abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic use of @entity4149 kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may lead to previously unrecognized adverse events. This study evaluated the incidence of @entity810 ( @entity810 ) and @entity740 ( @entity740 ) in chronic-phase (CP) @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) @entity1 treated with @entity2213 , @entity8947 , and @entity10542 . METHODS: Four hundred sixty-eight newly diagnosed @entity2212 @entity1 treated with TKIs were analyzed. The molecular and cytogenetic response data, @entity1011 , and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were followed from the start of therapy to the last follow-up (median, 52 months). GFR was estimated with the Modification of Diet in @entity8 equation. RESULTS: Nineteen @entity1 (4%) had TKI-associated @entity810 . @entity2213 was associated with a higher incidence of @entity810 in comparison with @entity8947 and @entity10542 (P   =   .014). Fifty-eight @entity1 (14%) developed @entity740 while they were receiving a TKI; 49 of these @entity1 (84%) did so while they were being treated with @entity2213 (P   <   .001). Besides @entity2213 , age, a history of @entity101 , and @entity6 were also associated with the development of @entity740 . In @entity1 with no @entity740 at the baseline, @entity2213 was shown to reduce GFR over time. Interestingly, @entity2213 did not cause a significant decline in the GFRs of @entity1 with a history of @entity740 . @entity2213 , @entity8947 , and @entity10542 increased the mean GFR after 3 months of treatment, and @entity10542 led with the most significant increase (P   <   .001). @entity810 or @entity740 had no significant impact on overall cytogenetic and molecular response rates or survival. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of TKIs may be safe in the setting of @entity740 in @entity2212 @entity1 , but close monitoring is still warranted. @entity5 2015;121:3894-3904.    2015 American @entity5 Society.

title: Estimated glomerular filtration rate changes in XXXX with @entity1860 treated with @entity4149 kinase inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8947 :: ('MESH:C488369', 'Chemical') :: ['dasatinib']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal Disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['AKI', 'acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity10542 :: ('MESH:C498826', 'Chemical') :: ['nilotinib']

entities_list: @entity2213 :: ('MESH:C097613', 'Chemical') :: ['imatinib', 'Imatinib']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Based on previous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, we have developed an EEG-controlled closed-loop system for the i.v. hypnotic agent @entity1875 in @entity35 . METHODS: Seven adult male @entity35 (weight 423-584 g) were included in the study. EEG was recorded with occipito-occipital needle electrodes and the EEG power spectrum was estimated. The @entity2198 ( @entity2198 ) was extracted from the power spectrum and was modified @entity2198 (mMEF) to account for the occurrence of spikes and burst suppression patterns in the EEG. @entity1875 infusion was controlled by a model-based adaptive control algorithm to maintain a set point of mMEF=3.0 (sd 0.5) Hz. The performance of the feedback system was characterized by the median performance error MDPE=median[(mMEF-set point)/set point] and the median absolute performance error (MDAPE). The effective therapeutic infusion (ETI) to maintain the set point was determined from the resulting infusion rates. RESULTS: In all @entity35 a feedback period of 90 min could be performed. Mean MDPE was 1.2 (se 0.4)% and MDAPE was 13.9 (0.3)%. The ETI was 0.73 (sd 0.20) mg kg(-1) min(-1). Mean arterial pressure before @entity1875 infusion was 148 (14) mm Hg, with the lowest value during closed-loop infusion being 110 (20) mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: The feedback system presented here may be a useful tool not only for automatic drug control to maintain a defined hypnotic effect but may also be a powerful device in pharmacological studies such as the determination of dose requirements or the assessment of drug-drug interactions.

title: EEG-controlled closed-loop dosing of @entity1875 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['MEF', 'median frequency']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity583 are frequently asymptomatic. Several follow-up strategies have been used to detect @entity1188 or @entity63 in asymptomatic @entity1 . Different investigators have used quite different criteria to define @entity1 at high risk. This study was done to evaluate these different approaches to selecting @entity1 who should be monitored with electrocardiograms (ECG) or enzymes, or both, postoperatively, as well as different strategies for the timing of follow-up evaluation. A total of 232 @entity1 , mostly @entity101 or @entity6 , were evaluated before undergoing elective operations and were observed serially from the day of the operation until discharge or the sixth postoperative day with daily clinical evaluations, ECG and @entity908 kinase isoenzymes. Several follow-up strategies used in recent studies were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in identifying the @entity1 who had postoperative @entity1188 or @entity63 . The most sensitive strategies would obtain ECG in asymptomatic @entity1 on the day of the operation and the first two postoperative days. Several criteria for defining a high risk population were evaluated, including type of operation, age, history of @entity299 , Goldman's cardiac risk classification and the results of the preoperative ECG. Monitoring of @entity1 with an abnormal preoperative ECG would have identified 88 per cent of the @entity1 with @entity583 and 63 per cent of the @entity1 with definite @entity63 . Goldman's risk class identified @entity1 with a normal ECG who were at higher risk for @entity86 .

title: Surveillance for XXXX after noncardiac operations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarctions', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['postoperative myocardial infarction']


abstract: The size and activity of the shoot apical meristem is regulated by transcription factors and low molecular mass signals, including the plant hormone cytokinin. The cytokinin status of the meristem depends on different factors, including metabolic degradation of the hormone, which is catalyzed by cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes. Here, we show that @entity17624 and @entity44479 regulate the activity of the reproductive meristems of @entity958 . @entity17624 is expressed in the central WUSCHEL (WUS) domain, while @entity44479 shows a broader meristematic expression. @entity17624 @entity44479 double mutants form larger inflorescence and floral meristems. An increased size of the WUS domain and enhanced primordia formation indicate a dual function for cytokinin in defining the stem cell niche and delaying cellular differentiation. Consistent with this, mutation of a negative regulator gene of cytokinin signaling, @entity958 HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6, which is expressed at the meristem flanks, caused a further delay of differentiation. Terminal cellular differentiation was also retarded in @entity17624 @entity44479 flowers, which formed more cells and became larger, corroborating the role of cytokinin in regulating flower organ size. Furthermore, higher activity of the @entity17624 @entity44479 placenta tissue established supernumerary ovules leading to an increased seed set per silique. Together, the results underpin the important role of cytokinin in reproductive development. The increased cytokinin content caused an ~55% increase in seed yield, highlighting the relevance of sink strength as a yield factor.

title: Cytokinin regulates the activity of reproductive meristems, flower organ size, ovule formation, and thus seed yield in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana', 'ARABIDOPSIS']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the variations in blood @entity413 levels, hemodynamic effects and @entity1 @entity148 scores during tooth extraction in @entity1 with @entity6 T2DM and @entity301 under local anesthesia with 2% @entity3303 with or without @entity1425 . STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective randomized study of 70 @entity1 with T2DM with @entity301 who underwent oral surgery. The study was double blind with respect to the glycemia measurements. Blood @entity413 levels were continuously monitored for 24 hours using the MiniMed Continuous @entity413 Monitoring System. @entity1 were randomized into two groups: 35 @entity1 received 5.4 mL of 2% @entity3303 , and 35 @entity1 received 5.4 mL of 2% @entity3303 with 1:100,000 @entity1425 . Hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure and heart rate) and @entity148 levels were also evaluated. RESULTS: There was no difference in blood @entity413 levels between the groups at each time point evaluated. Surprisingly, both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in blood @entity413 levels over time. The groups showed no significant differences in hemodynamic and @entity148 status parameters. CONCLUSION: The administration of 5.4 mL of 2% @entity3303 with @entity1425 neither caused @entity4854 nor had any significant impact on hemodynamic or @entity148 parameters. However, lower blood @entity413 levels were observed. This is the first report using continuous blood @entity413 monitoring to show the benefits and lack of side effects of local anesthesia with @entity1425 in @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity301 .

title: Local anesthesia with @entity1425 is safe and effective for oral surgery in XXXX with @entity6 and @entity301 : a prospective randomized study.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1327 is a ubiquitous fungus found in the soil. Upon inhalation, a complex, incompletely understood series of host responses begins that determines whether the @entity281 will be controlled or will progress to local or disseminated disease. Local @entity358 may be asymptomatic or may pursue a subacute course with mild @entity2 . In the compromised host, however, symptomatic @entity358 is often the harbinger of systemic dissemination. Early host responses include phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes aided by complement activation which provides opsonins. Lymphocytes are activated to produce lymphokines which may enhance macrophage phagocytosis and intracellular killing of ingested cryptococci. Other lymphocytes may function as natural killer-like cells or inhibit the growth of the fungus. Production of antibody further facilitates phagocytosis by both polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and monocytes (MC). In the presence of antibody, both PMN and MC demonstrate antibody-dependent cell-mediated @entity137 . The combination of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in normal hosts appears to provide excellent protection against disseminated @entity281 as evidence by the rarity of disease in exposed individuals with positive skin tests. By contrast, the frequency of @entity1330 in @entity134 -treated individuals, allograft recipients, and @entity791 victims highlight the importance of T lymphocyte dependent host defenses. In view of compelling in vitro evidence for the importance of humoral responses, the infrequency of @entity1330 in @entity1 with gammopathies remains a puzzle.

title: The immunology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity1330 :: ('MESH:D016919', 'Disease') :: ['cryptococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary symptoms and systemic complaints suggestive of tumor']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity1330 :: (MESH:D016919,Disease) :: ['cryptococcal disease']


abstract: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of daily eccentric exercises on functional @entity158 -free hand strength in subjects with long-term @entity5251 . Forty-two subjects with @entity5251 were randomly assigned either to a 6-week home exercise regimen receiving eccentric training for their wrist extensors and a forearm band or to a control group receiving a forearm band only. The main outcomes were @entity158 and wrist-extensor strength at mid- and end-intervention follow-ups, 3 and 6 weeks after inclusion, respectively. Secondary outcomes were a change in the proportion of cases with epicondylalgia and ratings of perceived @entity158 (VAS) at follow-up. Thirty-seven (88%) subjects completed both the mid- and the end-intervention follow-up. Exercise members had significantly higher @entity158 (P=0.025) and wrist-extensor strength (P<0.001) at the end of follow-up, although there was no such effect at mid-intervention. Regression analysis showed a reduction in the proportion of cases in the exercise group at the end of follow-up (P=0.035). However, no between-groups effect emerged for perceived @entity158 . These data suggest that the daily home eccentric exercise regimen is effective in increasing functional @entity158 -free grip strength and reducing cases suffering from @entity5251 . However, no effect emerged for global perceived @entity158 during the last week.

title: Effects of eccentric training on hand strength in subjects with XXXX : a randomized-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity5251 :: ('MESH:D010509', 'Disease') :: ['lateral epicondylalgia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'pain-free hand-grip']

answer: @entity5251 :: (MESH:D010509,Disease) :: ['lateral epicondylalgia']


abstract: To achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations of the opioid @entity680 , one must administer the drug as a variable rate continuous infusion. For most @entity1 , using population pharmacokinetic parameters of @entity680 for dosing regimen allows accurate prediction of the plasma concentration of the drug over time. However, for some @entity1 , using such parameters results in systematic over- or underprediction of the concentration. Retrospectively studying a data set (dosage history and measured concentrations) for 34 @entity1 , the authors examined how Bayesian forecasting could improve the precision of prediction. For each @entity1 , a Bayesian regression was performed to estimate "individualized" pharmacokinetic parameters, using population pharmacokinetic values for @entity680 and the measurement of @entity680 in one or more plasma samples from each @entity1 . These individualized parameters were then used to predict the subsequent plasma concentrations of @entity680 over time. By comparing the value of each measured point with its corresponding predicted value, the authors calculated the prediction error as a percentage of the measured value. The precision of the prediction was assessed by the percent mean absolute prediction error. After Bayesian forecasting using a single point sampled at 80 min after start of anesthesia, the average precision of the prediction was 13.8 +/- 6.1% (SD). Using no Bayesian forecasting and only population values of the pharmacokinetic parameters for the prediction of the concentration, the precision was 24.3 +/- 16.9%. The improvement in precision brought by Bayesian forecasting was especially noticeable for those @entity1 whose prediction of @entity680 was poor using population pharmacokinetic values (i.e., "outlier" @entity1 ).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Bayesian forecasting improves the prediction of intraoperative plasma concentrations of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity680 :: ('MESH:D015760', 'Chemical') :: ['alfentanil']

answer: @entity680 :: (MESH:D015760,Chemical) :: ['alfentanil']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity888 ( @entity7865 ) is an addictive drug that can cause @entity137 and @entity75 . Several pieces of evidence have demonstrated that @entity7865 @entity137 results in increases in oxidative stress that regulate an intracellular signaling cascade that leads to cell death. Recently, several studies have emphasized that the overload of cytosolic @entity460 levels and mitochondrial fission into a small mitochondrial structure is involved in cell death processes. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of @entity7865 @entity137 on cytosolic @entity460 overload and mitochondrial fission in @entity521 SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, the protective effect of @entity2493 against @entity7865 -induced @entity137 was also investigated. The results of the present study demonstrated that @entity7865 significantly decreases cell viability and increases the levels of mitochondrial fission ( @entity71777 and @entity24893 ) proteins and pro-apoptotic protein, @entity589 in isolated mitochondria. The levels of @entity24893 in the cytosol of @entity7865 -treated cells had no significant differences compared to the control untreated cells. @entity7865 also significantly increased the cytosolic @entity460 levels. @entity2493 reversed the toxic effects of @entity7865 by restoring cell viability and inhibiting the increase in mitochondrial @entity71777 levels and the mitochondrial translocation of @entity24893 and @entity589 . Additionally, @entity2493 was able to reduce the @entity7865 -induced increase in cytosolic @entity460 levels and fragmented mitochondria into small globular structures in SH-SY5Y cells. The results of the present study demonstrate the potential abilities of @entity2493 to maintain the homeostasis of mitochondrial dynamics and cytosolic @entity460 levels in @entity7865 -induced @entity137 in neuronal cells.

title: @entity2493 attenuates the mitochondrial translocation of mitochondrial fission proteins and @entity589 , cytosolic @entity460 overload and cell death in XXXX -induced @entity137 in @entity521 SH-SY5Y cells.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity888 :: ('MESH:D008694', 'Chemical') :: ['Methamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration in the brain']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['Melatonin', 'melatonin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity888 :: (MESH:D008694,Chemical) :: ['methamphetamine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become one of the often applied mechanical support for acute @entity1455 . During venoarterial (VA) ECMO support, left heart decompression should be considered when left ventricular (LV) distension develops with @entity3126 and @entity1002 . The aim of this study is to report the results of transaortic catheter venting ( @entity35688 ), as an alternative venting method, performed during VA ECMO in @entity1 with acute @entity1455 . We retrospectively reviewed the records of seven @entity1 who underwent both ECMO and @entity35688 between February 2013 and February 2014. ECMO was performed uneventfully, and @entity35688 was introduced under transthoracic echocardiographic guidance in all cases. Hemodynamic parameters, LV ejection fraction and LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) were measured 24 hours after initiating @entity35688 in survivors. There were no procedure-related complications. Four of seven @entity1 (58%) survived. @entity35688 led to an increase in mean blood pressure in all @entity1 (P=0.050). There was a significant difference between pre- and post- @entity35688 -LVEDD (59    14 vs. 50    12 (mm), P=0.044), with a 10% to 23% reduction in LVEDD in survivors. @entity35688 might be an acceptable alternative to venting procedures and useful for LV recovery during VA ECMO in @entity1 with severe @entity1002 .

title: Initial Experience of Transaortic Catheter Venting in XXXX with Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiogenic Shock.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LV dysfunction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: MicroRNAs play critical roles in regulating @entity5 occurrence and drug @entity43 . This study aimed to investigate the key members of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) involved in modulating @entity5 initiation and drug resistance in primary @entity43 cells. An in vitro assay based on @entity5 clonal formation was established to evaluate tumorigenicity and @entity900 sensitivity. By performing real-time polymerase chain reaction, we examined the expression of nine microRNAs associated with the pathology of @entity43 in primary @entity43 cells, which were surgically resected from 46 @entity1 with distinct sensitivity to @entity902 -based chemotherapy. MiR-9, @entity3373 , and @entity27165 were expressed significantly higher in drug-sensitive @entity1 (n   =   26) than in drug-resistant ones (n   =   20), while higher @entity17309 expression was found in resistant @entity1 (p   <   0.05). In addition, @entity5 cells from drug sensitive @entity1 were more tumorigenic than those of drug resistance (p   =   0.0013). @entity900 treatment led to a sharp decrease of clonal formation of drug-sensitive cells but showed slight effects on drug resistant cells. Specific anti-miRs were then employed to downregulate the expression of microRNAs in primary @entity5 cells. Inhibition of miR-9 resulted in decreased clonal formation and sensitivity to @entity900 , while the knockdown of other three microRNAs did not show any influence in tumorigenesis and drug sensitivity. In conclusion, this study showed that in primary @entity43 cells, high expression of miR-9 was associated with enhanced tumorigenesis and increased sensitivity of the @entity5 cells to @entity900 treatment.

title: MicroRNA-9 promotes tumorigenesis and mediates sensitivity to @entity900 in primary XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancers', 'sensitivity in ovarian cancers', 'ovarian tumor', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: A group of 51 @entity1 with @entity943 refractory to standard oral antiarrhythmic agents were treated with oral @entity11797 . Antiarrhythmic efficacy was defined as total abolition of occurrences of @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) or @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ) as assessed by hospital admissions for @entity943 and the occurrence of @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ). Of the 51 @entity1 , 32 (63%) initially tolerated @entity11797 and were discharged from the hospital. Of the 19 @entity1 not initially responding to @entity11797 , 6 (12%) had @entity943 recurrence and 13 (25%) developed intolerable central nervous system or gastrointestinal side effects. Of these 19 short-term nonresponders, 8 (42%) @entity1 suffered @entity1164 over an average follow-up of 24 months (annual @entity1164 rate of 21%). Two @entity1 suffered @entity1164 during the first week of @entity11797 therapy. Discounting the 2 @entity1 with @entity1164 on @entity11797 therapy, 6 of 17 (35%) @entity1 initially withdrawn from @entity11797 suffered @entity1164 (annual @entity1164 rate of 18%). Twenty-four of the 32 short-term responders did not have @entity943 recurrence over a mean follow-up of 38 months resulting in an overall long-term efficacy of 47% (24/51). Over an average follow-up of 38 months for these 24 short-term responders, 12 @entity1 expired from nonarrhythmic causes, 3 @entity1 were withdrawn for non-drug-related causes, and 9 @entity1 remain on @entity11797 therapy. Of the 8 long-term nonresponders, 3 @entity1 had @entity943 recurrence and died suddenly while 5 @entity1 developed intolerable side effects. The annual @entity1164 rate in short-term responders was 3%. Eighteen of the 51 @entity1 (35%) were withdrawn from the study because of adverse effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Efficacy and tolerance of XXXX during long-term treatment of @entity943 .

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death', 'SCD']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity11797 :: ('MESH:D016677', 'Chemical') :: ['tocainide']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['VF', 'ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia', 'malignant ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity11797 :: (MESH:D016677,Chemical) :: ['tocainide']


abstract: Yaws, caused by @entity14329 ssp. pertenue, is reportedly endemic in Ghana. Mass distribution of @entity4580 is now the cornerstone of the WHO yaws eradication campaign. Mass distribution of @entity4580 at a lower target dose was previously undertaken in two regions of Ghana for the control of @entity11738 . Ongoing reporting of yaws raises the possibility that resistance may have emerged in @entity14329 pertenue, or that alternative infections may be responsible for some of the reported cases. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in thirty communities in two districts of Ghana where MDA for @entity11738 had previously been conducted. @entity1 aged 5-17 years with @entity1066 compatible with yaws were enrolled. Samples for treponemal serology and lesion PCR were collected from all @entity1 . 90 @entity1 with 98 lesions were enrolled. Syphilis serology was negative in all of them. PCR for @entity14329 ssp pertenue was negative in all @entity1 , but @entity36381 DNA was detected in 9 lesions. In these communities, previously treated for @entity11738 , we found no evidence of ongoing transmission of yaws. @entity36381 was associated with a proportion of @entity272 , but the majority of lesions remain unexplained. Integration of diagnostic testing into both pre and post- @entity1865 surveillance systems is required to better inform yaws control programmes.

title: A cross-sectional study of 'yaws' in districts of ghana which have previously undertaken @entity4580 mass drug administration for XXXX control.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity36381 :: ('730', 'Species') :: ['H. ducreyi', 'Haemophilus ducreyi']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative lesions']

entities_list: @entity4580 :: ('MESH:D017963', 'Chemical') :: ['azithromycin']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity14329 :: ('160', 'Species') :: ['T. pallidum', 'Treponema pallidum']

answer: @entity11738 :: (MESH:D014141,Disease) :: ['trachoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Transmission of drug-resistant pathogens presents an almost-universal challenge for fighting @entity166 . Transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) can persist in the absence of drugs for considerable time. It is generally believed that differential TDRM-persistence is caused, at least partially, by variations in TDRM-fitness-costs. However, in vivo epidemiological evidence for the impact of fitness costs on TDRM-persistence is rare. Here, we studied the persistence of TDRM in @entity2858 using longitudinally-sampled @entity377 sequences from the Swiss- @entity645 -Cohort-Study (SHCS). All treatment-na  ve individuals with TDRM at baseline were included. Persistence of TDRM was quantified via reversion rates (RR) determined with interval-censored survival models. Fitness costs of TDRM were estimated in the genetic background in which they occurred using a previously published and validated machine-learning algorithm (based on in vitro replicative capacities) and were included in the survival models as explanatory variables. In 857 sequential samples from 168 treatment-na  ve @entity1 , 17 TDRM were analyzed. RR varied substantially and ranged from 174.0/100- @entity1 -years;CI=[51.4, 588.8] (for 184V) to 2.7/100- @entity1 -years;[0.7, 10.9] (for 215D). RR increased significantly with fitness cost (increase by 1.6[1.3,2.0] per standard deviation of fitness costs). When subdividing fitness costs into the average fitness cost of a given mutation and the deviation from the average fitness cost of a mutation in a given genetic background, we found that both components were significantly associated with reversion-rates. Our results show that the substantial variations of TDRM persistence in the absence of drugs are associated with fitness-cost differences both among mutations and among different genetic backgrounds for the same mutation.

title: Persistence of Transmitted XXXX Drug Resistance Mutations Associated with Fitness Costs and Viral Genetic Backgrounds.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

answer: @entity2858 :: (11676,Species) :: ['HIV-1']


abstract: The six major components of @entity71237 , a new antibiotic complex produced by Micromonospora verruculosa MCRL 0404 showed a similar type of antimicrobial spectrum. Among these components, VA-2 exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity, particularly significantly against some Gram-positive bacteria and Neisseria. VA-2 and @entity14284 also exhibited marked inhibitory effects against L-forms of @entity794 209P and @entity9463 . The MICs of VA-2, @entity71238 and @entity14284 were remarkably affected by the pH of the test medium, the inoculum size and the amount of horse serum added in the medium. By intraperitoneal administration, these components showed good protective effects in @entity19 infected intraperitoneally with @entity794 Smith. However, the protective effect decreased remarkably by other administration routes. In addition, components such as VA-2 and @entity14284 exhibited @entity137 against HeLa S-3 cells in vitro and excellent in vivo antitumor activity against @entity8270 . VA-2 possessed a high order of acute @entity137 to @entity19 [LD50:1.9 mg/kg (i.p.); 1.8 mg/kg (i.v.)], but others were relatively less toxic.

title: Studies on a new antibiotic XXXX produced by Micromonospora. III. Biological activities.

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['Mycoplasma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity8270 :: ('MESH:D002286', 'Disease') :: ['Ehrlich carcinoma']

answer: @entity71237 :: (11974(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['M-92']


abstract: Subcutaneous interferon beta-1a is a recognized treatment of relapsing @entity15 , and it may delay the onset of definite @entity15 in @entity1 with a first clinical demyelinating episode. Interferon beta-1a exerts beneficial effects on cognitive functioning via both short-term and long-term mechanisms. The beneficial effect is thought to be a result of immune modulation, with inhibition of leukocyte proliferation and antigen presentation and an increased amount of interleukins. The systemic side effects of interferon beta-1a are @entity683 and development of neutralizing antibodies, the clinical significance of which is not known. There have been concerns about the rare development of an acute @entity17 after interferon beta-1a therapy as a result of upregulation of inflammatory mediators. In the clinical trials, there is evidence of development of mild @entity417 with a hemoglobin level below 10 g/dL only in 3% of the @entity1 . There has been no reported case of development of @entity2150 in @entity1 being treated with interferon beta-1a. Described here is a case of development of @entity2150 with interferon beta-1a in a @entity1 with @entity15 . Our @entity1 underwent a complete hematologic evaluation to rule out other causes of @entity2150 . Association with interferon beta-1a was highly suspected.

title: XXXX associated with interferon beta-1a.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating disease']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['flu-like syndrome']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['Aplastic anemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) was the only method to image coronary arteries for a long time and is still the gold-standard. Technology of noninvasive imaging by coronary computed-tomography angiography (CCTA) has experienced remarkable progress during the last two decades. It is possible to visualize @entity731 in the vessel wall in contrast to "lumenography" performed by ICA. @entity453 can be ruled out by CCTA with excellent accuracy. The degree of stenoses is, however, often overestimated which impairs specificity. @entity731 can be characterized as calcified, non-calcified and partially calcified. Calcified plaques are usually quantified using the Agatston-Score. Higher scores are correlated with worse cardiovascular outcome and increased risk of @entity299 . For non-calcified or partially calcified plaques different angiographic findings like positive remodelling, a large necrotic core or spotty calcification more frequently lead to @entity583 . CCTA is an important tool with increasing clinical value for ruling out @entity453 or relevant stenoses as well as for advanced risk stratification.

title: Coronary CT Angiography in Managing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerotic lesions', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary artery disease', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['Atherosclerosis']


abstract: The germ cells of metazoans follow a program of proliferation that is distinct from proliferation programs of somatic cells. Despite their developmental importance, the cell proliferation program in the metazoan primordial germ cells is not well characterized and the regulatory controls are not understood. In @entity238 , germ cell precursors (called pole cells) proliferate early in embryogenesis and then enter a prolonged quiescence. We found that polar nuclear divisions are asynchronous and lag behind somatic nuclear divisions during syncytial cycles 9 and 10. Thus, the polar division program deviates from the somatic division program when pole nuclei and somatic nuclei still share a common cytoplasm, earlier than previously thought. The lag in polar nuclear divisions is independent of grapes, which is required for lengthening somatic cell cycles 10-13. Mapping of the last S phase in pole cells and measurement of their DNA content indicate that pole cells become quiescent in G2 phase of the cell cycle. We were able to drive quiescent pole cells into mitosis by induction of either an activator of @entity25499 ( @entity25499 ) or a mutant form of @entity25499 that cannot be inhibited by phosphorylation. In contrast, induction of wild-type @entity25499 with a mitotic @entity45178 did not induce mitosis in pole cells. We propose that inhibition of @entity25499 by phosphorylation contributes to G2 arrest in pole cells during embryogenesis. Furthermore, pole cells enter G1 following induced mitoses, indicating that entry into both mitosis and S phase is blocked in quiescent pole cells. These studies represent the first molecular characterization of proliferation in embryonic germ cells of @entity238 .

title: The cell cycle program in germ cells of the XXXX embryo.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster', 'Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: @entity5 usually proliferate invasively and rarely metastasize to other organs. Since the @entity3 occur predominantly to the liver and kidneys, there have been only 16 cases with metastatic spreads of @entity5 to the central nervous system reported in the literature. A 59-year-old @entity1 was admitted with complaints of @entity1296 and @entity391 . Three years and three months ago, he had been operated upon for @entity5 , which was diagnosed as a predominantly @entity704 , and then followed by irradiation therapy of 3800 rads. The size of the @entity5 decreased markedly after the irradiation. Nine months after the operation, he complained again of @entity1296 and @entity391 . Computed tomography scans showed a @entity5 in the right cerebellar hemisphere, which was thought to be a metastasis from the @entity704 . He received radiotherapy of 4000 rads directed to the intracranial @entity3 , with the reduction of the @entity5 size and the relief of symptoms. On the present admission, he had cerebellar signs and symptoms. Neuroradiologically, there was a hypervascular @entity5 in the @entity76 and a hypovascular one in the right. At operation, a vascular and @entity5 with small necrotic areas were found in the left cerebellum, and a @entity5 with large liquefied clot within it in the right cerebellum. Pathologically, @entity17692 were confirmed as the @entity3 from the @entity704 in the epithelial type.

title: [Malignant XXXX with intracranial @entity3 ].

entities_list: @entity17692 :: ('MESH:D002528', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral cerebellar tumors']

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['thymoma', 'lymphocytic type thymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mediastinal tumor', 'solid tumor', 'Malignant thymomas', 'malignant thymomas', 'tumorous lesion']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['left cerebellar hemisphere']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

answer: @entity704 :: (MESH:D013945,Disease) :: ['thymoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of @entity12356 1% versus @entity11074 0.1% after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). METHODS: DMEK recipients used @entity12356 1% for 1 month, and they were randomized to either @entity617 or @entity11074 for months 2 through 12. Dosing was 4 times daily in months 1 to 3, thrice daily in month 4, twice daily in month 5, and once daily in months 6 to 12. The main outcomes were immunologic rejection episodes and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation (defined as >= 24 mm Hg or >= 10 mm Hg increase over the preoperative baseline level), assessed by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: The study included 325 eyes (99% were white, 96% had @entity13189 , and 9% had a previous @entity726 diagnosis). No eyes (0%) assigned to @entity617 versus 2 eyes (1.4%) assigned to @entity11074 experienced a possible (n = 1) or probable (n = 1) rejection episode (P = 0.17). Both rejection episodes resolved successfully with increased topical @entity230 . In the @entity617 arm, a significantly higher proportion exceeded the defined IOP elevation threshold (22% vs. 6%, P = 0.0005), and @entity726 medications were initiated or increased more often (17% vs. 5%, P = 0.0003). The most frequent reasons for discontinuing the assigned intervention were IOP management (n = 13 eyes assigned to @entity617 ) or @entity32 management (n = 3 eyes assigned to @entity11074 ). One-year endothelial cell loss was comparable in both arms (30% vs. 31%, P = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: DMEK has a remarkably low rejection episode rate (<1% through 1 year), as confirmed in this prospective randomized study. This provides a unique opportunity to reduce postoperative topical corticosteroid strength and thereby reduce the risk of @entity134 -associated complications.

title: Randomized comparison of topical @entity12356 1% versus XXXX 0.1% in the first year after descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity11074 :: ('MESH:D005469', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorometholone']

entities_list: @entity12356 :: ('MESH:C009935', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone acetate']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity13189 :: ('MESH:D005642', 'Disease') :: ['Fuchs dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity11074 :: (MESH:D005469,Chemical) :: ['fluorometholone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Islet-produced tissue factor (TF) triggers an adverse clotting reaction, the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), providing a likely explanation for the need of tissue from multiple donors in clinical islet transplantation. In this study, the authors investigated whether compounds previously shown to affect TF and @entity2842 expression in monocytes and endothelial cells have the same effect in @entity1 islet cells. METHODS: Islets were cultured in the presence of @entity534 , @entity205 , @entity4688 , or @entity4571 for 48 hr, after which the TF content and @entity2842 expression were assessed. The effect of @entity4571 on IBMIR was evaluated by exposing the treated islets to fresh @entity1 ABO-compatible blood in an in vitro loop model. RESULTS: @entity4571 was the only compound that significantly reduced both TF and @entity2842 . This reduction was dose-dependent. The level of @entity2842 was strongly correlated with TF expression (r2=0.98). In addition, the level of TF was also correlated with the ability of the islets to initiate IBMIR (r2=0.94). CONCLUSIONS: TF and @entity2842 expression in @entity1 islets can be decreased by adding @entity4571 to the culture medium. These observations indicate that the adverse effects of IBMIR in clinical islet transplantation could be reduced without endangering the recipient using antithrombotic drugs.

title: XXXX inhibits tissue factor expression in isolated @entity1 pancreatic islets: implications for clinical islet transplantation.

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['l-arginine']

entities_list: @entity2842 :: ('6347', 'Gene') :: ['MCP-1', 'macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity4571 :: ('MESH:D009536', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotinamide', 'nicotinamide']

answer: @entity4571 :: (MESH:D009536,Chemical) :: ['Nicotinamide']


abstract: The transformed monocyte/macrophage cell line J774.2 undergoes apoptosis when treated for 48 h with competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes 1 and 2. Many of these nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but in particular @entity3522 , induce during this time period a COX activity that coincides with a robust induction of @entity10178 protein. Induction of this activity requires high, apoptosis-inducing concentrations of @entity3522 (>100 microM). Prolonged treatment of J774.2 cells with lower doses of @entity3522 inhibits COX activity, indicating that @entity3522 is a time-dependent, pseudoirreversible inhibitor of @entity10178 . It is difficult to wash out the inhibition. However, the activity evoked by high concentrations of @entity3522 has a profoundly distinct COX active site that allows @entity3522 , its inducer, to be washed readily from its active site. The @entity3522 -induced activity also has the unusual property of being more sensitive to inhibition by @entity1443 (IC50 = 0.1-1.0 mM) than @entity10178 induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, relative to @entity16538 or @entity10178 , @entity3522 -induced enzyme activity shows significantly reduced sensitivity to inhibition by @entity3522 or other competitively acting nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the enzyme activity is insensitive to @entity117 . If the robust induction of @entity10178 observed is responsible for @entity3522 -induced COX enzyme activity, it is clear that @entity10178 can, therefore, exist in two catalytically active states. A luciferase reporter-construct that contains part of the @entity10178 structure and binds into the membrane showed that chronic @entity3522 treatment of fibroblasts results in marked mobilization of the fusion protein. Such a mobilization could result in enzymatically distinct @entity10178 populations in response to chronic @entity3522 treatment.

title: Induction of an XXXX -sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs.

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['acetaminophen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intramedullary spinal @entity424 are @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: To provide a large retrospective review in the modern neuroimaging era from a tertiary center where aggressive surgical resection is favored. METHODS: Charts of intramedullary spinal @entity424 treated between 1983 and 2006 were reviewed. RESULTS: Sixty-seven cases were reviewed. The mean age was 45.6 years (range, 11-78 years) with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. The most common location was the cervical spine, followed by the thoracic and lumbar spine. The average duration of symptoms was 33 months, with the most common symptom being @entity158 , followed by @entity425 , @entity1183 , and urinary or sexual symptoms. Gross total resection was achieved in 55 @entity1 and a subtotal resection was performed in 12 @entity1 ; 9 @entity1 were treated with adjuvant radiation therapy. Mean follow-up was 32 months. The mean McCormick neurological grade at last follow-up was 2.0. The preoperative outcome correlated significantly with postoperative outcome (P < .001). A significant number of @entity1 who initially worsened improved at their 3-month follow-up examination. Outcomes were significantly worse in @entity1 undergoing subtotal resection with or without radiation therapy (P < .05). There were 3 recurrences. The overall complication rate was 34%. The primary complications were @entity2737 or @entity5173 . CONCLUSION: Spinal @entity602 are @entity75 to treat. Aggressive surgical resection is associated with a high overall complication rate. However, when gross total resection can be achieved, overall outcomes are excellent and the recurrence rate is low.

title: Surgical technique and outcomes in the treatment of spinal @entity602 , part 1: XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rare tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['difficult lesions']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['cord ependymomas']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['wound infections']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid leaks']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain and/or dysesthesias']

answer: @entity424 :: (MESH:D004806,Disease) :: ['intramedullary ependymomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the influence of culture and beliefs about @entity0 , and its implications on preventive health behaviour among South Asian @entity1 in the UK. METHODS: Using a qualitative approach, 24 South Asian @entity0 @entity1 and their significant others were interviewed. RESULTS: Most @entity1 were unfamiliar with the subject of @entity5 ; they expressed lack of knowledge of @entity5 as a disease and its symptoms. They identified a painless lump in the breast as sign of abnormality, but not @entity5 . They also did not know any non-lump breast symptoms. Over half participated in breast screening after encouragement from daughters or relatives. Most did not practise breast self-examination. Perceptions of @entity5 and health behaviour were influenced by cultural beliefs. Common themes were @entity5 is a taboo subject and @entity5 is a stigma. @entity1 also expressed misunderstandings about the cause of @entity5 . @entity5 in the family had ramifications on @entity1 ' s marriage prospects and may cause marital breakdown. Terminology used also caused communication problems with healthcare professionals and within the family: the use of ' chest' to substitute ' breast' changed the meaning of the message conveyed. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural beliefs and practices accentuate difficulties in understanding @entity0 , breast screening and breast self-examination, and can prevent South Asian @entity1 from adopting preventive health practices.

title: Culture, attitude and knowledge about @entity0 and preventive measures: a qualitative study of South Asian XXXX @entity1 in the UK.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and persistence of injectable @entity4625 ( @entity4625 ) microspheres as a long-lasting urethral bulking agent in @entity1707 . @entity4625 microspheres of 2 different diameters (40 and 125  m) were tested to investigate the potential for migration and dislocation after injection. A similar product containing 40- m @entity4625 microspheres has been used as an injectable wrinkle filler for >25 years and received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2006 (ArteFill). METHODS: A total of 22 female @entity1707 received 4 submucosal implantations of @entity4625 microspheres, using either a cystoscope or a newly developed urethral injection device (UroScope). At @entity204 and necropsy at 8 days and 1, 3, and 6 months, the urethral injection site, liver, lung, spleen, and pelvic and iliac lymph nodes were processed for histologic examination and microsphere count using organ dissolution and microscopy. RESULTS: All injected @entity4530 were still present at 6 months and showed no signs of @entity32 . Tissue dissolution of the local lymph nodes and major organs demonstrated the transport of some of the 40- m microspheres to the local lymph nodes and lung but not to the liver or spleen. In contrast, no 125- m microspheres were detected in any distant organ. CONCLUSIONS: The submucosal implantation of 125- m @entity4625 microspheres into the urethra provided a safe and persistent bulking effect in @entity1707 . The positive results of the present study encourage additional investigation of 125- m @entity4625 microspheres as a long-lasting bulking agent for the treatment of female stress urinary @entity322 . Furthermore, a newly developed urethral injection device (UroScope) proved beneficial and cost-effective to facilitate the transurethral injections of 125- m @entity4625 microspheres.

title: Urethral bulking with polymethylmethacrylate microspheres for stress urinary XXXX : tissue persistence and safety studies in miniswine.

entities_list: @entity4625 :: ('MESH:D019904', 'Chemical') :: ['polymethylmethacrylate', 'PMMA']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity4530 :: ('MESH:D001768', 'Disease') :: ['submucosal blebs']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: Incidental @entity1373 ( @entity1373 ) following thyroidectomy for other indications may rarely be encountered, which may raise concerns about its clinical significance and proper management. @entity1373 can be classified as physiological (reactive) or neoplastic. Reactive @entity1373 has no malignant potential and can be observed in association with many other @entity1374 (including differentiated @entity259 ); in contrast, @entity5 should be considered as a preneoplastic stage in the spectrum of C cell disease, ultimately leading to the development of @entity259 ( @entity259 ). Neoplastic @entity1373 is commonly observed in @entity1 with germ-line mutations in the @entity8958 oncogene (commonly in families with a history of hereditary @entity259 , i.e. familial @entity259 or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2)). @entity1373 should be considered in @entity1 with hypercalcitoninemia without @entity4383 . Total thyroidectomy, which is commonly performed for the majority of @entity1374 , is an adequate treatment and achieves cure, even in @entity1 with @entity5 . There is no role for cervical lymph node dissection in @entity1 with pure @entity1373 . In conclusion, reactive @entity1373 has no malignant potential, in contrast to @entity5 . Total thyroidectomy achieves cure of @entity1 with @entity1373 .    2015 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.

title: XXXX : clinical significance and implications in practice.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic CCH']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['C cell hyperplasia', 'CCH']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['nodular thyroidopathy']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer', 'medullary thyroid cancer', 'MTC']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid diseases']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['Incidental thyroid C cell hyperplasia']


abstract: We have measured puff by puff the effect of smoking three brands of cigarettes with different composition on airways resistance (Raw) thoracic gas volume (TGV) and the maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve. Raw increased significantly with all three brands of cigarettes after one puff. The maximum effect was reached after three puffs. Instantaneous flow at 50% of vital capacity (FEF50) decreased significantly with cigarettes high in @entity1239 content, but not so after smoking a low @entity1239 (0.31 mg) cigarette. Instantaneous flow at 75% of vital capacity out (FEF75) increased significantly 30 min after the low @entity1239 cigarette was smoked. A deep inspiration prior to Raw determination reduced by approximately one third the bronchoconstrictor effect of cigarette smoke. All effects were reversible within 30 min, except the delayed effect of the low @entity1239 cigarette on the FEF75. We conclude that the probable site of action of @entity286 smoke is in the large and central airways. The bronchoconstrictor effect rapidly reaches a plateau. A delayed bronchodilation of the small airways observed after smoking the low @entity1239 cigarette might represent a response usually masked by other long-acting components in smoke. We suggest that the airway response to @entity286 smoke is complex and probably a result of several components present in smoke which still have to be identified.

title: Airways response to inhaled XXXX smoke: time course, dose dependence and effect of volume history.

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The small intestine plays an important role in all aspects of pharmacokinetics, but there is no system for the comprehensive evaluation of small-intestinal pharmacokinetics, including drug metabolism and absorption. In this study, we aimed to construct an intestinal pharmacokinetics evaluation system and to generate pharmacokinetically functional enterocytes from @entity1 induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These cells were differentiated into intestinal stem cell-like cells using activin A and @entity540 . The resulting cells were differentiated into enterocytes in a medium containing epidermal growth factor and small-molecule compounds. The differentiated cells expressed intestinal marker genes and drug transporters. The expression of sucrase-isomaltase, an intestine-specific marker, was markedly increased by small-molecule compounds. The cells exhibited activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes expressed in enterocytes, including @entity4187 /2, @entity5060 , @entity4433 , @entity5320 , @entity5322 /5, @entity6900 , and SULT. Fluorescence-labeled dipeptide uptake into the cells was observed and was inhibited by ibuprofen, an inhibitor of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter @entity37537 / @entity37537 . @entity5322 mRNA expression level was increased by these compounds and induced by the addition of 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. @entity5322 /5 activity was also induced by 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cells differentiated in the presence of the compounds. All these results show that we have generated enterocyte-like cells having pharmacokinetic functions and identified small-molecule compounds that are effective for promoting intestinal differentiation and the gain of pharmacokinetic functions. Our enterocyte-like cells would be useful material for developing a novel evaluation system to predict @entity1 intestinal pharmacokinetics.

title: Generation of Enterocyte-Like Cells with Pharmacokinetic Functions from XXXX Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Small-Molecule Compounds.

entities_list: @entity540 :: ('2247', 'Gene') :: ['fibroblast growth factor 2']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: AIMS: The endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products (esRAGE) appears to work as a scavenger for AGEs and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity6 complications. The aim of the present study was to perform a longitudinal evaluation of esRAGE in young @entity1 with @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) in relation to the development of microalbuminuria ( @entity2704 ). METHODS: Serum esRAGE levels were measured in longitudinally collected blood samples from 49 @entity1723 @entity1 with @entity2704 ( @entity2704 +) and 49 matched normoalbuminuric @entity1 ( @entity2704 -), followed in the Oxford Regional Prospective Study. esRAGE levels were compared between @entity2704 + and @entity2704 - subjects in relation to the time of @entity2704 onset. RESULTS: Overall, esRAGE levels were significantly lower in @entity2704 + than in @entity2704 - subjects (0.727 +/- 0.396 vs. 0.936 +/- 0.433 ng/ml; P = 0.015). These differences between the two groups were present both before (0.725 +/- 0.410 vs. 0.956 +/- 0.505 ng/ml, P = 0.038) and after the onset of @entity2704 (0.750 +/- 0.433 vs. 0.948 +/- 0.418 ng/ml, P = 0.04). In a longitudinal analysis there was no effect of age, duration, glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) or body mass index standard deviation scores on esRAGE levels (all P > 0.05). In a Cox model, esRAGE levels significantly contributed to the probability of developing @entity2704 [Exp(B)(95% confidence interval): 0.34(0.12-0.98); P = 0.04), independently of HbA(1c). CONCLUSIONS: In this longitudinal study of young @entity1 with @entity1723 , esRAGE levels were reduced in @entity2704 + subjects, even before the onset of @entity2704 , and appeared to be related to its development, thus suggesting a potential role of esRAGE in the pathogenesis of this complication. Diabet. Med. 26, 815-819 (2009).

title: Reduced endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products (esRAGE) in young XXXX with @entity1723 developing microalbuminuria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['Type 1 diabetes', 'T1D']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: We have statistically analysed the distribution of @entity2036 and dinucleotides in 21 genes of the 81% A + T-rich @entity1 @entity311 parasite @entity3964 . The mRNA-synonymous strands of this protozoan show in general a marked excess of purines over @entity6245 , correlated with abnormally high levels of Lys and @entity367 . We have used the large differences in base composition between coding and non-coding regions to estimate that the parasite possesses in the range of 2700-5400 genes. The dinucleotide preference patterns are compared with consensus patterns derived from other organisms [Nussinov, Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 1749-1763]. Patterns in the coding regions surprisingly resemble those of higher, rather than lower eukaryotes, particularly with respect to TG elevation and CG suppression. The latter is correlated with an abnormally low level of @entity534 in these parasites. In the non-coding regions, the four dinucleotides made up of C and/or G are found with significantly higher frequencies than expected (approx. 50-150%), specifically to the 5' side of the coding regions. The possible role of these dinucleotides in control sequences is discussed.

title: Anomalous dinucleotide frequencies in both coding and non-coding regions from the genome of the @entity1 @entity311 parasite XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity6245 :: ('MESH:D011743', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidines']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity5 constitutes a major health issue in developing countries, representing the leading cause of @entity204 . Quantitative assessment by sophisticated diagnostic techniques is becoming increasingly important. Hence, a histochemical staining procedure and morphometric evaluation are used to obtain optimal information on the cellular events. The objective of present study is to assess the variation in cellular area, nuclear area, cellular diameter, nuclear diameter and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio respectively in normal subjects, smokeless @entity286 users, (smokers, combination and @entity957 @entity1 . METHODS: Total 125 number of subjects were divided into five groups, each comprising 25 subjects of more than 40 years of age. These groups were: a. Normal, b. smokeless @entity286 users, c. smokers d. combination and e. @entity957 . Oral smears were obtained, stained with Feulgen stain and the cells were measured cytomorphometrically using Nikon imaging software. RESULTS: Our study showed a significant reduction in the cellular diameter, cellular area and increase in the nuclear diameter, nuclear area and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio in @entity957 @entity1 as compared to @entity286 users and normal @entity1 . Significant changes were found in group I, II, III and IV when compared with group V but as such no significant intergroup variation was found in cellular and nuclear dimensions in smokers, smokeless @entity286 users, combination and control group. CONCLUSION: Quantitative parameters could be assessed by cytomorphometry. Cytomorphological changes in exfoliated squames could serve as a useful adjunct in the early diagnosis of @entity957 .

title: Distinct perturbations of @entity957 XXXX : A quantitative cytomorphometric analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Oral cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['oral squamous cell carcinomas', 'oral squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We reviewed 87 @entity5 from Chinese @entity1 and typed them according to the Marino and M  ller-Hermelink classification as updated by Kirschner and M  ller-Hermelink in 1989. Related categories were grouped for statistical analyses: group 1, @entity704 and @entity704 ; group 2, cortical predominant @entity704 ; group 3, @entity704 and @entity704 ; group 4, other @entity704 ; and group 5, unclassified. Group 3 @entity5 were more frequently associated with the @entity1737 compared with group 1 @entity5 (P = 0.001). They also presented at a more advanced stage. Groups 1 and 2 showed an excellent prognosis (100% survival at 10 years). The 10-year survival for groups 3 and 4 @entity1 was 40% and 30% respectively. Pure @entity704 made up a higher proportion of our cases (10.3%) than those of a similar Caucasian study (5.3%). The eight @entity704 (group 4) included two @entity6732 . We conclude that the histogenetic classification evaluated shows a clear correlation with prognosis and clinical features, even when tested on separate geographic groups, where pathogenetic factors may be different. A common approach to classification of @entity5 would greatly facilitate future studies on these possible differences.

title: Evaluation of a histogenetic classification for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['thymoma', 'well-differentiated thymic carcinoma', 'thymic carcinomas', 'mixed thymoma', 'cortical thymoma', 'medullary thymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['thymic epithelial tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['myasthenia gravis syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6732 :: ('MESH:D013953', 'Disease') :: ['thymic lymphoepitheliomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['thymic epithelial tumours']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity10592 ( @entity10592 ) is an important infection-related complication, whose mode of transmission remains uncertain. METHODS: We investigated a nosocomial cluster of 14 @entity10592 cases (11 confirmed and 3 probable) in kidney transplant recipients using epidemiological and genotyping methods. RESULTS: Poisson regression calculated an incidence density ratio of 42.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1-129.3) versus background 0.64 cases of 1000 @entity1 -years (P<0.001). All @entity1 presented with @entity1576 , 10 required ventilation, two died, and six transplants failed, costing  31,854 (  SD  26,048) per @entity1 . Four-locus multilocus sequence typing analysis using DNA extracts from 11 confirmed cases identified two closely related genotypes, with 9 of 11 sharing an identical composite multilocus sequence typing genotype. Contact tracing found colocalization of cases within clinic waiting areas, suggesting @entity1 -to- @entity1 transmission. Minimal and maximal @entity10592 incubation periods were 124  83 to 172  71 days, respectively. Oropharyngeal washes from outpatient staff and ambient air samples were negative for P. jirovecii DNA. Cohort analysis (14 cases vs. 324 unaffected clinic control @entity1 ) identified independent risk factors including previous @entity2803 (odds ratio [OR], 65.9; 95% CI, 7.9-550; P<0.001), underlying @entity358 (OR, 10.1; 95% CI, 2.3-45.0; P=0.002), and @entity8 (OR=1.61 per 10 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m, 95% CI, 1.15-2.25, P=0.006). The outbreak was controlled by reintroduction of @entity206 / @entity207 prophylaxis to all potentially exposed clinic @entity1 and its extension to 12 months in recent recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial @entity10592 clusters are likely due to interhuman transmission by airborne droplets to susceptible hosts. Prompt recognition and a strategy of early preemptive @entity10592 prophylaxis to all exposed transplant clinic recipients from the third confirmed case are recommended to limit outbreak escalation.

title: Nosocomial XXXX : lessons from a cluster in kidney transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus infection']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['transplant dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity10592 :: ('MESH:D011020', 'Disease') :: ['PJP', 'Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia', 'blanket PJP']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

answer: @entity10592 :: (MESH:D011020,Disease) :: ['Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Conservative treatment (CT) with flexible ureteroscopy and laser ablation is an alternative to radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for the treatment of the upper urinary tract @entity189 (UTUC). The purpose of this study was to compare the pathology results obtained after immediate RNU or after attempt of CT for elective indication. @entity1 AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a single tertiary center. All @entity1 who had an RNU for @entity189 between 2007 and 2012 have been included. The @entity1 were classified into two groups: group 1 is immediate RNU, and group 2 is RNU after CT (only elective indications). Preoperative data collected were as follows: age, sex, @entity454 , radiological classification for @entity5 staging (TNM), @entity5 size, localization, and multifocal indication of CT. The pathological RNU data collected were @entity5 stage and grade. The T stage was divided into two groups (primary endpoint): pTa-T1-T2 and pT3-T4. The   (2) test and Mann-Whitney was performed to compare the independent qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 51 @entity1 were included (40 @entity1 in the immediate RNU group and 11 @entity1 in the delayed RNU group after CT). @entity1 in both groups had comparable characteristics regarding age, sex, location, T stage, and preoperative @entity5 grade. On final pathology, 23 @entity5 were classified as pTa-T1-T2 in the immediate RNU group compared with 6 in the delayed RNU group. Seventeen and five @entity5 were classified as T3 in group 1 and group 2, respectively. These results were not significantly different between both groups (p=0.866). The pathological RNU grade was not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this retrospective study, the pathological RNU data showed no significant difference when RNU was done immediately or after CT for UTUC.

title: Immediate Nephroureterectomy or After Attempting Conservative Treatment, on Elective Indications, for Upper Urinary Tract XXXX : Comparison of the Pathology Reports on a Retrospective Monocentric Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney failure']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Urothelial Carcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: There are few effective treatments for recurrent @entity463 ( @entity463 ). We present a @entity1 with recurrent @entity463 who achieved a prolonged response to treatment with @entity12379 , an irreversible @entity470 family blocker, plus @entity2903 . A 58-year-old female @entity1 was diagnosed with multifocal primary @entity463 . After surgical resection, first-line therapy comprised radiotherapy and @entity2903 . Following disease progression after 3 @entity2903 cycles, the @entity1 entered a phase I/II clinical trial of @entity12379 (20-40 mg daily for 28 days) plus @entity2903 (50 mg/m2 every 21/28 days). Next-generation sequencing analysis of the @entity1313 specimen was performed. At the last assessment, 63 treatment cycles had been completed and the @entity1 had survived for ~5 years since recurrence. Significant disease regression was observed after 5 cycles and was maintained during long-term follow-up. Adverse events were consistent with the known tolerability profile of @entity12379 and were managed by treatment interruption/dose reduction. The @entity1 had several @entity470 ( @entity470 ) aberrations, including gene amplification and EGFRvIII positivity. Three somatic mutations were identified, including an unprecedented extracellular-domain substitution ( @entity71602 ). The @entity1 has survived ~6-fold longer than normally expected in @entity1 with recurrent @entity463 . The complex @entity470 genotype may underlie sustained response to @entity12379 plus @entity2903 .

title: @entity12379 , an irreversible @entity470 family blocker, with protracted @entity2903 in recurrent XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor', 'ErbB', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma multiforme', 'GBM']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: In @entity840 , the oral and subcutaneous LD50 values were very similar (cf. 0,173 mg/kg over 48 h with 0,116 mg/kg over 24 and 48 h). When dosed subcutaneously, a cumulative effect was observed. Intravenous administration of @entity71904 to anaesthetized @entity840 resulted in: dyspnoea, @entity101 , and electrocardiagraphic changes typical of @entity299 . A positive cardiac inotropic effect was succeeded by a positive chronotropic one. In @entity742 , acute and subacute intoxication resulted in ruminal, respiratory and cardiac changes. The signs included @entity3685 , @entity848 , @entity943 , @entity4785 , followed by @entity551 and progressive respiratory and @entity712 . The skeletal muscles were affected in only 1 @entity742 vide infra. In chronically intoxicated @entity742 typical clinical signs of "krimpsiekte" developed, e.g. weakness, reluctance to stand, unsteadiness on feet, @entity400 and paresis of hindquarter muscles, paresis of the neck, arching of the back and standing with the feet close together. Respiratory function was affected in all 3 cases; @entity3685 , with concomitant @entity1277 occurring in one, and a transient change in heart function in another. The syndrome induced by acute @entity71904 poisoning is similar to that of other cardiac glycosides, but the paretic signs of @entity988 resemble "krimpsiekte", a disease associated only with intoxication with the plants of the family Crassulaceae.

title: Studies on South African cardiac glycosides. II. Observations on the clinical and haemodynamic effects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity71904 :: ('MESH:C038322', 'Chemical') :: ['cotyledoside']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased heart rates and blood pressures']

entities_list: @entity4785 :: ('MESH:D004213', 'Disease') :: ['ectopic foci and AV dissociation']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic intoxication']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity3685 :: ('MESH:D019959', 'Disease') :: ['ruminal stasis']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['loss of appetite']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac glycoside poisoning']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity848 :: ('MESH:D003490', 'Disease') :: ['cyanosis']

answer: @entity71904 :: (MESH:C038322,Chemical) :: ['cotyledoside']


abstract: The @entity1 @entity4090 gene is mainly expressed in pituitary lactotrope cells, but transcription from an alternative, far upstream promoter was detected in lymphoid, placental and mammary cells. We describe the transcriptional activity in @entity35 pituitary cells of the complete region separating the two promoters, using transient transfection experiments. A far upstream activating region was only functional in combination with the @entity4090 promoter. DNaseI protection experiments revealed, in addition to binding sites for the pituitary-specific factor @entity10914 , sites (e.g. @entity15757 ) for several ubiquitous factors and one lymphoid-specific factor (SD4). A single copy of the ubiquitous site @entity15757 or the lymphoid-specific site SD4 was unable to activate transcription of a heterologous promoter in pituitary cells. However, @entity15757 activated transcription in nonpituitary cells and SD4 was functional specifically in lymphoid cells. Five copies of a distal site (D8) activated transcription in each cell type tested. Gel retardation experiments show that this site binds the specific factor @entity6863 in liver and a distinct factor in other cell types. Our results suggest that different elements within this large region direct specific expression from each promoter via a complex interplay between cell-specific and ubiquitous transcription factors.

title: Far upstream sequences regulate the @entity1 XXXX promoter transcription.

answer: @entity4090 :: (5617,Gene) :: ['prolactin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study whether physician presence in the nursing home is related to clinical decision making, certainty, and honoring care preferences for @entity1 with @entity303 and @entity55 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of physicians. SETTING: Nursing homes in the United States and the Netherlands. @entity1 : Twenty-four US and 38 Dutch physicians who provide care for nursing home @entity1 . MEASUREMENTS: Physicians reported their presence in the nursing home, diagnostic and treatment decisions for @entity1 with @entity303 who had @entity55 , certainty about the diagnosis and @entity1 and family preferences, and the extent to which they honored these preferences. These variables were examined in reference to physician presence in the nursing home. RESULTS: Physicians with higher nursing home presence were less likely to order a chest x-ray and to hospitalize @entity1 with @entity303 and @entity55 , although this difference was not significant when adjusted for country. They also were more likely to be certain of family preferences, a difference that held even when adjusted for the strong confounder of country. CONCLUSION: Physician presence in the nursing home relates to some treatment decisions for @entity1 with @entity303 and @entity55 . Policies that affect physician presence may change health care practices and related costs. Future studies should more closely examine how physicians use their time so as to better understand the importance of presence and what the US health care system might learn from the Dutch system.

title: The importance of physician presence in nursing homes for residents with XXXX and @entity55 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: Several inflammatory markers have been investigated as prognostic parameters in a variety of @entity5 population with mostly favorable results. This study aimed to verify the significance of common inflammatory markers as prognostic variables and assess whether a selective combination of them as prognostic @entity32 score (PIS) could further improve their prognostic values in surgical @entity1 with @entity14 ( @entity14 ). A total of 265 @entity1 who had undergone curative resection of @entity14 were reviewed retrospectively. Preoperative levels of inflammatory markers such as serum @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were assessed by uni- and multivariate survival analysis with disease-free (DFS) and @entity66 ( @entity66 ). PIS was constructed with a selective combination of inflammatory markers which were independently significant. On univariate analysis, @entity1851 , ESR, and NLR were significantly associated with DFS and @entity66 . On multivariate analysis, @entity1851 and NLR were independently significant prognostic variables for @entity66 and DFS respectively (P=0.013, P=0.021). When PIS was constructed with combination of @entity1851 and NLR, it was independently and significantly associated with both DFS and @entity66 (P=0.006, P=0.010). Furthermore, PIS was superior to @entity1851 for @entity66 (HR=15.679 vs. HR=5.183), and NLR for DFS in terms of prognosticating power (HR=4.894 vs. HR=2.687). When PIS is constructed with combination of @entity1851 and NLR, it is a potentially significant prognostic variable associated with poor survival regardless pathologic prognostic variables in @entity1 with @entity14 after curative resection.

title: XXXX Score in Surgical @entity1 with @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['disease-specific survival', 'DSS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Prognostic Inflammation']


abstract: Based on previous studies we postulated that, whereas the natriuresis observed following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) @entity23703 was mediated by a decrease in renal sympathetic nerve activity, the natriuresis observed following intrarenal (i.r.) infusion of @entity23703 was mediated by a direct stimulation of renal I1- @entity947 preferring receptors. @entity35 were unilaterally nephrectomized and i.c.v. cannulated 7 to 10 days and 3 days prior to the day of the experiment, respectively. On the day of the experiment, @entity35 were anesthetized (pentobarbital) and the renal function was isolated. Administration of i.c.v. as well as i.r. @entity23703 produced an increase in @entity1372 excretion and urine flow fate. Pretreatment with intravenous @entity3159 (0.15 mg/kg) completely attenuated the response to i.c.v. @entity23703 (1 nmol/5 microliters) but only slightly altered the response to i.r. @entity23703 (3 nmol/kg/min). Conversely, intravenous pretreatment with the @entity947 preferring receptor antagonist @entity9006 (0.3 mg/kg) completely blocked the response to i.r. @entity23703 (3 nmol/kg/min) without altering the response to i.c.v. @entity23703 (0.3 nmol/kg). These results would be consistent with the natriuresis observed following i.c.v. @entity23703 as being mediated by @entity947 preferring receptors located centrally, whereas that following i.r. @entity23703 was mediated directly by renal @entity947 -preferring receptors, with a small component of this response conceivably due to activation of central @entity947 preferring receptors. In summary, the antihypertensive effect of @entity947 preferring receptor agonists may be associated with a natriuresis that is due to stimulation of these receptors, found both peripherally (renal) and centrally.

title: Central and renal I1 @entity947 preferring receptors: two unique sites mediating natriuresis in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity23703 :: ('MESH:C043482', 'Chemical') :: ['moxonidine']

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity947 :: ('CHEBI:53094', 'Chemical') :: ['imidazoline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity447 ( @entity447 ) is an X chromosome-linked @entity74 caused by heterogeneous mutations of @entity2801 ( @entity2801 ). Although more than 900 mutations of @entity2801 gene are reported in the HAMSTeRS database, the mutation data regarding the @entity2801 gene in the Korean population is currently insufficient. The aim of this study was to profile the mutations of @entity2801 in Korean @entity447 , 38 unrelated Korean @entity447 male @entity1 were examined. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the @entity1 . Long distance-PCR was performed for the identification of inversions in intron 22 and intron 1. Then gross exon deletion was examined to the inversion-negative @entity1 by multiplex-PCR. Finally, direct sequencing was performed on exons 1-26, 5'- and 3'-UTR. We identified 33 mutations from the 38 @entity1 . These included 15 inversions in intron 22 (39.5%), one inversion in intron 1 (2.6%), one gross exon deletion (2.6%), five deletions (13.2%), two insertions (5.3%), six missense (15.8%) and three nonsense mutations (7.9%). Mutation types for five @entity1 (13.2%) were not identified in this study. We determined that the most common defect in @entity2801 in this study was an inversion mutation in intron 22; this is consistent with the findings of other studies. For the first time in Korean @entity447 , a @entity1 with intron 1 inversion was found. In addition, we report eight novel mutation types which never been reported in HAMSTeRS database. The mutation data in this study should prove useful as a reference for the diagnosis of @entity447 and the detection of carriers in the Korean population.

title: Profiling of @entity2801 mutations in Korean XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2801 :: ('2157', 'Gene') :: ['coagulation factor VIII', 'FVIII']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited bleeding disorder']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['Haemophilia A', 'HA']

answer: @entity447 :: (MESH:D006467,Disease) :: ['haemophilia A']


abstract: @entity308 ( @entity4375 ) after @entity583 ( @entity583 ) is considered an indication of decreased vagal and/or increased sympathetic tone. To determine the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) on @entity4375 after @entity583 we studied 27 @entity1 with a first Q wave @entity583 , no signs of @entity712 and no history of arterial @entity101 or @entity6 . An additional group of 10 @entity1 with the same clinical characteristics served as controls. On the 5th day after the onset of @entity583 , three consecutive boluses of @entity2647 were given intravenously and baseline @entity4375 was taken as the mean slope of the linear regression lines of RR intervals over systolic blood pressure. QT interval was also measured and corrected according to Bazett's formula (QTc). Consequently, a single oral dose of @entity3371 50 mg or placebo was given to treatment or control group @entity1 , respectively; @entity4375 and QTc were reassessed 1 h later. One hour after @entity3371 administration @entity4375 increased from 5.95 +/- 2.80 to 9.14 +/- 3.46 ms.mmHg-1 (P < 0.0001); QTc increased from 414 +/- 46 to 425 +/- 46 ms (P < 0.0001), systolic blood pressure decreased from 125 +/- 19 to 115 +/- 15 mmHg (P = 0.0002), while heart rate did not change significantly. Baseline @entity4375 was correlated only with age (r = -0.74, P < 0.0001). In the control group, 1 h after placebo, no difference was observed in any variable compared to baseline. @entity3371 appears to improve @entity4375 immediately in the early phase of @entity583 .

title: Acute effect of @entity3371 administration on baroreflex sensitivity in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depressed baroreflex sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: @entity9 resulting from @entity66 of peripheral nerves is not well understood and difficult to treat. Although CNS hyperexcitability is a critical component, recent findings challenge the neuron-centric view of @entity9 etiology and pathology. Indeed, glial cells were shown to play an active role in the initiation and maintenance of pain @entity56 . However, the origins of these cells and the triggers that induce their activation have yet to be elucidated. Here we show that, after @entity1897 induced by a partial ligation on the sciatic nerve, in addition to activation of microglia resident to the CNS, hematogenous macrophage/monocyte infiltrate the spinal cord, proliferate, and differentiate into microglia. Signaling from chemokine @entity1750 ( @entity1750 , @entity1750 ) to its receptor @entity13766 is critical in the spinal microglial activation. Indeed, intrathecal injection of @entity1750 caused activation of microglia in wild-type but not in @entity13766 -deficient @entity19 . Furthermore, treatment with an @entity1750 neutralizing antibody prevented bone marrow-derived microglia (BMDM) infiltration into the spinal cord after @entity128 . In addition, using selective knock-out of @entity13766 in resident microglia or BMDM, we found that, although total @entity13766 knock-out @entity19 did not develop microglial activation or mechanical @entity1931 , @entity13766 expression in either resident microglia or BMDM is sufficient for the development of mechanical @entity1931 . Thus, to effectively relieve @entity9 , both CNS resident microglia and blood-borne macrophages need to be targeted. These findings also open the door for a novel therapeutic strategy: to take advantage of the natural ability of bone marrow-derived cells to infiltrate selectively affected CNS regions by using these cells as vehicle for targeted drug delivery to inhibit @entity56 and @entity1118 .

title: Expression of XXXX in both resident and bone marrow-derived microglia plays a critical role in @entity9 .

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['damage to or dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1750 :: ('20296(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['monocyte chemoattractant protein-1', 'CCL2', 'MCP-1']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain', 'Neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity13766 :: (12772(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CCR2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish @entity1 @entity157 multidrug-resistance cell line (HepG2/ADM) and to determine the effect of low-frequency pulse ultrasound (US) on MDR cells and investigate its mechanism. METHODS: Using gradual increase of @entity632 (ADM) concentrations in culture, an @entity632 -resistant @entity1 @entity157 cell sub line (HepG2/ADM) was established in vitro. HepG2/ADM cells were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group (HepG2/ADM only), the group ADM by 1.0 mug/ml @entity632 for 1 h, the group US by low-frequency pulse ultrasound for 10 min, and the group US by low-frequency pulse ultrasound and treated with @entity632 simultaneously at same time. A sonication at a frequency of 0.8 MHz, was delivered with an intensity level of 0.5W/cm2, with continuous exposure of 10 min was applied. The ability of US to induce the apoptosis of MDR was evaluated by analyses of fluorescence microscopy, DNA fragmentation assay and flow cytometry assay. RESULTS: HepG2/Adm was resistant to many anti- @entity5 agents, and its IC50 of ADM was 26 times higher than that of parent cell line HepG2. Significant over expressions of @entity7895 , @entity11092 , @entity8993 and GSTs were detected. HepG2/ADM cells radiated by US had the typical characteristics of apoptosis. Compared with the control group (HepG2/ADM, 3.47%); the apoptosis rates were higher in US (12.23%). The therapeutic alliance of US with ADM for MDR cells, have a significant change in the ratio of apoptosis (18.81%, t=1.46 to 5.36, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: HepG2/ADM could have the biological characteristics of @entity1 multidrug-resistance cell line. The US sonication of 0.8 MHz could induce apoptosis of HepG2/ADM cell in vitro, and could act synergistically with @entity632 .

title: [Establishment of XXXX @entity157 multidrug-resistance cell line (HepG2/Adm) and study apoptosis induced by low-frequency pulse ultrasound exposure].

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin', 'Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Endobronchial @entity5 are @entity5 composed of clonal populations of smooth muscle cells and a variable lymphocytic inflammatory component. They represent a challenge with respect to diagnosis, classification, and surgical resection due to their infrequent occurrence. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with @entity1 who had @entity5 in the major airways over a 15-year period, in order to understand the incidence, natural biology, treatment, and long-term outcome of individuals with this type of @entity5 in an endobronchial location. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2010, 11 @entity1 (9 female, 2 male) underwent surgical resection of a @entity5 arising within the tracheobronchial tree. The mean age was 39.6 years (range, 22.3 to 53.6 years). All @entity1 were symptomatic, with cough and @entity1353 as the most common presenting complaints. Rigid bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy was utilized to establish the diagnosis in 9 of 11 @entity1 . Laser-mechanical debulking was performed to relieve @entity1224 prior to operation in 10 of 11 @entity1 . Because of wide submucosal infiltration of the @entity5 , surgical resection for complete removal was required for all individuals. Tracheal resection was performed in 3 @entity1 , carinal resection in 1 @entity1 , mainstem bronchial resection in 2 @entity1 , sleeve resection in 3 @entity1 , bilobectomy in 1 @entity1 , and right lower lobectomy in 1 @entity1 . Resection with @entity5 -free margins was accomplished in all @entity1 . Mean @entity5 size was 2.3 cm (range, 1.5 to 3.5 cm). There were no operative deaths, with all @entity1 alive and disease-free at a mean of 6.1    3.7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Complete surgical resection of inflammatory @entity5 presenting in a major airway is safe and leads to excellent survival for @entity1 with this uncommon disease.

title: Surgical management of endobronchial inflammatory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['myofibroblastic tumor', 'tumor', 'neoplasms', 'neoplasm', 'myofibroblastic tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['myofibroblastic tumors']