self directly: ---during social grooming the groomee often scratches a body part that is then groomed by the partner. Occurs when frustrated and uneasy. Plooijs Self-scratch. Kanos Self-scratch for bonobos. See video. scratch self directly 1 3 scratch self directly See scratch self. scratch self signalling Goodall Distance scratch: A grooming session sometimes initiated when one chimp sits, holds an overhead branch, and makes deliberate scratching movements while staring at the desired grooming partner who may be several meters away. Loud frustrated scratching may serve as a signal to a reluctant female who is being led away on a consortship, indicating that the patience of the male is wearing thin. Bonobos use at start of grooming. See video. scratch socially Nishida: Scratch or Rub. Nakamura et al. Social