Find Subtree Sizes After Changes
<p>You are given a tree rooted at node 0 that consists of <code>n</code> nodes numbered from <code>0</code> to <code>n - 1</code>. The tree is represented by an array <code>parent</code> of size <code>n</code>, where <code>parent[i]</code> is the parent of node <code>i</code>. Since node 0 is the root, <code>parent[0] == -1</code>.</p>

<p>You are also given a string <code>s</code> of length <code>n</code>, where <code>s[i]</code> is the character assigned to node <code>i</code>.</p>

<p>We make the following changes on the tree <strong>one</strong> time <strong>simultaneously</strong> for all nodes <code>x</code> from <code>1</code> to <code>n - 1</code>:</p>

<ul>
	<li>Find the <strong>closest</strong> node <code>y</code> to node <code>x</code> such that <code>y</code> is an ancestor of <code>x</code>, and <code>s[x] == s[y]</code>.</li>
	<li>If node <code>y</code> does not exist, do nothing.</li>
	<li>Otherwise, <strong>remove</strong> the edge between <code>x</code> and its current parent and make node <code>y</code> the new parent of <code>x</code> by adding an edge between them.</li>
</ul>

<p>Return an array <code>answer</code> of size <code>n</code> where <code>answer[i]</code> is the <strong>size</strong> of the <span data-keyword="subtree">subtree</span> rooted at node <code>i</code> in the <strong>final</strong> tree.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong class="example">Example 1:</strong></p>

<div class="example-block">
<p><strong>Input:</strong> <span class="example-io">parent = [-1,0,0,1,1,1], s = &quot;abaabc&quot;</span></p>

<p><strong>Output:</strong> <span class="example-io">[6,3,1,1,1,1]</span></p>

<p><strong>Explanation:</strong></p>
<img alt="" src="https://fastly.jsdelivr.net/gh/doocs/leetcode@main/solution/3300-3399/3331.Find%20Subtree%20Sizes%20After%20Changes/images/graphex1drawio.png" style="width: 230px; height: 277px;" />
<p>The parent of node 3 will change from node 1 to node 0.</p>
</div>

<p><strong class="example">Example 2:</strong></p>

<div class="example-block">
<p><strong>Input:</strong> <span class="example-io">parent = [-1,0,4,0,1], s = &quot;abbba&quot;</span></p>

<p><strong>Output:</strong> <span class="example-io">[5,2,1,1,1]</span></p>

<p><strong>Explanation:</strong></p>
<img alt="" src="https://fastly.jsdelivr.net/gh/doocs/leetcode@main/solution/3300-3399/3331.Find%20Subtree%20Sizes%20After%20Changes/images/exgraph2drawio.png" style="width: 160px; height: 308px;" />
<p>The following changes will happen at the same time:</p>

<ul>
	<li>The parent of node 4 will change from node 1 to node 0.</li>
	<li>The parent of node 2 will change from node 4 to node 1.</li>
</ul>
</div>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Constraints:</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li><code>n == parent.length == s.length</code></li>
	<li><code>1 &lt;= n &lt;= 10<sup>5</sup></code></li>
	<li><code>0 &lt;= parent[i] &lt;= n - 1</code> for all <code>i &gt;= 1</code>.</li>
	<li><code>parent[0] == -1</code></li>
	<li><code>parent</code> represents a valid tree.</li>
	<li><code>s</code> consists only of lowercase English letters.</li>
</ul>
Tree; Depth-First Search; Array; Hash Table; String
class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> findSubtreeSizes(vector<int>& parent, string s) {
        int n = s.size();
        vector<int> g[n];
        vector<int> d[26];
        for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
            g[parent[i]].push_back(i);
        }
        vector<int> ans(n);
        auto dfs = [&](this auto&& dfs, int i, int fa) -> void {
            ans[i] = 1;
            int idx = s[i] - 'a';
            d[idx].push_back(i);
            for (int j : g[i]) {
                dfs(j, i);
            }
            int k = d[idx].size() > 1 ? d[idx][d[idx].size() - 2] : fa;
            if (k >= 0) {
                ans[k] += ans[i];
            }
            d[idx].pop_back();
        };
        dfs(0, -1);
        return ans;
    }
};
