particular emotions, hence they possess more adaptable functional potential. Pollick and de Waal advocate the gestural origins of language Introduction 9 hypothesis because gestures are evolutionarily younger, and thus likely to be under greater cortical control than are facial or vocal signals. Few studies of hand preference in gestural communications have been done, although studies of lateralization of tool use are many. Plentiful examples of gestural communications shown in this book might stimulate research on the symbolic connotations of ape gestures and on hand preference in gestures. Last but not least, we expect that our efforts at exhaustive listing of behavioral patterns will merge in future with research on the chimpanzee genome. Genomic research on chimpanzees, although successful, is still far from explaining the genetic basis of behavioral