abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if @entity4677 ( @entity29279 ) enhances the impact in excitatory presynaptic terminals of a rate-limiting mechanism in vesicle trafficking termed supply rate @entity308 that emerges to limit synaptic transmission during heavy, epileptiform use. METHODS: The effect of @entity29279 was measured with electrophysiologic assays of monosynaptic connections in ex vivo hippocampal slices from wild-type and synapsin knockout @entity19 , and in primary cell culture neurons from wild-type and @entity71526 ( @entity71526 ) knockout @entity19 . RESULTS: @entity29279 enhanced the impact of supply rate @entity308 at Schaffer collateral synapses by shortening the time course for induction. The @entity29279 effect was selective for supply rate @entity308 because other presynaptic vesicle trafficking mechanisms were not affected. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) was ~50   m. The maximal effect was ~15  % and occurred at 100   m, which is a clinically relevant concentration. An experimental protocol is established for distinguishing atypical @entity734 ( @entity734 ) that affect supply rate @entity308 , such as @entity29279 , from typical @entity734 , such as @entity2049 , that affect upstream mechanisms. The @entity29279 effect was abolished at synapses from knockout @entity19 lacking @entity71526 and from synapses lacking synapsin 1 and 2. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings are consistent with the new hypothesis that @entity29279 acts to treat @entity302 by accelerating the induction of supply rate @entity308 at excitatory synapses during incipient @entity302 activity. The absence of the effect in the knockouts confirms that presynaptic function is the target. More specifically, the absence in @entity71526 knockouts is consistent with previous binding studies suggesting that @entity71526 is the target for @entity29279 . The absence in synapsin knockouts indicates that the phenotypic target intersects with the biochemical pathway that is altered in synapsin knockouts. The results from synapsin knockouts additionally suggest that development of functional analogs with increased potency might be possible because induction of supply rate @entity308 is faster in synapsin knockouts compared to wild-type synapses treated with @entity29279 .

title: @entity4677 accelerates the onset of supply rate XXXX in synaptic vesicle trafficking.

entities_list: @entity4677 :: ('MESH:C026098', 'Chemical') :: ['levetiracetam']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity71526 :: ('64051(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2a', 'SV2a']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['AEDs', 'antiepileptic drugs']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In Italy, each year 500000 couples refer to specialized centers due to reproductive problems. Among them, recurrent @entity393 (RPL) represents a problem of great importance, given that it affects up to 5% of @entity1 of childbearing age. Infertility, on the other hand, is a condition that currently covers 10-20% of couples of reproductive age, being idiopathic in 20% of cases. Accumulating evidence support the concept that changes of @entity1003 , generically defined as the presence of a thrombophilic state (congenital or acquired), are the basis of 40-70% of cases of multiple abortions or @entity249 . Several evidences support the hypothesis that @entity409 , a hallmark of a condition of low-grade @entity32 , is one of the earliest manifestations of @entity715 phenomena. To date, it's believed that, while the antiinflammatory Th2 cytokines (i.e. @entity688 ) can exert a protective role in pregnancy, the pro-inflammatory @entity1198 ones (i.e. interferon-y, @entity5 @entity39 factor-a,) have deleterious effects on pregnancy outcome, including fertilization and implantation failure. Moreover, development of many pregnancy complications, first and foremost @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ), recognizes similar mechanism(s). As @entity1211 is the main preventable cause of mortality during pregnancy, thromboprophylaxis is mandatory according to individual @entity1211 risk, influenced by the presence of thrombophilic conditions. In this review, we will analyze the relationship between @entity49 and pregnancy complications, with particular focus on the role of @entity32 . Subsequently, we will consider some issues related to the @entity1031 risk in pregnancy. Finally, the role of thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy will be discussed.

title: @entity32 and XXXX in Pregnancy Complications: Implications for Risk Assessment and Clinical Management.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophilia']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism', 'VTE']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy loss']

answer: @entity49 :: (MESH:D019851,Disease) :: ['Thrombophilia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The development of @entity1295 after non-exhaustive and exhaustive exercise eliciting differing metabolic demands is poorly understood. Sixteen active males completed five cycling trials. The first trial established the @entity880 threshold (LT) and maximal @entity26 uptake (VO2max ). Two of the remaining trials were completed at a severe intensity (halfway between LT and VO2max , SI) and two at a moderate intensity (90% LT, MI). Each trial involved two non-exhaustive bouts matched for work between intensities before cycling to exhaustion. Responses to stimulation of the femoral nerve and motor cortex were determined after each bout to determine peripheral and central @entity1295 . @entity2146 , cortical silent period (cSP), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were also assessed. Non-exhaustive cycling induced greater peripheral and central @entity1295 in the SI compared with the MI (P   <   0.05). At exhaustion, there was no difference between intensities; however, @entity1897 tended to be greater in the SI vs MI (-31% vs -17%, respectively, P   =   0.051). Exhaustive cycling increased SICI (24%, P   <   0.001) and reduced the cSP (-14%, P   <   0.001) in the SI, whereas ICF was reduced in the MI (-16%, P   <   0.001). These findings demonstrate exercise-induced metabolic stress accelerates the development of peripheral and central @entity1295 , and differentially influences intracortical excitability.

title: Central and XXXX following non-exhaustive and exhaustive exercise of disparate metabolic demands.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral fatigue']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['Corticospinal excitability']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral fatigue']


abstract: @entity28 is a worldwide problem in @entity1 and domestic animals. Interventions, including a combination of dietary management and exercise, have proven to be effective for inducing @entity353 in @entity1 . In companion animals, the role of exercise in the management of @entity28 has received relatively little attention. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in the transcriptome of key energy metabolism genes in muscle and adipose tissues in response to diet-induced @entity353 alone, or combined with exercise in @entity235 . Overweight pet @entity235 were enrolled on a @entity353 programme, based on calorie restriction and physical training (FD group, n   =   5) or calorie restriction alone (DO group, n   =   7). mRNA expression of 12 genes and six microRNAs were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In the FD group, @entity62719 and @entity4872 were expressed at lower levels in adipose tissue, whereas @entity70818 and @entity70819 were more highly expressed in muscle, when compared with the DO group. Comparing expression before and after the intervention, in the DO group, nine genes and three microRNAs showed significant altered expression in adipose tissue ( @entity20335 , @entity70820 and @entity62719 ; P   <   0.001) and seven genes and two microRNAs were significantly downregulated (NRF2, @entity4872 , @entity70818 , @entity70819 , PGC1a and mir-23; P   <   0.001) in muscle. Thus, calorie restriction causes regulation of several metabolic genes in both tissues. The mild exercise, incorporated into this study design, was sufficient to elicit transcriptional changes in adipose and muscle tissues, suggesting a positive effect on @entity413 metabolism. The study findings support inclusion of exercise in management of @entity235 @entity28 .

title: Physical training and XXXX in @entity235 lead to transcriptional changes in genes involved in the @entity413 -transport pathway in muscle and adipose tissues.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: @entity1200 is one of the fundamental aspects of the immune system. The @entity404 (+) @entity2902 (+) regulatory T (Treg) cells have emerged as key players in the development of tolerance to self and foreign antigens. However, little is known about the endogenous factors and mechanisms controlling their suppressive capacity on immune response. In this study, we observed that @entity4600 ( @entity4601 ), an n-3 @entity5204 , diminished, in a dose-dependent manner, the capacity of Treg cells to inhibit the @entity404 (+) @entity2902 (-) effector T-cell proliferation. @entity4601 not only reduced the migration of Treg cells toward chemokines but also downregulated the mRNA expression of @entity16952 and @entity436 in Treg cells. @entity4601 also curtailed @entity1366 and Akt phosphorylation and downregulated the @entity8110 levels in these cells. Contradictorily, @entity4601 upregulated the mRNA expression of @entity403 , @entity4386 , @entity2533 , and @entity688 ; nonetheless, this @entity844 increased the expression of @entity993 ( @entity13525 ) mRNA, known to be involved in Treg cell unresponsiveness. In @entity403 -immunoprepitated nuclear proteins, @entity4601 upregulated histone desacetylase 7 levels that would again participate in the unresposnsiveness of these cells. Finally, a @entity4601 -enriched diet also diminished, ex vivo, the suppressive capacity of Treg cells. Altogether, these results suggest that @entity4601 , by diminishing Treg cell functions, may play a key role in health and disease.

title: XXXX reduces suppressive and migratory functions of @entity404 + @entity2902 + regulatory T-cells.

entities_list: @entity5204 :: ('CHEBI:26208', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity4600 :: ('CHEBI:28125', 'Chemical') :: ['docosahexaenoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['Immunological tolerance']

answer: @entity4600 :: (CHEBI:28125,Chemical) :: ['Docosahexaenoic acid']


abstract: Abstract @entity1943 subtype-4 receptors ( @entity63793 ) inhibit L-type @entity460 channel currents (ICa) in @entity2479 cells (RGCs). Here we identify the signaling pathways involved in @entity63793 stimulation leading to suppression of ICa in RGCs. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made on isolated immunopanned RGCs using barium as a charge carrier to isolate ICa. Application of the selective @entity63793 agonist, L-803 (10  nM), reduced ICa by @entity19 %. Pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin (Gi/o inhibitor) did not prevent the action of L-803, which reduced ICa by 34.7%. To determine the involvement of Gby subunits after @entity63793 activation, depolarizing pre-pulse facilitation paradigms were used to remove voltage-dependent inhibition of @entity460 channels. Pre-pulse facilitation did not reverse the inhibitory effects of L-803 on ICa (8.4  vs. 8.8% reductions, ctrl vs. L-803); however, pharmacologic inhibition of Gby reduced ICa suppression by L-803 (23.0%, p<0.05). Inhibition of @entity6164 ( @entity11009 ; GFX) showed a concentration-dependent effect in preventing the action of L-803 on ICa (1   M GFX, 34.3%; 5   M GFX, 14.6%, p<0.05). When both @entity6164 and Gby were inhibited, the effects of L-803 on ICa were blocked (1.8%, p<0.05). These results suggest that @entity63793 stimulation modulates RGC @entity460 channels via Gby and @entity6164 activation. Since reducing intracellular @entity141 is known to be neuroprotective in RGCs, modulating these @entity63793 signaling pathways may provide insights to the discovery of unique therapeutic targets to reduce intracellular @entity141 levels in RGCs.

title: XXXX receptor subtype 4 modulates L-type @entity460 channels via Gby and @entity6164 signaling in rat @entity2479 cells.

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['Somatostatin']

answer: @entity1943 :: (MESH:D013004,Chemical) :: ['Somatostatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The presence of @entity46 in the kidney is extremely rare. We report a case of @entity46 in @entity8 incidentally found in a malfunctioning kidney removed because of xanthogranulomatous @entity2885 . CASE PRESENTATION: A 53-year-old Chinese premenopausal @entity1 presented with intermittent right flank @entity158 for many years. Imaging studies revealed a contracted non-functioning right kidney and a @entity20597 . The contracted kidney was considered to have resulted from chronic @entity2885 . The abscess was drained. The @entity1 subsequently underwent a right nephrectomy. Histology revealed @entity8 in addition to xanthogranulomatous @entity2885 and a @entity20597 . No evidence of @entity46 was identified at the pelvic site. The @entity1 was symptom-free after operation. CONCLUSION: Endometriosis is a common benign condition in @entity1 of reproductive age that is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity, which affects either genital or extragenital sites. Involvement of the urinary tract is rare. Among the urinary tract @entity46 , only a few cases involve the kidney. @entity8 is difficult to diagnose; a final diagnosis relies on the pathohistologic findings. Treatment involves hormonal manipulation or a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Whether a nephrectomy required depends on the level of renal function. Although extremely rare, renal @entity46 should be part of the differential diagnostic spectrum when a contracted, @entity8 is present. Early diagnosis might have prevented an unnecessary nephrectomy in cases of uncomplicated renal @entity46 .

title: Endometriosis in a kidney with focal xanthogranulomatous XXXX and a @entity20597 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis of renal parenchyma', 'renal parenchyma', 'non-functioning kidney', 'Renal endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity20597 :: ('MESH:D010501', 'Disease') :: ['perinephric abscess']

answer: @entity2885 :: (MESH:D011704,Disease) :: ['pyelonephritis']


abstract: Macroautophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that is crucial for organ homeostasis in mammals. However, methods to directly measure macroautophagic activity (or flux) in vivo are limited. In this study we developed a quantitative macroautophagic flux assay based on measuring @entity33688 protein turnover in vivo after administering the protease inhibitor @entity14630 . Using this assay we then characterized basal macroautophagic flux in different @entity19 organs. We found that the rate of @entity33688 accumulation after @entity14630 treatment was greatest in the liver and lowest in spleen. Interestingly we found that @entity22227 , an @entity33688 / @entity33688 homologue and the @entity33688 -interacting protein @entity18133 were degraded with similar kinetics to @entity33688 . However, the @entity33688 -related proteins @entity73020 and @entity73021 were not rapidly turned over in @entity19 liver, implying that different @entity33688 homologues may contribute to macroautophagy via distinct mechanisms. Nutrient starvation augmented macroautophagic flux as measured by our assay, while refeeding the animals after a period of starvation significantly suppressed flux. We also confirmed that beclin 1 heterozygous @entity19 had reduced basal macroautophagic flux compared to wild-type littermates. These results illustrate the usefulness of our @entity14630 -based assay for studying the dynamics of macroautophagy in @entity19 .

title: Characterization of macroautophagic flux in vivo using a XXXX -based assay.

entities_list: @entity14630 :: ('MESH:C032854', 'Chemical') :: ['leupeptin']

answer: @entity14630 :: (MESH:C032854,Chemical) :: ['leupeptin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The soft tissue around dental implants forms a barrier between the oral environment and the peri-implant bone and a crucial factor for long-term success of therapy is development of a good abutment/soft-tissue seal. Sol-gel derived nanoporous @entity3759 coatings have been shown to enhance soft-tissue attachment but their effect on adhesion and biofilm formation by oral bacteria is unknown. METHODS: We have investigated how the properties of surfaces that may be used on abutments: turned @entity702 , sol-gel nanoporous @entity3759 coated surfaces and anodized @entity141 modified surfaces, affect biofilm formation by two early colonizers of the oral cavity: @entity885 sanguinis and Actinomyces naeslundii. The bacteria were detected using 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization together with confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: Interferometry and atomic force microscopy revealed all the surfaces to be smooth (Sa <=0.22  m). Incubation with a consortium of @entity885 and A. naeslundii showed no differences in adhesion between the surfaces over 2 hours. After 14 hours, the level of biofilm growth was low and again, no differences between the surfaces were seen. The presence of saliva increased the biofilm biovolume of @entity885 and A. naeslundii ten-fold compared to when saliva was absent and this was due to increased adhesion rather than biofilm growth. CONCLUSIONS: Nano-topographical modification of smooth @entity702 surfaces had no effect on adhesion or early biofilm formation by @entity885 and A. naeslundii as compared to turned surfaces or those treated with anodic oxidation in the presence of @entity141 . The presence of saliva led to a significantly greater biofilm biovolume but no significant differences were seen between the test surfaces. These data thus suggest that modification with sol-gel derived nanoporous @entity3759 , which has been shown to improve osseointegration and soft-tissue healing in vivo, does not cause greater biofilm formation by the two oral commensal species tested than the other surfaces.

title: Effect of nanoporous XXXX coating and anodized @entity141 modification of @entity702 surfaces on early microbial biofilm formation.

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity885 :: ('1305', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus', 'S. sanguinis']

answer: @entity3759 :: (CHEBI:32234,Chemical) :: ['TiO2']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Summary INTRODUCTION: Despite the importance of @entity3406 and @entity3407 release from orthodontic brackets, there are no in vivo or in vitro studies on this issue in the case of metal-injection molding (MIM) brackets. METHODS: Saliva samples were collected from 30 orthodontic @entity1 divided randomly into two groups of conventional and MIM brackets, before treatment and 2 months later. Approved attendees with odd and even numbers were, respectively, assigned to the control and treatment groups. For blinding, the @entity1 were not informed of their bracket types, and the saliva samples were coded. @entity3406 and @entity3407 levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analysed using repeated-measures two-way analysis of covariance, independent-samples t-test, chi-squared, Spearman and point-biserial correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests (a = 0.05). RESULTS: Mean @entity3406 level increased from 7.87  8.14 (pre-treatment) to 12.57  9.96 (2nd month) in the control group, and from 8.62  9.85 (pre-treatment) to 8.86  6.42   g/l in the MIM group. Both of these increases were significant (Wilcoxon P < 0.03). Average @entity3407 level changed from 0.25  0.56 (pre-treatment) to 0.35  0.62 and from 0.42  0.48 to 0.26  0.57   g/l in the MIM group. Only the reduction observed in the MIM group was significant (Wilcoxon P = 0.0438). Age and gender had no significant influence on ion levels (P > 0.1). The differences between both ions' levels measured in the 60th day in both bracket groups were not significant (Mann-Whitney P > 0.05). The extents of changes over time were not significantly different between the bracket types (Mann-Whitney P > 0.05). LIMITATIONS: The sample size was not predetermined based on power calculations. The spectrophotometer was limited to detecting @entity3407 concentrations above 0.25   g/l. Ion discharge from brackets might continuously change. The current in vivo methods are unable to take such fluctuations into account. CONCLUSION: @entity3406 might increase in @entity1 undergoing treatment with both bracket types, although the rate of increase might be greater in @entity1 under treatment with conventional brackets. Using MIM brackets might reduce salivary @entity3407 for a trivial but generalizable amount. Still, ion levels leached from conventional versus MIM brackets might not show a difference after 2 months. Age and gender might not affect the ion levels in normal @entity1 or orthodontic @entity1 . REGISTRATION: The protocol is registered offline at the university library.Protocol: The protocol was not published before the trail commencement.Funding: Self-funded (S. H.). Conflict of interest: None to declare.

title: Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional versus metal-injection molding brackets on salivary @entity3406 and XXXX levels: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity3406 :: ('MESH:D009532', 'Chemical') :: ['nickel', 'Nickel']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3407 :: ('MESH:D002857', 'Chemical') :: ['chromium']

answer: @entity3407 :: (MESH:D002857,Chemical) :: ['chromium']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the healing response at the flap interface in corneas with @entity4122 that required penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS: Corneas of five @entity1 who developed @entity2687 after LASIK (range: 2.5 to 5 years postoperative) were collected after corneal transplant surgery. The corneas were bisected and processed for conventional histologic analysis and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Light microscopy showed a hypocellular @entity2318 at the wound margin compared with the adjacent @entity2687 in all eyes. All corneas had positive staining for @entity3960 ( @entity3960 ), a myofibroblast marker. In one eye, alpha- @entity3960 cells were located in the @entity2318 region in the area of the semicircular ring of haze along the margin of the LASIK flap corresponding to an area of @entity2543 . In all other eyes, alpha- @entity3960 positive cells were fewer and mainly located in the superficial stroma under the epithelial wound margin surface. Type III collagen was minimal or absent in the central zone and wound margin of all corneas except for the @entity267 with @entity2543 present in the hypercellular @entity2318 region. Chondroitin @entity597 was stronger in the periphery of the flap wound coinciding with a higher presence of alpha- @entity3960 -positive cells in that region. Positive staining for @entity1495 ( @entity1495 ) in the paracentral wound margin scar was seen. CONCLUSIONS: A wound-healing process characterized by absence of significant @entity82 and myofibroblasts at the wound edge in the flap interface was noted in all keratectatic eyes. However, changes in the composition of collagen and the presence of @entity1495 at the wound edge several years after LASIK indicates active wound remodeling that may explain the ongoing loss of tissue and tendency of the @entity267 to bulge.

title: Immunohistological evaluation of the healing response at the flap interface in XXXX with @entity4122 requiring penetrating keratoplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4122 :: ('MESH:D004108', 'Disease') :: ['LASIK ectasia']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['fibrotic scar']

entities_list: @entity3960 :: ('MESH:D018235', 'Disease') :: ['SMA', 'alpha-smooth muscle actin']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal ectasia', 'corneal stroma']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial ingrowth']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-9', 'matrix metalloproteinase 9']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity528 is a late complication of @entity1411 in @entity1201 . The objective of this study is to describe and analyze the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of this complication in Morocco. A retrospective study was conducted from January 2000 to December 2009 at the National Center of @entity1201 . All our @entity1 had a histological confirmation. Ten @entity1 were included in this study. There were seven @entity1 and three @entity1 , with a mean age of 58.8 years. Six @entity1 had a multibacillary form of @entity1201 and four had a paucibacillary form. The average duration of @entity1411 was 34.4 years. Clinical appearance at diagnosis was an @entity5 . Treatment was by radical amputation. Evolution was marked by metastatic spread in six @entity1 . One @entity1 died of disseminated disease. In Morocco, @entity1201 has been on the decline since 1990, but the occurrence of late complications in the @entity1201 @entity1 as @entity189 persists. Prevention of these complications should be part of the national fight against @entity1201 .

title: [ XXXX in @entity1201 : experience of National @entity1201 Center in Casablanca].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative and vegetative tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of plantar ulcers']

entities_list: @entity1411 :: ('MESH:D016523', 'Disease') :: ['plantar ulcers', 'the plantar ulcers']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant degeneration']

entities_list: @entity1201 :: ('MESH:D007918', 'Disease') :: ['Leprosy (CNL) in Casablanca', 'leprosy']

answer: @entity1411 :: (MESH:D016523,Disease) :: ['Malignant transformation of plantar ulcers']


abstract: Varying dilutions containing from 10(6) to 10(3) spontaneously transformed Balb/3T3 cells were inoculated into @entity19 [N:NIH( @entity54964 ]. Less than half the @entity19 inoculated with 10(3) cells developed @entity5 . The higher concentrations of cells produced visible @entity5 in all @entity19 within 2-3 weeks, and these @entity5 grew rapidly to large sizes. Some @entity5 initiated by the lower concentrations of cells arose quickly, but others were greatly delayed in onset, then grew slowly, if at all, for several weeks before a rapid acceleration. The delayed acceleration can be considered a form of @entity5 progression. When first explanted into culture, cells from the early @entity5 multiplied somewhat more slowly than the parental cells that initiated the @entity5 , but narrowed the gap in a few weekly passages. By contrast, only a small fraction (less than or equal to 0.001) of cells from the longest delayed @entity5 could sustain multiplication in culture, although flow cytometry revealed them to have been a rapidly multiplying population when explanted. A relatively large fraction of these explanted @entity5 cells incorporated a 1-hour pulse of @entity665 into DNA, although at a low rate. The shift to culture apparently slowed progress through the S-period of the cell cycle. The multiplication rate of cell populations from the delayed @entity5 increased in successive passages in culture. There was great heterogeneity in growth capacity among clones of the @entity5 cells. The growth rates of some clones declined to the point of extinction, those of others remained constant for several weeks, while those of still others steadily increased in growth rate. The low initial cloning efficiency of cells from the delayed @entity5 and the heterogeneity of growth rates among the clonable cells indicate that selection plays a major role in the increase of the growth capacity of the cell population. The steady increase in growth rates within clones suggests that physiological adaptation also contributes to the progressive growth of the @entity5 populations in culture. The results constitute a rationale for using the progressive growth of cells in culture as a model system for discriminating the types of cellular changes that underlie @entity5 progression.

title: Tumor progression in XXXX and its representation in cell culture.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['nude mice']


abstract: AIMS: @entity697 ( @entity697 ) still represent life-threatening conditions. The aim of this study was to describe our experience in the management of @entity1 (pts) with @entity697 and to evaluate the safety and feasibility of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) in high surgical risk @entity1 . METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and four @entity1 underwent @entity34 . We selected 56 pts with @entity697 : 17 complicated type B aortic dissections, five traumatic @entity1755 at the isthmus, 11 @entity439 and 23 pts with large AAA with impending @entity397 . All these pts were at high surgical risk because of their comorbidities and/or their emergency situation. They were clinically followed during hospitalisation and they underwent a 2 mm-interval CT-scan two weeks, six and 12 months after discharge and every year after. @entity204 , @entity451 , open surgical conversion did not occur. Two pts underwent a successful secondary @entity34 for @entity1070 . One @entity1 with @entity2334 died of septic shock from pneumonia 78 days after discharge and two pts with AAA suffering from a severe three-vessel @entity301 experienced @entity944 at one year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: @entity34 seems to be a safe and effective therapeutic option with good short- and midterm results in @entity1 with @entity697 at high surgical risk. Thus, it can be considered as a less-invasive alternative in @entity1 considered otherwise unsuitable for conventional surgery, even though a careful, continued follow-up is still necessary to confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of @entity34 in @entity697 .

title: XXXX at high surgical risk: the endovascular approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['AAS', 'Acute aortic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['aortic ruptures']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['type I endoleak']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity2334 :: ('MESH:D017545', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['EVT', 'endovascular treatment']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['Acute aortic syndromes']


abstract: @entity3140 ( @entity3140 ) impairments are the most common disabling deficits after @entity64 and have complex relationships with activity and participation domains. However, relatively few studies have applied the ICF model to identify the contributions of specific @entity3140 , such as @entity425 , @entity158 , and sensory loss, as predictors of activity and participation. The purposes of this predictive study were to evaluate the relationships between @entity3140 variables related to body functions/structures, activity, and participation domains and to determine which would best explain activity and participation with 55 subjects with @entity64 . Body functions/structures were assessed by measures of grip, pinch, and @entity3140 strength, finger tactile sensations, shoulder @entity158 , and cognition (MMSE); activity domain by measures of observed performance (BBT, @entity24276 , and TEMPA); and participation by measures of quality of life (SSQOL). Upper-limb and grip strength were related to all activity measures (0.52 <r < 0.82, p < .0001). Shoulder @entity158 (r = -.39,p < .001) was the variable which was mostly related to participation. Grip strength alone accounted for 62%, 54%, and 36% of the variance in the activity measures (respectively TEMPA, BBT and @entity24276 ). Shoulder @entity158 accounted for 30% of the participation measure. @entity51 and shoulder @entity158 of the paretic @entity3140 demonstrated to be important targets for clinical interventions to improve activity and participation with @entity64 subjects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2c.

title: Upper extremity function in XXXX subjects: relationships between the international classification of functioning, disability, and health domains.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'chronic stroke']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscular weakness']

entities_list: @entity3140 :: ('MESH:D038062', 'Disease') :: ['UL impairments', 'UL', 'Upper limb']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['Strength deficits']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: In this retrospective analysis, we evaluated the use of stereotactic body radiation therapy in the management of adrenal metastases from @entity1149 and report our single center experience. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Fifteen @entity1149 @entity1 (9 male, 6 female) with 17 adrenal metastases referred to Gulhane Military Medical Academy Radiation Oncology Department were treated using active breathing control-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy between December 2009 and October 2013. Dose per fraction was 10 Gy to deliver a total dose of 30 Gy over 3 consecutive days for all metastatic adrenal lesions. The mean gross @entity5 volume was 28.4 cc (range 6.6-101.5) and mean planning target volume was 57.4 cc (range 16.5-143.8). RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 16 months, local control was 86.7% and overall survival was 33.3%. Median disease-free survival was 10 months. Treatment response according to RECIST was categorized as complete response in 3 @entity1 (20%), partial response in 5 @entity1 (33.3%), stable disease in 5 @entity1 (33.3%), and progressive disease in 2 @entity1 (13.3%). Most common acute @entity137 was grade 1 @entity390 (n = 7) and grade 1 @entity1295 (n = 12). There was no case of grade >= 3 acute or late @entity137 . CONCLUSIONS: Stereotactic body radiation therapy offers a safe and efficacious management strategy for adrenal metastases from @entity1149 by providing excellent local control with negligible treatment related @entity137 .

title: Evaluation of stereotactic body radiation therapy in the management of adrenal metastases from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity1 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity14380 ( @entity14380 ). @entity14380 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity14380 were challenged with @entity413 (20 mmol/L), @entity369 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity2544 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity413 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity413 and @entity369 enhanced @entity2690 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity2544 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity413 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity413 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity369 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity413 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity2690 release. When @entity369 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity413 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity413 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity413 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity2690 release was clearly @entity2544 . The effect of @entity2544 was also remarkably independent of the @entity413 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity413 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity14380 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity2690 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity14380 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity413 , but was stimulated by @entity369 and @entity2544 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity2690 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity268 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity2544 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity413 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity2690 release during the early development of @entity1 fetal B-cells.

title: XXXX and glucagon secretory responses to @entity369 , glucagon, and @entity2544 during perifusion of @entity1 fetal @entity14380 .

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity14380 :: ('MESH:D018273', 'Disease') :: ['islet-like cell clusters', 'ICC']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['Insulin']


abstract: Antiprogestins have been largely utilized in reproductive medicine, yet their repositioning for oncologic use is rapidly emerging. In this study we investigated the molecular mediators of the @entity43 activity of the structurally related antiprogestins @entity3927 , @entity54272 and @entity52392 . We studied the responses of wt @entity876 OV2008 and @entity876 null SK-OV-3 cells to varying doses of @entity3927 , @entity54272 and @entity52392 . The @entity230 inhibited the growth of both cell lines with a potency of @entity3927 > @entity54272 > @entity52392 , and were cytostatic at lower doses but lethal at higher concentrations. Antiprogestin-induced lethality associated with morphological features of apoptosis, hypodiploid DNA content, DNA fragmentation, and cleavage of executer caspase substrate @entity9190 . Cell death ensued despite @entity3927 caused transient up-regulation of anti-apoptotic @entity588 , @entity54272 induced transient up-regulation of inhibitor of apoptosis @entity9846 , and @entity52392 up-regulated both @entity9846 and @entity588 . The antiprogestins induced accumulation of Cdk inhibitors @entity994 ( @entity994 ) and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) and increased association of @entity994 ( @entity994 ) and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) with @entity15308 . They also promoted nuclear localization of @entity994 ( @entity994 ) and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ), reduced the nuclear abundances of @entity15308 and cyclin E, and blocked the activity of @entity15308 in both nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytotoxic potency of the antiprogestins correlated with the magnitude of the inhibition of @entity15308 activity, ranging from G1 cell cycle arrest towards cell death. Our results suggest that, as a consequence of their cytostatic and lethal effects, antiprogestin steroids of well-known contraceptive properties emerge as attractive new agents to be repositioned for @entity43 therapeutics.

title: Growth inhibition induced by antiprogestins @entity3927 , XXXX , and @entity52392 in @entity43 cells involves inhibition of @entity15308 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['anti-ovarian cancer', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity54272 :: (MESH:C076196,Chemical) :: ['ORG-31710']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether common conditions in early childhood, such as @entity565 and @entity2673 (mainly @entity11795 ), affect height during later childhood and in adult life. DESIGN: Longitudinal follow up of subjects in the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Data from the birth survey and ages 7, 11, 16, and 23 were used. SUBJECTS: 12,537 subjects remaining in the study at age 23, representing 76% of the target population, cohort members still alive and resident in Britain. RESULTS: Heights of @entity1 with @entity56 , acute or @entity5539 , or @entity565 /wheezy @entity3617 did not differ by age 7 from those of @entity1 without such illnesses. When @entity565 was graded by severity, there was a trend (not significant) for the severe group to be shorter at ages 16 and 23. Although @entity1 with a @entity102 by age 7 were on average almost 0.5 cm shorter than @entity1 without such illnesses, this difference was reduced by half and was not significant after adjusting for maternal height, birth weight, parity, and social class at birth. However, a marked and long lasting effect was found for @entity1 with @entity2673 who at age 7 were significantly shorter, by a mean of 0.77 cm. Within this group, enuretic @entity1 with a problem at age 11 were more than 1 cm shorter in adulthood, even allowing for other height related factors. CONCLUSIONS: Common childhood illnesses do not appear to affect height, either in the short or in the long term, although exceptions include @entity102 and @entity11795 . The value of height as an indicator of @entity1 health status in an industrialised country such as Britain requires further reassessment.

title: @entity565 , XXXX , and @entity102 : long term impact on height.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity2673 :: ('MESH:C535569', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial illness']

entities_list: @entity5539 :: ('MESH:D011602', 'Disease') :: ['psychosomatic illness']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

answer: @entity11795 :: (MESH:D004775,Disease) :: ['enuresis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The proper role of surgical resection, given the various treatment modalities available, needs to be further clarified in @entity1 with a single large @entity157 ( @entity157 ). To evaluate the role of surgical resection in this group of @entity1 , we studied the long-term outcomes of @entity1 that received hepatic resection for a single large (> 5-10 cm in diameter) @entity157 . METHODS: The clinicopathologic data and long-term outcomes of 61 @entity1 with a single large @entity157 (> 5-10 cm in diameter; L group) were compared with those of 169 @entity1 with a single small @entity157 (< or = 5 cm; S group). Prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Operative mortality rates were low in both groups (0.6% in group S and 1.6% in group L), and the incidence of @entity1578 was rare even in group L (1.6%). The cumulative 5-year overall survival rate in group S was 59.0%, whereas in group L it was 52.9% (p = 0.385), and the corresponding cumulative 5-year disease-free survival rates were 44.1% and 31.7%, respectively (p = 0.063). @entity1 class B was found to predict poor overall and disease-free survival by multivariate analysis versus @entity1 class A in both groups. The presence of microvascular invasion was also identified as a significant prognostic factor, but it only affected disease-free survival in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Single large HCCs do not require a large extent of hepatic resection and the associated increased risk of @entity1578 . The long-term survival of @entity1 with a single large @entity157 is as good as that of @entity1 with a single small @entity157 . We conclude that hepatic resection is a safe and effective therapy for single large HCCs.

title: Outcomes of hepatic resection for a single large XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hepatic failure', 'postoperative liver failure']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Coagulation and @entity32 are both important processes that contribute to @entity8 . The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of recombinant @entity1 soluble @entity9820 (RHS-TM) in a lethal model of @entity631 and to investigate the possible mechanisms. METHODS: Thrombotic @entity631 was induced in @entity35 by administration of lipopolysaccharide and rabbit anti-rat glomerular basement membrane antibody. One hour later, RHS-TM or heparin was administered, and the histological findings, renal functions, and coagulation parameters were evaluated. To evaluate the contribution of @entity38867 ( @entity38867 ) to the results obtained in @entity35 treated with RHS-TM, plasma @entity38867 levels were measured. Then, carboxypeptidase inhibitor (CPI), which prevents the function of @entity38867 , was administered. RESULTS: Massive @entity8 and @entity548 developed within five hours of disease induction, and all @entity35 died within 24 hours. RHS-TM (3 mg/kg) prevented the progression of the disease and all @entity35 survived. Heparin (250 U/kg/h) showed similar anti- @entity715 effect, but induced @entity548 in the lungs or stomach. RHS-TM attenuated leukocyte/neutrophil infiltration in the glomerulus but heparin did not, suggesting that RHS-TM has anti-inflammatory properties. @entity38867 levels in plasma were about threefold higher in @entity35 treated with RHS-TM compared to those in @entity35 treated with heparin. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of RHS-TM on leukocyte/neutrophil infiltration was significantly diminished by injection of CPI. CONCLUSION: RHS-TM effectively attenuates the injuries of @entity631 in @entity35 . The results indicate that RHS-TM, in addition to its anti- @entity715 action, may exert its anti-inflammatory properties by converting proCPR to @entity38867 , which then inactivates anaphylatoxins. RHS-TM is a potential novel therapeutic tool for @entity8 .

title: Effects of @entity1 soluble XXXX on experimental @entity631 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular thrombosis', 'thrombotic glomerular injury and related disorders', 'glomerular injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive hemorrhage', 'lung hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity9820 :: ('7056', 'Gene') :: ['thrombomodulin']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic glomerulonephritis', 'glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity9820 :: (7056,Gene) :: ['thrombomodulin']


abstract: Functional magnetic resonance (MR) encompasses a spectrum of techniques that depict physiological and molecular processes before morphological changes are visible on conventional imaging. As understanding of the pathophysiological and biomolecular processes involved in @entity0 evolves, newer functional MR techniques can be employed that define early predictive and surrogate biomarkers for monitoring response to chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasingly used in @entity1 with primary @entity0 to @entity5 and enable successful breast conservation surgery. It also plays a role in the treatment of undetected micrometastases. Cardinal physiological features of @entity5 that occur as a result of interactions between @entity5 cells, stromal cells and secreted factors and cytokines and how they change with treatment provide the opportunity to detect changes in the @entity5 microenvironment prior to any morphological change. Through sequential imaging, @entity5 response can be assessed and non-responders can be identified early to enable alternative therapies to be considered. This review summarises the functional magnetic resonance biomarkers of response in @entity1 with @entity0 that are currently available and under development. We describe the current state of each biomarker and explore their potential clinical uses and limitations in assessing treatment response. With the aid of selected interesting cases, biomarkers related to dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, T2*/BOLD and MR spectroscopy are described and illustrated. The potential of newer approaches, such as MR elastography, are also reviewed.

title: Functional magnetic resonance: biomarkers of response in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours', 'down-stage the tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast malignancies', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity647 ( @entity647 ) is an acute @entity55 that causes morbidity and mortality in critically ill @entity1 . However, there are many instances where @entity647 resolves spontaneously through endogenous pathways that help to control @entity55 . Previous studies have implicated the extracellular signaling molecule @entity859 and signaling events through the A2B @entity859 receptor in lung protection. In this context, we hypothesized that tissue-specific expression of the A2B @entity859 receptor is responsible for the previously described attenuation of @entity647 . To address this hypothesis, we exposed @entity19 with tissue-specific deletion of @entity23925 to @entity647 , utilizing a two-hit model where intratracheal LPS treatment is followed by injurious mechanical ventilation. Interestingly, a head-to-head comparison of @entity19 with deletion of @entity23925 in the myeloid lineage ( @entity23925 (loxP/loxP) @entity30562 Cre(+)), endothelial cells ( @entity23925 (loxP/loxP) @entity7112 Cre(+)), or alveolar epithelial cells ( @entity23925 (loxP/loxP) SPC Cre(+)) revealed a selective increase in disease susceptibility in @entity23925 (loxP/loxP) SPC Cre(+) @entity19 . More detailed analysis of @entity23925 (loxP/loxP) SPC Cre(+) @entity19 confirmed @entity55 and attenuated alveolar fluid clearance. To directly deliver an A2B @entity859 receptor-specific agonist to alveolar epithelial cells, we subsequently performed studies with inhaled @entity24980 . Indeed, aerosolized @entity24980 treatment was associated with @entity3126 , improved histologic @entity651 , and dampened @entity55 . Collectively, these findings suggest that alveolar epithelial A2B @entity859 receptor signaling contributes to lung protection, and they implicate inhaled A2B @entity859 receptor agonists in @entity647 treatment.

title: Alveolar Epithelial A2B XXXX Receptors in Pulmonary Protection during Acute @entity651 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['attenuated pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['elevated lung inflammation', 'excessive lung inflammation', 'lung inflammation', 'inflammatory lung disease']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['ALI', 'Acute lung injury']

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['Adenosine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Despite recent concerns over the effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics compared with first-generation antipsychotics, prescribing of atypical antipsychotics continues to increase. The use of generic atypical antipsychotics is one way to address cost concerns, especially if there are no major differences in outcomes between generic and originator formulations. Market forces do appear to help lower prices if @entity1 have to cover any difference between higher priced generics and originators and the current reference-priced products themselves, which they try to avoid, and if companies strive to gain market share. However, this approach may compromise individualizing atypical choice if reference classes consist of several atypicals between which there are significant co-payment differences. OBJECTIVES: First, to assess whether differences in @entity1 co-payment levels between the various atypical antipsychotic formulations alter the atypical formulation prescribed and/or dispensed in practice in Poland. Second, to assess whether market forces in Poland help drive down generic prices in reality as successive generics are launched. Third, to assess the impact of the reduction in reference prices on the overall expenditure on atypicals by the National Health Fund in Poland. METHODS: Prescription and reimbursed expenditure data for @entity1037 and @entity1090 were provided by the National Health Fund from 2002 to 2006, although no individual @entity1 data were available. Reimbursement limits for the various presentations of @entity1037 and @entity1090 were based on regulations from the Ministry of Health. RESULTS: Analysis of the data showed that the level of @entity1 co-payment appeared to impact on the atypical antipsychotic dispensed, with utilization of @entity1037 growing once its co-payment was reduced when generic @entity1037 became available. The reverse was seen with @entity1090 , with only limited growth in utilization when co-payment levels increased.Market forces resulted in a 40% reduction in the reimbursed reference price (based on the defined daily dose) of @entity1037 and a 77% reduction for @entity1090 from 2002 to July 2008. These price reductions helped moderate the growth in atypical expenditure in Poland despite appreciably increased utilization, especially for @entity1037 . Continued moderation (or even a reduction) in the growth of expenditure on atypicals is envisaged, despite increasing utilization, as more generic formulations are launched, with further reductions in the reference price for both @entity1037 and @entity1090 . CONCLUSIONS: Market forces appear to drive down the prices of generics and originators as more atypical formulations are launched. However, alternative approaches may be needed if significant co-payment differences compromise individualized care.

title: Influence of XXXX co-payments on atypical antipsychotic choice in Poland: implications once generic atypicals are available.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: Two cases of @entity1050 or @entity1184 of the cerebellum are presented. This brings the total number of such cases reported in the literature to 42. Pathologically the disease is characterized by a circumscribed @entity76 consisting of thickening of the cortex with closely packed @entity4494 cells in the granular layer and with large myelinated axons in the molecular layer. Purkinje cells are missing and the central white matter is greatly reduced. The first @entity1 , a @entity1 39 years of age, had in association to the @entity76 , a @entity10389 brain (2320 g). He had suffered from @entity302 since he was 24-years-old and died with metastasizing @entity694 . An electron microscopic study of the @entity76 disclosed perikarya containing large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, cell processes filled with coated and dense core vesicles. In addition, there were numerous enlarged myelinated axons in the molecular layer. The second @entity1 , a @entity1 74 years of age, had a small area of @entity1184 of the left cerebellar hemisphere measuring one centimeter in diameter. Specific symptoms were very scant in the first case and absent in the second one indicating a very slow evolution - if any - of the disease process. The etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. However, the organoid structure of the lesion, the frequent association of @entity4651 and other @entity154 , and the occurrence of familiar cases would favor the disease being basically a @entity245 .

title: @entity1050 ( XXXX of the cerebellum). Report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental disorder']

entities_list: @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic ganglion']

entities_list: @entity1050 :: ('MESH:D006223', 'Disease') :: ['Lhermitte-Duclos disease']

entities_list: @entity10389 :: ('MESH:C536141', 'Disease') :: ['megalencephalic']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar lesion']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity4651 :: ('MESH:D058627', 'Disease') :: ['megalencephaly']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['diffuse hypertrophy']


abstract: The efficacy of coronary bypass grafting obviously being linked to graft patency, it is compulsory to look for any innovation that could improve the patency rate. @entity1396 , an antiplatelet drug, was tested against placebo in a double-blind trial: 173 @entity1 (475 grafts) subjected to venous coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly treated with @entity1396 (250 mg twice daily) or placebo from the second postoperative day for 12 months. Graft patency was assessed by digital angiography on days 10 (99.4% of the @entity1 ), 180 (98.2%), and 360 (91.7%). The effect of treatment on @entity1423 and bleeding time were measured concomitantly; a clear-cut effect was demonstrated at each interval. Intention-to-treat graft-by-graft analysis shows that @entity1396 significantly reduced the graft occlusion rate on day 10 (7.1% versus 13.4%, p less than 0.05), day 180 (15.0% versus 24.0%, p less than 0.02), and day 360 (15.9% versus 26.1%, p less than 0.01). Sequential grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery, with side-to-side @entity254 to diagonal branch(es), are less frequently occluded than individual grafts. On the contrary, grafts to endarterectomized vessels occlude more frequently. Individual @entity1 -by- @entity1 analysis shows that patency of all grafts at each study time, is more frequent in the @entity1396 group. The difference is significant when one considers @entity1 without sequential or endarterectomized grafts. The difference is also present at each study time: day 10 (84.4% versus 66.7%, p less than 0.05), day 180 (74.4% versus 52.3%, p less than 0.05) and day 360 (75.0% versus 52.5%, p less than 0.05). Results are even more impressive if one excludes from analysis the four @entity1 in the @entity1396 group in whom administration of the drug was delayed. This supports previous suggestions that early therapy is necessary. These results show that graft occlusion occurs mainly in the first 6 postoperative months. The incidence of occlusion is significantly reduced by @entity1396 therapy.

title: Prevention of aorta-coronary bypass graft occlusion. Beneficial effect of XXXX on early and late patency rates of venous coronary bypass grafts: a double-blind study.

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1396 :: ('MESH:D013988', 'Chemical') :: ['ticlopidine', 'Ticlopidine']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

answer: @entity1396 :: (MESH:D013988,Chemical) :: ['ticlopidine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies investigating @entity28 and cardiometabolic risk have focused on 'at-risk' populations and methodological inconsistencies have produced equivocal findings. The present cross-sectional study investigated indices of body composition as predictors of cardiometabolic risk and their relationship with @entity32 in apparently healthy young adults. METHODS: A fasting blood sample was taken from consenting adults (160 males, 32 females, aged 18-40  years) for assessment of cardiometabolic risk markers (blood pressure, lipid profiles and insulin resistance) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, @entity5 @entity39 factor-a, @entity650 , @entity688 and @entity1254 ). Together with anthropometry, fat mass (FM) and @entity1386 ( @entity6120 ) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. FM was expressed in absolute terms (kg), as well as relative to total body weight (%), height [FM index (FMI, kg  m(-2) )] and @entity6120 (FM  :  @entity6120 ,%). RESULTS: Although anthropometric indices were associated with most cardiometabolic risk markers, the strongest relationship was observed with FMI. Relative to having a low cardiometabolic risk ( <=2 markers above clinically relevant cut-offs), each kg  m(-2) increase in FMI, increased the likelihood of having an increased cardiometabolic risk by 29% (odds ratio  =  1.29; 95% confidence interval  =  1.12-1.49). Inflammatory markers were not associated with body composition or cardiometabolic risk. CONCLUSIONS: FMI was the strongest predictor of overall cardiometabolic risk but not @entity32 per se. However, anthropometric indices, such as body mass index and waist-to-height ratio, remain valuable surrogate measures of adiposity in this group, particularly when risk markers are considered independently.

title: Indices of adiposity as predictors of cardiometabolic risk and XXXX in young adults.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['fat-free mass']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: A total of 101 @entity1 (total group) with primary large angle @entity5971 who had primary bimedial rectus recession (BMR) of 6.5 mm or more were reviewed in a retrospective study. The average pre-operative size of the deviation was 63.5 prism diopters (PD) for near and 58.2 PD for distance. Of these, 26 @entity1 (group I) attended for one post-operative visit only. The remaining 75 @entity1 (group II) were followed for an average period of 17.7 months. Among group II @entity1 there was an average shift in the post-operative deviation towards divergence consisting of-6.4 PD for near and-5.5 PD for distance. The alignment (deviation of 10 PD or below) rate in the first postoperative visit was 31.7%; undercorrection was 60.4% and overcorrection was 7.9%. At the end of the period of follow-up the above rates were 40%, 42.7%, and 17.3% respectively without further surgery. This increase in the overcorrection rate was solely derived from the initially aligned @entity1 . @entity4457 and/or poor fixation were found to be of significance in the production of overcorrection. There was no direct relationship between the age of surgery, duration of follow-up or the degree of the BMR and the rate of correction. Among group II @entity1 , post-operative ocular movements analysis revealed limitation of adduction of-0.5 to-0.75 (out of scale 0 to-4.00) in 22.7% (17/75) and-1.00 to-1.50 in 6.7% (5/75). None had more than-1.5 limitation of adduction. Large BMR is an acceptable surgical modality for the management of large angle @entity5971 . It has approximately 50% alignment rate. Slight undercorrection is recommended especially in the presence of significant @entity4457 and/or poor fixation. No significant limitation of adduction was encountered.

title: Original papers: Large bimedial rectus recession (6.5 mm or more) in the management of large-angle XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5971 :: ('MESH:D004948', 'Disease') :: ['esotropia']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['Amblyopia', 'amblyopia']

answer: @entity5971 :: (MESH:D004948,Disease) :: ['esotropia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A @entity1757 ( @entity1757 ) is the most common form of @entity299 and is one of the most common @entity854 in individuals with chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome. However, the frequency of a chromosome 22q11 deletion in @entity1 with a @entity1757 is not known. In addition, among @entity1 with a @entity1757 , it is not clear whether particular types of @entity1757 or associated cardiovascular phenotypic features are associated with a chromosome 22q11 deletion. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 125 @entity1 with a conoventricular (n = 100), posterior @entity893 (n = 14), or @entity509 (n = 11) @entity1757 who were admitted to @entity1 's Hospital of Philadelphia between November 1991 and December 2001. @entity1 were studied for a chromosome 22q11 deletion by using fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: A chromosome 22q11 deletion was detected in 12 (10%) of the 125 @entity1 . Anatomic features that were significantly associated with a chromosome 22q11 deletion included abnormal @entity8521 sidedness, an abnormal @entity8521 @entity5036 pattern, a cervical @entity8521 , and @entity358 . There was no correlation between the type of @entity1757 and chromosome 22q11 deletion. Of 20 @entity1 with an abnormal @entity8521 and/or @entity358 , 45% had a chromosome 22q11 deletion compared with only 3% of those with a left @entity8521 , normal @entity8521 @entity5036 pattern, and continuous branch @entity358 CONCLUSIONS: A chromosome 22q11 deletion is common in individuals with a conoventricular, posterior @entity893 , or @entity509 @entity1757 and anomalies of the @entity8521 or branch @entity358 . On the basis of these findings, at a minimum, we recommend testing for a chromosome 22q11 deletion in @entity1 with these types of @entity1757 who have abnormalities of @entity8521 sidedness or @entity5036 , a cervical @entity8521 , and/or @entity358 . Testing of @entity1 with these types of @entity1757 but a normal @entity8521 and @entity358 may be performed routinely or guided by the presence of associated noncardiovascular features of chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome.

title: Chromosome 22q11 deletion in @entity1 with @entity1757 : frequency and associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity8521 :: ('MESH:D001015', 'Disease') :: ['aortic arch']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['VSD', 'ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['conoseptal hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['discontinuous pulmonary arteries', 'pulmonary arteries']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity893 :: ('MESH:D017760', 'Disease') :: ['malalignment']

answer: @entity854 :: (MESH:D018376,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular anomalies']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Beside having roles in energy homeostasis and endocrine modulation, @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) is now considered a promising source of mesenchymal stromal cells (adipose-derived stromal cells or ASCs) for regenerative medicine. Despite numerous studies on cultured ASCs, native @entity1 ASCs are rarely investigated. Indeed, the phenotype of ASCs in their native state, their localization within @entity1386 and comparison with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) has been poorly investigated. DESIGN: To address these issues, the stroma vascular fraction (SVF) of @entity1 @entity1386 was extracted and native cell subtypes were isolated by immunoselection to study their clonogenic potential in culture. Immunohistology on samples of @entity1 @entity1386 in combination with reconstruction of confocal sections were performed in order to localize ASCs. RESULTS: Compared with BM-MNCs, all native ASCs were found in the @entity2280 (+) cell fraction of the @entity3120 . Native ASCs expressed classical mesenchymal markers described for BM-MSCs. Interestingly, @entity2280 expression decreased during ASC cell culture and was negatively correlated with cell proliferation rate. Immunohistological analysis revealed that native ASCs exhibited specific morphological features with protrusions. They were found scattered in @entity1386 and did not express in vivo pericytic markers such as @entity28557 , @entity3820 or alpha-smooth muscle actin, which appeared during the culture process. Finally, ASCs spontaneous commitment to adipocytic lineage was enhanced in @entity1386 from obese @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The use of complementary methodological approaches to study native @entity1 ASCs revealed their immunophenotype, their specific morphology, their location within @entity1386 and their stemness. Furthermore, our data strongly suggest that @entity1 ASCs participate in adipogenesis during @entity1386 development.

title: Native XXXX adipose stromal cells: localization, morphology and phenotype.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adipose tissue', 'AT', 'AT stroma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity42652 (synthetic exendin-4; exenatide) is a peptide that enhances @entity413 -dependent insulin secretion, suppresses inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, and slows gastric emptying. @entity42652 also promotes beta-cell proliferation and neogenesis in vitro and in animal models. This study examines the activity and safety of subcutaneously injected @entity42652 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 currently treated with diet and/or oral antidiabetic agents (OAAs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 109 @entity1 treated with diet and a @entity4136 and/or @entity2449 were enrolled in a blinded study. @entity1 were randomly assigned to one of three subcutaneously (SC) injected regimens of @entity42652 (0.08 micro g/kg) or placebo for 28 days. RESULTS: All three @entity42652 regimens led to significant reductions in serum @entity9208 relative to placebo (P <or= 0.004). Mean reductions ranged from 39 to 46 micro mol/l. All @entity42652 groups had reductions in HbA(1c) ranging from 0.7 to 1.1% (P <or= 0.006). An end-of-study HbA(1c) <7% was achieved by 15% of @entity42652 @entity1 versus 4% of placebo @entity1 , confirming @entity42652 effects on fasting and postprandial glycemia. On days 14 and 28, the beta-cell index (homeostasis model assessment) for @entity1 treated with @entity42652 was 50-100% higher than baseline, contrasting with unchanged levels for placebo. The most common adverse event was transient mild-to-moderate @entity390 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity42652 is a promising therapeutic for @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . In this study, it had significant effects on HbA(1c) levels in @entity1 not currently achieving optimal @entity413 control with diet and/or OAAs.

title: Effect on glycemic control of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) additive to existing @entity2449 and/or @entity4136 treatment in @entity1 with @entity164 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity9208 :: ('MESH:D019270', 'Chemical') :: ['fructosamine']

entities_list: @entity4136 :: ('CHEBI:26831', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Selective conservatism for @entity130 is well established but the emergence of new technologies may cause management strategies to continue to evolve. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on @entity130 @entity1 managed in a single institution in South Africa over a 4-year period to determine the appropriateness of our current policy of selective conservatism. RESULTS: A total of 1,239 @entity1 were included in the study; 112 required an emergency thoracotomy, 125 were admitted for observation and 1,002 required a @entity5274 ( @entity5274 ). Ninety-one per cent of the @entity1 were male and the median age was 24 years. Seventy-five per cent of the cases were penetrating @entity130 and the remaining were @entity130 . The indications for @entity5274 were pneumothorax (PTX) (n=382, 38%), haemothorax (HTX) (n=300, 30%) and haemopneumothorax (HPTX) (n=320, 32%). A total of 13% (127/1,002) of all chest x-rays (CXR) following tube removal demonstrated residual pathologies that precluded immediate discharge: 32 (8%) in Group A (PTX), 44 (15%) in Group B (HTX) and 51 (16%) in Group C (HPTX). All 32 @entity1 in Group A were simply observed and did not require further intervention. In Group B, 17 @entity1 required repeat TTs and 27 required video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for clearance of residual HTX. Twenty-nine @entity1 in Group C required repeat TTs and twenty-two required VATS. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of @entity1 with @entity130 can be managed conservatively with @entity5274 alone. Residual pathology appeared to be lowest in @entity1 with a PTX, which seldom requires treatment, while only a minority of @entity1 required repeat TTs or VATS for a retained HTX. Selective conservatism is still appropriate in the current era in a developing world setting.

title: Selective conservatism in the management of XXXX remains appropriate in the 21st century.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['TT', 'tube thoracostomy']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['blunt trauma', 'trauma', 'thoracic trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['thoracic trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Treated but uncontrolled @entity101 is highly prevalent in African American and Hispanic communities. OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness on blood pressure of home blood pressure monitors alone or in combination with follow-up by a nurse manager. DESIGN: Randomized controlled effectiveness trial. @entity1 : Four hundred and sixteen African American or Hispanic @entity1 with a history of uncontrolled @entity101 . @entity1 with blood pressure >= 150/95, or >= 140/85 for @entity1 with @entity2316 , at enrollment were recruited from one community clinic and four hospital outpatient clinics in East and Central Harlem, New York City. INTERVENTION: @entity1 were randomized to receive usual care or a home blood pressure monitor plus one in- @entity1 counseling session and 9 months of telephone follow-up with a registered nurse. During the trial, the home monitor alone arm was added. MAIN MEASURES: Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 9 and 18  months. KEY RESULTS: Changes from baseline to 9  months in systolic blood pressure relative to usual care was -7.0  mm Hg (Confidence Interval [CI], -13.4 to -0.6) in the nurse management plus home blood pressure monitor arm, and +1.1  mm Hg (95% CI, -5.5 to 7.8) in the home blood pressure monitor only arm. No statistically significant differences in systolic blood pressure were observed among treatment arms at 18  months. No statistically significant improvements in diastolic blood pressure were found across treatment arms at 9 or 18  months. Changes in prescribing practices did not explain the decrease in blood pressure in the nurse management arm. CONCLUSIONS: A nurse management intervention combining an in- @entity1 visit, periodic phone calls, and home blood pressure monitoring over 9  months was associated with a statistically significant reduction in systolic, but not diastolic, blood pressure compared to usual care in a high risk population. Home blood pressure monitoring alone was no more effective than usual care.

title: Nurse-led disease management for XXXX control in a diverse urban community: a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'person']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes or renal disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Xenograft @entity1779 models have been developed in normal @entity19 by growing the @entity35 @entity36 in either adult or neonatal @entity19 brains. Using this @entity5 line it was possible to grow discrete @entity1779 in either CBA or AKR adult @entity19 or neonatal @entity19 . The size of the @entity5 mass and length of survival was directly related to the number of @entity5 cells injected and the time after implantation. To obtain localized @entity5 growth cells were suspended in a 1% agarose solution before implantation. Following injection of 10(6) cells into the frontal lobe of adult CBA or AKR @entity19 , discrete @entity5 masses greater than 4 mm in diameter were obtained in 90% of animals at 14 days, and the @entity5 in adult @entity19 occurred between 21 and 28 days after implantation. The @entity5 size following implantation of 10(6) cells was significantly greater than with 10(5) cells at 7 days (P less than 0.05) and at 14 and 21 days (P less than 0.01). Less than 60% of @entity19 of BALB/c, RIII, or C57 black strains developed @entity5 greater than 4 mm diameter at 14 days after intracerebral injection of 10(6) C6 cells. Using neonatal @entity19 it was found that when 10(5) cells were injected intracranially @entity5 greater than 4 mm in diameter developed in 14 of 15 animals within 2 weeks (CBA @entity19 ). Similar results were seen in the RIII, AKR, C57 black, and BALB/c strains. Longer growth periods resulted in @entity5 , up to 8 mm in diameter (6 of 10 animals at 20 days). The @entity5 in the neonatal animals were not as discrete as in the adult @entity19 , and @entity5 often spread to the meninges and into the lateral ventricles. The @entity5 harvested from the brain had a cloning efficiency of 1.2 +/- 0.4% (SD). A panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised to the @entity36 , and this was used to define clearly the margins of the @entity5 within the brain. The xenograft @entity19 models should prove useful for the study of the therapy of @entity11 .

title: Development of a xenograft XXXX model in @entity19 brain.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'largest tumors', 'intracranial tumor', 'larger tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral gliomas', 'intracerebral glioma']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: The effects of intra-operative @entity2400 on @entity158 relief after major lumbar surgery were investigated in 24 @entity1 . @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive either an infusion of 50 mg x kg(-1) @entity2400 or an equivalent volume of saline at induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with @entity1875 and @entity1937 . Tracheal intubation was facilitated using @entity2898 . Maintenance was achieved with @entity1937 and @entity2614 in @entity3810 / @entity26 . Intra-operative monitoring included standard equipment and neuromuscular transmission. During surgery, @entity4094 recovery was longer in the @entity1760 group. @entity86 and @entity158 scores were lower in the @entity1760 group. The first night's sleep and the global satisfaction scores were better in the @entity1760 group. The results of the study support @entity2400 as a useful adjuvant for postoperative analgesia after major lumbar surgery.

title: Effect of intra-operative @entity2400 on @entity158 relief and XXXX comfort after major lumbar orthopaedic surgery.

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular block']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2400 :: ('CHEBI:32599', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium sulphate']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity2898 :: ('MESH:C061870', 'Chemical') :: ['rocuronium']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative opioid consumption']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Determining the therapeutic efficacy of transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) in @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Department of Urology, University Hospital Nijmegen, the Netherlands. METHOD: In the outpatient clinic, 130 @entity1067 @entity1 (mean age: 65.9 years (SD: 6.9); mean prostatic volume 50.2 cm3 (SD: 18.4)) received TUMT in a single session lasting 60 min. The prostate was heated to above 45 degrees C by a microwave antenna in a urethral catheter, resulting in tissue @entity39 . In the first year after treatment the Madsen symptom score, maximal flow, residual volume, prostatic volume and concentration of @entity1486 in blood were collected. RESULTS: After 1 year 98 @entity1 could be evaluated; of the other 32, 16 withdrew from follow-up, 10 underwent transurethral prostate resection and 6, other treatment. The maximal flow increased by 1.2 ml/s (SD: 4.0). The residual volume decreased by 15.8 ml (SD: 55.6). Symptom scores improved by 5.9 points (SD: 5.0). A 50% increase in symptom score was seen in 49.5% of all @entity1 ; 24.3% showed no improvement of complaints. There was no change in prostatic volume, whereas PSA concentration showed a transient increase in the first week after TUMT. Preliminary results after 6 months' follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled study in 50 @entity1 showed subjective and objective improvement of miction. CONCLUSION: TUMT results in distinct subjective improvement. Urodynamic findings show a less pronounced improvement.

title: [Transurethral microwave-thermotherapy in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1614 is an inherited systemic connective tissue disease which may lead to aortic root disease causing dilatation, dissection and @entity397 of the aorta. The standard treatment is a major operation involving either an artificial valve and aorta or a complex valve repair. More recently, a personalised external aortic root support (PEARS) has been used to strengthen the aorta at an earlier stage of the disease avoiding risk of both @entity397 and major surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the stress and strain fields of the @entity1614 aortic root and ascending aorta before and after insertion of PEARS in order to understand its biomechanical implications. Finite element (FE) models were developed using @entity1 -specific aortic geometries reconstructed from pre and post-PEARS magnetic resonance images in three @entity1614 @entity1 . For the post-PEARS model, two scenarios were investigated-a bilayer model where PEARS and the aortic wall were treated as separate layers, and a single-layer model where PEARS was incorporated into the aortic wall. The wall and PEARS materials were assumed to be isotropic, incompressible and linearly elastic. A static load on the inner wall corresponding to the @entity1 ' pulse pressure was applied. Results from our FE models with @entity1 -specific geometries show that peak aortic stresses and displacements before PEARS were located at the sinuses of Valsalva but following PEARS surgery, these peak values were shifted to the aortic arch, particularly at the interface between the supported and unsupported aorta. Further studies are required to assess the statistical significance of these findings and how PEARS compares with the standard treatment.

title: Biomechanical properties of the XXXX 's aortic root and ascending aorta before and after personalised external aortic root support surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan', 'Marfan syndrome']

answer: @entity1614 :: (MESH:D008382,Disease) :: ['Marfan']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity170 is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and an important public health issue. @entity171 are the primary treatment options for @entity170 . The oral administration of @entity171 may result in poor @entity1 compliance and thence reduced treatment efficacy. Intravenously administered @entity171 may therefore show better treatment efficacy. We have carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of @entity4381 treatment for @entity170 in both @entity1 and @entity1 with either @entity174 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trials with @entity4381 treatment for @entity170 were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE and clinicaltrials.gov. The risk ratio with 95% confidence interval (RR, 95% CI) was calculated to evaluate the effect of @entity4381 treatment on incidence of @entity174 . Data on changes in @entity79 ( @entity79 ) following @entity4381 ( @entity5921 ) treatment was also extracted. STATA software was used for all the statistical analyses. RESULTS: Significant reduction in the incidence of both vertebral and nonvertebral @entity174 was observed following @entity5921 treatment, as seen from the values for RR with 95% CI (RR 0.24 and 95% CI 0.15 to 0.40 for @entity174 ; RR 0.76 and 95% CI 0.67 to 0.86 for @entity174 ). @entity79 was also seen to be increased after @entity5921 treatment. CONCLUSION: Ourmeta-analysis showed that @entity4381 was effective in reducing the incidence of @entity174 as well as @entity174 , including @entity173 . Significant increase in @entity79 ( @entity79 ) was also observed in @entity1 administered @entity5921 as compared to placebo.

title: Efficacy of XXXX in treatment of @entity170 in @entity1 and @entity1 -a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates', 'Bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['nonvertebral fractures', 'vertebral fractures', 'vertebral or non-vertebral fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity4381 :: ('MESH:C088658', 'Chemical') :: ['zoledronic acid']

answer: @entity4381 :: (MESH:C088658,Chemical) :: ['zoledronic acid']


abstract: Sertoli cells were isolated from the testes of 3-week-old sterile @entity35 (prenatally irradiated) and incubated for 3 days in the absence of added hormones. Subsequently the effects of follitropin and insulin on @entity413 metabolism were investigated using this in vitro system. A marked stimulation of net @entity880 production by either follitropin or insulin was observed within 3 h after addition of the hormones. This response was not inhibited in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor @entity1880 . Production of @entity268 by the Sertoli cells was markedly enhanced by @entity43554 , but not at all by insulin. The addition of 0.5 mM @entity8279 to the incubation medium also resulted in a rapid increase of the rate of @entity880 production by the Sertoli cells. The stimulation of @entity880 production by follitropin and insulin was dose-dependent (ED50 of approx. 10 ng NIH-FSH-S13/ml and of approx. 50 ng insulin/ml). It is suggested that the observed effects of insulin on Sertoli cells are mediated via insulin receptors, rather than via receptors for insulin-like growth factors. Within 18 h after addition of either follitropin or insulin the cells became refractory with respect to @entity880 production to the homologous hormone, whereas the cells could still respond to the heterologous hormone. It is concluded, that follitropin and insulin, acting via different mechanisms, exert similar rapid stimulatory effects on @entity413 metabolism by Sertoli cells from immature @entity35 in vitro. These effects are not dependent on de novo protein synthesis and may differ from long-term trophic effects of follitropin, insulin, and/or insulin-like growth factors.

title: Comparison of the effects of insulin and follitropin on XXXX metabolism by Sertoli cells from immature @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity43554 :: ('MESH:D005640', 'Chemical') :: ['follitropin']

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity8279 :: ('CHEBI:50095', 'Chemical') :: ['dibutyryl cAMP']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity28 has become a public health issue in the USA, especially among African American youths. Research on the association between ideal body image (IBI) and @entity28 and related lifestyle factors among African American @entity1 and adolescents is limited. METHODS: Data collected from 402 low-income African American adolescents aged 10-14 years in four Chicago public schools were used. Questionnaires were used to assess IBI, @entity353 , weight control practices, and self-efficacy towards food and physical activity. Body mass index was calculated using measured weight and height. Associations between IBI and @entity353 , overweight/ @entity28 and lifestyle behaviours were assessed using linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: The most frequently chosen ideal body size was the fourth of eight silhouettes (from thinnest to heaviest) for @entity1 (55%) and @entity1 (49%). Overweight and @entity28 @entity1 selected larger ideal body figures than the others (trend test: P < 0.001). Compared with those with middle ideal body figures, @entity1 who selected smaller ones were twice as likely to have an unhealthy diet as indicated by less fruit and milk consumption; the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were 2.40 (1.15-5.02) for fruits intake (<once/week) and 2.13 (1.06-4.29) for milk consumption (<once/day), respectively. @entity1 with larger IBI were less likely to eat snack often [>= once/day; OR = 0.11 (0.02-0.50)]. @entity1 with larger IBI were less likely to spend more screen time [OR = 0.12 (0.02-0.70)] and reported better food choice intentions (P < 0.05). Overweight and @entity28 @entity1 and @entity1 appeared to have better food choice intentions and food self-efficacy than their non-overweight peers (trend test: both P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ideal body image is associated with weight status, food self-efficacy and lifestyle behaviours among low-income African American adolescents.

title: Is ideal body image related to XXXX and lifestyle behaviours in African American adolescents?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Boys', 'girls', 'boys', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight perception']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Childhood obesity epidemic', 'obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on the safety of @entity500 and @entity4446 during pregnancy are very sparse. AIM: To examine the risk of adverse birth outcomes in @entity1 who took up prescriptions for @entity500 or @entity4446 during pregnancy. METHODS: This is a Danish cohort study based on data from a population-based prescription registry, the Danish Birth Registry and the Hospital Discharge Registry. To examine the risk of @entity600 , we included nine pregnancies exposed 30 days before conception or during the first trimester. To examine perinatal mortality, pre-term birth and low birth weight, we included 10 pregnancies exposed during the entire pregnancy. Eleven different exposed @entity1 were included in the study. Outcomes were compared with those of 19 418 pregnancies in which no drugs were prescribed to the mothers. RESULTS: Fifty-five per cent of the exposed @entity1 had @entity29 and 45% other diseases. Adjusted odds ratios for @entity600 , perinatal mortality, pre-term birth and low birth weight were 6.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-32.4), 20.0 (2.5-161.4), 6.6 (1.7-25.9) and 3.8 (0.4-33.3), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is an increased risk of @entity600 , perinatal mortality and pre-term birth in @entity1 born to @entity1 treated with @entity500 or @entity4446 during pregnancy. More data are needed to determine whether the associations are causal or occur through confounding.

title: XXXX , @entity4446 and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['mercaptopurine']

answer: @entity500 :: (MESH:D001379,Chemical) :: ['Azathioprine']