abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Taiwan Government issued a policy to restrict antimicrobial usage since 2001. We aimed to assess the changes in the antibiotic consumption and the primary resistance of @entity1534 after this policy and the impact of virulence factors on resistance. METHODS: The @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) of antibiotics was analyzed using the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) research database. @entity1534 strains isolated from treatment na  ve (N=1395) and failure from prior eradication therapies (N=360) from 9 hospitals between 2000 and 2012 were used for analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution test. Genotyping for CagA and VacA was determined by PCR method. RESULTS: The @entity2794 per 1000 @entity1 per day of macrolides reduced from 1.12 in 1997 to 0.19 in 2008, whereas that of @entity2887 increased from 0.12 in 1997 to 0.35 in 2008. The primary resistance of @entity115 , @entity4581 , @entity868 , and @entity803 remained as low as 2.2%, 7.9%, 23.7%, and 1.9% respectively. However, the primary @entity5553 resistance rose from 4.9% in 2000-2007 to 8.3% in 2008-2010 and 13.4% in 2011-2012 (p=0.001). The primary resistance of @entity868 was higher in females than males (33.1% vs. 18.8%, p<0.001), which was probably attributed to the higher consumption of @entity9110 . Neither CagA nor VacA was associated with antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The low primary @entity4581 and @entity868 resistance of @entity1534 in Taiwan might be attributed to the reduced consumption of @entity7187 and @entity9110 after the national policy to restrict antimicrobial usage. Yet, further strategies are needed to restrict the consumption of @entity2887 in the face of rising @entity5553 resistance.

title: The Primary Resistance of XXXX in Taiwan after the National Policy to Restrict Antibiotic Consumption and Its Relation to Virulence Factors-A Nationwide Study.

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity9110 :: ('CHEBI:67135', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroimidazole']

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity5553 :: ('D064704', 'Chemical') :: ['levofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2887 :: ('MESH:D024841', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoroquinolones']

entities_list: @entity7187 :: ('MESH:D018942', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolides']

entities_list: @entity2794 :: ('MESH:D020773', 'Disease') :: ['DDD', 'defined daily dose']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Helicobacter pylori']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of mechanical on electrical remodeling or electrical instability of the heart shows that it is essential for the prevention of @entity944 to avoid or delay mechanical remodeling and neurohumoral activation after @entity583 . In other words, @entity1 after @entity583 prone to neurohumoral activation need to be treated with ACE inhibitors or perhaps AT1-receptor blockers and beta blockers to maintain electrical stability. @entity737 INDICATION: MADIT I and MUSTT study showed that @entity1 with severe @entity67 after @entity583 are at high risk of @entity944 , especially in presence of electrical instabilities indicated by @entity943 . These @entity1 certainly need an @entity737 ( @entity737 ). It is not clear so far whether or not the indication needs to be extended according to the MADIT II study. In other words, need all @entity1188 @entity1 with reduced pump function an @entity737 ? There is no doubt that many @entity1 with an ejection fraction below 30% have @entity943 and fulfil therefore the inclusion criteria for the MADIT I or MUSTT study. In MADIT I, a run of three @entity1540 force was sufficient to fulfil the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: Another important consequence of the temporal correlation between mechanical and electrical remodeling is that specific attention must be directed to these interrelations in @entity1 after @entity583 . @entity1 who die of @entity944 in comparison to surviving @entity1 a substantial dilatation of the left ventricular during 6 months of observation which parallel the increasing incidence of @entity1540 . The consequence for therapy would be that in @entity1 who present with @entity5988 during 6 months after @entity583 , electrical instability is present and a high risk of @entity944 exists. These @entity1 probably will benefit from an @entity737 .

title: [ XXXX during remodeling after @entity583 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5988 :: ('MESH:C565277', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dilatation']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death', 'sudden death show']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICD', 'automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['postmyocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular premature beats']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['Arrhythmias']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5052 and @entity210 are associated with an increased risk of @entity65 ( @entity65 ). It is unknown whether treating @entity5052 with @entity3624 oxidase inhibitors (XOIs), including @entity208 and @entity20082 , modifies @entity65 . METHODS: We used US insurance claims data to conduct a cohort study among @entity210 @entity1 , comparing XOI initiators with non-users with @entity5052 defined as serum @entity414 level >= 6.8 mg/dL. We calculated incidence rates of a composite nonfatal cardiovascular outcome that included @entity583 , coronary revascularization, @entity64 , and @entity712 . Propensity score (PS)-matched Cox proportional hazards regression compared the risk of composite cardiovascular endpoint in XOI initiators vs those with untreated @entity5052 , controlling for baseline confounders. In a subgroup of @entity1 with @entity414 levels available, PS-matched Cox regression further adjusted for baseline @entity414 levels. RESULTS: There were 24,108 PS-matched pairs with a mean age of 51 years and 88% male. The incidence rate per 1000 @entity1 -years for composite @entity65 was 24.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.6-26.0) in XOI initiators and 21.4 (95% CI, 19.8-23.2) in the untreated @entity5052 group. The PS-matched hazard ratio for composite @entity65 was 1.16 (95% CI, 0.99-1.34) in XOI initiators vs those with untreated @entity5052 . In subgroup analyses, the PS-matched hazard ratio for composite @entity65 adjusted for serum @entity414 levels was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.74-1.64) among XOI initiators. CONCLUSIONS: Among @entity1 with @entity210 , initiation of XOI was not associated with an increased or decreased cardiovascular risk compared with those with untreated @entity5052 . Subgroup analyses adjusting for baseline @entity414 levels also showed no association between XOI and cardiovascular risk.

title: Effects of @entity3624 oxidase inhibitors on @entity65 in XXXX with @entity210 : a cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity20082 :: ('MESH:C084623', 'Chemical') :: ['febuxostat']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia', 'Hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risks', 'CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of weekly @entity1311 therapy in @entity1 with locally advanced or metastatic @entity0 in an unselected hospital-based @entity1 population. @entity1 AND METHODS: Using a specific search tool we were able to find 49 cases in our department-based database MedicoHelp containing more than 36,000 files. All cases were evaluable. The mean number of involved sites was 2.4 (range 1-4) and 38/49 @entity1 had @entity66 . 44 @entity1 received prior antitumor therapies, 33 @entity1 had received prior @entity4349 - and/or @entity3907 -containing chemotherapy. Weekly @entity1311 was given at a mean dose of 80 mg/m(2) (day 1, 8, 15, repeated every 28 days), 38 @entity1 with @entity1722 overexpression had a combination therapy with trastuzumab (Herceptin). Median treatment duration with @entity1311 was 4.4 months (range 0.25-9 months). A dose reduction was necessary in 5 @entity1 . RESULTS: Therapy was tolerated well, with a 12% incidence of hematologic grade 3/4 @entity137 and 22% cumulative nonhematologic grade 3 @entity137 ( @entity1395 : 5 @entity1 , mucosa/skin: 3 @entity1 , @entity2359 : 3 @entity1 ). Other @entity137 were rare. The overall response rate was 63%. 22% of the @entity1 achieved disease stabilization. Symptom improvement was seen in 73% of @entity1 . The mean time to progression was 6.0 months (range 0.25-23 months). CONCLUSIONS: Weekly @entity1311 (mostly in combination with trastuzumab) is a well-tolerated regimen and had a surprisingly high efficacy in this observation study in heavily pre-treated @entity1 . Symptom improvement was seen in the majority of @entity1 who responded to the treatment.

title: Weekly @entity1311 ( XXXX ) with or without trastuzumab (Herceptin) in @entity0 : a community-based observation study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['visceral predominant disease']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Taxol']


abstract: Levels of @entity12161 (D/L ratio) in cranial non-collagen proteins (acid-soluble peptide fractions) have been reported to increase with age. We isolated total @entity535 fractions from the femur and separately isolated acid-insoluble collagen fraction and acid-soluble peptide fractions; then D/L ratios were measured from each fraction by gas chromatography. We evaluated the applicability of their D/L ratios for age estimation based on their correlation coefficient. A sex-related difference was observed in the D/L ratio. In particular, aged females showed a low ratio, suggesting an association with @entity79 . In males, the D/L ratios of acid-soluble peptide fraction showed the highest correlation rate (r = 0.969) with age, and those of total @entity535 fraction showed the highest correlation rate (r = 0.633) with age in females. Without separation of male and female, the D/L ratios of total @entity535 fraction showed the highest value (r = 0.853). The D/L ratio of acid-soluble peptide fractions differed according to the size of bone powder particles, being higher for larger particle sizes. These results suggest that the application of D/L ratio from total @entity535 fraction is the most effective method for estimating age using the @entity1 femur. However, care is necessary when studing cadavers that might be females.

title: Evaluation of aspartic acid racemization ratios in the XXXX femur for age estimation.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone disorders']

entities_list: @entity12161 :: ('CHEBI:17364', 'Chemical') :: ['D-aspartic acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Different clinical studies have demonstrated @entity45341 's efficacy in the treatment of superficial dermatomycoses when administered either @entity2794 or @entity2794 for four weeks. The aim of the present study was to compare both dosing schedules for the treatment of superficial dermatomycoses. In this randomized, controlled, double blind study, we included 84 @entity1 suffering superficial @entity4013 (confirmed by microscopic examination (KOH) and culture) susceptible for topical monotherapy. Forty-one @entity1 received @entity45341 1% @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) and forty-three @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) for four weeks. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated by clinical and mycological criteria at the end of treatment (D28) and after four weeks without treatment (D58). Clinical and mycological cure rates on D28 were 50% with @entity2794 and 65% with @entity2794 treatment. Only considering clinical evaluation, clinical cure rates on D28 were 63% ( @entity2794 ) and 70% ( @entity2794 ). Also, clinical and mycological cure rates on D56 were 65% with @entity2794 and 72% with @entity2794 treatment. Only considering clinical evaluation, clinical cure rates on D56 were of 68% ( @entity2794 ) and 72% ( @entity2794 ). The overall tolerability was similar in both treatment groups. The efficacy assessment at the end of treatment (D28) and four weeks after treatment discontinuation (D56) showed that the @entity2794 treatment is not inferior to the @entity2794 treatment, with similar clinical and mycological cure rates and clinical cure rates in both cases. The @entity2794 administration of @entity45341 @entity12285 % is the most appropriate dosing schedule as it provides the same efficacy, it improves @entity1 's compliance and the cost per day of treatment.

title: [Comparison of the efficacy of 1% XXXX cream twice a day with 1% @entity45341 cream once a day for the treatment of superficial dermatophytoses].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4013 :: ('MESH:D014005', 'Disease') :: ['dermatophytosis']

entities_list: @entity2794 :: ('MESH:D020773', 'Disease') :: ['twice daily', 'OD', 'once daily', 'TD']

entities_list: @entity45341 :: ('MESH:C076986', 'Chemical') :: ['flutrimazole']

answer: @entity45341 :: (MESH:C076986,Chemical) :: ['flutrimazole']


abstract: Larger surgical caseload is associated with better @entity1 outcome for many complex procedures. We examined the volume-outcome relationship for @entity977 surgery using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1996-2000. Multivariate regression adjusted for @entity1 demographics, acuity measures, medical comorbidities, and endocrine status. A total of 5497 operations were performed at 538 hospitals by 825 surgeons. Outcome measured at hospital discharge was: death (0.6%), discharge to long-term care (0.9%), to short-term rehabilitation (2.1%), or directly home (96.2%). Outcomes were better after surgery at higher-volume hospitals (OR 0.74 for 5-fold-larger caseload, P = 0.007) or by higher-volume surgeons (OR 0.62, P = 0.02). A total of 5.4% of @entity1 were not discharged directly home from lowest-volume-quartile hospitals, compared with 2.6% at highest-volume-quartile hospitals. In-hospital mortality was lower with higher-volume hospitals (P = 0.03) and surgeons (P = 0.09). Mortality rates were 0.9% at lowest-caseload-quartile hospitals and 0.4% at highest-volume-quartile hospitals. @entity260 (26.5% of admissions) were less frequent with higher-volume hospitals (P = 0.03) or surgeons (P = 0.005). Length of stay was shorter with high-volume hospitals (P = 0.02) and surgeons (P < 0.001). Hospital charges were lower for high-volume hospitals, but not significantly. This analysis suggests that higher-volume hospitals and surgeons provide superior short-term outcomes after @entity977 surgery with shorter lengths of stay and a trend toward lower charges.

title: Transsphenoidal surgery for XXXX in the United States, 1996-2000: mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume.

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['transsphenoidal pituitary tumor']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and Doppler ultrasonography (US) by using quantitative markers in acute unilateral obstruction due to @entity1290 . METHODS: This prospective study included 28 @entity1 with unilateral @entity1695 and 18 healthy control subjects. In Doppler US and DW MR imaging, resistive index (RI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured respectively. The results were compared in @entity1 and in control subjects. Paired samples test, two-tailed unpaired Student's t test and Spearman analysis were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean RI in the 28 obstructed kidneys was significantly higher than the mean RI in unobstructed kidneys and in control subjects (P < 0.05). The ADC of obstructed kidneys in the cortex was significantly lower than the ADC of the contralateral unobstructed kidneys (P < 0.05). The ADC of unobstructed kidneys was significantly higher than the ADC of control subjects in the cortex (P < 0.05). RI and ADC values yielded no significant correlation. CONCLUSION: Doppler US and DW MR imaging provide accurate and noninvasive diagnosis, Doppler US may be preferred as it is a more practical technique compared to DW MR imaging in the evaluation of acute @entity1695 due to @entity1290 .

title: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging and Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of renal parenchyma in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['renal stones']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral obstruction']

answer: @entity1695 :: (MESH:D014517,Disease) :: ['ureteral obstruction']


abstract: Because of joint @entity548 , severe @entity447 subjects often have limitations in their daily activities. Current orthopaedic scores (OJS) in @entity447 miss mild @entity73 and only pick up severe alterations. Twelve young severe haemophiliacs (20.25        1.9  years of age), were evaluated for OJS as well as for indices employed in @entity309 [28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS-28), Ritchie index, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), @entity227 ( @entity227 )], @entity1691 [Bath @entity1691 Activity Index (BASDAI), HAQ, @entity227 ] and @entity571 [ @entity3331 and @entity571 Outcome Score (KOOS), @entity227 ]. Twenty-four matched apparently healthy subjects and 29 subjects with @entity5144 ( @entity5144 ) with @entity14361 (one to three swollen joints) served as controls. In addition to the impairment of @entity2720 (elbow, in five of five in those on-demand treatment; three, elbows; four, knee in those on secondary prophylaxis), HAQ (mean 0.71        0.95) and @entity227 (3.12        2.36) documented a quality of life and a perception of @entity158 in haemophiliacs similar to that of @entity5144 subjects (p   =   0.061 and p   =   0.063, respectively). Their Ritchie index did not differ from that of subjects with @entity5144 (5.75        8.1 vs 7.73        9.22; p   =   0.408), nor did the BASDAI score with respect to @entity5144 @entity1 (p   =   0.105). Six of 12 haemophiliacs (50%) had KOOS values from 70 to 50 (significant function @entity73 ); 3 of 12 (25%) showed DAS-28 values >3.2 (moderate disease activity), 2 of 12 (16.6%) severe disease activity (>5.1). All these indices significantly correlated with @entity227 and HAQ in @entity447 subjects. A rheumatologic assessment may help identify early @entity66 and subclinical @entity66 not usually studied (not target joint) in haemophiliacs. These pilot data provide the rationale for testing a systemic involvement in haemophiliacs by means of high-tech imaging and to start early-onset prophylaxis/treatment in this setting.

title: Assessing joint involvement in XXXX by clinical rheumatologic scores. A pilot study on similarities with subjects with @entity5144 .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual analogue scale', 'VAS']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoarthritis', 'osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['polyarticular disease', 'abnormalities involving joints']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['joint impairments', 'joint impairment']

entities_list: @entity3331 :: ('MESH:D007718', 'Disease') :: ['Knee injury']

entities_list: @entity5144 :: ('MESH:D015535', 'Disease') :: ['PsA', 'psoriatic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity14361 :: ('MESH:C566895', 'Disease') :: ['oligoarticular involvement']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease', 'spondyloarthritis']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['target joints']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity447 :: (MESH:D006467,Disease) :: ['haemophilia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the comparative cost effectiveness of day care over inpatient management of @entity390 and @entity391 (NVP). STUDY DESIGN: A cost utility analysis was performed using a decision analytical model in which a Markov model was constructed. The Markov model was primarily populated with data from a recently published randomised controlled trial. Which included pregnant @entity1 presenting to Cork University Maternity Hospital, a tertiary referral maternity hospital, seeking treatment for NVP. Costs and outcomes were estimated from the perspective of the Irish health service (HSE) and @entity1 . A probabilistic sensitivity analysis, using a Monte Carlo simulation, was also performed. A Bayesian Value of Information analysis was used to estimate the value of collecting additional information. RESULTS: When both the healthcare provider and @entity1 's perspective was considered, day care management of NVP remained less costly (mean    985; 95% C.I. 705-1456 vs.    3837 (2124-8466)) and more effective (9.42; 4.19-12.25 vs. 9.49; 4.32-12.39 quality adjusted life years) compared with inpatient management. The Cost Effectiveness Acceptability Curve indicates the probability that day care management is 70% more cost effective compared to inpatient management at a ceiling ratio of    45,000 per QALY, indicating little decision uncertainty. The Bayesian Value of Information analysis indicates there is value in collecting further information; the Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI) is estimated to be    5.4 million. CONCLUSION: Day care management of NVP is cost effective compared to inpatient management.

title: Day care versus inpatient management of XXXX and @entity391 : cost utility analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting of pregnancy']

answer: @entity390 :: (MESH:D009325,Disease) :: ['nausea']


abstract: There are numerous examples of @entity1 pathogens which persist in environmental reservoirs while infectious outbreaks remain rare. In this manuscript, we consider the dynamics of @entity166 for which the primary mode of transmission is indirect and mediated by contact with a contaminated reservoir. We evaluate the realistic scenario in which the number of ingested pathogens must be above a critical threshold to cause @entity281 in susceptible individuals. This minimal infectious dose is a consequence of the clearance effect of the innate immune system. Infected individuals shed pathogens back into the aquatic reservoir, indirectly increasing the transmittability of the pathogen to the susceptible. Building upon prior works in the study of cholera dynamics, we introduce and analyze a family of reservoir mediated SIR models with a threshold pathogen density for @entity281 . Analyzing this family of models, we show that an outbreak can result from noninfinitesimal introductions of either infected individuals or additional pathogens in the reservoir. We devise two new measures of how likely it is that an environmentally persistent pathogen will cause an outbreak: (i) the minimum fraction of infected individuals; and (ii) the minimum fluctuation size of in-reservoir pathogens. We find an additional control parameter involving the shedding rate of infected individuals, which we term the pathogen enhancement ratio, which determines whether outbreaks lead to epidemics or @entity66 states. Thus, the ultimate outcome of disease is controlled by the strength of fluctuations and the global stability of a nonlinear dynamical system, as opposed to conventional analysis in which disease reflects the linear destabilization of a disease free equilibrium. Our model predicts that in the case of waterborne diseases, suppressing the pathogen density in aquatic reservoirs may be more effective than minimizing the number of infected individuals.

title: Dynamics of indirectly transmitted XXXX with immunological threshold.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['endemic disease']

answer: @entity166 :: (MESH:D003141,Disease) :: ['infectious diseases']


abstract: Only benign @entity42 can be treated by laparoscopic surgery. Although clinical examination and the results of pre-operative work-up do make a real contribution in indicating the benign or malignant nature of cysts, only histology can provide the absolute diagnosis. In this context, the goal of this study was to establish whether there is any advantage in performing frozen section during laparoscopic surgical management of organic @entity42 . Between January 1989 and March 1996, 228 @entity1 underwent an adnexectomy for an ovarian mass. After the pre-operative work-up and the diagnostic phase of laparoscopy, 26 @entity1 (11.4%) presented with suspected signs of malignancy restricted purely to the ovary. These 26 @entity1 underwent a laparoscopic adnexectomy with extraction of the excised tissues using an endoscopic bag, followed by frozen section. For all these @entity1 the results of the frozen section concluded that the lesion was benign. In every case the definitive histological results confirmed the frozen section findings. This strategy enabled us to avoid laparotomy, especially for the nine post-menopausal @entity1 whose @entity4134 appeared to be complex by ultrasound. These encouraging preliminary results need to be confirmed by a larger series of @entity1 , so as to specify the place of frozen section in the laparoscopic surgical management of organic @entity42 .

title: Laparoscopic management of organic XXXX : is there a place for frozen section diagnosis?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cysts']

entities_list: @entity4134 :: ('MESH:D000292', 'Disease') :: ['adnexal masses']

answer: @entity42 :: (MESH:D010048,Disease) :: ['ovarian cysts']


abstract: miRNAs are regulatory RNA molecules. The analytical interest rose over the past 10 years especially in clinical diagnostics as miRNAs show specific expression patterns in several @entity1 diseases like @entity6 or @entity5 . Therefore, it is expected that miRNA profiles might be used as biomarkers in early diagnosis. The idea of establishing biomarkers is also present in veterinary drug analysis, e.g. in the surveillance of illegal use of anabolics. Transcriptomics is a promising approach in the detection of anabolics misuse. However, miRNA expression patterns have shown their superiority over mRNA patterns in clinical diagnostics. Thus, the influence of @entity21668 on miRNA expression in @entity291 liver should be investigated and an expression pattern should be validated, which might be used as a treatment biomarker. An animal experiment was conducted with 18 heifers equally allocated to a control and a treatment group, which was implanted with TBA plus E2. Liver samples were screened for miRNA expression using PCR arrays. Expression of 11 prominent miRNAs was validated via single assay qPCR. Herein, the following expression pattern could be found with an up-regulation of @entity72515 and miR-103 and a down-regulation of @entity72516 , @entity72517 , @entity72518 and @entity72519 (p<0.05 each). Using principal components analysis (PCA), the control group could clearly be distinguished from the treatment group, when integrating gene expression results from both miRNA and mRNA. So, the combination of different transcribed targets (mRNA plus miRNA) might be a promising approach to find a valid expression pattern to be used for anabolic treatment screening.

title: Changes in the miRNA profile under the influence of XXXX in @entity291 liver.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity21668 :: ('MESH:D016114', 'Disease') :: ['anabolic steroids']

answer: @entity21668 :: (MESH:D016114,Disease) :: ['anabolic steroids']


abstract: The potential role of the detection of residual @entity715 after @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) in the differentiation of @entity1 at risk for recurrent @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) has not yet been fully established and includes different definitions. We performed a systematic review in order to determine the role of residual @entity715 in predicting recurrent @entity1211 after acute proximal @entity1150 . Databases were searched until June 2010. Randomized, controlled trials or prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion if they included @entity1 with objectively diagnosed proximal @entity1150 , measured thrombus diameter after at least 3   months and reported recurrent @entity1211 during follow-up. Two authors independently reviewed articles and extracted data. Data from 11 studies were used for the current analysis; in total 3203 @entity1 were included. Residual @entity715 was positively correlated with recurrent @entity1211 . Large heterogeneity was present, due to differences in study population, timing and the differences in method of measuring residual @entity715 . The effect was more pronounced in @entity1 with @entity5 or was dependent on the criteria used. This systematic review shows a positive relationship between residual @entity715 and recurrent @entity1211 during follow-up. Assessing residual @entity715 could be useful in individual recurrence risk estimation.

title: Residual venous thrombosis as predictive factor for recurrent @entity1211 in @entity1 with proximal XXXX : a sytematic review.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['VTE', 'venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: Fibrinolytic therapy is an alternative to urgent reoperation for @entity1 with St. Jude @entity715 , but requires an accurate method for repeated assessment of prosthetic function. Since the St. Jude valve is not well visualized by conventional cinefluoroscopy, digital subtraction techniques were developed that improved visualization of the value and allowed assessment of leaflet separation and velocity. A 74 year old @entity1 with @entity715 5 years after St. Jude aortic valve placement had an opening angle of 58 degrees (normal range 10 to 13; n = 8) with a maximal opening velocity of 1.37 degrees/ms (normal range 2.46 to 2.93). The closing angle was 125 degrees (normal range 120 to 127) with a maximal closing velocity of 1.38 degrees/ms (normal range 2.24 to 3.60). The @entity1 received 250,000 U of streptokinase intravenously, then 100,000 U/h for 72 hours. Improvement in auscultatory findings occurred at 12 hours; repeat digital cinefluoroscopy showed an opening angle of 20 degrees with a maximal velocity of 2.77 degrees/ms, and a closing angle of 126 degrees with a maximal velocity of 1.91 degrees/ms. Digital cinefluoroscopy 4 weeks after discharge on @entity1229 and @entity4341 therapy was unchanged. There have been no @entity1031 after 6 months of follow-up. Thus, digital cinefluoroscopy is a new noninvasive technique that permits accurate measurement of normal and abnormal St. Jude leaflet function. Intravenous streptokinase dissolution of @entity715 under digital cinefluoroscopic guidance may be an acceptable alternative to emergency reoperation. The frequency and significance of residual subclinical @entity409 after fibrinolytic therapy and the indications for elective reoperation require further evaluation.

title: Fibrinolytic therapy of St. Jude valve XXXX under guidance of digital cinefluoroscopy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['leaflet dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic complications']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: The origin of Achilles tendon insertional @entity158 has not been clarified. Treatment is considered difficult, though tendon, bone, and bursae, alone or in combination, may all be the source of @entity158 . Recently, neovascularisation in the area with tendon changes was shown to correlate with @entity158 in @entity1 with chronic @entity924 . In a pilot study, sclerosing the neovessels outside the tendon cured the @entity158 in the majority of @entity1 . In this pilot-study, ultrasonography and colour Doppler was used for the investigation of eleven @entity1 (nine @entity1 and two @entity1 , mean age 44 years) with a long duration (mean 29 months) of chronic Achilles tendon insertional @entity158 . All @entity1 had distal tendon changes and a @entity2631 inside and outside the distal tendon on the injured/painful side, but not on the noninjured/ @entity158 -free side. In nine @entity1 there was also a thickened retrocalcaneal bursae, and in four @entity1 also bone pathology ( @entity730 , spur, loose fragment) in the insertion. The sclerosing agent @entity5324 was injected against the local neovessels found in all @entity1 . At follow-up (mean eight months), sclerosing of the area with neovessels had cured the @entity158 in eight out of eleven @entity1 , and in seven of the eight @entity1 there was no neovascularisation. @entity158 during tendon-loading activity, recorded on a VAS-scale, decreased from 82 mm before treatment to 14 mm after treatment in the successfully treated @entity1 . In conclusion, treatment only focusing on sclerosing the area with neovessels showed promising short-term clinical results in this small pilot study. The findings support further studies, preferably in a randomised manner.

title: Sclerosing therapy in chronic Achilles tendon insertional XXXX -results of a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['mid-portion Achilles tendinosis']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['local neovascularisation']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity5324 :: ('MESH:C008976', 'Chemical') :: ['polidocanol']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity6354 ( @entity6354 ) and its receptor ( @entity12841 ) are key components in the genesis of adaptation after small bowel resection (SBR). Within intestinal homogenates, @entity12841 expression is increased after SBR; however, the exact cells responsible for altered @entity12841 expression are unknown. In this study, laser capture microdissection (LCM) microscopy was used to elucidate the specific cellular compartment(s) responsible for postresection changes in @entity12841 expression. METHODS: Male ICR @entity19 underwent a 50% proximal SBR or sham operation. After 3 days, frozen sections were taken from the remnant ileum. Individual cells from villi, crypt, muscularis, and mesenchymal compartments were isolated by LCM. @entity12841 mRNA expression for each cell compartment was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: @entity12841 expression was increased after SBR within the crypt (2-fold) and muscularis compartments (3-fold). There were no changes detected after SBR in the villus tips or mesenchymal compartments. CONCLUSIONS: Increased expression of @entity12841 in crypts directly correlates with the zone of cell proliferation and supports the hypothesis that @entity12841 signaling is crucial for the mitogenic stimulus for adaptation. The finding of increased @entity12841 expression in the muscular compartment is novel and may implicate a role for @entity12841 as a mediator of the @entity1373 seen after massive SBR.

title: Localization of postresection XXXX receptor expression using laser capture microdissection.

entities_list: @entity6354 :: ('13645(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Epidermal growth factor', 'EGF']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['muscular hyperplasia']

answer: @entity6354 :: (13645(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['EGF']


abstract: Survivors of @entity981 ( @entity981 ) in childhood have been identified with balance problems. The goals of this study were to objectively quantify these observations by measuring the displacement and velocity of the body centre of pressure, a measure of 'sway'. The subjects included 79 @entity981 survivors who were at least 1 year post-treatment for @entity981 and 83 age-matched controls. Testing was carried out using various static balance tests designed to challenge central nervous system maintenance of balance and postural control. @entity1 were different from controls, across all age groups, in the more difficult task in which they were required to balance over a narrow base of support. However this did not reach statistical significance. When they were asked to perform this task with their eyes closed 32% of the @entity1 tested, as opposed to 2% of controls, were unable to complete the task (significant at P<0.01, chi(2)). The youngest group of @entity1 ( @entity1 aged 5-7 years) presented consistently with lower (or similar) displacement and lower velocity measures. This phenomenon has been observed in healthy @entity1 , however, in @entity1 , these trends were magnified and beyond the normal age range in healthy @entity1 . The velocity values were significantly different from the other @entity1 groups (normalized values for velocity; P<0.01). These observations then manifested as higher sway values when @entity1 were challenged with a difficult task with their eyes closed. We propose that survivors of childhood @entity981 have delayed motor development compared to age-matched controls giving rise to impairment in balance and postural control. It is possible that these impairments are a consequence of intensive multi-agent chemotherapy and cranial irradiation.

title: Measurement of balance in survivors of XXXX in childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: A pilot study of 300 smelter workers from the cohort reported by Lee and Fraumeni [1969] has been studied: 150 @entity1 from their heavy exposure group and 150 @entity1 from the rest of the cohort randomly selected. Usable smoking habits were obtained from 86% of the sample. Estimates of the total lifetime work exposure were made from available measurements. A very high risk of @entity2 (SMR 1429) was observed among the most heavily exposed workers. Excess risks, though still present, were much less in those with lower exposures. There was a lower proportion of nonsmokers among the heavily exposed @entity3494 workers than among the other workers. This suggests that there may be some interaction between smoking and @entity3494 exposure. Moreover, comparison of smoking habits reported by smelter workers suggested that, as a group, they smoked more heavily than average for the United States population. A small study of proxy smoking histories suggested that these were valid and unbiased. The work continues on an enlarged sample.

title: Influence of @entity3494 exposure and smoking on XXXX among smelter workers: a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: Light microscope autoradiography was utilized to investigate the separate proliferative activities of the basal and glandular cell types during @entity342 -mediated restoration of the ventral prostatic epithelium in castrated @entity35 . Our objective was to determine whether the proliferative population of the prostatic epithelium is restricted to the basal cell subtype under these experimental conditions. In the intact animal, substantial numbers of basal as well as glandular cells were found to be proliferating. The basal cell @entity894 ( @entity894 ) was 3.75% +/- 0.3% or 1.85 +/- 0.4 x 10(5) labeled cells per prostate. For the glandular cells the comparable figures were 0.38% and 3.32 +/- 1.5 x 10(5). Seven days after surgical castration, both subtypes persisted. However, only the numbers of glandular cells were found to be significantly reduced (66% decrease). When @entity3800 were replaced by daily subcutaneous injection ( @entity3033 , 2 mg/0.2 ml @entity5420 oil), both cell types responded with significantly increased proliferation. The temporal pattern of response displayed by each cell type was very similar. A greater proportion of basal than glandular cells responded, ie, 28% vs 11% @entity894 . However, in terms of approximate numbers of cells labeled during the peak response, the value for the glandular cells was larger, @entity19 .4 vs 1.1 x 10(6) labeled cells. These data clearly indicate that under normal conditions as well as during @entity251 stimulation, basal cells are not the sole population of proliferating cells in the prostatic epithelium. Thus, basal cells, as a distinct morphologic population, are not homogeneously undifferentiated stem cells which give rise to differentiated and nonproliferating glandular epithelial cells. Aspects of these data can nevertheless be interpreted to support the idea that the prostatic epithelium is maintained by a single cell lineage system in which the stem cells comprise a subpopulation of the basal cells. Alternatively, the two populations may be separate and distinct as no data are presented which unequivocally links the two cell types in a precursor-progeny relationship.

title: Response of glandular versus basal XXXX ventral prostatic epithelial cells to @entity342 withdrawal and replacement.

entities_list: @entity3033 :: ('MESH:D043343', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone propionate']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['labeling index', 'LI']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Multicenter Study of @entity2513 ( @entity17205 ) is a retrospective-prospective cohort study involving four Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Units in Italy. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between clinical and pathologic information at index colonoscopy and subsequent incidence of @entity652 and @entity14 . We report the rationale, objectives and methods of the study, including @entity1 characteristics at initial presentation. METHODS: All @entity1 were consecutively identified from the endoscopy registries of the four Centres from January 1, 1985 to December 31, 1992. Inclusion criteria were: age 18-69 years, endoscopy performed with adequate toilette at least up to the rectosigmoid junction, and removal of all detectable @entity1127 . Exclusion criteria were: @entity1412 , @entity29 , @entity420 in @entity652 with infiltrated margins, previous @entity3 at any site, colon resection and geographic inaccessibility. RESULTS: Out of 20,071 @entity1 who underwent endoscopy at the four Centres, 11,959 fulfilled the eligibility criteria (5,892 males and 6,067 females, mean age = 51.1 +/- 11.6 years). The main reasons for exclusion were age (n = 4,020) and previous or present @entity14 (n = 2,389). Symptoms were the most common reason for referral (72.3%), while post-polypectomy follow-up and positive fecal occult blood accounted for most of the remaining cases. A pancolonoscopy was performed in 3,088 @entity1 (25.8%), while a left-sided endoscopy was performed in 7,887 (66%). A total number of 4,810 @entity1127 were removed from 2,699 @entity1 (2,994 @entity652 , 1,580 @entity1127 and 236 @entity1127 lost after resection). A significant association (p < 0.001) between age and the endoscopic findings was observed. The subjects without @entity1127 (n = 9,198) had the lowest age (mean = 49.9; 95%CL = 49.6-50.1) followed by the @entity1 with @entity1127 (n = 661; mean age = 52.3; 95%CL = 51.5-53.1), and the @entity1 with @entity652 (n = 1,732; mean age = 56.2; 95%CL = 55.8-56.6), and the @entity1 with @entity1127 and @entity652 (n = 306; mean age = 57.2; 95%CL = 56.3-58.2). @entity1127 were diagnosed more frequently in males than in females (28.6% versus 17.0%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study provides some insights in the natural history of @entity14 and stresses the need to develop adequate strategies in the follow-up of subjects after either positive or negative colonoscopy.

title: A multicenter study of XXXX . Rationale, objectives, methods and characteristics of the study cohort. The Multicentric Study of @entity2513 ( @entity17205 ) Workgroup.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['polyps', 'hyperplastic polyps', 'Polyps']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel diseases']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cancer']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal Adenomas']

answer: @entity2513 :: (MESH:C563365,Disease) :: ['colorectal adenomas']


abstract: @entity706 is a disease characterized with massive skin infiltration of lymphoid malignant cells. They commonly express some T-cell markers, such as @entity3138 , CD3, @entity404 , and @entity4587 , and thus termed as @entity784 ( @entity784 ). Here, we present a case with @entity2940 / @entity2940 -positive @entity706 , which appears lymphocytic morphology and expresses @entity404 , but does not express @entity3138 , CD3, @entity405 , @entity5750 , @entity4071 , @entity4755 , and @entity2225 . The most malignant cells contained no distinctive azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm. Southern blot analysis revealed that T cell receptor-beta, gamma, and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the cells were in germ-line configurations. Electron microscopic examination showed characteristics of lymphoid cells with higher nucleocytoplasmic ratio and lacked structures typical of other cell types (i.e., epithelial cells, neuroendocrine cells, and mesenchymal cells). Thus, the cells are likely to be immature lymphoid cells. Histological analysis revealed the cells infiltrate mainly into the dermis with angiocentric growth pattern. The clinical course was @entity146 , with rapid involvement of bone marrow and central nervous system. These striking features of the @entity1 may represent a novel fraction ( @entity3138 -, @entity404 +, and @entity2940 +) of @entity706 .

title: High expression of @entity2940 ( XXXX ) in a @entity1 with cutaneous @entity404 -positive @entity706 .

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['Cutaneous lymphoma', 'cutaneous lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['CTCL', 'cutaneous T cell lymphoma']

answer: @entity2940 :: (4684,Gene) :: ['N-CAM']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between baseline radiographic severity of @entity626 ( @entity571 ) and the importance of long-term joint space narrowing. DESIGN: Sub-analysis from a three-year randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective study, of 212 @entity1 with knee @entity571 , recruited in an osteoarthritic outpatient clinic and having been part of a study evaluating the effect of @entity4823 on symptom and structure modification in knee @entity571 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Measurements of mean joint space width (JSW), assessed by a computer-assisted method, were performed at baseline and after 3 years, on weightbearing anteroposterior knee radiographs. RESULTS: In the placebo group, baseline JSW was significantly and negatively correlated with the joint space narrowing observed after 3 years (r=-0.34, P=0.003). In the lowest quartile of baseline mean JSW (<4.5mm), the JSW increased after 3 years by (mean (S.D.)) 3.8% (23.8) in the placebo group and 6.2% (17.5) in the @entity4823 group. The difference between the two groups in these @entity1 with the most severe @entity571 at baseline was not statistically significant (P=0.70). In the highest quartile of baseline mean JSW (>6.2mm), a joint space narrowing of 14.9% (17.9) occurred in the placebo group after 3 years while @entity1 from the @entity4823 group only experienced a narrowing of 6.0% (15.1). @entity1 with the most severe @entity571 at baseline had a RR of 0.42 (0.17-1.01) to experience a 0.5mm joint space narrowing over 3 years, compared to those with the less affected joint. In @entity1 with mild @entity571 , i.e. in the highest quartile of baseline mean JSW, @entity4823 use was associated with a trend (P=0.10) towards a significant reduction in joint space narrowing. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that @entity1 with the less severe radiographic knee @entity571 will experience, over 3 years, the most dramatic disease progression in terms of joint space narrowing. Such @entity1 may be particularly responsive to structure-modifying drugs.

title: Correlation between radiographic severity of XXXX and future disease progression. Results from a 3-year prospective, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of @entity4823 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosamine sulfate']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: The potent effects of @entity2630 on tumorigenesis and angiogenesis in various experimental models are complex, complicated and at times contradictory. We determined the therapeutic potential of @entity2630 for inhibiting @entity150 invasion under conditions that closely mimic the clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An orthotopic @entity35 @entity150 model was established by implanting AY-27 @entity35 transitional @entity189 cells into the bladder lumen of syngeneic Fischer F344 @entity35 . Three weeks after implantation 1 microM @entity2630 was administrated directly into the bladder lumen twice weekly for 2 weeks. Two days after the final treatment @entity5 size, total bladder weight, @entity5 stage and angiogenesis were assessed. To assess the @entity11693 axis the levels of active and total @entity11693 , and active and total @entity2630 in @entity5 extracts were determined 0, 2, 24 and 48 hours after intravesical @entity2630 administration. RESULTS: Intravesical @entity2630 bound and inactivated its molecular target, @entity5 @entity11693 . There was significant inhibition of @entity150 progression, as manifested by 53%, 37% and 57% reductions in @entity5 size, total bladder weight and angiogenesis, respectively. Only 22% of @entity2630 treated @entity5 invaded muscle vs 79% in controls. No @entity2630 @entity137 was detected. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this study is the first to demonstrate that intravesical treatment with @entity2630 significantly inhibits @entity5 progression in an in vivo model of @entity150 . Further clinical development is warranted for using @entity2630 directly or in combination with current standards, such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin or interferon.

title: Intravesical administration of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 inhibits in vivo XXXX invasion and progression.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor', 'bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The origin of the mesenchymal cells responsible for the intimal @entity82 in @entity785 ( @entity785 ) has not been fully identified. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether subendothelial mesenchymal cells may emerge through transdifferentiation of endothelial cells (ECs) into myofibroblasts via endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in vitro and to explore the signaling pathways involved in this process. METHODS: Primary @entity19 pulmonary ECs isolated by immunomagnetic methods with sequential anti- @entity22416 and anti- @entity31454 antibody selection were cultured in monolayers. Cell morphology and diacetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake assays confirmed their EC characteristics. The induction of EndoMT was assessed by determination of a-smooth muscle actin ( @entity3113 ), type I collagen, and @entity7112 expression, and the expression of the transcriptional repressor @entity22575 was analyzed. The signaling pathways involved were examined using small-molecule kinase inhibitors and RNA interference. RESULTS: @entity641 ( @entity641 ) induced @entity3113 and type I collagen expression and inhibited @entity7112 . These effects were mediated by a marked increase in @entity22575 expression and were abolished by treatment with either the @entity17225 @entity669 kinase inhibitor @entity2213 or the protein kinase C   (PKC  ) inhibitor @entity12703 . The inhibitory effects of @entity2213 and @entity12703 were mediated by inhibition of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3b at residue Ser(9). These observations were confirmed in experiments using small interfering RNA specific for @entity17225 and PKC  . CONCLUSION: These results indicate that @entity17225 and PKC   are crucial for @entity641 -induced EndoMT and that @entity2213 and @entity12703 or similar kinase inhibitor molecules may be effective therapeutic agents for @entity785 and other fibroproliferative vasculopathies in which EndoMT plays a pathogenetic role.

title: XXXX kinase are required for transforming growth factor b induction of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity641 :: ('21803(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['TGFb', 'Transforming growth factor b1', 'TGFb1']

entities_list: @entity12703 :: ('MESH:C085746', 'Chemical') :: ['rottlerin']

entities_list: @entity2213 :: ('MESH:C097613', 'Chemical') :: ['imatinib mesylate']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']

answer: @entity17225 :: (11350(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Protein kinase C   and c-Abl']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Functional and morphological @entity8 have been widely described in @entity1201 for decades. Nevertheless few studies have assessed renal function pre- and during treatment after the advent of @entity6371 ( @entity6371 ). METHODS: This is a prospective study involving 189 consecutive @entity1 , with all forms of @entity1201 (Ridley-Jopling scale). Laboratory (serum @entity1133 and @entity1011 , estimated GFR, urinalysis, microalbuminuria, urinary @entity19845 ) and clinical features of @entity8 were evaluated previously and after onset (3 and 8 months later) of @entity6371 . RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-nine @entity1 (M 1.8: F 1; mean age 44        16 years) were included just after diagnosis of @entity1201 and before the introduction of @entity6371 . Mean time until manifestation of symptoms and/or signs of @entity1201 was 29        56 months (25 days-480 months). Microhematuria and microalbuminuria were detected in 7.5% and 9.6% of the cases, respectively. Elevated serum @entity1011 was detected in 34% pre- @entity6371 ; this was statistically more frequent in males, @entity101 and frequent users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), as well as in @entity1 with @entity5406 , 45.5% by the time of diagnosis, 18% after 3 months and 9% after 8 months of @entity6371 (p   =   0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that functional @entity8 in @entity1201 are currently mild and predominantly of glomerular origin, in opposition to the severe involvement described in the past. This improved outcome of @entity8 secondary to @entity1201 is possibly due to the advent of @entity6371 and effective treatment of episodes of reaction, leading to shorter periods of active @entity166 .

title: It is time to review concepts on renal involvement in XXXX : pre- and post-treatment evaluation of 189 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal lesions', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity6371 :: ('MESH:D018088', 'Disease') :: ['multidrug therapy', 'MDT']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious disease']

entities_list: @entity5406 :: ('MESH:D004893', 'Disease') :: ['erythema nodosum lepromatosum']

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['leprosy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1582 @entity1 resistance to both @entity3601 - and @entity632 -containing regimens has been related to very short survival (approximately 6 months). The development of effective regimens combined with a low @entity137 rate is mandatory in this @entity1 subgroup. METHODS: Fourteen resistant @entity1582 @entity1 were treated with @entity786 (a total of 3.6 g/m2 was delivered in 2 doses on days 1 and 3) and @entity229 (2 mg/kg, days 1-4) every month for 4 cycles. @entity1261 support was administered to reduce myelosuppression. RESULTS: This combination was well tolerated. Granulocyte levels fell below 0.1 x 10(9)/L in all @entity1 after a median of 9 days (range 8-11), followed by recovery to 0.5 x 10(9)/L after a median of 12 days from the start of treatment (range 10-13 days). Platelets never fell below 50 x 10(9)/L. All @entity1 were treated on an outpatient basis and only 2 required hospitalization for major complications ( @entity55 and @entity712 ). Response to @entity786 was observed in 6/14 @entity1 : 2 achieved complete remission, 4 showed a 50% or greater reduction of the M-component. Five @entity1 are still in remission after 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10 months; 1 relapsed after 10 months. All @entity1 except one are alive 4-16 months from the start of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This schedule may represent a new approach for resistant @entity1582 , and its very low @entity137 allows it to be delivered on an outpatient basis.

title: XXXX (3.6 g/m2) therapy with @entity1261 support for resistant @entity1582 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['Cyclophosphamide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with metastatic and muscle-invasive @entity150 are commonly treated with @entity900 . A significant proportion of @entity1 develop disease progression after an initial response to chemotherapy. Presently there is no standard of care for such @entity1 . We examined whether pretreatment with an epigenetic agent would result in reversal of drug resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methylation of proapoptotic and cell cycle genes in @entity150 cells was examined. @entity900 - and @entity1205 -resistant cells were generated. The effect of target of methylation-induced silencing ( @entity938 ) expression and pretreatment of wild-type and drug-resistant cells with @entity2591 on chemosensitivity was determined. RESULTS: Unidirectional crossresistance of @entity900 -resistant UMUC3 cells to @entity1205 was observed. Recombinant expression of @entity938 or pre-treatment of wild-type and drug-resistant cells with @entity2591 resulted in enhanced sensitivity to @entity900 and @entity1205 . CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that epigenetic therapy may restore sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents in @entity150 cells.

title: XXXX reverses drug resistance in @entity150 cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2591 :: ('MESH:D001374', 'Chemical') :: ['5-azacytidine']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

answer: @entity2591 :: (MESH:D001374,Chemical) :: ['5-azacytidine']


abstract: To evaluate arterial physiopathology, complete arterial wall mechanical characterization is necessary. This study presents a model for determining the elastic response of @entity17157 (sigma E, where sigma is stress), collagen (sigma C), and smooth muscle (sigma SM) fibers and viscous (sigma @entity11977 ) and inertial (sigma M) aortic wall behaviors. Our work assumes that the total stress developed by the wall to resist stretching is governed by the elastic modulus of @entity17157 fibers (EE), the elastic modulus of collagen (EC) affected by the fraction of collagen fibers (fC) recruited to support wall stress, and the elastic modulus of the maximally contracted vascular smooth muscle (ESM) affected by an activation function (fA). We constructed the constitutive equation of the aortic wall on the basis of three different hookean materials and two nonlinear functions, fA and fC: sigma = sigma E + sigma C + sigma SM + sigma @entity11977 + sigma M = EE. (epsilon - epsilon 0E) + EC.fC.epsilon + ESM.fA.epsilon + @entity11977 . [equation: see text] + M.[equation: see text] where epsilon is strain and epsilon 0E is strain at zero stress. Stress-strain relations in the control state and during activation of smooth muscle ( @entity2647 , 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 IV) were obtained by transient occlusions of the descending aorta and the inferior vena cava in 15 conscious @entity235 by using descending thoracic aortic pressure (microtransducer) and diameter (sonomicrometry) measurements. The fC was not linear with strain, and at the onset of significant collagen participation in the elastic response (break point of the stress-strain relation), 6.02 +/- 2.6% collagen fibers were recruited at 23% of stretching of the unstressed diameter. The fA exhibited a skewed unimodal curve with a maximum level of activation at 28.3 +/- 7.9% of stretching. The aortic wall dynamic behavior was modified by activation increasing viscous ( @entity11977 ) and inertial (M) moduli from the control to active state (viscous, 3.8 +/- 1.3 x 10(4) to 7.8 +/- 1.1 x 10(4) dyne.s.cm-2, P < .0005; inertial, 61 +/- 42 to 91 +/- 23 dyne.s2.cm-2, P < .05). Finally, the purely elastic stress-strain relation was assessed by subtracting the viscous and inertial behaviors.

title: Arterial wall mechanics in conscious XXXX . Assessment of viscous, inertial, and elastic moduli to characterize aortic wall behavior.

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of emergency colectomies for the management of @entity694 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This retrospective study was undertaken on 50 cases of @entity694 in the Surgical Department of the Aristide Le Dantec teaching hospital of Dakar from January 1994 to December 2000. It concerned 42 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 with an mean age of 42 years. All @entity1 presented an occlusive syndrome suggestive of @entity694 , which required a laparotomy, through a xypho-pubic incision. The @entity1 were divided into two groups. Group I concerned 13 @entity1 who underwent an ideal colectomy and group II, 37 @entity1 in whom we performed a colectomy associated with a temporary colostomy with either Bouilly-Volkman procedure (n = 23) or Hartman procedure (n = 14) followed one month later by intestinal continuity restoration. Mortality and morbidity were compared in the two groups. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 12% (6/50). The mortality rate was 31% (4/13) in group I and 5 % (2/37) in group II. The overall morbidity rate was 14%. In group I, the morbidity rate was 15 % (2/13) and 13,5% (5/37) in group II. CONCLUSION: In our study the mortality rate was higher after colectomy with primary @entity254 than after colectomy with temporary colostomy followed by secondary @entity254 . We recommend colectomy without @entity254 for the emergency management of the @entity694 in Africa.

title: [Results of emergengy colectomy in the management of the XXXX in Dakar hospital].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon volvulus operated', 'colon volvulus']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon volvulus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct with a cost analysis of the @entity14 screening program in Beijing, and provide data evidence for decision making. METHODS: Based on stratified cluster sampling method, we carried out a 2-stage @entity14 screening program within 6 districts, Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai and Shijingshan, of Beijing city between October, 2012 to May. 2013. The first stage of the program was to conducting a @entity5 risk level evaluation for community residents who were forty years older and the second stage's task was to providing clinical exam for those high risk @entity1 who were selected from the first stage. There were about 12 953 residents were involved in this program. We calculated the main cost of the @entity14 screen program in Beijing. Then estimate the cost of detecting one @entity14 @entity1 of this program and compare it with the total treatment cost for a @entity1 . RESULT: 2 487 high risk residents were selected by the first stage and 1 055 of them made appointment for the colonoscopy exam but only 375 accepted the exam, participate rate was 35.5%. 9 @entity5 @entity1 and 71 pre- @entity5 @entity1 were found at the second stage, the detection rate were 69.2/100 000 and 546/100 000, respectively. The direct input for this @entity5 screening program was 227 100 CNY and the transport expense was 4 200 CNY in the calculations. The cost for detecting one @entity5 @entity1 was about 19 900 CNY. Comparing with the total medical care cost of a @entity5 @entity1 (1 282 800 CNY), especially for those have been diagnosed as @entity5 , the screening program (cost 842 800 CNY) might help to reduce the total health expenditure about 128 700 CNY, based on 12 953 local residents age above 40 years old. CONCLUSION: An colonoscopy based @entity14 screening program showed its function on medical expenditure saving and might have advantage on health social labor creating.

title: [Cost analysis of the XXXX screen program in Beijing].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'neoplasm cancer', 'middle to end stage cancer', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasm', 'Colorectal Neoplasm']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasm']


abstract: We performed for the first time the allelotype of relapsed childhood @entity981 ( @entity981 ). A total of 38 cases were screened for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using 71 markers. In all, 26 (68%) @entity1 showed LOH on at least one chromosomal arm, indicating that LOH is a frequent event at relapse. The most frequent loss was found on chromosomal arm 9p at the @entity986 / @entity986 locus (39%). LOH at the @entity9604 gene locus on chromosomal arm 12p also occurred often (25%). Frequent loss was observed on chromosome arms 4q (20%), 6q (21%), and 17q (20%). Sequential analysis (i.e. samples obtained from both initial diagnosis and relapse) shows that some @entity1 (63%) have the identical LOH status at both phases, suggesting the presence of the same clone. Other samples (37%) showed distinct LOH alterations, indicating @entity2214 at relapse. Despite the heterogeneous and complex changes, some shared LOH loci occurred in these matched samples, suggesting that many of the same tumor-suppressor genes are aberrant at both phases. In summary, novel tumor-suppressor genes on chromosome arms 4q, 6q, and 17q, as well as the @entity986 and @entity9604 genes, have an important role in the relapse of @entity981 .

title: Allelotype analysis in relapsed childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2214 :: ('MESH:D007945', 'Disease') :: ['clonal evolution']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['childhood ALL', 'ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3080 monomers have been developed for use as skin adhesives. So far, little is known about long-term results concerning functional and aesthetic results of wound closure with @entity22937 in head and neck region. METHODS: In a prospective, non-randomized study we examined in 59 @entity1 who had undergone surgery in the face and the neck in between 04/99 and 05/00 at the ENT-Department, University of Aachen, Germany. The aesthetic and functional outcome of a cutanous wound closure by use of @entity22937 was evaluated. @entity1 were seen preoperatively, postoperatively and in a long-term follow-up (average 7.2 months) for wound control, photographs, and evaluation with a standardized questionnary. RESULTS: In 40 cases a complete follow-up was possible. There were 33 @entity1 (82.5 %) satisfied with the aesthetic and the functional results of wound closure. In four @entity1 (10 %) early complications developed but did not have an impact on the cosmetic result. Three @entity1 showed alterations as @entity2805 or persisting @entity2318 in the long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: @entity22937 tissue adhesive was found to be an effective method of skin closure in clean head and neck incisions. It is a fast and simple method of wound closure, providing good cosmetic results with a @entity281 rate.

title: [Long-term results of suture-free cutanous wound closure in head and neck incisions with XXXX topival skin adhesive].

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['redness of the scar']

entities_list: @entity3080 :: ('MESH:D003487', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyanoacrylate']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['low infection']

entities_list: @entity2805 :: ('MESH:D017439', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic scar']

entities_list: @entity22937 :: ('MESH:C119247', 'Chemical') :: ['Octylcyanoacrylate', 'octylcyanoacrylate']

answer: @entity22937 :: (MESH:C119247,Chemical) :: ['octylcyanoacrylate']


abstract: 1. The effect of endotoxin ( @entity526 lipopolysaccharide) on the induction of @entity842 synthase (NOS) and the changes in vascular permeability in the colon and jejunum over a 5 h period have been investigated in the @entity35 . 2. Under resting conditions, a @entity460 -dependent @entity66 , determined by the conversion of radiolabelled @entity534 to @entity7792 , was detected in homogenates of both colonic and jejunal tissue. 3. Administration of endotoxin (3 mg kg-1, i.v.) led, after a 2 h lag period, to the appearance of @entity460 -independent NOS activity in the colon and jejunum ex vivo, characteristic of the inducible NOS enzyme. 4. Administration of endotoxin led to an increase in colonic and jejunal vascular permeability after a lag period of 3 h, determined by the leakage of radiolabelled albumin. 5. Pretreatment with @entity619 (1 mg kg-1 s.c., 2 h prior to challenge) inhibited both the induction of NOS and the vascular leakage induced by endotoxin. 6. Administration of the NO synthase inhibitor @entity7293 (12.5-50 mg kg-1, s.c.) 3 h after endotoxin injection, dose-dependently reduced the subsequent increase in vascular permeability in jejunum and colon, an effect reversed by @entity534 (300 mg kg-1, s.c.). 7. These findings suggest that induction of NOS is associated with the @entity1317 induced by endotoxin in the @entity35 colon and jejunum.

title: The induction of @entity842 synthase and intestinal vascular permeability by endotoxin in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7792 :: ('CHEBI:16349', 'Chemical') :: ['citrulline']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['constitutive NOS']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['NG-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: 1. Our study showed a prevalence of 5.33% in @entity4409 working in an urban city like Pune. The prevalence would definitely be higher in a population from a rural area. 2. All these cases who showed presence of antibodies to @entity6469 , had varied clinical manifestations, characteristic of the protean manifestations in @entity3377 . Likewise in our study we had cases ranging from @entity625 , abortions and genito urinary manifestations. 3. All the antibody positive cases had significant antibody titres. The clinicians miss many cases of @entity3377 because it is not considered as an alternative diagnosis. The clinician should keep in mind the possibility of an occupational or environmental exposure in cases of P.U.O. It would also be worthwhile to create awareness of the disease in such professions so that necessary precautions and periodic screening of such occupationally exposed @entity1 can be done. Studies are needed to assess the role of @entity3377 as a cause of morbidity in India, which had not received the attention it deserved. Prevention of @entity1 @entity3377 focuses mainly on elimination of infection in @entity291 along with hygiene, vaccine, and effective heating and pasteurization of dairy products and related foods.

title: Detection of antibodies to XXXX in @entity4409 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['animal handlers']

answer: @entity6469 :: (235,Species) :: ['Brucella abortus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) type II is increasing rapidly worldwide. @entity1 with @entity6 II have a greater atherosclerotic burden and higher risk of developing @entity65 . @entity32 has been proposed as the main cause for the high risk of @entity731 in @entity6 II. In this study, we compared markers of @entity32 and fibrous repair in plaques from subjects with and without @entity6 II. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Carotid endarterectomy specimens were obtained from 63 @entity1 with and 131 without @entity6 . Plaque structure, connective tissue proteins, inflammatory cells, and markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Mesoscale, and Luminex technology. Carotid plaques from @entity6 had lower levels of extracellular matrix proteins, @entity2362 , and collagen, which are critical for plaque stability. Plaques from @entity6 had reduced levels of platelet-derived growth factor and @entity1476 , both important for tissue repair. No differences were observed in inflammatory markers in plaques from @entity6 and nondiabetic @entity1 . CONCLUSION: This study suggests that @entity731 in subjects with @entity6 II are more prone to rupture because of impaired repair responses rather than to @entity32 . Although this study did not have a mechanistic design, our findings suggest that targeting impaired repair responses in carotid plaques may help to increase our understanding of @entity731 development and vulnerability in @entity1 with @entity6 II.

title: Impaired fibrous repair: a possible contributor to @entity731 vulnerability in XXXX with type II diabetes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammation', 'inflammation', 'increased vascular inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic', 'Diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity1476 :: ('4313', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase-2']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic disease', 'atherosclerotic plaques', 'atherosclerotic plaque']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the influence of two different pretreatment intervals, i.e. 3 and 6 min, on the efficacy of 0.01 mg/kg @entity2897 in preventing @entity2900 -induced @entity2901 and @entity925 . METHODS: A total of 60 adult @entity1 were randomized and received either 0.01 mg/kg @entity2897 (0.2*ED(95)) i.v. ( @entity5740 group: pretreatment interval 3 min, @entity24662 group: pretreatment interval 6 min) or normal saline i.v. (placebo group) prior to injection of @entity2900 . The incidence and severity of @entity2901 and @entity925 and side-effects of precurarization were assessed. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity2901 was only reduced in the @entity24662 group (45%) compared with the Placebo group (85%), p<0.05. @entity2897 was associated with a higher incidence of @entity1109 in both pretreatment groups ( @entity5740 : 75%, @entity24662 : 80%) compared with the Placebo group (30%), p<0.05. CONCLUSION: @entity2897 is only effective in preventing @entity2900 -induced @entity2901 when a longer pretreatment interval, i.e. 6 min instead of 3 min, is chosen. Precurarization led to signs of @entity912 in both pretreatment groups in the majority (75-80%) of @entity1 without reducing the incidence or severity of @entity282 .

title: [Precurarization of @entity2900 with XXXX : the influence of the precurarization interval].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['paralytic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative myalgia']

entities_list: @entity2901 :: ('MESH:D005207', 'Disease') :: ['fasciculations', 'muscle fasciculations']

entities_list: @entity2897 :: ('MESH:C101584', 'Chemical') :: ['cisatracurium', 'Cisatracurium']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity2900 :: ('MESH:D013390', 'Chemical') :: ['succinylcholine']

answer: @entity2897 :: (MESH:C101584,Chemical) :: ['cisatracurium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Fractures of the distal radius represent the most common @entity174 in elderly @entity1 , and often indicate the onset of symptomatic @entity170 . A variety of treatment options is available, including closed reduction and plaster casting, K-wire-stabilization, external fixation and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with @entity1688 plating. The latter is widely promoted by clinicians and hardware manufacturers. Closed reduction and cast stabilization for six weeks is a simple, convenient, and ubiquitously available intervention. In contrast, ORIF requires hospitalization, but allows for functional rehabilitation.Given the lack of randomized controlled trials, it remains unclear whether ORIF leads to better functional outcomes one year after injury than closed reduction and casting. METHODS/DESIGN: ORCHID (Open reduction and internal fixation versus casting for highly comminuted @entity7334 of the distal radius) is a pragmatic, randomized, multi-center, clinical trial with two parallel treatment arms. It is planned to include 504 @entity1 in 15 participating centers throughout Germany over a three-year period. @entity1 are allocated by a central web-based randomization tool.The primary objective is to determine differences in the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Score (PCS) between @entity1688 plating and closed reduction and casting of intraarticular, comminuted distal radius fractures in @entity1 > 65 years of age one year after the @entity174 . Secondary outcomes include differences in other SF-36 dimensions, the EuroQol-5D questionnaire, the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) instrument. Also, the range of motion in the affected wrist, activities of daily living, complications (including secondary ORIF and revision surgery), as well as serious adverse events will be assessed. Data obtained during the trial will be used for later health-economic evaluations. The trial architecture involves a central statistical unit, an independent monitoring institute, and a data safety monitoring board. Following approval by the institutional review boards of all participating centers, conduct and reporting will strictly adhere to national and international rules, regulations, and recommendations (e.g., Good Clinical Practice, data safety laws, and EQUATOR/CONSORT proposals). DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, ORCHID is the first multicenter RCT designed to assess quality of life and functional outcomes following operative treatment compared to conservative treatment of complex, @entity7334 of the distal radius in elderly @entity1 . The results are expected to influence future treatment recommendations and policies on an international level. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN: ISRCTN76120052 Registration date: 31.07.2008; Randomization of first @entity1 : 15.09.2008.

title: Open reduction and internal fixation versus casting for highly comminuted and XXXX of the distal radius (ORCHID): protocol for a randomized clinical multi-center trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['volar locked']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity7334 :: ('MESH:D057072', 'Disease') :: ['intra-articular fractures']

answer: @entity7334 :: (MESH:D057072,Disease) :: ['intra-articular fractures']


abstract: A poor response to chemotherapy ( <= 90% @entity39 ) for @entity421 leads to poorer survival and an increased risk of local recurrence, particularly if there is a close margin of excision. We evaluated whether amputation confers any survival benefit over @entity4218 ( @entity4218 ) with narrow margins in @entity1 who respond poorly to chemotherapy. We only analysed @entity1 with an @entity421 of the limb, a poor response to chemotherapy and close margins on @entity4218 (marginal/intralesional) or primary amputation: 360 @entity1 (36 @entity4218 (intralesional margins), 197 @entity4218 (marginal margins) and 127 amputations) were included. Local recurrence developed in 13 (36%) following @entity4218 with intralesional margins, and 39 (20%) following @entity4218 with marginal margins. There was no local recurrence in @entity1 who underwent amputation. The five-year survival for all @entity1 was 41% (95% confidence interval (CI) 35 to 46), but for those treated by @entity4218 with marginal margins was 46.2% (95% CI 38 to 53), 36.3% (95% CI 27 to 45) for those treated by amputation, and 28% (95 CI 14 to 44) for those treated by @entity4218 with intralesional margins. @entity1 who had @entity4218 and then developed local recurrence as a first event had the same survival as those who had primary amputation without local recurrence. Prophylactic adjuvant radiotherapy was used in 40 @entity1 but had no discernible effect in preventing local recurrence. Although amputation offered better local control, it conferred no clear survival benefit over @entity4218 with marginal margins in these @entity1 with a poor overall prognosis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:115-20.

title: Does amputation offer any survival benefit over limb salvage in XXXX @entity1 with poor chemonecrosis and close margins?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcomas', 'osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['LSS', 'limb salvage surgery']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['osteosarcoma']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity65 due to @entity731 is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adult @entity6 @entity1 . In @entity1 , signs of subclinical @entity731 such as increased @entity121 ( @entity121 ) of the common carotid arteries have been detected in several studies. However, concerns may arise about the different analyzing methods used because measurements in @entity1 and controls differ significantly. @entity1 AND METHODS: We studied 208 @entity1 [150 @entity1 with @entity6 , mean age (+/-sd) 13.9 +/- 2.8 yr, 66 males, mean glycosylated hemoglobin (+/-sd) 7.8 +/- 1.4%, and 58 healthy controls, mean age (+/-sd) 14.1 +/- 3.1 yr, 32 males] and used normal @entity121 values published recently for comparison of the results. RESULTS: Of 150 @entity1 , 37 had an increased @entity121 [mean @entity121 (+/-sd) 1.6 +/- 0.6], whereas healthy controls had nearly normal @entity121 values [mean @entity121 (+/-sd) 0.3 +/- 0.1; P < 0.001]. Age at onset of @entity6 , mean daily @entity2690 dosage, systolic blood pressure, and total @entity165 level were significantly related to @entity121 in a multilinear regression model. A total of 25 @entity6 @entity1 were @entity101 and had a significantly increased @entity121 (mean @entity121 0.475 +/- 0.03 mm) compared to the remaining @entity1 (mean @entity121 0.459 +/- 0.02 mm; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity121 measurement detected subclinical @entity731 in a large cohort of @entity6 @entity1 . Systolic blood pressure, total @entity165 level, @entity2690 dosage, and age at onset of the disease were significantly related to the @entity121 . Longitudinal measurements may help to identify @entity1 at special risk for @entity731 changes and @entity65 .

title: Age of onset of type 1 XXXX in @entity1 and carotid intima medial thickness.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus type 1', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: A 2-year-old @entity1 was admitted to Chugoku Rosai Hospital one hour after a car accident on July 16, 1978. On admission she was conscious and no physical or @entity16 was found. However, 2 hours and a half after the accident, she was attacked suddenly by generalized @entity410 , and then became comatose with @entity386 . Bilateral horizontal nystagmus to the left, rhythmic constriction and dilation of the pupils reacting to light, and flaccid @entity1688 were recognized. Plain skull films revealed a linear @entity174 in the right posterior fossa, which crossed the transverse this region. A burr hole was made in the left posterior fossa, and slightly xanthochromic fluid, 30 to 40 microliter in volume, under high pressure was evacuated from the subdural space. A burr hole on the right side disclosed no abnormality. Spontaneous respiration returned immediately and consciousness became clear 5 hours after the surgery. No @entity51 was detect and postoperative EEG was normal. She was discharged from the hospital on July 27, 1978. Ten cases of acute @entity11757 in the posterior fossa, including the present case, were analyzed. This lesion is able to be cured completely by a simple operation even in @entity772 with @entity386 , if diagnosis made promptly and the surgery is carried out without delay. In cases of acute @entity542 , it is quite important to have a possibility of the infratentorial lesion in mind and to find it with the aids of plain skull film of Towne's view, CT scan, and VAG if necessary.

title: [Acute XXXX in the posterior fossa (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['tetraplegia']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsion']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic abnormality']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity11757 :: ('MESH:D013353', 'Disease') :: ['subdural hygroma']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit']

answer: @entity11757 :: (MESH:D013353,Disease) :: ['subdural hygroma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although 2-20% of @entity0 @entity1 develop a @entity0 ( @entity0 ), prognosis after @entity0 is still debated. Using a unique @entity1 cohort, we have investigated whether time interval to second @entity0 ( @entity52454 ) and mode of detection are associated to prognosis. METHODS: Information on @entity1 -, @entity5 -, treatment-characteristics, and outcome was abstracted from @entity1 ' individual charts for all @entity1 diagnosed with metachronous @entity0 in the Southern Healthcare Region of Sweden from 1977-2007. Distant disease-free survival (DDFS) and risk of distant @entity3 were primary endpoints. RESULTS: The cohort included 723 @entity1 with metachronous @entity0 as @entity0 event. @entity1 with less than three years to @entity52454 had a significantly impaired DDFS (p = 0.01), and in sub-group analysis, this effect was seen primarily in @entity1 aged <50. By logistic regression analysis, @entity1 diagnosed with @entity52454 within routine follow-up examinations had a significantly lower risk of developing @entity3 compared to those who were symptomatic at diagnosis (p < 0.0001). Chemotherapy given after breast BC1 was a negative prognostic factor for DDFS, whereas endocrine treatment and radiotherapy given after @entity52454 improved DDFS. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of @entity1 with @entity0 , we found the time interval to @entity52454 to be a strong prognostic factor for DDFS in young @entity1 and mode of detection to be related to risk of distant @entity3 . Future studies of @entity5 biology of @entity52454 in relation to prognostic factors found in the present study can hopefully provide biological explanations to these findings.

title: Prediction of outcome after diagnosis of metachronous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'CBC', 'primary breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['contralateral breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To see whether increasing the dose of hyperfractionated radiation therapy from 72 to 78 Gy would increase survival time in @entity1 with @entity11 , particularly those with brain stem or @entity5 . METHODS: Seventy-eight @entity1 with a clinical and radiographic diagnosis of a brain stem or thalamic @entity11 were enrolled in a trial to receive 78 Gy (1.0 Gy twice a day). Six @entity1 with disease in other sites were also treated. The initial response to therapy was determined by comparing pretreatment magnetic resonance images and neurological examinations with those obtained within 2 weeks of completing therapy; subsequent responses were determined from bimonthly follow-up images. Time-to- @entity5 progression was measured from the date radiation therapy began until the date of documented radiographic or clinical progression. Survival time was measured from the date radiation therapy began until the date of @entity204 . Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate the effects of specific variables on survival. RESULTS: Of 81 evaluable @entity1 , 68 received > or = 76 Gy, 10 received between 70 and 75 Gy, and 3 received between 60 and 68 Gy. The overall response or stabilization rate was 70.4%. @entity5 size decreased in 30.8% of @entity1 ; 39.5% had stable disease, and 29.6% had immediate progression. The median survival time was 12.7 months (16.1 months for adults and 10.8 months for @entity1 ). The median time to @entity5 progression was 9.0 months (11.4 months for adults and 8.4 months for @entity1 ). A duration of symptoms < or = 2 months and a diffuse lesion were each associated with shorter survival and progression times. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with brain stem or @entity9479 , increasing the dose of radiation therapy from 72 to 78 Gy did not significantly improve survival. Different treatment strategies are clearly needed.

title: The treatment of brain stem and XXXX with 78 Gy of hyperfractionated radiation therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'thalamic tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity9479 :: ('MESH:D013786', 'Disease') :: ['thalamic gliomas']

answer: @entity9479 :: (MESH:D013786,Disease) :: ['thalamic gliomas']