250 individuals or so for consideration, 180 pages for this encyclopedia would be remarkable. As we pointed out already, behavior as simple as social scratch is not only absent at some sites, but also the behavioral pattern of social scratch differs across sites where it exists. Chimpanzees are cultured animals whose behavior is modified during maturation after birth, but also changes even during adulthood. This was illustrated by the changes shown by migrants in the features of the grooming hand-clasp. From the viewpoint of cultural diversity, we conclude that we have currently reached only the starting point of understanding of behavioral diversity and flexibility of chimpanzees. Currently it is difficult to classify behavioral patterns into Categories 19 since detailed glossaries of behavior are available from only two populations