abstract: The development of the branchial arch region was examined at 6- to 12-hour intervals in @entity19 embryos at the age of 9.5-11.5 days after conception [middle of @entity2085 ( @entity2085 ) 10 to middle of @entity2085 12] and in @entity35 embryos at the age of 10.5-12.5 days after conception (middle of @entity2085 11 to middle of @entity2085 13) using SEM, serial semithin sections and wax plate reconstructions. The 4th branchial groove is always separated from the corresponding pharyngeal pouch by a broad layer of mesenchyme. At no time did we find a membrana obturans in this region. However, during development of the mesenchyme disappears between the branchial grooves and pharyngeal pouches of the first four arches, allowing external ectodermal epithelium to come into contact with the internal endodermal epithelium to form a membrana obturans. In its dorsal parts this membrane is formed by two layers of epithelium, in the ventral portion frequently it consists of only one layer of epithelium. It was not possible to determine whether the latter was derived from ectoderm or endoderm. Degeneration of cells in this ventral part of the membrane leads to openings which we consider to correspond to @entity2419 . The possibility of an artefactual genesis of these membrane ruptures is discussed. The "1st @entity2419 ' appears in @entity19 embryos 15 the age of 9.75 days (second of @entity2085 10), the "2nd @entity2419 ' appears first at the age of 10.5 days (middle of @entity2085 11), and the "3rd @entity2419 ' appears at the age of 11 days (end of @entity2085 11). In the @entity35 , the corresponding developmental stages are seen about 24 h later. Whereas the "lst and 3rd @entity2419 ' are demonstrable during a period of maximally 12 h, the "2nd @entity2419 ' is present during the developmental period of about 24-36 h. This protracted existence of the "2nd @entity2419 ' is possibly related to the occurrence of lateral cervical fistulas and cysts in the region of the second branchial arch.

title: [Branchial arch development in the XXXX and @entity19 . II. The existence of @entity2419 ].

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['branchial clefts', 'branchial cleft']

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal day', 'ED']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Apoptosis is a key mechanism of the organism that regulates embryogenesis and development, maintains homeostasis of the immune system and removes potentially hazardous cells. A dysregulation of apoptosis signaling may thus disturb the balance of cell survival and cell death, leading to the development of several diseases including @entity5 . In order to determine whether @entity421 display an increased frequency of genetic alterations that affect apoptosis signaling, we analyzed the death domains of the death receptor genes @entity1197 /Fas/ @entity1197 , @entity10736 , @entity4106 / @entity4106 / @entity4106 /LARD/ @entity4106 , @entity3049 / @entity3049 / @entity3049 /KILLER, @entity25783 and the complete coding sequences of the death receptor gene @entity3048 / @entity3048 and the genes of the adaptors @entity45317 and @entity23903 / @entity23903 . The investigation included 15 @entity421 samples, 3 @entity421 cell lines (SAOS-2, @entity5187 and MG63) and peripheral blood from 20 donors as controls. We were able to identify 4 different sequence variations within the @entity3048 gene located on exons 3, 4, 5 and 10 (death-domain). No alterations have been detected in the other genes or exons investigated. Except the sequence variant affecting exon 4, the alterations were homozygous in 15% of the @entity5 samples and cell lines, whereas the same alterations found in the control group were heterozygous or even not detectable. Three out of 4 alterations are located in the receptor's extracellular @entity462 rich domain, which contains the ligand binding area and 1 on exon 10 coding for the death-domain. They may thus exert influence on ligand-receptor interactions and subsequent apoptosis induction. Our findings suggest that homozygous genetic alterations within the @entity3048 gene may be implicated in the formation of @entity421 .

title: Mutation analysis of the apoptotic "death-receptors" and the adaptors @entity45317 and @entity23903 / XXXX in @entity421 samples and @entity421 cell lines.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcomas', 'osteosarcoma', 'osteosarcoma tumor']

answer: @entity23903 :: (8772,Gene) :: ['MORT-1']


abstract: @entity1 telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex that enables cells to maintain telomere length, allowing indefinite replicative capacity. The notion that telomerase is reactivated in 80-90% of @entity1 @entity5 has led to the proposal of telomerase as a promising therapeutic target for novel anticancer interventions. Due to its inherent accessibility to nucleic acids, telomerase appears an ideal target for strategies based on the use of antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes that target its RNA template. In this review a summary of the different antisense- and ribozyme-based approaches used thus far to inhibit telomerase activity in @entity1 @entity5 cells is provided. All these strategies significantly inhibited the enzyme's catalytic activity in in vitro and in @entity5 models. However, while in some studies @entity5 cell growth arrest was observed as a consequence of telomere @entity3207 after prolonged telomerase inhibition, other studies have shown that antisense- and ribozyme-based treatments targeting telomerase induced rapid loss (i.e. within a few days) of @entity5 cell viability with concomitant apoptosis. In the latter case it is unlikely that cell death was related to telomere @entity2681 since the cells would not have undergone enough divisions to significantly shorten their telomeres. A possible explanation is that telomerase inhibitors may induce apoptosis in @entity5 cells directly by interfering with the capping function of the enzyme. Overall, the available results indicate antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes as good tools to inhibit telomerase and suggest that abrogation of telomerase activity may affect @entity5 cell proliferation also through pathways that are not dependent on telomere @entity2681 .

title: Targeting XXXX telomerase by antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes.

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'vivo tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: In @entity19 and @entity1 , terminal differentiation of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells commences during endometrial decidualization. Both proliferation and @entity60 are induced. Uterine NK cell precursors appear to home from secondary lymphoid organs to decidualizing uteri and localize mesometrially to the central decidua basalis, the site of maternal arterial modification at Gestation Days (gd) 9.5-10. In @entity19 , genetic absence of uNK cells results in absence of pregnancy-induced spiral artery modification. Administration of @entity60 to uNK-negative pregnant females induces arterial modifications without fetal loss. In this study, we investigated the roles of cytokines, known in other tissues to differentiate and activate NK cells, in induction of @entity60 production in normal @entity19 implantation sites. Fecundity evaluation, implantation site morphometry, and @entity60 quantification in interleukin (IL)-12p40(0/0), @entity6026 (0/0), dual @entity12782 (0/0)/ @entity6026 (0/0) and congenic strains revealed the importance of both IL-12 and @entity6026 in the induction of spiral artery modification and @entity60 synthesis. Immediately after implantation, @entity6026 was localized transiently to decidual cells, but by gd8, @entity6026 was produced solely by uNK cells, suggesting that early uNK cells are activated by stroma and lymphocyte-derived signals maintain later uNK cell activation. Mesometrial tissue of C57Bl/6J @entity19 was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in virgin, early postimplantation, and midgestation females for expression of the heterodimeric cytokines IL-23 (composed of @entity12782 and a novel alpha chain), @entity22385 (composed of two IL-12-related chains) and @entity55232 . No expression was detected in virgin uteri. The four genes were induced by gd6, and uNK cells isolated from midgestation transcribed @entity14293 and @entity55232 . This study advances the understanding of uNK cell activation during normal pregnancy.

title: Analysis of cytokine regulators inducing interferon production by XXXX uterine natural killer cells.

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon (IFN)-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The lack of agreement regarding assessment methods is responsible for the variability in the reported rate of occurrence of @entity1057 after @entity64 . The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of different tests of neglect after right hemisphere @entity64 . METHODS: Two hundred and six subacute right hemisphere @entity64 @entity1 were given a test battery including a preliminary assessment of @entity1054 and of visual extinction, a clinical assessment of gaze orientation and of personal neglect, and paper and pencil tests of @entity1057 in the peripersonal space. @entity1 were compared with a previously reported control group. A subgroup of @entity1 (n=69) received a behavioural assessment of neglect in daily life situations. RESULTS: The most sensitive paper and pencil measure was the starting point in the cancellation task. The whole battery was more sensitive than any single test alone. About 85% of @entity1 presented some degree of neglect on at least one measure. An important finding was that behavioural assessment of neglect in daily life was more sensitive than any other single measure of neglect. Behavioural neglect was considered as moderate to severe in 36% of cases. A factorial analysis revealed that paper and pencil tests were related to two underlying factors. Dissociations were found between extrapersonal neglect, personal neglect, @entity1054 , and extinction. Anatomical analyses showed that neglect was more common and severe when the posterior association cortex was damaged. CONCLUSIONS: The automatic rightward orientation bias is the most sensitive clinical measure of neglect. Behavioural assessment is more sensitive than any single paper and pencil test. The results also support the assumption that neglect is a @entity74 .

title: Sensitivity of clinical and behavioural tests of XXXX after right hemisphere @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1057 :: ('MESH:D058069', 'Disease') :: ['spatial neglect']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['heterogeneous disorder']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['anosognosia']

answer: @entity1057 :: (MESH:D058069,Disease) :: ['spatial neglect']


abstract: A series of 46 @entity1 treated by the author since January 1972 for @entity340 is presented: 22% were diagnosed at birth, 28% as neonates and 52% in the first 3 months of life. Ninety-three per cent had unilateral or bilateral dilatation of the upper urinary tract at the time the valves were diagnosed and 72% had ureteric reflux. Unilateral reflux occurred into the left ureter twice as often as the right. @entity177 was present at the time of diagnosis in 72% of all of the @entity1 but in 83% of those aged less than 3 months. Surface urinary diversion was used minimally during post-operative management and contributed little to the recovery of renal function. @entity354 disappeared spontaneously in one-third of the refluxing ureters. @entity384 subsided spontaneously in 57% of dilated ureters. Surgery was performed mostly for reflux. Non-refluxing ureteric dilatation was made worse by surgery in a few instances and in others the dilatation improved with time rather than as a result of surgery. Renal function returned to normal in over 60% of the @entity1 who were in @entity177 at diagnosis. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate was the most accurate method of predicting recovery of renal function: a value of less than 50% of normal for age at the time of diagnosis forecast persistent @entity177 with all its attendant complications.

title: Management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Ureteric dilatation']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure', 'Renal failure']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['congenital posterior urethral valves']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['congenital posterior urethral valves']


abstract: Recent studies have shown that the transcription factor, nuclear factor @entity2451 ( @entity2451 ), regulates critical survival pathways in a variety of different cell types, including @entity1 @entity788 cells. The activation of @entity2451 is controlled by proteasome-mediated degradation of its endogenous polypeptide inhibitor, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaBalpha. We investigated the effects of @entity1749 , a peptide boronate inhibitor of the proteasome in @entity1 @entity788 cells in vitro and in vivo. Comparison of @entity1749 's effects on the growth of eight different @entity1 @entity788 cell lines revealed marked heterogeneity in drug responsiveness, ranging from highly resistant (IC50 > 10 microM; Panc-48, HS766T, and Mia-PaCa-2) to extremely sensitive (IC50 < 40 nM; L3.6pl, Hpaf2, and BxPC3). However, these effects did not correlate with differential inhibition of @entity2451 activation. Direct quantification of apoptosis revealed that @entity1749 's effects on cell growth largely correlated with sensitivity to programmed cell death. Evaluation of @entity1749 's effects on established orthotopic @entity5 xenografts demonstrated that biweekly intravenous administration of the maximum-tolerated dose of the drug (1 mg/kg) led to significant reductions in the volumes of L3.6pl @entity5 but not Mia-PaCa-2 @entity5 . Laser scanning cytometer-mediated quantification of drug-induced apoptosis in the xenografts confirmed that @entity1749 induced DNA fragmentation and activation of @entity522 in L3.6pl @entity5 but not in Mia-PaCa-2 @entity5 . However, histological examination of drug-treated @entity5 revealed @entity39 and reductions in microvessel density and @entity7 expression in both @entity5 types. Taken together, our results demonstrate that @entity1749 inhibits the growth of @entity1 @entity788 via direct effects on @entity5 cells and indirect effects on the @entity5 vasculature.

title: Effects of the proteasome inhibitor @entity1749 on apoptosis and angiogenesis in orthotopic @entity1 XXXX xenografts.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['extensive central necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic tumor']


abstract: @entity2142 and consequent release of cell-free hemoglobin (CFHb) impair vascular @entity842 (NO) bioavailability and cause oxidative and inflammatory processes. @entity1862 (HU), a common therapy for @entity3458 ( @entity3458 ), induces fetal Hb production and can act as an NO donor. We evaluated the acute inflammatory effects of intravenous water-induced @entity2142 in C57BL/6 @entity19 and determined the abilities of an NO donor, @entity65762 ( @entity65762 ), and a single dose of HU to modulate this @entity32 . Intravenous water induced acute @entity2142 in C57BL/6 @entity19 , attaining plasma Hb levels comparable to those observed in chimeric @entity3458 @entity19 . This @entity2142 resulted in significant and rapid systemic @entity32 and vascular leukocyte recruitment within 15 minutes, accompanied by NO metabolite generation. Administration of another potent NO scavenger ( @entity12739 ) to C57BL/6 @entity19 induced similar alterations in leukocyte recruitment, whereas @entity8868 -induced @entity32 occurred over a longer time frame. Importantly, the acute inflammatory effects of water-induced @entity2142 were abolished by the simultaneous administration of @entity65762 or HU, without altering CFHb, in an NO pathway-mediated manner. In vitro, HU partially reversed the Hb-mediated induction of endothelial proinflammatory cytokine secretion and adhesion molecule expression. In summary, pathophysiological levels of @entity2142 trigger an immediate inflammatory response, possibly mediated by vascular NO consumption. HU presents beneficial anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting rapid-onset @entity32 via an NO-dependent mechanism, independently of fetal Hb elevation. Data provide novel insights into mechanisms of @entity32 and further support perspectives for the use of HU as an acute treatment for @entity3458 and other @entity14451 .

title: Acute hemolytic vascular inflammatory processes are prevented by XXXX replacement or a single dose of @entity1862 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'hemolytic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity12739 :: ('MESH:C079391', 'Chemical') :: ['2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['SCD', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity14451 :: ('MESH:D000745', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic disorders']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis', 'Hemolysis']

entities_list: @entity65762 :: ('MESH:C084012', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylamine NONOate', 'DEANO']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Many @entity1 with negative prostate biopsies and persistently elevated serum total @entity1486 (tPSA) values will have @entity5 detected on a repeated biopsy. An important issue is whether the @entity5 would have been detected on the initial biopsy had more biopsy samples been obtained. The objective of our study was to retrospectively characterize the clinical and pathologic @entity5 features associated with @entity1 who underwent sextant core biopsies compared with @entity1 who needed more than six core biopsies during one or more biopsy sessions to detect @entity263 . Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-estimated prostatic volume was evaluated to determine whether the number of biopsy cores needed for @entity263 detection was influenced by gland size. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the number of biopsy core samples obtained in 185 @entity1 (mean age 63+/-6 years) enrolled in our PSA-based screening study for @entity263 who were found to have @entity263 and elected radical prostatectomy as treatment. Correlation coefficients were calculated and univariate analyses were performed to evaluate clinical (age, tPSA, TRUS volume, PSA density) and pathologic (Gleason score, pathologic weight, organ confinement, "possibly harmless" @entity5 ) characteristics associated with @entity1 who required more biopsy cores to detect the @entity5 . RESULTS: Of the 185 @entity1 , 103 (56%) had 6 or fewer total biopsy cores taken and 82 (44%) had more than 6 cores (44 [24%] of 185 had 7 to 12 cores and 38 [20%] of 185 had 13 or more cores). There was a positive correlation between age, serum tPSA, TRUS-determined prostate volume, and pathologic specimen weight and an increasing number of total cores (all P values < 0.05). The number of biopsy cores was not associated with PSA density, Gleason score, @entity5 volume, organ confinement, or "possibly harmless" @entity5 (all P values > 0.05). @entity1 with a TRUS volume 30 cc or less (46%) required a mean of 8 total cores to detect the @entity5 compared with a mean of 11 cores (P = 0.003) in @entity1 with a TRUS volume greater than 30 cc (54%). A greater percentage of @entity1 with a TRUS prostate volume greater than 30 cc compared with @entity1 whose volume was 30 cc or less would have had their @entity5 missed with only a six-core biopsy (64% versus 46%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Sextant core biopsies may be @entity263 in some @entity1 . These data support the performance of more than six core biopsies to detect clinical @entity263 . A prospective trial using TRUS-determined prostate volume to determine the number of cores to take is needed to accurately assess this issue.

title: Clinical and pathologic @entity5 characteristics of XXXX as a function of the number of biopsy cores: a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['inadequate to detect prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: Experimental scratching in animals has hitherto been provoked by substances injected into the skin or central nervous system. We aimed to investigate if spontaneous scratching in the @entity35 can be reduced by sedatives and antipruritics, and to assess if spontaneous scratching is elicited from the skin or the central nervous system. It may also be a complex behaviour related to the @entity35 species, different from clinical itch. Eight male hairless @entity35 were studied for 6 weeks. The animals were recorded on videotape in the middle of the day and at night, and the scratching activity was counted. The following substances were tested sequentially: @entity1363 , @entity8765 , a eutectic mixture of @entity3303 and @entity5403 ( @entity5404 , @entity9090 and a vehicle. On days 1-3 of each sequence, the test material was applied to a 42-cm(2) area on the rostral part of the back. Subsequent treatment of the whole body was made on day 4. @entity1363 was injected intraperitoneally from day 1 to day 4. After 4 days of treatment, there was a wash-out phase of 3 days until the next sequence. We found a positive correlation between minutes awake and number of scratch episodes. Spontaneous scratching was lower after @entity8765 on day 4 (p = 0.046) and after @entity1363 injections on days 1-3 (p = 0.009) and day 4 (p = 0.003). The local anaesthetic, @entity5404 , did not significantly influence spontaneous scratching. In conclusion, only the drugs with sedative properties suppressed spontaneous scratching, which is probably a cerebral phenomenon or otherwise explained general behaviour, rather than a reaction to skin stimuli. Thus, for testing of topically applied antipruritics, spontaneous scratching cannot be used as an animal model. Furthermore, evaluation of provocative scratching should eliminate/exclude spontaneous scratching.

title: Suppression of spontaneous scratching in hairless XXXX by sedatives but not by antipruritics.

entities_list: @entity5403 :: ('MESH:D011318', 'Chemical') :: ['prilocaine']

entities_list: @entity8765 :: ('MESH:D011738', 'Chemical') :: ['mepyramine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lignocaine']

entities_list: @entity9090 :: ('MESH:C011175', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone dipropionate']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['Midazolam', 'midazolam']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an ultra-low-cost uterine balloon tamponade package (ESM-UBT   ) for facility-based management of uncontrolled postpartum @entity548 (PPH) in Kenya, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Nepal. DESIGN: Prospective multi-centre case series. SETTING: Facilities in resource-scarce areas of Kenya, Sierra Leone, Nepal, and Senegal. POPULATION: @entity1 with uncontrolled postpartum @entity548 in 307 facilities across the four countries. METHODS: A standardised ESM-UBT package was implemented in 307 facilities over 29  months (1 September 2012 to 1 February 2015). Data were collected via a multi-pronged approach including data card completion, chart reviews, and provider interviews. Beginning in August 2014, @entity1 who had previously undergone UBT placement were sought and queried regarding potential complications associated with UBT use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All-cause survival, survival from PPH, and post-UBT use complications (surgery, hospitalisation, antibiotics for @entity5280 ) associated with UBT use. RESULTS: 201 UBTs were placed for uncontrolled vaginal @entity548 refractory to all other interventions. In all, 38% (71/188) of @entity1 were either unconscious or confused at the time of UBT insertion. All-cause survival was 95% (190/201). However, 98% (160/163) of @entity1 survived uncontrolled PPH if delivery occurred at an ESM-UBT online facility. One (1/151) potential UBT-associated complication (postpartum @entity7288 ) was identified and two improvised UBTs were placed in @entity1 with a @entity397 . CONCLUSIONS: These pilot data suggest that the ESM-UBT package is a clinically promising and safe method to arrest uncontrolled postpartum @entity548 and save @entity1 's lives. The UBT was successfully placed by all levels of facility-based providers. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of ESM-UBT in low-resource settings. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Evidence for ESM-UBT as a clinically promising and safe method to arrest uncontrolled PPH and save @entity1 's lives.

title: A postpartum XXXX package with condom uterine balloon tamponade: a prospective multi-centre case series in Kenya, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Nepal.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity7288 :: ('MESH:D004716', 'Disease') :: ['endometritis']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured uterus']

entities_list: @entity5280 :: ('MESH:D034161', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic infection']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhage']


abstract: One of the gravest dangers facing @entity5 @entity1 is an extended symptom-free lull between @entity5 initiation and the first diagnosis. Detection of @entity5 is critical for effective intervention. Using the body's immune system to detect and amplify @entity5 -specific signals may enable detection of @entity5 using an inexpensive immunoassay. Immunosignatures are one such assay: they provide a map of antibody interactions with random-sequence peptides. They enable detection of disease-specific patterns using classic train/test methods. However, to date, very little effort has gone into extracting information from the sequence of peptides that interact with disease-specific antibodies. Because it is difficult to represent all possible antigen peptides in a microarray format, we chose to synthesize only 330,000 peptides on a single immunosignature microarray. The 330,000 random-sequence peptides on the microarray represent 83% of all tetramers and 27% of all pentamers, creating an unbiased but substantial gap in the coverage of total sequence space. We therefore chose to examine many relatively short motifs from these random-sequence peptides. Time-variant analysis of recurrent subsequences provided a means to dissect @entity3689 sequences from the peptides while simultaneously retaining the antibody-peptide binding intensities. We first used a simple experiment in which monoclonal antibodies with known linear epitopes were exposed to these random-sequence peptides, and their binding intensities were used to create our algorithm. We then demonstrated the performance of the proposed algorithm by examining immunosignatures from @entity1 with @entity463 multiformae (GBM), an aggressive form of @entity1313 . Eight different frameshift targets were identified from the random-sequence peptides using this technique. If immune-reactive antigens can be identified using a relatively simple immune assay, it might enable a diagnostic test with sufficient sensitivity to detect @entity5 in a clinically useful way.

title: Time-Frequency Analysis of Peptide Microarray Data: Application to XXXX Immunosignatures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['Glioblastoma']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['Brain Cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bioelectric phenomena have been found to exert influence on various developmental and regenerative processes. Little is known about their possible functions and the cellular mechanisms by which they might act during @entity238 oogenesis. In developing follicles, characteristic extracellular current patterns and membrane-potential changes in oocyte and nurse cells have been observed that partly depend on the exchange of protons, @entity972 ions and @entity1372 ions. These bioelectric properties have been supposed to be related to various processes during oogenesis, e. g. pH-regulation, osmoregulation, cell communication, cell migration, cell proliferation, cell death, vitellogenesis and follicle growth. Analysing in detail the spatial distribution and activity of the relevant ion-transport mechanisms is expected to elucidate the roles that bioelectric phenomena play during oogenesis. RESULTS: To obtain an overview of bioelectric patterning along the longitudinal and transversal axes of the developing follicle, the spatial distributions of membrane potentials (Vmem), intracellular pH (pHi) and various membrane-channel proteins were studied systematically using fluorescent indicators, fluorescent inhibitors and antisera. During mid-vitellogenic stages 9 to 10B, characteristic, stage-specific Vmem-patterns in the follicle-cell epithelium as well as anteroposterior pHi-gradients in follicle cells and nurse cells were observed. Corresponding distribution patterns of proton pumps (V-ATPases), voltage-dependent L-type @entity141 -channels, @entity6478 -sensitive @entity4024 -channels and @entity4024 , @entity8108 -exchangers (NHE) and gap-junction proteins ( @entity71385 ) were detected. In particular, six morphologically distinguishable follicle-cell types are characterized on the bioelectric level by differences concerning Vmem and pHi as well as specific compositions of ion channels and carriers. Striking similarities between Vmem-patterns and activity patterns of voltage-dependent @entity141 -channels were found, suggesting a mechanism for transducing bioelectric signals into cellular responses. Moreover, gradients of electrical potential and pH were observed within single cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that spatial patterning of Vmem, pHi and specific membrane-channel proteins results in bioelectric signals that are supposed to play important roles during oogenesis, e. g. by influencing spatial coordinates, regulating migration processes or modifying the cytoskeletal organization. Characteristic stage-specific changes of bioelectric activity in specialized cell types are correlated with various developmental processes.

title: Bioelectric patterning during oogenesis: stage-specific distribution of membrane potentials, intracellular pH and ion-transport mechanisms in XXXX ovarian follicles.

entities_list: @entity6478 :: ('MESH:D000584', 'Chemical') :: ['amiloride']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: Vascular endothelial cell (EC) injury or activation by @entity558 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative @entity693 and @entity326 . EC do not express membrane @entity5750 , but respond to @entity558 in a soluble @entity5750 -dependent manner. The signal transduction mechanisms involved in @entity558 -induced EC responses are largely unknown. We used @entity291 and @entity1 brain microvessel EC (BBMEC, and HBMEC) to study @entity558 -induced protein @entity669 phosphorylation. @entity558 rapidly induced the @entity669 phosphorylation of several proteins in BBMEC and HBMEC, which was detectable by 5 to 15 min, reached a maximum by 30 min, and declined by 60 to 90 min. The increase in @entity669 phosphorylation was apparent following stimulation with @entity558 at 0.1 ng/ml and was dose dependent up to 100 ng/ml. Similar changes in @entity669 phosphorylation were induced by smooth and rough @entity558 as well as @entity3275 , but not by the inactive @entity3275 analogue, @entity11704 @entity73161 . Pretreatment of EC with the @entity669 kinase inhibitor, @entity11615 , inhibited @entity558 -stimulated protein @entity669 phosphorylation and @entity558 -mediated lactic dehydrogenase release from BBMEC and @entity650 release from HBMEC in a dose-dependent manner. Three proteins with apparent m.w. of 44, 42, and 41 kDa were predominant among the @entity558 -induced @entity669 phosphoproteins, and they were identified as mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms @entity12206 , @entity3963 , and @entity3963 , respectively. @entity558 -induced protein @entity669 phosphorylation in HBMEC and BBMEC was soluble @entity5750 dependent, since pretreatment of these cells with anti- @entity5750 mAb inhibited the @entity558 -induced @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity10368 , @entity3903 , and @entity3963 . Additionally, @entity558 induced a mobility shift in @entity10368 and @entity3903 mitogen-activated protein kinase isozymes, which was inhibited by @entity11615 pretreatment of the EC. These findings demonstrate for the first time that increased protein @entity669 phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases occur rapidly after @entity558 stimulation of EC in the presence of soluble @entity5750 . Our data also suggest that a @entity11615 -sensitive step, presumably a @entity669 kinase, is involved in mediating @entity558 -induced @entity1 EC activation and @entity650 secretion.

title: Lipopolysaccharide stimulates the XXXX phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases @entity10368 , @entity3903 , and @entity3963 in vascular endothelial cells in a soluble @entity5750 -dependent manner. Role of protein @entity669 phosphorylation in lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxic shock']

entities_list: @entity11704 :: ('1063', 'Species') :: ['Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity11615 :: ('MESH:C020754', 'Chemical') :: ['herbimycin', 'herbimycin A']

entities_list: @entity73161 :: ('MESH:C049596', 'Chemical') :: ['diphosphoryl lipid A']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: Besides @entity137 , @entity6023 induce other biological effects, especially in the immune system. @entity6023 have demonstrated immunostimulatory effects against @entity5 , supporting the idea that these agents suppress @entity5 through several mechanisms and not solely through inhibiting cell division. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of @entity6023 ( @entity1311 and @entity1205 ) and investigate their ability in alterating important immunological parameters in @entity0 @entity1 . Thirty @entity1 with @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy were randomly assigned into two groups treated with either single agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 . Sera from @entity1 before the first and after the last treatment cycle and from normal donors were assayed by ELISA for @entity1199 , @entity1356 , @entity379 , @entity2841 , @entity650 , @entity310 , and @entity1421 levels. In these same blood samples, NK and @entity10086 cell activity was tested in the total PBMC population against NK-sensitive K562 @entity5 targets, respectively, and autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was tested by @entity665 proliferation assays. All @entity1 in both groups responded to therapy. Significant differences were observed in the following immune parameters between the control group of healthy blood donors and the pretreatment values of both @entity3907 groups; @entity1199 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels and NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 were @entity308 , whereas @entity310 and @entity650 levels were raised in @entity0 @entity1 before treatment compared to controls. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups regarding any of the parameters studied. Both drugs led to increases in MLR values, NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 , and @entity650 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels, and decreases for @entity1356 , TNF, and @entity1421 levels. The percentage of these differences was greater for @entity1205 in comparison to @entity1311 (P<0.0001). More specifically, @entity1205 demonstrated a more pronounced effect on enhancing MLR, NK, @entity10086 activity and @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , and @entity2841 levels, as well as caused more potent reduction in @entity1356 and @entity310 levels when compared to @entity1311 . The present study indicates that @entity1 responded to treatment of @entity0 with single-agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 leads to an increase in serum @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , @entity2841 cytokine levels and enhancement of PBMC NK and @entity10086 cell activity, while they both lead to a decrease of acute phase serum cytokine levels of @entity1356 and @entity310 . Moreover, the effects of @entity1205 are in all the above parameters more pronounced than those of @entity1311 .

title: Immune changes in @entity1 with XXXX undergoing chemotherapy with @entity6023 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity6023 :: ('MESH:D043823', 'Chemical') :: ['Taxanes', 'taxanes']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['Paclitaxel', 'paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['(3)H-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['advanced breast cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Action mechanisms of anesthetics remain unclear because of difficulty in explaining how structurally different anesthetics cause similar effects. In @entity375 , local anesthetics and antipsychotic @entity11922 induced responses similar to those caused by @entity413 starvation, and they eventually inhibited cell growth. These drugs inhibited @entity413 uptake but additional @entity413 conferred resistance to their effects; hence, the primary action of the drugs is to cause @entity413 starvation. In hxt(0) strains with all @entity12015 transporter (HXT) genes deleted, a strain harboring a single copy of @entity20491 ( @entity20491 ) was more sensitive to @entity6513 than a strain harboring multiple copies (HXT1m), which indicates that quantitative reduction of @entity20491 increases @entity6513 sensitivity. However, additional @entity413 rather than the overexpression of @entity72733 conferred @entity6513 resistance to wild-type @entity375 ; therefore, Hxts that actively transport hexoses apparently confer @entity6513 resistance. Additional @entity413 alleviated sensitivity to local anesthetics and @entity11922 in the HXT1m strain but not @entity20491 s strain; thus, the @entity413 -induced effects required a certain amount of @entity20491 . At low concentrations, fluorescent @entity11922 were distributed in various membranes. At higher concentrations, they destroyed the membranes and thereby delocalized @entity20491 -GFP from the plasma membrane, similar to local anesthetics. These results suggest that the aforementioned drugs affect various membrane targets via nonspecific interactions with membranes. However, the drugs preferentially inhibit the function of abundant Hxts, resulting in @entity413 starvation. When Hxts are scarce, this preference is lost, thereby losing the alleviation by additional @entity413 . These results provide a mechanism that explains how different compounds induce similar effects according to lipid theory.

title: Local Anesthetics and Antipsychotic XXXX Interact Nonspecifically with Membranes and Inhibit Hexose Transporters in @entity375 .

entities_list: @entity11922 :: ('MESH:D010640', 'Chemical') :: ['phenothiazines']

entities_list: @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracaine']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity11922 :: (MESH:D010640,Chemical) :: ['Phenothiazines']


abstract: AIMS: This study is to investigate the effect of amyloid b1-42 oligomers on insulin signaling in astrocytes. METHODS: Synthetic Ab1-42 oligomers were prepared and the oligomeric form of Ab1-42 was verified by an electron microscope. Normal @entity1 astrocytes were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. Western blotting was employed to measure the amount of lysate proteins. Immunofluorescence was performed to detect the distribution of phosphorylated @entity10175 and expression of P- @entity9459 in astrocytes under confocal microscopy and fluorescent microscopy, respectively. Periodic Acid-Schiff staining was used to detect glycogen, the content of which was measured using glycogen assay. RESULTS: Our data showed that Ab1-42 oligomers inhibited insulin-induced serine phosphorylation of Akt at 473 and @entity9459 at serine 9, as well as glycogen storage. However, the levels of phosphorylated @entity9459 at tyrosine 216 were significantly increased in the presence of Ab1-42 oligomers. In addition, the levels of phosphorylated @entity1366 and @entity10175 at serine 636/639 were significantly increased in response to treatment with Ab1-42 oligomers. Of note, the responses and inhibitory effects of Ab1-42 oligomers on insulin signaling were partially reversed by @entity1366 upstream inhibitor @entity4286 . CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that Ab1-42 oligomers impaired insulin signaling and suppressed insulin-induced glycogen storage in @entity1 astrocytes, probably due to @entity1366 -dependent serine phosphorylation of @entity10175 at 636/639 induced by Ab1-42 oligomers.

title: Amyloid b oligomer-induced @entity1366 -dependent serine 636/639 phosphorylation of @entity10175 impairs insulin signaling and glycogen storage in XXXX astrocytes.

entities_list: @entity10175 :: ('3667', 'Gene') :: ['insulin receptor substrate-1']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity463 ( @entity463 ) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neurosurgical @entity1 . Despite the overall poor prognosis a range in survival times exists. Many approaches have been undertaken to define @entity1 subgroups based on molecular changes. The aim of this study was to assess a possible correlation between the immunohistochemical @entity876 , @entity7465 , @entity470 and @entity4311 expression and age. METHOD: 143 @entity1 (77 male, 66 female) were included in this retrospective study who underwent craniotomy for newly-diagnosed @entity463 between May 1994 and February 2000. For statistical analysis, @entity1 were separated into three age groups: 1. < 40 years, 2. 40-60 years, 3. > 60 years. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was performed using anti- @entity876 (clone DO-1), anti- @entity7465 (clone @entity32934 ), anti- @entity470 (clone H11) and anti- @entity4311 antibodies (clone AB-1). The results were compared with the Ki67/ @entity1758 proliferation index (Ki67 PI) and @entity1 survival. FINDINGS: @entity876 protein expression was significantly decreasing with advanced age (p < 0.05) whereas @entity470 and @entity7465 expression was increasing (p < 0.05; p=0.01). @entity4311 expression was unrelated to age. Multivariate analysis revealed @entity4311 protein expression as a significant predictor of prolonged survival (p=0.004) whereas @entity876 , @entity7465 and @entity470 were not associated with @entity1 survival. @entity876 , @entity7465 , @entity470 and @entity4311 expression was not associated with the Ki67 PI. INTERPRETATION: Our results support the hypothesis that in @entity463 @entity1 a complex relationship exists between the @entity876 , @entity7465 and @entity470 expression and age. @entity4311 expression is not related to age. Notably, nuclear @entity4311 expression turned out to be an independent prognostic indicator.

title: Age-related expression of @entity876 , @entity7465 , @entity470 and XXXX in @entity463 multiforme.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'Glioblastoma multiforme']

answer: @entity4311 :: (4436,Gene) :: ['Msh2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging is increasingly used for the diagnosis of @entity453 . Quantitative perfusion imaging allows to noninvasively calculate fractional flow reserve (FFR). This so-called relative flow reserve (RFR) is defined as the ratio of @entity296 flow ( @entity296 ) in a stenotic area to hyperemic @entity296 in a normal perfused area. The aim of this study was to assess the value of RFR in the detection of significant @entity453 . METHODS AND RESULTS: From a clinical population of @entity1 with suspected @entity453 who underwent @entity26 -15-labeled water cardiac positron emission tomography and invasive coronary angiography, 92 @entity1 with single- or 2-vessel disease were included. Intermediate lesions (diameter stenosis, 30%-90%; n=75) were interrogated by FFR. Thirty-eight (41%) vessels were deemed hemodynamically significant (>90% stenosis or FFR  <=0.80). Hyperemic @entity296 , coronary flow reserve, and RFR were lower for vessels with a hemodynamically significant lesion (2.01  0.78 versus 2.90  1.16 mL  @entity1009 )  g(-1); P<0.001, 2.27  1.03 versus 3.10  1.29; P<0.001, and 0.67  0.23 versus 0.93  0.15; P<0.001, respectively). The correlation between RFR and FFR was moderate (r=0.54; P<0.01). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.82 for RFR, which was not significantly higher compared with that for hyperemic @entity296 and coronary flow reserve (0.76; P=0.32 and 0.72; P=0.08, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive estimation of FFR by quantitative perfusion positron emission tomography by calculating RFR is feasible, yet only a trend toward a slight improvement of diagnostic accuracy compared with hyperemic @entity296 assessment was determined.

title: Relative Flow Reserve Derived From Quantitative Perfusion Imaging May Not Outperform Stress Myocardial Blood Flow for Identification of Hemodynamically Significant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['MBF', 'hyperemic myocardial blood']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['Coronary Artery Disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: : On December 12, 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ramucirumab for use in combination with @entity1205 for the treatment of @entity1 with metastatic @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) with disease progression on or after @entity902 -based chemotherapy. @entity1 with @entity470 or anaplastic @entity706 aberrations should have disease progression on FDA-approved therapy for these aberrations prior to receiving ramucirumab. This approval was based on an improvement in @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) with an acceptable @entity137 profile in a randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 1,253 @entity1 with metastatic @entity1149 previously treated with a @entity902 -based combination therapy. @entity1 were randomized 1:1 to receive either ramucirumab in combination with @entity1205 or placebo in combination with @entity1205 . The primary endpoint was @entity1349 . @entity1 who received ramucirumab in combination with @entity1205 had improved @entity1349 (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75, 0.98). Median @entity1349 was 10.5 months on the ramucirumab plus @entity1205 arm versus 9.1 months on the placebo plus @entity1205 arm. The most frequent (>= 30%) adverse reactions in ramucirumab-treated @entity1 were @entity1295 , @entity1398 , and @entity294 . The most frequent (>= 5%) grade 3 and 4 adverse reactions in the ramucirumab arm were @entity1295 , @entity1398 , @entity1398 , @entity1431 , and @entity101 . IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This report presents key information on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of ramucirumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, given in combination with @entity1205 for the treatment of @entity1 with metastatic @entity1149 whose disease has progressed on or after @entity902 -based chemotherapy. This report specifically addresses the issues of safety in @entity1 with @entity1544 , effect of treatment in elderly @entity1 , and uncertainties regarding effects in @entity1 with @entity5 harboring @entity470 or anaplastic @entity706 aberrations.

title: U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval Summary: Ramucirumab for the Treatment of Metastatic XXXX Following Disease Progression On or After @entity902 -Based Chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma kinase genomic tumor']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The gills, or ctenidia, of marine gastropods serve as the sites for respiratory gas exchange. Cilia on the surface provide the pump that moves water through the mantle cavity and enhance diffusion. Because the gills are housed inside the shell, it is difficult to view them while they are functioning. Published images of gills show contracted, @entity2100 that are distorted by the processes of dissection and preservation. Members of the families Fissurellidae (keyhole limpets) and Haliotidae (abalone) have openings in their shells through which water enters and/or exits. I inserted an endoscope connected to a video camera into the openings of the shells of living, non-anaesthetized individuals of the fissurellid @entity71540 and the haliotid Haliotis rufescens. In both species, the dorsal afferent branchial vessel of the afferent gill @entity2270 appeared large and inflated, as did the leaflets that extended from either side of the @entity2270 . In @entity71540 , the leaflets appeared to fill the mantle cavity and responded to touch, particles, and dye in the water by contracting quickly and slowly re-extending. In contrast, the gills of H. rufescens did not noticeably respond to disturbance. On the other hand, these gills showed a regular pattern of pleats that had not been described in the extensive anatomical literature of these common and economically significant animals. These results provide a novel view of the gastropod mantle cavity as a dynamic space filled by the gills, which divide the mantle cavity into distinct incurrent and excurrent chambers and produce a laminar flow of water through the cavity. J. Morphol., 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Endoscopy of gastropods: A novel view of the mantle cavities and gills of the keyhole limpet XXXX and the abalone Haliotis rufescens.

entities_list: @entity71540 :: ('54989', 'Species') :: ['Diodora aspera', 'D. aspera']

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['fragile structures']

answer: @entity71540 :: (54989,Species) :: ['Diodora aspera']


abstract: A microemulsion liquid chromatographic (MELC) method was developed for the determination of @entity1875 in @entity1 plasma. The assay was performed on a Hypersil BDS @entity6173 column, and the effects of each component in the microemulsion mobile phase on the elution were investigated. The optimized microemulsion mobile phase consisted of 0.5% @entity1543 containing 3.0% @entity3208 , 0.8% @entity32045 , 6.0% @entity10439 . The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the separation was operated at ambient temperature. The fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths were 274 nm and 312 nm, respectively. The plasma samples were diluted with the mobile phase and centrifuged before injection. The calibration curve of @entity1875 was linear within the range of 0.25 - 10 microg/mL. The method recoveries were (98.2 +/- 1.9)% - (104.6 +/- 2.2)%. The intra-day @entity5494 ( @entity5494 ) of peak area were 1.42% -2.43%, and the inter-day @entity5494 were 2.75% - 4.79%. The method is simple and reproducible. It can be used for the determination of @entity1875 in @entity1 plasma.

title: [Determination of @entity1875 in XXXX plasma by microemulsion liquid chromatography].

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecylsulfate']

entities_list: @entity5494 :: ('MESH:D010262', 'Disease') :: ['relative standard deviations', 'RSDs']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The cell surface location of the @entity5787 was studied by immunoelectron microscopy. Isolated, open @entity1 thyroid follicles were incubated with @entity1 sera containing high titers of microsomal autoantibodies. Cell surface-bound antibodies were detected by the immunogold technique using IgG-coated colloidal gold particles (10 or 15 nm). Immunocytochemical incubations were performed at 4 degrees C. Gold particles were concentrated at the apical cell surface of the follicle cells, while the basolateral cell surface was almost completely unlabelled. Quantitative evaluation of four experiments with follicle cells prepared from different @entity1 showed that about 90% of the gold particles at the apical cell surface was associated with microvilli and that the concentration of gold particles at the microvillus membrane was, although with great intercellular variation, several times higher than that at smooth portions of the apical plasma membrane. This suggests that the microsomal antigen is organized in microdomains in the apical plasma membrane. In follicles labelled immunocytochemically at 4 degrees C and then incubated at 37 degrees C, gold particles were slowly internalized. The particles appeared in smooth and coated pits of the apical plasma membrane as well as in vesicles, vacuoles and lysosomes in the apical part of the cytoplasm. Membranes of TSH-induced pseudopods were always unlabelled. Our observations indicate that @entity5787 immunoreactivity is present in the apical but not in the basolateral plasma membrane. The antigen with bound antibodies is internalized by micropinocytosis but not by macropinocytosis. The selective location of bound microsomal antibodies at the apical plasma membrane and their absence from the membrane of TSH-induced pseudopods are compatible with the idea that the microsomal antigen and @entity5787 are identical.

title: Immunoelectron microscopic studies on the cell surface location of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5787 :: ('7173', 'Gene') :: ['thyroperoxidase', 'thyroid microsomal antigen']

answer: @entity5787 :: (7173,Gene) :: ['thyroid microsomal antigen']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: This study examines the significance (between-groups comparisons) and frequency (within-group analyses) of deficits in @entity245 ( @entity245 , mainly deficits in decoding and phonemic awareness), @entity10870 ( @entity10870 , mainly deficits in listening comprehension), or both (mainly deficits in phonological short-term memory [STM]). @entity1 included two groups of @entity1 who had received a diagnosis of either @entity10870 (N=15) or @entity245 (N=15). For the between-groups comparison, the groups were matched pairwise on nonverbal IQ to 30 chronological age controls (CAC) and 30 reading level controls (RLC). For the within-group analyses, the @entity1 were compared to 91 CACs and 63 RLCs. We developed tasks not used for the diagnoses to assess phonological skills (decoding, phonemic awareness, phonological STM) and @entity7687 (listening and reading comprehension). @entity10870 @entity1 scored lower than both @entity245 @entity1 and RLCs on tasks assessing listening and reading comprehension, and lower than RLCs on phonological STM and phonemic awareness. Within-group comparisons showed that a higher proportion of @entity10870 than @entity245 @entity1 presented severe deficits in the same four domains. The opposite pattern was found for decoding skills (7 @entity10870 @entity1 with a severe deficit, versus 13 in the @entity245 group). These findings are discussed in the light of models explaining the overlap between @entity10870 and @entity245 . They highlight the need to assess both phonological and @entity7687 in @entity10870 and @entity245 @entity1 , using both between- and within-groups designs.

title: Specific language impairment and XXXX : What are the boundaries? Data from Greek @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['DD', 'developmental dyslexia']

entities_list: @entity10870 :: ('OMIM:606712', 'Disease') :: ['specific language impairment', 'SLI']

entities_list: @entity7687 :: ('MESH:D001184', 'Disease') :: ['non-phonological skills']

answer: @entity245 :: (MESH:D002658,Disease) :: ['developmental dyslexia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Penetrating @entity299 are high-risk, high-mortality injuries considering the outcomes. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate incision. In general clinical settings, thoracotomy and median sternotomy are choices of incisions to explore the injury. In this study, the results of median sternotomy and thoracotomy in penetrating @entity299 were compared. METHODS: Between January 2003 and December 2013, forty @entity1 , who underwent either thoracotomy or median sternotomy for penetrating @entity299 , were retrospectively analyzed, and the collected data were compared. Twenty-six @entity1 underwent thoracotomy (Group 1), and fourteen @entity1 underwent median sternotomy (Group 2). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant gender difference between the groups. However, the mean age in Group 2 was found to be significantly higher than the one in Group 1 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There were no significant survival differences between the groups in the long term. Incision choice should be determined considering the site of injury and whether there is an accompanying @entity651 or not. On the other hand, thoracotomy has some draw backs compared to median sternotomy.

title: Choice of incision in penetrating XXXX : Which one must we prefer: Thoracotomy or sternotomy?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary injury']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury', 'cardiac injuries']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac injuries']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objective of this work was the study of in vivo dosimetry performed in a series of 54 @entity1 receiving @entity348 ( @entity348 ) at the Salah-Azaiz Institute of Tunis since 2004. In vivo dosimetry measurements were compared to analytically calculated doses from monitor units delivered. @entity1 AND METHOD: The irradiation was conducted by a linear accelerator (Clinac 1800, Varian, Palo Alto, USA) using nominal X-rays energies of 6 MV and 18 MV, depending on the thickness of the @entity1 at the abdomen. The dose was measured by semi-conductors p-type EPD-20. These diodes were calibrated in advance with an ionization chamber "PTW Farmer" type of 0.6cm(3) and were placed on the surface of plexiglas phantom in the same @entity348 conditions. A study of dosimetric characteristics of semi-conductors EPD-20 was carried out as a function of beam direction and temperature. Afterwards, we conducted a comparative analysis of doses measured using these detectors during irradiation to those calculated retrospectively from monitor units delivered to each @entity1 conditioned by @entity348 . RESULTS: Experience showed that semi-conductors are sensitive to the angle of beam radiation (0-90 degrees ) and the temperature (22-40 degrees C). The maximum variation is respectively 5 and 7%, but in our irradiation conditions these correction factors are less than 1%. The analysis of the results of the in vivo dosimetry had shown that the ratio of the average measured doses and analytically calculated doses at the abdomen, mediastina, right lung and head are 1.005, 1.007, 1.0135 and 1.008 with a standard deviation "type A" respectively of 3.04, 2.37, 7.09 et 4.15%. CONCLUSION: In vivo dosimetry by semi-conductors is in perfect agreement with dosimetry by calculation. However, in vivo dosimetry using semiconductors is the only technique that can reflect the dose actually received instantly by the @entity1 during @entity348 given the many factors that calculation can not take into account: @entity1 and organs motions and the heterogeneity of the targets.

title: [In vivo dosimetry study of semi-conductors EPD-20 in XXXX technique].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body irradiation']

answer: @entity348 :: (MESH:C535338,Disease) :: ['total body irradiation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity101 and @entity6 , key risk factors for @entity65 , are significant health problems globally. As @entity65 is one of the leading causes of mortality in Mongolia since 2000, clinical guidelines on arterial @entity101 and @entity6 were developed and implemented in 2011. This paper explores the barriers and enablers influencing the implementation of these guidelines in the primary care setting. METHODS: A phenomenological qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was conducted to explore the implementation of the @entity6 and @entity101 guidelines at the primary care level, as well as to gain insight into how practitioners view the usability and practicality of the guidelines. Ten family health centres were randomly chosen from a list of all the family health centres (n   =   136) located in Ulaanbaatar City. In each centre, a focus group discussion with nurses (n   =   20) and individual interviews with practice doctors (n   =   10) and practice managers (n   =   10) were conducted. Data was analysed using a thematic approach utilising the Theoretical Domains Framework. RESULTS: The majority of the study @entity1 reported being aware of the guidelines and that they had incorporated them into their daily practice. They also reported having attended guideline training sessions which were focused on practice skill development. The majority of @entity1 expressed satisfaction with the wide range of resources that had been supplied to them by the Mongolian Government to assist with the implementation of the guidelines. The resources, supplied from 2011 onwards, included screening devices, equipment for blood tests, medications and educational materials. Other enablers were the @entity1 ' commitment and passion for guideline implementation and their belief in the simplicity and practicality of the guidelines. Primary care providers reported a number of challenges in implementing the guidelines, including frustration caused by increased workload and long waiting times, time constraints, difficulties with conflicting tasks and low @entity1 health literacy. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that @entity6831 and implementation strategies increase the likelihood of successful implementation of new guidelines in low resource primary care settings. It also offers some key lessons that might be carefully considered when other evidence-based clinical guidelines are to be put into effect in low resource settings and elsewhere.

title: Implementation of clinical guidelines on @entity6 and XXXX in urban Mongolia: a qualitative study of primary care providers' perspectives and experiences.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6831 :: ('MESH:D004673', 'Disease') :: ['comprehensive and rigorous dissemination']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Forty-one @entity204 occurred among 1,090 @entity1 with the clinical diagnosis of @entity370 between 1960 and 1977. Thirteen @entity1 died of causes unrelated to @entity370 , whereas @entity204 was related to @entity370 in 28 @entity1 (68%). The most prevalent lesion leading to @entity204 was advanced @entity358 (22/28 @entity1 or 78%) with various late complications: @entity177 , gram-negative @entity55 , @entity364 . The average clinical course among these 22 @entity1 was 10 years from the onset of the disease. The average age at @entity204 was 39 years. @entity1 who died of central nervous system and @entity299 were younger, and their clinical course was shorter. Subclinical @entity370 does not seem to affect life span. Autopsy in 25 @entity1 showed @entity66 in all, including asymptomatic @entity1 and those presenting with clinical manifestations limited to the CNS and the heart. The discrepancy implies difficulty in making the diagnosis, and suggests the need of intensive diagnostic work-up. Improved medical therapy, particularly the control of infections and management of @entity177 , has resulted in a protracted clinical course and a changing pattern of the causes of @entity204 in @entity370 .

title: Mortality in XXXX . A changing pattern of the causes of @entity204 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sarcoid lesions']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonias']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary involvement']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity370 :: (MESH:D012507,Disease) :: ['sarcoidosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess whether eye dominance may change after @entity231 surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective case series. @entity231 surgery candidates were examined prior to surgery for best-corrected visual acuity, eye dominance, and handedness. @entity1 with ocular conditions that may affect visual acuity were excluded from the study. A month following surgery, best-corrected visual acuity and eye dominance examinations were repeated. RESULTS: The study included 33 @entity1 with a mean age of 70.5  9.4 years. Eighteen @entity1 (54.5%) had right eye dominance. Following surgery, seven @entity1 (21.2%) had a change in eye dominance. The change in dominance was linked to improved visual acuity in the operated eye and to a younger age, although with no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: This is the first study reported in the literature to show that ocular dominance is a plastic characteristic following @entity231 surgeries. The results may change the importance given to eye dominance measurement prior to surgeries that rely on this examination, such as monovision surgeries.

title: The effect of XXXX surgery on ocular dominance.

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract', 'Cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: To address the problem of the pathogenesis of @entity3949 , @entity35 were made @entity6 by @entity10835 administration, and sciatic nerves were sampled for electrolyte and water content and levels of selected @entity3363 and intermediates in energy metabolism at 3, 6, and 26 weeks. Significant increases were seen in the nerve content of @entity413 , @entity5121 , and @entity948 . Decreases of @entity8580 were not statistically significant. @entity3776 was increased at all times; @entity4567 was elevated at 6 and 26 weeks. Nerve @entity855 and @entity1734 levels were both increased concomitantly, as was the energy charge. Nerve @entity880 levels increased only at 26 weeks when plasma @entity880 levels were also high. Plasma @entity6178 bodies were elevated throughout the 26-week experimental interval. It is postulated that @entity6178 bodies were being used as alternative metabolic fuels in @entity6 , thereby causing inhibition of @entity2388 oxidation and increased aerobic production of @entity880 . Increased plasma @entity6178 body levels could also inhibit hepatic @entity880 uptake. There was no other evidence for @entity519 / @entity63 . @entity880 : @entity2388 ratios did not differ from control values at any time in these @entity19721 animals. Five major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of @entity3949 : 1) @entity519 / @entity63 , 2) hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia, 3) @entity8580 deficiency, 4) @entity948 and @entity8371 accumulation and osmotic disequilibrium, and 5) nonenzymatic glycation of macromolecules by @entity948 and @entity413 . The data obtained in this study seem to fit best with hypotheses 4 and perhaps 5.

title: Effects of acute, subacute, and chronic XXXX on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in @entity35 sciatic nerve. Relation to mechanisms of peripheral neuropathy.

entities_list: @entity1734 :: ('CHEBI:17287', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocreatine']

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['myo-inositol']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetic nerve']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity5121 :: ('MESH:D013012', 'Chemical') :: ['sorbitol']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity19721 :: ('MESH:D056693', 'Disease') :: ['ketotic hypoinsulinemic']

entities_list: @entity3949 :: ('MESH:D003929', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity4567 :: ('MESH:C029063', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose-1,6-bisphosphate']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate', 'Lactate']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity3776 :: ('MESH:D019298', 'Chemical') :: ['Glucose-6-phosphate']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between @entity3986 in the @entity1577 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-six @entity1 with CDHP were retrospectively included over 14  years. Two radiologists searched for MDCT signs of CDHP (cysts and thickened intestinal wall, inflammatory changes), and @entity854 (Santorini duct dilatation, luminal @entity730 of the @entity1829 ). Other @entity660 (parenchymal @entity730 , main @entity384 ) or bile duct dilatation were also analysed. RESULTS: CDHP was mostly located in the second part of the duodenum (71/76, 93.5  %). Median duodenal wall thickness was 20  mm (range 10-46). There were @entity45 in 86  % (65/76, median   =   3), measuring 2-60  mm. No cysts were identified in four @entity1 (5  %). Inflammatory changes were found in 87  % (66/76). @entity854 were found in 37  % (28/76) and @entity730 without @entity730 in the major papilla were only observed in three @entity1 (4  %). @entity788 and main bile duct dilatation were identified in 78  % (59/76) and 38  % (29/76). CONCLUSION: Previously described CT features were seen in most @entity1 with CDHP. However, @entity854 were seen in a minority of @entity1 and, therefore, do not seem to be a predisposing factor for CDHP. KEY POINTS:     Imaging features suggesting a CDHP diagnosis are confirmed in a large series.     @entity854 do not seem to be a predisposing factor for CDHP.     Most @entity1 did not have any isolated @entity854 .

title: Cystic form of @entity788 ( @entity3986 in XXXX (CDHP)): a potential link with @entity854 ? A study in a large series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Abnormalities of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic duct dilatation']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['cystic dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications in the minor papilla', 'calcifications']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Minor papilla abnormalities', 'minor papilla abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['minor papilla']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['multiple cysts']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['heterotopic pancreas (CDHP) and minor papilla abnormalities']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['heterotopic pancreas']


abstract: The antithrombotic efficacy of @entity10099 (Naf) was assessed with the following method: an endothelial cell damage is induced in arteriolar vessels of the hamster cheek pouch by intravascular excitation of @entity941 - @entity8009 -dextran. On these damaged cells, platelets adhere and a stable @entity715 grows. This process progressively obstructs the vessel's aperture and hence reduces blood flow. Blood cell velocity may thus be used to quantitate @entity715 growth. @entity715 growth is assessed before and repetitively after parenteral application of 1, 5 and 20 mg/kg Naf. Efficacy is compared with 10 and 100 mg/kg @entity117 . Naf shows a significant antithrombotic property, beginning with a dosage of 1 mg/kg which further increases relative to the dosage, and the stability of thrombi decreased. The antithrombotic effectiveness of Naf increases continuously during 120 min after application. Vessel diameter and cell velocity were the same in compared groups thus excluding an influence of the vasodilatory property of Naf on @entity715 growth. Sixty min after application, 5 mg/kg Naf was as effective as 10 mg/kg @entity117 .

title: Antithrombotic efficacy and its time course after application of XXXX in vivo.

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity10099 :: ('MESH:D009257', 'Chemical') :: ['naftidrofuryl']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity8009 :: ('MESH:C037152', 'Chemical') :: ['isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'Thrombus']

answer: @entity10099 :: (MESH:D009257,Chemical) :: ['naftidrofuryl']


abstract: Researchers have sought to explain nonadherence to standard medical regimens by investigating a variety of sociodemographic variables, and, less often, by exploring variations between the health perspectives and life circumstances of the individual. While divergence between lay and professional perspectives on the etiology and treatment of @entity102 , such as @entity2175 , may possibly account for the documented low rates of adherence to biomedical recommendations, health beliefs and activities are best understood as connected to an individual's personal history and circumstances. In order to evaluate the relationship between causal explanation of @entity2175 and adherence, ethnographic interviews were conducted among 51 older (65+) @entity1 with @entity6 and their physicians. We chose to investigate adherence to dietary recommendations because it represents one of the most challenging lifestyle modifications and is particularly important to maintaining glycemic control. The interviews involved ethnomedical and food frequency intake questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Results reveal a stronger association between dietary adherence and etiological perspectives on @entity6 than any sociodemographic factors, including ethnicity, education and income or other health belief factors. Informants suggested five categories that they believed were responsible for the onset of their @entity2175 ; poor past dietary practices (n = 22); familial tendency to have @entity6 (n = 10); improper bodily functioning (n = 10); personal risk factors (n = 6); and currently being overweight (n = 3). Analyses indicated that those who implicate former dietary practices, currently being overweight, or having improper bodily functions were more likely to follow a standard recommended diet for individuals with @entity6 . These findings also highlight the attempt by individuals with @entity2175 to create 'stories' of meaning of their @entity6 by linking their current management strategies for @entity2175 with past practices and history. In addition, our results question the utility of the 'biomedical/alternative' labels.

title: Stories of meaning: lay perspectives on the origin and management of @entity2175 among older XXXX in the United States.

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['NIDDM', 'noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: The use of "Energy Drinks" ( @entity457 ) is increasing in India. Students specially use these drinks to rejuvenate after strenuous exercises or as a stimulant during exam times. The most common ingredient in EDs is @entity5834 and a popular @entity457 available and commonly used is Red Bull, containing 80 mg of @entity5834 in 250 ml bottle. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Red Bull energy drink on Auditory reaction time and @entity2472 . A homogeneous group containing twenty medical students (10 males, 10 females) participated in a crossover study in which they were randomized to supplement with Red Bull (2 mg/kg body weight of @entity5834 ) or isoenergetic isovolumetric noncaffeinated control drink (a combination of Appy Fizz, Cranberry juice and soda) separated by 7 days. @entity2472 ( @entity2472 ) was recorded as the highest of the 3 values of maximal isometric force generated from the dominant hand using hand grip dynamometer (Biopac systems). Auditory reaction time (ART) was the average of 10 values of the time interval between the click sound and response by pressing the push button using hand held switch (Biopac systems). The energy and control drinks after one hour of consumption significantly reduced the Auditory reaction time in males ( @entity457 232    59 Vs 204    34 s and Control 223    57 Vs 210    51 s; p < 0.05) as well as in females ( @entity457 227    56 Vs 214    48 s and Control 224    45 Vs 215    36 s; p < 0.05) but had no effect on @entity2472 in either sex (males @entity457 381    37 Vs 371    36 and Control 375    61 Vs 363    36 Newton, females @entity457 227    23 Vs 227    32 and Control 234    46 Vs 228    37 Newton). When compared across the gender groups, there was no significant difference between males and females in the effects of any of the drinks on the ART but there was an overall significantly lower @entity2472 in females compared to males. Both energy drink and the control drink significantly improve the reaction time but may not have any effect on muscular performance. Energy drink per se is no better than control drink, which may indicate that there is no role of @entity5834 in the beneficial effect seen after the drinks.

title: Effect of red bull energy drink on auditory reaction time and maximal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['MVC', 'Maximal voluntary contraction']

answer: @entity2472 :: (MESH:C536214,Disease) :: ['voluntary contraction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ) are environmental pollutants ubiquitously distributed. They are generated by incomplete combustion of organic materials such as wood or fossil fuels. Due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic effects and to their wide distribution in the environment, these pollutants pose many concerns to researchers and regulators. In our laboratories we investigated the effect of @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) exposure in the marine diatom @entity30860 , which has become an important model organism in aquatic toxicology studies. RESULTS: In order to investigate the mechanism of action of @entity2556 , we exposed the diatoms for 24 h to 36.45  g/L of @entity3015 which inhibits the growth by about 30%, and analysed the relative protein expression profile by a quantitative proteomics approach based on iTRAQ labels. The proteomics profile analysis showed that around 10% of the identified proteins were regulated and one fourth of them confirmed the gene expression changes seen by DNA microarray. Particularly interesting was the down regulation of the @entity6619 transporter 1 (SIT1), an enzyme that is responsible for the uptake of @entity6619 from the media into the diatom cells. Regulation of SIT1 upon @entity3015 treatment was also confirmed at the gene expression level. CONCLUSIONS: The potential use of the regulated proteins found in this study as early indicators of environmental exposure to @entity2556 is discussed. In particular, SIT1 is considered a promising biomarker and SIT1 expression changes were confirmed also when the diatoms were exposed to field samples, e.g. marine surface sediments contaminated by @entity2556 .

title: Proteomic analysis of the marine diatom XXXX upon exposure to @entity3014 .

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity30860 :: ('35128', 'Species') :: ['Thalassiosira pseudonana']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo(a)pyrene']

entities_list: @entity6619 :: ('MESH:D012825', 'Chemical') :: ['silicon', 'Silicon']

answer: @entity30860 :: (35128,Species) :: ['Thalassiosira pseudonana']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The role of static posturography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying @entity1 at high risk of falls was investigated. Relationships between static posturography measures and MRI metrics were also investigated. METHODS: A total of 31 ambulatory @entity15 @entity1 (EDSS ranging from 2.0 to 5.0) with a @entity74 were recruited. Each @entity1 underwent a static posturography with a monoaxial platform and a conventional 1.5 T brain MRI scan. Measurements of T1-hypointense and T2-hyperintense lesion volumes (LVs), focusing on lesions selectively located at infratentorial levels, were performed by two operators unaware of clinical data. The self-reported number of falls in the previous 6 months was considered as the main outcome measure. RESULTS: Fourteen (45%) @entity1 reported 1 or more falls over the past 6 months. When compared to non-faller @entity1 , they had a higher EDSS score, poorer static standing balance, and greater brainstem and @entity76 ( @entity76 ) T2-LVs. A strength correlation between brainstem T2-LV and impaired static standing balance in an @entity2194 was also found. In the multivariate analysis, the variables more strictly associated with recurrent falls were greater T2-LV at the @entity76 (beta: 6.2; p=0.01) and brainstem (beta: 5.8; p=0.001) levels, and a wider displacement of the body center of pressure in the @entity2194 (beta: 0.02; p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that the damage of specific infratentorial areas negatively affect the static standing balance and may predispose @entity15 @entity1 to @entity2332 . These findings might contribute in selecting @entity1 requiring a proper rehabilitation intervention program.

title: The relationship between infratentorial lesions, balance deficit and XXXX in @entity15 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['closed eye condition', 'open eye condition']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['MCP', 'middle cerebellar peduncle']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['predominant balance disorder']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['accidental falls']

answer: @entity2332 :: (MESH:D007035,Disease) :: ['accidental falls']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Increased immune sensitivity to dietary gluten proteins has been reported in @entity161 but has not been studied in @entity162 . In this study, we examine the levels of antibody reactivity to gliadin, deamidated gliadin, and @entity8265 ( @entity8265 ) in individuals with @entity162 and compare these levels to those in individuals who do not have any history of @entity146 . METHODS: The sample of 275 individuals included 102 with @entity162 and 173 controls without a @entity146 . Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to gliadin and @entity8265 and IgG antibodies to deamidated gliadin were measured by enzyme immunoassay. @entity1 ' levels of antibodies to deamidated gliadin and @entity8265 were classified based on the cutoffs for positivity that are predictive of @entity1593 . Quantitative levels of antibodies were compared between groups employing regression models which were controlled for demographic variables. RESULTS: Individuals with @entity162 had increased levels of IgG antibodies to gliadin compared with controls in multivariate analyses. We also found evidence of increased levels of antibodies to deamidated gliadin in the @entity162 population. The levels of IgA class antigliadin antibodies and antibodies to @entity8265 did not differ significantly between groups. There was also not a significant difference between groups in the number of @entity1 who were classified as having levels of antibodies to deamidated gliadin or @entity8265 that are predictive of @entity1593 . CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with @entity162 have increased levels of IgG antibodies to gliadin. However, such antibody increase is not accompanied by an elevation in IgA antibodies to gliadin or the @entity1593 -associated antibodies against deamidated gliadin and @entity8265 . These results warrant further detailed examination of the molecular specificity and pattern of reactivity of the antibody response to gluten antigens in @entity162 .

title: Markers of @entity1593 and XXXX in @entity162 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac disease']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity8265 :: ('7052', 'Gene') :: ['tissue transglutaminase', 'tTG']

answer: @entity1593 :: (MESH:D002446,Disease) :: ['celiac disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Hybrid imaging techniques can provide functional and anatomical information about sentinel lymph nodes in @entity0 . Our aim in this study was to evaluate which imaging parameters on hybrid sentinel lymphoscintigraphy predicted metastatic involvement of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in @entity1 with @entity0 . METHODS: Among 56 @entity1 who underwent conventional sentinel lymphoscintigraphy, 45 @entity1 (age, 53.1        9.5  years) underwent hybrid sentinel lymphoscintigraphy using a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) gamma camera. On hybrid SPECT/CT images, we compared the shape and size (long-to-short axis [L/S] ratio) of the @entity4298 , and @entity4298 /periareolar injection site (S/P) count ratio between metastatic and non-metastatic SLNs. Metastatic involvement of sentinel lymph nodes was confirmed by pathological biopsy. RESULTS: Pathological biopsy revealed that 21 @entity1 (46.7  %) had metastatic SLNs, while 24 (53.3  %) had non-metastatic SLNs. In the 21 @entity1 with metastatic SLNs, the @entity4298 was mostly round (57.1  %) or had an eccentric cortical rim (38.1  %). Of 24 @entity1 with non-metastatic SLNs, 13 @entity1 (54.1  %) had an @entity4298 with a C-shape rim or eccentric cortex. L/S ratio was 2.04 for metastatic SLNs and 2.38 for non-metastatic SLNs. Seven (33  %) @entity1 had T1 @entity5 and 14 (66  %) had T2 @entity5 in the metastatic @entity4298 group. In contrast, 18 (75  %) @entity1 had T1 @entity5 and six (25  %) had T2 @entity5 in the non-metastatic @entity4298 group. S/P count ratio was significantly lower in the metastatic @entity4298 group than the non-metastatic @entity4298 group for those @entity1 with a T1 @entity5 (p   =   0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid SPECT/CT offers the physiologic data of SPECT together with the anatomic data of CT in a single image. This hybrid imaging improved the anatomic localization of SLNs in @entity0 @entity1 and predicted the metastatic involvement of SLNs in the subgroup of @entity0 @entity1 with T1 @entity5 .

title: The clinical value of hybrid sentinel lymphoscintigraphy to predict metastatic sentinel lymph nodes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed which was specific and sensitive in detecting antibodies to @entity30953 in @entity221 ( @entity221 ). The ELISA antibody titers were correlated with the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titers. @entity30953 propagated in @entity1 histiocyte culture was purified on renografin gradient and the band of the organisms at a density of 1.182 g/ml was used as antigen. ELISA antibody titers were determined through computer assisted analysis, the observed antibody titers were derived by serial serum dilutions and using a resultant standard curve the predicted antibody titers were obtained from a single serum dilution. The standard curve had a correlation coefficient of 0.8975. The observed and predicted antibody titers were in good agreement, as the respective titers fell within a two-fold range. There was a good correlation between ELISA and IFA test results, but the ELISA titers were several times higher. In experimental infections of @entity1641 produced with the infected @entity1641 whole blood and the Ehrlichia infected macrophage culture, the antibodies were first detected in two weeks and one week postinoculation (PI), respectively. In both cases the titers reached a peak in about 4 weeks PI with a mean titer of 1:16558 and 1:4030, respectively. The antibody titers of the convalescent sera of field cases of @entity221 were comparatively lower than the experimentally infected @entity1641 .

title: Detection of serum antibodies against XXXX in @entity221 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

entities_list: @entity30953 :: ('950', 'Species') :: ['E. risticii', 'Ehrlichia risticii']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['PHF', 'Potomac horse fever']

answer: @entity30953 :: (950,Species) :: ['Ehrlichia risticii']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Half of all @entity204 in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ) arise from cardiovascular causes. @entity712 ( @entity712 ) is specifically more frequent with @entity740 . Cardiovascular therapies with proven benefit are often withheld from @entity1 with @entity8 for fear of adverse events. The renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAAS) has been implicated as an important maladaptive neurohormonal pathway in @entity712 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to suppress it ineffectively. Current guidelines support the use of @entity1482 for more comprehensive suppression of the RAAS in @entity712 @entity1 . Most supporting trials have however excluded @entity1 with @entity8 resulting in a dearth of data to support use of @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 with @entity712 . Several small studies that prospectively interrogated the benefits of augmented RAAS blockade with @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 have shown improvement in predictors of @entity65 . More recently, improved mortality outcomes were demonstrated with the use of @entity1482 in hemodialysis @entity1 . Although reduction in glomerular filtration rate and @entity4144 are potential adverse effects with its use, the available evidence suggests that it is uncommon and serious consequences can be avoided with close monitoring. Studies investigating the optimal @entity1482 dosage in such a setting recommend starting with a low dose and careful uptitration. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive insight into the issues associated with the use of @entity1482 in the setting of concomitant @entity712 and @entity740 .

title: @entity712 and @entity740 : Should We Use XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease', 'renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Congestive heart failure', 'heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemia']

answer: @entity1482 :: (MESH:D013148,Chemical) :: ['Spironolactone']


abstract: @entity2 is the most common @entity5 worldwide. MicroRNA has become an ideal biomarker for @entity5 diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The relationship between microRNA-141 and @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) is contradictory. Thus, in current study, we aimed to investigate the level of microRNA-141 in @entity1149 tissues and to evaluate its potential clinical value. This study enrolled 125 @entity1149 @entity1 (75 males and 50 females) with a median age of 61 years (range, 23-90 years). @entity1149 @entity1 included 23 @entity957 ( @entity957 ), 101 @entity420 ( @entity420 ) and 1 large cell @entity189 . The expression level of microRNA-141 was significantly higher in @entity1149 tissues than in adjacent lung tissues (P < 0.001), detected by real time RT-PCR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) exhibited a moderate diagnostic value of microRNA-141 for @entity1149 with the area under curve of 0.707. The microRNA-141 expression increased with the larger @entity5 size (P = 0.002), lymph node @entity3 (P = 0.018) and advanced stage (P = 0.022) in @entity1149 @entity1 . For subgroup analysis, microRNA-141 expression in SCC was correlated with @entity5 size (r = 0.490, P = 0.018), and in ADC, microRNA-141 level was positively associated with @entity5 size (r = 0.222, P = 0.026), lymph node @entity3 (r = 0.242, P = 0.015) and TNM stage (r = 0.210, P = 0.035). Furthermore, univariate analysis revealed that the expression of microRNA-141 was an independent prognostic indicator of ADC. In conclusion, microRNA-141 is a potential biomarker for the molecular diagnosis and risk stratification of @entity1149 .

title: MicroRNA-141 Is a Biomarker for Progression of XXXX and Adenocarcinoma of the Lung: Clinical Analysis of 125 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['SCCs', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'ADCs']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['Squamous Cell Carcinoma']