Roman to Integer
<p>Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols:&nbsp;<code>I</code>, <code>V</code>, <code>X</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>C</code>, <code>D</code> and <code>M</code>.</p>

<pre>
<strong>Symbol</strong>       <strong>Value</strong>
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000</pre>

<p>For example,&nbsp;<code>2</code> is written as <code>II</code>&nbsp;in Roman numeral, just two ones added together. <code>12</code> is written as&nbsp;<code>XII</code>, which is simply <code>X + II</code>. The number <code>27</code> is written as <code>XXVII</code>, which is <code>XX + V + II</code>.</p>

<p>Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, the numeral for four is not <code>IIII</code>. Instead, the number four is written as <code>IV</code>. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as <code>IX</code>. There are six instances where subtraction is used:</p>

<ul>
	<li><code>I</code> can be placed before <code>V</code> (5) and <code>X</code> (10) to make 4 and 9.&nbsp;</li>
	<li><code>X</code> can be placed before <code>L</code> (50) and <code>C</code> (100) to make 40 and 90.&nbsp;</li>
	<li><code>C</code> can be placed before <code>D</code> (500) and <code>M</code> (1000) to make 400 and 900.</li>
</ul>

<p>Given a roman numeral, convert it to an integer.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong class="example">Example 1:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> s = &quot;III&quot;
<strong>Output:</strong> 3
<strong>Explanation:</strong> III = 3.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 2:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> s = &quot;LVIII&quot;
<strong>Output:</strong> 58
<strong>Explanation:</strong> L = 50, V= 5, III = 3.
</pre>

<p><strong class="example">Example 3:</strong></p>

<pre>
<strong>Input:</strong> s = &quot;MCMXCIV&quot;
<strong>Output:</strong> 1994
<strong>Explanation:</strong> M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.
</pre>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Constraints:</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li><code>1 &lt;= s.length &lt;= 15</code></li>
	<li><code>s</code> contains only&nbsp;the characters <code>(&#39;I&#39;, &#39;V&#39;, &#39;X&#39;, &#39;L&#39;, &#39;C&#39;, &#39;D&#39;, &#39;M&#39;)</code>.</li>
	<li>It is <strong>guaranteed</strong>&nbsp;that <code>s</code> is a valid roman numeral in the range <code>[1, 3999]</code>.</li>
</ul>
Hash Table; Math; String
class Solution {
    public int romanToInt(String s) {
        String cs = "IVXLCDM";
        int[] vs = {1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000};
        Map<Character, Integer> d = new HashMap<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < vs.length; ++i) {
            d.put(cs.charAt(i), vs[i]);
        }
        int n = s.length();
        int ans = d.get(s.charAt(n - 1));
        for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
            int sign = d.get(s.charAt(i)) < d.get(s.charAt(i + 1)) ? -1 : 1;
            ans += sign * d.get(s.charAt(i));
        }
        return ans;
    }
}