abstract: MDW4, a @entity3505 germ agglutinin (WGA)-resistant (WGAr) mutant of the metastatic @entity19 @entity5 cell line MDAY-D2, was previously shown to be nonmetastatic in the syngeneic @entity7840 /2 host. A substantial portion of the @entity2734 ( @entity2734 )-linked @entity1735 in MDW4 terminated in @entity3954 ( @entity4826 ) and appeared to be a premature truncation product of the sialylated @entity29607 -containing complex found in MDAY-D2 cells. This lesion in @entity1735 structure has been shown to contribute to the more adhesive behavior of MDW4 cells on laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen and to the increased sensitivity of MDW4 to natural killer (NK) cell lysis in vitro. For further characterization of the relationship between @entity2734 -linked @entity1735 structures, cell adhesion, NK cell sensitivity, and @entity3 , mutants of MDW4 were selected for resistance to the @entity4826 -binding lectin from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds (BSII). Three independently selected BSII-resistant (BSIIr) mutants of MDW4 chosen for further study had a lectin resistance phenotype intermediate between that of MDAY-D2 and that of MDW4. Plasma membrane glycoproteins separated by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis and stained with iodinated WGA, BSII, and leukoagglutinin also indicated an intermediate phenotype, with the presence of both @entity4826 -terminating structures and sialylated complex. Compared to MDW4, the BSIIr mutants of MDW4 showed a return to the more malignant phenotype of MDAY-D2 when injected iv. The double mutants were less sensitive to NK cell lysis in vitro and to the in vivo effects of the NK cell boosting agent @entity14018 . The double mutants retained the ability to attach to fibronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV in vitro, a property that may have contributed to their low malignancy when the cells were injected sc. MDW4 cells have been shown to fuse at low frequency with host-derived bone marrow cells at the sc site of injection, thereby acquiring the wild-type lectin resistance and metastatic phenotypes. The same process appears to occur in @entity19 given an injection of the double mutants. The results suggest that the WGA-binding oligosaccharides found in MDAY-D2 and the BSIIr mutants of MDW4 enhance the malignant phenotype of the cells in the experimental @entity3 assay.

title: Partial reversion of the metastatic phenotype in a XXXX germ agglutinin-resistant mutant of the @entity19 @entity5 cell line MDAY-D2 selected with Bandeiraea simplicifolia seed lectin.

entities_list: @entity29607 :: ('MESH:C037199', 'Chemical') :: ['poly-N-acetyllactosamine']

entities_list: @entity14018 :: ('MESH:D011070', 'Chemical') :: ['polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid']

entities_list: @entity3954 :: ('CHEBI:28009', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylglucosamine']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity2734 :: ('CHEBI:17196', 'Chemical') :: ['asparagine', 'Asn']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3505 :: (4565,Species) :: ['wheat']


abstract: @entity3620 is known for its dismal prognosis and poor response to conventional treatment. Chemotherapy with @entity900 -antifolate combinations recently showed promising response rates and prolonged survival in randomised trials. To assess the impact of this development on clinical practice and survival at a population-based level, treatment patterns and survival trends were studied for @entity1 diagnosed with @entity2615 in the period 1995-2006. 4,731 records were retrieved from the Netherlands Cancer Registry and chemotherapy use and median survival were analysed. For the periods 1995-1998 to 2005-2006, chemotherapy use increased from 8% to 36%. Median survival increased over time from 7.1 months to 9.2 months. For @entity2615 , multivariable analysis demonstrated that survival was poorer for elderly @entity1 and @entity5 . The prognostic impact of chemotherapy increased with time. Median survival for chemotherapy treated @entity1 improved from 10.1 months (1995-1998) to 13.1 months (2005-2006). For @entity298 , median survival was poor (3.9 months) but better for females and younger @entity1 . This study demonstrates that chemotherapy use increased at a national level and coincided with an improvement in survival. The novel chemotherapy regimen appears to be more effective but, due to the observational nature of this study, alternative explanations cannot be excluded.

title: Population-based survival for malignant XXXX after introduction of novel chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomatoid tumours']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['pleural mesothelioma', 'mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal mesothelioma']

answer: @entity2615 :: (MESH:D008654,Disease) :: ['mesothelioma']


abstract: Apoptosis is a key mechanism of the organism that regulates embryogenesis and development, maintains homeostasis of the immune system and removes potentially hazardous cells. A dysregulation of apoptosis signaling may thus disturb the balance of cell survival and cell death, leading to the development of several diseases including @entity5 . In order to determine whether @entity421 display an increased frequency of genetic alterations that affect apoptosis signaling, we analyzed the death domains of the death receptor genes @entity1197 /Fas/ @entity1197 , @entity10736 , @entity4106 / @entity4106 / @entity4106 /LARD/ @entity4106 , @entity3049 / @entity3049 / @entity3049 /KILLER, @entity25783 and the complete coding sequences of the death receptor gene @entity3048 / @entity3048 and the genes of the adaptors @entity45317 and @entity23903 / @entity23903 . The investigation included 15 @entity421 samples, 3 @entity421 cell lines (SAOS-2, @entity5187 and MG63) and peripheral blood from 20 donors as controls. We were able to identify 4 different sequence variations within the @entity3048 gene located on exons 3, 4, 5 and 10 (death-domain). No alterations have been detected in the other genes or exons investigated. Except the sequence variant affecting exon 4, the alterations were homozygous in 15% of the @entity5 samples and cell lines, whereas the same alterations found in the control group were heterozygous or even not detectable. Three out of 4 alterations are located in the receptor's extracellular @entity462 rich domain, which contains the ligand binding area and 1 on exon 10 coding for the death-domain. They may thus exert influence on ligand-receptor interactions and subsequent apoptosis induction. Our findings suggest that homozygous genetic alterations within the @entity3048 gene may be implicated in the formation of @entity421 .

title: Mutation analysis of the apoptotic "death-receptors" and the adaptors @entity45317 and XXXX / @entity23903 in @entity421 samples and @entity421 cell lines.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcomas', 'osteosarcoma', 'osteosarcoma tumor']

answer: @entity23903 :: (8772,Gene) :: ['FADD']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mechanisms of the vasoprotective effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are not completely understood, and they may involve direct actions on blood vessels through modulation of endogenous vasoconstrictors and vasodilators. Most studies have focused on @entity172 action on @entity4770 and @entity842 , while insufficient data exist concerning the effect of @entity172 replacement therapy (ERT) on @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and @entity1421 . OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of transdermal @entity172 therapy on @entity7 , @entity1421 and active @entity916 in normotensive postmenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: Transdermal @entity172 (Climara) (Schering): 50 microg @entity53 ) was given for 3 months to normotensive @entity1 with a surgically induced menopause, and serum levels of @entity7 , active @entity916 and @entity1421 were measured before and after treatment. In addition, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was carried out to determine the @entity172 action on mean diurnal and nocturnal systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. RESULTS: @entity53 treatment resulted in a significant increase in both @entity7 and @entity1421 . There was no significant change in active @entity916 levels. However, out- @entity1 monitoring showed a significant @entity551 (daytime, night-time and total 24-h). The stimulating action of ERT on @entity7 and @entity1421 suggests that both factors can elicit @entity172 vasodilatory effects. CONCLUSION: The @entity172 -mediated increase in serum @entity7 and @entity1421 concentrations may be a mechanism by which HRT benefits the cardiovascular system.

title: Effect of transdermal @entity172 therapy on some vasoactive humoral factors and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive postmenopausal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E(2)']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', '17beta-estradiol']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['fall in systolic blood pressure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite oversized latissimus dorsi free flap reconstruction in the head and neck area, esthetic and functional problems continue to exist due to the well-known occurrence of transplant shrinkage. The purpose of this study was to acquire an estimation of the volume and time of the shrinkage process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The assessment of @entity393 was performed using a 3D evaluation of two postoperative CT scans. A retrospective review was conducted on all latissimus dorsi free flap reconstructions performed between 2004 and 2013. Inclusion criteria for the assessment were: resection of an @entity1697 and microsurgical defect coverage with latissimus dorsi free flap; a first postoperative CT ( @entity7487 ) performed between 3 weeks and a maximum of 3 months after reconstruction surgery; and an additional CT scan ( @entity18246 ) performed at least one year postoperatively. The exclusion criterion was surgical intervention in the local area between the acquisition of @entity7487 and @entity18246 . The effect of adjuvant radiation therapy was considered. Volume determination of the transplant was carried out in @entity7487 and @entity18246 by manual segmentation of the graft. RESULTS: Fifteen @entity1 were recruited. 3D evaluation showed an average @entity393 of 34.4%. In the consideration of postoperative radiotherapy the volume reduction was 39.2% in @entity1 with radiotherapy and 31.3% in @entity1 without radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: The reconstruction flap volume required for overcorrection of the surgical defect was investigated. This study indicates that a @entity393 of more than 30% could be expected one or more years after latissimus dorsi free flap reconstruction. Clinical trial number DRKS00007534.

title: Microvascular transplants in head and neck reconstruction: 3D evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['oral carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['volume loss']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['volume loss']


abstract: The use of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) for autografting following high-dose chemotherapy in a variety of @entity5 has increased markedly with the advent of efficacious and safe myeloid growth factors, which have dramatically improved collection yields. There is still controversy as to whether PBPC should be harvested after a combination of chemotherapy and growth factors, or after growth factors alone. The use of powerful combinations of newer growth factors, such as @entity2772 with @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ), or @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ) with stem cell factor, may obviate the need for chemotherapy. The problem of providing sufficient numbers of PBPC for successful transplantation and sustained engraftment has led to the development of a variety of in vitro expansion systems for stem cells, using cocktails of growth factors. Single blood collections may contain sufficient @entity2280 + cells to be expanded on a large scale for clinical transplantation, eliminating costly and labour intensive apheresis procedures. PBPC transplants may carry less risk for contamination with malignant cells; however, sensitive detection techniques have revealed that @entity5 cell contamination of PBPC harvests may be much more prevalent than was previously suspected and both positive and negative selection of @entity2280 + cells for clinical transplantation is being investigated. PBPC transplantation generally results in more rapid engraftment, with faster recovery of neutrophils and platelets, compared with autologous bone marrow transplants. In most studies, PBPC transplants also resulted in fewer septic episodes, fewer intensive care admissions, fewer transfusions of red blood cells and platelets, reduced antibacterial and parenteral nutrition use, and reduced hospital costs. Dose optimisation and intensification of chemotherapy, relying on repeated administration of growth factor-mobilised PBPC, offers interesting prospects in the treatment of a variety of @entity5 . However, well-controlled, randomised prospective trials will be needed to prove the real value of PBPC transplants with regard to survival and cure. In the clinical setting, PBPC transplantations are likely to replace autologous marrow transplants in the near future. Manipulation of PBPC in vitro, i.e. expansion or gene transfer, may prove to be the most exciting perspective in the treatment of both malignant and non-malignant haematological conditions.

title: The changing face of stem cell transplantation by the use of recombinant human XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'malignancies', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity1261 :: (1440,Gene) :: ['granulocyte colony stimulating factor']


abstract: The antihypertensive drugs @entity11848 and @entity1169 can produce identical liver injuries which must be distinguished clinically and morphologically from @entity99 . In 19 cases selected from our biopsy file during the last two years, clinical and morphological findings suggested that the @entity99 diagnosed by light microscopy had been caused by an adverse reaction to @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 . In order to establish a causal relation the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) was performed with @entity11848 in 11 cases. Positive results were observed in 9 cases, demonstrating an etiologic role for @entity11848 in @entity99 in these cases. The @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 induced @entity99 consisted mainly of @entity99 with confluent (bridging) @entity39 . Different findings were observed in three cases: In two of these @entity99 with @entity39 was observed together with eosinophilic cholangio-cholangiolitis. In one other case the histologic changes corresponded to drug @entity99 resembling @entity99 . Each of the three cases showed @entity1448 , a feature which is unusual in @entity99 with @entity39 irrespective of serum @entity648 levels. In one third of our cases we found morphological features of @entity56 in the liver biopsies. Considered together with the results of LPT these features emphasize the role of cell mediated immune reaction in the mechanism of @entity99 caused by @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 .

title: [Liver lesions induced by XXXX and @entity1169 ].

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['confluent necrosis', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['conspicuous centrolobular cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity reactions']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['acute viral hepatitis', 'drug-induced hepatitis', 'liver injury', 'viral hepatitis', 'hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity11848 :: ('MESH:D004078', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydralazine']

answer: @entity11848 :: (MESH:D004078,Chemical) :: ['dihydralazine']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of implantation of the Array((R)) multifocal @entity2790 ( @entity2790 ) (model SA-40N, @entity21663 ) in the ciliary sulcus in second-eye @entity231 surgery complicated by @entity393 . SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Arrowe Park Hospital, Wirral, United Kingdom. METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 15 @entity1 who had complicated second-eye @entity231 surgery with loss of posterior capsule support leading to sulcus implantation of an Array multifocal @entity2790 . The @entity1 were recalled for assessment. Objective evaluation included uncorrected and corrected distance and near visual acuities, complications, and @entity2790 centration. Subjective assessment was performed using a questionnaire that included the VF-14 index of visual function; the questions were related to satisfaction with vision, limitations from halos and glare, and the frequency of spectacle wear. RESULTS: Fourteen eyes (93%) had postoperative visual improvement. The best corrected distance acuity was 6/12 or better in 11 eyes (73%). The best corrected near acuity was J2 or better in 12 eyes (80%). The @entity2790 was well centered in 11 eyes (73%) and slightly decentered in 4 eyes (27%). Subjectively, @entity1 indicated a high level of satisfaction with their distance and near vision. The VF-14 indicated high levels of visual function, with 73% of @entity1 having a score higher than 90 (out of 100). Seventy-three percent of @entity1 were not troubled by glare or halos, and 40% did not wear spectacles. CONCLUSION: Implantation of the Array multifocal @entity2790 in the sulcus during complicated phacoemulsification led to good visual outcomes based on objective and subjective @entity1 measures.

title: Outcomes of sulcus implantation of Array multifocal intraocular lenses in second-eye XXXX surgery complicated by @entity393 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['IOL', 'intraocular lens']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous loss']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: @entity64 ( @entity64 ), or @entity64 , afflict 731,000 Americans each year, with 165,000 of these individuals dying. @entity64 is a major cause of @entity204 and disability throughout the world, including southern Africa. @entity731 -related formation of thrombi and emboli at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and proximal internal carotid artery represents a common cause of @entity64 . The detection of @entity2998 by dentists using panoramic radiographs recently has been presented to the public through television news stories and the press, but many dentists still do not know how to interpret panoramic radiographs for detection of this condition. This communication illustrates examples in which @entity2998 was detected using panoramic radiography. Differential diagnoses are presented. Since not every carotid plaque calcifies, panoramic radiography should never be used alone to exclude the possibility of @entity2998 . It should also be remembered that the mere presence of calcified carotid plaque is not necessarily a reflection on the degree of @entity543 . Definitive diagnosis and treatment requires referral of @entity1 deemed to be at risk to an appropriate physician. A variety of advanced diagnostic methods, including @entity2287 -enhanced MRI, Duplex Doppler sonography and angiography are used to confirm @entity543 .

title: The role of the dentist in detection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebrovascular accidents', 'stroke', 'Stroke', 'CVA']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

answer: @entity2998 :: (MESH:D002340,Disease) :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the recurrent rate, mean survival time, and risk factors associated with recurrent @entity158 (BK) after primary treatment with phototherapeutic keratectomy. METHODS: Medical records from 72 @entity1 (72 eyes) who had phototherapeutic keratectomy for painful BK were evaluated. Data for sex, age, duration of BK, associated ocular and @entity262 ( @entity101 , @entity6 , @entity741 , @entity565 , @entity2299 , and @entity309 ), frequency and degree of @entity158 (grade 1-3), visual acuity, corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and laser setting were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the @entity1 was 64.2  11.4 years. The mean preoperative duration of BK was 15.0  11.0 months. Most @entity1 had pseudophakic BK (69.40%). Majority of the cases had grade 3 degree of @entity158 (48.60%). @entity726 and @entity101 were markedly found among these @entity1 (51.40% and 19.40%, respectively). Preoperative mean intraocular pressure and corneal thickness were 13.70  4.95 mmHg and 734.1  83.80   m, respectively. The mean laser diameter and depth were 8.36  1.22 mm and 38.89  8.81   m, respectively. @entity262 was significantly associated with the risk for developing recurrent painful BK (P=0.022, hazard ratio [HR] 1.673, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.58). The overall recurrent rate was 51%. The average duration time of recurrent painful BK was 17.3  12.9 months (range 1-50 months). The median survival time before recurrence was 29.0  6.6 months. CONCLUSION: @entity262 was found to be the only risk factor significantly associated with the development of recurrent painful BK. Low recurrent rate and long mean survival time showed that phototherapeutic keratectomy was effective in relieving recurrent painful BK and can be used as an alternative procedure for @entity1 waiting for corneal transplantation.

title: Recurrent rates and risk factors associated with recurrent XXXX after primary phototherapeutic keratectomy.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic disease', 'systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful bullous keratopathy', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['painful bullous keratopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sweat @entity189 with clear cell features are extremely rare @entity5 , with few well documented cases reported in the literature. METHODS: Data on nine @entity1 with @entity5 characterized by a prominent clear cell neoplastic component were studied. Immunohistochemical stains with a panel of antibodies against epithelial, stromal, and neural antigens were performed on five @entity5 and electron microscopic examination of one. RESULTS: The @entity5 showed a spectrum of histologic features and growth patterns that ranged from well differentiated, low grade @entity5 to poorly differentiated, highly aggressive, recurrent, and metastasizing @entity5 . All @entity5 contained a varied proportion of cells with abundant clear cytoplasm, similar to those seen in a group of @entity5 that have been variously designated as clear cell hidradenoma, @entity13152 , @entity1358 , and eccrine @entity13152 . Immunohistochemical stains on five @entity5 and ultrastructural examination in one were consistent with eccrine differentiation. Clinical follow-up of eight @entity1 showed local recurrence in six, followed by metastases in three, despite local excision, radiation, and chemotherapy. Criteria for differentiating these @entity5 from their benign counterparts and from other types of @entity5 and metastatic lesions are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that @entity1358 comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions that may range from locally recurring, low grade well differentiated @entity5 to highly aggressive, high grade @entity5 with a definite potential for uncontrollable local recurrence and @entity3 . Wide surgical excision is recommended as the primary treatment for such @entity5 .

title: @entity1358 of the skin. A clinicopathologic study of nine XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['benign eccrine adnexal neoplasms', 'malignant adnexal neoplasms', 'malignant eccrine adnexal neoplasms', 'malignant neoplasms', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['gland carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity13152 :: ('MESH:D018250', 'Disease') :: ['nodular hidradenoma', 'acrospiroma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['clear cell myoepithelioma', 'clear cell eccrine carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Integrins are transmembrane receptors that modulate cell adhesion. Each is a heterodimer of varying alpha and beta subunits. In @entity5 , loss of integrin expression may result in less adhesive cells more likely to @entity3 . Our aim was to characterize the integrins in @entity1 breast tissue and to examine the relationship between integrin expression and nodal @entity3 in @entity0 . METHODS: Cryostat sections from 12 benign and 61 malignant (50 ductal and 11 lobular) samples were stained by the avidin- @entity1885 complex method with monoclonal antibodies to the beta 1, beta 3, beta 4, and @entity31741 subfamilies. All slides were read by two independent assessors with consensus agreement. Integrin expression was compared to variables by using the chi-squared test with Yates' correction and multivariate analysis based on logistic regression. RESULTS: All integrin subunits studied were significantly reduced on @entity0 compared with benign cells (chi-squared test) but were not related to @entity5 differentiation. Loss of alpha 1 beta 1, alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 6 beta 1, alpha v beta 1, and @entity31741 were related to the presence of axillary @entity3 . Independently the integrins were of limited clinical value as predictors of axillary spread. However, on multivariate analysis the combination of beta 1, alpha v, alpha 1, @entity5 size, and vascular invasion gave a cumulative overall accuracy in predicting @entity66 of 97%. CONCLUSIONS: Integrin expression is reduced in @entity0 and may explain @entity5 progression. Measuring the integrins might thus provide a means of selection for aggressive axillary treatment.

title: Integrin expression in primary XXXX and its relation to axillary nodal status.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastasize']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: In vitro, @entity15835 ( @entity15835 ) are capable of efficient antibody-mediated phagocytosis of @entity1 nucleated @entity5 cells. These @entity15835 express on their cell surface all three classes of Fc receptors for IgG (Fc gamma R). Fc gamma R specificity for murine antibody isotype allowed us to examine the phagocytic role of Fc gamma RII on control and gamma-interferon ( @entity379 )-primed @entity15835 . Monoclonal antibody 520C9 (IgG1) mediates phagocytosis through Fc gamma RII. This monoclonal antibody is directed against the @entity1722 protooncogene product overexpressed on a variety of @entity420 including the @entity0 cell line SK-BR-3. Our results showed that @entity379 treatment of differentiated @entity15835 (days 8-12 in culture) inhibited Fc gamma RII-mediated phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner with negative effects noted at doses as low as 0.1 units/ml. The percentage reduction in antibody-mediated phagocytosis observed following @entity379 priming (40 units/ml for 18 h) ranged from 23-89% of control. The inhibitory effect was evident when exposure to @entity379 was transient. Fc gamma RII expression was not altered by @entity379 treatment. In our model, @entity379 did not up-regulate or down-regulate @entity1722 protein expression on our targets or affect the level of @entity5750 antigen expression on our @entity15835 . Although @entity379 is a potent activator of monocytes/macrophages and can enhance certain tumoricidal mechanisms, our data show that antibody-dependent phagocytosis through the type II Fc receptor is inhibited by @entity379 priming. Nonspecific phagocytosis was not affected.

title: Gamma-interferon inhibits Fc receptor II-mediated phagocytosis of @entity5 cells by XXXX macrophages.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity15835 :: ('MESH:D055501', 'Disease') :: ['monocyte-derived macrophages', 'MDM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2967 ( @entity2967 ) is a benign intraventricular @entity5 , usually located near the foramen of Monro. It is almost always associated with @entity2916 ( @entity2916 ). SGCTs may obstruct cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. Rarely, they may secrete a protein-rich exudate, causing communicating @entity1276 . Surgery is indicated for symptomatic lesions or growing asymptomatic lesions. The operative approach to @entity2967 has shifted from simple shunt placement to a more aggressive approach, leading to early attempts at gross total resection. Recently, the @entity3470 inhibitor @entity2239 has been approved for treating @entity2967 . In this article, we present two cases of recurrent shunt malfunctions in adult @entity2916 @entity1 with protein-secreting SGCTs. We describe the complexity of treating such @entity1 with an emphasis on the role @entity3470 inhibitors may have in their management. We also review the literature on surgical management of @entity2967 -related @entity1276 .

title: Persistent communicating @entity1276 in adult @entity2916 XXXX : a possible therapeutic role for @entity2239 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['Subependymal giant cell tumor', 'SGCT']

entities_list: @entity2239 :: ('MESH:C107135', 'Chemical') :: ['everolimus']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['tuberous sclerosis complex', 'TSC']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the demographic, clinical, radiological, pathological and surgical features and outcomes of @entity1313 , the second most common @entity5 in @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery at the @entity6910 El-Reish @entity1 's Hospital from 2005 to 2008. RESULTS: Out of 451 @entity1 with primary @entity1313 (age 0-14 years), 21 @entity1 (<1 year) underwent surgery, representing 4.7% of total cases. The most common @entity5 was @entity2846 (23.8%), followed by @entity44 (19%) then @entity816 and @entity424 (14.3% each). Of the 21 surgical cases, 90% were intra-axial, 80% were in the supratentorial region, and 57% were intraventricular. There was only 1 case of intraoperative mortality (4.8%). Gross total excision was achieved in 65%, debulking in 30%, and biopsy in 5%. Three @entity1 received chemotherapy, but none received radiotherapy. The statistically significant predictors of prognosis were the extent of resection and @entity5 grade. CONCLUSION: Although the prognosis for @entity1313 is worse than for older @entity1 , an overall promising outcome with low operative morbidity and mortality was achieved using gross total excision and appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy as part of a multidisciplinary approach.

title: XXXX : characteristics and surgical outcomes of a contemporary series of 21 cases in an Egyptian referral center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial neoplasms', 'infantile intracranial neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity2846 :: ('MESH:D020288', 'Disease') :: ['choroid plexus papilloma']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['Infantile intracranial neoplasms']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ) is one of the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of @entity302 . Although it is well known that the doses of @entity3262 and its plasma concentrations are highly correlated, the plasma concentrations do not correlate well with the therapeutic effects of the @entity3262 . In this study, we developed a population-based pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model to determine the optimal concentration of @entity3262 according to the clinical characteristics of each @entity1 . This retrospective study included 77 @entity3262 -treated Japanese @entity1 with @entity302 . A nonlinear mixed-effects model best represented the relationship between the trough concentrations of @entity3262 at steady-state and an over 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency. The model was fitted using a logistic regression model, in which the logit function of the probability was a linear function of the predicted trough concentration of @entity3262 . The model showed that the age, @entity410 locus, the @entity1372 channel neuronal type I alpha subunit @entity39505 polymorphism and co-administration of @entity2049 , @entity2053 , @entity3174 or @entity1771 were associated with an over 50% reduction in the @entity410 frequency. We plotted the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the logit(Pr) value of the model and the presence or absence of a more than 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and the areas under the curves with the 95% confidence interval from the ROC curve were 0.823 with 0.793-0.853. A logit(Pr) value of 0.1 was considered the optimal cut-off point (sensitivity = 71.8% and specificity = 80.4%), and we calculated the optimal trough concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 . Such parameters may be useful to determine the recommended therapeutic concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 , and the procedure may contribute to the further development of personalized pharmacological therapy for @entity302 .

title: Determination of the Optimal Concentration of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity302 : A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['topiramate']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity2053 :: ('MESH:D002998', 'Chemical') :: ['clonazepam']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproic Acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether robotic therapy can reduce @entity73 and enhance recovery of the hemiparetic arm in @entity1 with @entity64 . DESIGN: Pre-posttest design. SETTING: Rehabilitation hospital, outpatient care. @entity1 : Volunteer sample of 20 @entity1 diagnosed with a single, unilateral @entity64 within the past 1 to 5 years, with persistent @entity1269 . INTERVENTIONS: Robotic therapy was provided 3 times weekly for 6 weeks. Subjects able to reach robot targets were randomly assigned to sensorimotor or progressive-resistive robotic therapy groups. Robotic therapy consisted of goal-directed, planar reaching tasks to exercise the hemiparetic shoulder and elbow. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Modified Ashworth Scale, Fugl-Meyer test of @entity2319 , @entity1957 ( @entity1957 ) score, and Medical Research Council motor power score. RESULTS: Evaluations by a single blinded therapist revealed statistically significant gains from admission to discharge (P<.05) on the Fugl-Meyer test, @entity1957 score, and motor power score. Secondary analyses revealed group differences: the progressive-resistive therapy group experienced nonspecific improvements on wrist and hand @entity1957 scores that were not observed in the sensorimotor group. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic therapy may complement other treatment approaches by reducing @entity73 in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity73 .

title: Effects of robotic therapy on @entity73 and recovery in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'chronic stroke']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['chronic impairments', 'motor impairment']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['upper-extremity function']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['MSS', 'Motor Status Scale']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['chronic stroke']


abstract: A new computer assisted method for analysing RR interval histograms was devised in 32 @entity1 with sustained @entity955 . Twenty four hour ECG recordings were divided consecutively into periods with 64 heart beats and mean heart rates calculated for each period. Using increments of 10 beats. @entity1009 serial heart rate stratified histograms with 5120 RR intervals were constructed according to the calculated heart rate. In all histograms the RR intervals were sorted into 20 ms wide subgroups between 180 and 2100 ms. The analysis showed a bimodal RR distribution in 26 @entity1 . Several indices were chosen to characterise a given RR interval peak in the histogram analysis. The rate dependence of peak was calculated for each individual peak. In the presence of two or more peaks a peak dominance change value was defined. Furthermore, differences and ratios between peak values at peak dominance change value (peak gap and peak value ratio) were calculated. A contour index was used to describe the smoothness of the appearance of the histogram. Comparisons were made between the histograms with periods composed of different numbers of heart beats (8, 16, 32, 64) for the mean heart rate calculation and between the histograms constructed with different numbers of RR intervals (512, 1024, 2560, 5120, 10,240, pooled data) in six @entity1 . A significant finding was that greater than 5000 RR intervals should be used for the construction of a heart rate stratified histogram. Comparison was also made between the repeated histograms with a mean time interval of 137 days (7-413 days) in eight @entity1 . The findings showed a high reproducibility of the heart rate stratified histogram.

title: Methodological aspects of the use of heart rate stratified RR interval histograms in the analysis of atrioventricular conduction during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: The identification, isolation and characterization of a new @entity14940 positive-acting gene metR, which encodes a transcriptional activator of sulphur metabolism, is reported. metR mutants are tight auxotrophs requiring @entity1853 or @entity1255 for growth. Mutations in the metR gene are epistatic to mutations in the negative-acting sulphur regulatory scon genes. The metR coding sequence is interrupted by a single intron of 492 bp which is unusually long for fungi. @entity14940 METR is a member of bZIP family of DNA-binding proteins. The bZIP domains of METR and the @entity1980 CYS3 transcriptional activator of sulphur genes are highly similar. Although @entity1980 cys-3 gene does not substitute for the metR function, a chimeric metR gene with a cys-3 bZIP domain is able to transform the DeltametR mutant to @entity1853 prototrophy. This indicates that METR recognizes the same regulatory sequence as CYS3. The metR gene is not essential, as deletion mutants are viable and have similar phenotype as point mutants. In contrast to the @entity1980 cys-3, transcription of the metR gene was found to be regulated neither by METR protein nor by sulphur source. Transcription of metR gene is derepressed in the sconB2 mutant. Transcription of genes encoding @entity597 permease, @entity1255 synthase, @entity462 synthase, @entity855 -sulphurylase, and sulphur controller--sconB is strongly regulated by the metR gene product and depends on the character of the metR mutation and sulphur supplementation.

title: The XXXX metR gene encodes a bZIP protein which activates transcription of sulphur metabolism genes.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity14940 :: ('162425', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Species') :: ['Neurospora', 'Neurospora crassa']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphate']

answer: @entity14940 :: (162425,Species) :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']


abstract: Among the mechanisms that control chromosome segregation in bacteria are highly-conserved partitioning systems comprising three components: @entity71305 protein (a deviant Walker-type ATPase), @entity71306 protein (a DNA-binding element) and multiple cis-acting palindromic centromere-like sequences, designated parS. Ten putative parS sites have been identified in the @entity5175 genome, four localized in close proximity of oriC and six, diverged by more than one @entity4334 from a perfect palindromic sequence, dispersed along the chromosome. Here, we constructed and analyzed @entity796 mutants deprived of each single parS sequence and their different combinations. The analysis included evaluation of a set of phenotypic features, chromosome segregation, and @entity71306 localization in the cells. It was found that @entity71306 binds specifically to all ten parS sites, although with different affinities. The @entity796 parS mutant with all ten parS sites modified (parSnull) is viable however it demonstrates the phenotype characteristic for parAnull or parBnull mutants: slightly slower growth rate, high frequency of anucleate cells, and defects in motility. The genomic position and sequence of parS determine its role in @entity796 biology. It transpired that any one of the four parS sites proximal to oriC (parS1 to parS4), which are bound by @entity71306 with the highest affinity, is necessary and sufficient for the parABS role in chromosome partitioning. When all these four sites are mutated simultaneously, the strain shows the parSnull phenotype, which indicates that none of the remaining six parS sites can substitute for these four oriC-proximal sites in this function. A single ectopic parS2 (inserted opposite oriC in the parSnull mutant) facilitates @entity71306 organization into regularly spaced condensed foci and reverses some of the mutant phenotypes but is not sufficient for accurate chromosome segregation.

title: A single parS sequence from the cluster of four sites closest to oriC is necessary and sufficient for proper chromosome segregation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['P. aeruginosa']

answer: @entity796 :: (287,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate aortic neck changes, specifically @entity384 , over a 10-year period in @entity1 undergoing @entity439 repair (EVAR) for @entity1028 . METHODS: All @entity1 who underwent elective EVAR at our institution from 1998 through 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. Among these, 103 @entity1 (96 @entity1 ; mean age 71 years, range 35-84) who received the 3 most frequently implanted self-expanding stent-grafts (35 Talent, 39 Excluder, and 29 Zenith) and had a minimum 3-month imaging follow-up at our department were selected for this study. All diameters were measured perpendicular to the centerline of flow on computed tomography; baseline data were derived from the first postoperative scan. Stent-graft migration was measured from the lowermost renal artery to the first strut of the stent-graft. Based on intra- and interobserver error measurements, a minimum change of 2 mm defined @entity384 . RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 39.4 months (range 3-108.8), @entity384 (>2 mm) was found in 10 @entity1 (28.6%, 95% CI 14.6-46.3) in the Talent group, 4 (10.3%, 95% CI 2.9-24.2) in the Excluder group, and 9 (31.0%, 95% CI 15.3-50.8) in the Zenith group (p=0.299). In 7 (31%) of the 23 @entity1 with neck dilatation, additional therapy was necessary. Suprarenal changes were found in 6 @entity1 (17.1%, 95% CI 6.6-33.6), 8 @entity1 (20.5%, 95% CI 9.3-36.5), and 5 @entity1 (17.2%, 95% CI 5.8-35.8), respectively (p=0.218). Stent-graft migration >2 mm was seen in 2 (1.9%) of the 103 @entity1 in follow-up. The overall endoleak rates were 37.1% for Talent, 30.8% for Excluder, and 37.9% for Zenith (p>0.05). Two @entity1 were converted to open repair owing to Talent stent-graft migration and persistent type I leak (Zenith). The overall reintervention rate was 13.6% (13/103). CONCLUSION: Only a small number of the @entity1 treated with self-expanding stent-grafts show notable @entity384 , which does not appear to be related to the stent-graft model. Almost all cases of @entity384 exceeded the percentage of oversizing; less than a third of @entity1 with @entity384 required therapy.

title: Influence of different self-expanding stent-graft types on remodeling of the aortic neck after XXXX repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['infrarenal aortic neck dilatation', 'aortic neck dilatation']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['endovascular aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['endovascular aneurysm']


abstract: A variety of surgical treatments for @entity302 with @entity10128 ( @entity10128 ) are described, although most are derived from limited @entity1 experience gathered from several centres. We describe the results of transcallosal resection of @entity10128 in 29 consecutive @entity1 undergoing surgery at one centre. Twenty-nine @entity1 aged 4-23 years (mean 10 years) underwent @entity10128 surgery with a minimum of 12 months follow-up. A comprehensive, presurgical @entity302 evaluation, supplemented with endocrine and ophthalmological assessments was performed in all cases. @entity10128 were resected via a transcallosal, interforniceal approach to the third ventricle, with the assistance of frameless stereotaxy, limiting the resection to the margins of the third ventricular walls and floor and minimising traction and diathermy. Complete or near-complete (>95%) resection of the @entity10128 was achieved in 18/29 @entity1 , 75-95% resection was achieved in seven @entity1 (four of whom had complete or near-complete disconnection of residual @entity10128 ) and less than 50% resection was achieved in four. Postoperatively (follow-up 12-70 months, mean 30 months), 15 became @entity410 -free (nine off antiepileptic medication), seven had >90% reduction in @entity410 frequency, three had 55-80% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and four had less than 40% reduction in @entity410 frequency. Of 16 @entity1 who had @entity410 in the early postoperative period, six became @entity410 . No @entity1 or lesion characteristics were associated with postoperative @entity410 freedom, including features of @entity302 . Neurobehavioural improvement and resolution of EEG abnormalities were seen in the majority. Complications were @entity1269 in two, transient hypernatraemia in 17, @entity73 in 14 (persistent in four), @entity1017 in ten (persistent in five), need for supplemental thyroxine in five, and lowered @entity2124 (uncertain clinical significance) in six. Transcallosal resection of @entity10128 is an effective treatment for @entity302 , with 76% @entity1 in our @entity410 being @entity410 -free or having >90% @entity410 reduction. The operative risks include @entity64 , short-term @entity2414 , @entity1017 and minor endocrine disturbances. Based on published data, the transcallosal approach appears to be safer and more effective than other operative strategies.

title: Transcallosal resection of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity302 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['transient hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['short-term memory impairment']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'intractable epilepsy', 'symptomatic generalised epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity10128 :: ('MESH:C537158', 'Disease') :: ['HH', 'hypothalamic hamartoma']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory disturbance']

answer: @entity10128 :: (MESH:C537158,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic hamartomas']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bouveret's Syndrome is a rare cause of @entity1084 ( @entity1084 ) caused by a @entity5990 which has migrated into the duodenal bulb from a bilioduodenal fistula. It is an uncommon condition and only a few cases have been reported in the medical literature till to date. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report a case of a 45 year old @entity1 who presented to us with recurrent @entity158 in the upper abdomen for the last 8 years, and that progressed to develop symptoms of @entity1084 . An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed duodenal ulceration with a stony hard lesion in the first part of duodenum. An contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan of the abdomen performed later confirmed the presence of @entity4570 and a @entity5990 in proximal jejunum. DISCUSSION: @entity244 is a case of @entity1084 caused by the impaction of a @entity5990 in the duodenum as a result of a @entity4570 . It constitutes 1-3% of cases of @entity5990 ileus which in turn complicates only 0.3-4% cases of cholelithisasis. @entity244 is managed surgically. CONCLUSION: @entity244 being an uncommon condition may pose a difficulty in diagnosis and dilemma in managing such @entity1 . An awareness is hence essential.

title: A rare presentation of @entity1084 ( @entity1084 ) - The XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['large gall stone', 'gall-stone', 'gall stone']

entities_list: @entity1084 :: ('MESH:D017219', 'Disease') :: ['gastric outlet obstruction', 'GOO', 'Gastric outlet obstruction']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Bouveret's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity4570 :: ('MESH:D007412', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystoduodenal fistula']

answer: @entity244 :: (MESH:D014899,Disease) :: ['Bouveret's syndrome']


abstract: A polygenic approach to disease prevention has become a realistic goal that has arisen from the sequencing of the @entity1 genome. Some believe it will be possible to identify individuals as susceptible by their genotype and to prevent disease by targeting interventions to those at risk. However, doubts have been expressed about the magnitude of these genetic effects, and hence the potential to apply them either to individuals or to populations. Published data suggest that the @entity0 not due to the known high penetrance genes is polygenic, which implies that the distribution of risk in the population is continuous. This model is likely to apply to other common @entity5 . The utility of a continuous distribution for identifying a high-risk group of the population for targeted preventive intervention depends on the spread of that risk distribution. For @entity0 , the data are compatible with a log-normal distribution of genetic risk in the population which is sufficiently wide to provide useful discrimination of high- and low-risk groups. Assuming all the susceptibility genes could be identified, the half of the population at highest risk would account for 88% of all cases. In contrast, if currently identified risk factors for @entity0 were used to stratify the population, the half of the population at highest risk would account for only 62% of all cases. These results suggest that in the future the construction and use of genetic risk profiles may provide significant improvements in the efficacy of population-based programmes of intervention for @entity5 and other diseases.

title: Genetic susceptibility, predicting risk and preventing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['familial aggregation of breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Introduction   The relevance of @entity2023 is unquestionable. This condition affects @entity1 's quality of life and its incidence has increased over the last years. Objective   Thus, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of subcutaneous injectable immunotherapy in cases of nasal itching, sneeze, @entity5254 and nasal congestion in @entity2023 @entity1 . Methods   In the present study, the same researcher analyzed the records of 281 @entity1 . Furthermore, the researchers identified allergens through puncture cutaneous tests using standardized extracts containing acari, fungi, pet hair, flower pollen, and feathers. Then, the @entity1 underwent treatment with subcutaneous specific immunotherapy, using four vaccine vials for desensitization, associated with environmental hygiene. The authors analyzed conditions of nasal itching, sneeze, @entity5254 , and nasal congestion throughout the treatment, and assigned them with a score ranging from zero (0), meaning absence of these symptoms to three (3), for severe cases. The symptoms were statistically compared in the beginning, during, and after treatment. Results   In this study, authors analyzed the cases distribution according to age and the evolution of symptomatology according to the scores, comparing all phases of treatment. The average score for the entire population studied was 2.08 before treatment and 0.44 at the end. These results represent an overall improvement of    79% in symptomatology of @entity2023 in the studied population. Conclusion   The subcutaneous immunotherapy as treatment of @entity2023 led to a reduction in all symptoms studied, improving the quality of life of @entity1 , proving itself as an important therapeutic tool for these pathological conditions.

title: Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Improves the Symptomatology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5254 :: ('MESH:D002559', 'Disease') :: ['rhinorrhea']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['Allergic Rhinitis']


abstract: Apc mutant (Apc(Min)) @entity19 develop multiple @entity652 in their intestines and are widely used to study @entity14 and chemopreventive approaches. Molecular imaging of intestinal @entity652 could potentially provide noninvasive longitudinal evaluation of these lesions in living @entity19 . Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of @entity419 PET in the Apc(Min) @entity19 model. METHODS: Apc(Min) @entity19 (n = 8) fed a purified diet were imaged serially after injection of @entity419 at age 9 and 12 wk using a small-animal PET scanner. Abdominal uptake of the tracer was quantified. After dissection, intestines were imaged separately, and intestinal tracer uptake was quantified. Tracer distribution was compared with results from microscopic examination regarding adenoma number and size. Thereafter, findings were validated serially in 20 Apc(Min) @entity19 aged 6, 8, 10, and 12 wk that received standard chow to increase @entity652 . In vivo abdominal @entity419 uptake was correlated with microscopy results. RESULTS: Microscopic examination showed that the @entity19 developed 25-35 intestinal @entity652 at age 12 wk. Ex vivo @entity419 PET of the dissected intestines visualized all large @entity652 and most small @entity652 . Ex vivo total intestinal @entity419 uptake correlated with in vivo total abdominal uptake and with the number of large @entity652 at age 9 and 12 wk. At 12 wk, there was a clear correlation between in vivo abdominal tracer uptake and the number of large @entity652 but not the total number of lesions. CONCLUSION: Intestinal @entity652 in Apc(Min) @entity19 are metabolically active lesions that take up @entity419 . Abdominal @entity419 uptake at age 12 wk serves as a readout modality for large intestinal @entity652 .

title: Total abdominal @entity419 uptake reflects intestinal adenoma burden in Apc mutant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma numbers', 'adenomas']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: In @entity7887 and @entity10108 , free @entity7888 ( @entity13880 ) and @entity1450 ( @entity29404 ), respectively, accumulate in erythrocytes. That PPIX and @entity29404 bind to @entity1 hemoglobin A ( @entity16920 ) is established, but the site of binding is still a matter of controversy. We investigated the interaction of @entity29404 with intact, tetrameric oxy @entity16920 , using batch microcalorimetry, front-face fluorometry, absorption difference spectroscopy, @entity26 equilibrium studies, and isoelectric focusing (IEF). In the presence of oxy @entity16920 (pH 7.35, 0.05 M @entity1391 ), the fluorescence emission maximum (excitation at 420 nm) of @entity29404 immediately shifts from 587 nm ( @entity29404 alone) to 594 nm, as expected when binding to protein. The fluorescence intensity increases with time and is correlated with the @entity29404 : @entity16920 mole ratio. A slow, time-dependent reaction is also observed with microcalorimetry: the rate of heat of reaction exhibits both a fast and a slow component. The heats of reaction range from -2.1 to -14.8 mcal depending upon the @entity29404 : @entity16920 ratio of 4:1 (0.4 mM:0.1 mM) to 38:1 (3.8 mM:0.1 mM), respectively, and are typical of weak, noncovalent protein-ligand interactions. The optical difference spectra are a function of the @entity29404 : @entity16920 molar ratio and also exhibit a slow increase in intensity over time. No time-dependent optical difference spectra are observed with @entity29404 or with @entity16920 alone. The @entity26 affinity of @entity16920 in the presence of @entity29404 decreases with increasing mole ratio. During IEF, all @entity29404 separates from @entity16920 , consistent with a weak, noncovalent interaction at a non- @entity1446 pocket site. We conclude that @entity29404 binds to intact, tetrameric hemoglobin at non- @entity1446 pocket sites in a nonspecific, weak, noncovalent interaction.

title: Interaction of XXXX with intact oxyhemoglobin.

entities_list: @entity1450 :: ('MESH:C017803', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc protoporphyrin']

entities_list: @entity10108 :: ('MESH:D007855', 'Disease') :: ['lead poisoning']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7887 :: ('MESH:D046351', 'Disease') :: ['erythropoietic protoporphyria']

entities_list: @entity7888 :: ('CHEBI:15430', 'Chemical') :: ['protoporphyrin']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity1450 :: (MESH:C017803,Chemical) :: ['zinc protoporphyrin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1583 @entity1 experience high levels of @entity458 during diagnoses and intensive treatments. The aim of the present study is to explore the effects of positive psychological resources on @entity308 in @entity1583 @entity1 . This survey was conducted in a hospital during the period from July 2013 to April 2014. A total of 300 inpatients were recruited and finally 227 of them completed the questionnaires. Questionnaires included demographic and clinical variables, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Self-Rating @entity148 Scale, the Life Orientation Scale-Revised, the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Resilience Scale-14. Results showed that the prevalence of @entity308 was 66.1 and 45.8%, respectively. Both optimism (b  =  -.479, p  <  .001) and resilience (b  =  -.174, p  <  .05) were negatively associated with @entity308 , and optimism (b  =  -.393, p  <  .001) was negatively associated with @entity148 . However, resilience (b  =  -.133, p  >  .05) was not significantly associated with @entity148 , and self-efficacy was not significantly associated with @entity308 (b  =  -.032, p  >  .05) or @entity148 (b  =  -.055, p  >  .05). The results suggest that @entity1583 @entity1 who possess high levels of positive psychological resources may have fewer symptoms of @entity458 . The findings indicate that enhancing positive psychological resources can be considered in developing intervention strategies for decreasing @entity308 .

title: Exploring correlations between positive psychological resources and symptoms of @entity458 among XXXX @entity1 : a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms', 'depressive', 'depressive and anxiety symptoms']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety symptoms', 'Anxiety']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological cancer', 'Hematological cancer']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematological cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ponies may suffer from @entity56 ( @entity56 ), an allergic IgE-mediated @entity272 , induced by allergens from @entity14197 of the @entity14197 spp. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether recombinant @entity14197 obsoletus allergens are able to activate T cells of ponies exposed to C.  obsoletus and whether these allergen-specific responses differ between @entity56 -affected and healthy ponies. ANIMALS: Ten @entity56 -affected Shetland ponies and 10 age-matched healthy controls taken from the same stables, to ensure similar exposure to midges. METHOD: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with two different pools of recombinant C.  obsoletus complex allergens to expand the allergen-specific T cells. These PBMC cultures were subsequently co-cultured with mature dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the same antigens. Induction of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in these DC/PBMC co-cultures was assessed by analysis of IFN-y, IL-4, IL-10 and FoxP3 expression levels using quantitative RT-PCR and phenotyping by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Recombinant C.  obsoletus allergens increased IFN-y mRNA expression levels, percentages of IFN-y expressing (Th1) cells and CD25(high) FoxP3(+) IL-10(+) Tregs compared to unstimulated DC/PBMC co-cultures. Stimulation of IL-4 expressing Th2 cells by the recombinant allergens was far less pronounced. The DC/PBMC co-cultures did not reveal significant differences between healthy and @entity56 -affected ponies for any of the analysed parameters, except for higher IL-4 mRNA levels in @entity56 affected ponies after stimulation with one of the two allergen pools. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The recombinant C.  obsoletus complex allergens can stimulate antigen-specific Th1 and IL10 producing Treg cells and are therefore promising candidates for the immunotherapy of @entity56 .

title: Recombinant XXXX obsoletus complex allergens stimulate antigen-specific T cells of insect bite hypersensitive Shetland ponies in  vitro.

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Insect bite hypersensitivity', 'IBH']

entities_list: @entity14197 :: ('198116', 'Species') :: ['biting midges', 'Culicoides']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['pruritic skin disorder']

answer: @entity14197 :: (198116,Species) :: ['Culicoides']


abstract: The reliable diagnosis of @entity459 depends on the measurement of @entity461 . The @entity461 assays in widespread use measure not only the hormone but also hormone fragments, thus limiting the clinical utility of the assays. A new immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using an antigenic determinant at the extreme @entity1472 -terminal of the @entity461 molecule detects only full-length @entity461 (1-84). We compared three @entity461 assays and determined the presence of @entity461 (1-84) and @entity461 fragments in serum and @entity3243 of @entity1 with @entity459 . We studied 56 @entity1 with @entity459 . @entity461 levels were increased in 63% using the midmolecule RIA; in 73% in the "intact" IRMA; and in 96% in the @entity461 (1-84)-IRMA. The @entity461 (1-84)-IRMA correlated with the other assays (midmolecule RIA R = +0.736; P < 0.0001; "intact"-IRMA R = +0.951; P < 0.0001) and indices of disease activity (serum @entity460 R = +0.511, P < 0.0001; alkaline phosphatase R = +0.489, P = 0.001; and radius bone density R = -0.366, P < 0.01). In 21 consecutive @entity1 undergoing parathyroidectomy, 18 had @entity3243 . Intact @entity461 was higher than @entity461 (1-84)-IRMA in both serum and glandular homogenates from these @entity1 . Similar proportions of @entity461 (1-84) and hormone fragments were found in both @entity652 [66 +/- 3% of "intact" @entity461 -reflected @entity461 (1-84) and sera (73 +/- 2% of "intact" @entity461 reflected @entity461 (1-84)]. We conclude that the @entity461 (1-84)-IRMA offers improved diagnostic sensitivity in @entity1 with @entity459 than other currently available assays. This study also provides evidence that both @entity461 (1-84) and @entity461 fragments are produced in @entity3243 and that peripheral metabolism of hormone and fragment does not alter the proportion of bioactive hormone.

title: Clinical utility of an immunoradiometric assay for parathyroid hormone (1-84) in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid adenomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was the development and evaluation of an anhydrous @entity653 -based @entity16313 gel in order to study the stability of the @entity26 /water-sensitive agent @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ). METHODS: Various @entity16313 polymers were investigated rheologically at concentrations of 0.25-1% using a Brookfield viscometer in order to evaluate their ability to form anhydrous @entity653 -based formulations. The addition of @entity35018 was evaluated in order to create a gel that can be utilized for the incorporation of more lipophilic compounds. The suitability of standard neutralizers and their useful concentrations were determined to develop guidelines for formulation optimization. An accelerated stability study was performed at 50 degrees C to evaluate the degradation of @entity3090 in an anhydrous @entity653 gel. RESULTS: It was found that @entity16313 974 is the most efficient thickener for anhydrous @entity653 formulations. In contrast to aqueous gels, anhydrous gels are formed without the addition of neutralizers. The rank-order viscosity of the nonneutralized gels studied was 974 > 971 > 981 > Pemulen TR-2 approximately 980. The addition of neutralizers resulted in a further increase in gel viscosity, with a maximum being reached at a concentration of approximately 0.5% w/w. The incorporation of @entity35018 resulted in a concentration-dependent loss of gel viscosity. The stability data showed that no degradation of @entity3090 had occurred. CONCLUSION: It was shown that anhydrous @entity653 -based @entity16313 gels can be prepared without the need for neutralization. Such vehicles are promising for the incorporation of @entity26 /water-sensitive drugs.

title: Anhydrous @entity16313 polymer gels for the topical delivery of XXXX /water sensitive compounds.

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['epigallocatechin gallate']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerin']

entities_list: @entity35018 :: ('MESH:C010111', 'Chemical') :: ['Transcutol P']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: Molecular Misreading (MM) is the inaccurate conversion of genomic information into aberrant proteins. For example, when RNA polymerase II transcribes a GAGAG motif it synthesizes at low frequency RNA with a two-base deletion. If the deletion occurs in a coding region, translation will result in production of misframed proteins. During @entity1 aging, misframed versions of @entity1 @entity477 (hApp) and @entity72631 ( @entity36725 ) accumulate in the aggregates characteristic of @entity179 , suggesting dysfunctional degradation or clearance. Here cDNA clones encoding wild-type @entity36725 and the frame-shifted version @entity36725 (+1) were expressed in transgenic @entity238 using the @entity3403 -regulated system. Misframed proteins were abundantly produced, both from the transgenes and from endogenous @entity238 @entity72631 -encoding genes, and their abundance increased during aging in whole- @entity238 extracts. Over-expression of wild-type @entity36725 , but not @entity36725 (+1), was toxic during @entity238 development. In contrast, when over-expressed specifically in adult flies, @entity36725 (+1) caused small decreases in life span, whereas @entity36725 was associated with small increases, preferentially in males. The data suggest that MM occurs in @entity238 and that the resultant misframed proteins accumulate with age. MM of the @entity72631 gene can produce alternative @entity72631 gene products with different and sometimes opposing phenotypic effects.

title: @entity72631 over-expression phenotypes and @entity72631 gene molecular misreading during aging in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity477 :: ('351', 'Gene') :: ['amyloid precursor protein']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['fly', 'Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']


abstract: The development of the @entity1 inner ear involves a complex series of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. These interactions are likely to be mediated by families of adhesion molecules, including the integrins. We have studied the expression of three integrin subunits known to be expressed on epithelia in a number of tissues (namely, @entity11403 , @entity24145 , and @entity1227 ) during the development of the @entity19 inner ear. At E10.5, both @entity70676 were expressed in the epithelial layers of the otocyst. The expression of @entity24145 was concentrated in an anterioventral region of the epithelium and in a proportion of the cells forming the cochlear-vestibular and @entity21 . By E12.5, @entity24145 showed a more restricted expression, confined mainly to the pro-sensory epithelia and the neural processes from the cochlear-vestibular ganglion. In contrast, @entity11403 was expressed in epithelia adjacent to the pro-sensory areas. This reciprocal expression pattern was maintained until birth. Between birth and P6, a switch in expression occurred such that @entity11403 was upregulated and @entity24145 was downregulated in the sensory epithelia of both the auditory and vestibular systems. At this stage, @entity11403 was expressed in all the epithelia lining the scala media, thus defining the endolymph compartment. The expression of @entity1227 was restricted to epithelial/mesenchymal borders throughout the developmental stages studied, suggesting that @entity24145 expression observed within the epithelium and neuronal tissue was alpha6beta1. The early expression and changing pattern of @entity11403 and @entity24145 integrins during development of the @entity1 inner ear suggests that they may be involved in the molecular processes that define epithelial boundaries and guide sensory innervation.

title: Differential expression of XXXX integrins in the developing @entity19 inner ear.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['facial ganglia']

answer: @entity70676 :: (110834;14399,Gene) :: ['alpha 3 and alpha 6']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Amitriptyline, a frequently used tricyclic antidepressant agent, has powerful @entity1370 effects especially in high doses. Serum and urine levels of amitriptyline dosages are not correlated with severity of @entity137 ; therefore, it increases the importance of electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities. The prolongation of QTc can be a predictive marker for @entity1370 . Hence, in this study, it is aimed to evaluate possible effects of metoprolol and diltiazem in amitriptyline @entity137 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The @entity35 were separated into four groups. First one was control group, the second was the amitriptyline + saline group, third one was the amitriptyline + metoprolol group, and forth one was the amitriptyline + diltiazem group. ECG were recorded on @entity35 under anesthesia. RESULTS: In amitriptyline group, QTc duration was prolonged compared with all other groups. The prolongation of QTc was shorter in amitriptyline + metoprolol group and amitriptyline + diltiazem group than amitriptyline group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: According to the results, it is possible to report ameliorating effects of both metoprolol and diltiazem on @entity1162 related with amitriptyline intoxication. With further studies, these agents may be used for amitriptyline @entity137 and besides, they may be used for @entity1 in cardiovascular risk groups who take amitriptyline treatment regularly.

title: The effects of diltiazem and metoprolol in XXXX due to amitriptyline intoxication.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['QTc prolongation']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxic', 'cardiotoxicity']

answer: @entity1162 :: (MESH:D008133,Disease) :: ['QTc prolongation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on the analgesic properties of alpha 2 agonists and their interactions with opioids are conflicting. Experiments were conducted in @entity35 to evaluate whether various available alpha 2 agonists can potentiate the analgesic properties of opioids and to determine the route of administration needed for optimal interaction. METHODS: The tail-withdrawal reaction test was used as an @entity1337 assay. In separate experiments, the interactions between systemic (subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal) and spinally (epidural and intrathecal) administered alpha 2 agonists and opioids were evaluated. The antagonism of @entity8998 plus @entity3575 with @entity1510 and/or @entity9006 also was studied. RESULTS: All alpha 2 agonists tested, when injected subcutaneously with @entity3575 , potentiated the opioid-induced @entity1337 . In terms of a reduction of the amount of @entity3575 needed to produce a deep surgical @entity1337 (tail-withdrawal reaction latency > or = 10 s) over more than 2 h, the relative order of potency of the alpha 2 agonists tested was: @entity8998 > @entity6948 > @entity4763 > @entity1338 > @entity4931 . For some of these alpha 2 agonists there was a biphasic effect: at the larger doses tested, a reduction in the @entity3575 potentiation was present. The potentiation of the opioid activity with alpha 2 agonists was also demonstrated in terms of a longer duration of @entity1337 after combined treatment with fixed doses of opioids. The interaction between the alpha 2 agonists and the opioids remained present when a more profound criterion of @entity1337 (tail-withdrawal reaction latency > or = 30 s) was used. Furthermore, the interactions between the alpha 2 agonists tested and @entity3575 or @entity681 appeared to be independent of the route of administration. Potentiations were observed after simultaneous subcutaneous injections of both groups of compounds, after the combination of intraperitoneal (alpha 2 agonist) plus subcutaneous (opioid), intravenous (alpha 2 agonist) plus epidural (opioid) and simultaneous epidural or intrathecal administrations. With regard to antagonism of the analgesic activity of combined treatment with alpha 2 agonists plus opioids, @entity1510 provided total antagonism, whereas the alpha 2 antagonist @entity9006 overcame only the alpha 2 agonist-induced potentiation of @entity3575 . CONCLUSIONS: The tested alpha 2 agonists can potentiate the analgesic properties of opioids, but they have no intrinsic antinociceptive effects on spinal reflexes on their own. The potentiating activities of the alpha 2 agonists could be measured both in terms of a reduction of the amount of opioid needed to reach a particular level of @entity1337 and in terms of a longer duration of @entity1337 with a fixed dose of the opioid. The potentiations were observed with various alpha 2 agonists and opioids and appeared independent of the routes of administration.

title: Potentiation of the analgesic properties of @entity3575 -like opioids with alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity681 :: ('MESH:D017409', 'Chemical') :: ['sufentanil']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity4931 :: ('MESH:C041255', 'Chemical') :: ['detomidine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity4763 :: ('MESH:D014991', 'Chemical') :: ['xylazine']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity8998 :: ('MESH:D020926', 'Chemical') :: ['medetomidine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: 1. Effect of a diet with 5% grape seed inclusion, substituting for @entity2829 compared to a standard diet, was studied in the Penedes @entity1573 . 2. A total of 128 @entity1573 were used, half from each sex. Individual weights and feed intake were controlled weekly from the first d to 5th week and fortnightly until the 15th week. On the 16th week, chemical analyses of meat from 16 thighs from each diet and sex were carried out, as well as a sensory analysis of meat from 24 thighs. Differences between diet and sex were analysed using live body weight, feed intake, feed conversion rate ( @entity6780 ), chemical composition and sensory attributes of the meat. 3. At the end of the experiment, no significant differences were observed on live body weight, feed intake and @entity6780 due to diet. 4. Meat showed no differences due to diet in the percentages of protein, lipid and ash. 5. Meat from the grape seed diet showed a higher percentage of @entity1474 due to @entity4722 . It also showed a more nutty smell, a more metallic flavour and more stringiness. There was, also, less of a pork crackling odour and flavour, a less sweet flavour and less of a broiler meat flavour.

title: The effects of grape seed in the diet of the Penedes XXXX , on growth and on the chemical composition and sensory profile of meat.

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['unsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chickens', 'chicken']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Randomized trials of radiotherapy and surgery for early @entity0 may have been too small to detect differences in long-term survival and recurrence reliably. We therefore performed a systematic overview (meta-analysis) of the results of such trials. METHODS: Information was sought on each subject from investigators who conducted trials that began before 1985 and that compared local therapies for early @entity0 . Data on mortality were available from 36 trials comparing radiotherapy plus surgery with the same type of surgery alone, 10 comparing more extensive surgery with less extensive surgery, and 18 comparing more extensive surgery with less extensive surgery plus radiotherapy. Information on mortality was available for 28,405 @entity1 (97.4 percent of the 29,175 @entity1 in the trials). RESULTS: The addition of radiotherapy to surgery resulted in a rate of local recurrence that was three times lower than the rate with surgery alone, but there was no significant difference in 10-year survival; among a total of 17,273 @entity1 enrolled in such trials, mortality was 40.3 percent with radiotherapy and 41.4 percent without radiotherapy (P = 0.3). Radiotherapy was associated with a reduced risk of @entity204 due to @entity0 (odds ratio, 0.94; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.00; P = 0.03), which indicates that, after 10 years, there would be about 0 to 5 fewer @entity204 due to @entity0 per 100 @entity1 . However, there was an increased risk of @entity204 from other causes (odds ratio, 1.24; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.42; P = 0.002). This, together with the age-specific @entity204 rates, implies, after 10 years, a few extra @entity204 not due to @entity0 per 100 older @entity1 or per 1000 younger @entity1 . During the first decade or two after diagnosis, the excess in the rate of such @entity204 that was associated with radiotherapy was much greater @entity1 who were over 60 years of age at randomization (15.3 percent vs. 11.1 percent [339 vs. 249 @entity204 ]) than among those under 50 (2.5 percent vs. 2.0 percent [62 vs. 49 @entity204 ]). Breast-conserving surgery involved some risk of recurrence in the remaining tissue, but no significant differences in overall survival at 10 years were found in the studies of mastectomy versus breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy (4891 @entity1 ), more extensive surgery versus less extensive surgery (4818 @entity1 ), or axillary clearance versus radiotherapy as adjuncts to mastectomy (4370 @entity1 ). CONCLUSIONS: Some of the local therapies for @entity0 had substantially different effects on the rates of local recurrence--such as the reduced recurrence with the addition of radiotherapy to surgery--but there were no definite differences in overall survival at 10 years.

title: Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early XXXX . An overview of the randomized trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group.

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is a major cause of ill health and medical expenditure worldwide. Despite recent increases in the knowledge about the nature of the disease process and recognition of cytokine-mediated pathways of @entity32 , current management is focussed on @entity1 outcomes that relate to physiological measures of dysfunction. The new Global initiative in @entity3885 (GOLD) management guidelines are evidence-based and stress both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy. Effective drug therapy can help smoking cessation in motivated @entity1 ( @entity1239 replacement, @entity752 ). Bronchodilator therapy is best given by inhaler, can use either beta-agonists or anticholinergics and is more effective if long acting. Health status and exercise performance can improve without parallel changes in forced expiratory volume in one second. Inhaled @entity288 are indicated if there is a significant bronchodilator response or the @entity1 has more severe disease with frequent exacerbations. Antioxidant therapy remains controversial but may reduce exacerbation number. Acute exacerbations require higher doses of bronchodilators and short courses of oral @entity288 . New drug treatment is a major priority for @entity1030 research.

title: Modern treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['Obstructive Lung Disease']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity752 :: ('MESH:D016642', 'Chemical') :: ['bupropion']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Trophoblast expressing paternal HLA-C antigens resemble a semiallograft, and could be rejected by maternal @entity404 + T lymphocytes. We examined the possible role in @entity1 pregnancy of Th17 cells, known to be involved in allograft rejection and reported for this reason to be responsible for miscarriages. We also studied Th17/ @entity1198 and Th17/Th2 cells never investigated before. We defined for the first time the role of different Th17 subpopulations at the embryo implantation site and the role of HLA-G5, produced by the trophoblast/embryo, on Th17 cell differentiation. METHODS: Cytokine production by @entity404 + purified T cell and T clones from decidua of normal pregnancy, @entity7992 , and ectopic pregnancy at both embryo implantation site and distant from that site were analyzed for protein and mRNA production. Antigen-specific T cell lines were derived in the presence and in the absence of HLA-G5. RESULTS: We found an associated spontaneous production of @entity4155 , @entity4654 and @entity3646 along with expression of @entity21319 , @entity9235 and @entity16952 (Th2- and Th17-type markers) in fresh decidua @entity404 + T cells during successful pregnancy. There was a prevalence of Th17/Th2 cells (producing @entity4155 , @entity4654 , @entity13236 and @entity3646 ) in the decidua of successful pregnancy, but the exclusive presence of Th17 (producing @entity4155 , @entity4654 , @entity13236 ) and Th17/ @entity1198 (producing @entity4155 , @entity4654 , @entity13236 and @entity379 ) cells was found in the decidua of @entity7992 . More importantly, we observed that Th17/Th2 cells were exclusively present at the embryo implantation site during tubal ectopic pregnancy, and that @entity3646 , @entity9388 , @entity4155 , @entity9908 mRNA levels increased in tubal biopsies taken from embryo implantation sites, whereas Th17, Th17/ @entity1198 and @entity1198 cells are exclusively present apart from implantation sites. Moreover, soluble HLA-G5 mediates the development of Th17/Th2 cells by increasing @entity3646 , @entity4155 and @entity4654 protein and mRNA production of @entity404 + T helper cells. CONCLUSION: No pathogenic role of decidual Th17 cells during pregnancy was observed. Indeed, a beneficial role for these cells was observed when they also produced @entity3646 . HLA-G5 could be the key feature of the uterine microenvironment responsible for the development of Th17/Th2 cells, which seem to be crucial for successful embryo implantation.

title: Interleukin-17-producing decidual @entity404 + T cells are not deleterious for XXXX pregnancy when they also produce @entity3646 .

entities_list: @entity7992 :: ('MESH:D000026', 'Disease') :: ['unexplained recurrent abortion']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Bone marrow transplantation is useful in AML. Results of chemotherapy and transplantation are compared in Table 4. Transplantation is the preferred treatment in individuals who fail chemotherapy. Transplantation is also likely to be superior or comparable to chemotherapy in individuals less than 30 years of age in first remission. Transplantation in older individuals in first remission is controversial, but it is unlikely that these results are inferior to results with chemotherapy. Transplants from donors other than HLA-identical siblings are less well investigated but may be a reasonable alternative in young individuals in first relapse or second remission, particularly if recipient and donor share most HLA antigens. Autotransplants are difficult to evaluate critically and should be considered investigational in individuals in second or later remission for whom a suitable donor is unavailable. Autotransplants in first remission should be restricted to controlled clinical trials, since their efficacy is otherwise inevaluable. It is uncertain whether in vitro treatment of the bone marrow is necessary in the context of autotransplantation; again, controlled trials are required. Bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling is a useful therapy in individuals with @entity981 who relapse despite chemotherapy. Individuals undergoing transplantation in second or later remission or in relapse have a survival rate superior to those treated with chemotherapy; these data are summarized in Table 5. One important unresolved issue in @entity981 is whether @entity1 with high-risk @entity981 and adults should receive transplants in first remission. This answer will, to a considerable extent, depend on results achieved with chemotherapy alone. If intensive chemotherapy produces 50-70% disease-free survival in these individuals, it is unlikely that transplantation will be superior. If, however, alternative chemotherapy results are inferior, transplantation may be useful. Clearly, controlled clinical trials are needed. Results of transplants from donors other than HLA-identical siblings are less certain but this approach may be considered in selected young individuals who fail chemotherapy. Autotransplants should also be considered in this setting but not in individuals in first remission. It is likewise uncertain if in vitro treatment of the bone marrow is useful; this must be addressed in controlled trials. The data reviewed indicate an important role for bone marrow transplantation in the therapy of the @entity1778 . We have attempted to precisely define its use in various disease states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Bone marrow transplantation in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukaemias']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukaemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Study the ophthalmic morbidities for @entity1 born prematurely at a Tertiary care center in Riyadh city. METHODS: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study at King Fahad Medical City for premature @entity1 born at gestational age (GA)    32  weeks or birth weight (BW)    1500  g during the study period from January 1, 2007, until the end of December 2009 was conducted. Short term outcome was diagnosis with @entity989 ( @entity989 ) and long-term outcome was ophthalmic findings at age 18-24  months. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of @entity989 was 30%. @entity1 diagnosed with @entity989 had a mean GA of 27  weeks (23-35  weeks) and mean BW of 907  g (530-1730  g). Risk factors other than GA and BW for @entity989 , identified in the predictive logistic regression model, were blood transfusion [ @entity18704 ] and diagnosis with @entity548 (OR  =  2.90). Strabismus was identified in 14% of the study cohort. Diagnosis of @entity3467 (spherical equivalent    +0.75  D) was equal in both @entity989 and no- @entity989 groups (p  =  0.56). @entity1714 (spherical equivalent    -0.75  D) and @entity940    1.00  D were diagnosed more frequently in the @entity989 group (p  <  0.0001 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A higher incidence of @entity989 was observed in this cohort compared to some Saudi Arabian centers. It is recommended that the screening criteria be maintained and that the effects of further control of blood transfusion be assessed in a prospective study. The authors recommend an extra ophthalmic evaluation at the age of 18-24  months for all premature @entity1 born with GA       32  weeks.

title: Ophthalmic short- and long-term outcomes for premature XXXX : Results of an extended follow-up program in Saudi Arabia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hyperopia']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['ROP', 'Retinopathy of Prematurity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: This article attempts to assess the nature, severity and management of the risks associated with pregnancy in @entity740 and @entity454 , including dialysis and transplant recipients. Women with serum @entity1011 levels of >125 mmol/l are at an increased risk for deterioration in renal function, @entity101 with superimposed @entity1468 . Rigid control of @entity101 is crucial for a successful pregnancy outcome. A range of antihypertensive drugs are available with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors being contraindicated. @entity1 on dialysis have low fertility rates that return to normal following renal transplantation. Immunosuppresive drugs are not associated with @entity154 . Transplant recipients are at an increased risk for @entity281 that may have implications for the fetus. All groups have an increased risk for @entity3465 and intrauterine growth restriction. The percentage of pregnancies resulting in surviving @entity1 in @entity1 with @entity177 and transplant recipients ranges from 80-100%. For @entity1 who conceive after dialysis, the likelihood of a surviving @entity1 is approximately 50%.

title: XXXX in pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['increased congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['pre-eclampsia and obstetric complications']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['Chronic renal insufficiency']