Sonata for Solo Cello (Ligeti)
The Sonata for Solo Cello is an unaccompanied cello sonata written by György Ligeti between 1948 and 1953. The piece was initially received poorly by the Soviet-run Composer's Union and was not allowed to be published or performed. However, in the 1980s and 90s, after over a quarter century in repose, the piece reemerged and has since become a well-known part of the standard cello repertoire.

History
Ligeti was nearing the end of his schooling in 1948 and had already established himself as a highly gifted student. In this year, he composed the Dialogo, which would later become the first movement of the Sonata, for a female cellist and fellow student at the Budapest Music Academy, Annuss Virány, with whom Ligeti was "secretly in love." Virány purportedly was not aware of the reason behind Ligeti’s generosity; she merely thanked him and never played it. Several years later, in 1953, Ligeti met Vera Dénes, an older and more celebrated cellist, who asked him for a piece of music. Having written only one unperformed cello work to date, Ligeti offered to expand the Dialogo into a "two-movement short sonata," adding a virtuosic Capriccio movement. With the country now a part of the Eastern Bloc, Ligeti was required to subject all his compositions to the scrutiny of the Communist-controlled Composers’ Union, at the risk of losing his job. He later recalled his interaction with the Union:

With that decree, the piece was set aside, not to be performed again until 1979. From then, the popularity of the Sonata grew, and in 2005 became a qualifying test for the Rostropovich Cello Competition in Paris.

Music 
The Sonata comprises two contrasting movements:

I. Dialogo
Ligeti freely admitted that his pre-1956 compositions were heavily influenced by Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály.  Of the first movement of the Sonata, he described:

The movement is marked "Adagio, rubato, cantabile" and comprises a total of 16 measures, each consisting a varied number of beats ranging from three to twenty, with barlines marking only phrase divisions. It begins with two pairs of pizzicato chords separated by a glissando, an extended technique which was championed by Bartók. The pitches in the first chord pair constitute a D dorian scale, while the second pair has tonal implications, emphasizing the dominant and establishing the feeling of D as tonic. A melody in D phrygian begins.

In an article delving into the technical aspects of the Sonata, Søren Beech suggests that the melody may have been inspired by ancient modal tunes preserved through the Eastern European folk music tradition. The modal melody is presented throughout the movement with distinct alterations: it is stated with rhythmic augmentation and then in polyphony, a testament to Ligeti's counterpoint training under Ferenc Farkas. A second melody is introduced in measure 6, this one with tonal implications, which are later confirmed by chordal accompaniment. Beech also makes the observation that the important tones of both melodies outline descending tetrachords, evidence of the influence of Bartók, who often used fourths as a structural element in melodies. After a final restatement of the phrygian melody in polyphony, the movement ends with a restatement of the opening pizzicato glissando motif arriving finally on a Picardy third.

II. Capriccio
While on the spectrum from Kodály's romantic style to the more aggressive style of Bartók, the Dialogo is considered closer to Kodály, the Capriccio is Bartókian.

In fact, the title Capriccio was a direct reference to the famously brilliant Caprices for violin by Niccolò Paganini, which Ligeti had encountered as a child. In contrast to the lyrical, rubato Dialogo, the Capriccio is written almost entirely in an unrelenting  pattern, breaking only once, abruptly in the middle for a truncated reminiscence of the Dialogo. The opening is marked "Presto con slancio" (very quick with impetus) and "forte vigoroso".

Two interval-motifs are exclaimed separately, which are then woven together with increasing intricacy in a massive crescendo, which subsides into a modal sounding second theme, the tones of which alternate with a pedal tone of A. This theme and the opening motifs share a tritone relationship, a compositional device prominently used by Bartók. The modal melody is once again reiterated, this time "tremolo sul tasto", (over the fingerboard) and harmonized with a perfect fifth above, a chord planing technique which also reflects Bartók's influence. A new rhythmic section erupts consisting of disjunct perfect fifth chords. This heralds the beginning of a pseudo-development section, in which the second theme is elaborated. The Dialogo returns briefly and is followed by a full recapitulation and coda, finally ending exuberantly (with tutta la forza) in G major.

Notable recordings
 Haimovitz, Matt, cello. Suites and Sonatas for Solo Cello. Works by Britten, Reger, Crumb, and Ligeti. Deutsche Grammophon CD 431 813-2, 1991.
 Perényi, Miklós, cello, Várjon, Dénes, piano. "Hungarian Cello Music". Works by Ligeti, Veress, Liszt, Dohnányi, Weiner, Mihály. Hungaroton Classic, 1999.
 Bertrand, Emmanuelle, cello.  "Oeuvres pour Viononcelle Seul." (Works for solo cello.)  Works by Dutilleux, Ligeti, Bacri, Crumb, Henze.  Radio France. Harmonia Mundi, HMN 911699, 2000.  Emmanuelle Bertrand

Notes

References
Antokoletz, Elliot. The Music of Bela Bartok: A Study of Tonality and Progression in Twentieth-Century Music. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Beech, Søren. “A Ligeti Masterwork. Exploring the Structure of György Ligeti’s Sonata for Solo Cello.” Strings 21, no. 4 (November 2006): 32, 34–38.
Campbell, Murray, Clive Greated, and Arnold Myers. Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Paul, Steven. “A Tale of Two Movements.” Liner notes to Suites and Sonatas for Solo Cello. Matt Haimovitz, cello. Deutsche Grammophon CD 431 813-2, 1991.
Steinitz, Richard. György Ligeti: Music of the Imagination. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2003.
Toop, Richard. György Ligeti. London: Phaidon Press, 1999.
Várnai, Péter, Josef Häusler, Claude Samuel, and György Ligeti. Ligeti in Conversation with Péter Várnai, Josef Häusler, Claude Samuel, and Himself. London: Eulenburg Books, 1983.

Solo cello pieces
Ligeti
Compositions by György Ligeti
1953 compositions