abstract: PET has been used to monitor changes in @entity5 metabolism in @entity0 following hormonal therapy. This study was undertaken to determine whether PET imaging could evaluate early metabolic changes in @entity263 following @entity342 ablation therapy. Studies were performed comparing two positron-emitting tracers, @entity419 and @entity18808 , in Sprague-Dawley male @entity35 to monitor metabolic changes in normal prostate tissue. Additional studies were performed in @entity19 bearing the CWR22 @entity342 -dependent @entity1 @entity263 to evaluate metabolic changes in @entity263 . In @entity35 , for the @entity342 ablation pretreatment, 1 mg @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) was injected subcutaneously 3 and 24 hours before tracer injection. For @entity342 pretreatment, 500 microg @entity586 ( @entity587 ) was injected intraperitoneally 2 and 6 hours before tracer injection. The @entity35 were divided into three groups, Group A (no- @entity4743 , no- @entity587 , n = 18), Group B ( @entity4743 , no- @entity587 , n = 18) and Group C ( @entity4743 , @entity587 , n = 18). In each group, 10 animals received @entity419 , whereas the remaining eight animals were administered @entity18808 . @entity35 were sacrificed at 120 min post-injection of @entity419 or 30 min post-injection of @entity18808 . Pretreatment of the @entity19 model using @entity587 (200 microg of @entity587 in 0.1 mL of sunflower seed oil) or @entity4743 (200 microg of @entity4743 in 0.1 mL of sunflower seed oil) was conducted every 2 days for one week. @entity19 were imaged with both tracers in the microPET scanner (Concorde Microsystems Inc.). @entity4743 treatment caused a decrease in @entity598 and @entity413 metabolism in the @entity35 prostate. Co-treatment with @entity587 maintained the @entity413 metabolism levels at baseline values. In the @entity5 bearing @entity19 , similar effects were seen in @entity419 study, while there was no significant difference in @entity18808 uptake. These results indicate that changes in serum @entity251 levels influence @entity419 uptake in the prostate gland, which is closely tied to @entity413 metabolism, within 24 hours of treatment and in the @entity263 within 1 week. These early metabolic changes could enable monitoring metabolic changes in @entity263 following treatment by imaging using @entity419 PET. Further studies are needed to clarify the reason for the insensitivity of @entity18808 for measuring metabolic change in @entity263 .

title: MicroPET assessment of androgenic control of @entity413 and XXXX uptake in the @entity35 prostate and a prostate cancer @entity5 model.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate tumor']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity598 :: (CHEBI:47622,Chemical) :: ['acetate']


abstract: The pharmacokinetics of @entity1232 ( @entity8576 ) have been studied in @entity1707 . They were studied following i.v. administration of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, and following oral doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of @entity8576 . Following a bolus i.v. dose, the concentration of @entity8576 in blood declined biphasically with a mean distribution half-life of 7 min and a mean elimination half-life of 28 min. The areas under the blood concentration versus time curves (AUC) were roughly proportional to dose indicating that the pharmacokinetics in this dose range were first order. The mean systemic clearance from blood was 65.8 ml/min/kg, the steady-state volume of distribution was 1.4 l/kg, and the mean residence time was 20 min. Following the oral doses, the AUC and peak concentration in blood were not proportional to the dose. It is likely that the pharmacokinetics at the lower dose were first order, but at the higher dose the pharmacokinetics were no longer first order because metabolism was saturated. The bioavailability of the 1.0 mg/kg dose was 67%. Since the clearance was probably due to metabolism and the clearance from blood exceeded hepatic blood flow, the high bioavailability suggests that extrahepatic metabolism plays an important role in the systemic clearance of @entity8576 in @entity1707 .

title: Pharmacokinetics of XXXX in @entity1707 .

entities_list: @entity1232 :: ('MESH:D004128', 'Chemical') :: ['N-nitrosodimethylamine']

answer: @entity1232 :: (MESH:D004128,Chemical) :: ['N-nitrosodimethylamine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to define the incidence of @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) after endovascular treatment of @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ). Because aortic endograft placement requires prolonged femoral vessel instrumentation, it may be hypothesized that these @entity1 are at increased risk for development of an acute @entity1150 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty consecutive @entity1 (42 @entity1 , eight @entity1 ) ranging in age from 48 to 85 years (mean, 72 years) underwent endovascular treatment of an AAA from January 2000 to August 2001. Clinical examination and bilateral lower extremity duplex ultrasonography for @entity1150 were performed on the first postoperative day and at the 1-month follow-up visit. No @entity1 had a prior @entity1150 or identifiable @entity49 state. Seven @entity1 (14%) had concurrent @entity5 . Preoperative antiplatelet agents were administered in 26 @entity1 (52%), and nine (18%) were on @entity1229 therapy before surgery. No new @entity1150 prophylaxis was initiated perioperatively. Epidural anesthesia was used in 60% of the @entity1 , with general endotracheal anesthesia used in the remainder. Risk factors for @entity1150 were evaluated with univariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: Three @entity1 (6%) had an @entity1150 develop. Two occurred in the femoral veins, and one occurred in the popliteal vein. Of these @entity1 , one had been continued on perioperative anticoagulation therapy, and the remaining two were started on low-molecular weight heparin and @entity1229 therapy on recognition of the @entity1150 . One @entity1 had an intraoperative injury of the affected common femoral vein, and this individual was the only one to have clinical signs of a @entity1150 . The mean follow-up period was 8 +/- 0.8 months. In this experience, factors that may have placed @entity1 at increased risk for an acute @entity1150 were not identified. CONCLUSION: Six percent of @entity1 undergoing endovascular repair of @entity1028 had postoperative @entity1150 develop. These @entity1 had a number of risk factors for the development of a @entity1150 ; however, no specific factor was identified that predisposed to @entity1150 .

title: Endovascular treatment of XXXX is associated with a low incidence of @entity1150 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulable']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['acute deep venous thrombosis', 'acute postoperative DVT', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAAs']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin sodium']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: @entity662 in the athlete has a wide differential diagnosis. @entity158 may originate from structures within the thorax, such as the heart, lungs or oesophagus. However, musculoskeletal causes of @entity662 must be considered. The aim of this review is to help the clinician to diagnose chest wall @entity158 in @entity2587 by identifying the possible causes, as reported in the literature. Musculoskeletal problems of the chest wall can occur in the ribs, sternum, articulations or @entity2383 . The cause is usually evident in the case of direct trauma. Additionally, @entity2587 ' bodies may be subjected to sudden large indirect forces or overuse, and stress fractures of the ribs caused by sporting activity have been extensively reported. These have been associated with golf, rowing and baseball pitching in particular. @entity1642 of the sternum reported in wrestlers cause @entity158 and tenderness of the sternum, as expected. Diagnosis is by bone scan and limitation of activity usually allows healing to occur. The @entity17339 causes intermittent @entity158 related to posture or movement, and may be diagnosed by the 'hooking manoeuvre', which reproduces @entity158 and sometimes a click. If reassurance and postural advice fail, good results are possible with resection of the mobile rib. The @entity158 is a rare condition that causes @entity158 and tenderness of the xiphoid and is self-limiting. Costochondritis is a self-limiting condition of unknown aetiology that typically presents with @entity158 around the second to fifth @entity2720 . It can be differentiated from @entity12391 in which there is swelling and @entity158 . Both conditions eventually settle spontaneously although a corticosteroid injection may be useful in particularly troublesome cases. The intercostal muscles may be injured causing tenderness between the ribs. Other conditions that should be considered include @entity6696 , precordial catch syndrome and @entity158 from the thoracic spine.

title: Musculoskeletal problems of the chest wall in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['Chest pain', 'chest pain']

entities_list: @entity12391 :: ('MESH:D013991', 'Disease') :: ["Tietze's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'referred pain', 'pain of the articulation', 'pain', 'costal margin pain', 'painful xiphoid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['costochondral joints']

entities_list: @entity6696 :: ('MESH:D011000', 'Disease') :: ['epidemic myalgia']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['Stress fractures']

entities_list: @entity17339 :: ('MESH:C537613', 'Disease') :: ['slipping rib syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['myofascial structures']

answer: @entity2587 :: (MESH:D001265,Disease) :: ['athletes']


abstract: The neutral proteinase elastase is released from polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in various physiological and pathological conditions. Aim of the present study was to gain further insight into the mechanisms which govern the liberation of this proteinase. Therefore, the effects of the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 and of the protein kinase C activator @entity4514 ( @entity4515 ) on neutrophils were investigated in @entity1 whole-blood samples. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the @entity460 channel blocker @entity1855 and of the calmodulin blocker @entity6105 were followed. @entity3365 induced a release of elastase from neutrophils in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Complexation of extracellular @entity460 by @entity11890 ( @entity1098 ) completely abolished the stimulatory effect of @entity3365 . In a concentration of 10(-4) M @entity1855 was capable of attenuating (-49%) the @entity3365 -induced secretion of @entity11891 . Besides the increase in intracellular @entity460 concentration, the activation of protein kinase C by @entity4515 did also cause a release of neutrophil elastase. This release was strictly depending on the concentration of @entity4515 and the time of incubation. In contrast to the stimulatory effect of @entity3365 , the @entity4515 -induced liberation of neutrophil elastase was attenuated, but not completely abolished, by complexation of extracellular @entity460 with @entity1098 . Both 10(-4) M @entity1855 (-43%) and 10(-5) M @entity6105 (-42%) were able to reduce the @entity4515 -induced release of neutrophil elastase. Based upon these data, we conclude that both the translocation of @entity460 intracellularly by @entity3365 and the activation of protein kinase C by @entity4515 stimulate the release of neutrophil elastase. @entity1855 and @entity6105 were capable of suppressing the stimulation of elastase release.

title: Stimulation and inhibition of elastase release from XXXX neutrophil-dependence on the @entity460 messenger system.

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil', 'Verapamil']

entities_list: @entity6105 :: ('MESH:D014268', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluoperazine']

entities_list: @entity11890 :: ('CHEBI:42191', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylenediamine tetraacetate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol myristate acetate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the differential CT features of gastric @entity5 ( @entity5 ) from well-differentiated NETs (WD-NETs) and @entity356 ( @entity420 ) and to suggest differential features of hepatic metastases from gastric NETs and @entity420 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study population was comprised of 36 @entity1 with gastric NETs (18 WD-NETs, 18 @entity5 ) and 38 @entity1 with gastric @entity420 who served as our control group. Multiple CT features were assessed to identify significant differential CT findings of @entity5 from WD-NETs and @entity420 . In addition, CT features of hepatic metastases including the metastasis-to-liver ratio were analyzed to differentiate metastatic NETs from @entity420 . RESULTS: The presence of metastatic lymph nodes was the sole differentiator of @entity5 from WD-NETs (P   =   .001, odds ratio   =   56.67), while the presence of intact overlying mucosa with mucosal tenting was the sole significant CT feature differentiating @entity5 from @entity420 (P   =   .047, odds ratio   =   15.3) For hepatic metastases, metastases from NETs were more hyper-attenuated than those from @entity420 . CONCLUSION: The presence of metastatic LNs and intact overlying mucosa with mucosal tenting are useful CT discriminators of @entity5 from WD-NETs and @entity420 , respectively. In addition, a higher metastasis-to-liver ratio may help differentiate hepatic metastases of gastric NETs from those of gastric @entity420 with high accuracy. KEY POINTS:     Presence of metastatic LNs is a useful differentiator of @entity5 from WD-NETs.     Intact overlying mucosa with mucosal tenting suggests @entity5 more than gastric @entity420 .     Metastatic LNs are larger in size and greater in necrotic volume in @entity5 .     Hepatic metastases from gastric NETs are more hyper-attenuated than those from @entity420 .

title: CT differentiation of poorly-differentiated @entity5 from well-differentiated XXXX and @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours', 'PD-NETs']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neuroendocrine tumours']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity1569 have significant impairment in their quality of life (QoL). Several @entity1 -completed instruments are available to measure outcome in dermatological conditions but these primarily focus on severity of disease rather than on QoL. OBJECTIVES: To develop a new instrument specifically designed to measure QoL in @entity1569 -the Psoriasis Index of Quality of Life (PSORIQoL). METHODS: The content of the instrument was derived from qualitative interviews with 62 @entity1569 @entity1 in the U.K., Italy and the Netherlands. Content analysis of the interview transcripts from the three countries identified potential items for the questionnaire. All further stages of the project were conducted in the U.K. only. Face and content validity were determined by means of a focus group held with seven @entity1569 @entity1 and face-to-face interviews with a further 21 @entity1 . A new draft version of the PSORIQoL, together with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the General Well-Being Index (GWBI), were completed by a new sample of @entity1569 @entity1 contacted by mail, in order to determine construct validity. A subsample of the respondents completed a similar package 2 weeks later, to assess reproducibility (reliability). RESULTS: The first version of the PSORIQoL consisted of 61 items covering the needs identified in the interviews as having been affected by @entity1569 or its treatment. These included fear of negative reactions from others, self-consciousness and poor self-confidence, problems with socialization, physical contact and intimacy, limitations on personal freedom and impaired relaxation, sleep and emotional stability. Following the focus group and field-test interviews, a new draft measure consisting of 45 items was completed by 148 @entity1 , 88 of whom completed and returned a similar package 2 weeks later. Application of Rasch analysis identified a final 25-item version of the PSORIQoL. This version had a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.89, indicating good reproducibility. The levels of association with the DLQI and PGWB indicated that the PSORIQoL measures a related but distinct construct. CONCLUSIONS: The PSORIQoL appears to be a practical, reliable and valid instrument for measuring the impact of @entity1569 on QoL. It remains necessary to establish the instrument's responsiveness to changes in QoL associated with treatment.

title: Development of the PSORIQoL, a XXXX -specific measure of quality of life designed for use in clinical practice and trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

answer: @entity1569 :: (MESH:D011565,Disease) :: ['psoriasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1781 is characterized by @entity1018 following facial @entity130 leading to variable @entity227 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate recent institutional trends in the treatment of @entity1781 , evaluate the outcomes of different treatment strategies, and identify factors associated with improved vision. METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained to retrospectively review @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1781 at a high-volume @entity130 center from 2004 to 2012. Pretreatment and posttreatment visual acuity was compared using quantitative analysis of standard ophthalmologic conversion. RESULTS: A total of 109 @entity1 met inclusion criteria (74.3 percent male @entity1 ), with a mean age of 38.0    17.5 years (range, 8 to 82 years). Management of @entity1781 involved intravenous @entity288 alone in 8.3 percent of @entity1 (n = 9), 56.9 percent (n = 62) underwent observation, 28.4 percent (n = 31) had surgical intervention, and 6.4 percent (n = 7) underwent surgery and corticosteroid administration. Only 19.3 percent of @entity1 returned for follow-up. Vision improved in 47.6 percent of @entity1 , with a mean follow-up of 12.9 weeks. @entity1 younger than 50 years had a trend toward higher rates of visual improvement, 60 percent versus 16.7 percent (p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of @entity1781 @entity1 are unlikely to return for a follow-up examination. Optic nerve decompression has fallen out of favor in the authors' institution, and observation is the most common management strategy. Outcomes following @entity228 administration and observation are comparable. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

title: Treatment Outcomes following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['sudden loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deficits']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic optic neuropathy', 'traumatic optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1781 :: (MESH:D009901,Disease) :: ['Traumatic Optic Neuropathy']


abstract: The induction of DNA adducts and @entity652 in the lungs of strain A/J @entity19 has been investigated following the single i.p. administration of each of the following @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ): @entity9435 , @entity9438 , @entity3014 , @entity12685 , @entity71183 , and @entity47541 . DNA adducts were measured by 32P-postlabeling at times between 1 and 21 days following injection, while @entity652 were counted at 240 days after treatment. @entity9435 did not induce either DNA adducts or lung @entity652 at any of the doses examined. Each of the remaining @entity2556 induced both @entity652 and DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, with @entity9438 > @entity71183 > @entity47541 > @entity3014 > @entity12685 . DNA adducts reached maximal levels between 3 and 9 days after injection, followed by a gradual decrease. The time-integrated DNA adduct level (TIDAL) was calculated by numerically integrating the areas under the adduct persistence curves extrapolated to 240 days for each @entity2556 at each dose level. This value represents the effective total molecular dose of @entity2556 that was delivered to the lung DNA over the entire course of tumorigenesis. A strong correlation of @entity652 induction with the TIDAL values was observed for each @entity2556 . The @entity5 versus TIDAL value relationships were essentially identical for @entity71183 , @entity47541 , @entity3014 , and @entity12685 . The slope of this relationship for @entity9438 was markedly greater. The essentially identical induction of @entity652 as a function of TIDAL values for these @entity2556 suggests that the formation and persistence of DNA adducts determines their carcinogenic potency.

title: @entity652 induced by XXXX in strain A/J @entity19 lung correlate with time-integrated DNA adduct levels.

entities_list: @entity12685 :: ('MESH:C006703', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[b]fluoranthene']

entities_list: @entity9438 :: ('MESH:C026486', 'Chemical') :: ['dibenz[a,h]anthracene']

entities_list: @entity71183 :: ('MESH:C008422', 'Chemical') :: ['5-methylchrysene']

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['slopes of the tumors']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity47541 :: ('MESH:C016328', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopenta[cd]pyrene', 'cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity9435 :: ('MESH:C030984', 'Chemical') :: ['Pyrene', 'pyrene']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['lung adenoma', 'adenomas']

answer: @entity2555 :: (MESH:D011084,Chemical) :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Solid-pseudopapillary @entity5 (SPT) of the pancreas is a rare @entity5 , generally characterized by a well-encapsulated mass. The aim of the current study was to analyse the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of @entity1 with SPT. In this study, we report our clinical experience with 16 cases of SPTs. METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 who underwent surgery for pathologically confirmed SPT were included. Data of the @entity1 were reviewed from the prospectively recorded database. @entity1 ' demographics, laboratory values, clinical presentation, radiological imaging findings, surgical treatment, perioperative complications, pathological features, post-operative course, and long-term survival were collected and analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using the computer program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 for Windows. RESULTS: The @entity5 ranged from 2 to 11 cm in diameter and were located in the head in ten @entity1 (62.5%), the neck in two @entity1 (12.5%), and the body or tail in four @entity1 (25%). All @entity1 were @entity1 whose ages ranged from 21 to 79 years (mean age was 41.62    15.08). @entity1 had resection margins free of @entity5 resections and there were no preoperative or postoperative mortalities. There was no recurrence or @entity3 after the surgical resection. All @entity1 were alive at a mean follow-up of 49.06    29.53 months (range 6 to 99). CONCLUSION: SPT is a rare @entity788 with a low malignant potential, and is common in young @entity1 . If SPT is diagnosed before surgery, complete surgical resection, generally enucleation is the most effective therapy for SPT.

title: Surgical Outcomes of XXXX : A Single Institution's Experience of 16 Cases.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The United States is in the midst of an unprecedented @entity734 . Illicit use of prescription medicine, predominantly opioids, has become one of the nation's fastest-growing drug problems. We have conducted a retrospective review of prescription opioid fatalities in New York City (NYC) prior to the introduction of a 2013 law intended to curtail prescription drug abuse. Over the 2  years of our study, there were 1286 chemical intoxication fatalities in NYC. Of these, 547 (42.5  %) were associated with prescription opioids (6.5/100,000 population). @entity284 was most frequently encountered followed by @entity1288 . Only 36.7  % of decedents had a valid opioid prescription. Of non-opioid medications associated with the prescription opiate @entity204 , @entity1245 were the most frequently encountered (68.4  %), and @entity1401 (35.1  %) was most common. Though prescribers have no control over drug diversion they should be cognizant of the urgent public health concern regarding prescription @entity4784 and associated fatalities and attempt to identify doctor shoppers and limit prescription of these potent drugs to those with a legitimate need for @entity158 control. They also need to be aware of the high incidence of fatalities due to combined opioid and @entity1245 use/abuse and refrain from prescribing them in tandem.

title: Prescription opioid related XXXX in New York City: a 2  year retrospective analysis prior to the introduction of the New York State I-STOP law.

entities_list: @entity1288 :: ('MESH:D010098', 'Chemical') :: ['oxycodone']

entities_list: @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['opioid abuse']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity1401 :: ('MESH:D000525', 'Chemical') :: ['alprazolam']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['Methadone']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug epidemic']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['deaths']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To prevent @entity16978 due to anti-group A antibody perinatal management was performed. BACKGROUND: We previously reported a case of severe @entity932 associated with @entity16978 due to anti-group A isoantibody. MATERIAL/METHODS: A 40-year-old Japanese @entity1 , gravida 4 para 1, was pregnant with her second baby. The previous sibling developed severe @entity882 and died 10   days after birth due to @entity932 . He was diagnosed with @entity16978 ; the causative antibody was found to be the anti-group A antibody. @entity229 was started at 7   weeks' gestational age. Intravenous immunoglobulin 1   g   kg(-1)    week(-1) was started at 29   weeks' gestational age and continued to delivery. Serological studies and genotyping were performed. RESULTS: The second @entity1 was delivered at 33   weeks' gestational age by caesarean section. He was discharged without @entity932 or @entity882 . The anti-group A antibody titre in the maternal serum was 2048-4096 (normal range: 4-64). The anti-group A antibody titre in the newborn's serum was 4. Cross-matching between the maternal serum and the paternal platelets was positive. CONCLUSION: Owing to the history of @entity16978 causing @entity932 and @entity204 of the previous sibling, strict follow-up of the subsequent pregnancy was conducted.

title: Perinatal management of XXXX associated with anti-group A antibody.

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['Prednisone']

entities_list: @entity16978 :: ('MESH:D054098', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia']

answer: @entity16978 :: (MESH:D054098,Disease) :: ['neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia']


abstract: The results of a screening programme for @entity14 in a high risk group using an immunochemical test for blood has been reported recently. This test is known as the faecal @entity1 haemoglobin ( @entity1631 ) test. This paper reports the results of rescreening this group after an interval of 1-2 years. The @entity1631 test was compared with a paper disc method. All individuals with positive tests were investigated and those with negative tests were offered investigation. The results confirm the value of the @entity1631 test in screening a high risk group: 19 individuals in 1,153 @entity1 were found to have a significant @entity5 (1.6%). The predictive value of the test for a significant @entity5 was 42%. A false negative rate of 2.6% was found, all lesions being benign. It appears to be more reliable than the paper disc method but the differences do not reach statistical significance. The @entity1631 test is recommended for screening the general population over the age of 40 years, with rescreening annually.

title: Rescreening of a group at high risk for XXXX using immunochemical tests for faecal occult blood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasia']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with an overexpansion of adipose tissue, along with increases in blood pressure, glycemia, @entity32 , and @entity715 . Research to develop nutritional interventions to prevent or treat @entity28 and its associated diseases is greatly needed. Previously, we demonstrated the ability of @entity7784 ( @entity8393 ) to prevent high-fat (HF) diet-induced @entity28 , insulin resistance, and @entity32 in @entity19 . OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to determine the mechanisms mediating the anti-inflammatory and antilipogenic actions of @entity8393 . METHODS: In a previous study, male C57BL/6J @entity19 were fed a low-fat diet (10% of energy from fat), an HF diet (45% of energy from fat), or an HF diet supplemented with @entity8393 (45% of energy from fat; 36 g/kg @entity8393 ; HF+ @entity8393 ) for 11 wk or an HF diet for 6 wk and then switched to the HF+ @entity8393 diet for 5 wk. In this study, we used histology/immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and metabolomic analyses of white adipose tissue from these @entity19 . In addition, cultured @entity19 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 100  M @entity8393 for 48 h and then used for extracellular flux assays with untreated 3T3-L1 adipocytes used as a control. RESULTS: Compared with the HF diet, the HF+ @entity8393 diet significantly reduced body weight, @entity1386 , adipocyte size, and macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue. No significant differences in overall body weight or fat pad weights were observed between HF-fed @entity19 vs. those fed the HF+ @entity8393 diet for a short time after first inducing @entity28 with the HF diet. Interestingly, both histology and immunohistochemistry results showed a significantly lower mean adipocyte size and macrophage infiltration in @entity19 fed the HF diet and then switched to the HF+ @entity8393 diet vs. those fed HF diets only. This indicated that @entity8393 was able to prevent as well as reverse HF-diet-induced adipocyte @entity32 and @entity1184 and that some of the metabolic effects of @entity8393 were independent of body weight or @entity1386 . In addition, adipose tissue metabolomic data and cultured adipocyte extracellular flux bioenergetic assays indicated that @entity8393 also regulated mitochondrial function by increasing @entity844 oxidation and @entity26 consumption, respectively. CONCLUSION: With the use of @entity19 and cultured adipocytes, we showed that @entity8393 ameliorates HF-diet effects at least in part by increasing @entity26 consumption and @entity844 oxidation and reducing adipocyte size, adipogenesis, and adipose tissue @entity32 , independent of @entity28 .

title: @entity7784 reduces adipocyte @entity1184 and XXXX in diet-induced @entity28 @entity19 in an @entity1386 -independent manner.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7784 :: ('MESH:D015118', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosapentaenoic acid']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adiposity']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: The goal of this study was to determine if high-dose @entity888 treatment altered presynaptic immunoreactivity for the @entity535 neurotransmitters @entity1246 and @entity2227 within the basal ganglia. @entity888 (15 mg/kg every 6 h, four doses) treatment in @entity35 resulted in severe @entity221 and a long-lasting (four weeks) depletion of striatal @entity935 content (>80%). Severe @entity935 loss correlated with a decrease in the density of presynaptic immunolabeling for @entity1246 one week post-drug, and an increase after four weeks. Although no changes were seen in presynaptic striatal @entity2227 immunoreactivity, there was a significant increase in the percentage of @entity2227 -immuno-positive terminals associated with perforated postsynaptic densities. @entity35 given the same dose of @entity888 but prevented from becoming hyperthermic showed less severe @entity935 depletions and a lack of ultrastructural or immunocytochemical changes. In addition, induction of @entity221 in the absence of drug decreased immunolabeling within mitochondria, but had no effect on @entity935 content, morphology or nerve terminal immunoreactivity. Altered presynaptic @entity1246 immunolabeling and terminal size were found in both the striatum and globus pallidus, suggesting that dynamic changes occur in the striatopallidal pathway following @entity888 -induced @entity935 loss. In addition, ultrastructural changes in @entity2227 -positive synapses which have been correlated with increased synaptic activity were found. These results are similar to changes in @entity1246 and @entity2227 synapses that follow nigrostriatal @entity935 loss in @entity2955 -lesioned animals and in @entity191 , and provide the first direct evidence that @entity888 -induced @entity935 loss alters the GABAergic striatopallidal pathway. Exposure to either @entity888 or prolonged @entity590 decreased mitochondrial Immunoreactivity, indicating that @entity221 may contribute to @entity888 @entity137 by affecting energy stores.

title: High-dose @entity888 treatment alters presynaptic XXXX and @entity2227 immunoreactivity.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity888 :: ('MESH:D008694', 'Chemical') :: ['Methamphetamine', 'methamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity590 :: ('MESH:D008305', 'Disease') :: ['hyperpyrexia']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Carotid @entity729 may be related to @entity64 , which may result in @entity204 or physical and mental disabilities in survivors. OBJECTIVES: Our purpose is to study the association of carotid @entity729 (CAC) on dental panoramic radiographs and two risk factors of @entity64 ( @entity64 ) including @entity101 and @entity583 ( @entity583 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Panoramic images of 200 @entity1 that were all @entity1 above 50 years of age (a population suffering from @entity455 ) were investigated. All panoramic images were provided under similar conditions in terms of the type of panoramic radiograph equipment, type of applied films and the automatic film processor. Then, the @entity1 answered questions about @entity583 history and taking antihypertensive drugs. We also measured the blood pressure of @entity1 in two separate surveys. Data analysis was performed by SPSS statistical program. We used Exact Fisher test and Chi-Square test at a significant level of less than 0.05 to study the effect of these variables on the occurrence of carotid @entity729 . RESULTS: Among 200 studied samples, 22 of the @entity1 (11%) had carotid @entity729 on the dental panoramic radiograph. In total, 52 @entity1 (26%) had @entity101 and four @entity1 (2%) had a history of @entity583 . Eleven individuals among @entity1 suffering from @entity101 (21.2%) and three individuals among @entity1 with a history of @entity583 (75%) demonstrated CAC on dental panoramic images . CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between CAC found on dental panoramic radiographs and two @entity64 risk factors-- @entity101 and @entity583 -- was significant. Therefore, it seems that detection of CAC on panoramic images of dental @entity1 must be considered by dentists.

title: Relationship between carotid @entity729 detected in dental panoramic images and @entity101 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular accident', 'CVA']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['artery calcification']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Purpose To assess the sensitivity and specificity for ratios of adrenal vein @entity701 level ( @entity9495 ) to peripheral vein @entity701 level (Cp), adrenal vein @entity1369 level (Aa) to peripheral vein @entity1369 level (Ap), and combined @entity701 and @entity1369 levels ("combined ratio") for the detection of successful adrenal vein catheterization ("selectivity") in adrenal vein sampling (AVS) without @entity4545 (ACTH) injection at different cutoff values. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed consent was waived. AVS was performed in 160 consecutive @entity1 (49 @entity1 and 111 @entity1 ; mean age, 53.6 years) between December 1989 and January 2014. @entity701 and @entity1369 levels were measured in samples from the adrenal veins and left iliac vein every 5 minutes, two times before (basal) and three times after intravenous cosyntropin (ACTH 1-24) injection. Selectivity was defined by @entity9495 /Cp or Aa/Ap ratio of at least 5 in at least one sampling after ACTH administration. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of selective adrenal vein catheterization were calculated for basal @entity9495 /Cp ratio, Aa/Ap ratio, and combined ratios for three cutoff values reported in the literature. The McNemar test was used to assess differences in sensitivity and specificity to detect selective adrenal vein catheterization. Results The sensitivity and specificity for the cutoff values of at least 3, at least 2, and at least 1.1 for the detection of AVS selectivity were respectively 50.4% and 100%, 70.8% and 100%, and 98.5% and 76.9% for @entity9495 /Cp ratio; 61.3% and 100%, 70.8% and 100%, and 94.2% and 53.8% for Aa/Ap ratio; and 75.2% and 100%, 88.3% and 100%, and 99.3% and 46.2% for combined ratios (sensitivity at the >= 2 cutoff value: P < .0001 for combined ratio vs @entity9495 /Cp ratio and for combined ratio vs Aa/Ap ratio). Conclusion Basal combined ratio has the best sensitivity for the detection of AVS selectivity at all cutoff values, and for all ratios, the cutoff value of at least 2 has the best sensitivity for 100% specificity. (  ) RSNA, 2015.

title: Adrenal Vein Sampling in Primary Aldosteronism: Sensitivity and Specificity of Basal Adrenal Vein to Peripheral Vein @entity701 and XXXX Ratios to Confirm Catheterization of the Adrenal Vein.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4545 :: ('5443', 'Gene') :: ['adrenocorticotropic hormone']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol', 'cortisol']

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['Aldosterone']


abstract: Intramuscular (i.m.) immunisation of BALB/c @entity19 with a DNA vaccine, pcDNA3/tetC, encoding fragment C (TetC) from @entity116 toxin, stimulated production of TetC specific @entity9749 antibodies in the serum and release of @entity60 from TetC stimulated splenocytes. A similar pattern of immune response was detected if pcDNA3/tetC primed @entity19 were boosted i.m. with purified TetC protein or TetC and cholera toxin (included as an adjuvant). In contrast, control @entity19 primed with the empty DNA vector pcDNA3 and boosted i.m. with TetC or TetC and CT, generated a dominant @entity9686 specific anti-TetC response in the sera and low or undetectable levels of @entity60 from stimulated splenocytes. Thus, i.m. priming with a DNA vaccine modulated the subsequent immune response to the same antigen administered as a protein boost. Similar observations were made when DNA primed @entity19 were boosted using the intranasal mucosal route of immunisation. Interestingly, although @entity19 immunised with pcDNA3/tetC and boosted mucosally with TetC and CT produced anti-TetC IgA in mucosal secretions, the titres were reproducibly lower than those detected in @entity19 immunised with the pcDNA3 vector alone. The immunomodulatory effect of pcDNA3/tetC appeared to be antigen specific as mucosal boosting with an unrelated antigen (pertactin) revealed no significant modulation in terms of the anti-pertactin immune response.

title: A vaccination strategy incorporating DNA priming and mucosal boosting using XXXX toxin fragment C (TetC).

answer: @entity116 :: (MESH:D013746,Disease) :: ['tetanus']


abstract: @entity1204 is a common @entity5 of the genital tract. In the present study, we examined the expression of @entity1 @entity624 ( @entity624 ) protein, @entity5986 ( @entity5986 ), 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-desmolase (P45017alpha) and aromatase (P450 arom) in @entity1204 cells to clarify the ability of these cells to produce @entity134 hormones. The results of RT-PCR analysis showed that @entity624 , @entity5986 and P45017alpha genes were expressed in @entity1204 cells. To examine the protein expression of @entity624 and @entity5986 , we performed Western blotting using extracts from @entity189 cells. @entity624 protein and @entity5986 were detected in both HHUA and HOUA-1 cells. The production of @entity3333 in HHUA cells increased 2.4-fold with transfection of a @entity624 expression vector and 4.3-fold with transfection of an F2 side-chain cleavage system. The RT-PCR product of @entity1816 dehydrogenase was present in @entity1204 cells. In @entity1204 cells, the production of @entity1420 also increased with over-expression of @entity624 and the F2 system. Results of @entity134 metabolic assays showed that @entity1204 cells produced not only @entity4418 but also @entity2671 . @entity1204 cells express enzymes that are associated with the production of @entity134 hormones. Locally produced @entity134 hormones may have effects on @entity5 proliferation and tumorigenesis.

title: Expression of enzyme associated with XXXX hormone synthesis and local production of @entity134 hormone in @entity1204 cells.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'Endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity624 :: ('6770', 'Gene') :: ['steroidogenic acute regulatory', 'StAR']

entities_list: @entity5986 :: ('1583', 'Gene') :: ['P450 scc', 'P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3333 :: ('MESH:D011284', 'Chemical') :: ['pregnenolone']

entities_list: @entity1816 :: ('CHEBI:36836', 'Chemical') :: ['3beta-hydroxysteroid']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity4418 :: ('MESH:D019326', 'Chemical') :: ['17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate to which extent the systemic arterial pulse pressure could be used as a surrogate of cardiac output for assessing the effects of a fluid challenge and of @entity1063 . DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit. @entity1 : @entity1 with an @entity1457 who received a fluid challenge (228 @entity1 , group 1) or in whom @entity1063 was introduced or increased (145 @entity1 , group 2). INTERVENTIONS: We measured the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and the transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output before and after the therapeutic interventions. MAIN RESULTS: In group 1, the fluid challenge significantly increased cardiac output by 24%    25%. It significantly increased cardiac output by >= 15% (+35%    27%) in 142 @entity1 ("responders"). The fluid-induced changes in cardiac output were correlated with the changes in pulse pressure (r = .56, p < .0001), systolic arterial pressure (r = .55, p < .0001), diastolic arterial pressure (r = .37, p < .0001), and mean arterial pressure (r = .52, p < .0001). At multivariate analysis, changes in pulse pressure were significantly related to changes in @entity64 volume (multiple r = .52) and to age (r = .12). A fluid-induced increase in pulse pressure of >= 17% allowed detecting a fluid-induced increase in cardiac output of >= 15% with a sensitivity of 65[56-72]% and a specificity of 85[76-92]%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the fluid-induced changes in mean arterial pressure and in diastolic arterial pressure was significantly lower than for pulse pressure. In group 2, the introduction/increase of @entity1063 significantly increased cardiac output by 14%    18%. The changes in cardiac output induced by the introduction/increase in the dose of @entity1063 were correlated with the changes in pulse pressure and systolic arterial pressure (r = .21 and .29, respectively, p = .001) but to a significantly lesser extent than in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Pulse pressure and systolic arterial pressure could be used for detecting the fluid-induced changes in cardiac output, in spite of a significant proportion of false-negative cases. By contrast, the changes in pulse pressure and systolic arterial pressure were unable to detect the changes in cardiac output induced by @entity1063 .

title: Arterial pressure allows monitoring the changes in cardiac output induced by volume expansion but not by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['acute circulatory failure']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between subclinical @entity1374 and @entity146 using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. @entity1 : The study included 12  437 @entity1 from the ELSA-Brasil with normal thyroid function (92  8%), 193 (1  4%) with @entity1378 and 784 (5  8%) with @entity1375 , totalling 13  414 @entity1 (50  6% of @entity1 ). MEASUREMENTS: The mental health diagnoses of @entity1 were assessed by trained raters using the Clinical Interview Schedule - Revised (CIS-R) and grouped according to the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10). @entity1374 was assessed using TSH and FT4 as well as routine use of thyroid hormones or antithyroid medications. Logistic models were presented using @entity146 as the dependent variable and subclinical @entity1374 as the independent variable. All logistic models were corrected for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment for possible confounders, we found a direct association between @entity1378 and @entity4697 odds ratio [OR], 2  55; 95% confidence Interval (95% CI), 1  09-5  94; and an inverse association between @entity1375 and generalized @entity148 (OR, 0  75; 95% CI, 0  59-0  96). However, both lost significance after correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION: @entity1378 was positively associated with @entity4697 and negatively associated with @entity148 , although not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons.

title: Subclinical XXXX and @entity146 : cross-sectional results from the Brazilian Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['subclinical hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['Subclinical hyperthyroidism', 'subclinical hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid dysfunction', 'Thyroid dysfunction', 'thyroid disorders']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mammographic breast density is a strong risk factor for @entity0 . @entity440 , which reduces the risk of @entity0 in @entity1 at high risk, also reduces mammographic breast density. However, it is not known if @entity440 -induced reductions in breast density can be used to identify @entity1 who will benefit the most from prophylactic treatment with this drug. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study within the first International @entity0 Intervention Study, a randomized prevention trial of @entity440 vs placebo. Mammographic breast density was assessed visually and expressed as a percentage of the total breast area in 5% increments. Case subjects were 123 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 at or after their first follow-up mammogram, which took place 12-18 months after trial entry, and control subjects were 942 @entity1 without @entity0 . Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for other risk factors. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: In the @entity440 arm, 46% of @entity1 had a 10% or greater reduction in breast density at their 12- to 18-month mammogram. Compared with all @entity1 in the placebo group, @entity1 in the @entity440 group who experienced a 10% or greater reduction in breast density had 63% reduction in @entity0 risk (odds ratio = 0.37, 95% confidence interval = 0.20 to 0.69, P = .002), whereas those who took @entity440 but experienced less than a 10% reduction in breast density had no risk reduction (odds ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 0.72 to 1.77, P = .60). In the placebo arm, there was no statistically significant difference in @entity0 risk between subjects who experienced less than a 10% reduction in mammographic density and subjects who experienced a greater reduction. CONCLUSION: The 12- to 18-month change in mammographic breast density is an excellent predictor of response to @entity440 in the preventive setting.

title: XXXX -induced reduction in mammographic density and @entity0 risk reduction: a nested case-control study.

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen', 'Tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast Cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['Tamoxifen']


abstract: The @entity5323 around shoulder in military recruits are not reported yet. Three young male soldiers presented with complaints of palpable mass at the anterior aspect of shoulder; tenderness around the superior part of deltopectoral groove close to acromioclavicular joint; and restriction of shoulder motion. They also noticed ecchymosis and @entity158 around the coracoid process and anterior shoulder region during regular firing exercises. Plain X-rays and computerized tomography showed extra-capsular, dense, irregular structure in the space between pectoralis and deltoid muscles which correlated with heterotopic bone. One @entity1 refused surgical intervention because of the completion of his military serving period. Surgical excision was performed for the other two @entity1 . During surgical exploration, both ossified masses were found in deltopectoral region and mostly in fibers of clavicular and acromial parts of deltoid muscle. Pathological reports confirmed the structure of masses as mature trabecular bone. Postoperatively @entity3352 treatment and active shoulder exercises were started until the full range of motion was regained. Mini soft bag was used on the rifle contact area of the shoulder. No complications or recurrences were observed during the 24 months of followup period.

title: XXXX around shoulder following military training programme.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity5323 :: ('MESH:D009221', 'Disease') :: ['myositis ossificans']

answer: @entity5323 :: (MESH:D009221,Disease) :: ['Myositis ossificans']


abstract: @entity8302 are very rare and account for only 3% of @entity5 and are generally benign. Only less than 0.2% of all @entity5 were evidenced by metastatic spread. We report a 34-year-old @entity1 visited hospital because of coughing sputum mixed with blood. His chest CT showed bilateral patch clouding opacity. He was suspected with @entity56 and treated with @entity1667 . However, his symptoms and general condition deteriorated, and he visited our hospital. He had no abnormal findings on physical examination. A chest radiograph showed @entity55 in whole lung and CT showed multiple nodules and diffused ground glass opacities in both lung fields. Lung biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of @entity8302 with lung metastasis. The diagnosis is based on the histopathology and immunohistochemistry.

title: XXXX with lung metastasis diagnosed by lung biopsy.

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancers', 'testicular tumors']

entities_list: @entity8302 :: ('MESH:D007984', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig cell tumor', 'Leydig cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic alveolitis']

answer: @entity8302 :: (MESH:D007984,Disease) :: ['Leydig cell tumor']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Numerous studies have evaluated the association between the @entity41492 polymorphism of the @entity20822 ( @entity20822 ) gene and @entity43 risk. However, the specific association is still controversial. This meta-analysis was therefore designed to clarify these controversies. Relevant case-control studies were enrolled in the meta-analysis. Quality evaluation of the included studies was conducted by two physicians. Statistical analyses were carried out using the Stata 12.0 software for meta-analysis. Analyses of sensitivity and publication bias were also conducted. Overall, a significant association was found between the @entity41492 polymorphism and @entity43 risk when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis ( @entity534 / @entity534 vs His/His: OR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.15-3.00; @entity534 / @entity534 vs @entity534 /His: OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.03-1.32; dominant model: OR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.74-0.95; recessive model: OR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.05-2.70). This meta-analysis suggested that the @entity20822 @entity41492 polymorphism was associated with the risk of @entity43 . Further large and well-designed studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.

title: @entity41492 polymorphism in the XXXX gene and the risk of @entity43 : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity41492 :: ('p|SUB|R|188|H', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Arg188His']

entities_list: @entity20822 :: ('7516', 'Gene') :: ['XRCC2', 'X-ray repair cross-complementing group 2']

answer: @entity20822 :: (7516,Gene) :: ['XRCC2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ) is the preferred study of choice for pectoralis major @entity397 . Because this is a rare injury, no large case series have evaluated the efficacy of @entity2996 for diagnosing and characterizing pectoralis major @entity397 . We hypothesized that @entity2996 would be accurate for diagnosis of the location and grade of pectoralis major tears. METHODS: The study included 36 operative cases of pectoralis major @entity397 with detailed descriptions of tear location and grade and satisfactory preoperative MRIs. Two musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists interpreted the MRIs, which were then compared with the operative findings for location: @entity79 or myotendinous junction, and tear grade (G): G2 (incomplete high grade partial tear) or G3 (complete tear). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated. RESULTS: The @entity2996 sensitivity was 1.00 for diagnosing complete G3 tears at the sternal head and clavicular head in acute @entity397 . The sensitivity of @entity2996 for diagnosing @entity79 at the sternal and clavicular heads was 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. The sensitivity of @entity2996 in diagnosing myotendinous and G2 tears diminishes, but specificity and negative predictive value remain high for sternal and clavicular @entity135 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the use of @entity2996 in diagnosing the tear grade and location of pectoralis major @entity397 , particularly for acute, tendon-bone, and G3 tears. The diagnostic accuracy of @entity2996 decreases when chronic tears are evaluated. @entity2996 remains a useful adjunct in diagnosing and guiding treatment of pectoralis major @entity397 .

title: Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in predicting the intraoperative tear characteristics of pectoralis major XXXX .

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['tendon-bone junction', 'tendon-bone tears']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head ruptures']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptures', 'tendon ruptures']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['MRI', 'Magnetic resonance imaging']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['ruptures']


abstract: @entity890 and @entity4282 ( @entity4282 ) are highly unusual causes of @entity2649 in the adolescent population. The authors report a unique concomitant occurrence in a 16-year-old @entity1 who presented with left-sided @entity14330 @entity614 . Magnetic resonance imaging T1-weighted sequences revealed a left-sided posterolateral prolapsed L4-5 disc with an isointense extruded fragment lying behind the @entity14330 body. On T2-weighted sequences a hyperintense area was seen in the region of the extruded disc fragment with thecal compression. At surgery the extradural encapsulated @entity1410 was removed, together with the extruded disc fragment and the L4-5 disc. The characteristics of the biopsy specimen from the epidural collection were consistent with those of a @entity1410 . At 6 months' follow up, the @entity1 had returned to his normal activities. An SEH may result from tearing of delicate epidural veins following disc extrusion. It can occur at any age, regardless of whether there is a history of significant @entity130 . Magnetic resonance imaging allows preoperative characterization of the lesion. Results after surgical evacuation are excellent. Distinguishing between a solitary SEH and one caused by a lumbar disc extrusion has significant implications, as the former may resolve completely with conservative management.

title: Extruded lumbar disc associated with XXXX . Case report.

entities_list: @entity4282 :: ('MESH:D046748', 'Disease') :: ['SEHs', 'spinal epidural hematomas']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['secondary lumbar canal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['Lumbar disc herniation']

answer: @entity4282 :: (MESH:D046748,Disease) :: ['epidural hematoma']


abstract: The in situ DNA hybridization technique, carried out under stringent conditions, was used to detect @entity1082 ) DNA of types 6, 11, and 16 in paraffin sections of 32 surgically treated @entity3137 . Expression of HPV structural proteins was analyzed by means of the immunoperoxidase (IP-PAP) method. A total of 10 (31.3%) of the 32 lesions proved to express HPV antigens, which were found in 4 of 7 @entity1185 , in 2 of 2 classic @entity6205 , in 2 of 10 @entity1377 , and in 2 of 3 @entity75 . Two of the @entity1185 contained HPV 6 DNA, and 4 additional lesions were positive for HPV 11 DNA. In one of the @entity6205 , a double infection by HPV 6 and 11 was found, while the second was positive for HPV 11 alone. Both the HPV antigen-positive @entity1377 contained HPV 6 DNA, as did the HPV antigen-positive @entity75 . Of the latter, one was infected by HPV 6 and 11. DNA of the "high-risk" @entity1799 was contained in two lesions: one @entity75 and one of the two @entity957 . The results confirm the previously reported evidence of HPV involvement in @entity3137 . The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the well-established premalignant @entity8407 and @entity8619 , with special emphasis on the discovery of the "high-risk" @entity1799 in the latter as well as in @entity5 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Detection of XXXX DNA in @entity3137 using in situ DNA-hybridization applied on paraffin sections.

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary hyperplasias']

entities_list: @entity6205 :: ('MESH:D062688', 'Disease') :: ['condylomas']

entities_list: @entity8407 :: ('MESH:D007972', 'Disease') :: ['character of oral leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['leukoplakia lesions', 'lichen planus lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oral cancer']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell papillomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity8619 :: ('MESH:D017676', 'Disease') :: ['oral lichen planus, although far less commonly versus leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['oral mucosal lesions']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the role that radiation therapy may have in the management of resected, unresectable, and metastatic H  rthle cell @entity189 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Retrospective review of 18 @entity1 receiving radiation therapy for H  rthle cell @entity259 . The diagnosis was established in 10 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 between November 1943 and January 1995. Median age was 57.9 years. Initially, 5 @entity1 received adjuvant radiation therapy, 7 received salvage radiation therapy for unresectable recurrent disease, and 6 received palliative radiation therapy for distant @entity3 . Median follow-up was 107.1 months (range 15.7-351 months). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate and estimate overall survival, cause-specific survival, and @entity5 control rate. RESULTS: The 5-year overall and cause-specific survival rates were 66.7% (SE 11.1%) and 71.8% (SE 10.7%), respectively. Adjuvant radiation therapy was successful in preventing recurrence in 4 of 5 @entity1 . Salvage radiation therapy was successful in 3 of 5 @entity1 treated with external beam radiation therapy. Palliative radiation therapy provided sustained symptomatic relief at 67% of irradiated sites. CONCLUSIONS: H  rthle cell @entity259 is a radiosensitive @entity5 . Radiation therapy may provide palliative relief from symptomatic @entity3 , control recurrent @entity5 , and prevent recurrence of advanced resected @entity5 .

title: Is there a role for radiation therapy in the management of H  rthle cell XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'locoregional tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the thyroid gland']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: @entity511 is a highly malignant variant of @entity511 . Approximately 11 per cent of @entity511 can be expected to dedifferentiate into more anaplastic lesions. In this report, we analyze the clinicopathological features and treatment of seventy-eight lesions of this type. The ages of the @entity1 ranged from nineteen to eighty-two years (average, 54.6 years). The cartilaginous precursor was central in most @entity1 . Eleven of the lesions developed in the site of a previously resected @entity258 . Dedifferentiation was from @entity258 to @entity421 in forty-two @entity1 , to @entity1492 in thirty-three, and to malignant (fibrous) histiocytoma in three. Perforation of the cortex and a soft-tissue mass were found in most of the @entity1 . Widespread metastatic disease within two years after resection was a frequent finding. The over-all five-year-survival rate was 10.5 per cent. Any potential for a "cure" is related to early diagnosis and adequate surgical treatment by amputation or resection.

title: XXXX . A report of the clinicopathological features and treatment of seventy-eight cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma', 'chondrosarcoma', 'chondrosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade chondrosarcoma']

answer: @entity511 :: (MESH:D002813,Disease) :: ['Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma']


abstract: At the first stage of a pilot study involving 14 parkinsonians with motor @entity6372 , treatment with standard Madopar was substituted by a sustained-release form, Madopar HBS, which attenuated @entity6372 in @entity1 with end-of-dose impairment, but achieved only moderate improvement in @entity1 with on-off phenomena. In a second phase of the trial, 4 parkinsonians exhibiting the most severe @entity6372 of mobility and the poorest response to Madopar HBS (Hydrodynamically Balanced System) were selected for treatment with a combined regimen utilizing subcutaneous @entity30303 infusions as the additional component. The sequence of the trial was as follows: 1. standard Madopar, 2. Madopar HBS, 3. standard Madopar combined with @entity30303 infusions and 4. Madopar HBS combined with @entity30303 infusions. Steady improvement was observed along the lines of this schedule, but the best results were obtained when Madopar HBS was combined with @entity30303 infusions. Subsequently motor @entity6372 were less marked or disappeared, early-morning @entity191 decreased and @entity3519 was not recorded any longer. Even better results could be accomplished in an extended trial attempting to establish the best dosage ratio of the combination, possibly admitting increased dosage. The tolerance of the combined regimen was excellent, except in one @entity1 who transiently exhibited delusions and @entity551 . The combination of sustained-release Madopar and continuous infusions of the dopaminergic agonist @entity30303 seems to prove a more physiological and effective regimen for the treatment of severe motor @entity6372 .

title: A combined regimen of subcutaneous @entity30303 and oral Madopar HBS in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson symptoms']

entities_list: @entity6372 :: ('MESH:C538007', 'Disease') :: ['fluctuations']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['postural hypotension']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) is a potent stimulator of bone resorption. Induction of osteoclastic bone resorption by various endocrine or paracrine factors is mediated via the osteoblasts. We have therefore investigated the effects of @entity1356 on cell signalling in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. Special interest was focused on @entity3009 synthesis, since @entity3352 , an inhibitor of @entity3009 synthesis, partly inhibits @entity1192 -induced bone resorption. @entity1356 , at and above 0.3 pM, dose dependently stimulated @entity1421 formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts, with half maximal stimulation, EC50, at 3 pM. Treatment with the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 (1 microM), or with @entity1928 (30 microM), also stimulated @entity1421 formation in @entity1 osteoblasts. The time-course for @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation was similar to that of @entity1928 , with a significant increase in the formation of @entity1421 seen after 1 h. In contrast, @entity3365 -induced @entity1421 formation was seen within minutes. @entity1356 stimulated the accumulation of @entity1919 in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts incubated for 15 min. This increase in @entity1919 formation was not secondary to @entity1421 formation since it was not blocked by the addition of @entity3352 (1 microM). Pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX did not augment @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, nor did the protein kinase A inhibitor @entity10995 inhibit @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, suggesting that @entity1919 does not mediate the stimulatory effect of @entity1192 on @entity1421 formation. We conclude that @entity1356 enhances the formation of @entity1919 as well as @entity1421 in primary cultures of isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. The @entity1356 -induced @entity1919 formation is, however, not related to the enhanced @entity3009 formation. The findings implicate that both @entity1919 - and @entity1421 -formation in osteoblasts might be involved as independent mediators of @entity1356 -induced bone resorption.

title: @entity1356 induces XXXX formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts: a signalling mechanism that is not related to enhanced @entity3009 formation.

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity1919 :: (MESH:D000242,Chemical) :: ['cyclic AMP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To characterize @entity8630 in @entity1 with @entity385 ( @entity385 ) or @entity63 ( @entity63 ) and determine its prognostic significance. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, in which 184 @entity1 with @entity385 or @entity63 who had performed 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram were included. The median follow-up was 27.5  months. Baseline clinical and imagiologic characteristics, etiologic investigation results, and @entity385 and @entity63 recurrences information were collected. Number of @entity11706 ( @entity11706 ) per hour was categorized as less than 10 @entity11706 /hour, 10-30 @entity11706 /hour, and more than 30 @entity11706 /hour. RESULTS: Most of the @entity1 had less than 10 @entity11706 /hour (82.6%), 8.2% had 10-30 @entity11706 /hour, and 9.2% had more than 30 @entity11706 /hour. @entity1 with more than 30 @entity11706 /hour had a greater median left atrium diameter than @entity1 with 30 @entity11706 /hour or less (42  mm vs. 38  mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], .50-7.00; P  =  .003). Annual recurrence rate of @entity385 or @entity63 was 2.9% in @entity1 with less than 10 @entity11706 /hour, 11.0% in 10-30 @entity11706 /hour, and 22.6% in more than 30 @entity11706 /hour (P  =  .001). More than 30 @entity11706 /hour were independently associated with recurrence risk in multivariate survival analysis (hazard ratio, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.12-10.32; P  =  .030). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity385 or @entity63 , frequent @entity8630 (>30 @entity11706 /h) was independently associated with increased risk of @entity64 or @entity63 recurrence. Further studies need to validate frequent @entity8630 as a risk factor for recurrence in cryptogenic @entity64 and confirm its role as a predictor of occult @entity955 .

title: @entity8630 Activity in Cryptogenic XXXX and @entity63 : A Risk Factor for Recurrence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8630 :: ('MESH:D013612', 'Disease') :: ['atrial ectopic activity']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['transient ischemic attack', 'TIA']

entities_list: @entity11706 :: ('MESH:D018880', 'Disease') :: ['APCs', 'atrial premature complexes']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke', 'CIS', 'cryptogenic ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['Ischemic Stroke']


abstract: Natural Killer (NK) activity has been shown to be depressed under stressful conditions. Glucocorticoids, which are known to increase during stress, seem to negatively regulate the activity of NK cells. In the present study we have explored the effect of @entity701 ( @entity701 , HC) on NK activity. A significant inhibitory effect could be observed as early as 6 hr after the addition of HC at the concentration of 0.5 microM, corresponding to the upper physiological circulating level. Both the lysis and the binding of the K562 target cells were affected by HC, indicating that the hormone acts on the target recognition phase. The HC-mediated inhibition of the NK activity was fully reversed after 6 hr incubation in a HC-free medium. The observation of comparable levels of NK-inhibition using unseparated PBL or purified LGL, show that HC acts directly on LGL to inhibit their cytotoxic function. The effect of HC on the responsiveness of NK cells to the modifiers beta-interferon (beta-IFN) and recombinant interleukin 2 ( @entity5041 ) was also studied. Pre-incubation with HC did not alter the enhancement of the activity induced by beta-IFN, demonstrating that the HC- and beta-IFN-mediated effects occur in separate NK subsets. By contrast the increase of NK @entity137 induced by @entity5041 was lower in the HC-treated compared to the untreated cell cultures (35.8 +/- 6.2 and 20.7 +/- 4.3% respectively, p less than 0.05) which could indicate that a portion of the cells triggered by @entity5041 belong to the HC-sensitive NK subpopulation.

title: Effect of @entity701 on the native and in vitro induced non-MHC restricted XXXX of large granular lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone', 'cortisol']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: The availability of a reliable @entity712 model in large animals is important. We report upon our efforts to develop a chronic @entity712 model in seven @entity1237 using sequential ligation of the @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ) coronary artery and its diagonal branch. After anesthesia and left thoracotomy, the @entity1347 artery was ligated, and the diagonal vessel at the same level was ligated one hour later. Cardiac measurements were performed with a thermodilution catheter and by ultrasonography. Two months after the operation, the same measurements were made and animals were sacrificed for postmortem examinations of their hearts. Hemodynamic measurements, except cardiac output, showed no significant changes immediately after the coronary artery ligation. Echocardiographic measurements showed significant changes in the ejection fraction and fractional shortening without changes in left ventricular dimensions. Wall motion analyses demonstrated variable degrees of anteroseptal @entity910 and @entity910 in all animals immediately after coronary artery ligation. Five animals have undergone hemodynamic and ultrasonographic studies 2 months after coronary artery ligation. The results obtained from these animals showed significant increases in central venous pressure, right ventricular pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure, and a significant decrease in cardiac output. Increases in left ventricular dimensions and decreases in ejection fraction with fractional shortening in ultrasonographic studies were also observed. Pathologically, well-demarcated thin-walled anteroseptal @entity1188 , with chamber enlargement, were clearly seen with dilatation of the @entity299 in all specimens. Based on this study, we conclude that @entity1237 , like @entity742 , can provide a reliable model of chronic @entity712 by coronary artery ligation and in view of the many advantages offered by @entity1237 , we believe that this animal model will be useful for cardiac experimentation.

title: A chronic @entity712 model by coronary artery ligation in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['LAD', 'left anterior descending']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesia', 'akinesia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart chambers']

answer: @entity1237 :: (9925,Species) :: ['goat']


abstract: @entity302 may be the earliest and the sole clinical manifestation of @entity1313 . Different studies present @entity302 as the first symptom of a @entity1313 in adults in approximately 30-40% of cases and in @entity1 from 1-10%. In order to evaluate the incidence of @entity302 in @entity1 versus adults with @entity1313 , we investigated the group of 113 @entity1 and 578 adults who were hospitalized at the Departments of Neurology and Developmental Neurology between 1990-1999. Clinical presentation, imaging findings, EEG and pathology reports were collected by chart review and entered into computerized database. Of 113 @entity1 , @entity302 as a first symptom occurred in 14 @entity1 and in 211 adults. Histopathological origin and localization of @entity5 changed according to the age of @entity1 . In all @entity1 's @entity410 were caused by @entity5 originated from neuroepithelial tissue and mainly @entity816 . In adult @entity1 @entity410 were observed also mainly in @entity5 (5 cases infratentorial) which were of metasthatic origin (60%) others were @entity463 multiforme and @entity1653 . The types of @entity410 in both groups differ significantly. @entity1 had mainly secondary generalized @entity410 , while adults simple and complex partial @entity410 . Electroencephalographical findings showed paroxysmal activity always associated with @entity1313 with @entity410 ; however, we found also abnormal EEG patterns in @entity1 with @entity5 without @entity410 . Partial and secondary generalized @entity410 , especially when they are intractable, should be subjected to further investigation for exclusion of @entity1313 not only in adults but also in @entity1 . Normal EEG argues against the likehood of supratentorial lesions.

title: [ XXXX as a manifestation of @entity1313 : clinical and electroencephalographic correlations].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['supratentorial brain tumours', 'brain tumours', 'brain tumour', 'brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'infratentorial tumours', 'supratentorial tumours']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['sporadically meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epileptic seizures']


abstract: @entity2041 transferases (GST) are phase II enzymes catalyzing the detoxification of endogenous noxious compounds and xenobiotics. They also regulate phosphorylation activities of MAPKinases in a catalytic-independent manner. Previous studies have demonstrated the regulation of @entity14032 -dependent pathway by @entity71432 . Considering the crucial role of @entity14032 in the early steps of the hepatocyte cell cycle, we sought to determine whether @entity71432 were essential for hepatocyte proliferation following partial hepatectomy (PH). Using a conventional double knockout @entity19 model for the @entity71433 and @entity71434 genes, we found that the lack of @entity71433 reduced the rate of DNA replication and mitotic index during the first wave of hepatocyte proliferation. The lowered proliferation was associated with the decrease in @entity637 and @entity777 plasma concentrations, reduced hepatic @entity13765 expression and delayed and/or altered activation of @entity10433 , @entity14032 and @entity8837 signaling pathways. In addition, the expression and/or activation of cell cycle regulators such as @entity1896 , @entity11953 , @entity11319 and @entity12156 was postponed demonstrating that the absence of @entity71432 delayed the entry into and progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle and impaired the synchrony of proliferation in hepatocytes following PH. Furthermore, while @entity14032 and its downstream targets @entity9829 and @entity37362 were activated during the early steps of the liver regeneration in wild-type animals, the constitutively active @entity14032 found in the quiescent liver of @entity71432 knockout @entity19 underwent a decrease in its activity after PH. Transient induction of antioxidant enzymes and @entity842 synthase were also delayed or repressed during the regenerative response. Altogether our results demonstrate that @entity71432 are a critical regulators of hepatocyte proliferation in the initial phases of liver regeneration.

title: @entity2041 transferases P1/P2 regulate the timing of signaling pathway activations and cell cycle progression during XXXX liver regeneration.

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutathione']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Two closely related adenovirus early region 1A proteins are expressed in transformed cells. The smaller of these, which is 243 @entity1522 in length, is required for the transformation of primary @entity35 cells and for the transformation of immortalized @entity35 cells to anchorage-independent growth. This protein is not required for productive infection of exponentially growing HeLa cells but is required for maximal replication in growth (G0)-arrested @entity1 lung fibroblasts ( @entity1 cells). To determine the function of this protein in viral replication in these G0-arrested cells, we compared viral early mRNA, early protein, and late protein synthesis after infection with wild type or a mutant which does not express the protein. No differences were found. However, viral DNA synthesis by the mutant was delayed and decreased to 20 to 30% that of wild type in these cells. Viral DNA synthesis was much less defective in growing @entity1 cells, and in the transformed @entity1 HeLa cell line it occurred at wild-type levels. Furthermore, the mutant which can express only the 243- @entity535 early region 1A protein induced cellular DNA synthesis in G0-arrested @entity35 cells to the same level as wild-type virus. A mutant which can express only the 289- @entity535 early region 1A protein induced less cellular DNA synthesis in G0-arrested @entity35 cells. We propose that the early region 1A 243- @entity535 protein alters the physiology of arrested permissive cells to allow maximal viral DNA replication. In nonpermissive rodent cells, the 243- @entity535 protein drives G0-arrested cells into S phase. This activity is probably important for the immortalization of primary cells.

title: An adenovirus early region 1A protein is required for maximal viral DNA replication in growth-arrested XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In decision-making, an immediate reward is usually preferred to a delayed reward, even if the latter is larger. We tested whether the hippocampus is necessary for this form of temporal discounting, and for vicarious @entity2246 at the decision point. @entity35 were trained on a recently developed, adjustable delay-discounting task (Papale et al. (2012) Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 12:513-526), which featured a choice between a small, nearly immediate reward, and a larger, delayed reward. @entity35 then received either hippocampus or sham lesions. Animals with @entity75 adjusted the delay for the larger reward to a level similar to that of sham-lesioned animals, suggesting a similar valuation capacity. However, the hippocampus lesion group spent significantly longer investigating the small and large rewards in the first part of the sessions, and were less sensitive to changes in the amount of reward in the large reward maze arm. Both sham- and hippocampus-lesioned @entity35 showed a greater amount of vicarious @entity2246 on trials in which the delay was adjusted. In a nonadjusting version of the delay discounting task, animals with @entity75 showed more variability in their preference for a larger reward that was delayed by 10 s compared with sham-lesioned animals. To verify the lesion behaviorally, @entity35 were subsequently trained on a water maze task, and @entity35 with @entity75 were significantly impaired compared with sham-lesioned animals. The findings on the delay discounting tasks suggest that damage to the hippocampus may impair the detection of reward magnitude.    2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Hippocampus, delay discounting, and vicarious XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampus lesions']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['trial-and-error']

answer: @entity2246 :: (MESH:D008661,Disease) :: ['trial-and-error']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Major complications of @entity6 include lower leg and foot ulcers, which can result in amputation. Further study is needed to determine optimal treatments for these challenging wounds. Growth factor therapy and hyperbaric @entity26 (HBO) treatments are 2 advanced therapeutic modalities that hold promise. PURPOSE: This descriptive, retrospective review investigated healing rates of @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity1066 managed by growth factor therapy and HBO as compared to standard wound care. DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: We reviewed medical records of 89 @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity1746 treated at a major outpatient wound care program in the southwestern United States. METHODS: @entity1 were categorized according to 4 treatment modalities: (1) standard wound care, (2) growth factor therapy, (3) standard wound care plus HBO, and (4) growth factor therapy plus HBO. Wounds were measured at the start of the analysis and then weekly for a total of 8 weeks. The change in wound volume from the first to the eighth week was recorded. RESULTS: All @entity1 groups demonstrated healing with the @entity1 who received growth factor therapy alone and those who received growth factor therapy and the HBO treatments demonstrating the greatest decrease in wound volume over the 8 weeks. A 2-by-2 factorial analysis of covariance demonstrated that @entity1 who received HBO as part of their wound care regimen demonstrated significantly greater healing than @entity1 who received only standard wound care or growth factor therapy (P < .0001). Although the combination of hyperbaric and growth factor therapy did not show significant synergistic effects for wound healing in this study, it should be noted that the mean size of the wounds in this group was 2.8 times larger than the mean size of the wounds in the other groups. CONCLUSION: @entity1 managed in a state-of-the-art wound care center experienced progress toward wound healing, regardless of the treatment modality selected. Those who received HBO as part of their wound care regimen healed faster than those who received standard treatment or growth factor therapy.

title: The case for evidence in wound care: investigating advanced treatment modalities in healing chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['lower- extremity ulcers']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1746 :: ('MESH:D020335', 'Disease') :: ['lower-extremity wounds']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic lower extremity wounds']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We sought to determine the effect of cardiac massage on a pre-existing regurgitant mitral valve during open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OCCPR) in an animal experiment. METHODS: Our study included 29 @entity235 that were used as experimental models. We anesthetized them and inserted a transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) probe. Then we performed a transverse thoracotomy, attempting to produce @entity339 ( @entity339 ). In models that showed @entity1167 we initiated OCCPR to restore cardiac function. The regurgitant area of mitral jet and left ventricular (LV) diameters and volumes were calculated before and during OCCPR using TEE. RESULTS: @entity2224 and/or electromechanical dissociation occurred in 13 animals (45%). In 4 models without preexisting @entity339 , no additional regurgitation was detected during OCCPR, while in another 5 with preexisting @entity339 we noticed a slight increase in the regurgitant flow. The regurgitant flow area changed from 0.62 +/- 1 cm2 before to 1.1 +/- 0.36 cm2 during OCCPR (p<0.008). In the 4 animals that had severe damage to the mitral apparatus after the attempts, the regurgitant flow increased from 4.01 +/- 0.93 cm2 to 7.7 +/- 2.6 cm2 (p<0.002). The LV transverse diameter decreased from 4.39 +/- 0.62 cm to 1.54 +/- 0.5 cm and its volume from 60.5 +/- 7.14 cm3 to 17.02 +/- 4.14 cm3 (both p<0.001), thus showing the effectiveness of OCCPR. CONCLUSIONS: Given the presence of preexisting @entity339 , direct cardiac massage during OCCPR would probably be less effective than expected, because of an increase in the amount of the regurgitant.

title: The effect of open-chest cardiac resuscitation on mitral regurgitant flow: an on-line transesophageal echocardiographic study in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation', 'acute mitral regurgitation', 'MR']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The optimal time and approach of repair of @entity215 ( @entity215 ) remain controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome following repair of @entity215 in @entity1 with particular regard to the surgical approach used. @entity1 : One hundred and sixty @entity1 (mean age 195+/-89 days, range 11-364 days) undergoing repair of a simple @entity215 were studied. Between 1974 and 2000, a transventricular approach (RV) was used in 91 and between 1988 and 2000, a transatrial (RA) approach in 69 @entity1 . Ten of these @entity1 (6.2%) had a previous palliative shunt (four in the RV versus six in the RA group). A transannular patch (TAP) was inserted in 96 (60%) @entity1 (76 versus 20). Follow-up was complete (mean 14.5+/-5.2 versus 6+/-1 years). RESULTS: There were three operative deaths (1.9%), (two in RV versus one in RA group). A re-operation for right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) was performed in 19 @entity1 (3 versus 16). Ten-year freedom from re-operation for RVOTO (+/-standard error of the mean) was 88+/-4% (98+/-2 versus 72+/-6%, P<0.0001). Within the RA group, 5-year freedom from re-operation for RVOTO for those who had a TAP was 79+/-9% and it was 75+/-4% for those having a simple repair. Six @entity1 in the RV group required pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). Ten-year freedom from PVR was 98+/-1% (97+/-2 versus 100%, P=0.3). There were two late deaths, one in each group. Ten-year survival was 97+/-1%. One @entity1 in the RV group developed late recurrent @entity1165 requiring the implantation of a defibrillator. At most recent echocardiography, all but the @entity1 who had the defibrillator had good right and left ventricular function. CONCLUSIONS: Transventricular and transatrial repair of @entity215 in infancy, are associated with an acceptable operative risk, low incidence of late @entity943 , good bi-ventricular function and excellent survival. In our experience, however, transatrial repair has a disturbing incidence of early and mid-term residual or recurrent RVOTO, even when a TAP has been used.

title: Repair of XXXX in infancy with a transventricular or a transatrial approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['TOF', 'tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

answer: @entity215 :: (MESH:D013771,Disease) :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']