behavioral patterns listed. From 1999 to 2009, new long-term study sites have been established, and many articles and books dealing with the behavioral patterns of chimpanzees have appeared. Research on gestures in captivity has also been published. With this new material, it is now easier to recognize possible differences across sites than was the case in 1999. It is well-known that chimpanzees show much local, as well as age, sex, and idiosyncratic, variation in behavior. What implications does the compilation of the audio-visual ethogram have for these issues? Our books purpose is to stimulate and to facilitate ape behavioral studies by addressing the questions below. In particular, this publication pays attention to some behavioral variations that have been neglected so far, and we hope that this will encourage