Homo and Pan had such characteristics as drag branch, play aeroplane, female transfer, and many other patterns, but we are less sure that they engaged in patrol, ostracize, fish and many other patterns. Probably, more important, we found many candidates of cultural behavioral patterns, namely 120 patterns, in addition to those 44 patterns that have not been recorded at Mahale but have been seen elsewhere. Although this needs confirmation by future detailed, long-term studies, we speculate that like current apes and humans, our common ancestors enjoyed rich cultural diversity in addition to common basic genetic tendencies. However, most impressively, chimpanzees show a tremendous extent of diversity of individual or idiosyncratic behavioral patterns: 147!. This is the ethnographic diversity of chimpanzees that deserves much more attention as a source