpace | Infospace, Inc. was an American company that offered private label search engine, online directory, and provider of metadata feeds. The company's flagship metasearch site was Dogpile and its other notable consumer brands were WebCrawler and MetaCrawler. After a 2012 rename to Blucora, the InfoSpace business unit was sold to data management company OpenMail.
History
The company was founded in March 1996 by Naveen Jain after he left Microsoft. The company started with six employees, and Jain served as CEO until 2000. InfoSpace provided content and services, such as phone directories, maps, games and information on the stock market, to websites and mobile device manufacturers. The company grew at low cost without funding using co-branding strategies. Rather than try to get traffic to an InfoSpace website, sites like Lycos, Excite and Playboy embedded InfoSpace's features and content into their site and added an InfoSpace icon to it. InfoSpace then earned money by taking a small percentage of licensing, subscription or advertising fees. On December 15, 1998, InfoSpace went public under the ticker INSP, raising $75 million in the offering.
By April 2000, InfoSpace was working with 1,500 websites, 60 content providers and 20 telecommunications companies. InfoSpace was praised by Wall Street analysts and at its peak its market cap was $31 billion. It became the largest internet business in the American Northwest. InfoSpace may have contributed to the inflated expectations in internet companies during the height of the dot-com bubble. In July 2000, InfoSpace acquired Go2Net. After the merger, Go2Net CEO Russell Horowitz became president of InfoSpace. The same year, InfoSpace used a controversial accounting method to report $46 million in profits when in fact it had lost $282 million. Company executives skirted SEC trading restrictions to sell large blocks of their personal stock.
Jain resumed the role of CEO in 2001, but was soon forced out by InfoSpace's board in December 2002. By June 2002, the company's stock price, which reached $1,305 in March 2000, had dropped sharply to $2.67.
In December 2002, Jim Voelker assumed Jain's role as Chairman, CEO and President of InfoSpace. Voelker shut down or sold many of InfoSpace's 12 businesses to focus on five core segments. In 2003, InfoSpace acquired Moviso from Vivendi Universal Net USA. In early March 2003, InfoSpace sued Jain alleging he violated non-compete agreements in his role at newly founded Intelius. In April 2003, Jain resigned from the InfoSpace board.
In 2004, InfoSpace acquired online yellow pages service Switchboard. It also moved into the mobile games space, acquiring Atlas Mobile, IOMO and Elkware. InfoSpace reported $249 million in revenue that year, up 89 percent from the previous year.
In 2007, InfoSpace sold Atlas Mobile studio to Twistbox, Moviso to mobile content tech firm FunMobility, and IOMO re-emerged as FinBlade. InfoSpace's directory services were acquired by Idearc for $225 million in September 2007, while the remaining portions of InfoSpace Mobile were acquired by Motricity for $135 million in October 2007.
In February 2009, Jim Voelker resigned as CEO and president but remained chairman. From February 2009 to November 2010, Will Lansing served as president and CEO. Under Lansing's leadership, InfoSpace started an online auction website called haggle.com, but after one year the website was shut down and it's remaining assets were sold to BigDeal.com.
Rename
In January 2012, InfoSpace acquired tax preparation software company TaxAct, and to help differentiate its name from its new purchase, and that of its InfoSpace search unit, it rebranded as Blucora. On April 21, 2014, Discovery Communications announced that they had sold HowStuffWorks to Blucora for $45 million.
In July 2016, Blucora sold InfoSpace and HowStuffWorks to data analytics and data management company OpenMail for $45 million in cash.
2003 shareholder lawsuit
In a shareholder lawsuit filed in 2003, a lower court federal judge ruled that former InfoSpace CEO, Naveen Jain, had purchased shares of InfoSpace in violation of six month short swing insider trading rules, and issued a $247 million judgment against him, the largest award of its kind at that time. Jain appealed the ruling in 2005, and settled the case for $105 million, while denying liability. Jain's attempt to further litigate against his former lawyers for the loss was dismissed.
References
Internet search engines
Internet properties established in 1996
Companies based in Irving, Texas
1998 initial public offerings |
4040410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20J.%20Bowler | Peter J. Bowler | Peter J. Bowler (born 8 October 1944) is a historian of biology who has written extensively on the history of evolutionary thought, the history of the environmental sciences, and on the history of genetics. His 1984 book, Evolution: The History of an Idea is a standard textbook on the history of evolution; a 25th anniversary edition came in 2009. His 1983 book The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900 describes (in a phrase of Julian Huxley's) the scientific predominance of other evolutionary theories which led many to minimise the significance of natural selection, in the first part of the twentieth century before genetics was reconciled with natural selection in the modern synthesis.
Life
Peter Bowler holds a BA from the University of Cambridge, an MSc from the University of Sussex and a PhD from the University of Toronto. In the 1970s he taught at the School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. He is currently a professor in the history of science at Queen's University Belfast, and is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a corresponding member of the Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences. He was President of the British Society for the History of Science from 2004 to 2006.
His current interests are in the development and implications of Darwinism, the history of the environmental sciences, science and religion (especially twentieth century), and popular science writing.
Current research is on the production of popular science literature in early twentieth-century Britain, with particular emphasis on the role played by professional scientists. Bowler discusses the attempts by Victorian scientists to promote science for public understanding and the increasing accessibility of popular science works.
Bowler has criticised creationism in Northern Ireland. He has made appearances on local radio, including interviews with William Crawley on BBC Radio Ulster shows TalkBack and Sunday Sequence - here he defended evolution and highlighted the non-scientific nature of creationism.
Publications
Fossils and Progress: Palaeontology and the Idea of Progressive Evolution in the Nineteenth Century (1976)
Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844–1944 (Wiley-Blackwell 1987)
The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society (Continuum International, Athlone, 1989)
The Invention of Progress: Victorians and the Past (Wiley-Blackwell, 1989)
The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth (Johns Hopkins University Press, New Edition, 1988)
The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983)
The Fontana History of the Environmental Sciences (Fontana Press, 1992)
Biology and Social Thought: 1850–1914 : Five Lectures Delivered at the International Summer School in History of Science Uppsala, July 1990 (Univ of California, 1993)
Charles Darwin: the man and his influence (Cambridge, 1996).
Life's splendid drama: evolutionary biology and the reconstruction of life’s ancestry, 1860–1940 (Chicago, 1996).
Reconciling science and religion: the debate in early twentieth-century Britain (Chicago, 2001).
"The spectre of Darwinism: popular images of Darwinism in early twentieth-century Britain" in Abigail Lustig, Robert J. Richards and Michael Ruse (eds), Darwinian Heresies (Cambridge, 2004) .
(With I.R. Morus) Making modern science: a historical survey (Chicago, 2005).
'Experts and publishers: writing popular science in early twentieth-century Britain' in British Journal for the History of Science, xxxix (2006).
Monkey Trials and Gorilla Sermons; Evolution and Christianity from Darwin to Intelligent Design (Harvard University Press, 2007) .
'Darwin's Originality', in Science (9 January 2009: Vol. 323. no. 5911, pp. 223 – 226)
Evolution: the history of an idea (4th ed., California, 2009, ).
Science for All: The Popularization of Science in Early Twentieth-Century Britain (Chicago, 2009).
Q&A Darwin: Off the Record (with foreword by Richard Dawkins) (Duncan Baird, 2010).
Darwin Deleted: Imagining a World Without Darwin (University of Chicago Press, 2013).
A History of the Future: Prophets of Progress from H. G. Wells to Asimov (Cambridge University Press, 2017)
References
External links
Peter Bowler's staff page
Living people
Historians of science
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Charles Darwin biographers
Critics of creationism
History of biology
Alumni of the University of Sussex
University of Toronto alumni
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
1944 births
Historians of biology |
4040430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Party%20%28United%20States%2C%201930s%29 | Christian Party (United States, 1930s) | The Christian Party was an American fascist political party founded by William Dudley Pelley in 1935. He chose the 16 August 1935 as the founding date, because it was a so-called "pyramid date". The party can be considered the political wing of Pelley's paramilitary organization, the Silver Legion of America. It ran with Pelley as its candidate for the 1936 presidential campaign (Silver Legion member Willard Kemp was the vice presidential candidate). Pelley gained just 1,600 votes in the election. The party was quickly dissolved after the United States entered World War II.
There is also a current Christian Party that was founded in 2009 by a group of self-described "Christian Constitutionalist patriots" in Mobile, Alabama.
References
American nationalist parties
Defunct far-right political parties in the United States |
4040431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila%20songs | Mappila songs | Mappila songs (or Mappila Paattu) are a folklore Muslim song genre rendered to lyrics, within a melodic framework (Ishal), in Arabi Malayalam by the Mappilas of the Malabar region in Kerala, India. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, while at the same time remain closely linked to the cultural practices of Kerala.
The songs often use words from Persian, Hindustani, and Tamil, apart from Arabic and Malayalam, but the grammatical syntax is always based in Malayalam. They deal with themes such as religion, love, satire, and heroism, and are often sung at occasions of birth, marriage, and death. Mappila Paattu form an integral part of the heritage of Malayalam literature today and is regarded by some as the most popular branch of Malayalam literature, enjoyed by all Malayali communities in Kerala and Beary speaking communities of Karnataka .
History
Mappila songs have been in circulation for over seven centuries, with the first dated work Muhyidheen Mala atrributed to Qadi Muhammad in 1607 AD. Thereafter a large number of literary materials were produced in this medium; one authority has calculated that of these more than 1600 items, complete or fragmentary, were known by 1976. Over the centuries, various types of Mappila Pattu were composed, in accordance with the religious and political surroundings in the lives of the Mappilas of Malabar. The early centuries were primarily based on devotional works, while the colonial era was marked by the battle song genre called Padappattu. Various other categories also grew during the centuries with subjects ranging from romantic ballads and marriage songs to philosophical ideas, sea journeys and even flood ordeals.
Early works
The earliest known dated works in Mappilappattu belong to the 17th century and primarily belonged to the Mala genre.
Malappattu
The mala genre of Mappila songs, generally written in Arabi-Malayalam script are praises of pious personalities of Islam who were supposed to have gained high spiritual status. Generally, most such works were themed on the lives of Sufi saints (Auliya). Most of these songs narrate "superhuman" deeds of these saints. The songs became popular in an era when Sufism gained a strong foothold amongst the Mappilas. Each Mala often corresponded to the leader of a Sufi order called Thareeqath, who was abundantly showered praises in the poetry, often well-exceeding the limits of human capabilities. Popular among these are the Muhyidheen Mala, the Rifa'i mala, the Shaduli Mala, the Ajmeer Mala, and the Nafeesath mala. Each of these corresponded to their respective Sufi orders while the last is about Nafeesathul Misriyya, a woman Sufi saint of Egypt more commonly known as Sayyida Nafeesa.
The 17th century also witnessed the composition of other popular works in the Malappattu genre, namely the Rifai Mala (1623) by Ahammadul Kabeer, Uswath Mala (1628) and Valiya Naseehath Mala (1674) by Manantakath Kunhikoya Thangal.
18th century
Songs of the 18th century were primarily of the Kissa genre, narrating stories of the prophets of Islam or Sufi saints. Examples of such songs include the Ibrahim Nabi Qissa and the Ibrahim Ibn Adham Kissa. Songs like the Kappappattu and Safalamaala by Shujayi Moidu Musaliyar conveyed ideological messages to the community in the era of post-Portuguese years when the identity and existence of the Mappilas were in a shattered state.
Kunhayan Musaliyar
Kunhayan Musaliyar lived in the early 18th century. He authored the popular works titled Nool Mad'h (1737 A.D.), Nool Mala(1785 A.D.) and Kappappattu. Nool Mad'h was a devotional work on Prophet Muhammed with 666 lines composed in 16 different Ishalukal (Ishals). Kappapattu consisted of 600 lines composed in a single Ishal, narrating with wit and humour, the voyage of the human body through the journey of life, portrayed here as a vessel in the ocean voyaging through the seas. The Kappappattu remained hugely popular for centuries, next only to the Muhyiddeen Mala.
Umar Qadi
Veliyankode Umar Qadi, (1757-1852) was a scholar, poet and freedom fighter from Veliyankode, near Ponnani, well known for his tax non-cooperation movement against the British rule in the Malabar. He composed songs of various subjects, ranging from the Cheraman Perumal to Arabic grammar. Other poems of his criticized the wrongdoings of members of his own community. He also wrote many poems in Arabic.
19th century and early 20th century
The dawn of the 19th century saw the advent of British rule in the Malabar. The songs of this era are marked by the rising anti-British feelings in the Mappila society in the backdrop of the agrarian tenancy discontent against the British backed Jenmi landlords. Most of the songs of the era fall under the Padappattu ( battle songs) genre.
Padappattu
The first dated work in this genre was the Zaqqoom Padappattu dated 1836. This song was actually an Arabi-Malayalam translation of the Tamil work Zakkoon Padayppor composed by Varishay Mukiyudheen Poolavar of Madurai in 1686. Alim Umar Labba, a Mappila religious scholar from Kayalpattanam translated it into Arabi-Malayalam. Many of the tunes (Ishals)of Zakoon Padayppor have been largely utilized by famous Arabi Malayalam poet, Moin Kutty Vaidyar, especially in his master piece work, Badre Padappattu.
The songs of the Padapattu genre can be classified into four different types:
Islamic folk tales : These songs have no relation to actual historic events but either from a folk tale, a legend or simply an imaginary story related to Islamic traditions. Songs of this category include the Zaqqum Padappattu and the Jinn Padappattu. The former is a story about an imaginary confrontation of King Zaqqum of Iraq and Prophet Muhammed of Arabia while the latter is story about the Jinns, the other creation parallel to human beings as taught by the Qur'an.
Islamic history : These songs narrated events from the early years of Islam, and in particular the early battles of Islam. The Badar padappattu, the Hunayn Padappattu and the Karbala padappattu are characteristic of this category.
Mappila history : Songs of this type typically narrated the heroic deeds of the Muslims of Kerala and eulogize the martyrs among them, especially in their battles against the Portuguese and British colonial powers and local Jenmi landlords. Typical among these are the Kotturpalli Mala, Moyinkutty Vaidyar's Malappuram Padappattu(1883) etc. and the Cherur Padappattu. The first depicts the heroism of Veliyankode Kunhi Marakkar, a warrior who saves a 17-year-old Mappila girl from the hands of Portuguese kidnappers but is martyred at the end of the battle. The eulogy here is enhanced with the simultaneity of the character's death with his hour of marriage. The other two narrate stories of Mappila attacks on the British and the Jenmi landlords during the 19th century. The Cherur Padappattu, composed by two poets named Mammad Kutti and Muhyidheen in 1841, refers to a battle between Mappila rebels and the army of the East India Company. The rebels had assassinated Kaprat Krishna Panikkar, the adhikari of Tirurangadi and sought refuge in a deserted house. The soldiers later surround them and in the ensuing battle, seven Mappilas and 20 of the Company army lost their lives. The Cherur Padappattu narrates this story praising the "martyrs" amongst the Mappillas in this battle.
Fictional songs: These songs were about purely imaginary subjects. The elippada which narrates a 3-day imaginary battle between rats and cats based on a Panchatantra story falls under this category.
The common feature of all these songs were their pattern of narration of the bravery of the heroes depicted.
While the battle songs roused the feelings of the community against the authorities, this era also witnessed the popularization of romantic ballads like Moyinkutty Vaidyar's Badarul Muneer Husnul Jamal and Chettuvayi Pareekkutty's Soubhagya Sundari. One of the notable aspects of both these works were the age of the authors at the time of the composition; Vaidyar was said to have been 17 or (by some reports) 20 at the time and so was Pareekkutty.
Moyinkutty Vaidyar
Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1857-1891), often referred to as Mahakavi (great poet) is historically considered one of the most renowned and authentic Mappila poets. Born into an Ayurvedic family in 1857 at Kondotti in Malappuram district, he was well versed in Sanskrit and Arabic. At a very young age of seventeen, he composed the romantic epic Badarul Munir - Husnul Jamal (1872) .
His later works were on totally different themes that were essentially war songs in nature. The Badar Padappattu and Malappuram Padappatt are the most popular songs of this genre. Shabvathul Badarul Kubra(1875), more popularly known as the Badar Padappattu is considered one of the finest compositions of Mappilappattu . It narrates the tale of the Battle of Badr by Prophet Muhammed and his companions. The Malappuram Padappattu (1883), also known as the Madhinidhi Mala describes the undercurrents of peasant life and struggles in Malappuram in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The songs of Moyinkutty Vaidyar are distinguished by their depth of imagination, the beauty of the metaphors used, the creativity comparisons involved and the variety of their ishals (tunes/modes).
Pulikkottil Hyder
Pulikkottil Hyder, born in 1879 at Wandoor was a popular poet who composed short songs in Arabi-Malayalam on topics of common interest, often attacking social evils. His simple lyrics on ordinary life of the Mappilas defied the traditional patterns of Mappilappattu thus giving him the name " The Kunchan Nambiar of Mappilappattu". In Vellappokka Maala, he describes a heavy flood that affected all throughout the Malabar, Mysore and Travancore. The sufferings of common men in the flood are depicted beautifully using only ordinary Malayalam vocabulary.
The Pulikkotil Hyder Smaraka Puraskaram, instituted by the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka Committee and given to personalities who have contributed to the art of Mappilappattu is named after him. The foundation for a memorial for the poet was laid in his hometown Wandoor by former Chief Minister of Kerala C.H. Mohammed Koya in April 1979, but the work has remained incomplete ever since. In 1979, the Mappila Kala Sahithya Vedi published a compilation of his works titled "Pulikkottil Krithikal".
Other poets
Chakeeri Moyidin Kutty
Chakeeri Moyidin Kutty of Cherur, near Vengara, authored his poetry on the Battle of Badr titled Ghazvath Badril Kubra (The great Battle of Badar)) in 1876, a year after Moyinkutty Vaidyar's Badar Padappattu. It began a fresh pattern in Mappilappattu where the poetry was in pure Malayalam language, unlike the earlier works that involved use of Arabic, Kannada and Tamil. The poem was also known as the Chakkeeri Badr, to distinguish it from the other works on the same subject by other poets. The work is said to have been modified a couple of times by the author himself. He also authored a Malayalam-Arabic-Sanskrit dictionary and is considered one of the major Mappila poets of the 19th century.
Chettuvayi Pareekkutty
(b. 1853) author of Futhuhussaman, Minhathul Bari, Soubhagya Sundari and Adi Ahaduna was another well-known poet of the era. He was well versed in Tamil, Sanskrit and classical music.
Futhuhussaman is not an original work of Chettuvayi Pareekukutty. It was a translation of a Tamil work by same name.
1920s and later
The early 20th century witnessed the growing influence of Malayalam in the Mappilappattu genre. This period was characterized by the rise of theological reform movements and nationalist mobilization in the Malabar. Songs of the era also involved themes of Pan-Indian nationalism and the Independence movement against the British. The 1921 Malabar Rebellion gave birth to a large variety of songs of this genre.
T Ubaid
Born T Abdurahman (1908-1972) at Thalankara in Kasargode, T Ubaid was one of the greatest figures of Malayalam literature in the 20th century. He was well versed in English, Malayalam, Arabic, Urdu, Kannada, Sanskrit and Tamil. Often referred to as Mahakavi Ubaid, he was both a poet and a researcher of Mappilappattu, documenting a large collection of Mappila songs popular in the North Malabar through oral tradition. His historic speeches and rendering of hitherto unheard kissa pattukal at the Kozhikode Sahitya Parishath conference in 1947 and similar conferences drew attention of the intellectuals of Malayalam literature to the rich literary traditions of Mappilappattu.
S.A. Jameel
S.A. Jameel is a poet widely associated to the kathu pattu (Letter songs) genre of Mappila songs. His most popular works remain the 1976 letter and reply duet Ethrayum bahumanappetta ente priya bharthavu vayikkuvan (Oh my dear respected husband) and Abu Dhabeelullorezhuthupetti (A letterbox in Abu Dhabi). The former is a wife's letter to her husband abroad in Abu Dhabi requesting his return, while the latter is the husband's reply to his wife. The poet, who had psychological counselling sessions with many of the womenfolk of Malabar living separated lives from their husbands in the Gulf, described the anguishes of separation as felt by the women in the first song. The lyrics of the song referred in particular to the sexual and emotional needs of the woman and generated both praise and controversy within the community. The second song, composed as the husband's reply was also based on his interactions with the diaspora Mappila community during his visits to the Middle East in the late 1970s. It described the hardships and emotional dilemma faced by the migrant workers separated from their families. The songs created a huge impact on the whole diaspora community across different religions at the time prompting many to leave their jobs and return to their homeland for good. Though the kathu pattu (songs in the form of letters) existed before the works of S.A. Jameel, it was his works that popularized the genre amongst the common people of the Malabar.
Social context
Religious teachings
In the early years of Mappilappaattu, the songs were written with a specific purpose of educating the masses about the religious teachings of Islam. In an era that preceded the printing press, oral traditions played an important role in the religious education of the Mappilas, especially those who could not read or write. Some of the early songs written entirely for this purpose included the Aqeedath Mala, Niskaarapaattu, Naseehath Mala, Kombinte paattu, Liqa Mala, Amaliyyath Mala etc.
Anti-colonial struggles
In the context of the Mappila uprisings against the British rule in Malabar in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Pada pattu played an important role in rousing Mappila sentiments of the Mappila peasantry in their struggle.
The contribution of these ballads was a vital factor in the growth of a collective consciousness of a heroic tradition amongst the Mappilas. After almost every uprising of the 19th and 20th centuries, songs eulogizing the heroism of the participants and idealizing their sacrifice were composed and propagated by Mappila bands which went around the countryside singing them. Ballads were also popularized through group singing at social and domestic functions. These war songs often contained vivid descriptions of carnal pleasures of paradise awaiting the "martyrs". Prior to the launch of an attack, the rebels in aspiration of "martyrdom" used to recite the Mala pattu alongside other preparations.
The struggle by the Mappilas against Portuguese invaders in the 16th century led by Mappila legends like Kunhali Marakkars were also a major theme of such songs. Another popular theme in these songs were the battles of the early Muslims of Arabia which is evident in songs like Badar Padappattu, Uhad Padappattu, Hunain Padappattu, Makkan Fathahu and Khandaq Padappattu. The songs provoked the Mappila population against the British authorities to the extent that a large number of them including the publications of the Cherur Padappattu were confiscated and destroyed by the authorities.
These songs also provided an insight for historians into the thoughts and viewpoints of the rebels and have been used for authentic historic compilation. The songs on the Malappuram shahids provide the earliest description of an armed struggle between the Mappilas and the Jenmi landlord class in the pre-Mysore era. William Logan, refers to the Cherur Padappattu in the Malabar Manual while describing the incident. (Pg 560,Vol 1, Asian Educational Services, 2000). Roland Miller also quotes from this ballad in "Mappila Muslims of Kerala: a study in Islamic trends". (pg 119, Orient Longman, 1992.)
The 1921 Malabar Rebellion also spawned a large number of Mappila songs. Many of these songs describe the events at the Khilafat movement in Malabar and offer a view into the conditions in Malabar during the era. A song sung at a Khilafat meeting at Tirurangadi in 1921 described the aims of the Khilafat Movement in a mindset of complete harmony with the National movement led by Mahatma Gandhi:
Munthiya Banduvay Hinduvum Muslimum (Hindus and Muslims have deep relations)
Moulana showathum Doula Khilafathum (The nation of Khilafath that the Moulana shows us)
Entri Vannavidham Mahatma Gandhi than sahitham (He brought it to us along with the great Gandhi)
Ahmed Kutty composed the Malabar Lahala enna Khilafat Patt in 1925 describing the events of the rebellion. Even the prisoners of the rebellion like Tannirkode Ossankoya used to compose songs in their letters to their relatives.
Marriage
The Mailanchi Pattu, the Oppana Pattu and the Ammayi Pattu belong to the category of Mappila Pattukal dealing with love and marriage. They are sung in chorus in connection with marriage festivals, often accompanied by rhythmic clapping by women.
Migration
In the "Gulf boom" years of the 1970s and 80s, mass migration of workers from the Malabar to the oil-rich Gulf states of the Middle East resulted in households where the working men were often separated from their womenfolk and the only means of communication was the letter. This brought about a huge interest in the Kathu pattu (letter song) genre of Mappilappattu. The lyrics of these songs often connected closely to the lives of the migrant workers and their families and it popularized this genre of Mappilappattu.
Others
Mappila songs occasionally did also narrate stories outside the Muslim community. One such ballad was called the Mappila Ramayana deals with the story of the Hindu mythological figure Sri Rama.
Female presence in Mappilappattu
Mappila womenfolk feature prominently in the culture and literature of Mappilappattu in various ways. The presence of female poets in Mappilappattu literature long predated the first female presence in Malayalam literature. A large number of Mappila songs also had female subjects as their main theme.
Songs of the Oppana genre typically described the beauty of a bride in colourful terms. The famous Badarul Muneer Husnul Jamal by Moyinkutty Vaidyar devotes a section to describe the beauty of the heroine named Husnul Jamal.
Another popular subject of composition was the lives of the prominent women of the early years of Islam in Arabia. The popular ChandiraSundariMala by female poet PK Haleema narrated the marriage of the Aisha with Prophet Muhammed. Other songs by female poets like CH Kunhayisha, V Ayishakkutti etc. depicted sorrowfully the final moments of Khadija, wife of Prophet Muhammed and Fatima, his daughter. The famous Nafeesath Mala by Nalakath KunhiMoideen Kutty praises a woman named Nafeesa, who belonged to the lineage of the Prophet. It ends with a prayer for her well-being in the Hereafter. Other major female poets include Puthur Amina, Kundil Kunhamina, B Ayishakkutty and K Aminakkutty.
Songs by male poets like the Mariyakkuttiyude Kath by Pulikkottil Hyder and the Dubai kathu pattu by S.A. Jameel also focussed on the emotional aspects of the life of the womenfolk in the Mappila community.
Influence
Mala songs and ordinary life
The Mala songs were believed to inculcate a religious belief in those who recited and listened to them and were hence given a spiritual status corresponding to the works of Ezhuthachan and Cherusseri Namboothiri amongst the Hindu population of Malabar. Many were recited daily at Mappila homes. The Muhyidheen Mala was considered a protection from all calamities while the Rifa'i Mala was chanted as a cure from burns and snake bites. Similarly, the Nafeesath Mala was prescribed for pregnant woman for an easy child birth. The importance accorded to the Mala songs was so high that their memorization was regarded as a qualification for a would-be bride.
Songs of Moyinkutty Vaidyar used to be sung and explained to public audiences in what was known as Seera Parayana Sadassu (history recital sessions). These often lasted for many nights together and were a popular scene throughout the Malabar.
The early 20th century witnessed the rise of reform movements within the Mappila community. They objected to the messages of the Mala songs citing their contradictions with many of the basic tenets of Islam, often referring to them as Khurafath. Occasionally though, they used same medium to spread their message. Examples of these included the Parishkara Mala and the Durachara Mala.
Cinema and poetry
The spirit of their themes and beauty of representation in the Mappila Paattukal have left a lasting impression on Malayalam poetry. Well-known poets like P. Krishna Kumar, P. Bhaskaran, and Vayalar Ramavarma have composed a great number of popular Mappila songs. Mappila songs have been popular in the Malayalam cinema ever since the success of the 1954 classic Kayalarikaathu vala erinjappol by K. Raghavan from the movie Neelakuyil. Other popular melodies include Oru kotta ponnundallo from the movie Kuttikuppayam and Palanu thenanu from Umma by M.S Baburaj. Some of the movies that prominently include songs of this genre are Mailanchi, Pathinalamravu, Ulpathi, Sammanam, Manya Maha Janangale, Sammelanam, 1921 and Marc Antony.
Television
"Mylanchi" is the most popular reality show by Asianet. The show is on the way to the fifth season named "Mylanchi Little Champions". "Pathinalam Ravu" by MediaOne has established as the most popular reality show in a short span of time. A show which upholds the traditional values of Mappila Pattu,"Pathinalam Ravu" is now going through its third edition.
Patturumal is a popular reality show on Mappilapattu being aired on Kairali TV.
Jai Hind TV channel has telecast a reality showy by name "Mappilapattukal".
Personalities
S. M. Koya noted for his genre of Malabar Mappila Pattukal has won the appreciation of and respected by of film music directors like K. Raghavan, M. S. Baburaj, and A. T. Ummer. In 1925, Gul Mohammed, father of veteran singer K.G. Sathar, recorded his voice in gramophone, which became the first gramophone record in Malayalam. The singer and composer V. M. Kutty made significant contribution to popularise the Mappila songs. He is credited with having performed Mappila songs on stage for the first time in 1957. Eranjoli Moosa is also another singer, who is considered to have revolusionised the Mappila songs and is often considered one of the greatest Mappila singers of all time. He has performed solo in more than 1000 stages. Other respected names who composed Mappila songs are Punnayurkulam V Bapu, O. M. Karuvarakkundu and Mohar Munir. Songs written by P.T. Abdul Rahman and sung by S.V.Peer Muhammad were compiled in a book Pīrmuhammad pāṭiya putiya Māppiḷappāṭṭukaḷ (Songs sung by Pir Muhammad). Abdul Hayy, IP Sidique
Balakrishan Vallikkunnu is a researcher in Mappila literature and has researched various aspects of the messages conveyed in Mappila songs, including the anti-colonial sentiments in them.
The other prominent personalities associated with this genre of music include:
Singers
M Kunhi Moosa
K.G Sathar
V.M Kutty
S. M. Koya
Eranjoli Moosa
M.S. Baburaj
Vilayil Faseela
Peer Muhammed
V. T. Murali
Ramla Beegum
N.P. Fousiya
Aysha Beegum
Vadakara Krishnadas
M. Shailaja
Mukkam Sajitha
Farisha Khan
Laila Razak
Azeez Thayineri
H. Mehaboob
A.V.Mohamed
E.P.Shihab
M. P. Ummerkutty
Kannur Saleem
Kannur Shareef
Shameer Chavakkad
Sindhu Premkumar
Nasnin (Baby Nasnin)
Randathani Hamsa
IP Sidique
Poets
Nalakath Kassim
Bappu Vellipparamba
K. T. Moideen
P.T. Abdul Rahiman
Pakkar Pannoor
Badarudheen parannur{saharbari}
Ashraf Palapetty
Faisal Kanmanam
CA Pang
OM Karuvaramkund
Abu Mufeeda
Fasal Koduvally
Shaheer Chennara (ഷഹീർ ചേന്നര )
Mansoor Kilinakkode
Hamsa Narokav
Composers
M.S.Baburaj
K.Raghavan
Chand Pasha
K. V. Abootty
Shihab Areekode
Mohsin Kurikkal
M A Azeez Bhai
Institutions
Vaidyar Smarakam
In 1999, then Chief Minister of Kerala E. K. Nayanar inaugurated the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam at the poet's birthplace in Kondotty as a cultural centre to attract research into Mappilappattu, and its studies and interpretations in Malayalam. The foundation stone was laid by, then Chief Minister, K. Karunakaran on 24 December 1994. The centre runs certificate courses in ‘Mappilappattu’ and ‘Mappila kali’. It also has attached to it a folklore study centre, a historical museum, and a reference library containing rare manuscripts in Arabi-Malayalam and other handwritten manuscripts. Each year it conducts the Vaidyar Mahotsavam, a two or three-day festival that includes cultural and literary programmes related to all Mappila art forms. The Vaidyar Memorial Lecture is also delivered during the festival. In 2005, a two-volume compilation of his works was released as a book Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar, Sampoorna Krithikal by the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka Samithi under the aegis of the Culture Department, Government of Kerala. It also published a collection of essays on Moyinkutty Vaidyar titled Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Padanangal.
On 12 June 2008, M. A. Baby, Minister of Education and Culture, Government of Kerala, inaugurated the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Memorial Center for Studies and Research on Folk and Mappila Arts (SCARF) at the Vaidyar Smarakam complex. A regional centre for study of Mappila folk arts was also set up at Mogral in Kasargode district in 2009.
Other institutions
The Kerala Mappila Kala Akademi, set up in 2001, is dedicated to this genre of music in Kerala. The Akademi awards distinguished personalities from the Mappilappattu field each year, and also provides fellowships for researchers in the field. The awards are named after popular figures in the field of Mappilappattu, like Gul Mohammed, K.K. Muhammed Abdul Kareem and Qadi Mohammed.
The All Kerala Mappila Sangeetha Academy was established in 1992 and instituted the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Award and the M.S. Baburaj Award. It also holds annual arts festivals with emphasis on Mappila arts.
Conclusion
The literature of Mappila Songs represent the aspirations of the Mappila community, its frustrations, struggles, love and affection over the ages. Littérateur M.T. Vasudevan Nair once described Mappila songs as the "cultural fountains of a bygone age". Today, increasing "cacophony" trends in newer Mappila songs and the lack of poets with a sense of imagination have attracted criticism from many corners. A large number of songs released in the last decade under the label of Mappila Songs, have been criticized for deviating from the original nature of the folk idiom and tunes (Ishals), provoking a call for a preservation of the original identity of Mappila songs.
Books and references
Mappilappattu - Padhavum Padhanavum ( Mappila songs - Study and Lessons) - Balakrishnan Vallikkunnu and Dr. Umar Tharamel, D.C. Books, 2006
Maappilappaattinte Lokam - (The world of Mappila Songs) - V.M. Kutty D.C. Books
Muslingalum Kerala Samskaravum - (Muslims and Kerala Culture) - P.K. Muhammad Kunhi Thrissur, 1982
Mahathaya Mappila Sahitya Parambaryam - (The Great Mappila literary heritage) - C.N. Ahmad Moulavi & K.K. Mohammed Abdul Kareem - 1978
Mappilappattu - by Dr. M.N. Karasseri in Malabar ed. M.G.S. Narayanan, 1994
Mappilappaattinte Maadhuryam - T. K. Hamza - Olive Publications, Kozhikode
Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Padanangal - Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka Committee, Kondotty
Biggest Collection Of Mappila Songs over Web http://mappilapattukal.com/
See also
References
Islamic music
Mappilas
Arts of Kerala
Arabi Malayalam-language songs |
4040437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manja%C4%8Da%20camp | Manjača camp | Manjača was a concentration camp which was located on mount Manjača near the city of Banja Luka in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War and the Croatian War of Independence from 1991 to 1995. The camp was founded by the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) and authorities of the Republika Srpska (RS) and was used to collect and confine thousands of male prisoners of Bosniak and Croat nationalities.
The camp was shut down under international pressure in late 1993 but was reopened in October 1995. At that time it was estimated that a total of between 4,500 and 6,000 non-Serbs primarily from the Sanski Most and Banja Luka areas passed through the camp.
In early 1996, both the former concentration camp and the neighbouring army camp were opened to IFOR personnel for inspection following the Dayton Agreement.
Background
The Manjača camp began its operation during the 1991 Croatian War between JNA and Croatian forces. At that time numerous Croatian prisoners of war were held at the camp. With the start of Bosnian War in early 1992 the camp began to admit civilian predominantly Bosniak detainees.
According to the International Committee of the Red Cross there were 3,737 prisoners held at Manjača camp. Exact number of people held at this camp is somewhat of an uncertainty since detainees were continually transferred between other camps including Omarska camp, Trnopolje camp and Keraterm camp. The camp was the site of human rights abuses, namely the regular and systematic beatings and killings of detainees, resulting in indictments and convictions by the ICTY United Nations tribunal for former Yugoslavia. Most reports indicate that the camp contained male prisoners of all ages but mostly between the ages of 18 and 60. However, there are allegations that in the early spring of 1992, a number of women were held at the camp and raped.
According to a report of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, the administrators of this facility who were officials of the army of the RS, maintained that the prisoners were prisoners of war. However, other observers consider that most of them probably never bore arms, and were detained simply because their age and Bosniak ethnic origin made them potential combatants in the eyes of the Serbian authorities.
In the detention facilities, many prisoners were killed, tortured, and subjected to other inhumane treatment by RS forces especially targeting prominent individuals, such as intellectual, professional, business, political and religious leaders. At a minimum, during the period from late May 1992 to early August 1992, hundreds of detainees, identities of many of whom are known, died. Almost all of the survivors were eventually forcibly transferred or deported from the area.
The Judgment of the ICJ
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) presented its judgment in Bosnian Genocide Case on 26 February 2007, in which it had examined atrocities committed in detention camps, including Manjača, in relation to Article II (b) of the Genocide Convention. The Court stated in its judgment:
Recent developments
Some of the RS officials responsible for running the camp have since been indicted for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes including Milomir Stakić and Stojan Župljanin. Some have been convicted while others are still awaiting trials at the ICTY.
See also
Bosnian Genocide
Persecution of Muslims
Dretelj camp
Čelebići prison camp
Gabela camp
Heliodrom camp
Keraterm camp
Omarska camp
Trnopolje camp
Uzamnica camp
Vilina Vlas
Vojno camp
References
External links
Stakic indictment
- The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Radovan Karadzic
- The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Ratko Mladic
Serbian concentration camps in the Yugoslav Wars
Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War
Bosnian War internment camps |
4040441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Elizabeth%20Medical%20Center | St. Elizabeth Medical Center | St. Elizabeth Medical Center may refer to:
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston) in Boston, Massachusetts
St. Elizabeth Medical Center North in Covington, Kentucky
St. Elizabeth Medical Center South in Edgewood, Kentucky
St. Elizabeth Medical Center Grant County in Williamstown, Kentucky, see List of hospitals in Kentucky
St. Elizabeth Medical Center (Utica) in Utica, New York
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Wabasha) in Wabasha, Minnesota
St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center in Lincoln, Nebraska
Franciscan Health Lafayette Central, formerly St. Elizabeth Medical Center, in Lafayette, Indiana
See also
St. Elizabeth Hospital (disambiguation)
Trauma centers |
4040451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20UEFA%20European%20Under-16%20Championship | 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship | The 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship was the 19th edition of UEFA's European Under-16 Football Championship. It was the last under-16 championship, before changing the name as under-17 championships. England hosted the championship, during 22 April – 6 May. 16 teams entered the competition, and Spain defeated France in the final to win the competition for the sixth time.
Match officials
Squads
Qualifying
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place play-off
Final
Statistics
Goalscorers
7 goals
Fernando Torres
6 goals
Florent Sinama Pongolle
5 goals
Anthony Le Tallec
3 goals
Erdal Kılıçaslan
Piotr Trochowski
József Kanta
Francesco Lodi
Giampaolo Pazzini
2 goals
Wouter Vandendriessche
Ivan Grivičić
Niko Kranjčar
Glen Johnson
Sébastien Grax
Mourad Meghni
Youssef Sofiane
Ralf de Haan
Jaime Gavilán
Cédric Tsimba
1 goal
Maxence Coveliers
Kristof Goessens
Hrvoje Čale
Mario Grgurović
Drago Papa
Dejan Prijić
Igor Ružak
Eddie Johnson
Cherno Samba
Steven Schumacher
John Welsh
Tommi Peltonen
Baldo di Gregorio
Alexander Laas
Oliver Madejski
Patrick Ochs
David Odonkor
Christian Petereit
Mihály Horváth
Zsolt Müller
Mauro Belotti
Paolo Facchinetti
Marek Wasicki
Rareş Tudor Oprea
Gabriel Velcovici
Anatoli Gerk
Craig Beattie
Paul McLaughlin
Graham Weir
Guillem Bauzà
Melli
Miguel Flaño
Senel
Joël Gasche
Dündar Denizhan
Sabri
Sezgin Yilmaz
References
External links
2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship at Union of European Football Associations
2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
UEFA
UEFA European Under-17 Championship
International association football competitions hosted by England
UEFA European Under-16 Championship
April 2001 sports events in Europe
2001 in youth association football |
4040458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Yosip | Emmanuel Yosip | Mar Emmanuel Yosip (; born Emmanuel Rehana Yosip) is a Bishop of the Assyrian Church of the East (), presiding over the Diocese of Canada.
Early life
Emmanuel Rehana Yosip was born in 1958 in Dora, Baghdad, Iraq to a devout Christian family. He subsequently moved to the United States where he was ordained a deacon in 1981, and a priest in 1984 at Mar Gewargis Cathedral (St. George Cathedral) in Chicago, Illinois.
Education
Mar Emmanuel obtained his PhD in Syriac studies from the University of Toronto in 2015. His doctoral dissertation is titled The Book of Resh Melle by Yohannan Bar Penkaye: An Introduction to the Text and Study of its Literary Genres. He also holds a master's degree in Near and Middle Eastern civilizations from the same university, as well as a Master of Divinity.
Tenure as Bishop
On 3 June 1990, Emmanuel Rehana Yosip was consecrated as Bishop of Canada by Mar Dinkha IV, taking the name Mar Emmanuel Yosip.
Advocacy
As Bishop, Mar Emmanuel has been an activist in the awareness of the plight of the persecuted Christians of the Middle East. On 9 December 2014, he spoke with The Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development in a meeting on "Canada's Response to the Violence, Religious Persecution and Dislocation Caused by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)".
Diocese of Canada
Parishes
Mart Mariam (St. Mary) Cathedral - Toronto, Ontario
Mar Mari (St. Mari) Parish - Hamilton, Ontario
Mar Toma (St. Thomas) Parish - Windsor, Ontario
Mar Zaia (St. Zayya) Parish - London, Ontario
See also
Assyrian Church of the East
References
20th-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Iraqi Assyrian people
University of Toronto alumni
1958 births
Living people
People from Baghdad
Iraqi Christians
Iraqi emigrants to the United States
Iraqi emigrants to Canada
Syriac writers
21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East |
4040467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Davidovich%20Lazarev | Ivan Davidovich Lazarev | Ivan Davidovich Lazarev (, Hovhannes Davti Lazarian; ; 17 October 1820 – 14 August 1879) was an Imperial Russian Army general of Armenian origin.
Biography
Hovhnanes Lazarian (Ivan Lazarev) was born on 17 October 1820 in Shushi in Nagorno Karabakh, then part of the Russian Empire, and studied at a school in that city. In 1839 he began his military career in the Caucasus, where, for his actions, he was made an officer in 1842.
North Caucasus
Before the war in Western Armenia in 1877, General Lazarian made his name in the northern Caucasus. He was assigned, like many officers, to fight in the Murid War in Dagestan against the Imam Shamil. Lazarian, unlike most officers, took the time to study and learn the Tatar language. It was a language that was known throughout the Caucasus region by the peasants, and hence foot soldiers. With this knowledge he was the first to enter into negotiations with the Muslim rebels and was the one to set up the plans for the peace processes. In 1840 he was involved in the arrest of Hadji Murad. His crowning achievement in this theater was the talks he held with the defeated Shamil, whom he led to choose peace and surrender to the governing forces in 1859. That diplomatic act made him a general after being bestowed military orders of the highest rank.
Russo-Turkish War
Eleven years after his career in Dagestan, he was called to duty on the Armenian soil against the Turks. Finally his skills would be used to save his historic homeland. When Lazarian first got to the area of the military conflict, his role was quiet limited compared to the likes of Count Loris-Melikov and General Arshak Ter-Gukasov. Nevertheless, when duty called upon the general during the strike upon the Aladzhin position, he showed great promise on his front when given the command of the most avant garde divisions in the army, which was the only wheel-transport between Arpachay and Kegacha. With the given forces Lazarian drew back the Turkish forces towards their main location at the Kars province, forces composed of 25 battalions that later laid down their arms to Lazarian. These actions certainly added more ribbons and medals on the chest of the Artsakh general.
An even more memorable occurrence took place during the night of 5 November to the 6 November. Before the divisions marched upon the fortresses around Kars: Hafiz, Kanlyi, Chimon, Taynasm abd Arab-Tabi, Lazarian rode in front of the divisions screaming "Now, with God!" and throwing his military cap in the air and making a sign of the cross. After this successful storming of Kars on the fourth try, victory in the area was certain.
Turkmenistan
In 1879 he was sent to command the expedition that led to the Battle of Geok Tepe (1879). As the campaign was beginning he grew ill, insisted on accompanying the troops and died at Chat on August 14, 1879. He was replaced by Lomakin who made an incompetent attack and was defeated.
On 14 August 1879 Lazarian died while on an expedition on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea.
Notes
External links
Biography at Armenian Aristocracy and the Military Tradition
1820 births
1879 deaths
Military personnel from Shusha
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Russian people of Armenian descent
Russian nobility |
4040474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard%20Jakopi%C4%8D | Rihard Jakopič | Rihard Jakopič (12 April 1869 – 21 April 1943) was a Slovene painter. He was the leading Slovene Impressionist painter, patron of arts and theoretician. Together with Matej Sternen, Matija Jama and Ivan Grohar, he is considered the pioneer of Slovene Impressionist painting.
Life
Rihard Jakopič was born in Krakovo, a suburb of Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola in the Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia. His father, Franc Jakopič, was a well-situated tradesman with agricultural goods. His mother was Neža, née Dolžan. Rihard was the youngest of eight children.
Jakopič studied at the intermediate secondary school from 1879 to 1887. After passing an entry exam, he attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, for a short time returned home due to an illness, and then resumed his studies in 1888. In 1889, he entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and in 1890, the Ažbe Art School in Munich. Then he lived in Ljubljana, where he participated in the establishment of the Slovene Art Society, and after 1902 in Škofja Loka. In 1903, he continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. Jakopič returned to Ljubljana in 1906. He was one of the early members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, founded in 1938.
Jakopič died at his home in Ljubljana at 1:45 pm on 21 April 1943 after a long and difficult illness. A wake was held at his residence at New Square () no. 2, and he was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery (now Žale Cemetery) on 23 April 1943 after a ceremony at 3:30 pm at Saint Joseph's Chapel.
Legacy
Over 1200 paintings and 650 drawings by Jakopič have been preserved.
In Ljubljana, Jakopič established the Slovene School of Impressionist Drawing and Painting, the predecessor of the Academy of Fine Arts at the University of Ljubljana. He was an initiator for the foundation of the National Gallery of Slovenia. In 1908, he built a pavilion in Tivoli Park, based on plans by the architect Max Fabiani. The Jakopič Pavilion became the central venue for art exhibitions in the Slovene Lands at the time. In 1962, due to the relocation of a railway line, it was demolished.
Commemoration
In 1965 a primary school in Šiška was named after him. Since 1969, the Jakopič Award, the highest Slovenian award in fine arts, is presented annually. In 1970–72, a statue of Jakopič by Bojan Kunaver was erected on the original site of the pavilion. In 1979, a new Jakopič Gallery () opened at Slovene Street () in Ljubljana. After Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia, Jakopič was portrayed by Rudi Španzel on the 100 Slovenian tolar banknote, in circulation from October 1991 until the introduction of euro in January 2007.
Selected works
Sončni breg (Sunny Hillside) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Breze v jeseni (Birches in Autumn) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Kamnitnik v snegu (Kamnitnik in the Snow) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Sončni breg (Sunny Hillside) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Zima (Winter) (1904), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Pri svetilki (By the lamp) (1904), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Študija sonca (A Study of the Sun) (1905), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Križanke (1909), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Spomini (Memories) (1912), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Zeleni pajčolan (The Green Veil) (1915), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Večer na Savi (Evening on the Sava River) (1926), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Slepec (Blind man) (1926), National Gallery, Ljubljana
References
External links
Slovene Early Modernism: Rihard Jakopič. National Gallery of Slovenia site. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
1869 births
1943 deaths
People from the City Municipality of Ljubljana
University of Ljubljana faculty
Slovenian impressionist painters
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Academy of Fine Arts, Prague alumni
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
People with epilepsy
Burials at Žale |
4040475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makah%20Reservation | Makah Reservation | Makah Reservation is an Indian reservation of the Makah Native Americans located on the northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Clallam County, Washington, United States. The northern boundary of the reservation is the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The western boundary is the Pacific Ocean. It has a land area of and a 2000 census resident population of 1,356 persons. Its largest community is Neah Bay.
The Makah Tribe was also a whale hunting tribe. They especially hunted gray whale for its size and weight. Some times while hunting, they traveled 30, 40, or 100 miles out to sea.
The Makah in the early nineteenth century inhabited Cape Flattery, Washington. According to the Lewis and Clark expedition, they then numbered some 2,000. The Makah are the southernmost of the Wakashan linguistic group, and the only member of this family living within the current boundaries of the United States. Other bands are First Nations peoples on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Makah culture was fundamentally that of the Pacific Northwest Coast area. In 1855 they ceded all their lands to the United States except a small area on Cape Flattery that was set aside as a reservation. Today most of the 1,600 Makah in the United States live on the Makah Reservation; their main tribal income is from forestry.
Non-tribal members visiting the reservation are required to purchase a pass upon entering the reservation. Guests on official business are given a free pass.
History
Names
The Makah tribe originally called themselves "Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx" which roughly translates to "people who live by the rocks and seagulls," however, their neighbors referred to them as the "Makah" meaning "generous with food" which is the name now more commonly used when addressing the tribe.
First Non-Indian Contact
Contact with the British trader, Captain John Meares, was the first instance of contact the Makah had with non-Indians. It took place in June of 1788; Meares had arrived near Cape Flattery where he encountered the Makah who were stubborn and unwilling to trade with the British.
Ozette Village
The Makah originally resided in present-day Washington and occupied multiple villages all throughout the northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula. There are five major villages: Waatch, Sooes, Deah, Ozette, and Bahaada.
One of the most well known, Ozette, was a crucial location for Makah survival. It was the most popular area for whale hunting which was a traditionally significant food source for the tribe. Around roughly 1560 CE or 1700 CE, a mudslide buried Ozette until about 1970 when a storm revealed the village hidden under layers of earth and mud. Archaeologists, with the help from local Makah members and students, worked for years to carefully restore the village as best they could, and learned much about Makah cultures and traditions.
Treaty of Neah Bay
On January 31, 1855, Governor Isaac I. Stevens met with Makah leaders and members, and presented them with the Neah Bay Treaty. The treaty set aside what is now the Makah Reservation for the Makah people to reside in. Though the treaty included many rules and regulations, one of the most well known agreements in the treaty is that it allowed the Makah to legally hunt whales, making it the only treaty between the United States and a tribe that allows for the hunting of whales. In signing and agreeing to the Neah Bay Treaty, the Makah gave up 300,000 acres of their land to the United States in return for a $30,000 annuity, and other agreements such as the right to whaling and sealing.
Culture
Architecture
The excavation of the Ozette village uncovered the traditional longhouses which were roughly 30 by 70 feet and where often composed of five different living quarters, with a fire for cooking purposes at the center of each room. Because the Makah people often moved with the seasons, the longhouses were engineered in a way that allowed for easy removal of certain parts of the house so that they may be utilized in other locations.
Carved Masks
The Makah website emphasizes that many Makah members depend on their traditional artistry for income. A popular artwork is carved masks which are made by carvers who use wood and patterns that are unique to the area. The carvings often revolve around key aspects of the Makah culture and are organized with the purpose of relaying a story that is passed down.
Whale Hunting
Seeing as the Makah have always lived alongside and around the coast, their traditional foods revolve around marine life. Evidence shows that whales, especially, played a key role in the diet and culture of the Makah. Whale hunting is a special ritual central to the Makah culture: Makah hunters would spend weeks preparing themselves spiritually for the hunt. Paddling out in canoes, the men carefully observe the whales’ breathing and watch for the correct time to strike them with harpoons. Eventually, after following further steps to effectively kill the whale, the hunters would bring it back to the village where they were greeted with many praises from the villagers.
Geography
Climate
Based on data from the last ten years, the temperature on the Makah Reservation typically ranges from the mid thirties to high sixties (°F), so temperatures are generally on the cooler side all year round with the exception of a few instances. Humidity ranges between 79% to 87%, making it a generally humid location. Furthermore, precipitation tends to be heavier in the winter and spring months, especially in November, December, January, and March where the average precipitation days are higher than other months.
Population
The total recorded population is 1,612 individuals of which the average age comes to roughly 32.6 years. The majority of the population comes from one race where American Indian and Alaska Native, and White are the most predominant. Hispanics or Latinos make up around 120 individuals.
118 individuals are with veteran status; the majority having served in the Vietnam War, or Gulf War in the 1990s.
Education and economy
Education
One of the unique curriculums at the Makah Reservation is the Makah Language Program (MLP) which focuses on carrying and passing along the traditional Makah language, Qʷi·qʷidiččaq, to students.
Out of the 927 individuals twenty-five years or older, 86.4% have at least graduated high school and 14.1% have earned a bachelor’s degree or higher.
The education department of the Makah Tribe tends to give preference for scholarships to students living on the reservation because there is a better chance that they will return to the reservation and to work for the tribe. Furthermore, students are motivated to seek employment and study areas that would benefit the tribe such as environmental sciences and fisheries.
Employment and Income
The unemployment rate is 16.4% for individuals sixteen years of age and older, and the median income for Makah households is roughly $47,000. A rise in tourism, which typically occurs around the summer, leads to a rise in employment for Makah members because there are more employment opportunities.(link) Popular tourist destinations located on the reservation are another major source of income for the Makah. A “Recreation Permit” of twenty dollars is required to access any of the multiple spots throughout the reservation and it boosts the tribe’s economy.
Of 605 employed individuals, 412 -which is the majority- are working what is considered a government job and the runner up is working for a private business or position with 118 individuals.
Popular Attractions and Events
Each year, the Makah celebrate what they call “Makah Days” which occurs on the weekend nearest to August 26. June 2, 1924 was the day in which the Makah were officially given their right of suffrage, however, the Makah celebrated the anniversary of becoming United States’ citizens on August 26, 1913. The Makah Tribe comes together to organize many events and spectacles for these days, and they welcome others to celebrate with them.
Neah Bay Beaches, such as Hobuck Beach and Shi-Shi Beach, are also popular destinations for many visitors. The Hobuck Beach features the Hobuck Beach Resort for visitors, and they can also choose to take part in events such as the Hobuck Hoedown for entertainment. Shi-Shi Beach is most popular for its trail which is 2.5 miles long and features many sights along the way.
The Cape Flattery Trail is one of the more well-known trails on the Makah Reservation. It has multiple observation points and there is a clear view of Tatoosh Island, an island that is also a part of the Makah Reservation.
The Makah Cultural and Research Center is the museum on the reservation that opened in 1979 and is home to many artifacts relating to Makah history and culture. Many of the objects and exhibits come from the Ozette Archaeological Site and give insight into the traditional Makah way of life. An admission fee is required to enter the museum and it helps support the museum’s financial needs.
See also
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Nuu-chah-nulth
Makah
Makah Language
External links
makah.com "Makah Tribe", official website
The Makah Tribe: People of the Sea and the Forest, University of Washington Library
Makah Tribal Profile
"Makah Prepare to Hunt Whales", Turtle Track
Andrew Engelson, "Makah Tribe's trail eases access to a wild stretch of coastline", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 20 November 2003
Forks Guide - S.R. 112 to Neah Bay
References
American Indian reservations in Washington (state)
Geography of Clallam County, Washington
Makah |
4040487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas%20III | Abbas III | Abbas III (January 1732 – February 1740) () was a son of Shah Tahmasp II and Shahpari Begum of the Safavid dynasty and reigned from 1732 to 1736. After the deposition of his father by Nader Khan (the future Nader Shah) the infant Abbas was appointed nominal ruler of Iran on 7 September 1732. Nader Khan, who was the real ruler of the country, assumed the positions of deputy of state and viceroy. Abbas III was deposed in March 1736, when Nader Khan had himself crowned as Nader Shah. This marked the official end of the Safavid dynasty. Abbas was sent to join his father in prison in Sabzevar, Khorasan.
In 1738, Nader Shah set out on campaign to Afghanistan and India, leaving his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule his realm in his absence. Hearing rumours that his father had died, Reza made preparations for assuming the crown. According to the most "authoritative account", Mohammed Hosein Khan Qajar, who had been entrusted with supervising Abbas and his father in captivity, warned Reza that on hearing the news of Nader's death, the townspeople of Sabzevar would rise up in revolt, free Tahmasp II and place him on the throne again. Reza gave Mohammed Hosein orders to execute Tahmasp and his sons to forestall this.
Mohammed Hosein strangled Tahmasp, cut the young Abbas down with his sword and also had his brother Esmail killed. According to Michael Axworthy, the dating of these events is speculative, but they probably took place in May or June 1739. Other sources (Encyclopaedia Iranica, Lockhart) prefer 1740.
References
Bibliography
Michael Axworthy Sword of Persia: Nader Shah: From Tribal Warlord to Conquering Tyrant (IB Tauris, 2006)
L. Lockhart, Nadir Shah, London, 1938
R.M. Savory, Encyclopaedia Iranica
1732 births
1740 deaths
Safavid monarchs
Rulers deposed as children
Modern child rulers
18th-century monarchs of Persia
Murdered Persian monarchs
18th-century murdered monarchs
18th-century murders in Asia |
4040488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%20demands%20of%20MKS | 21 demands of MKS | The 21 demands of MKS () was a list of demands issued on 17 August 1980 by the Interfactory Strike Committee (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy, MKS) in Poland.
The first demand was the right to create independent trade unions. Other demands called the government to respect the constitutional rights and freedoms, dismantling the privileges for Polish United Workers' Party members, and taking actions to improve the economic conditions of Polish citizens. The demands eventually led to the Gdańsk Agreement and creation of Solidarity.
The charter was written up on two wooden boards and hung on the gates of the shipyard on 18 August 1980. To mark the first anniversary of the August unrest, the demands were put on display in Gdańsk’s Maritime Museum. The day after Martial Law was declared one museum worker hid them in his loft, where they remained forgotten until 1996. Now added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, they can be found housed in Gdańsk’s Roads to Freedom exhibition.
Text
External links
Jak robotnicy tworzyli 21 postulatów, Polskie Radio, 17.08.2012
1980 in Poland
Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Memory of the World Register
1980 documents |
Subsets and Splits