abstract: UNASSIGNED: 7248 Background: @entity1 (pts) with newly diagnosed advanced @entity1149 usually receive a @entity902 -containing doublet. However, these regimens are associated with cumulative @entity137 (myelosuppression and @entity1897 ) and the vast majority of pts eventually relapse and die of their disease. Clearly, improved cytotoxic agents are needed for the treatment of advanced @entity1149 . @entity14514 , a novel @entity21597 , is a potent microtubule stabilizer that causes cell death and is active in a variety of @entity5 , including those that are resistant to @entity6023 . We conducted a phase I/II study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and investigate the safety and efficacy of @entity14514 in pts with stage IIIB/IV @entity1149 who had relapsed after @entity902 -based therapy. METHODS: Pts who had received 1 prior @entity902 -containing regimen and did not have symptomatic brain metastases were enrolled. During the phase I study, dose escalation will follow the standard 3 + 3 design until the MTD is reached. Pts received @entity14514 at a starting dose of 6.5 mg/m(2) as a 5-min IV infusion once every 3 weeks with dose escalation in 0.5 mg/m(2) increments. During the phase II portion of the study, pts will be treated at the MTD until disease progression or unacceptable @entity137 occurs. RESULTS: To date, 9 pts (6 male, 3 female) have been enrolled into the phase I portion of the study. Eight of 9 pts had achieved a partial response or stable disease with prior therapy. The ninth pt had progressed while receiving @entity1205 plus @entity902 as first-line therapy. Median age was 61 years (range, 44 - 77), and median performance status was 1. Three pts were enrolled in cohort 1 (6.5 mg/m(2)), 3 in cohort 2 (7.0 mg/m(2)), and 3 in cohort 3 (7.5 mg/m(2)). Only 2 severe adverse events have been reported, including 1 grade 3 @entity294 responding to medication (cohort 1) and 1 grade 3 asthenia reversed in 5 days (cohort 3). All other adverse events were grade 1 or 2; no serious hematologic @entity137 were reported. The MTD has not been reached, and dose escalation continues. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results suggest that @entity14514 is generally well-tolerated in pts with advanced @entity1149 . Dose escalation continues and updated results will be presented. [Table: see text].

title: A phase I/II dose escalation trial of @entity14514 every 3 weeks in @entity1 with @entity1149 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity21597 :: ('MESH:D034261', 'Chemical') :: ['epothilone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['NSCLC']


abstract: Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have been demonstrated to be at least as safe and effective as unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the initial management of @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ). However, the effectiveness of using LMWH in the ambulatory management of @entity1150 in a 'real-life' setting has yet to be evaluated. This multicentre retrospective study involving 697 @entity1 considers the outcome data of @entity1 under- going ambulatory @entity1150 treatment with @entity23294 (Innohep(R), Leo Pharmaceuticals, Risborough, Buckinghamshire, UK). During the 6 months following presentation, 17 (2.5%) @entity1 had confirmed @entity1031 complications, of which 14 occurred subsequent to the initial LMWH treatment phase ('late'). There were no deaths in this group. Bleeding complications were reported in 23 (3.4%) @entity1 , with 13 of these being classified as 'late'. Of these, two events were considered major resulting in hospitalization and @entity204 . Hospitalization for all causes was 6.8% (45 @entity1 ) with 32 @entity1 being admitted for @entity1031 or @entity548 complications. Overall mortality was 6.7%. These results compare favourably with published clinical trial data. This study demonstrates that ambulatory treatment of proven @entity1150 with LMWH is both safe and effective.

title: The outcome of ambulatory XXXX management using a multidisciplinary approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity23294 :: ('MESH:C081247', 'Chemical') :: ['tinzaparin']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['DVT']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Transaortic left ventricular septal myectomy described by Morrow is a classical procedure for the treatment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral apparatus associated with @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). We aimed to review our results of transmitral septal myectomy and mitral valve repair/replacement in @entity1 with @entity339 associated with @entity1121 , operated on through a minimally invasive approach. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2014, 19 @entity1 [7 @entity1 (37%); mean (SD) age, 69.4 (14.5) years] were treated with minimally invasive approach for @entity339 and @entity1121 . Preoperative peak left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient was 66 (24) mm Hg. Severe @entity339 was diagnosed in 16 cases (84%). New York Heart Association functional class III to IV @entity712 was present in 13 @entity1 (68%). RESULTS: Fifteen @entity1 (79%) underwent mitral valve replacement, and four @entity1 (21%) underwent mitral valve repair. @entity3585 was corrected directly in all @entity1 via the mitral valve with septal myectomy/myotomy, avoiding aortotomy in majority of the @entity1 . No significant prolongation of extracorporeal circulation/aortic cross-clamping times was observed (P = 0.41 and P = 0.67, respectively) when compared with a similar population without @entity1121 . No iatrogenic @entity1757 developed in treated @entity1 . No hospital mortality occurred. Resting LVOT gradient reduced at discharge to 13 (22) mm Hg (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Transmitral left ventricular septal myectomy in @entity1 with @entity179 is quite a simple, feasible, and effective technique and does not require aortotomy in most cases. It can be performed with low early mortality and satisfactory resolution of @entity3585 in a minimally invasive setting.

title: Minimally Invasive Septal Myectomy for the Treatment of XXXX and Intrinsic @entity339 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['intrinsic mitral valve disease', 'degenerative mitral regurgitation', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity3585 :: ('MESH:D014694', 'Disease') :: ['Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction', 'LVOT obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative mitral valve disease']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['HOCM', 'hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: In 2 large-scale, placebo-controlled trials, @entity4481 improved both @entity158 and @entity158 interference in @entity1 with @entity9 due to @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). In both trials, @entity4481 found statistically significant improvement compared with placebo after 1 week of treatment. However, the effects of @entity4481 in the days immediately after initiation of treatment are unknown. The purpose of the present analysis was to determine timing of @entity4481 's therapeutic effect in the days after initiation of treatment. METHODS: Data were derived from 2 trials of @entity4481 in @entity1 with @entity1566 -related @entity9 . Each day @entity1 rated severity of @entity158 and @entity158 interference over the past 24 hours on a scale from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater severity. To quantify timing of therapeutic effect, we compared ( @entity4481 [vs] placebo) daily average @entity158 and @entity158 interference scores over the first 14 days of treatment. Significant improvement was defined as the first day, of >= 2 consecutive days, that @entity4481 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mean scores compared with placebo. To further quantify timing of therapeutic effect, each treatment group was examined to determine the time required to achieve a >= 1-point improvement in @entity158 and @entity158 interference score among @entity1 with a clinically meaningful and sustained response (>= 30% improvement from baseline to end point) by using a time-to-event analysis method. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to estimate the median (or 25th quartile) time (in days) required to achieve a >= 1-point improvement, among these responders, in @entity158 and @entity158 interference scores. Comparisons between @entity4481 and placebo were made with a log-rank test. FINDINGS: In both trials, significant improvement of @entity158 and @entity158 interference occurred within 2 days of initiating treatment with @entity4481 . Among @entity1 reporting a clinically meaningful and sustained response to treatment ( @entity1 with >= 30% improvement from baseline to end point), the time to a >= 1-point improvement of @entity158 and @entity158 interference occurred significantly earlier among @entity4481 -treated @entity1 than among placebo-treated @entity1 . Finally, the timing of @entity4481 's effect on @entity158 and @entity158 interference was unaffected by the use of concomitant medications that were allowed for treatment of @entity9 in both trials. IMPLICATIONS: Treatment with @entity4481 results in rapid time to significant improvement in both @entity158 and @entity158 interference in @entity1 with @entity9 due to @entity1566 . These findings should only be used as a guide to physicians and @entity1 as to when clinical response to @entity4481 may be expected.

title: Examining the Time to Therapeutic Effect of @entity4481 in XXXX @entity1 With @entity9 .

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-related sleep', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity4481 :: ('MESH:C080245', 'Chemical') :: ['pregabalin']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['Spinal Cord Injury']


abstract: AIM: To study the effect of extra-corporeal shock wave (ESW) on the penile hemodynamics and histopathology in @entity35 . METHODS: Adult male @entity35 were divided at random into 3 groups. ESW application was performed with a @entity5377 Lithostar with the @entity35 under anesthesia lying prone on the balloon probe. @entity35 in Group I received a total of 1000 shocks at 18 kV and immediately underwent hemodynamic evaluation performed by direct electrostimulation of the cavernous nerve and measurement of @entity551 ( @entity551 ). @entity35 in Group II received 3 times 1000 shocks at 18 kV at weekly intervals and hemodynamic evaluation was performed 1 month after the last ESW application. Group III served as the control. Histopathological examinations of penile tissues were done on Masson's trichrome and @entity1710 and @entity1711 stained sections. RESULTS: Penile hemodynamic evaluation showed a trend toward a diminished mean maximal @entity551 , duration of erection, @entity551 during the plateau phase and maximal @entity551 / blood pressure ratio in Group I, although there was no significant significance. The mean latency period in Groups I and II was prolonged. Petechial bleeding within tunical layers and small foci of @entity548 within the corpora cavernosa were observed in Group I. However, histopathological examination failed to reveal any significant differences between the groups in terms of smooth muscle content, tunical thickness, organization of collagen bundles and elastic fiber-lattice framework. CONCLUSION: ESW has certain damaging effects on the penis.

title: Effects of extra-corporeal shock waves on penile hemodynamics and histopathology in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['intracavernous pressure', 'ICP']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To observe the peripheral retinal changes of anterior @entity1596 @entity1 using ultra-wide field fluorescein angiography. METHODS: Retrospective case series study. Thirty-three eyes of 20 @entity1 diagnosed as anterior @entity1596 from September to November 2013 in the ophthalmic clinic of Peking University First Hospital was included. All the @entity1 underwent routine ocular examination, followed by ultra-wide field Fluorescein. RESULTS: There were 13 male @entity1 and 7 female @entity1 , aged 23-66, an average of 46 years old. The anterior @entity1596 recurrent in both eyes in 13 @entity1 and only one eye in 7 @entity1 . @entity1596 duration ranging from months to 30 years. Twenty eyes were at the active stage of the anterior @entity1596 while 13 eyes in the quiescent stage. @entity989 was detected in 57.6% (19/33) of the eyes, among which in eyes with @entity989 was 75% (15/20), and in eyes with quiescent disease the rate was 30.8% (4/13). Optic disk hyperfluorescence was found in 6 of 20 eyes with active disease. @entity1103 was found in 4 eyes. In addition, peripheral retinal hyperfluorescence dot and zone were detected in 2 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral retinal vessels were detected to have inflammative leakage in @entity1 of anterior @entity1596 by ultra-wide field @entity941 agiography. @entity989 may still exist even in the quiescent stage of the anterior @entity1596 .

title: [The clinical investigation of peripheral retinal changes of anterior XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1596 :: ('MESH:D014605', 'Disease') :: ['Uveitis', 'uveitis']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['Cystoid macular edema']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['active disease the rate of peripheral retinal vessels leakage', 'Peripheral retinal inflammation', 'Peripheral retinal vessels leakage']

answer: @entity1596 :: (MESH:D014605,Disease) :: ['uveitis']


abstract: Management of early postneurosurgical @entity2010 ( @entity2010 ) requires parenteral vasopressin before intranasal administration of desmopressin-1 desamino-8 D @entity5463 ( @entity7062 ) can be initiated. We have evaluated in 15 neurosurgical @entity1 the effect and the tolerance of a 3-day regimen of dDAVP administered im every 12 h. @entity1 were randomly ascribed to one of 3 treatment groups: 1 microgram (N = 6), 2 micrograms (N = 5) or 4 micrograms (N = 4) were administered twice daily. dDAVP was effective whatever the dose, and @entity2010 was corrected by the 6th h of treatment. Effects were maximal on diuresis and urinary osmolality from the 18th h onwards. The effects were sustained throughout the treatment period. Reversal to pretreatment status occurred 24 h after the last injection. Moreover, 72 h after the last injection, natremia and osmolality reached values significantly below pretherapeutic values. The tolerance was excellent: @entity2753 which occurred in 11 @entity1 , either occasionally or throughout the treatment period, remained mild and never had clinical consequences. In conclusion, before initiation of intranasal dDAVP, a 3-day treatment by 1, 2 or 4 micrograms of dDAVP injected im twice daily in neurosurgical @entity1 corrected @entity2010 . Mild @entity5225 owing to a positive fluid balance was a side-effect which is also encountered in other therapeutic methods necessitating meticulous control of water intake.

title: Management of early postoperative XXXX with parenteral desmopressin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5463 :: ('MESH:D001127', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity5225 :: ('MESH:C566111', 'Disease') :: ['overhydration']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['DI', 'diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity2010 :: (MESH:D003919,Disease) :: ['diabetes insipidus']


abstract: The development of the efficient screening system of detecting compounds that promote myogenesis and prevent muscle atrophy is important. @entity19 C2C12 cells are widely used to evaluate myogenesis but the procedures of the assay are not simple and the quantification is not easy. We established C2C12 cells expressing the N-terminal green fluorescence protein (GFP) and the C-terminal GFP (GFP1-10 and GFP11 cells). GFP1-10 and GFP11 cells do not exhibit GFP signals until they are fused. The signal intensity correlates with the expression of myogenic markers and myofusion. Myogenesis-promoting reagents, such as @entity7424 ( @entity7424 ) and b-guanidinopropionic acid (GPA), enhance the signals, whereas the poly-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-FMK, suppresses it. GFP signals are observed when myotubes formed by GFP1-10 cells are fused with single nuclear GFP11 cells, and enhanced by @entity7424 , GPA, and IBS008738, a recently-reported myogenesis-promoting reagent. Fusion between myotubes formed by GFP1-10 and GFP11 cells is associated with the appearance of GFP signals. @entity7424 and GPA augment these signals, whereas NSC23766, Rac inhibitor, decreases them. The conditioned medium of cancer cells suppresses GFP signals during myogenesis and reduces the width of GFP-positive myotubes after differentiation. Thus the novel split GFP-based assay will provide the useful method for the study of myogenesis, myofusion, and atrophy.

title: A new cell-based assay to evaluate myogenesis in XXXX myoblast C2C12 cells.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether outer retinal changes occur in chronic, presumed @entity725 ( @entity725 ). METHODS: The outer retinas from 128 @entity1 eyes with a diagnosis of chronic @entity726 (presumably @entity725 in most cases) and 90 control eyes were examined histologically by 3 masked observers for photoreceptor swelling and loss. Retinas from 9 @entity2608 with @entity726 induced experimentally by laser trabecular destruction were compared with 7 fellow (control) eyes. The mean pressure elevations in the eyes with laser trabecular destruction ranged from 26.6 to 53.6 mm Hg with durations varying from 7 to 33 weeks. RESULTS: @entity4 of the red- and green-sensitive cones was observed in a statistically significantly greater proportion of @entity1 eyes with presumed @entity725 compared with the control eyes. Patchy loss of red/green cones and rods was also found in some of the @entity2788 . In a subset of the @entity1 eyes with end-stage disease, cone swelling was a variable finding. Although no photoreceptor loss was found in the 9 monkey eyes with experimental @entity726 , 8 had swelling of their red/green cones that was remarkably similar to that seen in the @entity1 eyes. @entity4 was not present in any of the control monkey eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The photoreceptors are affected by chronically elevated intraocular pressure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings may explain some of the @entity3641 and the electrophysiological effects that have been observed in @entity1 with @entity725 .

title: @entity4 and loss of photoreceptors in chronic XXXX and experimental @entity726 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity725 :: ('MESH:C562750', 'Disease') :: ['primary open-angle glaucoma', 'POAG']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['Swelling']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2788 :: ('MESH:D015785', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous retinas']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity3641 :: ('MESH:D003117', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of color vision']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The effects of prolonged starvation on reticuloendothelial system (RE) function and on the survival of animals following @entity130 were studied. @entity35 were fasted for 51/2 days (water ad lib) after which a two-cm midline incision was made and the cecum ligated (CL). Food and water were allowed 36 h after CL and survival was measured over 5 days. The mortality rate in these animals was 60% (15/25) compared to 0% (0/15) in CL @entity35 fasted for 24 h. Starvation alone for 7 days did not produce any @entity204 but after 11 days of starvation mortality was 100%. Another group of animals were fasted for 51/2 days and were used to study RE function 10 h following CL. There was no significant difference in the intravascular clearance rates in injected lipid emulsion in various groups of animals, indicating that total phagocytic function was not changed by prolonged starvation plus CL (SCL). However, emulsion retention in the spleen, expressed as per cent injected dose per gm tissue, decreased by 53% and the lung retention increased by 988% following SLC. Serum GOT levels were not affected by prolonged starvation alone; however, SCL resulted in its elevation (37 vs. 82 IU/ml). Hepatic @entity855 levels (micromoles/g) decreased from 2.47 to 1.95 following 51/2 days starvation and following SCL, it decreased to 1.75. These results indicate that the increased metabolic demand following @entity130 (i.e., CL), coupled with prolonged starvation, altered RE function with splenic lipid emulsion uptake decreasing and pulmonary uptake increasing. The relationship of these findings to immune function remains to be determined. Although the precise cause of increased mortality is not known, altered metabolic and RE function may play a role.

title: Effect of prolonged starvation on reticuloendothelial function and survival following XXXX .

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pain assessment of individuals with @entity72 ( @entity72 ) is largely unexplored. The core deficits of @entity72 may interfere with this population's ability to effectively use traditional @entity158 assessment tools. Accurate @entity158 assessment is essential to providing quality care. The objective was to illuminate barriers to @entity158 assessment in @entity1 with an @entity72 , describe novel methods to communicate about their @entity158 experience, and identify vocabularies that hold meaning with respect to @entity158 to better understand @entity158 from their context. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews including interactive electronic technology to enhance communication. Subjects included @entity1 aged 6 to 17 years with @entity72 experiencing @entity12761 after a surgical procedure at a large urban tertiary @entity1 's hospital. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of 40 interviews, @entity1 consisted of 34 (85%) male, 29 (72.5%) non-Hispanic white with mean age 11.75    3.36 years (range: 6-17). All subjects were able to describe and locate their @entity158 but required a variety of approaches. Assessment preferences included minimal time spent focusing on @entity158 and simplistic language and actions using terms familiar to each subject. Notably, subjects were able to reliably demonstrate understanding of graded response and seriation. Parent involvement was essential, both in helping interpret the @entity1 's needs and providing trusted support. CONCLUSIONS: Some @entity1 with @entity72 require an alternate interactive approach to @entity158 assessment. Individualized consideration and estimation of @entity158 assessment methods for use in this population may provide more meaningful interactions, ultimately guiding better @entity158 management interventions.

title: Pain Assessment of XXXX with @entity72 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'autism spectrum disorder']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: 1. Activated hepatic lipocytes are central to the pathogenesis of liver @entity82 as the principal source of both interstitial collagens and matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. In progressive @entity82 there is a failure to degrade interstitial collagens with a reported decrease in collagenase activity. In these studies we investigate expression of the potent collagenase inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and interstitial collagenase in end-stage @entity3619 and activated @entity1 hepatic lipocytes in culture. 2. Messenger RNA transcripts for interstitial collagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in explanted @entity1 liver were quantified by ribonuclease protection assay and densitometric analysis. This indicated that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and interstitial collagenase expression in @entity3619 were also coordinately up-regulated. 3. Using Northern analysis of RNA from @entity1 lipocytes in primary culture on plastic, mRNA for interstitial collagenase could not be detected in unstimulated cells but was present after stimulation with @entity5 factor alpha. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 mRNA was present in unstimulated lipocytes and up-regulated fivefold in response to @entity5 factor alpha. Using activity assay of serum-free conditioned media, interstitial collagenase could not be detected in unstimulated primary cultures, primary cultures stimulated with @entity5 factor alpha or @entity2533 (n = 3 and n = 4 respectively) or in passaged lipocytes (n = 6). In contrast, free tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 activity was present in unstimulated and passaged cultures and this was increased in response to @entity5 factor alpha and transforming growth factor @entity8652 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-I and interstitial collagenase expression in @entity3619 and activated XXXX hepatic lipocytes.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor beta-1']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune chronic active hepatitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The effectiveness of the adaptive immune system relies upon extensive proliferation of an initially small number of antigen-specific T cells. At the end of a successful response, the majority die by apoptosis and a small minority joins the memory cell pool. Upon re-challenge with antigen, these memory cells must again undergo clonal expansion in order to mediate an effective response. Thus, T cells are subjected to marked proliferative stress which may result in clonal exhaustion due to replicative senescence. In other systems made up of rapidly proliferating cells (e.g. in the gut) individual clones are identical and are replaced at the end of their lifespan by differentiation from a stem cell reservoir. However, because of the unique clonal distribution of antigen receptors on T cells, mere replacement with other T cells is not sufficient to maintain the integrity of the system. Moreover, the very source of new T cells decreases with age (due to thymic involution). Therefore, the adaptive immune system may be uniquely susceptible to the deleterious effects of replicative senescence. Particularly in @entity1 , in vivo studies of the behaviour of individual T-cell clones in the body is difficult. However, T-cell longevity, measured as proliferative capacity in terms of population doublings, can be usefully modelled at the clonal level in vitro. This paper discusses the surprisingly little that is known about the average longevity, variation between clones, and the maximal longevity of @entity1 T cells under clonal culture conditions in vitro. From our own studies, we show that average lifespan of @entity1 T cells is as little as 17 @entity1726 ; however, established clones reach 35 @entity1726 on average, with maximum longevity generally in the region of 60-80 @entity1726 , regardless of the source of the cloned cells. Expression of surface molecules in general did not differ strikingly between young and old donors, but the frequency of clones secreting @entity688 , and the amount secreted per clone was higher in the elderly than in the young. Conversely, the frequency of clones secreting @entity650 and the amount secreted per clone was higher in the young.

title: Longevity in vitro of XXXX CD4+ T helper cell clones derived from young donors and elderly donors, or from progenitor cells: age-associated differences in cell surface molecule expression and cytokine secretion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess whether @entity231 surgery in older @entity1 increases risk for the development of late-stage age-related @entity1020 (ARM). DESIGN: Combined analysis of longitudinal data from two population-based cohorts, the Beaver Dam Eye Study and Blue Mountains Eye Study. @entity1 : The Beaver Dam Eye Study examined 4926 @entity1 aged 43 years or older at baseline and re-examined 3684 after 5 years. The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 @entity1 aged 49 years or older at baseline and re-examined 2335 after 5 years. METHODS: The two studies used similar protocols for retinal photography and photographic grading. We defined incident late-stage ARM as the development of @entity1020 or @entity10691 without either lesion type at baseline that was confirmed by consensus between the study investigators. Nonphakic eyes included eyes that were aphakic or pseudophakic at baseline. Eye-specific data were analyzed. Age- and study site-adjusted relative risks were calculated using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were also estimated using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS: Of the 6019 @entity1 examined after 5 years, 11,391 eyes were considered at risk for developing late-stage ARM, including 315 nonphakic and 11,076 phakic eyes. Late-state ARM (either @entity1020 or @entity10691 ) developed in 6.0% to 7.5% of nonphakic eyes (10 of 168 right and 11 of 147 left eyes), compared with 0.7% of phakic eyes (40 of 5504 right and 37 of 5572 left eyes) during the 5-year period. Age- and study site-adjusted 5-year relative risks were 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-5.1) for right and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.1-6.4) for left eyes. After further adjustment for gender, smoking, and the presence of indistinct or reticular drusen or @entity66 at baseline, nonphakic eyes had a substantially higher risk for developing either late-stage ARM lesion compared with phakic eyes, OR = 5.7 (95% CI, 2.4-13.6). CONCLUSIONS: Pooled findings from these two large population-based cohorts support the hypothesis that @entity231 surgery in older @entity1 may be associated with an increased subsequent risk for developing late-stage ARM, particularly @entity1020 .

title: XXXX surgery and the 5-year incidence of late-stage age-related @entity1020 : pooled findings from the Beaver Dam and Blue Mountains eye studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pigmentary abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity10691 :: ('MESH:D057092', 'Disease') :: ['geographic atrophy in eyes', 'geographic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['maculopathy', 'neovascular ARM']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['Cataract']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of decline in blood pressure on mortality in @entity1 with spontaneous @entity1779 ( @entity1779 ). DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: University-affiliated teaching hospital. @entity1 : Consecutive @entity1 admitted with spontaneous @entity1779 over a 3-year period. MEASURES: Blood pressure recordings were obtained from the first 24 hrs. @entity1 (n = 105) with more than five blood pressure recordings and on average greater than one measurement per 2 hrs were included (mean measurements per @entity1 = 20.3). @entity551 ( @entity551 ) recordings over the first 24 hrs after presentation were regressed on time for each @entity1 . Each @entity1 's @entity551 was calculated as a slope (change mm Hg/hr). We performed logistic regression analyses to determine the effect of @entity551 slope on mortality and functional outcome, adjusting for other predictive factors including Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score and @entity1410 volume. The effect of @entity551 slope on mortality was also evaluated in subsets of @entity1 based on age, gender, initial GCS score, initial @entity551 , treatment status, @entity1410 volume, and presence of ventricular blood. MAIN RESULTS: Mean slope of change in @entity551 was -2.0 mm Hg/hr (+/- 1.9, range -8.5 to +0.6). The slope of @entity551 (faster rate of decline) within the first 24 hrs was significantly associated with higher mortality (p =.04), independent of initial GCS score and @entity1410 volume. In subgroup analyses, @entity551 slope was significantly associated with mortality in @entity1 (p = .08), @entity1 with @entity1410 volume <50 mm3 (p =.08), initial @entity551 < or = 146 mm Hg (p = .006), and those with initial GCS score > or = 10 (p= .07). @entity551 slope did not predict functional outcome among survivors. CONCLUSIONS: A rapid decline in @entity551 within 24 hrs after presentation is independently associated with increased mortality in @entity1 with @entity1779 . A large, prospective, randomized trial is required to confirm these findings.

title: Rate of 24-hour blood pressure decline and mortality after spontaneous XXXX : a retrospective analysis with a random effects regression model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Mean arterial pressure', 'MAP']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['ICH', 'intracerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']


abstract: In fifteen subjects with oculo-cutaneous or ocular albinism pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded to monocular whole-field (16 degrees radius) and right and left vertical half-field (16 degrees radius) stimulation from an array of occipital electrodes. In all 15 subjects the VEP was of low amplitude and the monocular response to whole-field stimulation showed abnormal asymmetry in scalp topography. This asymmetry was similar to that produced by stimulation of the temporal half-field in the same eye. Two distinct types of VEP asymmetry were readily identified in different subjects. In 5 the major positivity of the response ( @entity7286 ) was distributed in the channels ipsilateral to the stimulated eye or temporal half-field, being similar in distribution to the @entity7286 from the temporal hemifield or normal individuals. In 9 other subjects the converse occurred; the @entity7286 was distributed contralaterally. The remaining subject was unique in that the responses from each eye had a distribution that resembled one of the two main groups. The nasal half-field responses also differentiated the two groups. On stimulation of the nasal field in the first group the @entity7286 was usually absent or attenuated and when present it had the same topography as the temporal half-field @entity7286 . In contrast the nasal half-field @entity7286 from the second group was always present and, although almost invariably smaller than the temporal half-field @entity7286 , it had an identical distribution. There was no correlation between these two patterns of VEP asymmetry and clinical or known genetic features. The findings confirm that in @entity1 albinos each hemisphere receives a predominantly monocular input from the contralateral eye; i.e. in addition to the temporal, half-field, approximately 20 degrees of the nasal half-field is projected to the hemisphere contralateral to each eye and not, as in normal subjects, to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Furthermore, the findings of two distinct and in some respects opposite types of VEP topographical asymmetry raises the possibility of two variants of the geniculo-cortical projection patterns existing in @entity1 albinos similar to those described in the Siamese cat.

title: Pattern evoked potentials in XXXX albinism. Evidence of two different topographical asymmetries reflecting abnormal retino-cortical projections.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The best practice tariff for hip and knee replacement in the English @entity283 ( @entity283 ) rewards providers based on improvements in @entity1 -reported outcome measures (PROMs) collected before and after surgery. Providers only receive a bonus if at least 50% of their @entity1 complete the preoperative questionnaire. We determined how many providers failed to meet this threshold prior to the policy introduction and assessed longitudinal stability of participation rates. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study using data from Hospital Episode Statistics and the national @entity4942 programme from April 2009 to March 2012. We calculated participation rates based on either (a) all @entity4942 records or (b) only those that could be linked to inpatient records; constructed confidence intervals around rates to account for sampling variation; applied precision weighting to allow for volume; and applied risk adjustment. SETTING: @entity283 hospitals and private providers in England. @entity1 : @entity283 @entity1 undergoing elective unilateral hip and knee replacement surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of providers with participation rates statistically significantly below 50%. RESULTS: Crude rates identified many providers that failed to achieve the 50% threshold but there were substantially fewer after adjusting for uncertainty and precision. While important, risk adjustment required restricting the analysis to linked data. Year-on-year correlation between provider participation rates was moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Participation rates have improved over time and only a small number of providers now fall below the threshold, but administering preoperative questionnaires remains problematic in some providers. We recommend that participation rates are based on linked data and take into account sampling variation.

title: Should English healthcare providers be penalised for failing to collect XXXX -reported outcome measures? A retrospective analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['NHS', 'National Health Service']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: @entity1149 frequently contains oncogenetic defects (mutations in ras, @entity995 , and @entity876 genes) that contribute to disease pathophysiology. Recent studies and clinical trials have focused on gene therapy approaches that either replace the function of defective @entity5 -suppressor genes such as @entity876 or inactivate mutant oncogenes such as ras. Ribozymes are RNA molecules with highly specific intrinsic enzymatic activity against target RNA sequences, which can discriminate mutant sequences that differ by a single base from their wild-type counterparts. Following binding to the RNA substrate by base-pair complementation, the ribozyme cleaves the target RNA irreversibly, then releases itself for new rounds of subsequent cleavage, resulting in significantly improved target:effector stoichiometry as compared with antisense oligonucleotides of the same specificity. Transcript-specific ribozymes have been used extensively for experimental oncogene inactivation. Ribozymes are effective for targeting mutant ras, @entity876 , or the multidrug-resistant gene product for @entity2 cells in vitro. However, their in vivo effect is not well defined against this malignancy. We recently characterized the antitumor properties of an anti- @entity984 ribozyme specific for the @entity984 codon 12 mutation ( @entity70935 ). When delivered as a transgene by an adenoviral vector (ADV), the @entity984 ribozyme (KRbz) suppressed growth of @entity2 xenografts expressing the relevant mutation, whereas the corresponding antisense sequence lacking catalytic activity did not. Multiple intratumoral (3-5) injections of KRbz-ADV were effective in producing complete @entity5 regressions of preexisting @entity5 xenografts. Clinical trials are under consideration to examine the applicability of this anti- @entity984 ribozyme for treatment of @entity1149 expressing the relevant mutation.

title: Potential clinical application of antioncogene ribozymes for human XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['Non-small-cell lung cancer', 'non-small-cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'lung tumor']

entities_list: @entity70935 :: ('c|SUB|GGT||GTT', 'DNAMutation') :: ['GGT-->GTT']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Prescription opioid and @entity29908 have been increasing steadily year after year, and continue to be a serious national problem. A sequela of the increase in @entity4784 has been an increase in the number of @entity1 born with @entity4784 . These @entity1 often require costly, prolonged stays in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for drug withdrawal treatment. The authors studied a population of @entity1 from a large Medicaid health plan who were born with @entity6767 ( @entity6767 ) secondary to in utero opioid exposure to assess the average length of stay in the NICU, and to determine the variables that may account for differences in interinstitutional lengths of stay. The overall average length of stay for @entity6767 was 21.1 days for the 139 @entity1 included in the study. Analysis of the medication used for treatment revealed that @entity1 who were treated with a combined inpatient/outpatient regimen with @entity284 had an average length of stay of 11.4 days versus 25.1 days for @entity1 who were treated entirely as inpatients (P<0.001), a 55% reduction in average length of stay. In 2009 there were an estimated 13,600 cases of @entity6767 in the United States at a cost of  53,000 per case. A 55% reduction in length of stay corresponds to  396 million in annual savings for the treatment of @entity6767 . Development of successful combined inpatient/outpatient management programs for @entity6767 warrants further consideration. (Population Health Management 2015;18:392-397).

title: @entity6767 : Influence of a Combined Inpatient/Outpatient XXXX Treatment Regimen on the Average Length of Stay of a Medicaid NICU Population.

entities_list: @entity6767 :: ('MESH:D009357', 'Disease') :: ['NAS', 'neonatal abstinence syndrome']

entities_list: @entity29908 :: ('MESH:D006556', 'Disease') :: ['heroin abuse']

entities_list: @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['opioid abuse', 'opioid dependence']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

answer: @entity284 :: (MESH:D008691,Chemical) :: ['Methadone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamic changes of @entity378 related cytokines among @entity1 during the different courses of treatment, and to analyze their influences on the development and prognoses of @entity378 . METHODS: All @entity1 with active @entity378 were enrolled from Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Foshan @entity1906 control institutes. There were a total of 68 cases, 36 males and 32 females, aged 19 to 50 years [ average (30  9) years]. All the @entity1906 @entity1 received standard chemotherapy regimen of anti- @entity378 , and were divided into 2 groups: one completed treatment group (cured or clinically cured 38 cases) and 1 uncompleted treatment group (treatment failure or need to extend treatment, 30 cases). Peripheral blood serum at 0, 2, 6 month during the treatment from 68 @entity378 @entity1 were collected, and the concentration of @entity379 , @entity3646 , @entity4155 , @entity2533 , @entity310 and @entity688 were detected by ELISA tests. RESULTS: The concentration of @entity379 , @entity2533 and @entity3646 in all enrolled @entity1 showed significant decrease (from 23.2 ng/L to 22.3 ng/L, from 169.1 ng/L to 123.2 ng/L; 65.0 ng/L to 31.9 ng/L) (t=2.67, 2.35 and 3.41, P<0.05) along with the extension of treatment. @entity688 increased significantly (12.9 ng/L) in the uncompleted treatment group but declined significantly (5.38 ng/L) (P<0.05) in the completed treatment group at the end of 6 month. Meanwhile, @entity3646 decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the completed treatment group but no significant changes were observed in the uncompleted treatment group. @entity1198 /Th2 ( @entity379 / @entity3646 ) raised gradually in the completed treatment group (0 month <2 month <6 month, t=6.32, 6.03 and 5.85, P<0.05), while it was only at 6 month in the uncompleted treatment group (0 month <6 month, t=3.7, P<0.05). And the ratio of @entity1198 /Th2 in the completed treatment group was significantly higher than that in the uncompleted group treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: It suggests that the changes of @entity1198 cytokines ( @entity379 , @entity2533 ) and the @entity1198 /Th2 balance play an important role in the pathogenesis, development and prognosis of @entity1906 . The suppression of @entity379 , @entity2533 or @entity1198 /Th2 balance may be an important factor influencing the prognosis of @entity1906 .

title: [The dynamic changes of XXXX related cytokines during disease progression].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: @entity6437 ( @entity6437 ) is a rare @entity5 of unknown origin, it has the appearance of a @entity5 but has a benign histology and clinical course. Therefore, we studied five @entity1 with @entity6437 of the liver to determine what examination can aid in its diagnosis. Five cases of @entity409 were analyzed. All @entity1 were examined by echography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and angiography to diagnose the @entity96 . In all @entity1 echography and CT scan showed a similar appearance while MRI showed a variable pattern. In two @entity1 ERC showed a stenotic image of intra-hepatic bile ducts. In the angiographic study, the arterial phase in three @entity1 showed a hypervascular @entity5 and in one @entity1 , a @entity5 . @entity455 was presented in one @entity1 . Similarly, portography in four @entity1 showed some abnormality. We performed ultrasonography-guided percutaneous needle biopsy in two @entity1 in order to diagnose @entity6437 . Histological examinations of two @entity1 were consistent with @entity6437 . The other three @entity1 underwent surgical treatment for a @entity201 or @entity733 . It is difficult to diagnose @entity6437 of the liver exclusively with an image examination. Ultrasonography-guided percutaneous liver biopsy should be performed in order to diagnose @entity6437 by histology.

title: Diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['Vascular abnormality']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'hypovascular tumor', 'benign tumor', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity6437 :: ('MESH:D006104', 'Disease') :: ['IPT', 'Inflammatory pseudotumor']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver']


abstract: IL-1 is a key cytokine that promotes @entity55 and @entity82 , as a result of its ability to stimulate lung fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, two hallmarks of @entity82 . The @entity18995 ( @entity18995 ) is an important natural inhibitor of IL-1-mediated functions. In models of @entity3794 induced by chemotherapeutic agents or noxious particles, administration of @entity18995 significantly ameliorates lung @entity82 . Lung tissue undergoing an inflammatory response shows elevations in @entity18995 , although it is not clear which pulmonary cells are responsible for the @entity18995 synthesis. The purpose of this research was to determine whether @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - subsets of @entity19 lung fibroblasts were capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . In this report, it is demonstrated for the first time that lung fibroblasts are capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . Both @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - parental lines and clones constitutively express @entity18995 mRNA. Quantitation of @entity18995 protein indicates that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts secrete similar levels of secreted but not intracellular @entity18995 . @entity3512 - fibroblasts accumulate higher levels of @entity18995 intracellularly. Moreover, fibroblast-conditioned supernatants containing @entity18995 significantly suppress the mitogenic response of a T cell clone, D10G4.1, to concanavalin A and @entity635 . Overall, our observations indicate that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts release @entity18995 and possess an IL-1-specific inhibitory activity in their supernatants. In vivo, fibroblast-derived @entity18995 may serve to regulate IL-1-mediated effects in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to maintain homeostasis in the pulmonary interstitium.

title: Synthesis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - XXXX lung fibroblast subsets.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are integral components of the host innate immune system and functional throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. AMPs are short cationic molecules and lethal against a wide range of bacteria, viruses, fungi, @entity375 and protozoa due to their membranolytic effects on the negatively-charged microbial membranes. In addition, they exert multiple immunomodulatory roles like chemotaxis, modulation of cytokine and chemokine expression, leukocyte activation etc. Since AMPs suffer loss of microbicidal properties under serum and tissue environments, their capacity to modulate the immune system may predominates under the physiological conditions. Discovery of new antibiotics is lagging far behind the rapidly spreading drug resistance among the microorganisms. Both natural and synthetic AMPs have shown promise as 'next generation antibiotics' due to their unique mode of action, which minimises the chance of development of microbial resistance. In addition, they have therapeutic potential against @entity32 and @entity5 . Many of the synthetic AMPs are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of debilitating diseases, such as @entity1212 , @entity4760 , chemotherapy-associated @entity281 etc. Some of them have already entered the market as topical preparations. In this review, we synopsise the current literature of natural and synthetic AMPs in different infectious and inflammatory diseases of @entity1 microfloral habitats, especially the gastrointestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tracts and the skin. We also discuss the classification of AMPs, their mode action and antimicrobial spectrum, including the pathogen evasion mechanisms. In short, we tried to present the locus standi of AMPs in relation to @entity1 diseases and highlight the most promising synthetic peptides emerging from the clinical trials. Finally, we focused on the limitations and hurdles in terms of cost of production, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic stability and @entity137 faced by commercial development and clinical use of the AMPs and strategies to overcome these hurdles.

title: Mammalian Antimicrobial Peptides: Promising Therapeutic Targets Against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['non-infectious diseases like chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1212 :: ('MESH:D055499', 'Disease') :: ['catheter-related infections']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity4760 :: ('MESH:D017719', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic foot ulcers']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Infection and Chronic Inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Natural Killer ( @entity47661 ) cells are the most abundant lymphocytes in the decidua during early gestation. The interactions of @entity47661 cells with the extravillous cytotrophoblast have been associated with a normal spiral artery remodeling process, an essential event for a successful pregnancy. Recent data indicate that alterations in the amount of decidual @entity47661 ( @entity47661 ) cells contribute to the development of @entity1468 ( @entity1468 ). Moreover, genetic studies suggest that @entity9371 ( @entity9371 ) expressed in @entity47661 cells influence the susceptibility to @entity1468 . Although @entity47661 cells have been well characterized during early pregnancy, they have been scarcely studied in the third trimester of gestation. The aim of this work was to characterize @entity47661 cells at the last trimester of gestation and to analyze the @entity9371 genotype of healthy and @entity1468 @entity1 . METHODS: Decidual samples were obtained during Caesarean section from control (n = 10) and @entity1468 (n = 9) @entity1 . Flow cytometric analysis of CD3, @entity2940 , @entity4071 and @entity6460 was used to characterize and quantify @entity47661 cells in both groups. Cell surface markers from decidual leukocytes were compared with PBMC from healthy donors. @entity9371 genotyping was performed in genomic DNA (control, n = 86; @entity1468 , n = 90) using PCR-SSP. RESULTS: The results indicate that @entity47661 cells persist throughout pregnancy. They represented 20% of total leukocytes in control and @entity1468 groups, and they expressed the same cell surface markers (CD3-, @entity2940 +, @entity4071 - and @entity6460 +) as @entity47661 in the first trimester of gestation. There were no significant differences in the percentage of @entity47661 cells between control and @entity1468 groups. The analysis of @entity9371 gene frequencies and genotypes was not statistically different between control and @entity1468 groups. The ratio of activating to inhibitory genes indicated that the overall inhibitory balance (0.2-0.5) was more frequent in the @entity1468 group (control, 31.3% vs @entity1468 , 45.5%), and the activating balance (0.6-1.1) was more frequent in the control group (control, 68.6% vs @entity1468 , 54.4%). However this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the persistence of @entity47661 cells in @entity1468 and control @entity1 at the third trimester of pregnancy; these @entity47661 cells had a similar phenotype to those found during early pregnancy. The predominance of a @entity9371 inhibitory balance in the @entity1468 group could be associated to the physiopathology of @entity1468 .

title: Persistence of decidual @entity47661 cells and @entity9371 genotypes in healthy pregnant and preeclamptic XXXX : a case-control study in the third trimester of gestation.

entities_list: @entity9371 :: ('3805', 'Gene') :: ['Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors', 'KIR']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia', 'PE']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two kinds of given diets on growth, on some carcass characteristics and on the major meat nutrients of local Algerian @entity742 breed. The investigated @entity742 breed called "Hamra" is one of the most famous breeds in Algeria. Among one 106 animals, 40 @entity742 were selected according to their age, similar livestock characteristics and body weight. The samples were divided into two equal groups: control and experimental @entity742 according to their live weight; 24.63        0.47 and 24.35        0.64  kg, respectively. Both groups were fed with two varieties of concentrate diets: @entity4336 diet based for the first group of control @entity742 (n   =   20) and @entity4336 substituted by @entity2247 (Variety Sa  da 183) for the second experimental group @entity742 (n   =   20). Both diets were supplemented with 200  g straw of @entity2247 /animal/ration. The chemical analysis of diets showed an elevated crude fibre content in the commercial concentrate. However, the experimental concentrate contained higher amounts of @entity460 . After 59  days of fattening, no significant difference was found among the two studied groups on the growth performance (p   >   0.05), showing the same final body weight. In contrast, a significant difference was found (p    <=   0.001) in relation to the cost of the given diet. This could affect the price of the produced meat. At 37.85        0.78  kg live weight, 10 @entity742 fed with experimental concentrate were slaughtered. The dressing percentage was 46.65  %, with 2.49  % of carcass shrink. Furthermore, an interesting percentage of total muscle was obtained (63.73  %) with a good carcass conformation scoring 9.56. Compared to other breed @entity742 , Hamra carcass could be considered as the most valuable one economically.

title: Partial substitution of @entity2247 for XXXX : effect on "Hamra" lamb growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity4336 :: (381124,Species) :: ['corn']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a well-known complication in @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ). There is good evidence that maintaining a normal body-weight correlates well with improved survival in @entity1577 . Energy intake in excess of 120% of the estimated average requirement (EAR) has been advised since 1980s. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the nutritional intake and status in the adult Scandinavian @entity1577 -population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional multi-centre study was used to investigate the nutritional status of 456 adult @entity1577 - @entity1 (2003 2006). Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) and z-scores were calculated. Pulmonary function was examined by dynamic spirometry. A 7-day pre-coded food record (FR) obtained energy and nutrient intake data in 180 @entity1 . RESULTS: The mean energy intake was 114 (SD 30.0)% of EAR and thus significantly lower than the target of 120% EAR (p< 0.001) for @entity1 with @entity3210 ( @entity3210 ) (n=136). Mean BMI was 22.0 (SD 2.9), the prevalence of BMI <18 was 13% and the prevalence of BMI >= 25 was 15% (n=136). Mean BMI was 20.8 (SD 2.4) in @entity3210 - @entity1 with FEV(1) <70% and 23.2% (SD 3.0), in @entity3210 - @entity1 with FEV(1) >= 70%, mean difference 2.4, (95% CI: 1.5, 3.3) (p<0.001), but there was no difference in energy intake. BMI >= 18.5 and a reported energy intake <120% were revealed in 54% of the @entity3210 - @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The energy intake did not reach the recommended 120% EAR, but the prevalence of underweight was lower than reported in other studies. The recommendation may exceed the requirement for a number of @entity1577 - @entity1 . The nutritional status must still be closely monitored and nutritional advice and intervention should be individualised and adjusted to actual needs.

title: Dietary intake and nutritional status in a Scandinavian adult XXXX -population compared with recommendations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3210 :: ('MESH:D010188', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic insufficiency', 'PI']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered an attractive approach for gene or drug delivery in @entity5 therapy. Thus, in this study, the ability of @entity1 bone marrow-derived MSCs expressing the cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine prodrug ( @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs) to target the @entity1 @entity421 cell line Cal72 was evaluated. METHODS: The stable @entity1050 /5FC MSC cell line was established by transfection of pEGFP containing the cytosine deaminase gene into MSCs with G418 selection. The anti- @entity5 effect was verified by a bystander effect assay in vitro and co-injection of Cal72 and @entity1050 /5FC MSCs in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 . RESULTS: The therapeutic @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs retained the characteristics of multipotent cells such as differentiation into adipocytes/osteocytes and expression of mesenchymal markers ( @entity5399 and @entity1759 ), and showed migration toward @entity1 cells to a greater extent than the native MSCs. The bystander effect assay showed that the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs significantly augmented Cal72 @entity137 in direct co-culture and in the presence of 5-FC through the application of conditioned medium. In @entity421 -bearing @entity19 , the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs inhibited @entity5 growth when compared with control @entity19 subcutaneously injected with only @entity1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings suggest that @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs may be suitable for targeting @entity1 @entity421 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Targeted inhibition of XXXX growth by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['osteosarcoma tumor']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Tumor progression depends on @entity5 milieu, which influences neovasculature formation and immunosuppression. Combining immunotherapy with antiangiogenic/antivascular therapy might be an effective therapeutic approach. The aim of our study was to elaborate an anticancer therapeutic strategy based on the induction of immune response which leads to polarization of @entity5 milieu. To achieve this, we developed a @entity5 cell-based vaccine. @entity20770 peptide was used as a B16-F10 cell death-inducing agent. The lysates were used as a vaccine to immunize @entity19 bearing B16-F10 @entity320 . To further improve the therapeutic effect of the vaccine, we combined it with interleukin (IL)-12 gene therapy. IL-12, a cytokine with antiangiogenic properties, activates nonspecific and specific immune responses. We observed that combined therapy is significantly more effective (as compared with monotherapies) in inhibiting @entity5 growth. Furthermore, the tested combination polarizes the @entity5 microenvironment, which results in a switch from a proangiogenic/immunosuppressive to an antiangiogenic/immunostimulatory one. The switch manifests itself as a decreased number of @entity5 blood vessels, increased levels of @entity5 -infiltrating @entity1961 (+), CD8(+) and NK cells, as well as lower level of suppressor lymphocytes (Treg). Our results suggest that polarizing @entity5 milieu by such combined therapy does inhibit @entity5 growth and seems to be a promising therapeutic strategy.

title: Combined Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination and Interleukin-12 Gene Therapy Polarizes the Tumor Microenvironment in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma tumors']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: Tumor @entity39 factors ( @entity4909 ; @entity310 and @entity4909 ) are major pro-inflammatory cytokines that are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of @entity565 . However, the functions of genetic polymorphisms in these cytokines have not been thoroughly examined in the context of @entity565 pathology. In an effort to discover polymorphism(s) in genes whose variant(s) have been implicated in @entity565 phenotypes, we examined the genetic effects of @entity4909 ( @entity310 and @entity4909 ) polymorphisms on @entity565 and total serum IgE level. Seven common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in @entity4909 genes were genotyped in a Korean @entity565 cohort (asthmatics n=550, normal controls n=171). Six common haplotypes could be constructed in the @entity4909 gene cluster due to very strong LD between @entity310 and @entity4909 , located 13 kb apart on chromosome 6p21. One SNP ( @entity310 @entity15646 ) showed a significant association with the risk of @entity565 (P=0.0004). The frequency of @entity310 -308A allele-containing genotype in asthmatics (9.8%) was much lower than that in normal controls (22.9%). The protective effects of this polymorphism on @entity565 were also evident in separated subgroups by atopic status (P=0.05 in non-atopic subjects and P=0.003 in atopic subjects). The most common haplotype of the @entity4909 gene ( @entity4909 -ht1[GGTCCGG]) was associated with total serum IgE (immunoglobulin E) levels in @entity565 @entity1 , especially in non-atopic @entity1 (P=0.004). Genetic variants of @entity4909 might be involved in development of @entity565 and total serum IgE level in @entity565 @entity1 . The results of this study could be helpful to understand the function of important @entity4909 genes in @entity565 and IgE production.

title: Association of tumor @entity39 factor polymorphisms with XXXX and serum total IgE.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Irradiation in conjunction with gene therapy is considered for efficient @entity5 treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their irradiation-promotable @entity5 tropism, are ideal delivery vehicles for gene therapy. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with radiation and interleukin (IL)-12-expressing MSCs (MSCs/IL-12) exerts improved antitumor effects on @entity19 metastatic @entity157 . HCa-I and Hepa 1-6 cells were utilized to generate heterotopic @entity19 @entity157 models. Tumor-bearing @entity19 were treated with irradiation or MSCs/IL-12 alone, or a combination. @entity1750 ( @entity1750 / @entity1750 ) expression was assessed in irradiated @entity157 tissues to confirm a chemotactic effect. Combination treatment strategies were established and their therapeutic efficacies were evaluated by monitoring @entity5 growth, @entity3 and survival rate. IL-12 expression was assessed and the apoptotic activity and immunological alterations in the @entity5 microenvironment were examined. @entity1750 / @entity1750 expression and localization of MSCs/IL-12 increased in the irradiated @entity19 @entity157 cells. The antitumor effects, including suppression of pulmonary @entity3 and survival rate improvements, were increased by the combination treatment with irradiation and MSCs/IL-12. IL-12 expression was increased in @entity5 cells, causing proliferation of cluster of differentiation 8(+) T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The apoptotic activity increased, indicating that the @entity137 of immune cells was involved in the antitumor effect of the combined treatment. Treatment with irradiation and MSCs/IL-12 showed effectiveness in treating @entity19 metastatic @entity157 . IL-12-induced proliferation of immune cells played an important role in apoptosis of @entity5 cells. Our results suggest that treatment with irradiation and MSCs/IL-12 may be a useful strategy for enhancing antitumor activity in metastatic @entity157 .

title: Irradiation-induced localization of IL-12-expressing mesenchymal stem cells to enhance the curative effect in XXXX metastatic @entity157 .

entities_list: @entity1750 :: ('20296(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1', 'CCL2', 'MCP-1']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: @entity519 pelvic and limb perfusion by means of a balloon occlusion technique was evaluated in @entity1 with recurrent @entity320 of the lower limbs who were non-responders to isolated hyperthermic limb perfusion or who were not eligible for this procedure. A pilot study was performed in 17 @entity1 , who underwent @entity519 pelvic and limb perfusion with 50 mg/m(2) of @entity3601 or 50 mg/m(2) of melphalan and 25 mg/m(2) of @entity1138 . Each procedure was followed by haemofiltration. A leakage monitoring study was performed in five of the 17 @entity1 . The response rate and time to disease progression were the primary endpoints, with overall survival as the secondary endpoint. During the procedures there were no technical, @entity455 , and no @entity204 occurred during surgery or in the postoperative period. Significant leakage (median 40%) was measured in the five @entity1 studied. No severe @entity137 was observed. After one course of treatment, the objective response rate was 47% (95% confidence interval 22.5-71.5%), the median time to disease progression was 10 months (range 2-40 months), and the 3 year overall survival was 20%. @entity519 pelvic and limb perfusion seems to be a safe and effective treatment for @entity1 with unresectable recurrent limb @entity320 who are not eligible for isolated hyperthermic limb perfusion. Due to the non-homogeneity of the study, with some @entity1 receiving a combination of melphalan and @entity1138 and others receiving only melphalan, it is not possible to make definite conclusions with regard to efficacy. Further studies are necessary to establish whether the response rates can be improved by using different drug regimens.

title: XXXX pelvic and limb perfusion with melphalan and @entity1138 for recurrent limb @entity320 : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['haemodynamic or vascular complications']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['systemic or regional toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxic', 'hypoxic']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['Hypoxic']


abstract: Caveolin-1 ( @entity3895 -1) is the principal structural protein of caveolae membranes that are found in most cells types, including mammary epithelial cells. Recently, we mapped the @entity1 @entity5689 gene to a suspected @entity5 suppressor locus (7q31.1/D7S522) that is deleted in a variety of @entity1 @entity5 , as well as @entity5 . In addition, the @entity5689 gene is mutated ( @entity22156 ) in up to approximately 16% of @entity1 @entity0 . The mechanism by which deletion or mutation of the @entity3895 -1 gene contributes to mammary tumorigenesis remains unknown. To understand the role of the @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) mutation in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity0 , we generated the same mutation in wild-type (WT) @entity3895 -1 and studied its behavior in cultured cells. Interestingly, the @entity22156 mutation leads to formation of misfolded @entity3895 -1 oligomers that are retained within the Golgi complex and are not targeted to caveolae or the plasma membrane. To examine whether the @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) mutant behaves in a dominant-negative manner, we next co-transfected cells with @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) and WT @entity3895 -1, and evaluated their caveolar targeting. Our results indicate that @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner, causing the mislocalization and intracellular retention of WT @entity3895 -1. Virtually identical results were obtained when @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) was stably expressed at physiological levels in a nontransformed @entity1 mammary epithelial cell line (hTERT-HME1). These data provide a molecular explanation for why only a single mutated @entity5689 allele is found in @entity1 with @entity0 . Thus, we next investigated if functional inactivation of @entity3895 -1 gene expression leads to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we performed mammary gland analysis on @entity3895 -1-deficient @entity19 (-/-) that harbor a targeted disruption of the @entity3895 -1 gene (a null mutation). Interestingly, we show that inactivation of @entity3895 -1 gene expression leads to mammary epithelial cell @entity1373 , even in 6-week-old virgin female @entity19 . These data clearly implicate loss of functional @entity3895 -1 in the pathogenesis of mammary epithelial cell @entity1373 , and suggest that @entity3895 -1-null @entity19 represent a novel animal model to study premalignant mammary disease.

title: Caveolin-1 mutations ( @entity22156 and null) and the pathogenesis of @entity0 : caveolin-1 ( @entity22156 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner and caveolin-1 (-/-) null XXXX show mammary epithelial cell @entity1373 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mammary tumors', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1904 (PCT) is an established biomarker for the diagnosis of @entity295 . Evidence is growing that PCT concentration correlates with the extent of @entity731 and prognosis in @entity1 with @entity453 ( @entity453 ). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 2,131 @entity1 with @entity453 were followed up for a median of 3.6 years. During follow-up, death from cardiovascular causes was registered in 95 @entity1 and non-fatal @entity583 in 85 @entity1 . Median and quartile 1 and 3 are reported for PCT concentration. @entity1 who died of cardiovascular causes had higher PCT concentrations [0.021 (0.012/0.036) ng/ml vs. 0.015 (0.010/0.023) ng/ml; P<0.0001]. @entity1 with @entity1187 had increased concentrations of PCT in relation to @entity1 with stable angina [0.016 (0.011/0.027) ng/ml vs. 0.014 (0.009/0.014) ng/ml; P for trend <0.0001]. PCT concentration across quartiles was associated with the event rate (P=0.026; log-rank test) and mortality (P=0.00018). On Cox regression analysis, elevated PCT concentration was related to cardiovascular mortality [hazard ratio (HR), 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.65, P=0.0070], but not to @entity65 (HR, 1.09; 95%CI: 0.93-1.28, P=0.28). After adjustment for @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), PCT did not provide additional prognostic information. CONCLUSIONS: PCT is associated with future cardiovascular mortality in @entity1 with @entity453 , but PCT is not superior to @entity1851 for prediction of outcome.

title: Association of serum XXXX with cardiovascular prognosis in @entity453 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['Procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1904 :: (MESH:C029100,Chemical) :: ['procalcitonin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Introduction We aimed to identify causes of false-positives in ultrasound scanning of synovial/tenosynovial/bursal @entity32 and provide corresponding imaging examples. Methods We first performed systematic literature review to identify previously reported causes of false-positives. We next determined causes of false-positives and corresponding example images for educational material through Delphi exercises and discussion by 15 experts who were an instructor and/or a lecturer in the 2013 advanced course for musculoskeletal ultrasound organized by Japan College of Rheumatology Committee for the Standardization of Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography (JCR-CoSMUS). Results Systematic literature review identified 11 articles relevant to sonographic false-positives of @entity32 . Based on these studies, 21 candidate causes of false-positives were identified in the consensus meeting. Of these items, 11 achieved a pre-defined consensus (>=  80 %) in Delphi exercise and were classified as follows: I. Gray-scale assessment (A. Non-specific synovial findings, B. Normal anatomical structures which can mimic @entity75 due to either their low echogenicity or anisotropy); II. Doppler assessment (A. Intra-articular normal vessels, B. Reverberation). Twenty-four corresponding examples with 49 still and 23 video images also achieved consensus. Conclusions Our study provides a set of representative images that can help sonographers to understand false-positives in ultrasound scanning of @entity603 and @entity2762 .

title: Consensus-based identification of factors related to false-positives in ultrasound scanning of @entity603 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['synovial lesions']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['synovial/tenosynovial inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2762 :: ('MESH:D013717', 'Disease') :: ['tenosynovitis']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

answer: @entity2762 :: (MESH:D013717,Disease) :: ['tenosynovitis']


abstract: The physiological responses of the @entity3494 -hyperaccumulator, Pteris vittata, such as @entity3494 uptake and chemical transformation in the fern, have been investigated. However, a few questions remain regarding @entity3494 treatment in hydroponics. Incubation conditions such as aeration, @entity3494 concentration, and incubation period might affect those responses of P. vittata in hydroponics. @entity4250 uptake was low under anaerobic conditions, as previously reported. However, in an @entity4250 uptake experiment, phosphorous (P) starvation-dependent uptake of @entity9491 was observed under aerobic conditions. Time course-dependent analysis of @entity4250 oxidation showed that @entity4250 was gradually oxidized to @entity9491 during incubation. @entity4250 oxidation was not observed in any of the control conditions, such as exposure to a nutrient solution or to culture medium only, or with the use of dried root; @entity4250 oxidation was only observed when live root was used. This result suggests that sufficient aeration allows the rhizosphere system to oxidize @entity4250 and enables the fern to efficiently take up @entity4250 as @entity9491 . X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analyses showed that long-duration exposure to @entity3494 using a hydroponic system led to the accumulation of @entity9491 as the dominant species in the root tips, but not in the whole roots, partly because up-regulation of @entity9491 uptake by P starvation of the fern was caused and retained by long-time incubation. Analysis of concentration-dependent @entity9491 uptake by P. vittata showed that the uptake switched from a high-affinity transport system to a low-affinity system at high @entity9491 concentrations, which partially explains the increased @entity9491 abundance in the whole root.

title: Effects of cultivation conditions on the uptake of @entity4250 and XXXX chemical species accumulated by Pteris vittata in hydroponics.

entities_list: @entity4250 :: ('MESH:C015001', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenite', 'Arsenite']

entities_list: @entity9491 :: ('MESH:C025657', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenate']

answer: @entity3494 :: (MESH:D001151,Chemical) :: ['arsenic']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity957 ( @entity957 ) is an aggressive disease accounting for more than 260,000 @entity5 cases diagnosed and 128,000 @entity204 worldwide. A large majority of @entity5 @entity204 result from @entity5 that have metastasized beyond the primary @entity5 . The relationship between genetic changes and clinical outcome can reflect the biological events that promote @entity5 's @entity146 , and these can serve as molecular markers for improved @entity1 management and survival. To this end, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a major process that promotes @entity5 invasion and @entity3 , making EMT-related proteins attractive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of a panel of transcription factors ( @entity8945 , @entity72699 , @entity18075 and @entity18436 ) and other genes intimately related to EMT ( @entity5962 and @entity13938 ) at the invasive @entity5 front of @entity957 tissues. The association between the expression of these proteins and clinico-pathological parameters were examined with Pearson Chi-square and correlation with survival was analyzed using Kaplan Meier analysis. Our results demonstrate that there was a significant differential expression of @entity5962 , @entity13938 , @entity72699 and @entity8945 between @entity957 and normal oral mucosa (NOM). Specifically, @entity5962 loss was significantly associated with Broder's grading, while diffused @entity13938 was similarly associated with non-cohesive pattern of invasion. Notably, co-expression of @entity8945 and @entity18436 in @entity957 was significantly associated with poorer overall survival, particularly in @entity1 without detectable lymph node @entity3 . This study demonstrates that EMT-related proteins are differentially expressed in @entity957 and that the co-expression of @entity8945 and @entity18436 could be of clinical value in identifying @entity1 with poor survival for appropriate @entity1 management.

title: Co-Expression of @entity8945 and XXXX in @entity957 Is Associated with Poor Survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behavior']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['OSCC', 'Oral squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity18436 :: (9839,Gene) :: ['ZEB2']


abstract: The authors report here robust autophagy observed by electron microscopy in both the Echigo-1 strain of @entity3605 in hamsters and the Fujisaki strain of Gerstmann-Str  ussler-Scheinker disease in @entity19 . In both models, autophagic vacuoles were observed in several cellular compartments. In neuronal cell bodies, autophagic vacuoles of different size were seen. The cytoplasm of some neurons also contained semicircular cisterns equivalent to an early autophasophore. The major target of autophagy was @entity3986 , i.e., enlarged neuritic processes--mostly dendrites but also axonal terminals and preterminals. They contained numerous double- or multiple-membrane-bound autophagosomes or autophagolysosomes and large multivesicular bodies. Multivesicular bodies were also observed within autophagic vacuoles, and large multivesicular bodies were seen within synaptic terminals. Some @entity3986 was filled almost completely with multivesicular bodies; the latter were occasionally confluent. The authors conclude that autophagy is an important part of @entity1579 . They also suggest that spongiform vacuoles, a hallmark for the whole group of @entity1579 , may in reality originate from autophagic vacuoles.

title: Autophagy contributes to widespread neuronal degeneration in hamsters infected with the Echigo-1 strain of @entity3605 and XXXX infected with the Fujisaki strain of Gerstmann-Str  ussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome.

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['dystrophic neurites']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['prion diseases', 'neuropathology in prion disease']

entities_list: @entity3605 :: ('MESH:D007562', 'Disease') :: ['Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The present immunohistochemical study examines the expression of @entity7790 , EGF, and the @entity470 in prostatic tissues obtained from @entity1 with either @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ) or @entity263 . Frozen sections were cut at 5 microns and were incubated with monoclonal antibodies directed against @entity7790 , EGF, or the @entity470 . The remainder of the staining procedure was performed with an avidin- @entity1885 -complex peroxidase procedure. Strong @entity7790 expression was not detected in any of the 15 @entity1067 specimens examined or in the normal/ @entity5072 tissue intermixed within the @entity420 . In contrast, malignant cells in 9 of 11 @entity420 strongly expressed @entity7790 . EGF reactivity was observed in both @entity5072 and malignant epithelial tissues. @entity470 expression was strongest along the basal aspects of cells of normal or @entity5072 glands. Although most malignant cells also were positive for the @entity470 the level of staining was less than that observed in cells forming normal or @entity5072 glands. These results suggest that EGF and the @entity470 may be components of an autocrine/paracrine regulatory pathway involved in @entity5072 and/or malignant disease of the prostate. The finding that @entity7790 is expressed only in malignant cells suggests that @entity7790 may represent a locally active autocrine regulator of malignant prostate cells.

title: Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor and the XXXX in @entity263 and @entity1067 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity5072 :: ('MESH:D000796', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity788 is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. To improve survival for @entity1 with @entity788 , research has focused on other treatment modalities like adding biological modulators such as type-I interferons (IFNs). Type I IFNs (ie, @entity3027 / @entity2391 ) have antiproliferative, antiviral, and immunoregulatory activities. Furthermore, they are able to induce apoptosis, exert cell cycle blocking, and sensitize @entity5 cells for chemo- and radiotherapy. A few years ago in vitro, in vivo, and several clinical trials have been described regarding adjuvant @entity3027 therapy in the treatment of @entity788 . Some studies reported a remarkable increase in the 2- and 5-year survival. Unfortunately, the only randomized clinical trial did not show a significant increase in overall survival, although the increased median survival implicated that some @entity1 in the experimental group benefited from the adjuvant @entity3027 therapy. Furthermore, encouraging in vitro and in vivo data points to a possible role for adjuvant @entity3027 therapy. However, up till now, the use of IFNs in the treatment of @entity788 remains controversial. This review, therefore, aims to describe, based on the available data, whether there is a distinct role for @entity3027 therapy in the treatment of @entity788 .

title: Potentials of Interferon Therapy in the Treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic cancer']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatic Cancer']


abstract: The relationship between amyloid-beta protein ( @entity15370 ) metabolism and @entity195 is currently poorly understood. While it is well known that the generation of @entity15370 results from enzymatic cleavage of its parent molecule, the amyloid beta protein precursor (AbetaPP), there is little information available regarding its in vivo clearance. The E4 isoform of @entity6970 ( @entity6970 ) has been associated with poor clearance of @entity15370 under in vitro conditions. This is thought to be due to its poor ability to bind @entity15370 compared with the other common isoforms, apoE2 and apoE3. Although cell culture studies support the notion that @entity15370 clearance depends upon @entity6970 isoform, validation of these findings requires @entity15370 clearance studies in vivo. In this study, we examined the clearance of @entity15370 in vivo from the periphery in @entity19 that expressed @entity6970 (C57BL/6J) or lacked @entity6970 ( @entity6970 knockout). We measured the clearance of peripherally injected @entity15370 over time and additionally, the quantities sequestered by peripheral organs. Western blot analysis of the @entity19 plasma indicated that the half-life of @entity15370 in the periphery was approximately 15 minutes. The livers of the C57BL/6J @entity19 were found to have sequestered approximately 40% of the total injected @entity15370 at 90 minutes post-injection, whilst their kidneys contained 5% of the total injected @entity15370 . In contrast, the livers and kidneys of the @entity6970 knockout animals were found to contain no detectable @entity15370 . These findings indicate that @entity15370 is rapidly removed from the plasma by @entity19 peripheral tissues and the rate of its clearance is affected by @entity6970 .

title: XXXX influences amyloid-beta clearance from the @entity19 periphery.

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity6970 :: (11816(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Apolipoprotein E']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinicians' impression of adolescents' @entity167 or drug involvement may underestimate substance-related pathology. OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of adolescents presenting to the pediatric emergency department due to @entity734 and to determine whether physicians can reliably identify these @entity1 . METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of all @entity1 aged 12-18 years presenting to a pediatric emergency department between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2006 for whom a urine drug screen or @entity1068 blood levels was ordered. According to departmental protocol, urine drug screen and @entity1068 levels are taken for specific indications. Based on the history and clinical findings the pediatrician in the ED assessed on a 5-point likelihood scale the possibility that the @entity1 ' symptoms were related to @entity734 . RESULTS: Of the 139 @entity1 in the study group 40 (30%) tested positive for @entity1068 or drugs of abuse. The median age was 16. Compared with @entity1 who tested negative, there were more @entity1 with decreased level of consciousness among @entity1 who tested positive for @entity1068 or drugs (5% vs. 33% respectively, P < 0.001). The median physician estimate for the likelihood of @entity734 was 5 in @entity1 who tested positive and 2 in @entity1 who tested negative (P< 0.001). The likelihood of a positive drug/ @entity1068 test was not affected by age or gender. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of @entity734 is higher in @entity1 presenting with a low level of consciousness, Physicians may accurately assess the likelihood of @entity734 in these @entity1 .

title: Illicit drug and XXXX users admitted to the pediatric emergency department.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: * @entity3104 and @entity1507 are the prevalent @entity1568 sources for growth and development of higher plants. Here, we report on the characterization of the @entity3104 transporter (AMT) family in the perennial species @entity26340 . * In silico analysis and expression analysis of AMT genes from poplar was performed. In addition, @entity73085 ;2 and @entity73085 ;6 function was studied in detail by heterologous expression in @entity375 . * The @entity26340 genome contains 14 putative AMTs, which is more than twice the number of AMTs in @entity958 . In roots, the high-affinity @entity73085 ;2 strongly increased upon mycorrhiza formation and might be partly responsible for the high-affinity @entity3104 uptake component measured in poplar. Transcript level for the high-affinity @entity73085 ;6 was strongly affected by the diurnal cycle. AMT3;1 was exclusively expressed in senescing poplar leaves. Remarkably AMT2;1 was highly expressed in leaves while AMT2;2 was mostly expressed in petioles. Specific expression of @entity73085 ;5 in stamen and of @entity73085 ;6 in female flower indicate that they have key functions in reproductive organ development in poplar. * The present study provides basic genomic and transcriptomic information for the poplar AMT family and will pave the way for deciphering the precise role of AMTs in poplar physiology.

title: The expanded family of XXXX transporters in the perennial poplar plant.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity26340 :: ('3694', 'Species') :: ['Populus trichocarpa', 'P. trichocarpa']

entities_list: @entity3104 :: ('MESH:D000644', 'Chemical') :: ['Ammonium', 'ammonium']

answer: @entity3104 :: (MESH:D000644,Chemical) :: ['ammonium']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bevacizumab (Avastin, Fa. Roche, Genentech) is the first anti-angiogenic agent to be approved for the routine clinical treatment of @entity5 . Its @entity137 profile is different to that of standard chemotherapeutic substances. Despite the rarity of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation in @entity1 treated with bevacizumab, this serious adverse event results in significant morbidity and mortality. It was the aim of this study, based on exemplary cases of the reporting clinic as well as on published experiences, to characterise the specific clinical findings, the extraordinary pathogenesis, and the therapeutic outcome of such cases of @entity298 caused by perforation after antibody treatment. METHODS: Data of all @entity1 with perforation-caused @entity298 due to bevacizumab therapy since its clinical inauguration were sought in i) the database of the reporting clinic (case series), ii) in the published literature for comparison (historical comparative group) and iii) analysed with regard to results of the surgical management (evaluated parameters: rate of @entity1949 of wound healing, morbidity, mortality). RESULTS: Over a time period of 4 years (from 2 / 1 / 2004 to 1 / 31 / 2008), overall 15 @entity1 were found in this study, among whom 4 @entity1 came from the reporting clinic (mean age, 57 years; males : females = 2 : 2). The mean duration of antibody (Ab) treatment until occurrence of the complication was 70 days (range: 8-150 days). Thirteen @entity1 underwent surgical intervention, 2 @entity1 died due to severe @entity298 without any operation. The overall morbidity was 73.3 % (n = 11 / 15), the mortality was 33.3 % (n = 5 / 15). All @entity1 with an @entity254 developed an @entity1887 (100 %). @entity532 occurred in 38.5 % of the subjects (n = 5 / 13). CONCLUSIONS: @entity298 after @entity344 due to bevacizumab-based Ab treatment needs to be considered as a rare but serious and life-threatening complication. Impairment of wound healing because of the inhibition of angiogenesis is the reason for a different management of @entity344 under these conditions compared with the standard surgical treatment of @entity298 of other causes. In particular, it is recommended to avoid primary @entity254 and to prefer application of an intestinal stoma.

title: [Surgical management of bevacizumab-associated XXXX due to perforation].

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic insufficiency / disturbances']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Wound healing complications']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['GI perforation']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['Peritonitis', 'peritonitis']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritonitis']