of us had been absent, then we would Preface not have been able to complete this work. Roles were allocated to film, copy, playback, select, and edit, and to edit, interpret, name, describe, reference, and synthesize. The resulting collaborative efforts have been discussed and refined 20 times over in the process. We hope that this book and its accompanying DVD will help to conserve these irreplaceable creatures forever. Toshisada Nishida Contents Color Plates. 1 Introduction. 7 Methods. 11 Study Sites of Chimpanzees and Bonobos. 13 Catalogue. 15 Remarks. 25 Glossary. 27 Discussion. 209 References. 213 Appendix. 229 Color Plates 1. A juvenile female, Xantip, watches her mother, Xtina, removing a sand flea from her toe. 2. An adult male, Primus, ingests a mature leaf while chewing meat. 3.